Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much for being here. I would like to start with the anatomy of the nasal cavity and the peronasal sinuses, which give access to that where you are going to the cellar. So basically just one idea when you look on the peronasal sinuses, where do we have them for? They were not constructed by nature during the millions of years of evolution in order to make happy our ENT colleagues, in order to provide them with work. They were also not introduced only to give a resonance cavity. They were not only used for making some light-white construction of the skull, because otherwise if you had a solid bone, if you didn't have that, then the back musculature would be used much more for keeping the head in a balance by these excavations of the peronasal sinuses, by the ventilation of the peronasal sinuses. We have a better light-white construction, so the head is more in equilibrium. But there's one more reason why we have these peronasal sinuses, and that reason lies in the development of the peronasal sinuses and the nose itself. They were used mainly to shift the nose and the eye and the eye cavity towards the midline, because initially the eyes were positioned just lateral on the head. Then what you see here are not the eyes. The eyes are on this embryo on the sixth week, located somewhere here far lateral. Then what we see here is the lateral and the medial nasal process, and this lateral and medial nasal process are pushed together by the force of the development of the peronasal sinuses. So they come to a midline, there's an insertion of an intermaxillary process, and after that insertion of the intermaxillary process, the medial and lateral nasal processes come together and they start forming then in the midline the nose and the nasal septum after that insertion of the intermaxillary process. Well, basically the positioning of the orbiter towards the front is only made possible by that shift that we find from the lateral side or from the lateral part to the medial part, otherwise it wouldn't be possible at all. So when we look on the nasal cavity, we realize that we have some means for increasing the surface, the inner surface of the nose. On the lateral side we find these turbinates, the inferior turbinates, the middle turbinate and the superior turbinate, and these turbinates are covered with the mucosal surface, that's why it's looking so wet, a mucosal surface that guarantees that the air that we breath in is moisture and also warmed up because with an ambient temperature of 20 degrees, well, it's not always like in India in summer, that you don't need the warming, that you need only the moistering of the air, we need that in order to make the gas exchange possible in the alveoli. With an humidity like we have here in this room now today, perhaps 55-60%, it wouldn't be possible to make a gas exchange. And the distance that we have from the trachea down to the alveoli is too little when there's a flow with each breath, 15 breaths a minute, there's a flow of 600-700 millimeters, that's why we need to increase the surface where we can exchange and moisturize the air in order to make possible the gas exchange in the alveoli. In the alveoli we have a humidity of around 99%, it's nearly foggy there. Nobody ever looked into one individual alveolus, I never realized that before. When we look at the scanning electron microscope in alveolus, it's looking quite nicely, but we are always looking at an artifact, no man, well we have been on the moon everywhere, but nobody has ever looked into an individual alveolus. But that's what we know from physiology, so we have to moisturize, so we start from that area from the lima nazi, that's the area we can go up with a little finger easily, but we will never reach the germinates and especially we will never reach the area on the roof of the nose where the olfactory nerve is coming down and getting the phila terminalis or the phila olfactory phila down there. Two landmarks that we need to recall is one is the phenyl ethmoidal recess just behind the superior nasal conchia that has a distance from the lima nazi of around 45 mm. Usually we do not, it's very variable in size and maybe variable in the extension. However, what is a constant feature is this phenyl palatine foramen is that we find just behind the middle a turbinate. The phenyl palatine foramen is of utmost importance insofar as this foramen gives the access to the pterigopalatine fossa and through this pterigopalatine fossa we find the origin of the vessels, namely of the arteries of the phenyl palatine artery that is nourishing the majority of the vascular plexus here in the mucosa. And then it's also the entrance point or the exit point from the skull palatine nasal nerves, the superior and the superior nasal nerves. They all emerge here through the phenyl palatine foramen behind there. So the basis, the bone basis for these turbinates are the superior and middle conchia. These belong to the ethmoid bone. It's a part of the ethmoid bone. However, the inferior turbinate, the biggest turbinate is a bone by itself. It's an original, that's why in American literature it's called the osteosturbinale. In nominal anatomica, in the official anatomical nomenclature there is no name for it, it's only called inferior turbinate and that's it. So basically it's an own bone that is then fusing together with the ethmoid bone in the front, with the palatine bone in the posterior and in the basal part and with the maxillor in the anterior and basal part. These turbinate bones are very thin bones. So from the turbinate itself the majority is only the vascular plexus and the mucosa. The bony tissue is very fragile, it's a very thin bone. It can be easily cracked. Sometimes even the turbinates may be also pneumatized, just like the paranasal sinus. Maybe these are small bulae, it's called the conchia bullosa or such a big bulae in the middle turbinate which is significantly bigger. You see that there are some connections and that's the same etiology to the cells, to the bulae cells that we find more superior located. So all this makes indeed an enlargement of the surface leaving little space for the inferior meatus, the middle meatus and the superior meatus where the air comes through. Here in that section, in that frontal section you also see the maxillary sinus. Maxillary sinus cut off here, as we said, light-white construction of that. The conchia only form when we get the right fusion of the lateral and medial nasal processes from each side. If you don't have that correct fusion, then also a retarded fusion, then we get also retarding in the development of these surface structures. And that is visible then in hypoplastic. In hypoplastic sinuses like here in the maxillary sinus you see it is very small, a very shallow sinus so there is no big excavation and just corresponding to that also the turbinates are formed very little. If we have a complete aplagia of the turbinates then it looks like that on the lateral surface of the nose and you can easily detect that also the nose itself is indeed malformated and not formated in a normal fashion. So coming back to the construction site, here is the septum nasi, which is also covered by that plexus. We see indeed that we have a venous cavernous tissue that's way thicker than the bone itself. The monolaminar bone is very thin, plate easily crackable. The majority of that is a vascular plexus that is used for increasing the fluidity transfer to the surface in order to moisturize the stuff correctly. This is in that case a real venous cavernous tissue. It's not like in the genitals an arterial cavernous tissue. It's a venous cavernous tissue. We don't need a high pressure here. But we need a pretty much fluid transport. You realize that that also most when we lie on the side during sleep only one nostril is open, the other is obstructed and blocked, usually the one that is down there. It's obstructed because there's a swelling of this cavernous tissue. When you turn around, go flip from the right side to the left side, you realize, oh, it's blocked, the nose is blocked, it takes only two minutes and then this venous swelling will decrease and the other takes over. So this is indeed a highly reactive stuff that we need always. Indeed we see on the surface of the structure then of course a respiratory epithelium, typically respiratory epithelium, and we see lots of vessels originating from these already called phenopalatine artery that's nourishing the majority of the vessels here of the surface. This phenopalatine artery belongs to the external carotid artery. It's one of the terminal branches of the maxillary artery. The last branch it's given off is the meningeal, the middle meningeal artery. So the phenopalatine artery crosses in the phenopalatine foramen together with the nasal nerves and then making also some anastomosis with branches from the ophthalmic artery that give off the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries. Then we have also some branches that are interconnecting down here to the palatine artery. That's a descending palatine artery that also goes then to the foramen palatinomaeo and that's connecting then upside down. On the medial side we find the same branches. There are also some external carotid artery branches that go onto the septum and then nourish the surface of the septum. Septum itself is a composite of three different structures. It contains on the one hand on the basal part the vomary bone, the vomary bone and then it's accomplished from the laminar perpendicular of the edmary bone coming down from the top. Here's the aria crevosa with the feel of the terminal olfactory branches and this composite of these two bones is accomplished by the cartilage of the septum hyalinus cartilage that's growing in from the front. So if you have two structures, one growing down, one growing up and one coming from the front, then it's evident it will never be straight. It's not an exemption but a rule that we have a septum deviation mostly in the area where the vomary bone comes together with a perpendicular esmary bone process. So it's more or less a rule and not an exemption. But of course for you for the axis it would be easier if it was just straight but the advantage of a deviation is that at least one nostril is a little bit bigger than the other. So let's go back to the lateral side to the lateral side of the nasal cavity. If we cut off the inferior turbinate, here's the inferior turbinate, here's the middle turbinate cut off then we see it can expose the naso-electromole duct. You will never see that in your techniques in your axis route because you go straight to the sphenoid sinus and you try to leave away, leave apart the inferior turbinate and the middle turbinate but just for orientation. And then if we go up between the inferior and the middle turbinate we find the processes uncinatus and the process uncinatus gives an access to the opening of the hiatus seminalis to the axis of the maxillary sinus. So more cranially and more occipitaly we find the ethmoid bule, ethmoid bule and then here some ethmoid bule open and then if we go backwards we get into the sphenoidal sinus. The ethmoid bule are highly variable. The ethmoid and cellular bule are discerned for the ENT by posterior and anterior bule. The anterior bule are then categorized through superior, middle and inferior bule. The rest ones are the posterior bule and they come very close to the sphenoid sinus. So this sphenoid sinus is usually found when we go from the limonasi in the distance of about 5 to 6 centimeters. This is a typical type of a cellular type of a sphenoid sinus. It may also be that we have more or less a conchal type where we find only a very little opening of the sphenoid sinus but this is then of course a little bit more difficult to access but in the normal case more than 85% in the cellular type we find that typical correlation that we have the zeloturkika just above on the roof of the sphenoid sinus. The cleavus sphenoidalis forms the back part and the anterior part is then the wall that is then separating from the nasal part. We shouldn't forget that this sphenoid sinus is a paired structure. It's from left and right it was also shifted in the midline so this is only a part of the sinus. We see it from lateral. We look from the medial side towards the lateral side so it doesn't take into account that there's a septum originating from the roof going down to the floor of the cellar. One more thing that may happen is that we have sphenoid sinus frequently also visible the optical nerve in a separate channel there can be some ethmoid bullet around that or it can be into direct connection to the sphenoid sinus. If we have some bullet around it then we call it onodicel inserting just like the ethmoid bullet inserting the optical nerve but that's an