What is up everybody welcome back to the channel you guys this right here.  It's just a freaky ass time But here's the deal man the strong survive Those who are staying on their grind those who are staying focused those who are staying staying positive Those that continue to move the needle forward those that continue to just kind of push forward I'm telling you man. Those are the ones they're gonna win and and it happens all the time Dude, you think you think multi millionaires and billionaires only make their money in good times If you think that you you completely Missed that part in wealth 101 in entrepreneurship 101 like you missed that lesson, right?  I read an article about him a couple days ago where what he's doing right now Yes, he lost billions in the market But what he's also doing is Investing billions back in because now he's able to pick up stock and pick up shares at a fraction Of what they were just a few months ago So so don't get it twisted you guys in in times of depression in times of recession People are still winning. So what you have to do man to the solopreneur to that Entrepreneur out there that has a product or a message or some type of service. Here's what you want to do Here's the ultimate ultimate ultimate strategy and here's what I'm gonna be implementing You'll see this over the next couple days. I'll be rolling this out myself as well I have a couple different products and that's why I'm trying to figure out which one but here's the deal It's not a pitch. Here's what you want to do You want to simply come in here to your Facebook ads manager and you want to click the green button? Which will bring you over here and this is the video you want to be running for the month of this is the ad You want to be running for the month of April? Okay April 2020 What I want you to do is I want you to simply pull out your cell phone and introduce yourself Okay, introduce yourself.  It's an intro video. It's not a pitch video. Okay. I always recommend this to my clients I always recommend that this is the very first Facebook ad that they roll out But I'm opening this up. I'm opening up this this recommendation for any business and every business out there It's not a pitch video. It's not something for you.   It's not a pitch It's just it's just that empathy compassionate Intro type of video. Okay, and here's what I want you guys to do You can literally run this for literally a few bucks a day three bucks a day Five bucks a day and what you're gonna do I would I would run it at five bucks a day five bucks a day for 30 days $150 you guys ain't shit To do what I'm about to tell you to do.        Okay now every other video would obviously be for lead capture or to make a sell And that's that's conversions and traffic as I mentioned, but this one strictly video views you guys Here's the power with this one You run it for 30 days You'll obviously get thousands of people to view it and you'll get a ton of people because again right now Many businesses have pulled out not that many people are advertising right shit hit the fan budget isn't there So a lot of that is going on right now Which which which allows the cost of facebook advertising to drop and and so you need to take advantage of it You need to be that bull and be like dude.  Hey man, I'm here for you You know, I feel for you. I I know what's going on Talk about your business if you had to lay off some people talk about that man Because then people are gonna start looking at you and they're like damn Do I feel sorry for that guy too?    You have to feed your family So therefore if we can't exactly make a sell right now We got at least get our face out there and at least have our brand out there Where people are constantly seeing us, okay? And if we can tweak our message to fit current times And the current situation of what we're going through then people are gonna really really really relate to you even more So the deal is with this is that you run it five five bucks a day For 30 days and you run it under video views to target that area at the end of 30 days You're gonna literally have thousands of people who viewed that video That's gonna allow you to run or that's gonna allow you to to take those viewers and create custom audiences Okay Once once you set that video add up you can then go and create a custom audience and facebook will start collecting All the data of the people who actually viewed it. Okay That right there you guys is super super powerful because then once you end up Getting done with that 30 day run you can run it for 30 days. You can run it for 60 days Whatever 30 days is a good amount of time So during during this mess out as everybody is glued to their cell phone and everybody's on social media They're still seeing your face. They're still seeing your brand and and because you tweak your message to fit what's going on They're liking you even more and so when you when you can run that video view add and create a custom audience around those who watched it And then once we're done with this mess, let's just let's just call it a month away Two months away, whatever You then have a powerful custom audience of thousands of people that you can then Retarget with ad number two under conversions under traffic or conversions. Okay And that's when we're going for lead capture. That's when we're going to make a cell Now for those of you that are that are that are you know, you're like damn, david I need to make cells right now. Okay, cool Well, then put that same video out and run it under conversions run under traffic or conversions test both of those And the reason why I say test both of those is because You may not your pixel may not have a ton of data Just yet if you're brand new at facebook ads your pixel may not have a lot of data So you may have to run traffic to the to your landing page first So facebook can start knowing what the hell what type of traffic you're looking for right?  That that's going to that's going to be that's going to go a long way Okay in in the long run and and i'm telling you when it comes to your business branding is everything and that's that that's one In fact, that's probably the number one reason why i'm building a youtube channel It's social proof. It's branding because you guys are seeing me on video, right?  He's talking about facebook advertising. You know, I just got his message Or I just saw his ad, you know a couple weeks ago. This guy must be the real deal I'm telling you man that that's video marketing video marketing creates credibility and social proof Unlike anything else and so video views if you're not out there building a youtube channel Okay, you need to be running video view ads then you need to get your message across right now You need to stay in people's mind You need to you need to stay top of mind and again you need to relate your message to what's going on in today's time Okay That's video views you run it five bucks a day now if you have more money Okay, 10 bucks a day and go for 30 days at a 300-hour budget You would literally have tens of thousands of people that viewed that video Which then you could turn around create a custom audience and retarget them for traffic and conversions in the future Okay, so That right there you guys is what every single business owner needs to be running right now Okay, and if you want to drop it to just maybe a couple bucks a day two bucks a day, whatever do something man Do something three dollars a day three dollars a day 30 days And run your message. Okay, and it's not a message on something on something crazy random. It's an intro introduce yourself because it's As much as you may think that your your your brand is popping and you're popular and everybody knows you I'm here to tell you I don't mean to burst your bubble, but I'm here to tell you no one knows you On social media 99% of the people who follow us don't know us They live across the country and they don't know you and that's the bottom line like your instagram followers.  You're not so when you can run video views Target your audience and do that every single week. I'm telling you man And in this case, we're going to do it for a 30 day period.  We're just driving right and I look at a bus bench, right? I'm just driving through the streets and neighborhoods and and there's a bus bench right on the corner And and it was it was an advertisement Of a real estate agent and I'm like and I show my son. I tell my wife. I'm like dude.   I'm like dude. Look that's a real estate agent I pitch those people all day to not do that and run facebook ads like I swear to god you guys This was today alone And so it's like dude for for for what they spent on that bus bench and it doesn't come with just one bench You can't just when you're doing marketing offline like that.  This is where we have to be social media Facebook advertising or instagram or youtube. Okay, those top three man That's what you have to master one of them master one of them And and if you're not going to master it then obviously you you're going to go higher someone to go master it You know, but but at the end of the day i'm on a mission in 2020 to teach people how to fish themselves I don't want to fish for you no more.  Okay And and i'm just convinced that everyone can Everyone can because this is literally a few clicks and the damn ad is live Like that's not that's not something i need to hire someone for for 2,500 bucks a month Yeah, right like i'm sorry man.   Okay So if you ran this ad video views and you ran it for 30 days at that five dollar a day or even three dollars a day I'm telling you dude. You're gonna get thousands of people to see it.     I I'm done And and I'm telling you out of out of out of my sincere freaking Just heart like from from the bottom of my heart. I feel for you like I feel for you There's gonna be tons of companies. In fact, there's gonna be I don't know if I can call it millions, but I'll just say hundreds of thousands There's gonna be hundreds of thousands of businesses Small to medium sized businesses that don't bounce back There's gonna be hundreds of thousands that don't bounce back and that's a mental thing man That's a mental thing that business owner. I truly feel for them, but at the same time They're not take they're not being proactive. They're not man.  You have the operations. You have you have you have payroll.    It's like dude.  Like do you better take Whatever you are spending offline.  So let the people know who you are man And and and just don't give up. Okay.  Are you guys so get that video done, man? And i'll see you guys on the next one over now


