Good morning everyone. Welcome to CSIS and our conference on North Green Human Rights The Road Ahead. My name is Victor Chah. I'm senior advisor and chair here at CSIS and professor at Georgetown University. I will give our co-hosts the Yonsei Center for Human Liberty, the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, and the George W. Bush Institute a chance to welcome you all in a moment. That's Ambassador Lee Jung-hoon, Greg Scarlati and Amanda Schnitzer. But first let me thank you all for bearing the cold and the snow and the unpaved roads and the delayed metro access to join us here this morning. And for those of you who were unable to make it or will make it later in the day we are live streaming the event so it is available on the CSIS website. I know that we have a number of people here from Korea and I should just say that for our Korean audience here as well as those who might be watching on live stream you should know that it snowed here in DC last night and we are notoriously bad at dealing with a few inches of snow. But the schools are closed today in fact the US government is closed today CSIS is even closed today but that's not going to stop us from having this conference and I should just say I know we usually say this at the end of conferences but I just want to acknowledge the building staff here at CSIS. They came in here yesterday on a holiday to get everything set up they actually stayed overnight to make sure that we would all be ready for this morning and so I just wanted to thank them. So to Alice and Carolyn and their team thank you very much Carolyn thanks for everything really do appreciate it. That's Carolyn back there right there. Having said that we are operating with a skeletal staff today so there are still uncertainties like some like whether the food's gonna get here on time things like that but bear with us. There is one change in the program that I wanted to mention to you and the panel in the afternoon on the policy discussion John Sifton from Human Rights Watch will be joining us on that panel. Barbara Demek from the LA Times was unable to get here because of the because of the snow coming from New York. Oh and I'm supposed to mention that there is a CSIS emergency evacuation exits and floor plans route that I'm required to let you all know about that is on your table. Ladies and gentlemen improving the human condition in North Korea is one of the most important yet understudied problems in international relations today. After a great year for the issue for the human rights issue in 2014 we here our co-organizers did not want to see the focus blur in 2015 with talks of visits to Russia inter-Korean dialogue efforts to restart nuclear diplomacy so we sought to bring together what I think you will agree is an incredible group of experts and stakeholders both to look back at the Commission of Inquiry report as well as to look forward in terms of the road ahead on human rights in North Korea. We will begin this morning with opening remarks from the Honorable Kurt Campbell. Kurt Campbell really needs no introduction as the former Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs for the Obama administration. He's the well-known author of the pivot or the rebalance to Asia and rarely has an individual a single individual had such a big impact on US policy US policy to Asia. So Kurt again thanks for braving the snow and joining us this morning and we'll open with some welcoming remarks from you. Thank you Victor and I just want to thank all of you for coming. Victor I think set the scene very well for friends that are watching this from a distance but what you cannot see is that outside there's no one on the street people are tucked in at home but we have a full hall today of people that are committed to this issue and it's a tribute to the work of the Bush Center the work from our institution's sister and brother institutions in Korea and particularly Victor Cha and CSIS I think he was gracious enough to give the group of people that were here last night setting up. I think you also should know that Victor was calling everyone yesterday in the middle of the snow offering to come and shovel do all sorts of things literally and I think this conference would not have taken place without his own personal effort so as we get started rather than waiting to the and let's just thank Victor for the work he and his team have done. Thank you very much. I'm very cognizant of how important this session is and I'd like to talk to you at a personal level if I could about my own personal consciousness raising on this issue now you could say well gee you should know about this already you should be focused on it you should appreciate it but in fact many in the foreign policy community when the issue of North Korea comes up the primary focus is the intricate role it plays within the six-party dynamics what nuance could be applied in terms of nuclear negotiations how can you engage China more effectively to get impact in North Korea what about secret negotiations that take place with the various parties these are the issues that primarily animate the foreign policy and national security community when it comes to North Korea my own personal experience though as I began the Obama administration were a series of interactions that really struck me and it caused me to rethink my own biases my own areas of focus more generally and I will say that the conversations actually began with my friend Bob King who came one day in a very humble way to say look Kurt I'd like to talk to you more about the plight of the people of North Korea as you contemplate the you know the challenges of the diplomatic engagement this is a group of people that do not have a voice they do not have representation on the international stage and unlike almost any place globally in Africa or the Middle East where a whole population is subjected just to unbelievable hardship they do not have the representation or the acknowledgement that they deserve I remember that conversation stuck with me for years when you're in government and you focus on North Korea you invariably look at what might be described as overhead maps right because you're always looking to find a secret facility or some disputed area that we have to discuss and I remember having one of our teams coming over from the intelligence agencies to describe certain facilities in North Korea and I remember stopping at one point and saying what are these large areas what are these areas that scattered around North Korea and I remember our excellent interlocutor said well those are those are prison camps I said well what do you mean by that he said well no there are many of them they're very intricate system very large groups of numbers of people and at that time we were still speculating on the numbers but it was just absolutely striking to me that we had spent so much time focusing on one or two areas that might have been disputed site but not enough time focusing on these vast areas where huge swaths of North Korean humanity were subjected to live. Third conversation if I may say just quickly I were joined here today by a former very senior friend in the South Korean government Kim Tae-ho very close advisor of the president and I remember I was a lowly State Department official he was at the Blue House he preferred to deal with the White House but occasionally he would find a few minutes to deal with someone visiting from another agency. We had a wonderful session in which we talked at a very strategic level about North Korea but then at some point he said you know in both of our countries this issue of the tragedy of the North Korean people has not received enough attention it has not received the focus that it deserves and that as we go forward and we seek to raise the consciousness of our people we need to focus on this issue more and I was very struck by it it was a very powerful a very emotional plea but it was a correct plea and one that is sort of stood with me over a period sense so I just want to give you my own perspective about how to take this issue forward I agree with Victor that I think 2014 was a very powerful year achievements and accomplishments that I think even people that were deeply involved in this matter didn't believe was possible and the key here is now how to build on it going forward now I will say sometimes our best area of support comes from North Korean interlocutors and I think their response yesterday suggests that this is an issue that concerns them it's an issue that they are worried about and I think we need to make clear to the key interlocutors that we deal with in New York or in South Korea or elsewhere that this is an issue that is being watched and that in many places precedents have been set for accountability subsequently and a recognition that people bear responsibility going forward so as you think about this issue today going forward I want you to recognize what I think are several key features of what a successful campaign going forward looks like the first is an issue that I think has already been accomplished and it's extremely important there is no reason that this issue cannot be a bipartisan issue there are many people of conscience that are both Republicans and Democrats in the United States that are animated by this issue and I would be doing everything possible to try to build responsibly that coalition of people who care and understand the significance of this issue going forward second although that's important it's not it's not it's not enough much more needs to be done I think the most important issue is not a bipartisan issue but a tendency sometimes to relegate this issue to a group of people that are not as directly involved in foreign policy national security and I want to make sure that when discussions of the strategic dimensions of Northeast Asia are discussed that this matter is discussed with it that it is not relegated as a human rights issue it is intrinsic to a discussion about Northeast Asian futures that would be the second issue third is a recognition that at its core we on the outside have to be thinking about making every opportunity to make demonstrations of this issue as an important matter in North Korea and so that means when they're meetings that are taking place about strategic matters in North Korea we have a moment of silence or we make sure that people recognize this matter as they sort of discuss the intricacies of the next turn of the screw with respect to North Korean nuclear diplomacy and then I think we also have to recognize ladies and gentlemen ultimately this is about resources now I think South Korean friends have done an admirable job with respect to applying the kinds of resources necessary with respect to education and the like with regard to people who have fled North Korea the United States could do much more in this way we have stepped up very slightly the amount of support that we have given for defectors