Did you know this about the Narcissist? In this video, I am going to reveal to you 5 secrets about Narcissists that they don't want you to know. Narcissists are manipulative. They're pathological liars. They're very good at hiding things. They know how to make themselves look good. So your best defense against them is knowledge. You need to understand the Narcissist. You need to learn things about them. So here are 5 things that Narcissists try to hide from people. 1. They are not confident. They act confident.  They act like they know everything. They have an exaggerated sense of their own abilities and importance. They think they're better than they actually are. But that only exists on the surface. Deep down they're actually very insecure. They're very unsure of themselves. They created this deceptive outward appearance of being admired and loved to conceal their less pleasant reality. They don't want anyone to know about who they really are because it would make them feel weak and inferior. 2. They don't see you as a real person. They see you as an object that exists to meet their needs. They don't see you as a real person. And that is why they don't respect you.  Their only concern is what you can do for them. Which is why they're incapable of establishing a deep connection with anyone. Because they don't care about anyone but themselves. It's all about their self-interest and needs. There's no such thing as a relationship with a narcissist. It's a transaction. They use people to make themselves feel more important. They rob you.  Because your value to them is determined by your usefulness. If you're no longer of any use to them they will devalue you. They will treat you with contempt. As though you're worthless and beneath their consideration. Because all they care about is what you can do for them. And if you can't or won't do anything for them you're no good. 3. They are sadistic. We have empathy. We feel other people's pain. But narcissists do not feel your pain. Hurt in you does not hurt them. They don't regret anything they do to you. Because they don't care about anyone but themselves. They derive pleasure from inflicting pain, suffering and humiliation on you. It makes them feel better about themselves.  They will compare you to other people. They will make you feel small. They will invalidate how you feel about something. Because they know you don't like it. They know that it hurts you. And they get off on your pain. It makes them feel good. Which is why they will start arguments for no reason. It makes them feel powerful and important. It makes them feel superior. And as though they matter to you. They don't know what they want. Narcissists are good at acting like they've got it all figured out. As though they know exactly what they want. And they know exactly what they need to do to get there. But their actions should reveal to you. That they actually don't know what they want. They engage in escapism. They're constantly trying to escape from reality. They're trying to escape the emptiness they feel inside. Which is why many of them turn to addictions. They overly indulge in alcohol, drugs, food, chopping and gambling. They become self-destructive. They will sabotage things that might be good for them. Just to get validation to feel better about themselves. 5. They are envious of your success. Narcissists are very competitive. They have to be the best. They have to win at all costs. They can't stand to see you surpassing them.  They see your success as a threat to their false image. It triggers them to reflect on how worthless they feel. Which may lead them to ruin your reputation. These are just five things that you may not have known about the narcissist. Narcissists are excellent actors. They portray an image of themselves that is the exact opposite of how they actually are. They are very meditative and persuasive. They can make people believe in something that is not true. If you have anything else that you would like to add to this list, let me know in the comments below. Thank you for watching. I hope this video resonates with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. If you would like to donate, my PayPal link is in the video description. Coaching inquiries, you can email me at coaching.narcisfive.uk. Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


A.K.A.'s Friends Speaks Out Valani Quayama says Kiernan Forbes was at his happiest on Friday night. Quayama is one of the people who were with the slain rapper, also known as A.K.A., during his last moments. The rapper and his former manager, Tavello Tipsmosin, were shot outside Quayama's restaurant. Quayama says A.K.A. had big plans for his music career this year. Forbes had told Quayama that he would promote his restaurant. He was excited about being in Durban, says Quayama. It is so so sad, I am sad that it happened here.


Welcome folks, this is Tom O'Brien of TFNN, we have 5 days a week, we go 10 hours a day, we go 24 hours a day on the internet at TFNN.com, always remember folks, whatever you think about you bring about whatever you focus on, gross, hope everyone's having a great day, safe day, it's a TGIF folks, let's make it a great one. Always do your best, take action on your ideas, this is a great card and I know I read it a lot but this is a great one for over the weekend so you can do some really thinking about it. Doing your best means you take action, you have many great ideas in your head but without action upon an idea, there'll be no manifestation, no results, and no reward. Take the risk, why not? Mugger eyes, let's take a look at it out here, we have the Dow Industries up 18, Nasdaq up 37, S&Ps up 10.5, Gold contract up a buck 40 trading at $12.95 an ounce, Silver flat, $15.07 an ounce, Light Sweet Crude up a buck 11, $63.21 a barrel, notes and bonds, 10-year note, up one tick, $123.18, 30-year bond up eight at $147.30, both notes and bonds folks did reject lower price out here this morning, came back into this strength, bottom line, next week I expect you're going to see higher price, lower yield once again, King Dollar, King Dollar is hanging at his highs, no volume up here but guess what, we're up at $97.005 and if we go over and take a look at that much, much 7th high, I believe it's $97.65, let's see what we got, yeah $97.160, so you're laying right beside it, there's nothing up here but guess what, you get higher prices and that has to do no doubt with the Euro, the Euro is trading at $112.17 and the breakdown there is about $112.16, now it's been saving itself quite a few times in the last three months but bottom line is that you are still laying at those lows, we have the pound trading at $130.25, the yen is at $111.71, bottom line is that pound down slightly, Theresa May is still having a huge hard time with Brexit and I don't think that's going to get any easier in the next few weeks. Our fund number is<PHONE_NUMBER>, we can open and take a look at the gold contract first what you're going to see inside the gold contract as well as the XAU, HUI and GDX is that we had a full rejection of lower price out here yesterday, they start going top side today, gold contract, you get a sideways move, if we go into the GDX and we take a look at the GDX which is the equities, you're going to see the GDX had a big movement yesterday, went from a price point of $21.79 up to $22.54 and we're laying right there right now, we put this on a weekly basis and you're going to see on a weekly basis, nice setup, on a weekly basis you've done $158 million which is going into $242 which is going into $270, bottom line, I expect what you're going to see here is that these metals want to start running top side once again. Gold Bugs Index, same setup inside the daily, are the weekly and the Gold Bugs Index, big move out here yesterday, we went from $164 to $172 and if we bring this back and put this on a weekly basis, what you're going to see, let's get that in there, volume in there, what you're going to see on the weekly basis is that we basically traded lower all week, rejected lower price, 82 million shares and that is going into $132 million. So technically that baby is set up really sweet and we go to the XAU, same type of setup in the XAU, XAU went from a price point of $74 to $77, that's on your daily, we put this on the weekly, what you're going to see on the weekly is the same type of setup and what we have here is that we pull back into lows with 121 million, bottom line is that you're going into 306 million, so you're talking about some very large numbers out here, bottom line, they want higher price. We go into the S&P, we take a look at the