Okay, so let's try this one. It says how many grams of oxygen are found in 42.3 grams of C6H12O6? Okay, so This is the stuff that's given to you. Remember the first thing we need to do is find the molar mass of C6H12O6 Okay, so when we do that So you found it earlier right? It was 180 0.16 grams per mole Okay, the other thing if we look at the periodic table over there, right? It says that the atomic mass or the atomic weight of Oxygen right is going to be 16, we'll say the molar mass of oxygen is 16.00 grams per mole Okay, these are actually all the stuff you need to know to be able to do this problem Okay, and we're going to do it all at once. Okay, so the mass of oxygen That's going to equal well the mass of the C6H12O6 So 42.3 grams of C6H12O6 And it's good to kind of keep your space, you know with writing those Molecular formulas here. We got the molar mass. So Remember we want to get rid of grams. So we're going to put that at the bottom 180.16 grams of C6H12O6 And we're going to have one mole of C6H12O6 This one works a little better So when we do that Cancel, cancel like that. Now we're in moles of C6H12O6. So for every one mole Of C6H12O6 we have six moles of Oxygen like that. I'll just go back and forth I guess both of these pins So we're going to cancel, cancel and then moles of oxygen We've got grams of oxygen over there. So we just say for every One mole of oxygen equals 16.00 grams of oxygen like that And that will cancel and cancel like that. So what does that equal? It should be From all we cancel it out the grams of oxygen. Okay. Does that make sense? Okay, so let's get our calculator sound and say 42.3 divided by 180.16 Multiply that number by 6 and then multiply that number by 16 and to three significant digits we get 22.5 grams of oxygen Okay, yeah, so you could do it by a mass percent, you know, it's but this way it's much easier Okay Yeah, I think it's more more, you know, accurate. It's straight. Yeah, it's straightforward. You're right. It's more accurate as well Okay It's doing exactly what you've learned how to do just cancelling out the units So as opposed to trying to do it all the other way, you know, okay wonderful. Let's go


Everybody forced here ripping a box of 2022 leaf ultimate draft football hobby for Justin S Here we go Justin. Good luck, man First up is a Tyler Goodson auto rookie auto here next up Tanner McKee base auto Tanner McKee, he's on college right still the Stanford QB rookie auto Calvin Austin the third more here. We've got a Tyler Algier number 39 of 75 on the auto and Kenneth Walker the third auto 28 out of 35 Nice hit on the Kenneth Walker on the back. Cool green too. It looks good All right Appreciate the order Justin. Just got some filler here We'll get those right out to you


The Appalachian heirloom seed swap was held at Pike Central High School for their ninth annual seed swap on Saturday, April 2nd. The swap was started to preserve heirloom seeds or a seed that is safe from year to year to preserve the type of vegetable grown. We've had over a thousand people on several occasions come to the seed swap. I know we have exhibitors from seven states here today as far away as Florida and on the other end as far away as New York. So there's a lot of people around the country that are into the seed saving and this is a chance to diversify your seeds. You can get seeds from all over the country here. Now most farmers today use the hybrids which won't come back through to form. You don't know what you're going to get when you put them on the ground if you get anything. The whole thing was trying to expand people's notions of the old-time seeds. At Pikeville Medical Center, we believe that together we can make a difference in the fight against cancer. We are proud to have patients who have experienced successful outcomes over many years. As always, we believe in the power of faith. Pikeville Medical Center, where cancer can be defeated. The seed swap is all about preserving heirloom seeds and is deeply rooted in tradition. The swap acts as a bank for preserving seeds that could be kept within a family for generations. By trading seeds, you can diversify where they're grown and keep them alive. The more people that have them in their hands, the more chance of saving those seeds long-term.  But if you've got 100 people that have that same seed, then it lives on for years and years and years. So that's kind of the thing about seed swaps. The seed swap was started in the Pike County Extension Office and has since been expanded to Pike Central High School. With vendors coming from more than 10 states, there is some wonder what might happen if the event were to grow any larger. You know, Pike Central so far has been big enough, but we're, I'm thinking that we're here, we're here for a few more years because it's a pretty good size building. You know, I don't know what our next step would be on where to go. We may have to end up going to the arena. You know, we had to go to Appalachian Wireless Arena if he got much bigger than this because I forgot how many we have now, but there's a lot, as you can see, there's a lot of vendors here from different parts of the country. The seed swap is an annual event that takes place on the first Saturday of April. For Mountain Top News, I'm Kelsey Dean.


I'm gonna like it, I'm breaking the spot, that's why I'm gonna bring you in. I'm gonna like it. Babe! What's going on Infinite Family? Welcome back to another video. It's your girl Janice. If you guys are new to the channel, don't forget to hit that subscribe button, join the family. As you can tell by the title and the thumbnail of today's video, I am going to be pranking Isaiah so good. So as you can tell, Isaiah's in the shower right now, which gives me the perfect opportunity to do this intro. Isaiah thinks that I am going to hang out on my friend Jaylene, but in all reality, I'm not hanging out with her at all. So my plan is I am going to be basically leaving the house for 15 minutes and I'm going to be coming back in the house when I say it's all out of the shower and already dressed and everything. And I'm going to be just walking and crying and we are going to get his reaction guys. I'm super excited for this prank, but also very nervous because I don't know what I'm gonna say. I don't know what reason I'm gonna give him. I'm probably not gonna say anything for a little while just to like drag it on so he can be like, what is going on with you? What happened? So guys, if you guys are ready for today's video, don't forget to smash that like, mind and comment team Ginny's in the comment section below. Let's get it. All right, I'm gonna fill up so the camera is all set up. Like I said, I'm going to walk away for 15 minutes and by that time he should be already out of the shower and we are going to get this prank started. So don't forget to comment team Ginny's in the comment section below if you think this one's going to be a banker. Let's get it. Why don't you put daddy's charger? Why don't you put daddy's charger?   Okay, for what? What happened? Talk to me. It's already a big deal considering you're crying. What happened? Babe, there's a reason why you're crying. Talk to me. What's going on? I can't help you if you don't talk to me. Nothing babe, it's all right. Blueberries can serve too. What's wrong with mommy? All right, but tell me what happened then. Ginny didn't come pick you up? Okay, well babe, that's not, there's no reason to cry. That's no reason to cry. It's okay. Where were you guys supposed to go? It's just the fact that you know, I got stood up, it's just so frustrating. I get that part, but just tell me where you guys are gonna go, what you're gonna do? We can just go ourselves, we can do whatever we want.  Well babe, come on, let's go to dinner, just me and you. We can go to that spot by the water. That Spanish restaurant that's by the water. Come on. Give me your hand. Babe, you can't just sit here and cry. Babe, seriously, you can't sit here. Babe, that's no reason to cry though. Like I've been stood up a million times by my friends or they're running late or whatever, it's whatever.  We can go get ready and we can go to a nice dinner. We can go out. Then what do you wanna do? You wanna just stay here and watch a movie and cuddle or something, what do you wanna do? You wanna have another friend that's available right now?    We can go somewhere to eat. What do you feel, like Spanish, you want Dominican? No. Mexican? Yeah. Alright, well then, come on.  Come on.  I'm not crying. Next time you bust into the door crying, I'm not paying attention to you. Mama's okay, baby. Next time you bust into the door crying, I'm just gonna let you cry and do what you gotta do. I'm okay, baby, I'm okay. Oh my god. All I'm saying is next time you bust into the door and you wanna cry, I'm just gonna let you cry. You gonna chef boy our demon out. Thanks, sis, I got you. You can say whatever you want, you're gonna chef boy our demon out. No, I'm not. You got candle lit and all, we'll do what you gotta do. Wow. I'm gonna leave you crying.  Rude. You're rude. Both of them really good and hot. They hurt your heart because you fell back for the dog, not me. A lot more.  Mind your business. Yeah, but I, oh my goodness, my heart. For today's video, because it was super savage and honestly, this was a very tough video to do. So if you guys enjoyed today's video, don't forget to smash that like button, comment team jingies in the comment section below. Also don't forget to turn your post notification bells on so you notified whenever we post a new video. Speaking of post notifications, today's post notification shout out goes out to Maribor Cortez, thank you so much for your love and support. Isaiah and I love you. If you guys want a post notification shout out again, all you guys gotta do is like, comment, share, subscribe, and turn your post notification bells on so you notified whenever we post a new video. And that is it for today, we'll catch you in the next one.