and those that are seeking educational opportunities in the United States but more could be done there we also have done some minor things with regard to making sure certain information gets into North Korea I think we can be more creative and more innovative about that matter going forward and then I will also say that I am struck there is a lot of discussion about what's going on in China right now with regard to North Korea but my sense is that there is a greater degree of reflection on this matter than ever before now clearly the issue that concerns Chinese friends the most is that North Korea continues to take steps that are antithetical to their national security and foreign policy interests and I think one of the great successes of Asia in recent period is the improving relationship between South Korea and China which I believe most in Asia and clearly the United States believe this is a positive development and I think there is a dawning recognition in China that they have the wrong Korea as a friend and they're rethinking those issues so clearly what is animating China right now are the strategic dimensions but I believe that if presented correctly that there is a human dimension to this that frankly is both inescapable and potentially quite powerful for Chinese friends as we go forward so I just wanted to come today to offer my support to this effort I had the good opportunity working with the Bush and CSIS teams as they got this started last year and what they've accomplished in a very short time with the passion and commitment of President Bush is remarkable and if you see the crowd here today in a city that is basically vacated because of snow it is a recognition that this is an issue whose time has come and it must be part of the foreign policy national security political discourse of Asia going forward and I'm confident with such an able team that that can be accomplished so let's build on our successes of 2014 and let's have a powerful passionate committed discourse on this matter going forward in 2015. Thank you Victor. Thanks so much Kurt now we'll go to a welcoming remarks before we do let me just recognize Ambassador Ahn Ho-young who's joined us this morning Ambassador Ahn so we'll go to opening remarks and we'll start with the Republic of Korea Ambassador for Human Rights Lee Jong-un. Thank you Victor I woke up at 3 o'clock 3 30 this morning jet leg kept looking out the window to see how bad the snow was and also looking for the snow, snow plowers got worried because I didn't see any it just kept that way but and I just heard that the that the government is actually closed the schools are closed even this building CSIS is closed and yet we have a really great turnout kudos to all of us in this business it seems that nothing can hold us back not the snow and not even the North Korean press conferences I don't know if you heard about that yesterday I just want to use this time to very quickly express my deep appreciation to my partners Victor of CSIS Greg HRNK Amanda the Bush Institute and others including Ambassador Ahn Ho-young who will be the host of the dinner banquet very gracious of you who've all come together to make this conference possible I am particularly indebted to Sonia B. Serco who came all the way from Serbia Michael Kirby Australia Marzuki Darusman from Indonesia these are far away and they've come a long way to be a part of this of this event I might also add that the Korean participants and quite a number here have actually given up their Lunar New Year's holiday it's a major Korean national holiday to be here as well so I thank you all so very much a year ago today a UN finding known as the COI report took the world by storm ushering in sea change in how the world views and deals was the unrelenting deprivation of human rights in North Korea today we're here not only to celebrate the one year anniversary of this momentous UN report but also to send a clear message to the Pyongyang regime if you don't relent we won't either our concerted effort represent a beacon of hope for those North Koreans desperately yearning for freedom ladies and gentlemen let's just keep doing what we're doing thank you thank you gentlemen next we'll go to Amanda Schnetzer from the George W. Bush Institute good morning thank you all for being here I won't unless press tell you what the temperatures were in Dallas yesterday but if you need some relief from the winter please come and visit us I for four years have had the privilege of leading the human freedom initiative at the still relatively new George W. Bush Institute in Dallas when President Mrs. Bush left the White House and returned to Texas they dedicated a portion of the Institute's work to helping advance individual freedom and democracy in the world we do that in a variety of ways including in the focus and the attention that we've been giving to the North Korea issue and the human condition in North Korea over the last year our approach is fairly simple to use the unique assets of a former president of the United States and First Lady to try and add value to the important work that all of you in this room are already doing I think it's that human dimension that inspired President Bush to invite the first North Korean escapees to the White House and now we continue to do that in Dallas and I think it's the human dimension that that drives all of us here today I want to quote briefly from the words of one still relatively recent North Korean escapee who put it this way North Korean exiles our living testament that there does exist a difference between freedom and tyranny their stories are not merely a vehicle to evoke pity they cry for justice on behalf of all of those who have died without a voice their insistent voices are the triumph of humanity having survived a brutal struggle with a desperate on this anniversary of the groundbreaking Commission of inquiry report we remember the brave men and women who have escaped and now give witness to the truth we also remember those North Koreans who remain trapped behind the iron curtain in Pyongyang in the name in their name we gather today to begin to map that road ahead and on behalf of the Bush Institute let me just extend my thanks to our our friends and partners here at CSIS at the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea and at the Yonsei Center for Human Liberty it's really been a privilege and to be a part of the opportunity to present this today and we thank you and thank you for your time today and then we have Greg Scarlatti from the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Distinguished participants it is a great honor to be joining this morning former Governor Kim Moon-Soo Ambassador Ahn Ho-Yong Ambassador Lee Jong-Hun Ambassador Kurt Campbell Ambassador Robert King Special Rapporteur Marzuki Darusman and former Commissioner Sonia Bezerko and Michael Kirby. I would like to thank all of you for braving the elements and joining us today with the federal government closed due to the snowstorm CSIS may be the only organization that is open for business in DC today. It is also an honor to recognize two of our board members for here this morning. Mr. Robert Cohen is co-chair of the board and Mr. Jack David is a member of the board of directors at HRNK. Later today Carl Gershman President of the National Endowment for Democracy and HRNK board member will be giving keynote remarks. It is a great pleasure to see good and trusted friends and partners such as Feliz Gehr and Kristen Broker of the Jacob Blauchstein Institute and so many others who have joined us this morning. It will be a great pleasure to be seeing John Sifton and his colleagues from Human Rights Watch later today. On behalf of HRNK's board members and staff I wish to thank Victor Cha at CSIS and the South Korean Human Rights Ambassador Ambassador Lee Jong-Hun and the Human Liberties Center at the University's Graduate School of International Studies and also Amanda Schnetzer at the George W. Bush Institute for their efforts and dedication. Partnering with all of them has been a true honor and a privilege. I am also grateful for the good and hard work that HRNK staff and interns have invested for the past few months to prepare today's conference. As the only U.S. based bipartisan human rights organization tasked exclusively to research and publish on the North Korean human rights situation, HRNK has faced numerous challenges since its establishment 13 years ago. Perhaps the greatest of these challenges has been human rights being the perennial underdog, always outcompeted by North Korea's nuclear weapons, long-range ballistic missiles, asymmetric military provocations and somehow misguided former athletes in search of a long lost sense of purpose. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges we faced was the perception that North Korea was a remnant, a relic of the Cold War, a bizarre regime that had somehow managed to survive former allied despotic regimes in Eastern Europe by a quarter century, accomplishing two hereditary transmissions of power in the process from grandfather Kim Il-sung to son Kim Jong-il and to grandson Kim Jong-un. The 400-page UNCOI report has changed that perception dramatically based on its thorough investigation and based on interviews with over 300 North Korean witnesses. Due to the work of the UNCOI and the commissioners we now know that the systematic widespread and grave violations of human rights in North Korea have entailed in many instances crimes against humanity based on state policies. Building on the work of the UNCOI and the reports report published exactly a year ago the UN Human Rights Council in the spring of last year and the UN General Assembly in the fall came up with past strong resolutions on North Korean human rights including strong language on crimes against humanity and accountability and as we all know in December human rights was finally included in the agenda of the UN Security Council. It is a true honor to be part of this historic conference today we're here to commemorate the UNCOI report and also to map the road ahead as representatives of human rights NGOs UN agencies authors and witnesses gather here today we will remember that the findings and recommendations of the UNCOI in addition to seeking ways to protect countless victims and call their tormentors to account these findings and recommendations also provide a roadmap to positive change and reform in North Korea to bringing that country into the 21st century community of nations thank you very much thank you ever if I'm I don't mean to be rude but can I have that have had us clear the stage so that we can have our keynote speech by a commissioner deruseman ladies and gentlemen as ambassador Lee said people have come from very far to join us and marsuki deruseman is one of those people coming all the way from Indonesia as many of you know he is the united nation's special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the