Hey guys, it's Nate, aka The Foot Accountant. Welcome back to the channel. What a huge day of content yesterday on Monday. We have to take a look about how the Icon Moments Upgrade SBC finally dropped, but it came with some other insane SBCs and the best value player pick upgrade pack that we have had this year. The 80 plus times four that we talked about in yesterday's video did drop on the game, but it dropped at such a cheaper price than what we expected it to be. All you need are nine gold cards. You don't even need rares. Okay, but technically I only have rares in my club, so I'm not gonna do one of these on the video, but this has got gold commons and gold rares up a little bit in price. I'll talk about that, but this is just kind of getting everybody in that SBC crafting, grinding. The SBC menus are what have the most hype right now in foot captains because of this 80 plus player pick. The Icon Moments Upgrade that dropped repeatable two times yesterday on the game as well. Now, I think this SBC is still a little bit overpriced, but a lot of people think that it's decent value, and we'll talk through that a little bit. It's craftable though, right? With the 80 plus player pick being cheap and giving you four options, these are so good. They are so cracked for fodder, you know, and for the captain's cards. We actually packed a lot of captain's cards yesterday on stream when we were live streaming, doing some share plays. Link down below in the description if you wanna be a part of those. So that was really hype, and that's kind of all the rage right now on the menus. Then also they dropped a gamble pack yesterday, a gamble upgrade pack with the 85 plus player pick. So it was a big day. Oh, we had the Bressy as well. I know that's of note, but it was a pretty big day of content yesterday on Monday. There was a little bit of a surprise being completely honest, but that has moved the market a lot as well, and it has dropped prices on this game of some cards that are out of packs, one that comes to mind right away, and not necessarily just cards that are out of packs, but cards on the whole market in general. Tony Cruise, 391. Okay, I just searched at 411, and there was none there. So I think I might've just got a quick snipe, but this Tony Cruise card, I believe, was like 440 or 450 before content yesterday, and now he is like 420,000 coins. So a lot of cards have dropped off a bit, and fodder has risen because coins are being drained. With that Icon SBC, the 85 plus player pick, and the 80 plus times four player pick, people are spending coins to go and do that SBC and to do other SBCs with the fodder that they get from it. Again, it's a big crafting time right now in this game. So speaking of SBCs, I want to talk about one big leak that we had yesterday on today's video, and you might have seen some prices moving and a very popular player on the top of Footbin for a while because of this moment's Icon leak. We're going to take this leak with a grain of salt, but we'll talk more about that today, and talk about how we might see prices moving on the market today on Tuesday. Is it going to be another WDF content, or could EA pull it back just a little bit? But again, also talk about how content was affected yesterday and how prices were affected on the market. So a little bit more looking backwards to yesterday in today's video, at the market movements and stuff like that, and then a little bit at the end talking about today on Tuesday. But there was a lot of action yesterday, so that is what we have to cover. So if you're excited for that 84 plus player pick, hit the thumbs up on the channel, and of course subscribe if you're new. That's the SBC that I want to go back and talk about just a little bit more. I know we talked about it some already, but this is insane, right? Yesterday I was shocked to see the price of this SBC only requiring nine golds. The 80 plus times three player pick, I'm pretty sure, required nine golds, and like three or five rears, I think, I don't even remember, but this is so cheap, such great value. And that has risen the gold common cards on the market. Because people are going out and buying those to get that 80 plus player pick done. One tip I will give you, and this happens every time we have a player pick or an upgrade pack that requires commons, right now commons are like 700 to almost 800 coins a piece. And it's crazy that people are paying 800 coins for these commons when in reality, you can go buy the rears for like 700, 750 coins. So like you can save on average, especially on bid, right? You can get a lot of these gold commons and gold, or sorry, gold rears on bid for like 650 to 700 coins. Like look at these, these are expiring without many bids on them. So that's 100% a tip I would give you. Go out and bid on gold rears and non-rears on both. And try to get them for like less than 700 coins because that's kind of the going rate for the commons. But everybody says, oh my goodness, it doesn't require rears. So they go and buy the commons when in reality the rears are cheaper. So my advice to you would be buy gold rears if you're doing that SBC. Now I did a bunch of those yesterday. Didn't pack anything super insane, but I got a lot of good fodder and that is going to enable me to get this icon moments upgrade done for a lot cheaper. Now talking about this SBC, this is what really dropped prices on the game, a good amount yesterday, because this SBC, which I think, this is just my opinion, this is coming in a little bit expensive for my liking. It's not overpriced though. I rethought what I was talking about in yesterday's video with this icon moments upgrade. Right now it's 785. It was like 750 yesterday when it first came out. Fodder has gone up a little bit. Me wanting this to be at like 4 to 500K, I was low balling it, right? That was a little bit too low to be realistic. That would have been actually way too cheap. I didn't realize still how there's a lot of those icon moments in like the 500 to 1 million coin range. Like there's a lot of icon moments in there. So if they released this any cheaper than like 600K, then it would be kind of too cheap and EA would be giving us such a great cheap SBC for a gamble when there's a lot more icon moments that are still on that 650 to 700K plus price range. So I was a little bit low on my estimation of what this would cost, but I still think it's about