I've seen some videos from India where they're like tossing the dosa up in the air to catch it. What do you think about that? Would you ever do something like that? Oh, I do my own style. I don't coffee. No, but this man is original here No, come on. Come on. Take some pop. No, I'm good. Oh, first and foremost, his name is not jazz That's not a Indian name. What's your real name? See man's out in Brempton. Man's is out in Brempton. It's a Brempton team What's going on everybody? It is a beautiful New York day It feels like the summertime and of course we had to do an Indian food call again come back for part two We got jazz. What's up guys? And my name is jazz. I'm from Queens and my friends are from Punjab We are going on a crazy Indian journey in this video We're starting off at the most famous street cart over here Washington Square Park NY dosas And then we're gonna be hitting up a 24-hour legendary Punjabi cafeteria And then the last spot is going to be a modern Indian spot that just opened that is serving very obscure But delicious and authentic Indian dishes. Let's go. These Vessie sneakers are the best waterproof sneaker ever made Guys big shout out to our sponsor Vessie footwear. They are making the most comfortable Waterproof sneakers ever made. I'm not talking about water resistant not Gore-Tex boots really comfortable sneakers That is the patented Dima Tex material guys. I mean we were stepping in puddles. There was hail sleep snow This is completely waterproof So that actually allows you to move from like the office to the gym to you know Just doing errands outside and I really think that that's the point of athleisure Of course, you guys know that we love sneakers streetwear, you know hype stuff But on the other end I have a deep appreciation for this, you know simple clean style too If you guys are interested in Vessie footwear Go to Vessie comm and use our code for $25 off And if you guys are interested in this style of shoe if you got the outfits to go with it And you just need something that's gonna last and if you do need to clean these They're as easy as running them under the sink or just throwing them into the wash You could simplify your life check out Vessie comm and use our code for $25 off Please I'm making first. There's a special foundation for you because after that everything going to be off the menu Okay, okay. That's a like special off the menu. I'm gonna mix it up now Hey, this is a french pot. Yeah Yeah, I know she's from my hometown Jaffna. This is the very special Pondicherry dosa Guys the Pondicherry it has coconut chutney with sambar on the cherry sold out It's like a little spicy very coconutty very fragrant And why I see doses man, this is one of the best doses I've ever had All right, you guys we are looking at an incredibly rare snack right now called Jaffa Milan He said this is off the menu, but it is a real authentic Indian snack This is the only spot in New York that you can get this at so it has like dried coconut It has like the wet coconut. Would you say that this is more South Indian due to the coconut? Yes Jaffa Milan, I Love trying things that I've never had before the crepe was something new to me It's such an airy feeling yeah, and I think grabbing the coconut to me That was like a whole nother thing treating the coconut like the protein Treating the coconut like the protein. All right guys.   That's what they we call a hot cake. Oh my goodness. You know what it is, man Utapam searing hot utapam More hearty more vegetables, but I was more with the coconut joint Okay, all right you guys that does it for NYC doses, man We got my man Sri Lankan cooking South Indian treats some more mainstream some less known But we got to go to something that you know very well I'm going to Punjabi deli in the lower east side my people's food so good 24 hours a day people have talked about this Now students I've talked to and also every like Uber Lyft driver. I've talked to they said go to Punjab grocery It's a go-to spot. All right.  Let's head down there. All right you guys We are on 114 East Houston and this place is legendary. So legendary. I cannot even encapsulate how legendary it is Tell us about it man. This place is the open 24 hours. Well-known in the Punjabi community I was part of the 1 a.m. Crowd before all I remember was just shoveling something into my mouth I don't remember exactly what it was wait You know we could not cover this without the help of another Indian comedian friend man. We got the bank Yeah, I was barely invite. I'm just here to continue my food from last We are continuing our north south south north Indian beef I know you're South Indian, but obviously all Indians come in right like a lot of the core ingredients are the same anyway So like it doesn't really matter at some point remember last video South Indians do not really eat that much meat Yeah, that's true in North Indians are famous for eating a lot of chicken a lot of chicken a lot of gold a lot of lamb beef Definitely not but here's pretty much all vegetarians.  Yeah, I'm just finding out that my friends know nothing about There are some wild theories to about it, too. It's like it's just food out. It's nothing religious Yes, I'm gonna like relate it to like the cast system at one in one of the videos All right, you guys let's check it out All right, you guys this is the hall for Punjabi grocery man And he said something really dope to you right as we were leaving. What do you say? Yeah, man? He asked where Andrew was from. I'm like, yeah, he's Chinese.  He's like, oh that to see Chinese and Indians come together. I'm like, yeah, man Like the way we grew up is so similar and I was like, yeah He's like, oh, it's so beautiful to see Indian Chinese people come together and especially around this time for sure I mean, there's so much going on in the world, but we're here in America and I think that that's and that's what we want America to be right. This is like the ideal of what you want. This is what America should be and parts of it are Yeah, what are we looking at guys? All right, I'll start. So we got samosas here I think most people probably know what that is, right? That's like the most common fried Indian potatoes. It is basic But for a good reason. Yeah, I got the chana masala curry and then I got the sauce spicy spinach Hey, Andrew, why don't you get started man, and just go go with some roti.  Pakora Usually when you go to a temple, you get these but this is unbelievable. Oh, that's a high end temple, bro You know that's a high end temple. No, I'm never like I feel like whenever I've got to do it every time Yo, ask the guys inside like, yo, we go to the temple a little time What are you getting that temple like just rice and dollar and that's not that's like that's a legal right You know you go from Javi temple Dave We go to an aesthetic temple. They don't want to enjoy things Are you trying to say that Punjabi temples are more late? Oh, yeah All right guys, I got the roti I've never done this before I'm gonna go in and what it's all good mixed together I'll mix. I mean, I would go one by one one by one. I'm gonna go with my favorite first roti Yeah, I noticed that we made ours more look like Taco Bell soft And your joint was more like official like you know like that Taco Mahal. Oh, oh That's good the Punjabi egg plant was super creamy man right here creamy and dreamy All right, you guys, this is our final round here at Punjab grocery. I'm getting this aloo tiki Yo, this is good. I don't even need the sauce. I give the aloo tiki a five out of five How do we say five and in either Punjabi or or a handy dude? I don't know Hey, this guy's a great big phony come get the aloo tiki at Punjab grocery five out of five I don't explain it, but it's just sweet and fire. That's it So if you are lactose intolerant and you're Indian does that limit a lot of it does yeah Indian then you should not eat anything Listen Does this not taste kind of like the middle of a mooncake does all right guys We are headed now after exploring two New York Manhattan Indian classics one from South India one from North India The samosas the Punjabi grocery now we are headed to a brand new mind-blowing concept Damaka So there's a chef and he gathered a lot of like little known dishes from all around India and combined in one spot All right, so we are here with the chef and co-owner Chintin. Yeah, you have an amazing spot. Can you tell us about it? The damaka literally means to blast You know, like when you say let's have a blast we actually travel across America to understand Indian food and to know why Indian food is not going forward and it's very stagnated and That's what you know told us that how do we take this cuisine more and more forward New York City is the only city where this concept can work the people over here all ethnicity all religion Are people who want to have your outlook to every cuisine not only Indian cuisine You look at any other food you look at Chinese food You look Korean food the kind of what is spectrum or the kind of variations that you have in these foods In New York City, you won't find it anywhere. All right, you guys we are looking at this exotic spread here I've never had any of these foods. Have you guys know? Yeah I want to get in this food because this looks like some Indian food. I've never seen before It looks to me more southeast asian mixed with indian even though he said it was from all over the place Like just the most obscure places all across Yeah, exactly so your guys's minds are blown right now. My minds are blown david We got to go with the craziest dish. We have the goat testicles. I think I'm holding two right here in this spoon And we're supposed to eat it with the palm. We got the pove buns They are topped with some goat intestines in curry with the goat testicles. Let's go in for it I might get some indian points. It is It just tastes like the beef ball in hot pot The testicles they don't taste like testicles. It just almost tastes kind of like some type of kidney minus the iron The best testicles I've ever had. All right. This next dish is their premier dish It's a kind of fresh garlic clove lamb stew. The lamb is marinated for 30 hours. It takes five hours to cook this dish Let's go in on it I'm just gonna try this big piece of garlic right here This is indian food. I've never had before Mmm, and this is like authentic regional cuisine. This is a presentation. I've never seen before man. It's like Oh my lord So this is a lamb rib and goat belly seat kebab goat belly Oh, yeah That's the best one. I think a lot of people are used to eating pork belly. I like Korean barbecue goat belly That's better. That was a really good kebab. It's very spicy, but very fragrant fried fish That was the spiciest fried fish I've ever had in my life. Now. Let me get some of this lamb rib real quick Oh Honestly, this is the softest lamb I've ever had. It's so good It's so much flavor This meat here It's some of the best. I want to say it's the best indian like meat I've had What? All right, you guys rounding it out here.   