spy, what you have with the spy, bottom line you're at $0.99, you're at $2.88, listen the volume keeps dying on the vine out here, but the bottom line is that you are at a higher price, if we take a look at this on a weekly basis what you're going to see, two weeks ago we did 439 million, this week you're 271, you're going into 835 million, so it is one monster that you're going into and the top of that monster is 28886, we're trading 28820, that top is of course the beginning of the Dow and Draft in October and you know we'll see how it handles it, Dow industrials, we're going to take a look at the Dow industrials, what we have with the Dow industrials out here, Dow industrials hit a high today of $26,487, you're 80 points off that high right now, we take a look at this on a weekly basis and what you're going to see we're dealing with the exact same week inside the market here, that week's going to be the week of October 12th, $26,539 was that high and then we go over to the, let's go to the NBX100 first, now we'll do the composite, you take a look at the NBX100, that's up 29 points right now and we take a look at this one and what you're going to see the differential in this one is that this has already launched the October 12th Dow and it's into now the first week of October where we started from $7,700 and ended at $7,300 right now you're at $75,81. If we take a look at the three Q's and we put the three Q's on here what you're going to see so we can get that volume characteristic for you, what you're going to see in the three Q's is that two weeks ago we did $233 million on a week, we're at $131 right now so we're going to do let's say $141 million, I don't think you're going to get that much but the bottom line is you can see the differential and you're going into $246 million, we took out the $475 million we did that last week, we're going to take a look at the small caps, the IWM you're going to see the exact same setup in the IWM, the IWM is still the weakest industry, bottom line IWM this week we've done $88 million, you're going into $116 million as well as $211 million so what's intriguing here folks the way this market is set up right now is that notes and bonds they want higher price and this is a nice setup this is a clean setup what I mean specifically on a clean setup is this is that we went top well first off you know we go back to the first high in January we built costs three months we go top side on the 22nd of March has everything has wide price spread has volume we pull back with light volume rejected it we're going higher next week stay right there folks come right back


To find your MAC address, first hit the Jewel button on your Xbox controller. Go to the Settings tab. Go to System Settings. Go to Network Settings. With an Ethernet cord plugged into your system, click on the Wired Network connection. Click on Configure Network. Go to Additional Settings. Go to Advanced Settings. Locate your MAC address. You'll need to give this to ResNet in order to register your device.


How great it tasted. Even with the onions. Yeah, even with the onions. So I took another bite. No one else finna bite in the onions. And I'm like, I gotta try this one. I'm like, this is the best burger I've ever had in my life. This burger right now, everybody been talking about it, man. Boss talk 101. Oh yeah, yeah, that's it right there. I'm really good at eating all of it though. But thank you so much, man. You're welcome. Boss talk 101 had to come down here and figure it out. And I was like, is this it? I was like, we think we got it. Give us two weeks and come back, right? We think we got it, but give us two weeks. We're gonna make some changes and come back. You're here with Boss. And you're not getting it before, but. I know, but still, that's okay. Make sure you get some more than what the sauce said was. Oh, okay. I had to really, I had to have it done. Okay, it's all down here, so I'm gonna get it. Good. And I came back in two weeks and it was. What's better? It was one of the best meals I ever had. We on Boss talk 101. 101. Yeah, we gonna talk. The Trill Burger. I'm gonna ask you. That's what you wanna ask, man. Okay, I'm gonna ask you a specific question about. And take your time. How do you make Piltwood feel about Trill Burger? I gotta ask that. I think the only person that eat at Trill Burger's more than my wife would be Chad. I honestly believe that he would have sold, he would have felt like a personal stake. Even if he had no financial stake, I think he just would have wanted to see me succeed. That was the one thing we wanted from each other was we genuinely wanted the other person to win because he had goals and I had goals. We had a collective goal with UGK, but we knew that that could create the things that we actually separately was looking for in life. And it did. It provided us that pathway, you know what I'm saying? And like I say, he was always my biggest supporter. He was always my biggest fan. And he would have been right there in New York when we won. For a show. You know what I'm saying? And he would have been right there in Houston when we opened, right? And he would have been Pee Wee, which I'm finna come through there, which called him in town.  You know what I'm saying? Show them what my big brother doing. You know what I'm saying? It was hard. Like he would have been absolutely in my corner. And it would have been beautiful because I wouldn't have had to paint a mural of him. I just not could have took a picture with him. I heard you be playing that ball. I'm coming. I got to worry about that. I already been trying to get down there, been so busy. But I'm coming. I heard you be playing that UGK in there. UGK all in there? I can't wait to get there. Look, it's Trill Burgers. Look, it's Trill Burgers now. I have employees that put in very hard hours and work very long days in my stuff. So yeah, I do, as every now and then they need to switch it up to keep motivating themselves. But it's very important that when people come in Trill Burgers, that it feel Trill. Trill. It look Trill and it sound Trill. And that's the, my thing is experience. Like people, people come from all over America. They have an idea of what they want to hear and what they should see when they walk in Trill Burgers. You know what I'm saying? I should see subnet say UGK. I should see subnet not only say Pemcee. I feel like I'm supposed to see Pemcee in there. I feel like I need to be here and some, some music. If not some screw, I need to be here. Some like a favorite to Kingie, right? And they do. They absolutely do. We sell anxiety pop soda in there. So we're trying to give them the full Houston experience with a touch of that UGK on top. How long did it take you to come up with that, with a patty? I didn't. Who came up with that patty? I didn't invent it. I didn't invent it. So you love foods. No, because everybody talk about it so much. So there were two chefs, Chef Mike Pham and Chef Nando. They came together to create the perfect smash burger. So Nando, you know, worked on the technique how to make the patty perfect as a product itself. And Mike came up with the seasoning, as well as the trill sauce. Mike had always wanted to make a burger.  And so with his family being from Vietnam, he felt like if he could make the best burger, it would make him feel American. He actually had just said that on chopped he won. He did a burger competition on chopped too, so it was actually cementing him as the best burger chef in America. And which is really all he ever wanted to be. He's a traditional trained chef. Like he went to school and everything.  What kind of, I'm gonna make burgers. Burgers. Like, you don't have to go to school for that. But now look at him. He literally has created the best burger in America. And as somebody explained to me, it's the best burger in the world because all the best burgers in the world have always come from America. Come on now. An American burger is off top better than anybody else's burger. What makes an American burger? Look how you make them. You just go, I knew you were gonna do this. What makes an American burger better than any other burger is, cause he'll say it's the beef. It is. It absolutely is. That's the thing. It's the beef. It's the beef. Now, you could make a Wagyu burger, right? From a Wagyu cattle. But it would be a waste of the cow because you wouldn't be getting top dollar for the beef. If I made, if I bought a cow, like a Wagyu Japanese A5 cow, what it would cost for me to buy that beef is way too expensive though. And it's because of how the cow is treated, right? So I can't afford to buy that and make only burgers. I got to sell steaks. I got to get my money's worth out of it, right? And so that's, so outside of that, if you're looking at hamburgers, we do in America have more cows and the best cows for ground beef. You know what I'm saying? And so, and because I'm in Texas, I'm in close proximity to cows. I could throw a rocket in it. We go look at some of them in a minute. So I'm in a perfect place in the perfect position to not only create a hamburger business, but sustain a hamburger business. I'm literally the number one customer of the farm now. How about more meat then? Any steakhouse, any burger company, anybody, nobody buys more beef than them. Nobody sells more Dr. Pepper in America outside of a, it has to be a football game. Like a football stadium has to, or Taylor Swift concert for somebody to sell more Dr. Pepper than me in America in any given day. Tell me about the first, your first time tasting that patty for the first time? I couldn't believe a hamburger could taste like that.  