like 100, I wish this was like 600 to 650K instead of 785, right? I wish that the last 88 squad that is in here would have been an 87. I think that would have been a little bit more fair, but it is an upgrade SBC that gives out the best version of the icon cards that we will see on the game this year. So with that in mind, I don't think it's terrible value. I think it's a little bit expensive, but EA is smart with this stuff, guys. I'm telling you, they know what they're doing, right? They drop a great player pick SBC that is cheap. They know that people are gonna grind that. So what they do is they just slightly overpriced the icon moments upgrade. I would not by any means call this cheap. I know some people just there were saying this is cheap. To me, 780,000 coins, right? Two weeks before team of the season, that's a lot of coins, right? That's a lot of coins that you're gonna be able to use when SBCs come out during team of the season for cards that are in game, and you're gambling that right now on potentially getting an icon moments card that goes for like 150K or 250,000 coins, like a moments, the Van Nistel Roy or Rycard or something like that. Now, of course, you've seen some of these open as well, right? We packed a Eusebio and a Cruyff on the stream today. We also packed, I forget what our lowest tier card was. We packed a Puyo, it was like 500K. We packed some cards that were not good, right? So, Barresti as well, I think we packed yesterday too. So, you know, it's a gamble SBC, right? So if you wanna craft it, and if you can get this done, like I think I'm gonna get it done out of pocket. And with the 80 plus player picks, the money that I spend on this kind of put into it, probably gonna be able to get it done for a couple of 100K, which is not bad. I've got a Lewandowski and a Christiane Ronaldo still in the club. I'm hesitant to put this Ronaldo into an SBC because the dupe theory, pack look, guys, I'm telling you, the dupe theory is real. The one guy that we packed moments Eusebio for already had a Prime Eusebio in the club. And then somebody else we packed, it wasn't Cruyff, but we packed another decent icon. I think it was Del Piero. He had a Del Piero in the club as well. So I might just keep this Ronaldo in the club because I think EA is gonna give them a team this season because it's Ronaldo. And I wanna have that little bit extra juice, just in case, you know, team the season Ronaldo wants to pop out. But, you know, I think this is an SBC that a lot of people are gonna craft this week. And with this player pick being out, you know, EA, GGs, they know what they're doing. They're draining coins off of the market, especially ahead of a two weeks ahead of a big promo-like team this season. They're gonna go out of their way a little extra the next two weeks to try to take coins off of this market and it's working. They also did that yesterday with the 85 plus player pick, which I think it was like 84 rated squad and an inform. Now, this is gonna be repeatable again on Wednesday. So we'll be able to re-up. And I think that on Wednesday, we'll start talking about SBC fodder in a second. I think that you saw fodder on the lower tier spike mostly because of this, but your fodder on the, you know, the 86 to the 89 to the 90 rated cards, that went up yesterday, mostly because of the icon moments pack. So if you bought fodder over the weekend, big W, you're sitting pretty, you know, these 85s are up like almost one and a half to 2K a card after one day, which is really solid. Your 86s are up like 2K a card. Your 84s are gone up about 1000 coins a piece as well. Your 88s were like 28K, now they're 33. So really good rises on fodder. Now you're like, Nate, should I be selling this? Here's my opinion on SBC fodder, right? And we talked about it in some videos previously, right? Yes, these cards have gone up. You don't want to wait until Thursday or Friday to sell them, of course, because people that invested are going to be selling right before a brand new set of lightning rounds for team two, which is, you know, gonna be cracked as we see the leaks and don't have cards that were leaked earlier rumored for team two. I would honestly right now for all my fodder cards, I still think that you have people crafting SBCs throughout today on Tuesday and tomorrow on Wednesday. That 85 plus player pick is coming back again on Wednesday. I don't know, the only thing that would hurt fodder value right now is, we couldn't have UEFA Marquis matchups today on Tuesday because of course it is a Champions League week and we'll talk about that a little bit more in this video as well. So that could bring a little bit of supply, but then I still think there's a lot of demand today and tomorrow. So probably between today and tomorrow you would want to look to cash out on some of that stuff. I would not hold it too far past Thursday, especially on a Friday, you're gonna see those fodder cards drop back down again especially because they've been doing lightning rounds later on in the week. They didn't do any lightning rounds yesterday. And again, like I mentioned, the UEFA Marquis matchups could potentially be content that we see today on Tuesday as well that could drop that fodder and supply some of the captain's cards a little bit on the market. So that's kind of the situation with fodder. I would be lazy listing it, right? Like we just looked at Holland, it's like 33,000 coins. But of course if you're not in a hurry to sell it like this exact hour, you know, list your Holland up for, you know, 35, 37,000 coins, a couple of thousand coins over the going rate. Because if you compare price and look through a few of these cards, you see them listed, right? 35, 36K, 37, all it takes is for you to list your card. You know, some people are listing that 55 here.  