Oh, wow. Hey guys, can we eat kebeza? Tell us the best thing I've ever had.  I love saying I do like some pig brains. All right, so my favorite thing here at domica was actually this pig brain saviche That was delicious. My favorite was the garlic and lamb stew. This is their premiere dish The garlic infused oil and sauce at the bottom is crazy and for me It was the goat belly. It's so much flavor and it's not too spicy and the way the presentation was for it That's unreal It's cool to see people wanting to ship the idea of indian food is just like you take it out for 10 dollars And you know, you kind of just eat it really quickly and don't think about it Like the fact that he's so passionate about the flavors and about trying new things is super cool And like I think that's over time what you want to see happen to indian culture in general Yo, you guys this was so dope because actually all the spots that we went to today I'd never been to it my whole mind opened up I think seeing the range of indian food from the cheap indian street food cart to the Grocery store deli to this new age regional cuisine It was like that's just a lot of expansion that my taste buds and mine had to do So I thought that was very very cool And I hope that everybody else out there watching took something away from it There's always something about every culture that you don't know, you know And like there's always something that somebody else can teach you and it was this today It's this tomorrow. It's something else and it's like that's what traveling across this whole diff That's where it's gonna do. Yo, you guys Thank you so much for watching this episode of fun bros food This was our indian food crawl through manhattan part two huge shout out to our guests jazz evate man I appreciate you guys find their instagrams and social media down below It is so dope to have your mind open in this way. It's fun. It's accessible I recommend that everybody do it especially in this time where obviously travel is scant everybody Thank you so much for watching this video in the comments down below Let us know what you thought about the food and let us know if there's another Regional cuisine that you want us to check out around new york city A portion of the proceeds of this video are definitely going to go to the indian covid relief funds And also another portion is going to go to the farmer's protest because without the farmer the country has nothing Yo guys, thanks again for shout out to domica shout out to ny dosa shout out to pin job grocery and deli And until next time we out Everybody's a tough guy until it comes to the testicles. Yo guys, I got to take a thumbs after this for sure


Thanks, everybody, for having me. I want to especially thank Matt for influencing the voting committee to bring me here so that he could hear me say, process, because we all know that's the reason I'm here. But I'm going to try really hard, actually. Fun drinking game. I'm going to try and say process every time. It's like I went through it last night. There's dozens of them, so I don't know. You might see me slip up, but feel free to take a shot from your flask. So my assertion with this talk is that visualizing your processes will help you communicate, execute, and maintain your transformation journey as you're trying to get progress, progress. I never promised. I never promised progress. So as you're trying to progress with DevOps. So just a little bit about why we're here. We all have different reasons for being here personally. But overall, this event and this series exists because there's conflict in an organization, across silos, across different groups, in an organization, across organizations, different priorities, different incentives. And this affects everything that we do. It adds friction. It adds constraints. It adds difficulty. So my talk is mostly about the most effective means that I've found for alleviating that conflict and improving communication, collaboration, and organizations that are trying to make a change. So here's a fun thought experiment for everyone. Whether you think this is depicting dev or ops, you're horribly prejudiced because it's just a cartoon monster and it doesn't really mean anything. So leave your prejudice at the door. You're just being silly. But really, I mean, we talk about the wall, throwing things over the wall, walls that exist in organizations, even the flattest organizations where there's no separation, everyone's working on the same floor. It doesn't have to be physical barriers. We know that those walls exist in terms of trying to set up organizations so that we can focus and also leave people to their specialties. That comes with problems. So you have lack of visibility, lack of communication, lack of understanding. We've heard a lot about that over the last two days. So I want to talk about value as well. So how many people, I like to ask this question every dev ops day, and it's really entertaining, I think. It's kind of eye-opening. How many people know their company's mission statement? Show of hands. And how many people know their manager's KPIs? Another show of hands. How many people know what actually really makes a big difference to their managers and causes them to be successful, right? Causes your team to be successful. And why does that matter, right? The question is, how do we sell innovation and cultural change and affecting the way that you do things if you don't know your audience, right? If you don't know what's valuable to your audience and what they care about, how can you make that progress? So I want to talk about manufacturing value, believe it or not. We have to understand how we create value in order to improve the process. And there's a few leading challenges to this sort of initiative, right? You hear from Gene Kim talk, and in books he's written, publications, blog posts. He talks about the main challenges to transforming organizations and IT organizations is, in delivering software, is environment creation, tests set up and run, code deployment, and tightly coupled architecture, right? And I think thinking of things in terms of a pipeline addresses all those concerns. So we want to encourage a dialogue across departments about what the business really does and how they do it and how they address these challenges, right? And we can reveal opportunities to improve beyond our own little silo in an organization. So John yesterday was talking about complexity, and that's exactly why tools like visualization exist, because it's really hard to keep all this in your own brain, right? And then try and communicate it to someone so that it actually goes from your brain to their brain in exactly the same state, right? We don't have immutable ideas. Whoops, sorry. And the other thing about manufacturing value is the concept of flow, and that's another thing that Gene talks about all the time. It's referred to as the first way in the Phoenix project if you're familiar. And flow has this constant conflict in itself around the progress of, oh my God. The progress of value against constraint, right? It's always flow versus constraint. It's a constant conflict. And you want to maximize throughput while also maximizing quality. So sort of an old school way of thinking about this, in thinking about manufacturing as well, is a process and technique called value stream mapping. And it comes from lean process engineering and there's an old book called Learning to See that I recommend. It's pretty heavy, but if you really want to dive into this stuff, it's a great book for that. It's really about holistic visualization. So seeing end to end what a process looks like and being able to map the return on investment of putting something into the system and getting something out, value out the other side. And I'm gonna sort of describe a general process map and because your value stream is going to be specific to your business, right? So these are sort of steps that we all understand and we can all talk on the same terms. But you can take this back to your own company and sort of map the way that you do things and reveal opportunities for improvement. And I think that's really important because we get used to pain, right? And organizations, we get used to pain in the way of doing things and we just sort of get comfortable accepting the way things are done because it's easier than trying to re-examine your whole world all the time. But every once in a while we have to sort of step back and look at how things are actually working so that we can make an improvement. So I'm gonna sort of put this in terms of a pipeline where we're shepherding code through a process to manufacture value, right? In realizing something in production, right? For customers. So a very early problem that you have when you think about constraints is that you need something to actually code on for a round. And that brings you to the problem of provisioning and configuration, right? This is something we all struggle with and we have discussions in open spaces and talks about this. You'll see like these are constraints along the process in our pipeline where we have to do all this work to make sure that things flow, right? To make sure that your code has somewhere to go and that place is actually configured and ready. Sometimes you can do this out of band, right? Sometimes you'll do it just in time. These are manufacturing terms for like do it when you need it or do it in advance so that it's ready for when you push code, right? And there's a lot of great tools for this. You'll see configuration management tools. You'll see automation tools. You'll also see things like Jenkins will be used for like spinning up resources where you're gonna be putting code for test environments and whatnot. And I reference a bunch of tools and resources at the end of the talk so if you guys wanna dive into specifics, I've got some examples. And once everything is sort of set up and you have an environment where you can start to evaluate quality, right? Then you wanna make sure that everything that you expected actually works. And that's probably the most challenging part. So our pipeline starts to look like this where we have like local unit testing. You'll have mocks where you stub out systems that you can actually have access to or it's costly. And it's most efficient at this stage because you're closest to the developer, right? So