But I said, I hate the both, but I say if I'ma sell it, I got like, I got to eat, I got to eat, I got a beer. I don't drink beer, but I got to drink it. You tried to camouflage the onion taste with a beer. No, no, no, I'm just saying, I don't, I hate beer. So, but I own a beer, right? So, I had to drink it. I got to try this product and I ate it and first of all, I couldn't believe how great it tasted. Even with the onions? Yeah, even with the onions. So I took another bite, no one else in a bite in the onions and I'm like, I got to try this one. I'm like, this the best, I'm like, this the best burger I've ever had in my life. This burger right now, everybody been talking about it, man. Boss talk 101. Oh yeah, yeah, that's it right there. I'm really good at eating all of it though. But thank you so much, man. You're welcome. Boss talk 101 had to come down here and figure it out. And I was like, is this it? But like, we think we got it, give us two weeks and come back, right? We think we got it, but give us two weeks. We're going to make some changes and come back. I'm here with Boss and you're not getting it before. I know, but still that's okay. Make sure you get some over here with the sauce though. Oh, okay. I had the real deal, I had it down with Darien. Okay, the sauce down here, so I'm going to get it. Good. And I came back in two weeks and it was. What's better? It was one of the best meals I ever had. Yeah, we on Boss talk 101, 101. Yeah, we going to.


So please now let's welcome Dr. Elaine Ostrander, Chief and Senior Investigator in the Cancer Genetics Branch here at the National Human Genome Research Institute. Dr. Ostrander's laboratory maps genes responsible for cancer susceptibility in canines and in humans. The clinical presentation, the histology and biology of many canine cancers very closely parallel those of human malignancies, so compared to studies of canine and human cancer genetics should be a significant clinical benefit to both. Dr. Ostrander's laboratory is interested in prostate and breast cancer susceptibility genes in high-risk families, as well as the frequency and distribution of mutations in known cancer susceptibility genes in the general population. The talk today, however, will focus on her work with the dog, Geno. Dr. Ostrander. Thank you very much, Benz, and welcome to all of you. I'm actually not going to be talking about cancer. Today I'm going to be talking about a project that our lab began in recent years, which focuses on understanding the genetics of morphology in the domestic dog. And you'll see why in the first few slides, that's really such a very, very interesting topic. So, if we think about dogs as a species, it's important to remember that all breeds of dogs are all members of the species Canis familiaris. And there are over 400 breeds of dog recognized worldwide, and about 150 of those are sanctioned by the American Kennel Club or the AKC. Now, as you can see on the picture, every breed is defined by a unique constellation of both morphologic and behavioral traits. And we see a huge range in variation as we look across these dog breeds in terms of their body size, their head shape, their back shape, their coat color, their coat length. Really anything that we can think of to study, there's an opportunity to study it by thinking about different combinations of dog breeds. What you may not know is that most dog breeds were created quite recently, within the last 200 or 300 years, through a combination of both hybridization and selection. And breeds are maintained through very stringently controlled breeding programs. So, in other words, to be an AKC registered standard poodle, both of your parents have to have been AKC registered standard poodles and the grandparents interned. So, every dog breed effectively represents a closed breeding population, with many of the same advantages that we have when we think about human restricted populations, such as those from Finland or Bedouin pedigrees or those from Iceland. We have a limited amount of genetic diversity. And that really simplifies a lot of the problems we face in trying to understand the genetics of fairly complex traits, which is really what this talk is going to focus on today. Now, in the last couple of years, our lab has had tremendous success in navigating the canine genome and beginning to identify genes responsible for some of the complex traits in dogs. What I want to do in the next half hour or so is tell you a couple, just a couple of the stories that we've done and maybe give you a little bit of insight as to where we're headed now, where our thinking is going over the next couple of years. So, overall, the canine portion of the lab, and as Vince told you, half my lab works in human genetics and half works in canine genetics. The groups that work in canine genetics are interested in lots of different things. They're interested in mapping genes for morphology. We're interested in the genetics of population structure. We want to find the genes for cancer susceptibility, which is what Vince highlighted during this introduction. And we're also interested in identifying genes that are important in performance. In the interest of time today, and we have just a half hour for the talk portion of this, I'm going to talk a little bit about finding genes for morphology, so the physical differences that define the different breeds of dogs. And I'm going to be talking about approaches we use to finding genes for behavior or performance. So let's start with morphology. Dive right in. I really love this particular picture, which features this Harlequin Great Dane, among the largest of the dog breeds, and this little mix down here, which is a combination of a couple of the smallest of dog breeds. And this picture was featured on the cover of Science in April 2007, because within that issue was a paper by a group of collaborative investigators, including people from Bob Wayne's lab at UCLA, Carlos Bustamante's group at Cornell, Gordon Lark at the University of Utah, as well as others, and led by Nate Sutter, then a postdoc fellow in my lab, that described an approach for finding genes that control the genetics of body size. And that's really what I want to take you through in the first story today, body size genetics. So when we began this project, we sat down and we talked about an approach or a mechanism, how we would go about finding genes that control the enormous differences that we see in body size in different breeds of dogs. And keep in mind, the very largest to the very smallest dog breeds, as shown on the previous slide, different size by about 40-fold. So some really amazing genetics to try and access there. So we decided our approach would be the following. We would start out by doing a genome-wide scan in a single breed. And we picked the Portuguese water dog for a number of reasons, which I'll highlight in a moment, to try and identify quantitative trait loci or regions of the genome where we thought there would be genes that were important in controlling body size across breeds. We would then analyze very large and very small Portuguese water dogs to try and narrow the associated interval. And finally, we would move away from just thinking about Portuguese water dogs and see if our findings translated across dog breeds. So we would analyze dogs from very large and very small breeds to identify shared haplotypes or shared patterns of alleles among size-selected groups, very small and very large, hopefully reducing the region down to a single gene. And as you'll see in the next few slides, this turned out to be a really, really successful