So that's what I would do with the fodder. That's kind of our general rule of thumb as well. Listed a couple thousand coins over and I think, you know, in the next 48 hours you want to get out on some of that stuff before you get into the end of the week. That's usually the smart play with fodder. Now again, looking at the rest of the market, Metas have been dropping. You know, I've got my eye right now and I'll be 100% honest with you and shout out a card that I'm watching right now is just Kamavinga because he was like 470,000 coins yesterday and he's getting a plus one on Thursday and Real Madrid are playing today in Champions League. Now, of course, again, I know this card does not get upgraded for Champions League games but with the hype of Real Madrid and just knowing that this card, again, like I mentioned was that much more in price just yesterday before this SBC dropped. This was the common trend you saw on the market yesterday but I think that this drop off is pretty heavy, right? Look at this, he was between 450 and 475,000 coins and just right now he's 413. So if I can snag one of these under 400, especially with that big game coming today, Real Madrid, Chelsea, the second leg to decide whose moves on in the Champions League there's gonna be some hype around Real Madrid today. I think this card could go back up to like 440. So if I can snag a couple of these at 400, I could see that card rebounding back up. Now it's not gonna be the same case for all these cards, like take a look at Nani right now. He's 299 and he was 360? He was between 320 and 350 yesterday. Like look at this card, it's on a roller coaster, man. So, I mean, even on Sunday he was down as low as like 330 and he was even 380 before that. So you see these cards dropping off a lot more even yesterday because of the content on the game, Gelsen Martins is 560. That's down for him. As we take a look at a few more fantasy foot players, Marshal's 516, Coutinho, 1.68. Yo, okay, yesterday he was like 17, went to 18 and wow, like look at this drop off after content yesterday, man, I'm telling you, these SBCs right now are draining some coins off of the market. It's evident to see our is down like 30K. You can take a look at some foot birthdays as well. Debala's under 900, right? Paqueta 575, ooh, Davids and Sanchez 140, even links to the Yuris that is out right now. I think that was a bit over-invested in by a lot of people that thought that car was gonna rise with the links to Yuris. So I totally understand that. And then you just look through a lot of the market right now and you see prices that are down, including some of these road to the finals that I see, especially with some hype today, ooh, Mane's 126. All right, I'm gonna keep an eye on this Mane because again, look how rare he is, right? And this is where I would be trading right now on the market as I'm kind of watching this Kama Vinga right now, hoping for, ooh, 408. Okay, that's interesting. Where's this bid? I'll take a 405. I'll take a 405. Okay, let me go look at Mane because Mane was literally 1.35 yesterday. Now they don't play today, but again, getting closer to the potential upgrades for these cards and the live matches that they have, they've kind of gone up in price. So is he there? One, two, five, five is sitting. All right, I'm gonna let that sit. It's late night, we might get some undercuts and I didn't win that bid. I'm gonna let that sit, but that's just a really rare card. I bought two Renato Sanchez yesterday. This was even before the 6 p.m. panic selling. I bought Renato for 8.20. Oh, no shot, is he back up? Okay, he's 8.60, 8.65. I bought two Renato's at 8.20 and 8.17, sold one of them for 9.00 and if these two sell at 8.60, then I'm looking at a Renato that's back to 9.00. So with the really rare cards right now, if you're trying to make coins, when you see these drop-offs, like I was just looking at with the Comma Vinga as well, you know, there's a ton of cards that you can do this with, right? Because people are still out there, building teams, trying cards out. I'm gonna let Flip and catch this price hopefully since it's late at night. Just kidding. Okay, I'm not gonna let Flip and catch that. Oh, 404, give me that. Give me that. Thank you very much, appreciate it, we're involved. You're seeing some live trading on the video right now, which is not often what happens, but that's the kind of cards that I would be looking at right now on the market, if you're trying to trade today and just try to make some quick flips. Because I know a lot of you guys are still trying to make coins and get that coin total on the top left higher before a team of the season does get here. But throughout the rest of this week, just make your trading quick flips, right? With this Comma Vinga, I'm hoping that he's bounces back up to the 440, 450 range. And then after that, probably gonna sell him like today. I'm not gonna hold onto this card very long, just because I know with all of the SBC content that is out right now, that's probably gonna cause people to not hold onto as many cards. If they wanna sell items to go do an icon pack, to do more icon moments SBCs, which is what we're transitioning to talking about next. So I would just not be holding too many cards right now, even if you're trying to trade with them, just like I was right there with that Comma Vinga item. So speaking of icon moments, we did have one yesterday and it was the Beressi. And I think this SBC is really not that good. With fodder going up, this card is kind of valued right now and Footbin is like 569K and his card on the market is coming in at right around 520K, which I don't necessarily understand why he's 520K. I get it, it's the best version of Beressi that we've ever had. But I think that this Beressi icon card is gonna end up being like 300K in two weeks when we actually get two teams this season. I know icon moments have dropped off so much, but if you wanna craft this card, again, and you're like, Nate, I'm gonna be able to get this done in this week or the next two weeks with player picks for 300K, knock yourself out, right? Again, my bottom line is I like all these icon moments SBCs because they're out for 90 days, they're gonna be out during team this season. It's gonna be great to craft these cards and put them in your club and collect them if you want to, depending on how many packs you do during team of the season. So really like that once again, even though it's a little bit more expensive. Now, this is the leak that we're talking about, right? Maldini prime icon moments has been added as an SBC for the Foot Captains promo, finally a good one. Now, Sheriff says no info on the release date yet and Rage Effect here, a Twitter trader, some of you guys may know, he says R9 mid V2. And he's saying that because Sheriff is releasing this leak without a release date and times before where we've seen leaks that have turned out to be not that accurate, they've come without release date. So we think that Maldini