any blocks or constraints that you see here are lessened because you're operating in an entirely local space. And as we go down the pipeline, you'll see increasing levels of testing, right? Increasingly complex, increasingly costly, increasingly time-intensive. And we're always trying to get more towards a production-like system, right? So you also see that when we're deploying to these more production-like systems, we have more intensive tests, right? We wanna make sure that when we go to production there's no surprises. So there's all kinds of investment that you can do here if you are noticing these gaps, right? If you look at your process and you see that things seem to fall over at a certain point, you can address this with testing, right? To make sure that you bypass that block and your pipeline flows, right? So even after the point of like a production deploy, we also see things like feature toggles and A-B testing as ways of ensuring that code does exactly what we want when we deploy it and when it's out in the wild. And the feature flag talk from this morning actually reminded me of a great example, two great examples. Well, one is HP LaserJet firmware. If you guys haven't heard the story of that, definitely look it up, it's amazing. It's about sort of shipping code turned off to on-premise printer hardware where you have no control over how it actually runs, right? That's a really excellent example. And then the other one was like Facebook Chat. If anyone's ever heard of Facebook Chat, like Facebook Chat ran in production for a year before they actually turned it on for everyone. They just slowly started trickling people through the system, right? And so there's a lot of testing in a very mature pipeline and you don't have to start with this, but these are ways that you can sort of examine the blocks and issues in your pipeline where you're bumping into these problems on a very regular basis, right? So these are ways of smoothing out the problems that you might bump into. And it's all really about trust but verify, right? You wanna get as far as you can without like impeding the flow so long as you're checking all the boxes and everything seems fine. And the way we really turn the crank on a pipeline is through automation, right? None of that testing would be feasible if it was all manual, you know? Everyone here knows that manual work is really the opposite of what we're trying to get to here. So we wanna automate things like artifact creation, testing, deployment configuration, scaling, all those aspects where it's going to be very intensive and potentially error prone to have someone manually do the work. So the good news is that you can automate almost all of this stuff, right? If you spend enough time, if you realize that this is something that you're going to have to spend time on or have a lot of issues with not having it automated, it makes sense to have the investment put into automation, right? To make sure that flows. But you can also automate all your configuration and provisioning, right? Like anyone you talk to in the vendor areas is gonna tell you about all the automation that's available for every aspect of your pipeline. So you start to see something that sort of looks like a pipeline. Again, this is highly simplified and you're going to have your own example, but it helps a little bit when you add some bathroom fixtures to make it really look like something that flows. You know, you can go wild with trying to map how you do everything, but really it's the exercise that's valuable, right? It's taking the time to look at things and try and figure out like what you actually take for granted and what are assumptions? What do you think people are working on that they don't actually work on or they hand it to someone else, right? Or it just sits there for three days. So when you go through this exercise, it's usually post-it notes on a board, right? You have a big meeting with a couple of people from different areas of the company. You sit together and you just start throwing up all the steps that it takes to get your code into production and an idea from being unrealized to being successful, right? Being value. And a really valuable way of approaching this is actually going backwards. So when you go forwards, you can be kind of optimistic and take things for granted and say that I would assume that this happens and then that happens. But working backwards from production will actually be more effective because you don't walk the stream as an idealist. So you don't sort of take things for granted. When you're working backwards, you sort of have to re-examine everything in your head and it's a little bit more consistent to work from production backwards. So either way, if you hit a block, if you hit something you don't know, by all means work from the upstream to downstream but traditionally the science says working backwards is a more consistent way. So once you have your pipeline and you've got something that works and you know how the end-to-end process is executed, you wanna actually make sure that that's as effective as possible, right? And if you're improving it, you wanna make sure that your improvements are measurable, that you have made progress. And so you start measuring things like cycle time, you can measure your test coverage, you can measure number of defects per week or number of defects per deploy, whatever works for your organization, right? And your style of deployment. You can measure how long your build takes and any manual intervention steps, which will bring me to my next slide. So when we look at this pipeline and the way that we're delivering value, the biggest constraints and the biggest problems are gonna come from all the manual intervention that happens, right? If you've got the most automated tuned up pipeline for delivering code and somewhere between staging and production is an email to someone who they're gonna get to eventually or hit some out of office alert, then you're really wasting your time on all that automation, right? Like all that automation that cuts you down from three hours to two minutes is totally blown out of the water by three days of waiting for an email, right? So you really wanna make sure that you're eliminating as much manual as possible. And so when we look at this in terms of a pipeline, things like meetings matter. I'm using Brent from the Phoenix project, but anybody who is absolutely critical, like a complete human blocker for any process because they know everything or they're in charge of something and it's not really sure what they're doing, but you can't automate it. It's really gonna get old really, really quick. So you wanna eliminate your handoffs, your approvals, wherever you can and really examine your compliance regulations because maybe you're making an assumption about what's required and maybe it's not actually a requirement for going to production, right?  Because it's complicated and onerous. But the reason that it's complicated and onerous is the exact reason to do it, right? Because otherwise it has to reside in people's brains, it has to live somewhere else and if it is complicated and onerous to do that exercise, that means that it's valuable to do it because otherwise you'd just be able to have one person at random in your organization say tell me how Team X deploys all their code and they can just go and rhyme it off. But because they can't do that and they likely can't, it's great to get everybody on the same page and a value stream mapping exercise is a great way to do that. So what else can we do? What else is awesome about value stream mapping and mapping processes?  You can easily communicate. When something comes up, you have a problem with the process. You can go and point to something, right? And you can bring that to someone else and they know exactly what you're talking about, right? And it's gonna reveal it something. While you're going along your path automating and removing blocks and trying to optimize, if you can point to specific points and say, this is what we're attacking this week, right? You're gonna have better conversations, you're gonna communicate more effectively and that's another big theme of this whole event. Yesterday I was in an open space and it was actually about hiring, but one of the challenges that I think commonly appears when you're trying to hire in a DevOps world is that you want someone with holistic understanding of an entire system or an entire ecosystem or an entire set of products and processes. And that's like trying to hire a unicorn, right? That person doesn't exist, they don't know what your process is, they don't know what your holistic vision is, but if you've gone through the exercise of mapping everything out before you hire or while you're hiring, you can actually have that person be valuable and productive day one, right?  So it's a great training exercise, it's a great way to keep tabs on the fact that if you've got cross-functional teams or people moving through teams, that they join a new team and they're immediately up to speed, right? Jeff yesterday talked about brainstorming failure, right? So when I think about that, I think of trying to establish all the ways that something can go wrong. And we often use checklists for that, but to form a checklist, you're only operating within like a strictly brainstorming function, right? So off the top of your head, how many things can you think of? Well, it's a lot easier to go through that exercise if you've got a visual map, right? Whether or not you're a visual person, you're probably dealing with people with varying degrees of visual acuity, right? Or a comfort with visual communication. So it helps to put those things into context so that you can go down the list and say, well, I think we actually missed something here. We gotta make sure that DNS is switched or we gotta make sure that the CDN is invalidating our cache, right? And those things can be hard to just think of off the top of your head, but if you're following a visual map, it becomes more apparent where the gaps are. Impact forecasting, I don't know if anyone's ever used this term ever. I just wanted two words to go together, but the idea here is, how will a change affect the way that we do things, right? If we swap out component X for component Y, how does that impact the rest of the pipeline? And when we think of switching to Docker or microservices or 12-factor apps or immutable infrastructure, any of those big topics, you want to know how it's going to change what you do right now, right? Whether it's gonna be better or worse, but having a visual representation of the current system and the way that you do things, it's gonna make it a lot easier to sort of tease out these are potential problems and here's where we could go wrong. Another thing is like, I think a lot about backlog prioritization. So thinking about what costs most to delay, right? Or what should I be working on? What's the most valuable thing that I can work on? And thinking about what your top constraint is. Well, if you have a map of the entire process of how you deliver software, how you configure systems, you can look at, you know, this is way upstream and it's three days of delay. So this is definitely a top constraint. This is definitely something that we should be tackling. So again, the definition of done is another thing that it's really hard to just think of off the top of your head, right? Unless you go through an exercise of trying to exhaustively tease out what are all the things that need to go right in order for this to be valuable and deployed successfully in production.  