exemption more or less. So we have a super optical recess here in that case it's also visible in that specimen optical nerve channel runs down here so we have a super optical large recess that goes up here. It is found about a quarter of the cases. So we have severe left-right differences caused by the septum just like in the nozzle septum it's not said that it's symmetrical. Here we see that the right optical nerve is placed way downwards compared to the left one which is way upwards. So these left-right differences are quite normal for that. This is a type of a conchal sphenoidal sinus you see that the distance and the wall of the bone from this sphenoidal sinus towards the floor of the cellar is way thicker than we saw in the typical case. Good news is that with age usually the bony tissue here is resolved that it's thin but we are way apart here in that case from such a situation in an elderly person where we see that the whole floor of the cellar is a very thin membrane it's a very thin bony structure. It's hardly impossible to discern between the capsule of the pituitary and the dura and the bony tissue itself. Okay now orientation here's the tongue, the mouth cavity and here's the nose the nasal septum is still exposed, ah we can flip this open nasal septum is flipped open so this is the access route we go through the nostril we go through the nostril upwards here's the middle terminate the inferior terminate is not completely exposed and we can see from the sinus only apart I wanted to show something else you can see here only the septum see the septum is really coming up from the roof, it's coming up from the roof down to the floor this is a very small sphenoid sinus I wouldn't call this typical sphenoid sinus because we have only a very small opening and the pituitary is just above here so the cavity is empty perhaps we can crack that open when we crack in here and open that it doesn't become much larger this is a very small one perhaps we look on this one because what I wanted to show you are the recesses that you can find in this sphenoidal sinus so here again the nose we go up, here the middle terminate is only left the mucosal surface and here we get an excess into the sphenoidal sinus the pituitary has been here is it still there? no, it's removed here's the ligamentum zele that is still intact up here here's the cavity for the pituitary and we see that here the sphenoidal sinus is way bigger than we had in the other case and here we have a large recess, a lateral recess that goes down into the depth here's a smaller lateral recess and we find even down here pretty big one so this would give you in that case here a pretty large operational field, a very nice excess and a very big excess route to the pituitary and to the zelotulcica way better than it was in the other one so but how do we get in here this perforation that was made here by the cut is way bigger than it's usually in real life we have only a small slit like opening the light is missing here's the optical nerve and the carotid protuberance here and here's the optocarotid recess okay the optocarotid recess so and below that is then you can imagine that's the cause of the exactly okay thank you very much the excess that we find into the cavity oh here we have the very same like you pointed out the excess here it's only by the forceps the excess that we find in here is through a slit like or pinnet like opening the opening may be smaller than that that's in this large one four or five millimeter is more or less a big one it is usually obstructed there's only very little from that because the mucosa that is covering that from the nozzle side this is here seen from posterior anteriorly from the synod sinus this will be of course a little bit smaller than this is a typical view that we have after the middle terminate if you deflect the middle terminate then we see it already on the top and here in more detail so it's more or less a roundish or pinnet light structure doesn't matter whether it's small or big this will anyway be opened the whole posterior wall so we don't care for that another feature that should be taken into account we already mentioned that the septum may be shifted towards one side like here and that side so this paired sinus is divided into two cavities it may also be completely or incompletely divided from a transverse septum here's a spur of a transverse septum that originates from the tuberculum cellae from the floor of the cellae then tens and down there may also be some other ridges like we see here on the lateral wall all of this is done in the sphenoid bone all these structures belong like sphenoid sinus to the sphenoid bone by the way it should be kept into mind that this sphenoid bone is a typical misnomer typical example for plagiarism that we find already in the medieval because this sphenoid bone sphenoid doesn't mean much thing only a wedge shaped stuff originally it was called the sphenoid bone or vaspe bone I mean you look on this sphenoid bone from the frontal view or from the frontal of the posterior view you realize it's really looking like a vaspe with the alamayo and alamino but some monks in the medieval evil they copy pasted this stuff and they mistaken the sphenoid bone to the sphenoid bone and ever since then anatomists are writing sphenoid bone so copy place was already used at that time oh what did I mention that there's one more structure that we have to talk about the foram lacerum foram lacerum the tigrid canal or the vidian canal containing the nerves the deep rephrosal nerve and the greater rephrosal nerve on their way from the superior salivatory nucleus they pass through that foram lacerum that is occluded by a fibrous mass it's not a real cartilage it's a fibrous tissue that's around there and that vidian nerve contains of two parts we have on the one hand the deep rephrosal nerve deep rephrosal nerve that contains the pre-ganglionary pre-ganglionary sympathetic fibers that then are crossed over in the pteropalatine ganglion and go to the lacrimoid gland and also the glands of the nose and then the other hand we have the greater rephrosal nerve that contains the pre-ganglionary parasympathetic fibers that originate from the superior salivatory nucleus and go through the pteropalatine foramen and then to the target organs in the nose and the stuff ok let's have a look on endoscopic anatomy this is an image taken from the original paper from one of the first studies of the group of kapapianca when we look into the sphenoid sinus we see here in the top the opening of the sphenoid sinus we see on the top of it the senoidal planum with the the floor of the cellar and we see then laterally the carotid protuberance which I should try to show you already and the optic protuberance and in between the optic protuberance and the carotid protuberance we find the lateral optic carotid recess that may be a pretty deep one medium size lung like we saw here in the original specimen it may also be pretty shallow and then on the medial side we find the medial optic carotid recess below an occipital of the cellar floor the cleavus sphenoidalus is showing up and then we see the carotid artery in the paraclyle segment coming up from the basal from the typical S shape left and right to the sphenoidal cleavus so the next image shows you again that's an image from kapapianca the lateral optic carotid recess the carotid protuberance here the cellar floor again and here the cleavus sphenoidalus you see there's a remarkable distance between left and right carotid artery these carotid arteries may in places come together like we see here with the kissing arteries we are then of course the access route is a little bit limited because they come very close together another feature of what we see here is that the bony structure of the carotid artery may be thinned out significantly the bone is not thick it's a very thin one it can be less than 0.2 mm and sometimes I have the impression that you can even see nicely the pulsation of the artery through the bone itself here again the close up of the lateral optic carotid recess of the medial optic carotid recess you see here also in that case the bone structure is extremely small these structures let's go a little bit further down and laterally we go further down and laterally then we see in the paraclival segment all the nerves that go to the sphenoidal to the fissura orbitalis superior so superior orbital fissure and that's it of course separately in the optic tract goes to the canalis opticus the optical canal whereas all the other nerves the ocular motor nerve the trochlearis nerve and they tend then to the superior fissure the nerves are embedded into a vascular plexus and we see a typical arrangement of the nerves namely the ocular motor nerve is the highest one below the ocular motor nerve comes in the trochlearis nerve whereas the abducent nerve which has the longest subdural or epidural cause it leaves already from the brainstem pretty early it has about one and a half centimetre subdural epidural cause on the cleville segment going below the tentorium going right there that is into intimate contact with the carotid artery it's lying deeper more profound or closer to the wall of the sphenoidalis than the ocular motor nerve or the trochlearis nerve than of course the oftalmic nerve the first branch of the trigeminal nerve that's running up there so it's embedded in the cavernous sinus the cavernous sinus you will see it again in the macroscopic image here is the optical nerve here is the kerotic artery cut down here is the ocular motor nerve and here that's the trochlearis nerve that's in the forceps and below the forceps is the oftalmic nerve and here runs then very deep close to the artery than the abducent nerve all that stuff here are remnants from the cavernous sinus that is embedding the paraclyval or paracellarly running nerves and structures these cavernous sinuses left and right may be interconnected in more than two-thirds of the cases by the intercavernous sinus that's running on the cellar floor and connecting left and right in the profound profondity of the slaturgica and they're also connected by some venous plexuses that are running over the ligamentum cellar so we have intimate correlations between left and right so shifts may occur especially when we have it on the floor of the cellar which you're going to open with your drill in the frontal section it looks like that here you can see again left and right cellar, left and right sorry cavernous sinus interconnected here on the floor of the cellar below the pituitary by an intercavernous sinus so in fact again we see next to the artery, next to the caustic artery runs the abducent nerve very deep whereas the ocular motor nerve, the trochlearvis nerve and the ophthalmic nerve running a little bit more superficially closer to the border of the dura so when we open now that planum of the cellar here we have the planum of the cellar again the optocarotic recess laterally, medially we have the transceiver when we open that then we get the exposure then on the cellar on the pituitary gland and we see then from after the opening above the wall we see here then the superior upper fusial artery that gives off the branches that run down to the pituitary stalk here another image from a cadaver specimen that was not injected here in that case it was injected here in the cranial part pituitary we see cranially then the chiasma the optical olfactory nerve the chiasma and here we look up in more detail of termic artery branching off from the internal carotic artery again the superior hyperfusial artery here above the optical nerve and the pituitary stalk that runs in together with the vessels to the pituitary gland so non-injected specimen again the chiasma the gyros rectus or the rectal gyrus in the upper nerve encircled by the olfactory nerve that is running below it so the immunencia the fenestration of the laminar terminalis so shows then the masa intermedia and we see here the A1 segment and the anterior communicating artery connecting left and right anterior cerebral artery to each other and we look now a little bit more to the side again the pituitary stalk A1 segment of the arteries left and right and the chiasma of the optical nerve and going down towards the floor of the third ventricle see then the typical arrangement again with the third nerve with the ocular modal nerve that passes through the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery typically then turning to the right coming into connection to the internal carotic artery and heading forwards to it so in a more laterally closer we see it again ocular modal nerve between the P1 segment and the superior cerebellar artery so these are the more or less the lateral aspects of the retrocellar spaces and I hope that we are able to see that also in the cadaver specimens today in that exposition thank you very much