could be coming. But again, like I mentioned, we kind of take that with just a grain of salt but moments Maldini of course is down, he's 2.4 million coins at the moment after he was before this leak, I think on Sunday, he was between like two seven and two eight. Even yesterday he was two seven, the leaks came out, he went down to like 2.4 mil, what are the sales histories? What's this looking like? 2.4, 2.4 flat, 2.5, 2.5. I mean, being completely honest, this Maldini on the market right now, if that 2.4 mil one is sitting, that'd be a bit of a risky play but that's kind of the lowest that he's been. So I'll see if that's actually sitting or not and it is, wow, 2.4 mil is sitting right there. But you know, if I'm gonna make any profit on this, you know, I would like to see it a little bit lower just with how the market is right now, I'm not gonna expect him to fluctuate back up to like two five highs, which he might, but I'm gonna hope for an undercut there. I don't wanna put my coins in that something that risky, even though I have a lot of coins, of course, I'm gonna let that slide. But that's kind of the leak that we have right now and that would be a big icon moments player SBC if that were to drop. I think the SBC would probably still come in at 2.5 million coins, it'd be very expensive or a low 2 million coin range maybe, but that would be one that people would start to work because that's just such a big name in terms of icon SBCs on this game. So speaking of icon SBCs for today, I'm gonna stop guessing on which ones I think are gonna get dropped, except no, I'm not because the only one that I've heard that has not been released yet is Beckham because if we had Buresi yesterday and I talked about Beckham in yesterday's video, Raul Schweinsteiger's and Eddie Buresi, unless something new changes and happens, then I honestly think that it would be Beckham today, which a lot of people would be very happy with. I also don't know if we're gonna see another foot captain's player SBC because we had Fernandinho and Joaquin back to back days and I think Tuesday today would be one where we might see another one of these. There's no leaks for that, I'm just kind of thinking. So today for content, we might have our daily icon moments SBC, you wave a marquee matchups, maybe another player SBC and that might be it. I don't know if EA's gonna drop anything else super special around those lines or if they're gonna do anything out of the ordinary today. You can see that last week's wave of marquee matchups is going away. I think there will be new ones that will come out. So the matchups that will be a part of this one today for the new one will probably be leaked at some point as well. So just kind of keep an eye on Twitter for some of that. As for my account and trading, you just saw me buy that Cruisin' Kama Vinga. But I got two Neymar's at 800,000 coins. I thought that was way too cheap last night and then here's the other Renato Sanchez. The 869s, 865 is still there. So if nobody else relists, I'm gonna list this at 897 and maybe we'll get a sale this hour. That'll be a really, really nice flip. Other than that, that Neymar card as he is getting closer to going out of packs, if he peeks back up to like 870 or 880, I might take my coins there. But I'm just gonna keep watching the market, trying to make some quick flips and trades on some of these cards. I was focused on PlayerPix a lot yesterday, which is I think why I'm right now. Ooh, one, two, four, no shot. Wow, people are actually undercutting this money card. All right, that's got me a bit interested. So if I saw, I mean, I'm getting a little greedy here, but I saw, if I saw any lower than like that, probably gonna snatch up the card because I know I can sell him in the one, three mids, at least before the whole market drop yesterday. That's kind of where he was. Now, last thing I wanna talk about in this video once again is the communication we had about compensation. Now, I know this isn't affecting a lot of you guys and I wanted to talk about it at the end of the video because I'm sure that most people watching this are not affected by this, but if you know anybody, and if you saw this tweet yesterday, you know that people that packed the incorrect hero items, because like with the ones that we have in packs right now, of course, the hero captains, Milito, Dina Talley, Dempsey, Unberg, and Mario Gomez, EA said we are aware of some players receiving hero items instead of the captain version. This issue has been addressed and we will be following up with impacted players in game in the coming days. So if you have any of these cards on the market at the moment, there might be a little bit of extra supply, like we talked about, I think it was in Friday night's video, you saw people packing those old versions of the heroes card. So just watch out for that compensation in the next couple of days of this week. So I know there's a lot to cover. I know there's a lot going on in this game. Good luck if you're grinding the 80 plus. If you're grinding the icon moments upgrade, let me know who you got down below in the comments. I haven't packed any promo cards yet from the 80 plus player pick, but I'm gonna be hitting these. I know I said I was gonna be careful with my coins, but that's why I'm gonna try to trade at the same time as doing a lot of this upgrade pack nonsense this week and crafting and all that good stuff is because, you know, I gotta try to pack myself for Yeris and a Dempsey through the player picks and stuff like that. So I'm gonna try to make sure that I give myself ample opportunity to get some good pack pulls and I'm gonna trade with this Kamal Venge, I think. So maybe tomorrow we'll wash this card price together. If it rises up in the morning, we'll take some dubs and we'll take that profit. Was that a 406 that I saw? Yeah, man, this guy at 400K is gonna be my jam. So hopefully he can rise back up with some Madrid hype. And he gets an upgrade this weekend. So that'll be our card that we watch tomorrow. So keep it on, Adam. If he's still down there alone, you wanna snag one, go for it. We'll see what happens with that card tomorrow. So that's the video for today, boys. If you did enjoy it, smash the thumbs up on it. Of course, comment down below if you have any questions and subscribe if you are new. It has been Nate the Boat Account and I'll catch you guys later. Peace out.