strategy. Okay, why do we start with the Portuguese water dog? Well, this is a breed that the American Kennel Club allows enormous variation in terms of body size and shape. And that's not true for all dog breeds, but it's certainly true for the AKC, where AKC-registered Portuguese water dogs can differ in size certainly by two-fold and perhaps even more than that. In the United States today, there are about 10,000 Portuguese water dogs, and they're all descended from a group of about 30 dogs that came to the US maybe 50 years ago that originally were dogs that were found on Portuguese sailing ships. We hypothesize that there are probably very few genes therefore that are segregating the major alleles that are important in defining these difference in body size that you see in the Portuguese water dog. So this was a good place to start. Practically, it was also a very good place to start because we had a terrific collaboration with Gordon Lark and Kevin Chase at the University of Utah, who had for some years been studying the genetics of the Portuguese water dog. They had a project which is still ongoing called the Georgie Project. And at that point, there were about 1,000 dogs that were enrolled in the Georgie Project and the website for it's up there in case you wanna go and check it out. And the idea behind the Georgie Project was to collect as much genotype data as well as physical or phenotype data as we possibly could on as many living AKC registered Portuguese water dogs. We were able to collect genotype data on about 500 Portuguese water dogs at the time this analysis was done. I'm using a set of about 500 markers and markers of course are places where there's variation in the DNA sequence that segregates through multiple generations in a family and the flavor markers that we use for microsatellite markers in this case. Now importantly, Gordon, Kevin and their collaborators had also collected 91 skeletal measurements from a series of five X-rays that they took on each one of the dogs. And you can see the five X-rays and the 91 metrics indicated by the black lines on the right of the slide. They then did and published in 2002 a principal components analysis. And what a PC analysis does is it classifies phenotypic variation into independent systems of correlated traits.  You would end up with an animal that was proportioned. And the genes that control that proportional variation are really what we want to try and find. The important thing to remember is that principal components are phenotypes. And as such, they're amenable to genetic analysis. That is, we can try and find the genes that are responsible for that variation. Now, in this slide, you're looking at the results from a single critical marker in the initial genome-wide scan marker FH217. You're looking at the rank order of a 500 or so Portuguese water dog as a function of trait value. So, small dogs are graphed to the left and to the dogs, excuse me, on the left are indicated small trait value or small skeletal size, and on the right, large dogs or large trait value. And the dogs were graphed according to their genotypes. So, the AA diamonds and the homozygous BB triangles and then dogs who are heterozygous are the open squares, AB. And what you see when you graph these according to their genotype is that they form three really nice lines. Dogs who had the AA homozygous are in general the largest of the dogs. You can see that that line is the furthest to the right. The BB homozygous were the smaller of the dogs and you can see that line is the furthest to the left. And as expected, the AB heterozygous were intermediate in size. So, this gave us an indication of a region of the genome where there was likely to be a locus that was important in controlling overall body size. So, the next task was to try and narrow down that region because the original region that was described by the genome scan was pretty big. It was about 15 million base pairs. That was an interesting region. It included some provocative candidate genes. But our task was, before we got excited about any of those, was to try and narrow down the region. And we did that using a series of single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNP-based markers. These are bililic markers. So, at a given position, there's either one or another base pair. We initially genotyped a set of very large and very small Portuguese water dogs to find the most useful SNPs. And then we genotyped about 500 Portuguese water dogs using 122 of the SNPs that we had deemed to be particularly useful or informative. And to do that, for those of you that are curious, we used the ABI SNP-Plex system. And this is what we saw. You're looking now at a graph of the relevant chromosome and you're looking at a span of about 15 million base pairs from 35 megabases up to 50 megabases. And you can see this huge density of spots covered under the red rectangle, indicating that that's the really hot region where we think the relevant gene is likely to be located. Now, this particular region spans about four million base pairs. So we've cut it down from 15 million to four million, but there's still quite a bit under that four million to think about. But we were pretty excited because there was a wonderful candidate gene in that four million base pairs, and that was the insulin-like growth factor one gene. Now, why is this such a great gene? Well, we know from studies in mice that it's a gene that's really important in controlling growth, both prenatally, as shown on the left, where you're looking at both a wild type and a knockout mouse, and then on the right, we're again looking at a wild type and a knockout mouse. That is, both copies of the gene have been destroyed in the knockout mouse. And in each case, the wild type animal is significantly larger than the individual in which the gene has been knocked out. Now, there were other candidates in the region, but this is the one that got us really excited. So remember, we don't want to just find a gene that's important for making small Portuguese water dogs small and large Portuguese water dogs large. We really want to find something that's important across all dog breeds. So we selected a set of several breeds in which to focus the next stage of the study. On this particular graph, you're looking at the height of the male at the shoulder or the withers on the y-axis. And that's graphed as a function of the weight of the male in pounds for each of about 20 breeds. Now, the shape of each one of these triangles gives you a sense of the proportionality of body weight to skeletal size. The Portuguese water dog is indicated by the red circle is pretty much right smack in the middle. So that was actually a really good fortuitous choice in which to begin our studies. To continue our studies, though, we picked lots of small dogs, several from the left portion of the line and then some large dogs, like the Irish Wolfhound and the Mastiff, from the upper right portion of the slide. And one of the first things that we did was to look at heterozygosmete. And in this particular slide, we're focusing on 14 of the small dog breeds. So this includes things that, you know, maybe weigh just one or two or three pounds. So think about toy poodles and think about pecanese and think about chihuahuas and any of those really miniature breeds. This is also the result that got us really, really excited and told us that we were really there. We were really probably looking at the right gene. It's a heterozygosmete plot and what it does is it measures the amount of variation as you're moving across a chromosome. Now we're showing you the data from position 43.5 megabases to 45 megabases. And you can see the heterozygosmete level starts out as you would expect around one. And as you move along the chromosome, it stays around one until you reach a position where there's been selection, where breeders have deliberately been selecting a particular allele or group of alleles because they're after a particular phenotype that's encoded within that gene. And then the heterozygosmete plummets down to zero. And once you pass through that gene, it shoots back up to one. And you can see that the position of that selective sweep coincided absolutely perfectly with the IGF1 gene. So this is really the result that told us that we were there and we really had something to be excited about. Now this next slide is actually a pretty busy slide. It's the last really busy data slide I'll show you. But I think it's an important one so you sort of gain a sense of how much work really went into this. Let's start by looking at the upper right. Now