dprk it's been in this role since 2010 of august he's also a member of the independent group of eminent persons for Sri Lanka he was appointed as a member of the UN Commission of Inquiry and Human Rights in North Korea in 2013 he has been a member of the indonesia house of representatives for 20 years he's a law graduate from catholic university of pariyangan bandung indonesia and received an honorary doctorate in law from the same university he is our keynote speaker for today we want to thank you commissioner deruseman for joining us coming a long way the floor is yours thank you thank you uh professor char and uh may i start by seeing how great it is to be back in moshington after a while uh i'm not quite referring to the weather of course uh but uh it's really encouraging that uh we are now moving from the broad way forward to the more focused road ahead professor char ambassador uh good Campbell ambassador lee director ambassador schnitzer and executive director gregg's scullity ambassador an ambassador king honorable kimon su and uh last but the least uh justice kerby my colleagues and uh with sonia beserco i'm now tasked to read out a a u n document which is goes by word of a keynote speech it is uh a standard format uh but much less than a ten thousand nine hundred seventy two words that is uh required for a for a report uh excellencies distinguished participants ladies and gentlemen let me begin by thanking the center for strategic and international studies the george w bush institute the committee for human rights in north korea and the yonsei center for human rights human liberty sorry for hosting today's international conference on north korean human rights the road ahead it is a genuine pleasure for me to take part in this important event which marks the one year anniversary of the launch of the report of this commission of inquiry on the situation in the democratic people's republic of korea dpr k this conference represents a great opportunity to take stock of what has since been achieved by the international community on addressing the human rights situation in the dpr k and what lies ahead of us in the coming months and years in the period of our common cause on 17th of february 2014 the commission of inquiry on human rights in the dpr k of which i was a member launched its report and submitted it to the human rights council in geneva the commission mandated by the highest intergovernmental body within the united nation system responsible for human rights documented and concluded that a number of long-standing and ongoing patterns of systematic and widespread violations in the dpr k met the high threshold required for crimes crimes against humanity in international law in march the human rights council adopted resolution 25 through 25 on the situation of human rights in the dpr k calling upon all parties concerned including united nation's bodies to consider the implementation of the recommendations made by the made by the commission of inquiry in its report no member state speaking at the human rights council with the exception of the dpr k denied that the dire human rights situation had to be addressed in may the dpr k participated in its second cycle of the universal periodic review upr accepting few months later 113 recommendations out of 268 made and also updating its position on a number of recommendations from the previous review most of the recommendations accepted pertain to the fulfillment of economic and social rights rights to food water and sanitation health and education and the rights of vulnerable groups women children and people with disabilities in october of last year for the first time since the establishment of my mandate in 2004 and at my request i met a delegation of senior dpr k officials in the margins of the 69th session of the general assembly in new york they had invited me to undertake a full-fledged country visit in the near future and under some conditions which was subsequently not met indeed in december the general assembly adopted with an overwhelming majority a landmark resolution on the situation of human rights in the dpr k paving the way for consideration of the situation in the dpr k by the security council including a possible referral of the situation to the international criminal court this is indeed the single most important way the international community could signal its determination and resolve to pursue this issue at the level it belongs in international criminal law and thereby sustain further pressure for accountability and change later in december the security council met to discuss such the situation with considerable focus on the issue of abductions while no specific outcome was intended at this stage the situation in the dpr k is now firmly placed on the council's agenda 2014 has therefore been a critically important year for the international community's collective engagement on human rights in the dpr k and our efforts to bring relief and justice to its long suffering people no doubt these promising developments were triggered by the intensive focus that has been brought to bear by the commission of inquiry fundamentally these were made possible thanks to the sustained efforts over the years by the republic of korea japan the united states and other member states but also the civil society as a whole to make the international community aware of the grave human rights violations committed by the government of the dpr k hence we presently stand at a key juncture where we have reasons to be optimistic however we need to remain cautious as the situation requires a long-term perspective with continuous efforts from all of us in march 2015 the human rights council will consider the adoption of a new resolution on the human rights situation in the dpr k this will be another opportunity for the international community to express its dismay about the situation and reiterate its resolve to put an end to the ongoing violations in the dpr k and bring the perpetrators to justice in the context of this forthcoming council session as recommended by the commission of inquiry i will present the main elements of a multi-track strategy aimed at solving the issue of international abductions and enforced disappearances committed by the government of the dpr k i hope to be able to count on the support of all stakeholders in the region and beyond in the implementation of this strategy more generally i want to take this opportunity to stress the key role civil society actors should continue playing in seeking truth and justice for the human rights violations committed by the dpr k they should actively join forces in a common effort both domestically and internationally to decisively bring closure to the ongoing tragedy in this regard governments should seek to empower such actors and amplify their voice in all fora in fact civil society organizations are always critical players that governments should consistently endeavor to involve in confronting human rights challenges excellencies ladies and gentlemen let me point out that the united nation system as a whole also has a key role to play in the elevating the plight of the people of the dpr k i wish to reiterate my hope that all parts of the united nation system will rise to the challenge to work and deliver in a coordinated and unified manner a rights up front approach in this context i look forward to collaborating with the future oh ch r field-based structure in so republican courier tasked by the human rights council with following up with the work of the commission of inquiry this office will start operating as of next month and during my recent visits to republic of korea and japan i was pleased that all interlocutors with whom i met expressed their readiness to collaborate with this office it is crucial that all stakeholders support its future important work in this anniversary year there will be a renewed focus on the prospects for reunification of the two koreas into one single nation i welcome the recent announcements made by the leaders of the republic of korea and dpr k to hold into korean dialogue to discuss issues of mutual interest this is an encouraging development as dialogue between between both countries of utmost importance to allow people of both koreas to relate to each other in a positive manner in particular i hope meaningful talks will resume on the issue of separated families in the interest of those families in this connection one important recommendation of the commission of inquiry which merits greater attention in my opinion relates to the possible organization of a high-level political conference involving the united nations and the states there were parties to the korean war with a view to reaching a final peaceful settlement of the war that commits all parties to the principles of the charter of the united nations including respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms the experience of the international community in this context has been that an eventual resolution of a protracted conflict that leads to reconciliation can diminish the importance of accountability in the interest of peace and stability as we seek to move forward on the accountability track let us be alert to this and endeavor to continue to ensure that the issue of accountability is appropriately addressed and the groundwork is laid for the transitional justice process that will be needed in this context it is imperative to involve a broad based constituency of stakeholders including civil society organizations in this endeavor to conclude it is more than ever essential at this key juncture that we redouble our efforts to affect meaningful changes in the DPRK in addressing the grave human rights situation in that country we owe it to all the victims and the relatives who have endured enough suffering and for the people of both careers in their hopes for a peaceful future i thank you for your attention and wish you a fruitful discussion today thank you thank you commissioner derusement so uh we will actually move right to our first substantive panel we want to thank um commissioner derusement for a fantastic set of opening remarks really has sort of laid the groundwork for our discussion today so if i could ask our panelists for the first panel to join us on the stage