I don't know how many of you had a chance to meet with President Magana when he was here. I think he certainly convinced me and convinced us in our meetings here that they are sincere about the efforts that they are making to improve things and to deal with human rights violations. But we all know that the appropriations thus far just aren't going to meet the objectives. If we're going to save that country, your support's been very helpful with the critically needed reprogramming. But if we don't get the rest of that money, the 30 million and the 50 million supplemental, I don't think we'll be able to save that nation. I, as I say, spoke to President Magana about the things that are a concern and I know to many of them he'll be with regard to the progress that they're making. And regarding the Bolanza blocky bill, I think its passage would effectively turn Nicaragua into a sanctuary protected from all interdiction efforts. Now the bill's correct in its findings and be helpful in uniting the American people to understand the threat. Nicaragua's the major transit point for arms sent to Cuba and I think you probably should then familiarize with these booklets that you have there. The Salvador and Gorillas rely on sites in Nicaragua for communication, command, control, and logistics. The operations in El Salvador over the FMLN are planned and sponsored or supported from Nicaragua. Gorillas are trained there in Cuba but the conclusions and remedies proposed I think are woefully deficient. The contemplated over program just can't work and I think would be incredibly expensive. Our first look at that suggests it would cost up to 300 million dollars the first year, 100 million dollars in each subsequent year against ground movement alone. And we're preparing a new finding for submission to the appropriate House and Senate committees which will allow funding for activities that are essential if we're to stop the spread of these communist-inspired insurgencies. I don't think I have to tell you, we've said it many times and I still think it's true. We're really talking about our own serious national security interests not in this whole situation down there. That's all from me because now I'm here, we're here from you so if you've been there for me but again you didn't stop and pick me up off the south lawn like I asked you to. I'm guilty sir. Listen I just want to congratulate you all. This has been a wonderful mission and I'm sure as you know already all of America was watching you and what you were accomplishing up there and it was a first in many ways one of which is the largest crew to ever go up and I guess the first retrieval of a satellite. There's another first that has been talked about incessantly and I understand that Dr. Wright wishes there wasn't so much talk about that. Well Dr. Wright let me just remind you that when we had lunch here at the White House before your flight that somebody said that sometimes the best man for a job was a woman and in this particular instance you were handling that long arm and that retrieval and all that did indicate you were there for one reason you were there because you were the best person for the job and I think that sets a standard it's going to be followed for men and women and the in the force from now on with these experiments. People are picked neither because of nor in spite of but simply because like all five of you you were the best for this assignment and you've done so much and think that people as far away as Indonesia which didn't look far away to you when you were going over but but people that far away will have better telephone service because of what you've accomplished and what you did up there it's just a most thrilling thing and I can't tell you how much all of us appreciate it but also how proud you've made everyone in America. Oh thank you I appreciate that very much. Yes we all do Mr. President and I think maybe you indicated to us the other other day when we were having lunch that seven was a particularly valuable number in your life I think you've bestowed upon us some of the luck that is associated with it and as John Favett indicated to you it was a truly international mission and it came off from our standpoint as well as we could have asked. We would have liked to have landed as a Kennedy we have lots of friends here at Edwards and we're always proud to come back. We were all hard to fly I've got a fantastic crew and hopefully we'll all get a chance to do it again sometime I think we proved that the Challenger and the Columbia before it is a super machine that can do many many things for not only the United States but for the people of the world. Well there's no question about that and all five of you here and very frankly and seriously I am sorry that the people who were all waiting down in Florida were disappointed at the fact that the the landing had to be changed because of the weather I guess still with all of our miracles that's the one thing we haven't been able to overcome yet no one could do anything about the weather but it didn't detract at all from your accomplishment and we know that you will be flying again in future columbias and challengers and you'll have the full cooperation that we can give to keep on with this magnificent work God bless all five of you thank you for what you've done for the world. Thank you very much. Thank you sir. Thank you sir. Thank you sir. All right well back to your briefing. Deep briefing. Thank you sir. Mr. President I wanted to ask if you have a comment about the Carter briefing book matter upon your aid to the letters. No I think there's much to do about nothing. The letter is going up there an explanation that I myself would like to get at the bottom of it. I had no knowledge of any such thing and frankly I don't think there ever was a briefing book as such. Is there any merit in putting the constraint below that nobody from top to bottom in the staff remembers how the book papers whatever they were got into the uh. I don't think it's a good honesty to think about a campaign of hundreds of people involved and the reviews of paper that are constantly coming in with suggestions, proposals, reports and so forth. Look ask me what paper were came to my desk last week and I couldn't tell you. Budget resolution. Thank you Mr. President. Budget resolution.


You've seen this name before. It's a name that's so popular there's no way you haven't. Go look in your high school yearbook and I guarantee you'll find someone with this name assuming that your high school was even the least bit diverse. Maybe it's the name of one of your best friends named Kevin. Or maybe it was the name of your crush. Or maybe it's your name. And that name is... Naguyen? Nagayan? Let me see the script. How do you pronounce this? I don't know dude you wrote it. I know but I just copied this part off the internet. Nagayan? Alright just stop the recording. Just stop the recording. Okay I'm doing this voiceover about five hours later and I've finally learned how to pronounce this name. Ready? Write this down. Win. I'll say it again. Win. And there it is for the half of you watching this video just for the pronunciation. For the other half did you guys ever wonder why so many people have this last name? You guys remember the last video right? When we were talking about the Korean last names Kim, Lee and Park? Yeah the most popular last name Kim makes up about 20% of the Korean population. So just how popular is Win? Are we looking at 5%, 10%, 20%? Try double that. 40% of all Vietnamese people have the last name Win. During the Vietnam War these were the names of the leaders on both sides. Well at least we do catch a break with Ho Chi Minh who seems to be an exception. In Australia, a country with a significant Vietnamese population, Win ranks number seven on the list of most popular last names. Behind the names you would typically expect, Anglo names such as Smith, Jones and Williams. In Australia's two largest cities of Melbourne and Sydney alone, Win is the second and third most common name respectively. Out of the estimated 94 million or so Vietnamese around the world, around 38 million of them have the last name Win. So the real question is, how many people actually know how to pronounce it? Yeah and we're here to ask students one simple question. How the frick do you pronounce Win? How do you pronounce this word? Oh I saw a bit about that but I don't know. Nguyen? Nguyen. Nguyen? I have no idea. It looks Asian. It is an Asian name. You go first. Nguyen, I don't know. I don't know if anything comes natural. Is this your name? No. Okay. I'll be offended if you get a problem. Nguyen. Nguyen. Nguyen. Where is the name from? It's Vietnamese. Oh. Does it help? No. Nguyen? Nguyen? Nguyen? Nguyen? Something like that. Nguyen? Nguyen? Nguyen? That's why I'm gonna lock that in. Final answer? Final answer. All right. You lost it. Locking it in. You don't want to use the lifeline? No, no. All right. That's it. Um, Nguyen? Nguyen? Nguyen? Yeah. Is that your final answer? Nguyen. I think so. The same thing, Nguyen. Yeah, I don't know. My guess is Gaian. Gaian? Nguyen? What'd you say? Nguyen? How are you sure? Uh, dull. I'm Vietnamese. And now that we got that out of the way, how did this happen? Well, not surprisingly, to find that out, we need to take a trip through history. Vietnam and its people have been around for a long, long time. But they've been pretty much family nameless for most of its history. In fact, most countries around the world have been last nameless until recent years. Because the only people using family names were Europeans, like the Greeks, the Romans, the Normans, and, well, the Chinese. Even during ancient times, the Chinese have been known to have a very organized structure with a grand bureaucracy running from the bottom of the chain to the very top. The existence of last names standardized the naming system and helped this bureaucracy run smoothly, which made it easier for census taking, conscription, and collecting taxes. These last names would typically be derived from their occupation or social status, just like how the Anglo-Saxon name for Smith would be given to Smiths, as in they work at a blacksmith shop. And the name Miller would be for those who work at a windmill or a watermill. So when the Han dynasty of China occupied the land which would eventually be known as Vietnam in 111 BC, it's a tale as old as time. Military superpower takes over smaller country, then exploits it for all its worth, while also assimilating it with its own culture. And this is how family names were introduced to the Vietnamese people. Just so you know, this wasn't a thing that China gave the Vietnamese people because they just thought it was cool. What they really wanted was an easier way to keep track of them in order to tax them. So they basically started giving out last names to people. The people in this village will be named Pham. Everyone living in this town will be Li. Everyone living in this area will be Tram. And everyone living in this region will be Nguyen. So basically the lives of hundreds of millions of people today were forever influenced by some random Chinese tax collecting official. Of course, it was the Chinese who invented those names. The names they gave them were originally proper Chinese names, which were Vietnamized over time. It's thought that Nguyen was originally Zhuan. The Chinese word refers to a stringed instrument, this one to be precise. And now all of a sudden the name Johnny Guitar doesn't really sound that unusual. And though Vietnam gained its independence from China in 938, the whole concept of last names just stuck. So now that we know why Vietnamese people started getting last names, why did this name out of all the others become so popular? Well, back then in Vietnamese culture, last names just weren't really all that important. And this kind of holds true today as well. In those days, it wasn't unheard of or even uncommon for one to change their family name to one that would possibly gain favor from the ruling dynasty. It's no coincidence that one of the most well-known dynasties was the Nguyen dynasty, which ruled over Vietnam from 1802 to 1945. And you can bet that during that time, it became a pretty popular family name. Then in 1945, the last emperor of Vietnam, Bao Dai, chose to step down from the throne. And there hasn't been a monarchy in Vietnam ever since. And because there haven't been any ruling families since the Nguyen dynasty, that family will forever be known as the last Vietnamese dynasty. And because there's no longer a ruling family, there's not really a reason to change your family name any more these days. So there you have it, Nguyen stuck. And so that's the story of how approximately 40 million people are stuck with that name today.


