Today, we will take you through the development process of aircraft propulsion. The early years of the development in which the various kinds of propulsive devices were thought of, some of them were actually created as some kind of a prototype, but many of them never quite flew and we will go on to the Wright brothers when the aircraft flew for the first time and what happened thereafter, how the aircraft engines actually developed over a period of almost 150 years. The first aircraft that flew was nearly 150 years back that did not fly actually, but was created nearly about 150 years back. One of the creations was by Felix du Temple de la Croix who had what was called a monoplane at that time and the early ideas were those that resemble that of a bird. This particular picture as you can see here, it has wings very much like a bird, a tail plane that resembles that of a bird and this is the body in which somebody or some things could be placed. You can see the tail again that resembles that of a bird and the side view which resembles almost that of a boat in which something or somebody could probably sit or be placed over there and then of course, you see the propeller. This is the concept that was created nearly 150 years back that to fly a craft like this through the air, you would need a propeller like device to make it move in air and this is a side view of the propeller which gives the first impression of what mankind thought flight craft could possibly be and this was nearly 150 years back. The idea that you need to have thrust created by some kind of a propulsor was created around that time and it required that if an aircraft is flying, the craft by studying the birds and many other such flying objects, people realized that you need to create lift and the idea at that time was that you create lift by designing a particular kind of aircraft that typically would resemble something like a bird or one kind of bird or the other. However, to do that you need a certain amount of force to overcome what is also known as drag and this is due to the resistance of the air in which the craft flies. Now, when the craft is flying, this resistance is continuously active on the body of the craft and this resistance of course, also would change a little depending on the mode of flight and during this various modes of flight, you need to create thrust that on a continuous basis, over comes this resistance or air resistance and keeps the craft flying at certain pre-determined speeds in a certain pre-determined mode and this creates finally, the aircraft motion. Now, unless you have these balance of forces, the lift which should overcome the weight of the craft and a thrust created by a propulsor which on a continuous basis must overcome the drag, it is not possible to fly. This is the minimum requirement for a craft to fly and our business in this course is to look at how the thrust is created by propulsor which propels the aircraft through the air and various kinds of engines that create the propulsive power that finally creates the thrust. The first early few devices that were created but were in the designers drawing board, one of them was by George Cayley and now George Cayley is quite often credited with being the father of modern aeronautics and he created much of the science that is used even today for understanding the aircraft flight and what he created was a craft that looks something like this and it had a small boat again and a big wing which helps the creation of the lift and then again a tail plane that is necessary like a bird to balance the flight. Now, this is what something like this is what he conceived at the time of creating the science of aeronautics which is laid down in many books even today. A little later after that a gentleman called Samuel P. Langley created another kind of craft. Now this had two wings one above the other and is often referred to as a biplane as opposed to the first one which is often referred to as a monoplane. Now monoplane had one wing on each side so two wings on two sides. This had four wings so two on each side in a symmetric manner and this was a little later in late 19th century and this was what first attempt to create something that could possibly fly one of the reasons one supposes that you need two wings was to create sufficient lift to make the craft balance the weight and to do that they had to create two sets of wings on each side and as a result of which you could also see there are two sets of tail planes at the rear which is not exactly what the birds do but at that point of time people had realized that you cannot have a craft which exactly looks like a bird you need to create something different and that difference is what appeared as biplane. Now Samuel Langley's biplane was attempted to be flown however this particular attempt this picture shows that the first attempt at this flight was unsuccessful and as soon as the craft took off from a ramp on a water body it immediately thereafter crashed onto the air body one of the reasons possibly was that the power available was not sufficient for the craft to balance its drag in the air as a result of which a lot of people looked at various kinds of powering device the device that would finally propel the craft through the air and provide sufficient power on a continuous basis. Now this required them to look at creating engines that would drive the propeller by that time it was known that you have to have a propeller to make an aircraft move in air. The question was what kind of engine do you require to make the propeller create sufficient thrust. Now one of the first attempt was by Loren and he created what can be called kind of a jet engine but it was based on the piston engine concept which was prevailing at that time and had already appeared in market and this means that a piston would be moving like this and would expel the gas as you know probably every second stroke and as a result of which this gas being expelled or ejected would create a kind of a jet action which again as per Newton's third law which we studied in the last class would give a reaction and provide the thrust which mean that you would get a thrust every second stroke of this piston. This was the concept created by Loren and as a result of that Loren what he did he quickly realized that a single piston quite often would not be sufficient to create sufficient thrust and hence he lined up six of them one after another in line so that six of them could produce thrust also there is a possibility that he could time the piston stroke such that they do not actually eject the hot gas simultaneously it could be time to eject them in a manner so that only two of them eject at one time or it could be time in a manner that all six of them eject at the same time depending on the amount of thrust that needs to be created. This engine of course was a concept it was never made and certainly never flew. The next patent that Loren actually went for was a little more simplistic and he went for straight forward what we call jet engine in which the air enters a chamber and then there is a fuel burning that happens over here and then the hot gas is expelled through a nozzle and through in a jet and this again as per Newton's third law creates the act reaction that would hopefully propel the aircraft through the air. So, this was a concept created by Loren in 1913 for which he actually took a patent. Now, thereafter little thereafter there was another concept of jet engine this was in 1921 and around this time a gentleman called Guilamé patented a concept which supposedly looks like a jet engine. It has a concept very similar to present jet engines which we will look at in detail a little later it had compressors and then it had turbines and as a result of which it is supposed to create a jet thrust. However, as far as all the records go this kind of engine was never quite materialized and certainly never flew. The one engine that definitely flew and created the so called history of the first flight was the Wright's engine. Now, this engine was again quite simple it had four cylinders and these four cylinders actually powered one particular shaft and this shaft powered the propeller which flew the Wright brothers flame simply called flyer and this is the details of one of those pistons which has all the components and those who are familiar with the typical piston engine would find all the components of the piston engine over here. You have the air intake and you have the intake manifold and then you have the combustion chamber etcetera all the components that one is familiar with you would find this here this was a standard piston engine and what they did they had enough calculation to back them up and they realized that you need a minimum of four engines to create sufficient power to power their propeller and this is what they had put on their craft which flew for the first time in 1903. Now this was the craft this is the historic photograph which some of you may have seen and this shows that the Wright brothers flying for the first time in the history of mankind in a beach called Kitty Hawk in North Carolina USA and this is the flight in which Orwell Wright was flying and Wilbur Wright was standing over here on the same day in the morning they flew four times one after another each brother taking his turn and out of the four three of the flights are recorded as the first three flights of the human kind. Now this had the engine which we just seen and it had the propellers which we will have a look at. Now this is the craft which is being preserved in a museum in Washington DC the Smithsonian Institute Museum and if you people go there you would be able to see the craft hanging over there even today as you can see here it was a biplane as we were discussing it had two wings okay and it had two tail planes in fact they were in in front and you could see here a person actually lying down so Orwell Wright was actually lying down on on the aircraft because there was nearly no place for him to sit there okay and this you can see the craft from another picture which in which the two play two wings are very clearly seen and the two tail planes are also seen as we have discussed this was part of the aircraft design which Wright brothers took a long time to perfect before actually they flew and then now you can see the propellers which they used in the 1903 flight and the propellers they used later on a little later around 1910 and over the years the shape of the propeller which they used actually changed a lot the propeller you can see here is it is a it is a simpler propeller it is a paddle type here the propeller as you can see 1910 is a little more twisted far more twisted bigger in size and probably has much better shape for creation of thrust so there was evolution of propeller even with the Wright brothers over a period of seven ten years in which they were involved in the various kinds of flying crafts there is a historical claim made by a gentleman called Gustave Whitehead that two years four months and three days before the successful flight of the Wright brothers a monoplane actually took to the air on August 14 1901 that is nearly two and a half years before the Wright brothers flight somewhere in US in Connecticut carrying and it was carrying its inventor Gustave Whitehead and it is reported to have flown by about half a mile which would be far more than what the Wright brothers flew what the Wright brothers flew for example in its flight was the distance which is now recorded as equivalent to the wingspan of today's Boeing 747 so it was a very small hop so to say but the flight claimed by Gustave Whitehead or his successors later on claims to have been a flight of nearly half a mile there is no record except for this particular picture it was supposed to be a monoplane resembling that of a same picture that we have seen for Felix the temple's monoplane so somewhere 50 years after Felix the temple's monoplane somebody a gentleman named Gustave Whitehead is reported to have created a similar monoplane and actually flew it however this is not been scientifically accepted and as far as all the historical scientific records are concerned the first flight is credited to the Wright brothers and what we see now is that all the flights that were recorded over a period of first 50 years of flight all flew with propellers as the only means of propulsion which means that jet engine as we know today or were not the means through which propulsion was done it was propellers all the way for over a period of half a century in fact according to the records in various scientific recording