we're just focused on the IGF1 gene itself on chromosome 15. And everywhere that there was a snip that we interrogated is a horizontal line. And then you see this pattern of blue and yellow boxes with A's and T's and C's and G's with the letters A to L at the top. Those are the possible haplotypes or allele combinations that we observed in all of the dogs that we looked at. And we looked at dozens of small breeds and lots and lots of large breeds. The breeds specifically that we looked at are listed in the middle of the slide. Those in the top portion from Chihuahua down to the Boston Terrier we considered small. And their size and kilograms is indicated to the left of the name of the dog. And then the giant breeds like the bull mastiff and the St. Bernard and the Great Dane and the mastiff are listed below those. And what was very, very striking about this is indicated by the first red rectangle is that the small dogs almost exclusively carry the B haplotype, suggesting that there had been a single ancient mutation that breeders had been selecting on for decades and decades and decades and decades in order to make small dogs small. It doesn't mean there weren't other genes. And in fact, we know there are other genes that contribute to body size in the domestic dog. But this was clearly one of, if not the most important one. The story with large breeds is a little bit more complex. We can see that there are two haplotypes that predominate, the I haplotype, which is actually the one that we saw in the Portuguese water dog, on as well as an F haplotype. And the vast majority of dogs that fit into that large category had either that F or that I haplotype. So there were a couple of different things for breeders to select upon in order to increase the overall size of the dog. Now, we follow this up a little bit to see if we could break down and figure out exactly where within the IGF-1 gene on the relevant mutations are. And we now know it's contained around exon-3. Now, linkage disequilibrium extends for quite a long range in dog breeds. And by linkage disequilibrium, I mean chunks of a chromosome that are inherited as a unit through multiple generations in a pedigree. So there are several incidents of variation around exon-3, any one of which or all of which could be important for contributing to the body size differential. We don't have a way to really break that up. But we've been able to go from a whole genome down to chromosome 15, down to a small region of chromosome 15, down to a single gene, IGF-1, and then down to the region around a single exon-3 and demonstrate that that's really, really critical for controlling about 28% of the phenotype or the variation associated with the phenotype of body size in the domestic dog. And those of you familiar with QTL analysis will know that that's a huge, huge amount to be attributed to any one single QTL. And other people in the lab, since Nate Sutter has moved on to Cornell, where he's now an independent faculty member, have continued to follow up on this work. So we've looked at many more breeds of dogs. We've generated a much, much, much larger data set and identified three or four additional loci, which are clearly important in controlling body size. And Jeff's shown them back in the lab is in the process of following those up. In addition to body size, people in the lab are pretty much interested in anything that you can think about. So on this next slide, I've just shown you a range of the variation that the lab is preoccupied with these days. We're interested in genes to control leg length. We're interested in genes to control body size. We're interested in genes to control tail position. And we're interested in genes to control skull shape. We're interested in genes to control the line of the back from the slope all the way to the arch. And we're interested in genes controlling fur. That is the length of the fur and the curl of the fur and just the pattern in which the fur grows. So again, dog breeds, the take home message here being that dog breeds offer just an amazing array of variation that we can study with the appropriate tools to try and gain an understanding of the underlying genetics of mammalian variation as a whole. Now the next slide, and on my computer, some big pop-up boxes sitting in the middle of the slide so I don't know if everyone else can see. But the next slide shows you a dog skeleton with 27 standard measurements. And every DNA sample that we collect, we also collect the set of 27 standard measurements. And if you wanna look up a recent paper that Nate Center again took the lead on publishing the mammalian genome, you can see some work we've done in characterizing dog breeds and how well they fit the breed standard using the standard set of 27 measurements. And which ones are really critical? Which are the things that the breeders are really selecting on in order to meet the breed standard. But that's a growing and very large data set that the lab is focused on. Now in order for these experiments to be successful, we're using the approach of a whole genome scan. So we start with an evenly spaced set of markers that cover all the chromosomes. And we generally have a set of dogs that we consider cases and controls. We can either try and collect families and look for segregation of alleles associated with, in this particular slide, a disease. Or we can look for differences in alleles in the population of cases versus the population of controls. And in either case, what we're doing is we're starting at the top of chromosome one, and then we're combing through the genome looking for places where we see statistically different results between individuals who have a phenotype versus those who don't or who have a different phenotype. Key to our success has been the availability of a canine SNP chip. This is developed by Afimetrix and it's been widely available now for a couple of years. It has 127,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms on it, which that data set distills down to about 50,000 usable SNPs once we've put through a set of quality control measures. And the hard work in developing the SNP chip was done by Shostan Lynn Blatow and her colleagues at the Broad. So a very useful resource for all of us in the field. And this just gives you a visual to think about a set of cases, a set of controls, looking for statistically significant differences between those, and then those are the places that we hone in on and start thinking about candidate genes and start thinking about particular patterns of alleles that we see in cases versus we see in controls. Now having given you all that information, I'm gonna change gears a little bit in the next few minutes here. And I wanna talk about a completely different kind of phenotype. We've been thinking about the phenotype of size and we've been thinking about morphology. But one of the things people always ask me about when I tell them I'm interested in dogs is, well, what about behavior? Can you map the genes for herding? Can you map the genes for hunting? Can you map the genes for pointing? And what about just the things that some breeds are good at and other breeds are not? Are there ways to access the underlying genetics of those? And this is actually a very simple story led by Dana Mosier, who was then samples manager during the lab and she's now a vet student at Penn. And she came to me a couple of years ago and she was very interested in a phenotype in Whippets. Now shown on the upper right is a normal Whippet and this is a dog that appears very similar to Greyhounds. But she began receiving a set of calls reporting a phenotype of extreme neck and chest musculature. And these were dogs that the breeders and owners were referring to as the bully Whippet and a typical bully Whippet is shown for you on the lower right. And you can see that that looks quite a bit different than the typical Whippet shown standing on the grass up above. So Dana asked me if she could work on trying to identify the gene that was important in this. And I have to admit originally I wasn't really enthusiastic because I was pretty focused on skeletal issues. But she convinced me that this was really an interesting problem and she really took this on fairly single-handedly. So she realized very quickly that bully Whippets look quantitatively similar to other species that show a phenotype of so-called double muscling. And a good example is a Belgian blue cattle which is shown in the right of the slide described by Michelle Georges and his colleague. And they have the same phenotype of over or double muscling and it's caused by mutations in