Yeah, Stink Tech. I'm Jay Fiedel, Fun Even in the Time of the COVID. This is Book World and we care about books and we care about authors and people who write them and give us the gifts of their thoughts and their prose. And we have today an old friend of ours who I know since you went to UH back in, I think it was the 14th century. Kumiko Makihara, welcome to the show Kumiko. Thanks for having me. Great to see you again today. Yeah, great to see you. So you're in New York now in your apartment enjoying the magic of zoom. And we're going to talk about your book that's just come out. It's called diary boy diary boy. Let's have a picture of diary boy and we can see what we're talking about. Okay, there's the book. And there's a young fellow on the cover of the book. And then there's some pictures of the young fellow. Let's see if we can identify him. When I say young, I mean a long time ago already. And there he is. Yeah, Taru, known to his friends and family as Taru. And this is when he was oh gee just a few years old and it was a long time ago. How old is Taru now, Kumiko. He's 21. Oh my goodness, he passed the age of majority. So you wrote this book and it suggests that you kept a diary all these years about his growing up and his adventures and your adventures with him. Is that what happened? You had the material already in the diary? Not quite. Actually, he's the one that kept a diary. Ah, okay, okay. It was one of the requirements of this very rigorous school that he went to. And this book is a memoir about the time that he went to this elementary school in Tokyo. It's a private, very demanding competitive school, grade one through six. And one of the many requirements was keeping a diary. And so I was fortunate to have this treasure trove of information of those years from his point of view. So I combined those with my own recollections, which were a lot of difficult memories. So it was six years in a very competitive environment. And my son is a very, is a lovely child, but very carefree and not interested in doing schoolwork. So much of the books about my frustrations trying to get him to fit into this very rigid culture of the school. Yeah, why do that? Why put him in that school?  The challenges you talk about are very interesting in this context. So I put him in this. Originally, I was going to send him to the local public school, which is the school that I had gone to, which was a very good school. But at the time, about 15 years ago, all my friends and his piano teacher and everybody around me said, No, private schools are so much better now. Why don't you send him to private school? And this was also a school that was attached to a affiliated junior high and high school and the university.  So I thought, Well, what do I have to lose? It's very difficult to get into these schools, but I decided to apply. He didn't complain because those were the days when I was the whole world for him. Are you trying to say those were the days gone by and it's not like that anymore? Correct. But it was, you know, six years was very intense tumultuous with me trying to get him to fit into the system that in retrospect, in many ways, wasn't really the right system for him. And so the book has many themes, you know, part of it is education, parenting, family ties, Japanese culture, society's expectations. But very broadly, it's about struggle and what do you do when you face a struggle? How do you react to a struggle? I didn't intend it to be that way, but I ended up writing a lot about my personality and trying to analyze why I was so obsessed with him doing well. So the struggle is between you and Taro then. It's between me and Taro, but I think it's also between me and myself. Okay. Oh, now it becomes very interesting.  What is the, you know, the magnetism about it in your eyes anyway? Why would I want to look at this book? What's in it for me to learn about the struggles, the time some years ago, it must be 15 years ago, in Japan in a private school with a mom who cared a lot about how, you know, what is in there that makes this book universal? Well, let's start from the not so universal aspect is it's a book about parenting and education and Japanese culture. So anyone interested in Japan would first of all be a natural audience. Then if you're a parent and you're thinking about education, so there's a book about every type of education now, right? So do you want to be a helicopter parent? Do you want to just let them roam free? So it's a good analysis of education and the different ways in people educate their children. There's also an image that Japan has great schools and the kids are Japanese children do very well in international surveys of math and science. So there's probably some interested in how am I going to get my child to be like a super achieving young Japanese student. But on the broader universal aspect, as I mentioned, it really is about struggle and how do people respond to struggle and why. And I think the book is also a lot of people have commented to me about how honest I am. I didn't intend to be. It's really the only way I could write and I have nothing to hide about my flaws as a parent. So I think readers, a lot of readers who are also struggling with parenting will be reassured that they are not alone in their battles against their child. You know, I'm thinking from Tara's point of view, you know, how does this come off? Okay, 21. Now there's a book about something which some kids at 21 might think are very personal. How does he feel about his mom writing a book? How does he feel about revealing all this tumultuous activity in his youth? Not great. The older he gets, the more he doesn't like it. You know, when I showed, I was very open to him about it. Obviously I excerpted his diary, so there are a lot of his diary entries in there. I think that's also another appeal of the book, by the way, is that there's this contrast between an innocent child musings and a lot of the entries are very funny. And it's contrasted to me. I was very exacting tunnel vision mother furrowed brow trying to get through each day. A lot of yelling, I'm embarrassed to say. And that's contrasted with these little carefree, curious views from a child's point. Yeah. Why am I reminded of Tiger Mom? Yes. Well, I would describe myself at the time of the book more as a Tiger Mom wannabe. I wasn't able to see it as a Tiger Mom because my child would not take a bait. He would not jump through the hoops for me. So this is kind of a win-win in the sense that you get yours and he gets his and at 21 you can both look back and evaluate the whole thing and be enriched for it, no? I don't know. If you're talking about the standards of a Tiger Mother, it might be a lost loss. You might be a Japanese Tiger Mother then. Well, I just wasn't. I failed as a Tiger Mom. I wanted to be. About how he feels about it. So throughout the time I was writing it, I was telling him I'm writing this book. You want to look at it. He was not interested at all. He was interested in what share of the royalties he would get. He didn't understand that books usually don't make very much money. But at one point right before publication, which was about almost two years ago, he did take a, he did read some of it. And he said, well, you know, that's not the way I remember it. I had such a happy childhood. I have such fond memories. I love that school. I love all my friends. And he said, you make it sound like a nightmare. And I was, you know, I was glad that he had happy memories of his childhood, but I was quite taken aback. And I said, well, what about all the times that the teacher scolded you so severely? And he said, well, they could be nice sometimes. He said, I said, what about that we fought every day, every day we had to get it like that. It was exhausting. What do you think about that? I said, well, we had, you know, good teamwork. We got the homework done. You fed me a lot of good snacks to get me to do the work. I said, what about the long commute to school because before we moved close to the school, he had to take a train and a bus for about an hour and a half each way. And he said, Oh, those were some of the fondest memories I had, you know, I'd get together on the train with my friends and we'd play games. It was so much fun. So it was very interesting that I think it shows that children are very resilient. And also, it says that he has a very happy personality. Yeah, but it also shows that you look at the past through the lens of the present. And you, you may not see it the same way as you saw it when it was happening to you. This is all very, very interesting to compare what's in the diary and how he feels about that, you know, now. You know, the thing about it is he lived at home, right with you while he was in the school. So it's not just a question of him going to a dormitory somewhere or living, you know, with with others in a school in a school residence facility. He lived with you so you had contact with him. Am I right? Every day. And you can see this happening. You can see it unfolding. You can tibets with him about how things were going. So what the other thing is, you know, you went to a private school to coming. I went to public school in Japan, and then I went to a private school in the US junior high school in high school so that was older than when Todd was going to. Okay, and then you age at some point I remember that. So the question really is, you are fully bilingual. As a matter of fact, you're a journalist. That's what you do. That's what you have done for decades. And how about, he's he's he's also bilingual. Yes, so he went through this private elementary school through sixth grade and graduated and went on to the junior high school. Once you get into junior high school, the academics became even more demanding and I couldn't help him. I couldn't sit next to him and do the homework with him like I was doing an elementary school. I had to go online and research things in order to help him. And I couldn't force him to do the schoolwork any longer either. He really was not able to control him anymore. And I also wanted him to become bilingual. So that's when I took him out of the Japanese system and brought him over here. And he did end up going to boarding school. So now he is bilingual. He does, you know, he went from a totally Japanese environment when he until he went into junior high school. He didn't speak a word of English. Then I put him in a boarding school. He's surrounded by English 24 seven. You learn English very quickly. What's he doing now. Right now he's very frustrated to be living with me. One bedroom apartment. Circle full tourney. Right.    