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and world today. We have a new topic in Anatomy that is development of tongue the tongue we had covered a part of tongue We are covered in dental histology. That was about the papilla and epithelium of tongue So this video is about the development of tongue how it develops from the pharyngeal arches So regarding the pharyngeal arches this we had covered in anatomy previous session So it was a detailed Description of how the pharyngeal pouches Giving rise to the various structures in head and neck region. So this is particularly about the development of tongue So let's see the development of tongue in detail So development of tongue as we all know tongue is largest single muscular organ inside the oral cavity, which lies relatively free and The tongue develops in relation to the pharyngeal arches. So pharyngeal arches we had seen Previously pharyngeal arches. We have one two three four five pharyngeal arches and pouches and The pharyngeal clefs all we had studied in detail So this is also developed from the pharyngeal arches because most of the structures in Head and neck region is developing from the primitive pharyngeal arches So the first arch is known as mandible arch. It is always bilateral Second is hyoid arch. From mandible arch various structures like mandible, malleus, incus The second arch is known as hyoid arch The cartilage is known as Rachel's cartilage. The first arch Cartilage is known as Michael's cartilage, which give rise to various bones and ligaments So the tongue develops from pharyngeal arches mainly in two portions that is anterior two-third and posterior one-third so The anterior two-third of tongue so we need to learn few structures from which the anterior two-third develops the first one is tuberculum impar, okay, this Red color which is present in the first arch. Okay That is tuberculum impar Or you can redrawn it is here. This is a tuberculum impar this red one So it starts as a swelling in the middle of the mandibular process So this is a mandibular process for the mandibular arch So it starts as a swelling arise at the middle of the mandibular process and is flanked by two other Swillings, so these are the two swellings which is present the either side So these swellings are known as lingual swelling So the two lingual swellings and tuberculum impar which is present in the first pharyngeal arch, okay, and These lingual swellings they are present on the lateral part of the mandibular process Which are the mesenchymal thickening which develops to form The lateral sides of this tuberculum impar and ultimately the anterior two-third of tongue So these lingual swelling which merge with each other and forms a mucus membrane of anterior two-third of the tongue Okay, so lingual swellings and tuberculum impar Forms the anterior two-third and there is a structure which is known as foramen cecum which differentiate the anterior two-third and posterior one-third And these lateral swellings what happens is they quickly enlarge and Merge with each other and the tuberculum impar to form a large mass So these all will merge which these two will merge and this merge with this tuberculum impar This lingual swelling They quickly enlarge and merge with each other and then also with tuberculum impar to form a large mass From which mucus membrane of anterior two-third of the tongue is formed and this anterior two-third is supplied by Phrygium anal nerve so that will learn in detail the nerve supply and What about the posterior one-third so this is a posterior one-third Okay, this is a posterior one-third. It's a posterior one-third So this posterior one-third of the tongue arises from a large midline swelling which develops from Mason came up second third and fourth arch, okay So this anterior two-third develops only from first touch and The posterior one-third develops from second third and fourth arch. So the development of tongue involve first second third and fourth arches of Primitive farings. Okay, so it involves one two three and four arches So this has two structures, which is known as Coppola which is associated with second arch Coppola Coppola is associated with second arch and there will be a structure which is known as hypo Branquil eminence Coppola is a part of second pharyngeal arch whereas the hyperbranquil eminence is part of Third and fourth pharyngeal arch. Okay, so the posterior one-third develops from second third and fourth arch The anterior two-third develops from first touch first touch is also known as mantibular arch Okay, so posterior one-third is developing from second third and fourth arch So posterior one-third is having two structures one is known as Coppola and the hyperbranquil eminence So hyperbranquil eminence having the cranial point and caudal point cranial point is towards the head and caudal point is towards the tail and The Coppola is another structure, which is present in the posterior one-third. So what happens when the growth is happening? So this hypobranquil eminence which overgrows. Okay, so these Root of the tongue so this is a posterior one-third or root of the tongue which arises from the large midline swelling Okay, so these midline swelling so it has both Coppola and So there will be Coppola Coppola and hyperbranquil eminence, which is present in the midline at the posterior part So what happens is this hyperbranquil eminence? Which overgrows the Coppola? Which overgrows Coppola and there will be Separation from floor of the mouth. Okay, so how this separation from the floor of the mouth happens is When the tongue overgrows or this posterior one-third or the hyperbranquil eminence overgrows The ectoderm which is present at the bottom Will be degenerated. Okay, and creating lingual sulcus. So before it was a complete Mass of tissue but at the bottom point the ectoderm which is present in the peripheral will be Degenerating and creating lingual sulcus. Okay, so when lingual sulcus is created The tongue will get its mobility So tongue needs to be mobile. So there will be a degeneration of ectoderm which is present at the periphery And creating lingual sulcus. Okay So the posterior one-third is Supplied by gluosopharyngeal nerve whereas anterior one-third is separate supplied by tricheminal nerve So the muscles of the tongue which have a different origin they arise from the occipital somites which have migrated Forward in the tongue area carrying with them their nerve supply that is hypoglossal nerve So hypoglossal nerve is supplying the muscular tongue muscular hypoglossal nerve So there are lots of nerve supply involving tongue. It's taste sensation Uh General sensation So anterior third is supplied by tricheminal nerve, especially mandibular nerve posterior one-third by gluosopharyngeal Taste sensation by facial nerve so That's about the developmental part of tongue That is the anterior two-third and posterior one-third how it develops anterior two-third develops from mandibular Arch number one And posterior one-third is developed from arch