manuals sometime after World War one a high powered committee in US went into the decision making whether jet propulsion could be used for various kinds of flights and they came with the decision that jet propulsion was really not possible within the foreseeable future and hence they entrusted NACA that is the National Administration of Civil Aviation which created this which was created in US with the creation of a large number of propeller blades and these propeller blades were created by NACA in between the two World Wars as we shall see later on by the second World War jet propulsion had actually come into being and the prediction made by the so called high powered body had proved to be erroneous we will come to that in a few minutes let us go through the development of propellers. Now propellers what they do is they use airfoil shapes now airfoil shapes were created as we have seen as we know by George Cayley nearly 150 years back and it was proven that many of the birds and fishes do have these kind of airfoil shapes that allow them to move through the air or water in case of fishes very smoothly. So that shape is what today we call airfoil shape and this is what is used in the propellers also propeller uses the shapes and as the propellers rotate as per the shape characteristics they create lift and a component of the lift is then utilized as thrust. Now this thrust is created in a direction which is perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the propeller and this is to be designed into the propeller so it is necessary that person who designs a propeller for a particular aircraft is knowledgeable about the science of propeller so that when he creates a propeller for a particular aircraft the propulsive action is created exactly perpendicular to the plane of rotation that meets the demand of that particular aircraft propellers can be broadly in two types one that pulls the aircraft from the front that is its position at the front of the aircraft either the nose of the aircraft or mounted on the wings at the front of the wings and these are called tractor type propellers. There are the other types where sometimes the propellers could be mounted on the rear of the aircraft which could be at the rear of the fuselage or body of the aircraft or at the back of the wings and it could actually create thrust from the rear of these bodies and they are called the pusher type as if they are pushing the aircraft from the rear so these are the two kinds of propellers that have been around for quite a long time most of the propellers that we see are the tractor types but there are quite a few pusher type propellers that have also been used over a period of last hundred years. These are the various propeller blade aerofoil shapes created by NACA more than 60 years back as you can see these shapes are so many there are more than 100 shapes over here and they have served the purpose of creation of literally hundreds and thousands of propellers that fly various aircraft around the world. So this was the basis or the beginning of creation of propellers. There are a number of companies who are specialized in using these aerofoil shapes for creating the propellers. Let us quickly take a look at how the propeller actually operates because that is what made the aircraft fly for nearly half a century. In fact propellers are being used even today for flying many craft so the history of propellers flying their craft is more than 100 years old and they are still active in flying many aircraft. So let us take a quick look what the propellers actually do. The propellers actually if you look at the picture over here they are mounted let us say somewhere at the nose over here which is what we would call a tractor type of propeller and by virtue of its rotation and the aerofoil shape that is given to it it actually sucks the flow from the front and then it pushes it behind. So this suction of the air is aided by the motion of the aircraft so as soon as the aircraft starts moving the motion of the aircraft allows the air to move into the propeller and as the propeller rotates it also applies the suction so when the aircraft is moving in air the suction of the propeller is expected to match the motion of the aircraft so that the amount of air that is going through the propeller is actually matched between the propeller and the aircraft movement. Now when that happens the flow through the propeller then goes through let us say a disk like this which is what we would call the swept area of the propeller and then as it goes through it acquires a little bit of extra energy or extra momentum. This momentum difference as we know from Newton's second law provides the thrust so this is the momentum of the jet that is being pushed by the propeller this is the momentum of the air that is coming into the propeller and this provides the thrust that makes the aircraft move this thrust must balance the drag that is experienced by this entire aircraft. So this propeller matches the entire drag created by this entire including the drag of the engine and the propeller itself. So it is the only thrusting body mounted on an aircraft. If you look at the a typical propeller this is a typical propeller it would look something like this there are various kinds of propellers various shapes we will probably have a chance to go into it later on in this course but in this particular diagram as you can see there is propeller shape which this is the tip of the propeller which is what you would see somewhere over here and this is the root of the propeller which is at the core of the propeller and is connected to the shaft which comes out of the engine and the shaft goes inside over here and quite often this shaft is covered by a nice what is known as a nose cone to make it aerodynamically smooth and that is in front of the propeller. So flow goes over the nose cone and then enters through the root and then flows over the body of the aircraft. Now each if you take a cross section of the propeller over here just any anywhere you would probably see a shape like this and this is the airfoil shape and as we have seen there are so many kinds of airfoil so many shapes of airfoil that could be used. Typically in one single propeller all the way from here to here we would call this let us say the working part of the propeller which creates a thrust you could probably see various propeller airfoil shapes. So the airfoils that are used in a propeller from root to the tip of the propeller actually change there are various kinds of airfoil. So propeller near the root typically would be a thick propeller whereas the propeller near the tip would typically be a very thin propeller. Let us take a quick look some of the thick propellers airfoils that we see here are likely to be used near the roots. So this is how typically you would probably have a root propeller here and then slowly they become thinner and as you go toward the tip you would probably have a thin airfoil like this. So one such set each such set probably could serve the purpose of one propeller and that is how the propellers are utilized airfoils are utilized in a propeller for creating the thrust. These are the various kinds of propellers that you would probably see today. If you go around this is for example a propeller that is after it is being made the propeller needs to be proven and one of the means of proving it is to actually test it in a wind tunnel. Wind tunnel actually is just a land based grounded facility in which various bodies can be put for aerodynamic testing and propeller is also one such element that can be tested inside a wind tunnel and inside the wind tunnel you test the aerodynamic capability of the propeller. You measure the thrust that it is creating and as I have mentioned before it is necessary that you have exact estimate of the thrust that the propeller would create because when the aircraft is flying in air the exact matching is an absolute necessity in if there is any mismatching remember the aircraft is not going to fly if the thrust fall short of the drag the aircraft is going to fall and if there is any passenger they are going to be hurt or they are going to be killed. So it is absolutely necessary that the thrust of the propeller is very accurately predetermined even before it is flown. You can see here a propeller now this is a propeller you can see here you have 4 blades now this is a propeller where you can see you have 3 blades. So many of the propellers that fly quite often have 3 blades now this is a tractor type of propeller where the propeller is at the nose of the aircraft in front of the aircraft this is an aircraft in which the propeller is the rear and what we call the pusher kind of a propeller. So it is the rear of the propeller at the tail of the of the aircraft and this is a typical design in which it was thought that putting the propeller at the nose may not be an appropriate thing to do for this particular design whereas, this particular aircraft design accommodates a propeller right at the nose and it is a tractor type of a propeller. Now to run a propeller you need engines as we have seen the 100 years back the kind of engines that everybody was familiar with where the piston engines which were already powering the automobiles and other vehicles moving on the surface of the earth they were also powering various kinds of engines that powered the boats that went over the waters. Now this kind of engine had certain specific requirements to make an engine that will go inside an aircraft and will fly with the aircraft needed that they should be very light they should create sufficient power to power the propeller which should create thrust to fly the aircraft and the one of the prime requirements of anything that goes on aircraft that it has to be light and it has to be very compact and very small in size. Now this was a requirement that was specific to the aircraft engines and as a result of which the engine arrangement needed to be looked into. So what people did they looked at various kinds of arrangements if you have pistons let us say lined up one after another in line those are simply called in line engines all these pistons would drive you know one single shaft over here and this is your piston drive. So the piston movement could be timed such that there is a continuous power supply to the shaft which of course drives the propeller. The other way of doing it is what is known as the opposed cylinder that means instead of having all the pistons on one side and lining up them up one after another to get certain amount of aggregate power you have let us say two pistons or two cylinders on two sides powering a shaft. So you have two pistons on two sides and they are timed in a such a manner that the power stroke of the two are staggered in time. Another variant of this is to have opposed piston within let us say one body of a cylinder. So you have two pistons and it is actually powering on two shafts one this side one that side quite often we shall see later on that they would go on to power a single propeller. The other arrangement which people came up with is simply called the V type where the pistons are arranged in a V formation and they again power the central shaft over here in this V formation you can again put them in line like this single engine. So you can have V engines lined up one after another or one behind the other and so you could for example have two engines in V formation or you can have four engines you can have six engines you can have eight engines or you can have twelve engines lined up in line in V formation. Many of the modern aircraft do actually have up to twelve engines lined up to supply the aggregate power to run the propeller. The other way of looking at power generation is to have let us say X type where you have four of these pistons powering a central shaft and again the timing of the four pistons are such that this central shaft is continuously being supplied with power and which runs a propeller. So you can have four of them now lined up and then you can have four and then four engines doubled up you can have eight of them lined up creating power to run the propeller. If you have more than four one of the ways of doing this is to have a radial arrangement so that you can arrange them around in a circular formation you can have five of them typically you can have seven of them or nine of them and then you can again double them up that means you can have two sets in line with each other you know so instead of a single piston you can have radial arrangement in line at least two sets in line so that you can have total of ten