So my question is how would you describe your own prose. I think my prose is kind of stark. As I mentioned before, I've nothing to hide. I tell it like it is. I think it's because my journalism training started with wire service. I was a reporter for the AP in Tokyo. And, you know, the wire service has to have very plain concise language that any newspaper would like to use. So I think that's when I started writing very directly. I'm a real stickler for facts. I don't want any words repeated. That's why I write nonfiction. You know, a lot of when I was really struggling with this book, a lot of my friends said, Oh, just make it fiction. You can make it more dramatic. You know, I have all the respect for people who can write fiction. I just, I can't make up stuff. Oh, that's that's so interesting. I mean, that really, to me is very appealing because it, you know, it's it's personal, but it's a documentary. It's it's nonfiction. And that makes me all the more interested in in how you put it and and how he put it because it's really a collaborative work, isn't it? But can you pick a paragraph for me? Can you read some prose and we can all see, you know, the kind of style you have. I want to read a section that has a little bit of my writing and a little bit of his writing. So this is about a school event and then that's about one paragraph and then the next paragraph will be his diary entry about that event. Like many of the activities, the marathon encouraged competition. I'm talking about a running race called the marathon. A teacher called out the ranking of each runner crossing the finish line as mothers lined up by the goal and cheered and clapped. Sometimes the last child in followed by a teacher on a bicycle would be in tears. Each year, Taro and I agreed on a list of prizes and punishments for his performance. The rewards served to motivate and the fear of penalties added a layer of thrill to our contract. There were 26 children in his second grade class, so that year we drew up a list of 26 items. First place was a visit to Disneyland. I knew we'd never get this one, so I let it be extravagant. Third place was to the movies. Seventh place was ice cream and the fifth place I would make him a full hot breakfast as opposed to our usual yogurt and toast. From the midpoint, thirteenth place and down were punishments, beginning with a haircut done by me. Taro preferred the barber shop over my bowl cut. Nineteenth place required that he write an extra diary entry. Twenty first place was an hour of piano practice and for the last 26th place, eight pages of kanji writing. Kanji are the characters children have to learn to write. Taro always raced hard but came in among the slower half of the class in punishment territory. Here's the diary entry that describes that event from his point of view. January 31, 2007. Bang. The starting sound surprised me and I was late starting. I chased after everyone in a panic. It's hard to catch up. There are about 20 people ahead of me, so it's a big deal to go around them. Shoot, I was getting mad. At the West gate, I remembered the way the fast runner, Mizukami Goon, runs. He makes his posture a little bit low. Oh, I passed three people. It feels like not bad. Kyosuke, who is in front of me, knows I am behind him and increased his pace. Next, I remembered how my cousin told me how to run with big steps and tried that. I passed Kyosuke and I wasn't even tired. I did my final sprint from the elementary and junior high school sign. I was 21st. The punishment my mother and I agreed on is piano practice for one hour. The punishment for 22nd place is four pages of kanji, so I'm glad I didn't get that one. I think that shows how optimistic he is. Glad I didn't get the 22nd place punishment. It's an active negotiation you're talking about. And the sports reminds me of your athletic activities at UH. You were a big athlete then. I remember trips to the neighbor islands and swimming for miles at a time. Those are the days. So I wonder if this is the kind of book that appeals to both sides of the equation. We had a show not too long ago called Konichiwa, Hawaii. It was a woman who was a Japanese national who did the show in Japanese with Japanese guests. And then she would translate in little bits from time to time during the show. It was very interesting in the sense that you saw what she was doing from both sides. Could this book, would this book, do you ever contemplate this book might be translated? Would it be appealing to a Japanese reader as well? You know, when I was working on the contract with my publisher, I gave the publisher all the rights to the foreign translation except Japan. So I held on to Japan at the suggestion of another friend of mine who said you might want to have some control over how it's presented in your own country. So I kept it and I figured I thought at the time, you know, I'm never going to put this out in Japan because first of all, if it's translated, the best person to translate is probably me. Yes, I would say so, yeah. All the material is primary sources. It's my conversations with the school, the other mothers, all the diaries are in Japanese. But I thought, you know, I'd spent years working on this book. I thought I don't want to spend any more time on this subject. I really want to move on. And the other thing I thought is, and there was actually there are two more things that I thought of. One is I don't want to deal with any kind of backlash from the way, you know, the way I portrayed the other mothers or the school. I'm not 100% negative on the school. I would say there were some very good points about it. But I don't really want the school to complain about certain sections. I don't want the most of the names have been changed, but anyone who was there will know who I'm talking about. I don't want the complaints from them. Japan is a small tribal society in many ways. And I didn't want to deal with the backlash. But most of all, I thought it wouldn't really be of interest to Japanese because they all know all this stuff. You know, the book is written for someone who knows nothing about Japan. They're often referenced to because Japanese society is like this or that. And I just didn't think it would be appealing. However, I've been pleasantly surprised to have a wider audience than I expected to. I originally thought the book would be for mothers, parents, educators, people interested in Japan. But I have found that the audience is broader. And I think it's because I emphasize so much about the struggle and the soul searching and how alone and isolated I felt during much of this. And many Japanese who have read the book in English have come up to me and said, you know, you really should translate this because there are actually a lot of people who have the same kind of problems that you did in Japan. I, when I was going through it, I thought it was only me. I'm the only one that has a child that's disobedient. I'm the only one that can't get my kids to get an A in science. I'm the only one that can't sew his name properly on the school uniform. People have told me that there are a lot of people like that. So, you know, I might consider it, but I haven't. I haven't taken action. So you've had enough of it, but you know, maybe in the years to come, it'll become even more iconic as a retrospective, you know, it's still fairly current right now. The people you you were writing about even by innuendo, they're still alive. But in five or 10 years, you know, the circumstances may change, and it may get to be, it may get to have a historical connotation. But you do raise a question that I want to ask, and that is, you've had enough of this one.  You've lived in every continent, or at least nearly all, you are a global individual. There's no, there's no, there's no boundary for you, Kumi. And so the question is, what is your next one? Is it going to be journalistic, you know, a documentary of some sort, nonfiction, or are you going to go full tilt into fiction and throw off the chains of journalism? Fiction, throwing off the chains that's still too intimidating, too high a barrier. But I think I'm actually thinking of another memoir, but this time looking at my, looking back at my ancestors, as opposed to down to my child. So I can trace back definitely four generations in Japan. And there are a lot of interesting people in my family, big, big, some big business leaders, people who were at the forefront of the modernization of Japan. So having said that, I'm not a history buff. So I'm trying to find a very personal anecdotal material. I'm reading some letters now and then I'll have to do some digging around to see if I can find some kind of personal narrative aspect of all of this. You know, I think if you, gosh, I remember a meeting your parents one time, it was here. Your dad was a high up officer in a company that was known all around Japan and the world, as I recall. And we were sitting with him, you and me and my wife, and your dad and mom, and all of a sudden, a line formed, remember this, a line formed in this huge hotel dining room and there were hundreds of Japanese tourists who wanted his autograph. So when they found out, you know, who he was, they were lining up around the block to get his autograph. So I'm saying to myself, well, you know, this one, the one you talk about your own family and their history, not only in the immediate preceding generation, but in generations before that, the Japanese people would be very interested in hearing your story. That's the one you ought to consider for translation, because they'll be lining up around the block to see what happened in your family. Kumi, don't you think? Maybe I think, I think it was more like six or seven people. Thank you. I told you, when you look back at history through the lens of the president may not be accurate. Yeah. So where are you? Are you on Amazon or what? The book is on Amazon. It's on any major online retail. You can also go to any bookstore and the bookstores can order it very easily. The paperback is going to be out on September 1. So there'll be another option. A paperback. Yeah, so I mean, are you in all continents in English? Yes, you can get it anywhere. And there have been some foreign translations. I don't really know. I'm not up on everything because I sold everything except for Jeff. So you were talking before the show began about your website where there's some description of the book and it's makiharakumiko.com. So we, you know, we should say that people can go and look and find out more about you there. And I guess, I guess what I would like to ask you at the end here, we always do this on our shows. What is the takeaway? In other words, if I invest the time and money, go buy it on Amazon or elsewhere. And, you know, I want to know more about Yataro and I want to know more about you, Kumiko. And I read the book. What takeaway do you think you would like me to have? Some lesson that I could carry forward. Not just the details of the relationship, the challenges and, you know, the struggles and bringing up a kid. But what is the, can you tell me what the larger truth would be that you would want me to find among the paragraphs of this book? Well, as I said, the book is really about struggle and I think the way I got through that struggle was some advice that actually my mother gave me now. In my case, the struggle was my child was not behaving or growing up in the way I had envisioned and in the way that I thought was the correct way. I wanted to put him on the right line and get him to go in the way that I knew I was so convinced was the right way and he wouldn't do it.   Each moment is changing. So just move back a little bit and look at the bigger picture. And I wish I hadn't, I didn't really do that. I wish I had done that because now that I look back, I really missed a lot of wonderful opportunities. There's one example where he was where I really thought about when I was writing the book. I was dragging him from one after school activity to another and saying, hurry, come on, you got to go there the sooner we get there, we'll be able to do. And he interrupted me. He was seven years old and he said, maybe we're going to have time to go for a walk outside. All he wanted to do was go for a walk with his mother. And I'm sure I just ignored it. But now I think I wish I had gone on a walk with him. I couldn't pay him to go on a walk with me now.  