the myostatin gene. So she sequenced the myostatin gene in a number of cases and a number of controls as well as dogs that had to be carriers. And she very quickly identified the mutation. It was a two-base pair deletion that removed about 20% of the protein as well as just drawing a very critical cystine knot. Now she was interested in finding out how often this mutation occurred in the Whippet population. So she sampled another 146 dogs from both confirmation or dog show events as well as dogs who had racing history. And when she genotyped them, she found a couple more bully Whippets as indicated by the MHMH. And she also found a large number of wild-type dogs as indicated by the plus plus. But to our surprise, she found that about 20 dogs were heterozygotes. So about 9% of the sample that she looked at. And what was interesting wasn't so much that number. It was the fact that the majority of the dogs that were heterozygotes seemed to be coming from the racing population rather than the confirmation group. So we asked ourselves how these dogs really differed. And you're looking now at a slide where we looked at three different phenotypes. We looked at mass to height at the withers. We looked at neck girth and we looked at C chest girth. And we looked at females and we looked at males. And we looked for females, dogs who had all three genotypes for males. We looked at the wild-types and the heterozygotes. And we wanted to see if the morphologic features really differed between the dogs who have the different genotypes. And we used a fairly rigorous statistical test and we showed that indeed they did. The heterozygotes dogs really were different than both the wild-type dogs as well as the bully dogs. They were closer with regard to all three phenotypes or all three measurements to the wild-type dogs but they did differ significantly. And so that really begged the question for us. Could that increase in musculature actually be contributing to to the racing phenotype for which these dogs are so well known? So Whippets race both a straight and an oval track and it's an all-out sprint. The distance is pretty short, 200 to 400 yards. Whippets are grouped into heats based on how they've done in their last several performances. So A racers are the fastest, then B, then C, and then D are the slowest. And Dana was able to obtain racing grade for about 85 of the Whippets in our dataset. So we asked ourselves, of those dogs for which we could obtain racing grade information, where was the mutation? And the answer came through loud and clear. It wasn't in the A racers. And that was true if we looked at A racers compared to BCD using Fisher's exact test or if we grouped them A, B versus CD. And if you look at the data, the mutation really seems to be in the A racers a little bit in the B and we're seeing almost nothing in the C and the D. And when we did a Kendall's nonparametric test, again, we saw very statistically significant results. So we got pretty excited and working with Carlos Bustamonte on the statistical analysis, we wrote the whole paper up. And we're just about ready to submit it when we all simultaneously have the same thought. And that is, what if this mutation actually wasn't responsible for improved racing performance? What if it was just something that was being carried along in the A racers because of population substructure effects? So this is a really, really important point.  And so it could be that the mutation was just being carried along because we had now a very close knit sub-subpopulation within the breed, but it didn't actually have anything to do with racing speed. So to address that, Carlos did a principle components analysis. We generated micro-satellite marker data for all the dogs in our data set. And this was data that spanned the entire genome. So we don't wanna just look at the region around the critical mutation. We wanna look all the way across the genome. And then we did a PCA analysis and in the slides you're looking at, the A racers are red, the B racers are green, the C are the blue, and the D are the slowest, those are the yellow. And right away you can see that the A racers separate pretty nicely from the rest. But the question is, where's the mutation? And that's indicated on this slide by the individuals who have the circle. And certainly those are largely A racers, but what's really, really interesting is if you focus not just on those A red racers to the left, but if you look, let's say at 12 o'clock on the slide, you see a genetic space that's occupied largely by B or green racing dogs, so B race class dogs. But you see in that same genetic space, one dog who is carrying the mutation and who's an A racer. So it's as though that this dog is in a genetic space that's occupied largely by B racers, but in the presence of the mutation becomes elevated to an A racer. And that's even more evident in the middle and lower portion of the slide, which is occupied largely by dogs who are B or C class racers, but everywhere you see an individual who has the mutation, they've been elevated then to A class racing. Again, as though the mutation takes dogs who are mediocre racers and it gives them a bit of an edge, making them a little bit faster, a little bit more muscle, and then they perform that much better. Now, I don't wanna be misleading and say that this single mutation takes individuals or dogs who've been sitting on the couch with you watching TV for the last three years, eating nachos and turns them into lean, mean racing machines. It doesn't do that at all. But it's probably one of a class of what we now know are at least 100 different genes that do contribute to performance. So when we published this paper, which was featured in Plas Genetics, they got a huge, huge amount of publicity was featured in lots and lots of news media articles. It actually got a full page in the National Enquirer. And people were interested inherently in this issue of performance. And the questions come up. Are similar mutations found in other competitive, high-performing groups? How important are they in humans? How important are they in horses? And while we know they exist in humans, we think it's quite rare to find a homozygote. We only know one medical report of an individual who's a homozygote. But how important is the heterozygote state? We really don't know. What this did is it opened up a dialogue, actually a really comfortable dialogue that we could have about sort of our genetic mandate. So what sorts of genes or mutations or genetic variation are all of us born with? And how does that affect our capacity to do anything?  And what will we do with that information if and when we ultimately have access to it? So a lot of dialogues came from that. But because we had the dialogue in the context of dog genetics, it took something that's kind of uncomfortable for us to talk about and think about ourselves as humans, and it gave us a really comfortable form to think about it. And to this day, that dialogue really continues. So I'm gonna go ahead and stop now. What I've tried to do is just give you lots of things to think about in terms of canine genetics. I know we always think about finding genes that are important in human disease by studying canine disease, but I kind of wanted to stretch you and help you think about some of the other things. In terms of specifics, we now know that there's a specific haplotype, it's a very small region that underwent a very strong selective sweep. And now we know much more than just 14 small breeds, and that it's a very small region of the IGF-1 protein that's contributing to body size across dog breeds. Variation in the monostatin gene is clearly important in racing performance. What else? That increased musculature is important in, and how important it is in species outside of dogs. We really have a lot to learn. One of the things to take away from this is that mapping genes to contribute to complex morphologic traits is absolutely feasible in dogs. And I gave you a whole range of things to think about, everything from body size to tail position to coat color, to coat texture, to leg length. Particularly if those are traits which are fixed within the breed, they're part of the breed standard or the things that dogs who do well or who define the breed are really expected to have. And so we in other labs are now in the process of really plucking off those genes as quickly as we can. And we're building really a vocabulary that's helping us understand mammalian genetics and mammalian development as a whole. So I'll go ahead and stop there and the powers that be on the web can go ahead and open this