And so it makes it a lot easier to talk to people who really may not understand all the complexity that goes into the work that they take for granted. And they shouldn't have to really worry about, like, what are all the possible things that could be involved in this? They don't have time, it's not within their domain, but if you have a map you can point to, then everyone understands what the score is, right? And what the cost of doing business is. Another idea, so Steve yesterday talked about process over kill and Byron Miller actually has a really great article on engineering the future backwards. So you can do value stream mapping for current state, but you also do it for future state, right? You can map out how you'd like your system to work and then work backwards. Like what are the things that, what are the requirements for living in this world, this idealized world of where we wanna be? And what's the delta between that and where we are right now? And you can start to form a backlog and prioritize and you can see, okay, we're gonna have to do this and we're gonna have to do that. We're gonna have to start thinking about this and this is gonna be a tough change for everybody. We can start socializing it so that it's not just dropped on people's laps. So really, the whole deal behind this is looking at delivering value as a method of just continuously doing everything that we're trying to do, right? Continuous sharing, continuous automation, continuous measurements and improving culture by being as communicative and as open as possible. And so I think that visualizing process is the most effective way that I've found and I'll say that it's, the disclaimer is that I'm a very visual person, but in times where I've had trouble describing to people what I mean by DevOps when I say DevOps or what I mean by continuous delivery when I say that, it's been really helpful to have the map to point to and the map to walk to get everybody on the same page and I think it's super, super valuable. So we talk about the core tenets of DevOps being experimentation, automation, collaboration, right? Sharing, I think it's a great way of getting people on the same page and understanding is really the key to all that. So I'd be really interested to have an open space or answer any questions if there are any, but thanks very much, that's all I got guys. Thank you.


Hi everyone, and welcome to the presentation about the paper Dynamic at Hock Clock Synchronization. This paper is part of EuroCrypt 2021. My name is Christian Baderger, and this is a joint work with Peter Gashi, Agilos Kjajas, Alexander Russell and Vasily Stikas. So let me kick this off by explaining what the problem of clock synchronization actually is. As the basic setup, we assume we have a set of parties that are equipped with so-called local clocks or duration timers. That is, every party has access to a device by which it can measure the passage of time or time intervals, and we assume that those duration timers, they run approximately at the same speed. We further assume that we have a public infrastructure as a setup or alternatively a common reference string. In this case, we can associate each party to a public key and, for example, verify signed messages. We assume that a protocol will be executed over a bounded delay network, and we assume that the majority of parties follow over the protocol and hence are honest. What's the goal of clock synchronization? Well, these parties, they want to jointly, together, emulate a global notion of time. That is, they want to compute over the course of the execution time values, and if you ask two parties what they believe is the current time value, then what they report should be very close together. This is what we call approximate synchrony. The time values they compute should satisfy liveness, which means the time values are increasing, just like real time is. Maybe we want to have monotonicity, basically we demand that we have an arrow of time implemented, and maybe due to imperfection of the protocol realizing this, we might suffer from some jumps in this sequence of time values, but those jumps are required to be limited and small. On a more abstract level, we could say, well, what these parties try to achieve is they want to jointly, together, realize a global clock functionality. In this abstraction, you could imagine we have a functionality available that internally keeps track of real time, and whenever a party asks the functionality, it gets a value that is in the epsilon interval around that real time, where the epsilon could be influenced by, for example, the adversary. The goal of a clock synchronization protocol is to realize this functionality. Clock synchronization protocols have a rich history in the distributed systems literature. Let's look at some of the prior models that were used to prove synchronized secure. Initially, you just assumed a fixed party set, and you assumed that all parties are active, except for potentially the Byzantine nodes, which is the parties under adversarial control. Clock synchronization could be achieved there, or was achieved there, by a smart counting of messages and exchanging timestamps. A relaxation of this, which makes the problem a bit harder, is the so-called ad hoc model, where not all parties are active, but you just know that a priori unknown subset of parties will not start the protocol, so counting becomes a bit more challenging. Typically, the security threshold then requires, for example, known as majority among the active guys. What we are interested in this work is a newer model of party and protocol executions. In this work, we consider the dynamic ad hoc model, which is that the number of online and offline parties changes over time. We don't have a priori knowledge of the participation level that we can expect in the protocol, so no threshold, no counting of parties is reliable, because the participation can drop any time, so we have unannounced disappearance. New commerce must be bootstrapped into the protocol, so we have to accommodate joining. The security threshold is then formulated relative to the current participation level, so meaning that, for example, if always the majority of parties exceeds the number of dishonest parties, no matter what the participation level is, then we are secured. A prominent or prominent protocols in the dynamic ad hoc model are Nakamoto consensus protocols in the POS or POW space, and since clock synchronization could be seen as a form of agreement on time, we might think, okay, can we draw some inspiration to design a clock synchronization technique for the dynamic ad hoc model from those protocols? So let's try it with Bitcoin. So ideas for novel clock synchronization in the dynamic ad hoc model could be to just run Bitcoin, and we know from Bitcoin that a new block arrives roughly every 10 minutes. We have consistency and lifeness, that means we have, except for the possibly most recent blocks, we have a prefix where all parties agree on the stable prefix, and we have lifeness, which means the stable prefix grows over time. So now just say, well, block depth is a proxy of time, right? Every 10 minutes, a block count the number of blocks, you know, roughly the time. This is formally a clock synchronization technique. However, there is a drawback. It's that POW is not a standard assumption for clock synchronizers, right? Clock synchronizers would probably work with a CRS or a PKI, but not with this, with the resource of computing power. And another point to mention is that what I just described yields a rather loose clock. So let's get rid of this POW assumption and just use POS blockchains. So we also have consistency and lifeness. And we only have one source of trust. For example, in the case of Uraboros genesis, we only have one source of trust. It's the genesis block, so a CRS basically. So that would be a clock synchronizer. But wait a moment. So the non-POS protocols that accommodate what we want, right? They either require lower bound or an accurate estimate of participation between, okay, this we just said we would like to avoid. Or alternatively, they have to assume a reliable timing service like Uraboros genesis. So these protocols themselves need time information before they can really work. So that seems like a deadlock situation. The only protocol for agreement we know in a dynamic attack setting, they need time themselves as an external input. So maybe we can still use some ideas from those protocols because they guarantee something. And this is exactly what we investigate here. So the question becomes, is clock synchronization possible in the dynamic attack setting? And note that if the answer was no, that would be very disappointed. It would mean that any cryptographic technique that requires a time in the dynamic attack setting would rely on an external timing service that itself could not be realized in the same way. That would be a disappointment. But luckily, as we prove in this work, it is possible, even in the dynamic attack setting, to synchronize on time and even more is possible. And this brings us to the main result of this paper. So we actually designed the first QS blockchain protocol with the following features. So it's a secure QS protocol in the dynamic attack setting and does not need a global clock or reliable timing information. Instead, it synchronizes itself on time just based on the assumption we have seen on roughly same speed clocks or restoration timers. And second of all, the protocol is a clock synchronizer. You can use it, or any party and any external observer can use it to compute time values that are only a bounded distance apart. We call the protocol PRONOS, and it is a combination of a lecture plus a global clock. We can actually directly sketch the informal