But if you can try to treasure each moment, especially when it comes to parenting, try to enjoy each moment because it's all fleeting. Oh, that's so valuable. Thank you for saying that. That is a great lesson and a great takeaway. I do have one question more that I really must ask you.   You've been hither and yon writing stories about so many things. You probably have half a dozen of them lined up on the shelf behind you. I know you do. And so the question is, you know, what about journalism? What about being freelance? What about working for, you know, conventional media? What about the freedom of the press? We have issues about that in this country now. And the economics of keeping a newspaper open so as to print your stuff. How do you feel about that? What's your personal take on it? And what are your concerns about it? Well, it's changed so much from the days that I was a full-time journalist. I actually write only a few opinion columns here and there now, my little observation of events. But I, you know, when I was writing in the heyday of journalism where we had a big bureau in Tokyo for Time Magazine, we had a driver. I would fly first class to places. All of that has completely changed and it started changing while I was there. And now so much is driven by online and everybody's a journalist now. Everybody can film things and put their tweets out there. So it's definitely an ongoing shifting time for journalists. I think we've been fortunate to sort of revalue the importance of the press in the last few years. I think some newspapers, the readership is up. So it'll be interesting to see how things go forward now that everybody is a journalist. And some of them are completely inaccurate and unprofessional. So at this point in time, having written a book and understanding really more than most people about, you know, the coming up of your son, understanding him more than most people understand their children because of this experience, I'm sure. I mean, if everybody wrote a book like this, everybody would have a better understanding of the relationships in families, which is so critical. But now he's 21.  I mean, there's so many trouble issues going on. Would you ever tell him, not that he would listen to you, but would you ever tell him to go into journalism? Listen, I would be happy. I would be happy whatever he did, as long as he can make a living, you know, not cause trouble for anybody else. My standards have changed quite a bit from the days when I wanted him to graduate first from elementary school. Thank you, Kumiko Machihara. A great discussion and a wonderful person. Thank you so much for coming on and talking about your book and your son and your family.


Shoot down the temperature like this to keep your distance. Yes, sir Let's stay focused watch your sectors There's the communications outpost Could be the missing troopers, let's check it out on all the blood eyes in the sky so Let's go six. All right, noble team spread out watch the approach Looks clear from this angle Distress beacons coming from just south of your commander. We're close Ice peel down the beacon make out any ID negative, but it's military Noble three can you confirm any EX residue in the area? Noble looks like there's nothing here. Let's move on Smoke at the next structure bus circle west and check it out noble team you have permission to engage but be selective We don't need a telegraph of presence Noble six move into the house Right behind They're not rebels their farmers look at them ask them what they're doing here Mid-crash the key But never cut open honey. I get a some seed of Asia churlad yet. She called his eyes Neighbors were tracked last night fear that would be her screams Gunfire stop around sunrise Says something in the fields killed his son some thing commander be advised I'm reading heat signatures in that structure directly east of your position over copy that get them back inside Osmont on Bethlehem get it Noble team double-timing of military casualties two of the missing troopers looks like they were interrogated It's messy see anything outside your structure noble to move up to the Contact contact


Go look at Shade Ruins, go look at him in the comments.     Like, what are y'all doing?  They like having like a thousand likes on their comments. So now they like, now I have to achieve this, this comment. Yeah. That need to get a thousand likes. Make everybody laugh. I need to go out there and say something that everybody's thinking about at the same time. They be like, why y'all think that's, what? Why you just couldn't keep that to yourself? No, that's why I got a show called, Say That Shit Now. There's so many niggas in the comments that I ain't gonna say that. You know what, you know what I say? Just like you said. The niggas that's in the comments are the people when you was in school that was in that locker that was going straight to their class. And you know how you and your folks in the hallway? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. They were like, hey, I wish I was them. Now y'all have a time and opportunity to reach us. You shine.  Oh, we already know what type of niggas you is. Yeah.  It's so stupid, man. That's right. Wait, wait, wait. Told you.


Why your silence is the key. When you go silent with the narcissist, you will no longer be able to express your thoughts and ideas easily or well. But even when you did do that, you never got the response that you hoped to get. You might have hoped that when you were angry and frustrated, when you felt betrayed, that they would have apologized to you and tried to work on things. But that does not happen with narcissists. They won't take responsibility for their actions. Instead, they will shift the blame on to you. They will say that you are the problem. They will say that you are fault-finding. They will say that you are selfish because you're just trying to express how you feel in a healthy way. So it's a waste of time trying to communicate with the narcissist. It's a waste of time giving or offering something of value to someone who does not understand its value. Someone who does not appreciate it. They will walk all over it and they will tear you to pieces. Your emotions have value. So do not give them to the narcissist because they will destroy it. You may have a desire to express yourself to the narcissist. You may have a desire to tell them how you feel. And while that may have value, you need to recognize that they're not going to understand its value. So you need to give up something valued for the sake of other considerations. You need to recognize that you're not going to receive a healthy response. You cannot fix everything. You cannot solve every problem. You may want to help people, but you cannot help the narcissist. There's nothing you can do or say that is going to change who they are or how they choose to behave. They habitually seek to harm and intimidate you because they see you as being weak and vulnerable. And if you try to make them see the errors of their ways and you try to teach them about peace and love, they're just going to see it as a weakness. They see love as a weakness. They don't see it as a strength. They don't see it as an act of courage. They just see it as an opportunity to break you down even more.  They will find everything wrong with it, which is why you need to stop expressing your emotions to the narcissist. You need to stop expecting a healthy response. You can't get blood from a stone. So stop trying to fix the situation. Stop trying to love someone who does not want to be loved. Someone who does not want to love you. And instead, use your silence to protect your emotions. Take your power back by no longer reacting to them. They know how to push your buttons. They know how to get a reaction out of you because they need that. It's what gives them narcissistic supply. It keeps you participating in their game. But when you take your power back by no longer reacting to them, it's game over. Your silence tells the narcissist that you are no longer a willing participant. It tells them that you're not someone that they can play with.   They will say that you're not talking to them. But as long as you stay silent, you're no longer enmeshed in it because you're not feeding into it. And eventually, people will get tired of listening to the narcissist. And the narcissist will see no purpose in talking about you when you're no longer a part of their lives. When you're not even reacting to it, it will give you more time and energy to focus on your life, to focus on the things that you are passionate about, to focus on the things that matter to you. After dealing with the narcissist, you lost a part of who you are.  You used to have a lot of fun. You used to enjoy doing certain things. But you stopped doing that since you got involved with the narcissist.  But now you have time to get back to doing those things again. It may take time for you to heal, but you don't need to rush. You can progress gradually and carefully from one stage to the next. You can give yourself the time that you need to do what you enjoy doing. But first, you must go no contact with the narcissist. It's not enough to just give them the silent treatment. You must do this if you want to move forward in your life by letting go of something that is harmful to you. Thank you for watching. I hope this video resonates with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. If you would like to donate, my PayPal link is in the video description. Coaching Inquiries. You can email me at coaching.narc-survivor.co.uk. Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


Hello, in this video we are going to intersect the green level 3 land cover classes with the subcatchment boundaries, because later we need that for our area calculations. Go to the vector menu, geo-processing tools and choose intersection. As an input layer we choose the Korean 2018, as an overlay layer the catch polygons and we save the result to our geo package. Let's call it Korean catch intersected. Run the tool and you'll see that there's an error, there's an invalid geometry. This is caused by the factorization of the original raster subcatchments. We can easily fix those geometry errors. Go to the processing toolbox and look for fixed geometries. Simply use the layer that causes the problem as an input and save the result in our case in the geo package. Call it catch poly fixed and run this tool. It will create a fixed copy of the original. And now let's do the intersection with the corrected layer. So as an input layer we use the Korean 2018 dissolved layer. For overlayer the fixed catch poly layer and we save the result to the geo package. Also here I use a new name. Go to Korean catch intersected, core. Click run and there's the result. We can simply copy the style from the original Korean layer to this intersected one because the classes don't change, just the boundaries. So in this video you've learned how to intersect the Korean land use classes with the subcatchment boundary line, resulting in a layer of subcatchments with the Korean classes in it.