number two three and four. So you need to Remember the structures which is giving rise to anterior two-third that is lingual swellings and tuberculum impar There will be two lingual swellings and Between that there will be tuberculum impar. So all this gross and Merge and forming anterior two-third and there is something called as foram and cecum So which is separating anterior and posterior one-third? So posterior one-third is developing from corpula and hyperbranquil eminence So hyperbranquil eminence over gross corpula and there will be degeneration at the bottom part which is creating lingual sulcus and providing the mobility of tongue So tongue basically has three parts. That is a root A tip and a body. Okay. So this will be the root. This is the tip and this body And the body has a Curve surface upper surface is known as the dorsal surface You cannot differentiate it because this dimension And the dorsal and the dorsal surface which has a papilla And the inferior surface or the ventral surface. Okay, which is closer to the floor of the mouth So this picture shows the oral part and the pharyngeal part of the same tongue We are separating the anterior two-third as oral part and this is a pharyngeal part of the posterior one-third sulcus terminus, which is the junction of anterior and posterior one-third And also we have a structure known as foram and cecum Which is a small midline depression at the border between these oral and pharyngeal portion of the tongue And we have at the most posterior part the epiglottis Now let's learn about the papilla of tongue So this we had covered in dental histology. Anyway, we have four types of papilla basically fungiform papilla philiform papilla folate papilla and circumvalid or valid papilla. Okay. So each papilla is a assigned Sensory function that is a taste sensation These are the projections of mucus membrane which gives the anterior two-third of the tongue its characteristics roughness So valid papilla. These are the valid papilla, which is present in front of sulcus terminus, which is the largest papilla which has blend and dead cylindrical in shape 1 to 2 millimeter in diameter number is 8 to 12 Which is occur in a v-shape Whereas a philiform papilla, which is makes the majority of papilla and covers the anterior part of tongue They appear as slender tread-like keratinized projections And it doesn't have any papilla because it is completely keratinized And these papilla facilitate mastication by compressing and breaking food when tongue is opposed to heart palate So that was the philiform papilla Next is the fungiform papilla And the next papilla is fungiform papilla, which is a mushroom shaped and more numerous Which is present near the tip and margins of tongue, but some of them are scattered all over They have smooth round structures that appear red because of their highly vascular connected tissue core And they have taste buds, okay, these taste buds seen within the epithelium Now we have foliate papilla, which is sign which is present at the side of the tongue They are leaf-like mucosal root just bilaterally at the sides of tongue near sulcus terminalis And this also has taste buds only The first one that is philiform papilla is not having any taste buds And the pharyngeal part regarding the posterior part It is lies behind the palaturglossus glosalarchus Which forms the anterior wall of auro pharynx, okay So from here we have starting the pharynx. So anterior wall of auro pharynx Which doesn't have any papillae and the mucous membrane has many lymphoid follicles that collectively Consude the lingual tonsil. So all these follicles are known as lingual tonsil And on either side it has palatine tonsils So we are talking about the dorsal surface So we have the ventral surface that is closer to the floor of the mouth It is covered by smooth mucous membrane There will be a thin strip of tissue that runs vertically from the Floor of the mouth to under surface of the tongue, which is known as lingual frenem We can feel the lingual frenem inside our floor of the mouth and tongue at the junction And it tends to limit some movement of tongue So lingual frenem is a structure which prevents tongue movement And on either side of frenem there is a prominence Which is produced by deep lingual veins Are more laterally, which is known as plicca fimbriata, okay Plica fimbriata Plica fimbriata Plica fimbriata is nothing but On either side of this frenulum, there is a prominence produced by deep lingual veins Which are more laterally And it looks like a fold, which is known as plica fimbriata, which is present on the ventral side, okay Next is arterial supply. So the main artery which supplies a tongue is lingual artery Lingual artery, which is a branch of external carotid artery, which is Reaching the tongue after passing deep to the hyoglossus muscle Which divides into dorsal lingual artery, deep lingual artery and sublingual artery, okay Which is dividing into dorsal deep lingual and sublingual arteries So this dorsal Lingual artery supplies the posterior part And the deep lingual artery supplies the anterior part And the sublingual artery supplies the submandibular gland and floor of the mouth, okay So lingual artery divides into dorsal lingual artery, deep lingual artery and sublingual artery And also we have tonsillar artery and ascending pharyngeal artery, which is supplying the most posterior part of the tongue Whereas the venous drainage, we have dorsal lingual vein, which drains the dorsum and sides of the tongue And also deep lingual veins, which drains the tip, okay, so this is a deep lingual vein Drains the tip And it joins sublingual vein from the sublingual gland, okay, so sublingual Gland is drained by sublingual vein So this deep lingual vein joins with sublingual vein, okay, this two will join And all these ultimately terminate directly or entirely into Internal jugular vein So that is about venous drainage, so we have dorsal lingual vein, which drains the dorsal part Then the deep lingual vein, which drains the tip, then it joins to sublingual vein, which was Collecting or draining the sublingual gland, it both joins and ultimately all joins to terminate in inter jugular vein Now we have nerve supple nerve supple is Supplied anterior two-third and posterior one-third So we have general sensation And also taste sensation, so the anterior two-third, the taste sensation is by corda timpani That is a branch of facial nerve, whereas the general sensation is by lingual nerve, which is a branch of mandibular nerve Which is again a branch of trigeminal nerve, okay Whereas a posterior one-third, but this doesn't include valet or circumvalent Papillae, which is the taste sensation which is present in the anterior two-third So the taste sensation is by facial nerve, that is a corda timpani nerve except Circumvalent papillae Whereas a posterior one-third, the general sensation and taste sensation is by Glosopharyngeal nerve, including the circumvalent papillae, okay And the most posterior part Is supplied by vagus