cylinders or fourteen cylinders or eight in cylinders powering one single central shaft. The other arrangement is also simply known as H type which again uses four cylinders and this time it is trying to power two shafts to create power that is supplied to the propeller. These multi cylinder arrangements for aircraft propulsion were created essentially to go into the aircraft. The various cylindrical arrangements that we are looking at were created essentially for the aircraft power plants. Now, as we have seen in the earlier pictures these aircrafts have shapes these shapes are created by the aircraft designer to create lift to create minimum drag and of course to house a passenger or a passengers to fly in the aircraft. Now, once you create this shape that is supposed to create minimum amount of drag your engine needs to be somehow accommodated within this shape. This is the important issue that your engine arrangement must conform to the shape of the aircraft that has been created. So, various kinds of engine arrangements were created to go inside this shapes. For example, this tractor type of propeller it has a shape of the front of the body inside which one can guess the engine is housed. We can only see the propeller here and this engine must have a certain amount of space in a certain shape and that shape is likely to be let us say accommodated by something like this or something like this. That particular aircraft is most unlikely to have a radial kind of an engine. The shape of the aircraft here does not quite throw any promise of accommodating a radial kind of engine. So, those are the various issues that govern the choice of the arrangement of engines and the kind of engine shape or arrangement that would be finally selected for aircraft. The number of cylinders is decided by the kind of power that is required the amount of power that is required and this is to be decided by the thrust that is required by the aircraft. So, to accommodate the aggregate power that is required the number of cylinders can be increased. So, number of cylinders is decided by the thrust power that has to be delivered by the powering propeller. These are the pictures of the various arrangement that we were talking about. This is typically an inline engine as you can see now they have been created in a shape that could in a very compact shape that could now go inside an aircraft and you could have your propeller mounted over here. This is the opposite cylinder type where you have two over here and two on the other side and this is where your shaft is coming out which is the central shaft powered by all the cylinders and this would power your propeller. This is the V type where you can see one cylinder here and other on the other side and you have so many of them lined up and they power the central shaft which is coming out over here and that runs the propeller. So, this is the arrangement which typically would go inside an aircraft and conforming to the aircraft streamline shape the low drag shape. This is a radial kind of propeller as you can see here there are so many of them mounted in a radial formation and they have the central shaft and you can see here the propeller actually fixed to the engine. So, these are the various kinds of arrangements that have been used over the years. For example, these are the ones you are likely to see in small aircraft these upper two you are more likely to see in the small aircraft which probably fly two people or more than not more than four people. Whereas, the lower ones you would probably see powering aircraft which fly may be six people or eight people and radial engine which accommodates more cylinders which means more power would typically be used for aircraft which fly more people something like 10 to 12 people in one aircraft. Then we look at the various kinds of jet propulsion devices as have been used in last 60 years or so. The first jet engine that is recorded to have flown actually is the Henkel engine created by Ohain in Germany. However, Henkel engine is not the first recorded jet engine that credit goes to is given now to Frank Whittle even though historically it is pretty much understood that the creation of Henkel engine by von Ohain and that by Frank Whittle in England, von Ohain in Germany were going on simultaneously independent of each other and they came out with the engines almost simultaneously in their respective countries. The Henkel engine flew for the first time on an aircraft Whittle's engine actually flew a little later. This is the Whittle's engine which he patented. You can see here that he had all his concepts in place. It was based on a thermodynamic concept of cycle and it is supposed it is a heat engine. So, it is supposed to conform to a known cycle and he already had the idea that what kind of cycle he would use. These are the details of the engine in which he used actual compressor, he used a centrifugal compressor which then supplied the air to the combustion chamber which drove an actual flow turbine which in turn drives the compressors and then you have the jet over here which or exit nozzle which is supposed to finally go out in a big jet to create the thrust. So, this is the conceptual design which Frank Whittle finally patented and was granted the patent and that was supposed to be the historically the first patent granted for a jet engine. The kind of aircraft power plant that we have today there are many of them. We have just seen that the early 50 years most of the aircraft were flown with what is known as piston props that means the piston engines powering propellers. Now, as soon as the jet engines came in one of the varieties that immediately sprang up was what we known as what we today known as turboprops. That means these were the jet engines but they were powering the propellers. That means the jet thrust that was available was not the main thrust making device but it is a propeller which creates the main thrust. However, immediately thereafter the actual pure jet engine started coming and this is the thrust characteristic of these three basic kind of engines all three of which are in operation even today and as you can see here as the flight Mach number increases from 0 to let us say 0.75 which are still subsonic flights. The effectivity of the turboprops or the piston props or the propellers start going down and somewhere around Mach 0.5 the effectivity of the propellers have gone down to the level that the turbo jets become more and more effective means of powering an aircraft. This was realized more than 50 years back and people wanted to fly higher they wanted to fly faster and when flight of Mach 0.5 became imminent immediately after the world war two most of the aircraft designers started looking for jet engines that would give them the necessary power to fly the aircraft at high speeds. Now some of these are known today and as a result of which most of the flight today at a higher flight Mach numbers are powered by jet engines most of the flights even today at lower flights Mach numbers are indeed still powered by propeller driven power plants. So, there is a clear divide here at low speed you would probably like to go with the propeller driven power plant at high speed you would probably invariably look for a pure jet engine or turbo jet engine to power your aircraft. If one stretches a little more with the use of what is known as propulsive efficiency which is actually a measure of the end usage of the available energy for final thrust creation. It is not same as thermal efficiency or the overall efficiency of an engine as determined from the thermodynamics this is the propulsive efficiency that is how much of energy that is available at the end of the engine action that is finally converted to thrust all the energy that is available for thrust making does not finally create thrust. So, this propulsive efficiency is the measure of the or efficiency of the end use of the available energy. Now, this provides a quick glimpse of what happens to various kinds of engines the turboprop the efficiency can be very high at low flight Mach numbers it peaks at somewhere around Mach 0.4 or 0.5 and then it starts dropping very fast. And then if you look at the jet engines and its variants the turbofan engines they start rising and from flight Mach number 0.5 onwards they become competitive. The modern variant of the propeller which is some kind of a mix between propeller and fan is called propfan and this propfan extends the propeller utility a little more up to say Mach 0.75 or 0.8 and makes keeps it in a competitive market after which again the turbo fans and the turbo jets would need to be used to power the aircraft. So, these are pretty much known today that if you have pure propeller your effectivity or efficiency would start growing down very fast very fast indeed around Mach 0.5 and with the modern prop fans we will have a quick look at it today you can extend it to around 0.75. But thereafter inevitably its efficiency would start going down and one of the reasons the propellers suffer from the efficiency defect is because the flow over the propellers we have seen they are made of airfoils the flow of the airfoils do become supersonic. The airfoils that are used in propellers cannot negotiate those supersonic flows in rotating formation and as a result of which the efficiency start dropping due to the appearance of the shock waves due to the supersonic flow. In the prop fans that are used in the modern aircraft and you would probably see more and more of them in the years to come some of the supersonic flow has been accommodated a low supersonic flow has been accommodated. But even today high supersonic flow or clear supersonic flows cannot be accommodated through the rotating propellers and as a result of which the efficiency drop starts appearing and hence you would need to use variety of jet engine either pure jet or turbo jet to power your aircraft. The use of prop fans and also called prop jets extend the use of the propellers to high Mach numbers and this extension has been possible by redesigning the propellers with new kind of airfoils when we go to the propeller chapter we will probably have a look at those airfoils what allows them to negotiate higher Mach numbers as they are flowing over the propeller blades which as I mentioned could actually go supersonic. As a result of which the jet propulsion became more and more important specifically after the world war 2 and today one of the prime means of aircraft flying around the world is the jet propulsion which we will look at more in the next class. Let us take a quick look at the fundamental issues that we are bothered with here the thrust generation as we have seen is by using the Newton second law and this creates the thrust which is finally equated to the mass of air and the acceleration we can now rewrite as mass flow and change of velocity and this is the mass flow that we have now this mass flow if it is very high and the change of velocity is indeed very small what we have are what we call propellers. A very high mass of activation is what the propellers do with a very small change in velocity on the other hand a very large change of momentum or acceleration is created by the jet engines which actually operate with a very low mass of activation. So, very small mass is activated through a large change of momentum is what is jet engines a very high mass of air activated through a very small change of momentum is what the propellers do. So, typically a propeller would operate with air mass flow which could be of the order of 30 to 40 times more than that of a jet engine of the same size. So, the propellers and the jet engines operate on same principle, but they use the air mass in different ways. This is a typical modern propeller it has large propeller as you can see here the propeller body is much larger than the engine body. So, it is actually geared to use a large amount of air mass. On the other hand a modern profan as I mentioned and we shall study this later afterwards uses a propeller which is mounted the rear of the engine and you can see here two propellers you can see here the propeller is still very big compared to the size of the engine. In the next class we will have a look at a modern jet engine we shall look at the various components of the jet engine how they function and finally, how they create trust by using all these components together in a matched manner. So, that finally, we have a net change of momentum which finally, creates a thrust that makes an aircraft fly and we shall cover the modern jet engines or various kinds of jet engines in the next class.