Hello everyone, welcome back to my channel. So since I've been away on my little booktube break, two major book prizes have announced their 2023 longlist. The women's prize announced their longlist on the 7th of March, and the international booker announced their longlist on the 14th of March. I have thoughts, and so I thought it would be nice today to just sit down and chat to you guys about said thoughts, and also hear about your guys' thoughts. Hopefully are you excited about these lists? Are you going to read any of the books? So I've been following the women's prize for fiction for a lot of years now. It is one of my favourite book prizes. My favourite book prize definitely used to be the booker prize, but that's been a little bit hit or miss over the past couple of years. That's a whole other video. So I was highly anticipating the announcement of this year's women's prize longlist. This year I was actually in a cabin in the snowy Norwegian mountains with my husband and our best friends, and I took a little break from our phone's detox to look at this list. So having let this list sink in a little bit more, having read a little bit more about these books, I have to be honest and say that this list isn't giving me much. I'm honestly quite disappointed by this list, I think. Not only are their books missing from this list, that should have been there in my totally subjective opinion. The books that are on this list are just not really exciting me. The books feel quite box-ticky, quite meh, just what you would expect to see based off of previous lists, if that makes sense. Also, why is there a memoir on this list? Genuine question for anyone who can answer. I do not understand the eligibility surrounding this prize well enough, clearly. Okay, so first we need to address the biggest travesty about this list, which is that this book, Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow by Gabrielle Zevin, is not on the list. This was one of my favorite reads of last year. It is a masterpiece. Basically everybody seems to be in agreement on that. Gabrielle Zevin has honed her craft to an exceptional level at this point, and I'm not only disappointed to not see this on the list, I'm actually kind of shocked. I'm also surprised to not see the new Eleanor Catten on the list. Foster by Claire Keegan, I loved that. Briefly A Delicious Life by Nells Stevens. Fight Night by Miriam Tows. But now let me tell you which books on the list I am happy to see, and that I will be reading, because that may be more helpful. Firstly, The Marriage Portrait by Maggie O'Farrell, set in Florence in the 1500s. Not surprised to see this on the list at all. I am a massive Maggie O'Farrell fan. I will be reading this one really, really soon. Demon Copperhead by Barbara Kingsolver. She has won the women's prize before, I believe. Super excited for this one. It is a modern day retelling of David Copperfield. I've heard nothing but amazing things about this one from booktubers and you guys commenting down below in the comments and friends in real life too. Top of my list. We also have I'm a Fan by Sheena Patel. The premise of a single speaker detailing an unequal and unfaithful relationship feels quite standard, but I've heard nothing but amazing things, so I am intrigued. Stone Blind by Natalie Haynes. This is a retelling of Medusa's story. I still haven't read anything by Natalie Haynes somehow. I will be reading this one at some point. And then the other two that I am vaguely interested in are Podd by Lailene Paul and the Bandit Queens by Perini Shroff. We will see if the reviews come in glowing for these two. So those are my women's prize thoughts. As you can see, I don't have too many. Am I being harsh? Do you guys find this list more exciting than I do? The International Booker, long list though. This list I am excited by. So I've really upped my translated fiction reading over the past couple of years. I love reading translated fiction now. It is delicious. Following a book prize like this is a great way for me to broaden my translated fiction horizons I feel and learn about more publishers and authors and translators. So this list on the whole looks good to me. And there are a couple of books on here that I'm really really happy to see. Firstly, Boulder by Eva Balthasar, translated by Julia Sanchez. This was a highly anticipated release of mine from last year. The amazing publisher and other stories kindly sent me this proof copy. I totally adore this. It is set in Reykjavik and follows two women who are navigating first-time parenthoods. This is exact and raw and stunning. It deserves its spot on this list so much. Delighted to see three books from Fitzcarraldo editions on this list. They are truly the queen of translated fiction. Stillborn by Guadalupe Nettle and translated by Rosalind Harvey is one that I'm particularly excited to read. This also interestingly follows two women as they explore whether or not they want to become parents. A hot topic with millennials right now and one I am super interested in. Thank you Fitzcarraldo editions for this proof copy. I'm very excited. I'm also super excited to read A System So Magnificent It Is Blinding by Amanda Svensson, translated by Nicholas Morley. This follows a set of triplets from Sweden who end up scattered in different countries when some family secret forces them to reunite 25 years later. We also have Paya by Perumul Marugan, translated by Anirudan Vasudevan. This one is set in rural India in the 1980s and follows a newly married couple who are from different castes. Thank you Pushkin Press for sending me this copy. I'm going to be reading this super super soon. There's also Time Shelter by Georgie Gospodinov, translated by Angela Rodel. This explores a new potential Alzheimer's cure that transports the patient back in time when healthy people start seeking the treatment as a way to escape modern life. Honestly, doesn't this list just sound so much more exciting? The books sound so innovative and tasty. Okay, so I think I'm going to leave this here. That is enough book prize chat for today. I really hope you found this video to be interesting or helpful. Please do let me know your thoughts on these lists down below. Are you excited about them? Do you want to read them? Could you not care less? I would love to hear from you. Really looking forward to chatting and of course I will keep you all updated on any of the reading that I do from these lists. Thank you so much for watching everyone. I appreciate you all so much and I'll hopefully see you very soon in another video. Bye.