nerve through internal laryngeal nerve And the muscles, regarding the muscles, all the muscles are supplied by hypoglossal nerve Except the palato Glossus muscle, which is supplied by vagus nerve, so I repeat So anterior two-third, the taste sensation by facial nerve And general sensation by lingual nerve, which is a branch of mandibular nerve, which is again a branch of trigeminal nerve So seven and five nerve numbers And the posterior one-third Glosopharyngeal nerve, general sensation and also taste sensation, including the circumvalent papillae, which is present in the anterior two-third And the Most posterior part is supplied by vagus nerve through internal laryngeal nerve And all the muscles supplied by hypoglossal nerve, except palato glossus muscle, palato glossus muscle is supplied by vagus nerve Now we have the lymphatic drainage, okay So the lymphatic drainage So the tip of tongue is drained into submental nodes and then directly to deep cervical nodes So the tip, this is a tip, it goes to Submental, submental lymph nodes Okay, submental lymph nodes, then to deep cervical node Deep Cervical node That is tip And the right and left half of the anterior two-third Trained, you need actually to submandibular node. So this is anterior two-third The right and left This goes to Submandibular node, okay Submandibular node Submandibular lymph node, so I'm talking about lymph node, okay So before we Studied arterial supply, venous supply and now supply, now we are in lymph nodes So the anterior two-third, right and left Are going into The submandibular nodes, whereas the posterior one-third, so this part Is drained directly and bilaterally to deep cervical node, okay So this directly goes to deep cervical node This is unilaterally going to right and left submandibular nodes The deep cervical nodes usually involved in jugulo-omohoid and digastic nodes. So this deep cervical nodes goes to Jugulo-omohoid and jugulo-digastic Jugulo-omohoid Or jugulo-digastic Okay So that is an lymphatic drainage Tip goes to submandibular, it goes to deep cervical node Anterior two-third, from right and left unilaterally go to submandibular Posterior one-third, bilaterally directly goes to deep cervical Deep cervical is associated with jugulo-omohoid or jugulo-digastic Now we have few developmental disturbances of tongue The first one is microglosia Microglosia, it is a rare congenital anomaly manifested by the presence of rudimentary or very small tongue The condition When tongue being completely absent is known as aglosia, okay Aglosia is a condition where the complete absence of tongue So this condition we have studied in dental histology In developmental disturbances, so classification would be True microglosia and relative microglosia So it can be corrected by auto-correction or speech and language development Microglosia is a condition when patient have an enlarged tongue, okay, microglosia Which could be associated with the Down syndrome back with Whitman syndrome And there will be associated many problems such as noise breathing, drooling, slur, speech Scaloping, open bite, cracked tongue Ankyloglosia is nothing but a condition where the tongue is fixed to the floor of the mouth That is Ankyloglosia And it can be either complete Ankyloglosia or partial So partial is known as tongue tie Tongue tie is a common condition, it is a partial Ankyloglosia So it is happening due to the short lingual freedom Or due to a freedom which attaches too near to the tip of the tongue So we know tongue is like this and lingual freedom is attached here So when it is attaching to the tip, there will be limited movements of tongue and Ankyloglosia will happen But the complete Ankyloglosia is a result of fusion between tongue and floor of the mouth So complete fusion will be there So there will not be any movement for tongue And cleft tongue is a complete cleft tongue occurs due to the lack of margin of lateral lingual feeling So when this is supposed to merge here with hypobranquil eminence When this fail to merge, there will be cleft tongue Fisher tongue is a, so that was cleft tongue And fisher tongue is a malformation manifested clinically by numerous small grooves So when this is the tongue, so there will be numerous small grooves present In the tongue Okay, on the surface of tongue So that is a fisher tongue Next we have muscles of tongue Various muscles intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue Now let's see the muscles of tongue So we have two categories in muscles of tongue That is intrinsic muscles which is not attached to any bone And which alter the shape of the tongue And extrinsic muscles, they are attached to various bonds The intrinsic muscles are superior and inferior longitudinal Transverse and vertical Whereas extrinsic muscles, they are genioglossus Hyoglossus, styloglossus and palatoglossus So intrinsic muscles, they are four-paired intrinsic muscles Originate and insert within the tongue Okay, they are not attached to Anywhere else they are originated and inserted within the tongue They are four pairs And these muscles basically alter the shape of the tongue So in intrinsic muscle, the first muscle is superior longitudinal It originates in submucous fibrous layer below the dorsum of tongue and lingual septum This is a superior longitudinal It is just a diagrammatic picture on the frontal view Antirisection And insertion, it extends to the lingual margin Its action is it shortens the tongue and turns the apex and sides of the tongue upward Okay, so apex and sides of the tongue upward And it makes the dorsal surface concave Whereas inferior longitudinal This is where is inferior longitudinal This is inferior longitudinal It is an aeroband which is close to the inferior surface of tongue Its origin is root of the tongue and insertion is at apex of tongue That also action shortens the tongue Whereas it makes the dorsal convex Okay, makes the dorsal surface convex The superior longitudinal makes the dorsal surface concave Turning the upward tip of the tongue Up makes the concavity and tip the down It makes the convexity Next pair of intrinsic muscle is transverse Transverse is like this So it is a median fibrous septum And insertion is at the margin of tongue So this is the tongue means it will be inserted It is running in transverse direction Okay, so it inserted in right and left borders of the tongue Action narrows and elongates tongue Okay, so it is narrows and elongates Whereas vertical muscle fibers they originated at the anterior part of tongue Inserted at the ventral surface and borders Action flattens and broadens Okay, flattens and broadens Flattens and broadens is a function of vertical Whereas transverse function is narrowing and elongation Okay, narrowing and elongation This is just opposite functions The transverse and vertical fibers So they are the intrinsic muscles They are not attached to any bones They are just present its origin and insertion within the Insertion within the tongue Now the extrinsic muscle We have styloglossus and palatoglossus