up for questions. All right. So thank you, Dr. Ostrander. It was an excellent talk. We will now open the lines for questions from all of you. Please dial star one to reach the operator and enter the queue for questions. Well, while people are thinking about questions, Elaine, I would like to ask you a question. So what do you see as some of the major advances in canine genetics that we can expect in the coming years as we look forward? Well, we didn't talk about disease today, but certainly that's an enormous area of interest. So dogs get, essentially, all the diseases that humans do, and the clinical presentation of those diseases is much more similar between dogs and humans than, for instance, between mice or rats and humans, particularly in terms of genetic disease, whether it be retinitis pigmentosa or forms of epilepsy or forms of motor neuron disease, heart disease, atheroetritis, you know, really, all the things that we think about in cancer, certainly a huge one, obviously. All the things we think about as being important in human health are important in canine health as well. And veterinarians and dog breed clubs have been really awesome about collecting data and DNA samples that they've now made available to researchers to try and find the genes that are responsible for cancer, for epilepsy, for deafness, for blindness, for all the things that we care about in our own health and biology. And I think we're gonna see just an absolute explosion of that health information coming out. As a matter of fact, I know it's coming over the horizon quickly. I think the other thing we're gonna see is a growing understanding of genetic variation as a whole. You know, we just don't have an enormous range of variation in other model organism species like the mouse or the fly or the worm. And so we really don't have access to a very deep vocabulary of genetic variation if we restrict ourselves to limited model organisms. Because different breeds of dogs display so much variation and because that variation breeds through, breeds true through multiple generations in the pedigrees for, you know, decades and decades and decades, we have just an amazing opportunity to understand the genetics of head shape, the genetics of body size, the genetics of leg length. And all those genes play some role in growth regulation. And in doing so, they really become part of the vocabulary that we think about for any disease associated with growth gone awry. And whether that's cancer or whether that's any of a number of other diseases, I think we're gonna gain this enormous vocabulary that we haven't had access to before because we've been able to unlock so much than the mystery of growth regulation by looking across dog breeds. Thank you. Any other questions? And at this time, I'm showing no questions that I should in. Okay, thank you very much. Okay, all right. All right. So at this time, we wanna thank everyone who's participated in this webinar. And we've been, are looking forward to the next webinar, which will be in two months on March 12th at 1 p.m. The webinar will feature Dr. Eric Green, who is the scientific director for the National Human Genome Research Institute. You will receive more information from Sarah Harding as the time draws closer. Again, thank you for your participation today.


Epicureans are criticized for not by Cicero for not essentially not having a moral theory right they don't have they don't put any importance on virtue and certain things that Epicurus says could be interpreted along those lines for example when he somewhere says I spit on your virtues in so far as they produce no pleasure right you know moralists tend to take that as being an indication that he has no concern for morality and that he makes no effort to incorporate morality or virtue into his system on the other hand Epicurus himself claims that one cannot live pleasantly and so achieve what he takes the highest good to be without also living wisely and justly that is without living morally and furthermore that it is impossible to live wisely and justly without living pleasantly and so Epicurus claims actually Epicureanism is the only method to be a moral person is the only one that truly incorporates morality into its account of the highest good but the reason people think that it isn't itself a moral theory is because he essentially takes the virtues not to be intrinsic goods that are valuable for their own sake but instrumental goods that are valuable for the sake of his highest end that is pleasure so let's just run down some of the virtues let's start with the big one wisdom wisdom is valuable because its function is to comprehend the logic and physics necessary to alleviate our fears of the gods and death and so forth and show us the pathways to tranquility it also wisdom gives us the means to distinguish between the desires that we really need to fulfill and those that it's okay to fulfill but you shouldn't work too hard to fulfill and those that you shouldn't come near with a 10 foot pole it also teaches us the limits of pain and the limits of pleasure and to what extent the former should be avoided and the latter should be pursued and therefore wisdom is not really perceived for its own sake but for the sake of all of those advantages that it brings us and one can't enjoy those advantages and thus enjoy the pleasant life unless one has exactly wisdom question yeah so all the virtues and all more instrumental and so the same thing goes for pleasure like you don't just go into life of dissipation because then the leads to pain afterwards so does that sort of seem to imply that even pleasure itself is instrumental to some other well one could say that pleasure for Epicureans is instrumental for eudaimonia or happiness the highest end okay that that you could probably say that without being inaccurate it would probably be more accurate to say however that pleasure constitutes eudaimonia or happiness okay and so that what what that is what success happiness prosperity and support is is the enjoyment of pleasure and so it's not really that pleasure is instrumental to that it's that pleasure constitutes that thing when you have it but you're quite right that the other things these other things that for example the Stoics take to be intrinsic goods and good for their own sake and should be pursued for their own sake they think are only instrumentally valuable for something something else they think is instrumentally valuable essentially for pleasure but again remember that they have a on the one hand they have a simple idea about what constitutes the final end by calling it pleasure on the other hand when we unpack what they mean by pleasure we see that that means oponia or lack of distress in the body and adoraxia or lack of mental illnesses and disturbances in the mind and so you can think of in a way pleasure being instrumental to relieving us from pains in the body and disturbances in the mind again you could put it that way that what we need to enjoy kinetic pleasures for for example the reason we need to get the pleasures from drinking or eating is to eliminate pains in the body or or in the mind and so in that way it can be described as instrumental but since they believe that that we could virtually replace this talk of eudaimonia with just calling it pleasure it probably makes more sense to talk of it as being a constitutive relationship instead of an instrumental one yeah so what what he's saying there is as we'll see there's moralists who will say oh you need to cultivate all these various virtues you need and not just the obvious ones like justice and wisdom and temperance and courage but you know Aristotle has a list of 30 virtues magnanimity and liberality and all these other things and and I'm sure you're you're used to being having inflicted on you since grade school all need to be excellent and you need to pursue excellence and so forth right and the Epicureans say all of that stuff is empty all of that those you know constant protractix and and encouragements to cultivating virtue as if it's valuable in and of itself are wrong there are virtues that are valuable for getting what is the highest end freedom of from pain in the body and disturbance in the mind and in so far as they get us that they're valuable but in so far as you're telling me I need to be an excellent scholar and things like that and trumpeting all these highfalutin sounding moral things I spit on those because they aren't actually connected with pleasure and they distract people from doing cultivating the virtues they need in order to really get pleasure so it does not mean I spit on wisdom