Extinction rebellion is an environmental protection movement that was founded in 2018 in the United Kingdom with the aim of creating awareness for the mass extinction of humans, animals and plants that is going on and through disobedience try to make governments act to my right, to my left actually we have Julien and on the other side Maria on stage someone else will be joining later and it's your stage now Thank you Thank you so much for your interest in our talk I'm Maria and I'm in the local group in Berlin and since February I've been basically doing nothing except talks for extinction rebellion this is my last talk on one hand I see the movement I'm a bit ambivalent about the movement but also I'm personally exhausted resource extorted myself I need a bit of a break and I am from Hamburg I started in February 15 people in the group and now we've brought 6,000 people onto the streets in October it was a crazy year fully packed with all kinds of actions and we try to make the impossible possible and within 40 minutes tell you about everything that's happened and we will also try to enter the meta level somehow and analyze and that's what we'll do alright let's start so first of all 2019 the climate crisis has become the public has become aware of the climate crisis and if you're inside the climate bubble then you're aware of the bad news every day Australia is on fire, other countries and continents are on fire there's basically no day on which you don't hear about severe catastrophes and a permanent frost is melting the Victoria Falls were without water in South Africa lack of water, droughts and the mass extinction many types of animals, plants and humans cannot adapt quickly enough to this drastic climate change and the science has concluded that this is the sixth mass extinction and of course this also affects our chance of survival as humans there is so much that happened but at the same time nothing has happened hashtag never trust a cop 25 the climate conference in Madrid has failed the US has as expected withdrawn from the climate pact of Paris the fossil fuel consumption is even rising as of today this graph shows the carbon dioxide concentration at Mauna lower observatory in Hawaii and also noted here are the different climate meetings like Paris, Kyoto but nevertheless the emissions and the concentration of carbon dioxide is rising meanwhile the German government has agreed on a climate pact which is essentially worthless and there's nothing part of it that might substantially change the path that you've seen on the graph and the next elections are only in two years and only then we might have a chance to get a coalition that might do something about the climate crisis exactly that's why we as extinction rebellion are here the situation has only worsened and power will do nothing without demanding action our first demand is to tell the truth the second demand is to act now to get to net zero emissions until 2025 and our third demand are listen to the science but the third demand is the third demand is citizens assemblies that may act on climate change but at the moment if we don't act we risk severe droughts and food like a food until 2050 if we reach four degrees or warmer average global heating we risk that billions of people risk death so why our first demand is to tell the truth first we need the national declaration of a climate emergency first of all we have to become climate neutral until 2025 what the fuck first of all this sounds very unrealistic but this is what is actually necessary we have to act now and we have to enact drastic change now we have no chance of reaching the two degree goal we already passed the 1.5 degree goal in Germany this year even though there is lots of critique about this we are a movement that wants more democracy citizens assemblies are an already tested tool more direct democracy where people meet and discuss about these topics aiming to create demands together we need trust that a diverse amount of voices no matter with which ethnic background which income class etc these people come from we have three demands how do we want to reach these goals our preferred method of acting is mass civil disobedience non-violent civil disobedience our government is right now not acting in our best interest when it comes to ecological and climate questions and the Paris Agreement is being broken by our government that they agreed on themselves in Paris and because of this non-action we are ready to even risk for example arrest if we we want to get active in a decentralized and autonomous way we want to remain active we have four principles here that are particularly important number ten we depend on self-determination and decentralization and each every person that subscribes to these ten principles is allowed to act in the name of extinction rebellion we are a non-violent network that is principle number nine because we know that these are more effective more successful but also because we need the masses and non-violence is for accessibility it's very important and we overcome hierarchical power structures because we've seen that otherwise things don't work so well and example principle number five reflection and learning are important to us we are at the end of one action cycle we are in a phase of reflection right now and considering what to do next and that's why we want to share something about that with you now extinction rebellion is a bit of a copycat movement it came from the UK and in last year five most important bridges in London were blocked and that created a lot of awareness in an instant what came from there were these exact three demands, the methods and the ten principles and a first event that showed this is how it can be done, this is how it can turn out and what they also delivered was this toolbox, a graphic toolkit with a sign that can be used non-commercially with a font, colors, a color scheme that should be used and woodcut illustrations and that immediately enabled people to become active I'm a graphic designer myself and I could immediately produce materials that for decentralized movements that works locally is a very very important thing and for social media of course but also for a visual identity to create a feeling of identity this principle, this copycat principle of course also applies within the action formats that are forming within the movement we see the red devils here that were very present in the media they are a circus-like performance group, the invisible circus in London they joined and they immediately made a DIY video showing you how to make those costumes and bring them into use in other places as well what we did a whole huge lot was talks we don't have numbers unfortunately, they would be gigantic if we had them we have to build a database for that, we had hundreds of talks which always consisted of two parts, first was a climate science part which simply outlined the current status of climate science in a way that people could understand from person to person that was important, we had talks as an individual organization and universities, schools, institutes, companies on festivals and this is a very important instrument for mobilization it was for us and for the extinction movement but also as an awareness tool something that the state should actually do to inform people about what is currently ongoing, what is the state of the science right now yes, another person anecdote my bandwidth went from the chaos community up to the catholic church, the commission there for preserving creation there was more agreement than I would have suspected at first not many numbers but a few worldwide within 30 months we have become active in 55 countries the most active ones are France, the UK and Germany in that order this means everywhere in this world we estimate that we have a potential of 150,000 people which are ready to become part of actions of mass civil disobedience in Germany we have 124 local branches, the green ones are active and running they have structures and they might have even split into more local branches and they have different working groups for IT, arts and others the yellow ones are still under construction and growing rapidly we have about 23,000 people, last time I checked the newsletter and we have Mademois the program which is similar to Slack and there are also thousands of people registered and that means lots of people involved within Extinction Berlin Germany and many that came to Berlin something important that has only become clear in the months before Berlin are local, are small groups which connect more deeply to go to actions the great thing is that we don't know who all of these people are but they are there which has also developed, this year, our communities so a bit larger circles where people organize there is a world cloud from the UK a few examples, there are interest groups for example like XR army, artists, colleges, workers, pharma so different people like doctors and other workers and there are also other focus groups like Animal Rebellion where the transformation of agriculture is their main interest in the direction of an animal friendly agriculture other groups like the XR Jews or the Christs, Buddhists or atheists this we actually wanted to remove but it's very, very interesting so let's talk about it anyway so these communities are the source of this there are two different models of power the traditional model of power where it's hierarchical it comes from the top down and then there is the Pillars of Support system so the society in which we live is being supported by these pillars like the universities, the arts, the bureaucracy, the churches these communities are a way to gain new access to a more diverse set of people and in these institutions we have to start by saying I will not support this traditional view of power anymore I connect with other teachers, psychologists or others and we organize ourselves and we fight for system change and if we hollow out these traditional power structures then we might actually achieve success so what has happened this year? in November 2018 there was the first meeting of XR Germany the first action was in February together with Ander Gelende protesting against the coal compromise and there have been way too many concessions made to the coal industry and very fast all over Germany local branches have developed they have done smaller actions at first like a dion as you can see here dions are an action where people lie down on the ground as if they were dead to symbolize the death of humans and animals caused by the climate crisis and different actions for example of this kind have been happening all throughout Germany the first larger one was in April for example in Berlin but also in London and other large cities here you can see a picture from Berlin with about 200 activists and we actually declared