idea of our solution that we put forth in this work. So assume we have our set of parties connected over the network and each equipped with the duration timers. And also assume we have parties identified by certain credentials. They, in parallel, the same set of parties run an instance of Uroboros genesis and the protocol now roughly works as follows. So the parties exchange authenticated of synchronization messages. They contain local time stamps. We also restrict the exchange of these messages by the POS lottery to avoid adversarial dominance. The parties try to reach consensus over the set of synchronization messages using the blockchain. The parties then adjust time values, so their global notion of time, based on the agreed set, and some observed delays. This also informs, of course, the parties about which time stamps they should use when executing Uroboros genesis. And finally, we have newcomers that have to retrace the evidence they see in the blockchain and they have to retrace the recent adjustments of those parties. So a word of caution here. While it looked modular, the construction itself is not modular. There are a lot of things intertwined here and, for example, the messages are authenticated and filtered based on the POS lottery. Uroboros genesis has to be modified. We have to include a new procedure, how parties can bootstrap the lecture state and the lecture time. So it will not be as modular as suggested here, but the idea is roughly accurate. This brings us to a natural outline of this talk. So first we have to recap Uroboros genesis in order to see how it works and in order to understand what happens to genesis when we don't have access to a global clock initially, but when we only have these duration timers available. So what can go wrong and what has to be fixed? Then we come to the final part where we present Kronos, our clock synchronizer, which at the same time is then also a blockchain protocol. So let's now see how Uroboros genesis works. In genesis, time is divided into discrete units called slots and a certain amount of slots is called an epoch. In each slot, each party evaluates a private slot leadership lottery. So you're elected proportional to stake and it's a private election and it's seeded by randomness that comes from the chain itself. When you're elected the slot leader as a slot leader, then you can create the block for the slot and append it to your most preferred chain at this point. Let's be more concrete. Let's assume we have the most preferred chain here. Then in order to, so since we're transitioning now here into a new epoch, we have to refresh the lottery. You have to update the stake distribution and we also have to seed pressure randomness into the lottery. So the stake distribution is taken from a snapshot from the last block in the epoch preceding the previous one. This has, the reason for this is that we have, first of all, agreement on the stake distribution. Then the seed, the randomness is taken from the previous epoch from the stable part of the blockchain from the initial blocks from the previous epoch. The reason for this is that we have agreement on the randomness too and even more importantly, the randomness is affected by an honest block after the stake distribution has been fixed. This is needed to ensure or to avoid grinding attacks. So the seed comes from BRF, verifiable random function evaluations that slot leaders pack into their blocks as well. So the lottery itself is then formulated also with respect to a verifiable random function. You evaluate this function based on the fresh randomness slot number and if it's smaller than a certain threshold, depending on your stake, then you're an elected slot leader and you can prove this to everyone, thanks to the properties of the BRF. As we know from Nakamoto consensus in general, so we have slots that are empty, VA can have multiple leaders and so on. So how do parties select the most preferred chain? How does chain selection work in Genesis? The rule says, so if you possess a chain and you see new chains arriving, you decide to adopt a new chain if it's valid and so there are two conditions now, if it's longer than what you have and does not fork by more than K blocks from what you have, so this new chain is long and does not rewrite a whole bunch of what you believe currently is the sequence of blocks, then you adopt that. However, so there is a second condition, if in the other case it forks by more than K blocks, so it tries to override a lot of blocks that you already adopted, but then you adopt it only if it has higher density, block density on a certain interval called int, following the forking point of these two chains. Let's see in this example how Alice, that possesses the green chain on the top, decides whether she wants to adopt blue or keep green. She sees the blue chain rewrites or tries to override a lot of the blocks she already has and hence she goes back to the forking point and says, okay, which one is tensor and she figures out it's the blue one. So the intuition why this rule is secure is the following, under the honest majority assumption, chains held by honest parties, so created and held by honest parties, they must be denser on this interval than any maliciously crafted adversarial chain served to that party. The reason for this comes from the Forkable Strings analysis of previous papers. Intuitively, if someone manages to have two competing chains that are comparably dense and grow at the same rate in that interval, then this actually means we have a large divergence established, which is however ruled out by the analysis. So large divergence only happened with negligible probabilities, so hence this is a safe way to adopt new chains. A useful property for this work of this Genesis chain selection rule is the following, that if parties use this, especially a newly joining party, will adopt a chain with a large come prefix with respect to honest parties. So a party can come online, it just sees, it has access to the Genesis block and it just sees what chains float around and the chains it prefers will share a large come prefix with the honest parties. So the reason why this holds is the following, we have established that entity is a proxy for honesty from slide four. So all parties chains must contain this stable prefix at some point. So the new joiners, they might, so if for example they have no access to reliable time, they might not be able to point to the exact end of this stable prefix, but they are guaranteed that a large portion of the initial blocks are shared with honest guys. This will be very useful later, as we will see and it follows from what we just observed, that this prefix of the honest parties is being any density comparison. And the nice thing about this is that is an argument that is basically independent of reliable time information. So selecting chains according to density is an operation you can perform, even if you don't have access to accurate time information. And we will see later what impact this has and so what benefits it has, but also what disadvantages this has and how we can make use of that. So far in the description of Genesis, in the mode of operation we saw, we assumed the availability of a timing service. So we assumed the following, we had a clock functionality that tells parties times. What this means is that, so if we divide now the view into the time axis that we as analysts have and the slot axis that the protocol has, this means that at every instance of timing or point in the execution of the protocol, every party agreed on the slot number they're using. Because slot numbers is just the discretization of time. So everybody agreed on it. So that's what we assumed and the slot number is used to evaluate the slot leadership and so on and so forth. However, what we want is the same speed or the approximate same speed assumption, which then means that parties might believe in different slot numbers at the same instance of the computation. So while Bob believes it's not s plus two, Alice might believe it's s and some other party might believe it's s minus one. So at each point in the execution, parties might have slightly skewed or drifted a bit apart from what the actual time should be. So let's analyze Genesis, if we just place it in this environment. So what we prove also in this paper, if we manage to keep all on as parties somewhat close, we're kind of good. This requires an extension of the analysis, but doesn't mean that we have to invent an entirely new protocol, at least for this aspect here. So close together means that parties are maybe Delta apart from each other. That depends on the order of network delay and clock drift. And we have to do small adjustments to our Uroboros Genesis to deal with a future change. So if we have a local view of the time, then of course, there is no objective future and past for parties. And so we have to accommodate that. And thanks to the approximately same speed assumptions, so for example, the initial parties, they do stay close enough for our purpose here. However, joining parties, they have a hard life. And it's actually those that create the problem here. So let's see how joining parties come into play here. So let's assume we have honest and or as we also say, alert parties, those that are synchronized, running the protocol and honest, they have a stable prefix established and the newly joining party comes into play. It has no information about what currently the time is. It has only access to the Genesis block. And as we established before, thanks to the Genesis chain selection rule, it will automatically prefer chains that share the common prefix of the honest and alert parties. Because the Genesis rule prefers the dense prefix that is established by the alert parties. However, there is a big negative point here because timing information is not reliable. It has just its local timer and it just shows an arbitrary time. The party cannot cut off any blocks. So it could be that the adversary just serves to a party. Any extension of the honest party's chains and the joining party has no clue in determining whether this is good or bad because there is no objective notion of density. It's only a local comparison we do, but we don't have an objective notion of density here because we have dynamic participation levels. So the joining party knows somewhere there is this stable prefix of alert parties containing the chain, but it cannot know where it is. It cannot cut off blocks without time synchronization. And this is exactly where now time and synchronization comes into play. So now that we identified the core issue of the problem, let's now look at an overview over our new protocol chronos. So