Alright, let's try something a little different here. Let's flip through Volume 25 of Nintendo Power from June 1991, featuring Battletoads for NES on the cover. Real quick, I want to thank Kevin for coming up with the awesome idea for the title of this series, Drunk with Nintendo Power, and a big thank you to Andrew for the help with how to film this stuff. Please forgive how aggressively amateurish this production is, I'm not the greatest when it comes to filming stuff, obviously. But hopefully this will still be a worthwhile video. So yeah, Battletoads is on the cover, but that's not why I picked this issue first to review, I'll get to that in a little bit. First let's just go over the regular features that are in every Nintendo Power episode, like the reader mail. This issue in particular features a dude that owns 16 cats that watch him play Nintendo. Okay then. You have to skip ahead a bit to get to the next regular feature, which is the pullout poster. This month's Super Spy Hunter, which later gets featured in the Now Playing section here, giving it a 3.6 rating out of 5. Also now playing is an RPG I've never heard of called Feria, which Nintendo Power diplomatically describes as generic as hell, saying that if you're a role-playing fan it's worth checking out. Next we have my favorite section from when I was a kid, classified information, which details all sorts of codes and tricks for an assortment of games. Here we have a couple for Powerblade, one unlocks a sound test, the other tells of the fastest way to get to a power suit, and a powered up Nova. There's a really cool section here that describes how to design your own passwords for Mega Man 3 so you can customize them to a certain extent to include what robot weapons you want to start the game with, or how many energy tanks you want to start with. There's also stuff on Chase HQ, Abadox, and even a classic section with Mario 3 DuckTales and Double Dragon that shows off older codes like how to find the warp whistles in case you missed it in a previous issue. This month's contest is winning your own golf cart and two sets of golf clubs to promote the game NES Open, wonder if that thing still runs today. Here's the NES achievers section which has readers send in their best scores or if they simply finish the game. This is a good gauge of what games are popular at the time. Mega Man 3, yes. The Immortal, not so much. There's the Counselor's Corner which provides answers to some cryptic nonsense in certain NES games like Robocop 2, Dragon Warrior 2, and Bart vs the Space Mutants. Answered by these dudes, in particular this guy who scored 84 points with one team in NES play action football, why would you want to play that game for that long? We have the top 30 games list which features Ninja Turtles 2, the arcade game at the number one spot. It's always interesting to see which games make this list, stuff like Legend of Zelda and Mario 2 are still hanging on, while even stuff that developed a cult following like Ultima the Quest of the Avatar finds a place here. There's a celebrity profile with Joe Izuzu, the guy from the Izuzu commercials who also appeared in just about every 80's sitcom you can think of and he talks about playing video games. It's about as exciting as it sounds. The Pac-Watch Future Games preview features Bill and Ted, Over Horizon, The Little Mermaid, Legends of the Diamond, High Speed, Rockin' Cats, and Pirates. And over in the rumors section here it says to expect a Railroad Tycoon game for the upcoming SNES as well as a Hudson Hawk game. Huh, neither ended up happening. Anyway the main feature in this issue is a 36 page feature on Battletoads featuring full maps of every stage including a goofy comic that expands on the story. The Turbo Tunnel map is something else. It's cool to see how long that level really is and it tells you where to jump and when to move so it allows you to memorize the sequence without having to play it and die over and over again so that's pretty cool. This issue also features NES Open Tournament Golf, Daydream and Davey which you may remember from an Angry Video Game Nerd episode, and a big Game Boy feature which talks about games like Hunt for Red October, Fortified Zone, and Super RC Proan. The NES Open Tournament feature is really nice because it details all the yardage each club can get and there's maps of every hole while Fortified Zone is something I never heard of that looks like a pretty good game or at least a decent top-down action style game akin to something like Commando. Alright, let's finally get to the real reason I chose this issue to look at. It's the first look at the Super Nintendo prior to its US release. It gives you the specific hardware specs and brags about the audio chip providing CD quality sound? Yeah, I don't know about that. They talk a little bit about the design change from the Super Famicom to the SNES with designer Lance Barr saying that there aren't really any expectations of what a home console should look like, just that it shouldn't look like a toy. Eh, this looks a lot more like a toy than this does in my opinion. But yeah, take a look at some of the SNES design prototypes here and that's pretty cool. One reason they chose the design they did was to prevent people from putting drinks on the surface of the console saying that drink spills were one of the most common repair issues that people had to deal with for the NES. That's also why the ventilator grill is on the back of the SNES instead of the top. They also designed the bottom so it can be stacked with potential peripherals like a CD-ROM attachment that never ended up happening. We also get the SNES's resolution of 512 by 448 pixels, the use of 32,768 colors, transparent color layering, scaling, and sprite work. It doesn't really give any extra insight on each of these things. It just explains very dryly which each of them actually are, why they're important, and why they're better than the NES. This feature does make sure, however, to point out the importance of sound in a video game, saying that video game sound has lagged behind the graphics from the start, which is a fairly good point. It kinda goes overboard here, though, talking about how they're going to be able to use real voices for cutscenes. Yeah, not exactly. Still, it's clear that they were placing a big priority on sound from day one. As far as the SNES controller goes, one complaint about the Super Famicom controller was that the four face buttons all felt the same to your thumb. So to remedy this, they gave the Y and X button an indentation so those buttons felt different just by touch alone, and which modern consoles still did this with their controllers. Finally, we've got screenshots of upcoming games like Actraiser, Pilotwings, and Final Fight. So yeah, that's about it. Thanks for taking the time to watch through this little experiment of mine, and I hope you have a good rest of your day.


I just wanted to do a quick tutorial on how to apply a texture to one particular face of an object in Blender. It seems like there's been some changes in how they do texturing. And so when I was researching this, it was hard to find the proper way to do this because some of the old methods are no longer relevant. So if I were to go into this object, and let's make sure viewport shading is on, and I've selected just this top face here, and I've got this like spiral texture that I want to apply to that face. So if I were to go into the materials right now, I've got this material, and I choose in here under base color, I can choose image texture if I click that little circle, and I can then open my texture here, but you can see it's applied it to the entire object even though I've got that face selected. And that's because I only have one material. What you need is multiple materials. And so I'll just take this default material here, okay, so just so we can remember which is which. Let's call this spiral, call this base. And we'll just apply base to the main cube. And then to our face here, we'll add a slot, spiral, we'll assign it. Now it's on the face here, but it's not sized the way I wanted to, I want the whole image to show up on this face, and it's kind of distributing it across the cube. So in order to make that happen, we want to go to UV Unwrap Faces, Unwrap. And now if I click assign, I've got the whole image there on my cube.


Okay, it's a full hour at my location, so I think we can start. Welcome to the Functional Group Update for the building. I don't really want to use Yob's terms, like everything is amazing, everything is awesome, but I'm really excited to present some of our built OKRs, and I want to like guide you to what we are doing right now and what we will be doing with our OKRs, and trust me, you're in a really good position to take a really great ride with us. So, let's get started. Our first OKR for the quarter that just started is deliver PGHA in omnibus and Terraform to enable HA. So, basically, we want to finally get rid of the task that Ian has been working on for months and months where the target has been moved multiple times, and just as we were reaching out to finish everything, we started everything from scratch, but I already announced some things that we did ship, like PGBouncer, which landed in 9.2, but I think crucial intersection for us was when we realized that we had a lot of things overlapping with the production team. Our database on gitlab.com is running, which is fine, but we wanted to run with the package and with the support from the package, and while the production team was thinking about how they can actually rebuild the current situation, we realized, hey, why not just work together on this? And this sped us up unbelievably. We got to test the new library that we are going to ship as part of our PGHA solution. We got to test it on staging with Ian and Jason. They had first successful runs there. They also tried some automated failovers in there with the custom package, which is, again, quite brilliant. And to make sure that we have a situation where we could ship this or test this in production, we shipped RepMGR, which is that library that we'll be shipping. To everyone as part of PGHA, we shipped it in 9.3 without user-facing configuration, which meant that we can just place things all over the file system if necessary and run our things manually without introducing anything to the end user. So that actually also allowed us to do some other manual tests on staging with the configuration that is going to be shipped to the users. And I'm extremely excited to say that we have a merge request that is currently working progress, but which will land in 9.4 and we will be able to in 9.4 say to our customers, you have PGHA out of the package. You'll have to do some manual failovers. If you need to do a failover, you'll have to do a manual one, not automatic just yet, but this allowed us to at least also write the documentation on how you can actually do it. And we will be introducing that on gitlab.com. So amazing work by Ian and Jason, like big times up. Because we kind of cheated when we were writing our OKRs, we decided let's, because we are going to ship PGHA and we are going to reach our OKR basically within couple of weeks from defining it. Let's move on and finish the rest and do the complete PGHA, sorry, HA solution out of the package. We are going to work on creating configuration, easier configuration for everyone for the gitlab application itself. So you wouldn't have to configure too many things. We'll try to configure as many things as possible for you. And for that, we are going to address some of the technical