rebellion in front of the German parliament in Berlin and here you can see how fast we have grown this is a picture from June here in Leipzig here you find there regularly is a Gothic festival here in Leipzig and there have been lots of connections to that scene and there was a successful cooperation between extinction rebellion and the Gothic scene here where during their event many participants came to the city centre and participated in a dion another form of action are swarming which are a kind of smaller block of streets act of blocking streets or bridges one form of this is using bikes which we have done after critical mass meetings and also important is that we don't only interrupt business as usual but also tell them why we are doing it and that we are sorry this is not so cool that you are now interrupted but this is why we do it and sometimes we even bring cookies but always fly this here is an action from XR Youth the youth branch of extinction rebellion one day before the Europe elections a few young activists have locked themselves onto a building to show that the politics which are failing are something they have to suffer from later and that they will not accept this and here we are in front of the Chancellor's office with about 30 activists this was also a copycat action which was done before in the United Kingdom and we have done the same here in summer the national connection has started the action level has increased a little people were interested to volunteer to get arrested and here we were on a bridge in Cologne nobody was actually arrested but we have learned a lot from this action and it was great to see the success of an open and productive street block and later we have decided that we need to have a larger action this year in October here you can see the action a lot of our children which happened during the cruise days in Hamburg which generated a lot of press and this is an action to get the width sand and the gears which was an action to protest the car exhibition in Frankfurt this here is an action in Freising where people are in the window of a clothing shop protesting against fast fashion this is a picture from Stuttgart where plastic is criticised the use of plastic and great costumes you can see there on the 20th of September we were also supporting Fridays for Future for example here in Munich where people were standing on melting ice blocks and in Berlin we tried to motivate people to take part in massive disobedience we call it massive civil disobedience for everyone and we did a similar to the Love Parade an action which looked similar to Love Parade where we also listened to music while we were protesting here in Berlin you can see a video live projection which was part of the closing of the aforementioned action we also published a book in September and it's a translation of the English book this is not a drill but also completed with texts from the German civil society it's similar to the ten principles that we have and it's something that keeps our environment as our movement together and there's also a part that is creative comments which you are allowed to copy it's how to illustrate it with practical tips of how to block streets or how to talk to the police even with example dialogues the book as a promotional action for the book we went to the Warsaw Street in Berlin and now this is the main event this year October we have 15 minutes left so October for months de-centrally all over Germany we were working and in Berlin we opened an office the so-called de-central and the aim was to have large actions in Berlin during the rebellion wave in October this year and we were very positively surprised it was the first time that we achieved a large climate camp directly in front of the German parliament where there were workshops, performances and the main topic was citizens assemblies and you could come there and learn about democracy we also prepared different kinds of actions with other local branches either publicly or secretly this was the first large action locking large intersection in Berlin as you can see here on the photo and the press was also very interested here this is Potsdamer Platz in Berlin Potsdam Square and there were also lots of actions smaller office for children who also could come there to this action we also were on the Marshall Bridge directly in front of the parliament and the first German television capital city studio and for multiple days in front of the environmental office of Germany we were also protesting and they had to listen to our open letter to them but there were also other things like street festivals happening there this is a action symbolizing the sad parts of our potential future and people were even sleeping there on the streets to keep up the block of the streets there were people between 12 and 70 and they only left for short amounts of time to keep up the to keep up locking the street and we also did we created this map with interesting places in Berlin like central offices of parties companies other points of power and the result was that during two days and after there were lots of small decentral actions like swarming or gluons for example here at the Konrad-Adenauer Haus the different German offices governmental offices the largest success was that even though there were lots of people criticizing us as radical ecological terrorists that there were no violent things happening at all during the rebellion in Berlin in October there were no large tomorrows and we managed to have this large program of different actions and Berliners were in solidarity with us helping us with warm blankets or hot tea what didn't go so well was our renewed attempt to get arrested while in the UK about 15,000 people have been arrested by now we only managed to have 15 people in temporary arrest and the reason why is the different political system our protest law or public assembly law is one of the most liberal that we have other states such as Belgium where we have seen water cannons but here police were very friendly yeah go ahead you did tell us what you're going to do and what also went very well was the presence in the media 70,000 media reports within one week around the world were generated many of them only online in Germany we were in the main news though and we also had these nice newspaper reports now bottom line great conclusion bottom line what I want to add is we managed to get civil disobedience ready for the mainstream as it were we had people from Englender some of them are here in the room you started much earlier but we were able to take it into the cities and I hope that we've kind of shifted the debate somewhat that's the positives so that's all very nice but politically we've basically had no success so far at all and it doesn't look like politics is going to change much also we've received a lot of news in the last few weeks generated lots of news in the last weeks that were not really related to the climate crisis and we'd like to sum this up with the headline of challenges imagine that your phone is ringing such as I experienced four weeks ago I wouldn't have I hadn't even had a coffee and then we were asked about an interview that our founder had given about anti-Semitism and we would like to statement on that and I replied I haven't read it yet, I'll bring you back so that was kind of a maximal accident we actually distanced ourselves from these statements and we kind of came through this but it really shook us and the fact that one of our founders simply threw this kind of bomb on us and that we noticed this way that we have lots of structural things and processes structures and processes that we haven't got anymore we don't have an entry process we cannot even manage as a whole movement to communicate what our opinion is on this there was a polarized debate and we noticed that the principles we hadn't really internalized yet and be together we found that we are not very regenerative in the way we deal with each other and this was a very tense situation for us and we saw this of course as an opportunity to stop this copy-paste principle and take everything that comes from the UK but we are ourselves and that is good and we will find our own path and we will look at our strategies and yes I would also say the problem with Roger goes deeper it's not just the fact that back then in November this escalated it touches the foundations of extinction because the strategy to be in the large cities comes from him and even earlier in interviews and his texts there were some very dubious formulations and views and to see the problem from a German perspective was that people said oh wow finally I was doing something against the climate crisis we want to get active and they jumped on the bandwagon but many people including myself hadn't read these texts at all and that now is coming back to us and that created this medial bomb that kind of exploded on us and we lost many people of course due to that and some people are struggling to work through this and clarify and find out how we deal with this in the future and that is on going it will take a while until we just for ourselves will find us and what I can say is that there is a private survey going around and the international networking has very much been activated through this because other countries do it completely in disagreement so there is a worldwide process of reflection right now whether UK deserves to be the center which it isn't really and how we can prevent something like this also the important thing is that we shouldn't get stuck with this we should manage in 2020 we should look ahead towards 2020 that is the year and let's get me on the final straight 2020 will be the last year when we can save the Paris Climate Accord and that will be when the states will renegotiate and unless we have very decisive actions and resolutions then we will be left to our own we cannot spend any more we cannot allow any more funding for fossil fuels by then and there are institutions that want the exact opposite and they are lobbyists equipped with billions of money large corporations plastics meat agrarian industries we have to win public opinion by 2020 and convince them that human made climate change is real and that the time window is now so help us tell the truth wherever you are especially on the platform such as YouTube and Facebook there are far too many deniers out there and these are huge challenges and we can only succeed if we are have people all over society who have an influence and if we network internationally and if we start to become a global movement of movements there are many predecessors there is networking and we are on it we want to network with the climate justice movement we want to work together we are seeking support and we can only manage if we keep growing keep founding alliances find new communities reach new goals and