attached to tongue superiorly This is attached to tongue superiorly And genioglossus and hyoglossus attach the tongue inferiorly To the genoid bone and hyoid bone This is to the styloid process and to the palatal bone Okay, so all are attached to one bone This glossus means tongue This is attached to genoid bone This is attached to hyoid bone This is attached to styloid process This is attached to palatal bone So genioglossus So we can see the main part of tongue Genioglossus, it arises from superior Genial tubercles above the origin of geniohyd Inserted the upper fibers to tip of the tongue Upper fibers to the tip of the tongue Middle fibers to the dorsum and lower fibers to the hyoid bone And its action upper fibers retract the tip Middle fibers depress the tongue and lower fibers protrude the tongue So that is genioglossus It has upper middle and lower fibers It's starting upper fibers from tip of tongue Then middle fibers from dorsum and lower fibers from hyoid bone And its action is retracting the tip Then middle fibers depressing the tongue Lower fibers protruding the tongue And next one is styloglossus Styloglossus origin from styloid process Insertion into the longitudinal part of the inferior longitudinal muscle And function it elevates and retracts the tongue The hyoglossus muscles It is a quadrilateral shape muscle And origin from the hyoid bone Insertion into the lateral surface of tongue Function depress and retract the tongue The last one is palatoglossus It's origin from the palatine aponeurosis Insertion into the lateral margins of tongue Action elevates and elevates the posterior part of the tongue So that was about various muscles They are intrinsic and extrinsic muscles Intrinsic muscles not attached to a bone But extrinsic muscle attached to a bone So the movements of tongue The intrinsic muscles are basically involved in broadens the tongue It flattens the tongue It turns the tip upward It turns the tip downward And the sideways movement Whereas extrinsic muscles are involved in Protrusion, retraction, depression and elevation Protrusion is done by genioglossus on both sides acting together Retraction is done by styloglossus and hyoglossus on both sides Acting together Depression of tongue is done by hyoglossus and genioglossus on both sides Elevation is done by styloglossus and palatoglossus So depression and elevation You can imagine the structures which is present above the tongue and below the tongue So these are the muscles That is extrinsic muscles Involvement in the movement of tongue So that's how we complete a tongue So we learned about the development of tongue From the anterior to the third, posterior to the third All these parts, lingual swelling Tuberculum, impar, copula and hyperbranchal eminence Then we learned about the arterial supply The venous supply The lymphatic drainage The nerve supply The muscles of tongue That is intrinsic muscle and extrinsic muscles So it is a very common question You could expect the development of tongue The arterial supply Venous and lymphatic drainage could be a short knot Nerve supply could be a short knot And also the muscles, intrinsic muscles and extrinsic muscles And you may expect each one muscle as a short knot Like genioglossus Like styloglossus So I have not explained each muscle in detail So when Christian asked about single muscle You need to draw a neat label diagram And explain its origin, insertion and its action So I will come up with a new topic in anatomy Thank you


Happy Easter! Today, I join Christians in Canada and around the world to celebrate Easter. Easter celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It's a time to look to the future with optimism and appreciate the present, whether it's by going to church, watching kids hunt for Easter eggs, or coming together around the table. For all of us, the Easter story is a reminder of the power of love and the importance of hope. And for our family, it's a chance to celebrate along with Christians across the country and to take time to appreciate our many blessings. As we move forward together in 2018, let's continue to honour the values that unite us and put into practice what it means to love our neighbours as ourselves. On behalf of our family, Sophie and I wish joy and happiness to all those celebrating. Happy Easter!


news update welcome folks for the dial industrials finish up three twenty two nasa cup ninety nine s&p's up forty gold contract up two dollars sixty six cents it gold contract flat eighteen oh seven silver nine fifty two cents nineteen dollars eighty two cents platinum off eighteen dollars seventy cents at eight seventy six light sweet crew up two to two sixty six hundred and eight dollars copper look at copper market down nine pennies three sixty one a pound and what the copper deal is is that the lower the copper goes the higher the probability of coming into a recession that's kind of how that works yeah notes and bonds a ten year note up thirty six trade in one nineteen fifteen the thirty up a full point at one thirty nine nineteen and king dollar king dollars still on the move topside folks that is up four hundred twenty nine ticks trade in one oh five one fifteen euro and one oh four yen at one thirty five and the british pound at one twenty to one u.s. dollar you don't take a look at the market bottom line folks if you're bold you really didn't want this to happen today why because what we did last night yesterday rather you come down on volume today go up online volume we came down yesterday with a hundred and twelve million you go up today with sixty eight typical uh... fourth of july deal bottom line building cars to finish this a bc structure down inside the cues and the x one hundred same type of setup bottom line get on yesterday with seventy nine million shares you go up today with fifty three gold gold can be the wildcard here might take right now is that we did have too much volume on the way down uh... you know we hit uh... they took a cleanest quick seventeen eighty three and just as quick with the pit open now this is where this gets interesting is no doubt eight twenty the pit opens they drove it down all night long and then as soon as the pit opened they were buying that being said all you really don't come up to ice from yesterday yesterday we had that high up there of eighteen twenty six yet a nice bounced going no doubt uh... now you know gold problem is that you have a high volume low and i suspect we're gonna get tested and that's going to be all about good old king dollar yet king dollar here won't back off you know bottom line put this on the monthly's what you're gonna see is that you know it's not quite away from that no breakout yet but it's getting out you know the top of the break out here is one oh three eight twenty and right now you know you're about a penny and a half over your one oh five one eighteen have a great weekend folks have a safe weekend come back and visit tommy tuesday morning nine o'clock great show have a great one folks have a safe