debt issues that we've been having and we are going to make sure that the role-based configuration is, yeah, I wrote here first class citizens, I guess I was a bit inspired, but it's going to be on par with the rest of our configuration. As part of this work also, we decided we are not going to complicate things a lot by introducing licensing for HA. There is this huge discussion that you can actually read in the issue I linked there. So we are instead of trying to ask our users to complicate their setup and introduce a license which can create a chicken and egg situation, we are going to focus on getting this into a gitlab UI, which will give the users a place where they can actually check what kind of license they need. And hopefully ultimately somewhere down the road, maybe even some monitoring to Prometheus. So that license can actually just be added in one place and that is from the interface of our admin UI. Further on, second build OKR, deliver service specific Docker images and Helm charts usable for gitlab.com. When we were writing this OKR, we noticed that production has a very similar one which stated something to the extent of use Helm charts on gitlab.com. For anyone who ever peaked into our infrastructure, they would probably be able to tell you how difficult the task is to go from a current situation to running kubernetes on gitlab.com. So we decided, again, why not work together? So we are actually working together where we are starting with the container registry. The idea is very simple. We are going to try and improve the current situation where we are going to split all of the services onto separate nodes by using our omnibus package. So get into a state where we can, with certainty, say the application is working correctly with the current situation that we have. We have staging that is actually working progress when it comes to registry. And yesterday or today I'm not really sure which day it is anymore. We actually have registry completely separate running on staging, which means that the gitlab application is running without registry on the same node, which is the current case for gitlab.com. That also allows us to, when we are confident and when we introduce this on gitlab.com, we can go back and rewrite this into a separate chart, so that we could then test in staging again and just switch out the services when we are ready for production. That would also allow the built-in to take our time and make sure that we have charts that are foolproof, that are production tested before we even release it to our users. Another OKR of ours is Simplifying HTTPS Configuration. It says in OmniBus and Helm, for Rails app, container registry and pages, consider Let's Encrypt. In Helm, we are already using Let's Encrypt. The current charts that we have are already using Let's Encrypt. They have several limitations and those limitations are basically everything that is stated in the issue I linked, which says support in OmniBus, gitlab is highly requested. Obviously, our community is highly excited about this feature. Anyone who knows me knows that I'm not at all because I think Let's Encrypt is not production ready, but during our installation call that the SIDS did two weeks ago, we got to a point where I saw that we have a very good opening to improve the situation for everyone using the package without actually getting to a point where we are going to have problems with Let's Encrypt. So we are going to work on defining the pre-flight checklist, meaning we are going to make sure that everything that we do need from the user is fully operational. And only if we have that satisfied, we will go further with Let's Encrypt certificate requests. So ultimately, we turn things around. Instead of saying, let's build Let's Encrypt, we are going to build everything before that to make sure that Let's Encrypt is working in 99% of the cases or as many cases as possible, obviously. The work on this hasn't started yet because we are lacking resources at the moment, but Q3 just started, so it's gonna be easy to do like this. There are a couple of other things that I'm really excited about that we shipped. I mentioned in our previous functional group updates that we did a lot of improvements when it comes to checking the licenses that we shipped. And we did more of them, where we now have a white list, the black list of software, we have white lists and black lists of licenses, and our builds actually fail if we detect a license that we did not check. So if you put something, if you put a Ruby gem in GitLab CE or EE that has a license that is not authorized by us, the package build will fail. And then we are going to come and hunt you down and find out why did you do that without checking the license and improve the process further, right? Obviously. This also helped us when we were discussing things with our licensing lawyer because we were able to present everything that we already have and which is usually not the case for us. We usually have to build something before someone, after someone asks us to deliver something to them. So I'm really excited about that. We're also working on making sure that the installation process is great. Joshua has been collecting the issues and fixing a lot of them. So great work by Joshua there. And we decided to also make sure that our installation documentation inside of Omnibus GitLab is good. Our documentation grew with the things that we added like additional services and so on, but we did not update the general documentation to make sure that the user who for the first time encounters the repository can find the things easier. And two other things that I listed here. QA is part of the triggered package build and new release process. I'm going to go into a bit of detail for each of them. Previously, we announced that you can build your own package and your Docker image. We now are working on expanding this where you will be able to trigger a package and image build and have that same build run a few full QA tests, which I think is going to be a game changer for our development. The improvements that we are going to introduce after this gets merged is we are going to work towards infrastructure that will allow us to get the build times of the packages, Docker images and the QA down. Right now, this whole pipeline takes two hours, which is not that bad, but it's definitely not good. So if you have a one hour run of your feature tests, one hour more for everything else, I wouldn't say it's too bad, but we can definitely improve it. And when we get to a point where we can reliably say this pipeline is going to take the same amount of time as the test pipelines that we have for our GitLab C and E, we are no longer going to offer you that luxury of not testing your package. We are going to enable this by default for everyone and we are going to leverage our multi-project pipelines to get you that feedback right there in your merge request. So if the QA fails somewhere because of a change that wasn't properly introduced into QA or because you broke something, your merge request is going to fail. Amazing work by Djegos, Remy and Baloo there. I cannot wait to see this in reality. This is just going to be amazing. And to finish off on an even higher high, with 9.4, we are introducing a completely different package release process. Our release process was built long time ago before we had the procedures in place and I think it got started when we were starting the screen sessions to build every single package. We outgrew that. It's obvious we have community, we have customers who are asking us, hey, I see a package out and it already installed on my server. So I don't see a blog post is the release out. What's happening? And at that moment, we are still trying to deploy this on github.com. That is definitely not good. So what we ended up doing is we separated, built from upload to a temporary location and then introduced a manual action, at least for now a manual action for our release managers, which will not have to panic anymore when the packages are built. They will be able to deploy on staging, deploy on Canary, deploy on production from a private repository that is not going to be world accessible yet. And once they are confident and once we are confident that we have a package that is working correctly, that we don't have any major regressions, release manager is going to use our CI and they are going to press that play button for each and every package and that package is going to be released to public. Not only package, this is going to be the same for Docker image and for our Raspberry Pi builds. So I think this is going to be a game changer for us, for our release process and one of the first big improvements that are going to happen for the release. I think that's about it. I managed to compose this at 17 minutes but my practice runs were 15. We'll be better next time. So let me take a look if there are any questions. Awesome, yeah, everything is awesome. I don't think I had a functional group update where I didn't present any lowlights. We obviously have them but I'm not going to present them because this is just so exciting. Awesome, if you don't have any questions, have a great rest of the day and talk to you at the meeting. Bye.


What is a star seed? Better yet, who is a star seed? If you trace the origins of human lineage, you end up with a plethora of questions. For example, if we were to believe the Bible's origins of mankind and assume that we came from Adam and Eve, then that assumption wouldn't explain the genetic differences in our population. Continuing with the Bible's story, we are led to believe that Noah and his family were the only survivors of the Great Flood, which means we are allegedly all descendants of Noah and his family. Are we to assume that Noah brought aboard two of every ethnicity as well? That's highly unlikely. Zechariah Sitchin believes our DNA was genetically manipulated, which remains a possibility, but why would the Anunnaki create various ethnicities instead of one slave race? That leads us to another more feasible possibility. We were seeded here from various star nations. In this premise, genetic and ethnic diversity is explained. It also covers the differences in our blood types, such as RH-negative, RH-positive, A, B, AB, and O blood types. Perhaps some star nations have people with predominantly red hair and freckles, while others have dark-skinned inhabitants. Maybe some, such as the Pleiadians, have blonde hair and blue eyes. It's also possible that Sitchin's premise is correct, while other star nations also seeded the planet with their genetic offspring. Perhaps we would look at ourselves differently if we saw a planet inhabited by various star nations, versus segregating ourselves from one another through patriotism, nationality, and prejudice. Is it possible that our planet is one gigantic galactic experiment to see how various star nations would get along with one another?