carry civil disobedience everywhere right, hi this is Sina Sina is the co-publisher of I am sure no one wants to die out no one wants to be involved but in the way we all are so if we look towards 2020 or generally we all ask ourselves how can we rebel how can we stop certain things and other things how can we start doing other things what happens what could happen what could all happen we don't have any time no one could enter into disobedience into resistance new networks, communities conform in Europe, local and global best practices for infrastructure and administration should be exchanged infrastructures will be erected newly for everyone in communities and we no longer leave infrastructure to the state or to companies in the water everything will be organized by everyone for everyone a European wide protest of small farmers and small land owners against national bureaucrats bureaucracies and regulations is linking up with the environmental movements with the Fridays a politics for soil preservation will be put into the foreground property is a social obligation and people use their vehicles to enforce change in mobility they block motorways people are roller skating on motorways the oil crisis blockades of roads and airports lead into different networks that every employer of the coal industry in Germany to find a new job immediately coal exit from the grass roots new activists are supported in a solidarity way through basic incomes the rebellious youth doesn't have to enter the system the middle age generations wake up and realize that their own future has already been stolen and that they won't be able to pay out pensions anymore or they would receive pensions anymore there is a strike every Monday a day of solidarity Fridays we keep on striking and the one hour everywhere in kindergarten companies, administrations is used to talk about how it could be what is not okay and that gets the three day week introduced practically in Germany but also to cushion the consequences of transformation now let us really rebel whether it's with extinction rebellion or elsewhere find ways other ways thank you thank you so much to these three women but in order to talk to you constructively you can connect with us on this congress in commona in hall number two today and tomorrow between 19 and 20 o'clock there is a black tower which is called the black tower but we are here for another couple of minutes so just come to the front and this was translated


Hi. Hello. Hey, welcome to Above Life Channel. The purpose here is to inspire your spirit and to fill you with hope. So I know, I know it's been the end of the year, been a lot of wrapping up and holiday season-ish stuff. I have, I'm okay, everything's okay. It is January 1st now when I'm recording this particular live stream video here on Above Life Channel. And it is 2024. Yeah. And I wanted to make sure I came on. I know it's like almost dinner time here, central time where I live here in Minnesota. And I just wanted to make sure you guys weren't like worried that I, that something was up or anything like that since I did not record last week or this week. So I wanted to make sure I said hello and welcome into the new year. And I'm trying to think if I left this. Did I make this public? I think I did. Let me just check. Right. Hi. Hey, nice to see you. Hi. Oh, that got a message on my screen. Let me just take a peek. You will find, I'm just going to give you a little insider info on YouTube. So you will find in the month of January that a lot of your favorite YouTubers will take time off because of the monetization piece. The really big channels. I'm talking the channels that have like a million subscribers or like 50,000. I don't have that. I'm just a little baby channel over here on Above Life Channel. And the bigger channels that produce a lot of content and sell a lot of stuff will take time off during this time because they don't get a lot of commercials ads. There's no ads really. The budgets kind of crunched down and dwindled off if not totally completely drop off. And so after the holiday season, as you can imagine, and so there's not that many, although you'll still see ads, but it's just not, it's not lucrative. So this is one of my holiday gifts that I got. I got it from one of my kiddos. All my kids were home, you guys. All of my kids were home at the same time. It was a very special for me, especially given this year or given the end of 2023. The fall hit and I, the last quarter of 2023 was a major rebuild for me. It was a let's take her offline and lay all her parts and pieces out and then she can put it back together how she wants it. Like that's what I imagine like my soul and my spiritual team was doing when I had my aortic dissection, which was literally open heart surgery. So if you're new here, I had open heart surgery on October 13th. I was away from home. I was in actually in Massachusetts and I was there for women's week in Provincetown and with two friends of mine. And luckily one of them was very persistent and very aware of my stubbornness and major. I got to the doctor and got medical attention and it was a very traumatic and life changing experience. So I am very grateful to be alive here in 2024. And as I have been like you probably reflecting even if you're not like doing the whole resolution thing or goal thing. I do a word of the year every year and I also have some other things that have come up for me. Like sometimes I'll get a spirit guide that will guide me for not just not for the year like don't let that be intimidating. It's whatever you choose right now can be a quarterly thing or it can be a short term thing or a seasonal thing. Think about it that way like it's natural for us to break things down into like seasons because then to me personally it works. It aligns with like the Celtic wheel or the wheel of the year which I like. That's kind of the rhythm I've been following the last two years and it works well for me to think of it in terms of seasons. But the first of the year is a big deal right. It's a really big deal. And so an opportunity for reset and so I choose a word and prior to this like right I'd say November ish. I was actually given some as I was processing the experience that I had with my major surgery and then the recovery that I've been on. It's 11 I'm 11 weeks post surgery right now. I'm in cardiac rehab right now three times a week where I exercise with a or I do you know stretches and some exercises with supervision of physical therapists that specifically work with cardiac rehab patients like me. And there's a group of us that work out together in the same room and we do all different kinds of machines and repetitions based upon what where we're at in our journey on our healing process and what our bodies can take. And we're monitored. So I have a sorry my back bother me a little bit here just. I have a. I get hooked up to all sorts of monitors and so they're monitoring my heart and my blood pressure all that kind of stuff and to make sure that everything is on the up and up and unfortunately on Friday one of the guys in our group because they're all men just me I'm not obviously part of the. I'm part of the group but they're like older men older guys and there's three of us now there was four and now there's three. Because one of the people was done where they were kind of rotated out you know of the the program and I haven't only been there for like a month I think it's been a month. I think yeah by month and I unfortunately one of the guys had to get hooked up to take home monitor because their heart was doing some erratic kind of different kinds of things I don't remember if it was. Puppetations or something they weren't uncomfortable they weren't feeling any pain but they. Notice that the monitor being people notice that there were some palpitations they wanted them to get hooked up with what they call a Holter monitor to take home and to kind of check and then to check in with their doctor and stuff so. Otherwise their stats were pretty good so that was good but I'm like what right before the New Year's I was like oh dang you know. So we'll see we'll see what happens when I when I go back and hopefully everything is good and I'll be able to see everybody. As far as insurance goes it starts over again at the New Year so anyway but so I've been doing the. I've been spending a lot of time the last three days with my journal and working this one is specifically for my word of the year stuff and been working on. The closing out of 2023 and as you can imagine my reflection and contemplation is quite different unique and then it normally would be right now.  Detailed about the questions and stuff that I'm answering or responding that are kind of the prompts that are helping me through the process of letting go of the last year but at the same time. You know giving some some space some airspace to kind of consider how 2023 has served me to because there's so much that have happened has happened as you know like. Like I have to I've had two jobs this year I worked at a cafe and in the first part of the year and then I turned 50 this year and I went to. Disney World for my birthday with my sister and. I was also struggling with. Some. Health concerns and things at that time but it wasn't. Oh I know that I saw it yeah. I was struggling with some health things as far as like my hormones I was on that roller coaster of like pre menopausal menopausal stuff happening and I was trying to figure that out and. I was also in a depression and I lost a crap ton of weight and wasn't eating it was really depressed and it was you know I made some strides but I also. Wasn't taking care of myself the best I could I was trying to like do things and take steps to take care of myself and. I but I I wasn't taking care of myself like inside I was doing the things the physical things like okay I need to make money more money because my business wasn't. Producing tons of money and I needed to do something so I could be able to pay my rent because my my the goal was I needed to move out of the house. And have my own place or have another place that I shared with somebody else that I could. Maybe rent some you know rent from and. Like there are all these things I needed to happen and also needed to. Sorry we're. Right now it's like about dinner time and so I can hear things going on around me and it's very distracting like I had a kid over here in the. In their room doing gaming I got a kid downstairs to also doing gaming and then I got the the hubbies hubs is over here somewhere. I don't know maybe in the office I don't know I can hear the dogs walking around but. So I. I guess maybe the important thing to do and when I'm sharing with you today about the first day of 2024 is really to have this conversation with you about. In my reflection thinking about how I didn't take care of myself I'm not talking physically take care of myself because this. What happened to me at the end of the year has nothing to do with my physical body health as far as like I didn't have high blood pressure. I don't have like diabetes I don't have issues with blood sugar I don't have issues with. I don't have issues with any of the there were no markers for this this is like this seemingly random thing that happened to me. Which I'm going to get some more information about this year because I've been on the waitlist to get into the. The aortic specialist so I'll be going there at the end of February and then to a special center that's an aortic. The aorta is the muscle that supports the heart basically muscle or vascular big blood vessel that supports the heart but also.  