This Chinese company has done something no other startup has ever done. It's the end of the runway for Virgin Orbit. NASA have unveiled the crew of Artemis 2. It's SpaceX wet-dressing starship again. There's so much coming up this week, you don't want to miss it. This is Tomorrow Space News. Booster 7 is back. Finally, after weeks of waiting, the super-heavy booster is back on the orbital launch mount, getting ready for the orbital flight test. At the time of this recording, SpaceX is already testing this gigantic machine, getting the stainless steel all the way up frosty in the salty Texanere. Ship 26, the flabless, tireless, bare starship, has been spending some time on the Raptor install stand recently, and lo and behold, it's had three RVACs installed. These three vacuum-optimised engines are usually paired with three sea-level-optimised engines, which have a small engine bell. It's older sibling, Ship 24, has been returned to the orbital launch site alongside its ride to space, Booster 7. It's yet to be stacked, but it is settling to know that Ship 24's role was not an April Falls joke. The first humans to fly around the Moon for the first time since 1972 have finally been announced by NASA. They're the crew of Artemis II, with commander Reed Wiseman, pilot Victor Glover, mission specialist Christina Koch, and Canada's Jeremy Hansen all on board. The commander of this historic flight, Wiseman, has already spent six months in space on the International Space Station for the Soyuz mission TMA-13M. Pilot Victor Glover, you may remember from a couple of years back as they were the pilot of SpaceX's Crew-1 mission, the first commercial operational crewed flight in history. Christina Koch is also someone who is very familiar with spaceflight. They spent just under a year in space on the ISS, launching on MS-12 and returning on Soyuz MS-13 landing in the steppes of Kazakhstan. And finally, the Canadian, who's coming along for the ride, representing the Canadian space agency, Jeremy Hansen, that'll be making their first spaceflight on the Artemis II mission. There must be quite something to make your rookie flight on the first human flight to the Moon since 1972. So, yeah, big congratulations to these four people. It's going to be an incredible mission. And personally, I can't wait. Virgin Orbit, the commercial air launch provider who had promised to bring launch services to locations which physically can't launch vertically, has very sadly not been able to secure the funding it needed to keep operating. Because of this, the company is ceasing operations for the foreseeable future and laying off 85% of its staff. This leaves just 100 positions left at the company, a fraction of its former self. Virgin Orbit has made sure to provide a severance package for everyone leaving the company, and they're also setting up a priority hiring system with sister Virgin company Virgin Galactic. Richard Branson has first dibs on the assets of the company, such as the Boeing 747-400 Cosmic Gal, following a $60 million USD investment from the Virgin Group, one of many investments over the past few months, whilst the team has been stuck in Cornwall and stuck in the Start Me Up investigation. Technically, the company does still exist, however at this point it appears as if recovery is near impossible. I don't think we'll ever truly know what was going on at the Civil Aviation Authority and Virgin Orbit in the months leading up to the Start Me Up mission, but there was clearly some kind of big communication misunderstanding. It makes no sense for the team, Cosmic Gal and Launcher One to fly across the Atlantic to Newquay just to sit there twiddling their thumbs for three months, burning cash. Did the CAA get their timeframes wrong? That's all speculation, of course, but it is a fascinating question that, in my opinion, needs to be asked. Of course, Start Me Up was not successful, but the investigation is only taken until now, about three and a half months later. If the mission happened in October or November like the company was expecting and it was still a failure, then there could have been the possibility for at least one more launch out of Mojave to bring in some more revenue. But still, that's just speculation. It'll also be interesting to see what happens with the multiple spaceports that were gearing up for accepting Virgin Orbit around the world, especially Spaceport Cornwall, which already proved it could host a launch. With no Virgin Orbit, the only role it is currently speculated to play is a potential landing site for Sierra Space's Dream Chaser. I will also note that at the time of writing, there's been no official word from Virgin Orbit on their socials or on their website. I mean, you can still inquire about booking a launch so they've really gone radio silent to the outside world. After the failure of their last flight, Astra took the gamble to discontinue Rocket 3 and move on to their next vehicle, Rocket 4. CEO Chris Kemp has said that he's expecting test flights of the new type to commence before the end of the year. Before we get to that point though, we're going to need to see extensive ground-based testing first, such as cryo-proofs and a full-duration static fire. Assuming that these processes go as smoothly as possible and Astra can get launching Rocket 4 as soon as possible, it does beg the question, will their gamble pay off? The whole point of cancelling the Rocket 3 program was to accelerate the development of Rocket 4 and with a successful launch rate of less than 50% with Rocket 3, Astra really need to hit the ground running with Rocket 4 to not raise doubt over the company's abilities. Before cancelling Rocket 3, Astra had already implemented some radical changes never seen before when launching orbital rockets with shrinking mission control down to just four people. With Rocket 4, the company plans to halve this again to just two people in the mission control room. Astra are a nimble aerospace company who have, and I suspect will continue to in future make quick and rapid changes that nobody else has really thought possible. Test Flight Alpha and Test Flight Bravo are the first big milestones to look out for and we should all be wishing Astra success because Rocket 4 could be the first true competitor to Rocket Lab's Electron if the program is scaled up correctly. Of course you have all the other commercial small-sat launch providers coming online but in terms of successful flights, the only real match is Firefly. Yes, they've launched a lot less than Astra have but they have a 50% successful record which is higher than Astra's. Their collaboration with Northrop Grumman, a traditional aerospace company might have the potential to make them less nimble compared to Astra and I think it's going to be very interesting to see how this industry evolves over the next year or so. Earlier in the show I was talking about Starships ever approaching orbital flight test but it's not the only methane powered rocket that's gearing up to be the first to make it into orbit and in fact China's entry into the list could be about to return. Zoukei-2 is the private company and space's methalox field rocket which it flew for the first time back in December from LC-96 at the Shih Kuan Satellite Launch Center. As is typical for orbital rocket flight tests, the vehicle failed to make it that far only reaching about 64% of the required velocity to successfully achieve orbit after the Vernier engine on the second stage which kind of acts as a third stage had its locks pump out a casting broken. This however is another Zoukei-2, the rocket destined to fly the second launch of the type and according to Landspace it's already fully assembled and ready to go. You may have seen this tweet from ULA CEO Tori Bruno earlier in the week informing us that a Centaur 5 that was being tested at the Marshall Space Flight Center experienced an anomaly but don't worry, after some questioning Tori confirmed that what happened with this specific article is very unlikely to impact the second stage currently stacked at SLIC-421. So with Starship currently looking at April and Vulcan looking at May whereabouts do you think Zoukei-2 could fit in the mix? Could the experience of already having a flight under their belt give Landspace the advantage to make it to orbit or will Vulcan's heritage in the Delta and Atlas families give it a better chance of orbit on the first attempt? Let us know your thoughts down in the comments. There was an unscheduled launch from Israel last week that we didn't know about but firstly, thank you to the Citizens of Tomorrow for continuing to support the show offsetting the costs of Station 204 so we can bring out some wonderful content every single week. If you want to see a name on-screen and experience some of the awesome perks these members already get to experience then head on over to join.tmro.tv or the join button below and consider supporting on the ground support level, suborbital level, orbital level, escape velocity level or even if you're that crazy the Tomorrow Model 33 Plaid Pro Plus level. Editing Ryan here as I completely forgot about this that happened which was Soyuz MS-22, the leaky Soyuz as everyone likes to call it nowadays undocked from the Rasvet Ledeer port on the ISS at 0957 UTC on Tuesday. It landed in the Kazakh steppe just under two hours later at 1146 UTC and because of the coolant leak issue it actually reached about 50 degrees inside the spacecraft which would have been completely uncomfortable having three crew members inside so this proves that it was the right call to send up MS-23 early for the three crew members of MS-22 Sogay Prokopyev, Dmitry Potelyan and Francisco Rubio. The first launch of the week is a flight we didn't actually know was happening which is this flight of the Shavik-2 from Israel. Launching at 2310 Universal Time on Tuesday this vehicle was carrying the OFEC-13 Synthetic Aperture Radar Reconnaissance Satellite to a retrograde low Earth orbit. Hopefully that detail answers all of the How did they launch to the east without a note from that side? Questions. Next up with the rarest of the Soyuzes the Boosterless Soyuz 2.1V which launched at 1957 UTC on Wednesday from Site-43-4 at the possessed Cosmodrome in Russia. Inside the payload fairing was a satellite which we're not allowed to know about as is common with government private payloads from all nations around the world. Designated Cosmos 2568 it could be an Inspector satellite but we'll only be able to sort of semi-confirm that if it launches a sub-satellite. A previous suspected Inspector sat launched on a Soyuz 2.1V Cosmos 2542 did exactly that. It's time for another Starlink launch with Group 5 Mission 10 being delivered to an initial 299x339km 43° orbit by Falcon 9 B1077 at 2001 Universal also on Wednesday from Space Launch Complex 40 at the Cape. These 1.5 satellites are helping to flesh out the start of Starlink Gen 2 whilst the B2 Minis are on hold until at least at the moment this month. Over the coming weeks all 56 satellites will be trying to raise them settled up to a final operational orbit which is 530km circular. The Booster supporting this flight as mentioned earlier B1077 successfully concluded its fourth flight on the drone ship. Just read the instructions. Next up are a trio of Chinese launches the first of which was PiSat1 a mission comprised of one satellite and three sub-satellites which launched at 10.50 UTC on Thursday from Launch Complex 9 at the Taiwan Satellite Launch Center. PiSat1 was successfully delivered to a 528km Sunsynchronous orbit. It's also successfully made me very hungry. Friday at 06.27 UTC saw the launch of the Aragon 3404 an optical remote sensing satellite from Site 9401 at the Jiquan Satellite Launch Center. This payload was delivered to a low Earth orbit. Before, has the private startup made it to orbit on their first attempt with a liquid field rocket? Well, at least until now as the private Chinese aerospace company Space Pioneer has launched their Tiang Long 2 vehicle with two satellites on board to a Sunsynchronous orbit. Just like with a lot of American aerospace startups Space Pioneer got a bit of help from their respective government space agency but a maiden flight working perfectly is an accomplishment that should not be underappreciated. Specifically, the engines on the first stage were developed by SASC, the Chinese National Space Agency but the engines on the second and third stages were developed by Space Pioneer. The fact that this vehicle isn't just another amalgamation of existing solid rocket motors also proves that Space Pioneer are actually developing stuff for a nation which traditionally has loved its hypogonic fuels. For the future, it's probably best to be moving away from the spicy orange smoke and having a successful 2-tonne to Leo Keralock's vehicle is great to see. The post-launch reaction photos also show that this success means a lot to the team at Space Pioneer as well. Finally, it's another Vandemfog launch. It's the US Space Force's Space Development Agency's Transport Tranche Zero interoperable mesh network. Try saying that one five times fast. This flight commenced at 1429 universal on Sunday from Slickfall east of the Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. We were treated to a West Coast RTLS as booster 1075 concluded its second mission on landing zone 4. Only a couple launchers are scheduled for this week with iSpace's Hyperbola 1 launching on Wednesday from Juke One and SpaceX launching Intel SAT 40e slash Tempo on a Falcon 9 from the Cape on Friday. It might be the end of the news, but it's not the end of the week and there's a lot more content from tomorrow coming your way. On Wednesday, Dr. Tamfus Gove will be back with another look at what the sun's been up to on Friday. We've got our weekly live show and I'll be back next one day, as always with more news. But for now, thanks for watching and I'll see you next week.