Well, good morning and welcome to Morning Prayer, 8 a.m. here at the Radiant City Center. Thank you for joining us online and all of you are here in the room. We're gonna go right from the start, just high praise, lift in our eyes and our voices to the Lord so you can open up to Psalm 121. Psalm 121. This is the word of the Lord. It says, I lift up my eyes to the hills. From where does my help come from? My help comes from the Lord who made heaven and earth. He will not let your foot be moved. He who keeps you will not slumber. Behold, he who keeps Israel will neither slumber nor sleep. The Lord is your keeper. Say that again, the Lord is your keeper. The Lord is your shade on your right hand. The sun shall not strike you by day nor the moon by night. The Lord will keep you from all evil. He will keep your life. He will keep your going out and your coming in in from this time forth and forevermore. This morning, I just really feel like the need for us to really do what the Psalmist says, to really lift our eyes and let it build confidence as we think about who our God is. So we're gonna start right from the beginning. If you're in a room, even right now, drop your Bible, lift both hands, lift both hands. I know Pastor Bucky's like, I just have my Bible. Lift both hands, lift both hands.  Like literally lift your head physically. And I want you to even just smile when you think about the help that you have, the keeper that you have, the God that you have, the father that you have, that our confidence being the one that we're praying to before we're confident in what we're saying. That's what makes prayer work because he is awesome because he doesn't sleep because he doesn't slumber. So God right now we do lift up our eyes. We lift our eyes only to you. We don't look inward. We don't look beside us. We don't look behind us. We look up.  We say that you are our help. God, you are our help. God, you are our help. You are our keeper. God, you are our strength. Father, you are our shield. God, you are our song. God, you are our answer prayer. And we want more of you. Before we ask you for anything, we say, God, we want you. We want more of you. We want to bring joy to your heart. We want to bring glory to your name. So God, with our hands lifted high and our head lifted high, God, we do it as an act of saying, we're not living for the things of this world, for the concerns of this world. God, you're beyond our schedules. God, you're beyond our job descriptions. God, you're beyond our to-do lists. We start with you first. We put you first.  Blessed be the name of the Lord. Would you say that? Blessed be the name of the Lord. God, you are worthy of our praise and our adoration and our love and our time and our attention. God, we say right now, we're glad to be here. God, we say right now, God, that we would rather be nowhere else than right here in your presence among our brothers and sisters lifted you high. God, we get to be here.  Thank you for being our help. Thank you for being our strength. Thank you for being our Father. We love you. We sing to you. We worship you in Jesus' name. Blessed worship. Praise, O servants of the Lord. Praise the name of the Lord. Blessed be the name of the Lord from this time forth and forevermore, from the rising of the sun to its setting, the name of the Lord is to be praised. At this moment, I want you to really think about reasons and we have thousands, thousands upon thousands of reasons to bless and to praise him. I want you to think about that and as the musicians play, I want it to just begin to swell and build up and build up and I want praise to erupt. I invite you and I invite us all to have praise erupt from our mouths so whatever it means for you to bless him and to praise him at this moment, in this prayer meeting, that's what I want you to do.  Yes, God, bless and be the name of the Lord. Bless and be the name of the Lord.  Begin to stir yourselves up begin to pray, begin to pray in the spirit.  Press in, press in, stir yourself up.  Come on, begin to lift your voices. Begin to sing your own song. Begin to lift up a shout of praise. The God who fills us. The God who is with us. The God who is for us. Bless to be the name of the Lord. Come on, bless to be the name of the Lord. I just want to personalize that prayer that Josh is singing for a moment. It helps you engage with it, put your hand over your heart. I just want to take maybe a minute, ask this question to the Lord and just say, Lord, in what way do you need me to prepare my own heart for what you have for me right now? And we're just gonna wait for a minute as the music plays. It's Josh who's been singing this, prepare the way of the Lord. Let's just take a moment and say, Lord, where is my heart unprepared and how can I prepare my heart for what you want to speak to me and what you want to do in me in this moment? Let's just sing this chorus to the Lord. If there is something you need to repent of or bring before the Lord, just bring it as you sing this chorus together. I'm of intercession, just encourage you. 25 minutes, I just think of when I do a 30 minute workout on the Peloton, you step on that puppy and you're like, all right, I see the time and I'm kind of making this conscious decision, like, okay, I'm gonna give it my all for this 25, 30 minute period and so just wanna invite you and we're gonna pray for unity in the church. I wanna pray for the city, Kalamazoo, if you're watching online, pray for the city where you are, but then lead in so kind of the time of praying for a rise shine as well and so I'm gonna pray out of Ephesians four, wanna invite you to join with me as we pray. If anybody in the room has a strong prophetic word or leading or has a burden they want to pray, as always, I wanna invite you to come up, pass your tins up in the front row, share the word with him and then he can deny you so I'm just kidding, you can be embarrassed in front of everybody, it'll be great, no, I'm just kidding, Ephesians four, verse one, I therefore the prisoner of the Lord deceits you to walk worthy of the calling with which you are called that all lowliness and gentleness but long suffering bearing with one another in love enduring to keep the unity of the spirit and the bond of peace cause there's one body, one spirit just as you were called in one hope of your calling one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all who is above all and through all and so Lord, we pray for the church in Kalamazoo Lord we ask for this city Lord for our church we ask for radiant church and for the church of this city which is how you see Kalamazoo Lord we start by praising your oneness even though you are father, son and spirit even though you are a triune God like you are one you are unified within yourself and in you there is no shadow there is no darkness, there is no confusion there is no division what an incredible honor to be able to be joined to you and to be joined to your oneness with yourself God that you are one and there is no confusion and division within you it's just light, it's just love there's no division, it's just peace it's just hope and so Lord we just thank you for and praise you for who you are, that you are the example Jesus you came to the earth not only to die for our sins and be resurrected and raised so that we could be raised but you came as an example of what it meant to live in unity with the father and unity with one another and so Lord we just pray for this city Lord Kalamazoo God and we just ask for an incredible move of unity in this city God I just ask Lord that same unity that happened in the second grade awakening Lord where there were the five churches that were downtown came together and they prayed together they set aside their denominations they set aside their divisions and they came together and prayed Lord and the result was in a couple months 500 people were saved because your presence came because your scripture promises wherever the brethren dwell in unity that's the place the location of your commanded blessing like oil down the beard of air and Lord like dew down Mount Hermit and Lord we just ask in this city Lord we thank you for just different ways this is happening Lord just prayer in the park last year where we saw so many churches gathered together to take a stand and pray for life Lord we thank you for the different prayer meetings that are happening between the groups Lord there's some of the worship leader gatherings and God we just ask in this city Lord help us bear with one another in all loneliness and gentleness and long suffering but we want to bury with each other in love we don't want petty divisions or we don't want just little belittling comments between the churches but God we wanna love and care for the entire body and so just ask for the church in Kalamazoo Lord would you release unity to us in the name of Jesus then your heart as you sing this just even declare it over your own self I'm not gonna choose envy or jealousy no entitlement we wanna walk in perfect love in the name of Jesus entitlement, go in the name of Jesus in the name of Jesus it talks about a demonic strategy to wear out the saints and when you're worn down when you're worn out you're not carrying the glory of God and it's the glory of God that makes us one and in John 17 Jesus prays Father fill them with glory that they'll be one as we are one so I wanna just lean in and pray against what I believe is a demonic strategy over the city so if you're gonna stretch your hands out with me just different directions around the room and let's intercede with faith and come against an assignment from the enemy to wear out the saints of God Holy Spirit right now we've lift up the church in Kalamazoo Father and I pray for fresh grace and strength on the inside just even declare that out just prophesy that God we pray for grace and strength on the inside of your leaders and your pastors God and in your churches in Kalamazoo Holy Spirit I ask for fresh energy on the inside God the discouragement and heaviness God discouragement, heaviness and disappointment God would melt off at the light of your face that the light of your face would shine on hearts God there would be a melting and a lifting of discouragement and heaviness Father we lift up senior pastors specifically right now just picture senior pastors in the city in your mind Father we lift up senior pastors and senior leaders in this city and right now in the name of Jesus in the name of Jesus we ask Holy Spirit that you would give them a new gift of faith a gift of faith imparted on the inside those that are feeling weary those that are feeling worn out God I ask that you would give them strength today so that glory would fill your church so that glory would fill your church just being to ask him now just for glory to fill the church just ask him in your own words just whisper to him Holy Spirit would you fill your church with glory again fill your church with glory again in John 17 it says I have given them glory that you, the glory that you have given me that they may be one as we are one Holy Spirit, Holy Spirit we're asking God for fresh glory on your church God we're longing for fresh glory on your church thank you for what you've done before thank you for what you've done in times past but we want fresh glory God we need daily bread, daily encounter with you and we ask for a new wave a new wave, a new outpouring of your spirit and power and glory on the church just begin again, picture different churches but God we lift up valley family we lift up Calvary, we lift up grace spring God trenches, God stones and we ask in the name of Jesus in the name of Jesus for your glory to fill your people again God we don't need man's best ideas man's best strategies we need glory from heaven and Holy Spirit we rebuke a strategy and an assignment to wear out your saints to depend on ourselves Lord and we ask for glory God glory from on high to fill your church in conference we have opportunity we probably have about a thousand pastors and those who are in ministry that are coming here to Kalamazoo you know this is not about us sharing our brand of doing church to the way we figured it out and this is about the saints of God coming together waiting on the Lord, the Lord speaking being encouraged by one another to not quit, to not give in that word that Zach gave about being worn out the enemy is trying to wear out these pastors and leaders and we're just asking for the breath of God to breathe into them for in worship for the presence of God to refresh their spirit when the word is preached and shared for it to bring conviction and strength and encouragement on the inside and so I'm going to invite everyone to stand up and we're going to get in groups of like three to four-ish and just close out the end of this prayer meeting just praying together just everybody you know pray for 30 seconds in a minute and let's pray for the pastors and pray for those coming to receive the ministry of the Holy Spirit and the work of the Lord on your church while we need you thanks for praying those joining online but in the room thanks for gathering in groups and praying for in the city praying for a rise sign conference just praying for a profound unity of the spirit not unity around the lowest common denominator not unity around politics or anything but unity around Jesus and what his spirit is releasing to his church so amen amen let's go encourage let's go being ones who want to bear with one another in love enduring to keep the bond the unity of the spirit and the bond of peace so awesome bless you have an amazing day