Because of the uniqueness of what happened to me and so. And I'm getting like my CAT scans and my additional testing and stuff like that the pre work for that done in a couple of weeks here in January so. That's all good stuff and I'll give us lots of information so when I say health wise and not not taking care of myself it my heart my emotional heart my energetic heart my spirit my energy I. I was really depriving myself of just. An amount of self compassion and. I never like I looked up some of my. Some of my notes from the word of the year that I was doing last year the this beautiful workbook that Rebecca Cavender Rebecca Cavender dot com is. Rebecca is is her website but Rebecca is a good good good good good good friend of mine and a very gifted writer and very powerful healing woman. Very powerful divine feminine leader and. Healer I would say definitely call her a healer she's such a just an incredible person so blessed to have her in my life but she. Has this workbook that you can do and it's free. Oh wait. She has no I it's not free I'm sorry I'm thinking about other things I'm doing like my yoga is free. But it's super like there's this big bundle and packet of stuff that you get and. It's all electronics you can download it and there's like a workshop that she did that she recorded that it's like a three hour workshop that you can listen to and there's so much stuff but. I was doing the workbook last year as I always do and I was reading before I was doing it this year I was reading what I wrote and it was so sad. I couldn't. Like I must have I felt so I wasn't so much pain and I was hurting so much and I felt so alone and I was really just. I don't know how I was able to actually do other things like. Work at the cafe and you know turn 50 and make the best of it and do videos and. Work and and and you know make coffee and learn new things and do all that and then. Later in the year get another job at the community center and. Actually not later in the year in the spring late spring I got a better job at the community center where I was a facility supervisor now I haven't worked there for three months because of this obviously I can't do any of the. Heavy lifting or anything so I had to take time off of that hopefully I can go back we'll see but. I was just.  My responses were to the core questions when I was thinking about the year that year and. So sad and so this year there's such a mix of things it's like still some of that and. You know the big move when I moved to the townhouse in the summer and. Just. And then when I had. Really struggled with some things with one of my kids my youngest kid. With OCD stuff and going to like this this. Outpatient treatment thing and trying that it didn't work well and trying different counselors and different. Psychiatrists and different you know all that stuff and then and at the same time then. Doing online school instead of in person school and making those decisions and also telling him about me. And about his dad and how we were separating and you know I mean it was just there was so much stuff and. And then. I shared with him. I shared with him my. The piece of my life that I had not been.  So there's a whole bunch of just so many things that happened this year that were. Very very difficult and I felt very alone and like I didn't have a lot of support. I did have friends that were super strong and by my side which I'm so grateful for. Without them I probably would not be here for quite literally not be here. And so like the whole year culminated in this big like massive health event that. I had to choose whether or not I was going to live or not. And at the beginning of the year all I wanted to do was just ease the pain and not not be here and then. In the fall I was like wow I have this opportunity to leave do I want to leave or not and I was like well no I want to stay. I have I have things to do I have relationships to to continue to cultivate and grow and. There's more to life than what I've experienced and then the hell that I've been through the last two years and so. I mean I really. I've been spending a lot of time the last two weeks in that place really reflecting and it's hard because it's literally that dark night of the. It's been really hard and there's been just so much. It's not it's not but it's not taking me down like it's not taking me out it's not putting me on the sideline like it would it would have or could have before it's. I'm in a different place now I have more of a wisdom connection or a real solid foundation to who I am. As far as not just a spirit and not just a person but as a heart. As this big beautiful strong loving being I am so filled with love and I have such an abundance of love and. That's why I stayed that's why I chose to continue on in life and. As an empath I know you know that it's so challenging to feel like everything and to feel responsible for everything and everybody's feelings and emotions and we do the best we can. But sooner or later it's just too much and it's heavy and overwhelming and. I know you get that and. I know that I have just an incredible wealth of. Knowledge and information and psychic experiences and. Just so much wisdom that I want to share with you and. I know that 2024 will give me the opportunity to do that so I'm looking forward to. To the connection that we can have you know and I'm. Super grateful to be here and I'm not.  Like 2022 fall into 2023 fall I just I can't even remember I mean I can remember the things that happened and it feels like a sad sad story and heartbreak and. Just so much pain but it also feels like it's done like I did that like that part. I'm not going back there I'm not going to let myself hurt like that again because. I know what love is you know I feel it my heart is open and it's. Abundant and generative and not limited and it's not labeled and it's not. It's not a relationship or a thing or a person love is so much more expanded and abundant than that it's just it's so hard to explain but I just feel this. Energy of wisdom and connection and grounding and centeredness with love and my heart. And it's not like this fluffy airy very love it's different it's a very grounded rooted love and I think it's what's missing from being empathic. We don't ground in our hearts and I think there's so much that we can gain from working with our hearts.  I think that there's a balance between that and the whole spiritual I'm just going to be positive or what people consider toxic positivity or spiritual bypass. There's a balance between that and then all this work of the shadow you have to face your shadow and it's just because you. All these bad things happen to you in your life and you have to face it or you've picked up these toxic traits from all these different relationships and or observing things or or.  You know stripped bare and beaten up with your energetics of the shadow. No, no. Both of these things like coexist the the goods and the bad and the light and the dark they all coexist all at the same time. And sometimes things are you know you're in a valley and sometimes you're in you know in a low point and sometimes you're in a really high point. But most of the time things are kind of pretty much in the middle and so that's alignment that's balance that's connection and. I feel like in this this video I'm kind of all over the place but there's so many things that are coming through right now and have been for the last like 10 days that I'm like I can't. It's hard to get on here and talk to you about stuff when I'm like wow there's this and there's this and there's this and there's so much inside me that I needed to share and educate and mentor and and help others you know and. Because it's hard to be empathic and it's hard to know.  You know I mean it just or avoidance or distraction you know there's other other ways that we can really work with our empathic nature and. Our feeling and our emotions and not just stuff them or hide them or try to contain them and it's not about controlling them it's about managing them and and utilizing that. Energy when it comes forward into into a flow state that can help you be productive be successful and be happy you know and that has a lot to do with. Just being present you know for your life and so I've definitely learned that. That how really really important that is on a. Front line kind of I'm on the front lines kind of basis you know so. So what did you guys do for New Year's did you guys do anything special did you I want to read the comments below I'd like to get back into doing that I haven't read comments for quite a while. And I'd like to. See what you guys what you guys have done or what are your rituals for the New Year I've been constantly and consistently burning this beautiful little bundle of sage herbs that I have and they are actually dragons blood. Sage and I've been burning that while I've been doing my writing in my journal and using my card decks and things and then I got some beautiful this is Selenite. Some of my my gifts my Christmas gifts I have here that I'm just enjoying so very much from my friends that have sent me sent me some lovely Christmas gifts and so what what are you doing what are your rituals. I'm curious about that what are you doing what's helping you out and I'm doing cards of course I got my cards here and I'm doing those as well so curious about real curious about what you guys are doing. For my New Year's last night I actually stayed up I actually stayed up to like two in the morning which never has happened before but I wanted to be present for that energy of the New Year and. I celebrated the East Coast New Year. Yeah the EST New Year and the CST New Year I didn't I guess I kind of stayed up almost for the Pacific New Year but I didn't actually technically celebrate that but yeah I celebrated with I celebrated with a beautiful woman and a wonderful man. That's what I will say about how I celebrated it was it was good it was good and very very poignant because they were the ones that were with me as I was working through the process of healing my physical body you know of staying alive