first of all, the alert parties, so parties that are synchronized and honest, for example the inaugural set of parties or any other party that has been bootstrapped, they execute Uroboros Genesis and periodically broadcast synchronization beacons and send it to each other and leave evidence of those beacons in the blockchain. At the end of every epoch, those parties, they perform local clock adjustments based on the evidence they then see in the chain. These are small, limited adjustments. And thanks to this, a joining party will be able to bootstrap the time. So once a joining party, thanks to the Genesis rule hooked up on a dense prefix, you can start recording beacons that the alert parties send out and try to retrace the evidence once it's confident enough to have enough of this. Evidence received. And to connect it to what I said before, once the joining party has information about, so retrace the evidence and then compute the good timestamp, then this directly leads to a good blockchain because then we know they are already on a common prefix with the alert parties. We just don't know what time it is. So once we have the time, we can just cut off the blocks from our local point of view in the future and this will then lead to a blockchain that has the usual common prefix property if everyone else. And at that point, you become as a newcomer, this is the point where you become alert and fully synchronized. So let's now look at each of these steps in more detail. The first step is that the business of the synchronization beacons. Synchronization beacons are broadcast as follows. So in parallel to the usual lottery have improved of state, we run a so-called timing lottery in the first part of the epoch. And it's similar to the normal lottery. So we evaluate the VRF on a new domain that is separated from the other domains by this keyword sync. We evaluate this VRF and if it's smaller than a certain threshold, again, depending on the stake that you have, then you're eligible to broadcast the synchronization beacon.  And normal slot leaders, those that win the slot leadership lottery, they not only pack transactions into blocks but also those synchronization beacons. So now let's see the end of the epoch approaches. So how do you perform the local clock adjustments? So throughout epoch, every party records the arrival times of valid beacons. That means those that have eligible proofs that they could be sent, it filter out doubly kits and so on. So there is some caution one has to take here but I won't go into details but this is all possible thanks to the VRF properties. And at the end of the epoch, then what you do is for each beacon you receive, you compute a recommendation. This recommendation is computed as the difference between the slot number reported in the beacon minus the arrival time of the beacon, the time when you first learned about this valid beacon. Then what you do is you look at the stable part of your blockchain identified by a certain slot number or prefix number and you see which beacons made it into the blockchain and those will be relevant now. So what you do is you compute all the recommendations of the beacons that also appear in the blockchain and at the end of the epoch what you do is you add the medium of these recommendations to your local time. So why should this be okay to do it like this? Well for the full proof, of course I have to refer to the paper but let's look now at the concrete example. The example is very simple and it basically considers how two parties would compute the recommendation at the new local clocks based on just one honest synchronization beacon. We as analysts of course we have a bird's eye view on the system we know actually the current time t but of course the parties they deviate from that. So Bob on the top here he thinks it's slot number t minus y and Alice on the bottom thinks it's t minus x. So when the beacon is sent out of a party that believes the current slot number is t minus x it would put that into the beacon and send it out to everyone and we know that this beacon will make it to the two parties in a correlated fashion. So we have this delta bounded delay and so each party will learn about this beacon and compute the recommendation. So now Alice will be the first of the two to arrive at the epoch boundary and will now compute this clock adjustment. So this epoch boundary happens around as you can see after the beacon was first created and sent out and then due to the computation of the difference between the slot number and the arrival time Alice updates this clock to the value r plus the slot reporting the beacon and the only disturbance here comes from the network delay which is then just this additional term delta. So now time moves on and Alice clock is taking along and at some point r prime rounds after the beacon was sent out Bob will do its adjustment and similarly he will update to r prime at this point plus t minus x which is the slot number recorded in the beacon again with this additional disturbing term of delta. So now we see that the clocks after both parties have made the adjustment the delta close. Why? Because the arrival times which is the only disturbance here are delta close. Of course this disturbance if you analyze it concretely it also has to include the clocks might not run at exactly the same speed but this can be controlled as well. So this is the first important property of this clock synchronization mechanism. Note that we didn't use in this argument that these parties that try to compute the recommendation that they are close initially. So there was no precondition in these computations that the party eligible to send a beacon and the party who wishes to synchronize they have to be close that's not a precondition this will turn out to be important later. A second important property about this synchronization procedure is that the adjustments computed by alert parties they are bounded. Why? Because we have the honest majority assumption in place and if you take the median of all recommendations we know it's bound from below and above by beacons that were created by alert parties. So the jumps that alert parties do are limited. This is an important property in order not to jeopardize the security properties. This finally puts us in a situation that we can present how joining parties will be able to compute a reliable timestamp based on what we saw before. So when a party joins the Kronos execution and wants to compute the time, a time that is close to the time of the parties that are already synchronized in the system then it first listens to the network and assembles all chains it sees and by the Genesis chain selection rule that we saw on a previous slide we know that it has the property that any chain it will adopt shares of the Alarchicom prefix with the stable part of the chain that the alert parties have. And this prefix so that Alice cannot tell where this prefix ends but it is guaranteed that this prefix grows roughly at the speed that the prefix grows for the alert parties. So at the point she can be sure that she has received enough chains for this to be true, she starts collecting synchronization beacons. That is she starts listening to the network reports arrival times and she does this sufficiently long to be ensured that she has a large dataset available for later computations of recommendations. And at some point since the alert parties will include those beacons in the stable prefix she will eventually see those beacons appear in the prefix and there cannot be any other chain eventually that will claim otherwise or another set of beacons for this input. Once we waited for sufficiently long for this to be true Alice can perform the clock adjustment. So two properties are very cruel for this. So first of all we have to make sure that all beacons that we now take into consideration are generated after Alice became online. So she has to compute arrival times of beacons that were freshly generated after the point she joined and only then or because of that she would be ensured that she validates and filters beacons with respect to fresh lottery and hence in the same way as the alert parties do. So this ensures that her arrival times are correlated with those of the alert parties in the system. Then of course as already mentioned the beacons have to be in the common prefix such that everybody does the computation based on the same base set of values. So now time synchronization is possible for Alice because we have agreement of evidence and the freshness of beacons and hence we can apply the reasoning that we saw in the example basically to conclude delta closeness. Why? Because we already said back then that in order to jump into or to compute the value and conclude that there are delta close we don't need that Alice initial clock is in any way close to the alert parties clocks. It can be way off and she will then jump directly into the interval that is close with all alert parties. So clock adjustments can be retraced exactly and of course you have to get details right here. So it might be that you have to do it not just once but twice but you also see when to do it again and when to stop. So basically when you did your first adjustment as a joining party and you see oh I'm already past next synchronization point the next epoch then of course you have to do it again and you will also find those or disinformation in the blockchain in the stable part of the blockchain. Maybe as a final remark just to make the point once more. So this can be any external observer doing it. So the intention of Alice does not have to be to join the blockchain execution it just it can just listen to the blockchain network in order to compute a global notion of time namely the time the blockchain execution believes in which is as we saw secure. So this brings me now to the end of this talk. As a summary you can say that Uroboros Chronos is a time synchronizer for the dynamic ad hoc setting where we have access to a CRS and the Genesis block and our parties have access to a bounded delay diffusion network and approximately same speed clocks. The protocol is secure under the honest majority condition. At the same time Chronos is a POS blockchain protocol in the dynamic ad hoc setting. Parties can bootstrap the blockchain based on the Genesis block only and in particular there is no dependency on an external timing service for doing so because parties they bootstrap the time based on the aforementioned same speed clocks or approximately same speed clocks. The security here is based on the honest state majority condition. With that I conclude this talk. Thanks everyone for watching.


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