So, welcome to lecture 25. So, in this lecture what we will do is, we will understand how do we apply finite element method to analyze insulation and design insulation in an effective way in a high voltage equipment and here we will be talking mostly for a power transformer with you know high voltages involved on primary and secondary sides of the transformer. So, before going into finite element method, let us see some basics of high voltage insulation design. So, what are the types of breakdown mechanisms? Tribes of breakdown mechanisms are jump or bulk oil breakdown, creepage breakdown, corona and partial discharge. I will briefly describe this in further slides and then we are also going to see two withstand theories because finite element method will give you the stress distributions inside the problem domain, but we need to also compute withstand and that withstand or strength also can be calculated by using finite element analysis. So, we will go further now. Now, let us understand this jump or bulk oil breakdown and creepage breakdown. Now, as you can see here, this is our standard configuration of a high voltage lead in the vicinity of a ground plane. If we go on increasing this voltage applied to this high voltage lead, at some point when the electric field intensity exceeds certain value, then there could be a direct flash work from this high voltage lead to ground. So, that is called as bulk oil breakdown or jump breakdown. In creepage breakdown, if the same high voltage lead for some reason, if it has to be supported from this ground plane by using a insulating piece as shown here, rectangular piece, then what we observe here is this equipotential contours are cutting this surface of this insulating piece and there is a tangential electric field intensity all along this surface and the corresponding what is known as creepage stress. And thing to note here is the creepage strength is much lower than the bulk oil strength. That is why even though the creepage stress is lower, since the creepage strength is also lower that is why it is important to you know find out what is the creepage stress and compare with corresponding creepage strength and how do we calculate that stress and strength we will see in you know further slides. Now, let us go further.  Now, these both these mechanisms corona and partial discharge, they are partial breakdown mechanisms because only locally there is some breakdown happening. Now, this corona discharge is a well known phenomena in case of high voltage transmission lines. So, when you know particularly monsoon season when moisture is there, the air molecules around this high voltage conductor get ionized and then there is a corresponding energy loss and associated with energy loss you also have glow discharge as well as sound you can hear. So, you know this corona discharge and corona phenomenon needs to be you know mitigated and there are you know established ways to you know mitigate these corona effects. Coming to partial discharge, suppose you have a bulk solid insulation and inside that you have void of say either air or oil then since the dialectical constant of air or oil void would be less as compared to the dialectical constant of the solid insulation and since electric field intensity is inversely proportional to the dialectical constant the permittivity. Then what is going to happen? Higher stress is going to come across this void and there could be a local breakdown and discharge. Now, one may you know wonder then what is so great about this let there be local discharge since complete breakdown is not happening. But if you allow this kind of local discharges for a longer period of time then you know slowly and steadily insulation is going to get deteriorated and eventually there could be a complete flash over one day. So, that is why again partial discharge activities inside any insulation should be minimized and you know this corona and partial discharge phenomena can be also analyzed by using finite element analysis. Now, let us go further. So, now, let us understand how do we actually you know design bulk you know oil duct that means you know instead of having complete one oil duct between low voltage and high voltage findings of a transformer what is generally done is this entire oil duct is split into small oil ducts. So, these are individual small oil ducts and these are the solid insulating barriers which basically divide this whole oil duct into smaller ducts. Now, what why this is done because subdivision of oil ducts increases kV per mm withstand stress. So, suppose what does it mean if suppose you have 10 mm oil duct and if suppose it withstands 10 kV then you know 20 mm will not withstand 20 kV it may withstand may be 19 kV that is the meaning of you know increase in kV per mm withstand stress for lower ducts. Now, these barriers obviously would basically arrest propagation of discharge streamers between these two electrodes, but one has to remember that barriers should be as seen as mechanically possible otherwise there will be increased stress in oil because one may think since the insulation strength or withstand for solid insulation is much greater than that of oil then why not go on increasing the thickness of these barriers. So, that overall withstand is you know input significantly, but even though that may happen what is going to happen is the oil ducts smaller oil ducts in that case will get stressed to higher stress levels and that could be a problem. Now, how that happens let us you know analyze one simple case of a oil solid composite system wherein both these thicknesses of these two insulations are 10 mm and dielectric constants are relative permittivities are 2.2 and 4.4 of oil and solid respectively will get simply E 1 D 1 is equal to E 1 D 1 plus E 2 D 2 is equal to 100 kV because total voltage difference is 100 kV. So, now since E is inversely proportional to permittivity E 1 will be equal to twice E 2 right and then if you substitute in place of E 1 twice E 2 and then we will get E 2 as 3.3 kV per mm and then E 1 is 6.6 double of you know E 2. Now, if we actually find equivalent oil gap it can be found out like this. So, total voltage difference upon oil duct plus solid insulation thickness into ratio of two permittivities solid oil permittivity divided by solid insulation permittivity. So, then you get this as 100 by 15 and that is 6.6 kV as obtained earlier. So, thing to note is here this equivalent oil gap is now 15 mm. So, although you have solid barriers if we have to analyze this in terms of one equivalent oil gap it will be 15 mm. Now and if you increase this number of barriers or their thickness what is going to happen? This equivalent oil gap is going to further reduce and it will stress these oil ducts and since oil has lower dielectric withstand that could lead to some problems. So, that is the reason that barrier should be as thin as mechanically possible from mechanical strain point of view otherwise there will be increased stress in oil. Now, let us understand how to design individual duct for that we will use cumulative stress and withstand theory. So, what is well known is that smaller the stress gap or length or any insulation higher is its strength. So, that is clear from this these are the withstand curves blue ones you can see that if the gap is small withstand is higher and as the gap length increases the withstand becomes lower and that is the same reason that I mentioned on the previous slide it is always better to have smaller you know smaller and smaller ducts. So, that their strength is higher and when we say stress and strength remember the unit is KV per mm. So, now have you understood how the withstand behaves as a function of gap length now let us understand how to calculate cumulative stress. Now, let us take one gap suppose this is from here to here this is one gap here like for example, if suppose this is this gap and let us assume that maximum electric field intensity is on one of the ends in this case I am assuming on the left end and on the right end here it is E min for that duct and now let us divide this gap into equally spaced nodes 1, 2, 3 up to N and now let the voltages be V0, V1, V2, V3 and the distance between adjacent nodes 1 mm. So, now E0 and En we already know which is E max and E min. So, E1 is given by V0 minus V1 upon 1 mm so that is why you get KV per mm whereas here to we have to note that all the voltages are in kilo volts. So, similarly E2 instead of now having 1 mm we will take 2 mm because we are talking of cumulative stress. So, cumulative means we have to increase the gap. So, E2 will be V0 minus V2 upon 2 mm, E3 will be V0 minus V3 upon 3 mm. So, this is the cumulative stress. So, now all these cumulative stress values now they can be plotted as given by this graph and cumulative withstand will be something like this and at every point then we can calculate the margin that is the margin between withstand and the stress and this margin should be good enough. Now, see in case of insulation design the margin has to be much higher as compared to you know other design aspects because insulation breakdown is statistical phenomena and you know repeatability is not as good as compared to other engineering field phenomena. So, that is why you need to have good amount of margin between strength and stress. The value of margin at various place in the insulation should be more or less equal that means insulation everywhere is optimally utilized. You should not have a case wherein at some point in the insulation you have very less margin somewhere else you have ample margin. So, that is not good insulation design. Of course, this is a challenging design aspect and it may not be possible to equalize stresses everywhere in the insulation but our effort should be in that direction. So, this is how you know you can design bulk you know oil insulation by dividing into sub ducts and then designing individual ducts by using this cumulative stress and withstand theory. Now, let us understand this creepage and how we can use finite element method to you know analyze creepage phenomena and increase the withstand. Now, again this is suppose is one high voltage electrode and let us say this is another high voltage electrode and let us assume that this is at ground potential then the equipotential counters would be as shown. And now suppose you want to increase the withstand of this overall you know insulation gap and