here and so yeah. Yeah so of course that makes sense so. All right so with that I want to say happy New Year to you and I think maybe what we should do is we should have a little conversation here about physical body health and embodiment because I know that there's going to be a lot of. You know germs around potentially and I the reason I know that is because it's already happening I know people that are already catching you know flu bugs and colds and that started just before. The December holidays but and the big C the COVID you know that's around to I know some people that have had that and I've been staying very. I've been doing less things external and just kind of sticking around the house more and you know wearing a mask and things like that because I obviously am more vulnerable right now to any kind of thing. But like I said I'm 11 weeks post surgery doing pretty well I'll show you my. My scar at some point but I'm doing pretty well yeah doing pretty well day by day though. A counseling is going to gear up I'm going to do double sessions again because it's I'm at the point where I need to start processing the trauma of what happened. Around the surgery and stuff so I need to do that plus I'm going to have to have some tests that are going to probably. Have the potential to trigger me from some memories of being in the ER because everything was emergency that happened to me and so. When I go back into those machines again and stuff and have those experiences it may challenge me a bit and so I'm. You know kind of preparing to have a solid structure of support so that I can navigate things my feelings and my thoughts and my emotions around that in a healthy way. And yeah I continue to. Focus on the healing so. So we should talk about the body and healing. That should be another topic and yes to answer your question yes I will. I am doing sessions I know some of you have had trouble trying to access my my scheduler because I have somebody that's helping me but we haven't. Everything isn't like all set yet so if you are trying to get access to me for January or February you should be able to know the link should work and if it doesn't just email me. You can send me an email to above life channel at gmail.com and I will just respond to you directly and get you on my calendar because I am doing sessions. My sessions are intuitive life coaching sessions they are not personal channeling or celebrity channeling they're not that. It's different you know it's a different level of support and empowerment it's definitely mystical. But it's a different level of support and empowerment uses your brain your heart your soul and your body and energy. To really help you connect so for yourself to connect with yourself and your inner wisdom so. So I'm also doing a group another inspiring psychic experience group in January so that is the link below to that is also available and you can sign up for that. I also have one scheduled in February you can also sign up for that one if you'd like to do that as well so. I did promise that I would do some channeling of celebrities in January I will do that I'll do some public channeling and I will also offer a couple just a couple of celebrity messages here at some point in January. I'm not sure when I got to work it in with my appointments and stuff but I have been doing sessions you guys I've been doing sessions the last few weeks I've had clients and stuff so I have been doing it. Just people that have reached out to me I've just scheduled them so go ahead and do that if you're interested. All right so I hope I've inspired your spirit today filled you with some hope and encourage you to live your life it's your life after all and you get to live it so just live it thanks for watching.


Live from Los Angeles. It's theCUBE. Covering E3 2018, brought to you by SiliconANGLE Media. Hey, welcome back everybody. Jeff Frick here with theCUBE. We are on the ground at the LA Convention Center at E3, 68,000 people, building every hall, hotel, LA live. The place is crawling. We're excited to be here. There's a lot of things going on. And we're here with Matt Fyror and he is the game director for Xenomex Online Studio. That's correct. And we're launching Somerset. Yeah, it launched last week. It's been crazily well received. We're super happy with how it's done. It's probably some of the best content we've ever done in Elder Scrolls Online. So why is it some of the best content? Is it new gameplay? Is it using new technology? What makes this something different than you've launched before? It's basically we do rolling content updates every quarter and every year we do one big one. And this is the second big one that we've done. So really this one is set in the home of the high elves. So it's kind of really high fantasy. And so it's green lush environments and big tall white castles in town. So it just feels epic just going into it. And the story is really good, which I'm not going to spoil. But the story is really good. Right. So this online game, very different kind of challenges and opportunities than you get in a kind of a classic console game. So how do you address some of those things? What are some of the things that you can do that you're excited about that you couldn't do on kind of a traditional console game? And then what are some of the real challenges that you got to overcome to deliver on that promise? Yeah, well, we started developing this game nearly nine years ago or eight years ago. It's been launched for about four or four years now. Right. But it was funny when we were in development, we were right at the edge of when cloud technology was becoming available. But it wasn't quite there yet when we were making all the important launch decisions. So we built our own private clouds for this. So we have a private cloud in Europe and a private cloud in North America.  Oh yeah, we run it totally on our own infrastructure. And we've gotten up to 500,000 concurrent users on our tech. So it's really robust. And the cool thing is, is it hides the server structure from the players. So they just make a decision do they want to play in North America or Europe. And then after that, they just log in and play and they don't worry about servers. Wow. Love to advance the technology. It's come a long way, like you said, since you guys have started. So as kind of compute store and networking, continue to increase to infinite capacity and asymptotically approach the cost to zero. Not quite there yet. We would make different decisions if we were doing it today. Yeah, exactly. But I mean, how do you look at the increase in horsepower, the increase that you have available from an infrastructure point if you hadn't working that back into the game design? Yeah, I mean now you can start developing in the cloud and then when you launch, you just get more of it from whatever cloud provider you're using, right? We didn't do it. We actually have an iron. We actually have hardware in data centers. So it has its advantages because we're completely in control of everything. But I think now with the technology going the way it is, you just don't need to make the big investment in hardware up front. You can solve all the problems in a cloud solution and then deploy either privately or publicly. It's much more flexible now than it was. So yeah, I mean, I've been in the online gaming industry for decades and obviously the change has just been amazing, especially the last three or four years. And we till 5G comes out in a couple of years. That's going to take it up a whole nother level of that. Yeah, my last big game, we had to work on 288 modems. So that was a long time ago. So I'm curious just in terms of how you prioritize the additional horsepower that you have to work with between better graphics, faster play, latency, story.  You're always in kind of an optimization play. So how do you think about those things? Well, fortunately the latest console generation is really PC based, they're DirectX based. So we really have a PC development technology that is easy to port to Xbox and PlayStation. So they solve a lot of those client, frame rate, API problems for us. And we do the back end ourselves. So yeah, and every year, new stuff rolls out, there's a new slightly newer Xbox, slightly newer PlayStation, better PCs. So we just stay up to date with the drivers and make sure that we support whatever crazy hardware is coming out. And it all works. Right, but then as you said, at the end of the day, it's about the story. And people probably put up with a little bit less on the graphics if the story is there. Yeah, it used to be gamers played games because of the technology, and now they play games because of the games. Because no one cares about the technology anymore. Because you can do almost anything on any device now and now so it's really important to us as game developers to hide the technology from players and just give them a great experience. So you've been at this for a while, just love to get kind of your perspective on E3 specifically, where the show is today, where it's come from, and looking down the road, what do you say? Yeah, it's funny, us old timers, when we go to E3, we all try to figure out how many E3s we've been to. And I actually don't know, but it's got to be 20. Like I went to the Atlanta ones in the late 90s. And so the change, it's funny, everything's changed and nothing's changed. Like people are always super excited, there's always gamers that want to see the newest stuff, that hasn't changed at all. But just the sheer technology differences, monitors are thin now, they were giant CRTs back then. Just the funny, it's much easier to load in and out because all the technology is much smaller. The booth, there's a lot of open space in this booth. It used to be you needed whole rooms of technology driving everything and you don't need that anymore. And that's before you brought the chillers in, right? To get the stuff from blowing up. Yeah, we still have those. They just don't need to be quite as big now. All right, so Matt, give you the last word on Somerset. What should people know? Where should they go? What should they jump in on? So the Elder Scrolls Online is a phenomenon, right? So it's, Somerset's the latest chapter for it. You can get it on Xbox, PlayStation or PC. We roll out content every quarter. So we have a dungeon DLC coming up next called Wolf Hunter and then a story DLC coming out fourth quarter. And we're working on huge plans for next year. All right, and hang out with 11 million of your closest friends. And hang out with a huge community. 500,000 of them concurrently. This community, which is awesome. Yeah, it's all about community, right? All right, Matt, well, thanks for taking a couple of minutes of your day. Thank you. All right, he's Matt, I'm Jeff. You're watching theCUBE from E3 at L.A. Convention Center. Thanks for watching.