then you can do it by putting some insulating you know piece of inverted L shape. But then what we are doing although we may have increased the overall breakdown strength of this gap but what is happening is along this surface of this insulating piece you are having significant amount of tangential electric field intensity and corresponding creepage stress. So, now we can see here these equipotential counters are crossing and there will be surface electric field intensity and the corresponding creepage stress. And as I mentioned earlier since creepage strength is smaller than the bulk insulation strength then that is right that is why you need to basically watch creepage stress closely. How do we basically increase the creepage withstand? What we could do is we can shape this insulating piece barrier here so that the insulating piece is almost along the equipotential counters. So, now since the equipotential counters are along the you know surface the tangential electric field is reduced considerably and you know stress is correspondingly reduced and this way we can increase the you know quality and reliability of the insulation. Now let us go further how do we actually you know assess the creepest you know stress whether it is below certain you know allowed value. Again we will you know use the same theory cumulative stress and withstand theory. Now here what we will do here if you see on the vertical you know portion here E max will be somewhere here E min the tangential component E min will be somewhere here minimum. So, then starting from E max to E min you can again calculate the cumulative stress and the corresponding cumulative withstand is given by this you know curve. Now you know equation for cumulative withstand is available in the literature I have given some references in these slides. So, you can refer that similarly on this horizontal you know surface E max will be somewhere here E min will be somewhere here. So, again from starting from here to here you can calculate and plot cumulative stress and then you already have this cumulative withstand and again you can compare margin between withstand and stress at various points and ensure that you have certain minimum margin available at any portion. Now let us go to another case study wherein we design lead to ground insulation. Now this is again high voltage lead and ground and we have you know some insulation on this lead right this is paper insulation. So, now here we will calculate stress by using finite element method and maximum stress will be at this point in oil and it will not be generally here in the solid because electric field is inversely proportional to dielectric constant. So, typically the electric field here will be higher in the oil at this surface at this interface in the oil the electric field intensity will be higher as compared to at this point in the solid in the paper insulation. So, the finite element method will give you the maximum stress at this point right. So, which will be typically at the minimum distance between the you know insulated lead to ground that straight line. So, how do we calculate then the withstand? withstand can be calculated by using stressed oil volume. Now what is stressed oil volume is shown here. Stressed oil volume is generally calculated by first computing the area between E max and 90 percent of E max counter. On this counter here the stress values will be 90 percent of E max and this shaded area will give you stressed oil area between 100 percent stress and 90 percent stress values. If you multiply this area by the lead length which will be in the direction perpendicular to this plane right. So, that lead length multiplied by this stressed area will give you stressed oil volume and strength will be some function of stressed oil volume. What is that equation you can you know refer these references here and then E max calculated by FEM should be considerably less than the strength calculated by this you know relation. So, this is how you can actually you know design you know high voltage lead to ground you know gap. Now let us understand how do we do coding in FEM for calculating stress oil volume and you know corresponding strength. So, now we know electric field intensity is given by E is minus gradient of V and V in FEM formulation is N 1 V 1 plus N 2 V 2 plus N 3 V 3 N 1 N 2 N 3 are the shape functions of you know 3 nodes of the element under consideration. So, now substituting V here then you will get this expression remembering again that you know V 1 V 2 V 3 are not you know functions of x and y that is why they are taken out and del operator acts only on N 1 N 2 and N 3 which are functions of x and y as you know I have given for ready reference the expression for N 1. So, now del N i is given by P i A x hat plus Q i A y hat upon 2 delta where P i is y 2 minus y 3 and sorry P 1 if we are taking because this is N 1. So, P 1 will be y 2 minus y 3 and Q 1 will be x 3 minus x 2. So, this also we have seen earlier. So, then substituting all these you know expressions here in E then we get expression for E as this right and then the magnitude of E will be simply square root of E x square plus E y square for the element under consideration. Going further now let us see how to calculate electric field and stress-toil volume. So, first what we will do is we set up a for loop going from 1 to the total number of elements then by this command this also we have seen earlier when we were studying some other codes by this command we get global node numbers of the element under consideration into this nodes you know matrix which is a column matrix of you know having 3 entries. So, global node numbers get assigned to 3 entries of this matrix node and then by these 2 commands again x c and y c they are they are having 3 entries they are also matrices and they are having 3 entries. So, those 3 entries will be x and y coordinates of the corresponding 3 global node numbers right and then we are initializing this p and q to 0 and then p 1 p 2 p 3 q 1 q 2 q 3 as I mentioned on the previous slide and we have seen this earlier number of times and then area of the element under consideration will be simply 0.5 into p 2 q 3 minus p 3 q 2 refer l 18 for this and then e x and e y based on the previous slide we can write you know this and of course here also it is evident e x will be this divided by 2 delta with a minus sign similarly e y will be this bracketed term divided by 2 delta with a minus sign. So, these are the 2 expressions here and then the resultant electric field intensity of the element under consideration will be simply square root of e x square plus e y square right e x e y e net for all elements will get stored in these matrices when we run this for loop. Now, we go further and understand how do we calculate stress-toil volume again we you know run a for loop and then we check whether the sub domain number is 1. Now, this why 1 because in the you know FEM analysis that is done here number 1 is assigned to oil and number 2 is assigned to paper insulation on the you know lead right. So, if the sub domain number of that element is 1 right then you basically take into this matrix the corresponding net electric field intensity of that element and store it.  Now, actually we will calculate maximum of all the you know e oils that we have got here in this you know column vector suppose there are 100 elements in oil finite elements in oil we are finding out which element has the maximum you know e max maximum electric field intensity. So, that will be given by e 100 will be maximum of the values that are stored in this you know column vector column matrix and e 90 will be 90 percent of that right. So, now what we have to do we have to find out those elements in which the electric field intensity is between 90 percent and 100 percent values. So, that can be you know simply obtained by using this you know set of statements. And then you know you can if it is in between 90 and 100 percent of e max then we basically note down you know that element number because remember this here we are already we have already stored you know element numbers in this you know matrix ELE oil matrix which is again a column vector. So, now so we note down all those elements in oil which are having stress value between 90 percent and 100 percent of e max. And then we calculate stress oil volume as sum of areas of all those elements all those elements which have stress between 90 and 100 percent right. And then this total stressed area between 90 percent and 100 percent stress values is multiplied by length in z direction perpendicular to this plane of you know board which is in this case it is you know length is 5 meters. So, when we do that we get the stress oil volume and strength is a function of stress oil volume the electric stress we have obtained from finite element analysis. And then basically we compare you know using this stress oil volume we calculate the strength and then we compare this against this. So, here you can see electric stress is much lower than strength. So, it is a good insulation design. Now, we come to the last topic of this lecture wherein we will see how do we use design of experiment technique for you know you know designing a good you know insulation system. So, here again we take the same configuration insulated lead to ground. Now, we want to optimize this insulation system. So, what are the variables? One is the bare diameter, second is the insulation thickness and third is the gap. Now, the question arises what should be the optimum combination of this A and B, A, B and C or a designer of this system would generally know what are the values of A, B, C he can vary you know in certain range which will depend on established design and manufacturing practices as well as it depends on you know availability of you know material in standard sizes. So, now here we first note down the total you know range of these 3 factors A, B, C. So, A is you know allowed to vary from A to 12 mm, B is allowed to vary from 2 to 4 mm and gap is allowed to vary from 20 to 25 mm. So, now we want to find out what will be the optimum combination of this. So, now instead of doing you know number of simulations with various combinations you can do a set of experiments set of 9 experiments as per this design of experiments technique and then we have 9 combinations of these 3 factors. So, for example, for first combination all these factors are at level 1. We get E max values from FEM analysis as given here. Now, what we do? We do analysis of means. Now, these are in these 3 by 3 matrix all these values are means. So, what is for example, this mean A is at level 1 for 3 experiments. These are the 3 experiments wherein A is at level 1. So, that mean value will be average of these 3 values. So, this is that average. So, similarly, then you can calculate you know means for other cases. Now, you can see here for the considered you know levels of the factors, we need to find out which is the most influential factor deciding you know the performance figure which in this case is the electric field intensity maximum electric field intensity. Now, from this table itself you can see that the means of B are having maximum you know range it is varying from 5.7 to 7.1 that means B is more influential in the considered ranges of 3 factors and that is evident from this percentage effect calculation. Now, it is evident here also that when B is very you are you know the change is much you know more as compared to the other 2 factors. So, what does this all tell you is that you can very suitably B so that you get maximum advantage in terms of getting better performance figure. So, you know this way you can of course I have just told you some basic things about this design of experiments technique you can actually refer these references and then understand more about the power and potential of this technique for not only insulation design but for design of any other engineering aspect. Thank you. So, we will conclude here lecture 25. Thank you.