temperance courage and justice because I have a theory about how not only are those conducive to the highest good but they are essential for the highest good nobody achieves the highest good without having doubts well that's kind of a complicated issue because we don't know exactly how he reacts to Aristotle's moral theory or to what extent he may have engaged in these other putative virtues and for any of them you could probably make out a case how Epicureans could as it were co-opt them as they do with the other cardinal virtues that I've already named and so there's a way that Epicureans will undoubtedly characterize themselves as being the most magnanimous and the most liberal and the most and then the most excellent and so forth but but what it really comes down to is that those things are in the service of this other and that's what really offends Cicero yeah I remember you mentioned before how Epicureans said that in order to live pleasantly you need to live morally yeah and Cicero criticized that by saying well then how come you have all these people who are really good but they end up living terrible lives and they end up having a lot of suffering it seems like Cicero was misrepresenting and and you forgot the other powerful part of that argument you have these people that need to live bad lives but they enjoy lots of pleasure right it's it seems like Cicero may have been putting what Epicure says backwards Epicure didn't say that living morally will lead to pleasure I think what he was saying by saying that well to live pleasantly is to live morally was that seeking pleasure leads to a moral life okay you think that's what he said I could see a problem with saying that most people would disagree that pursuing pleasure leads to a moral life more people would be willing to accept the idea that pursuing a moral life would bring some kind of pleasure with it but it seems easy to think how I can pursue pleasure without a moral life or it seems easy to think about that from the standpoint of common sense and Cicero and so forth so it or are a stupas for that matter right so sex drugs and rock and roll doesn't exactly create you know pursuing those things might give me a lot of pleasure but they don't seem to give me wisdom justice temperance and courage I guess but the pleasure that Pickers was talking about right only physical pleasure she was also talking about pleasure was the mind like seeking philosophy and wisdom correct so with that essentially to morals and things like that well right and so that's why these qualifications need to be made about number one what he means by pleasure and number two what he means by virtues I mean he's got a theory of virtues here it's not a theory that that other people share but in a way he can go through each of the virtues and say that the person who's aiming at having the most pleasant life as we in height enlightened heatheness not era stiffen heatheness but this enlightened form of heathenism where pleasure is identified with lack of disturbance in the mind and lack of pain in the body if one pursues those things then then one will tend to live morally and really it's it's it's the other way around that that's one who chooses to live to live morally will end up getting pleasure along with it and so I've already explained how that is with respect to wisdom but it's pretty easy to see how it works for the other virtues as well so temperance or self-control is one of the cardinal virtues but again it's not sought for its own sake but because it brings us peace and tranquility recall the method of selection which says that I ought to forego certain pleasures if foregoing those pleasures will bring greater pleasures later or the more obvious way to put that is will alleviate future pains so yeah heroin's great but I ought to have self-control and not indulge in it because it will result in great pains later of addiction and dependence and risking overdose and getting diseases from unclean needles and destroying your organs and so forth and similarly it shows why we should endure certain pains like going to the dentist and so forth in order to get certain pleasures later again it's easiest to put that in terms of avoiding certain pains later yes it hurts to have a dentist scrape my teeth with a sharp tool but if the option is is having to have a root canal later or having an abscess in my mouth or something then I should be willing to undergo that and so they define self-control or temperance as the wise employment of that method of selection courage what is courage it's freedom from fear and the greatest fears almost all fears descend from fears about death and pain which are views about death and pain which are based on natural science managed to alleviate cowardice the vice which is opposite of courage is condemned because it leads to pain through fear so we both show how to remove fear by means of our philosophy and thus how to be courageous now the most difficult one for the theory is justice and the one that Cicero spends the most amount of time harping on but let's think about what the Epicurean justice is first there's a claim that being just always benefits you but never harms you that the opposite of justice greed unfairness dishonesty and so forth all cause distress and stress which is painful so unjust acts cause rumor suspicion judgment punishment and so forth and even those who manage to escape detection and so aren't literally corporally punished they get plagued by their own consciences or their fears of eventually being discovered and those fears are painful and so in an effort to eliminate those fears we ought to avoid doing things that are unjust also the motives to unjustice to committing an act that's unjust for example to get more than my fair share of something our philosophy manages to eliminate the motivation for doing those unjust acts you don't need more than your fair share because the things that you need in order to be happy are easy to get without injustices I just need enough to drink and enough to eat and and some modest shelter and things like that but those things are readily available what motivates unjust crimes are people that think that they need wealth or they need power and things like that and we eliminate those motivations to action it's largely pursuit of empty desires that cause injustice according to the theory now those those are their accounts of the cardinal virtues to that after taking this question I will discuss their views on friendship which is the other most controversial aspect of the theory and the one which sister oh also spends a great deal of time talking about yes no because they think that those mental pains and conscious conscience and rumination about doing bad things and do people think I'm a bad person that all that stuff is really painful probably way more painful than even the physical pain of corporal punishment although remember that era stupas have an interesting position on this he argued that bodily pains are more severe than mental pains and as evidence for that is the fact that we punish criminals with corporal punishment so no in general they would say you have both reasons to avoid doing doing injustice now I thought what you were doing was trying to set up a counter example where I had some reason motivated by pleasure to pursue an unjust act and that reason would bring so much more pleasure that it would counteract the mere bodily pain of the corporal punishment that would result were I to be detected and they take on that case specifically and try to argue that that it would not and that in fact it would cause greater mental anguish and conscious


This is really bright. Hi, good morning people of the internet. I did not vlog at all yesterday, like, at all. What is going on? Okay, maybe I should go like this. I don't know. It's like, too much. I don't know. Anyway, I didn't vlog at all yesterday. I woke up with a migraine yesterday and then I didn't log in to work until like, gosh, I think maybe like 11 or something. Anyway, I kind of had a headache like all Sunday as well. So, I mean, I took medicine and stuff, but anyway, it clearly didn't work. Woke up with a migraine. That's like the worst. I will tell you like the worst. So, yeah, and then I just worked and went to bed early, went to bed at like eight and then that's it. I didn't do anything exciting at all, but yeah, I just wanted to quickly pop on here and say hi and just good morning, but I'm gonna start my new vlog probably after work. But yeah, so I'm just chilling in bed still. It's like, 5.40? 7? Yeah, 7.  I already took Doyle out. Hey boo-boo. Hey Doyle. Doyle. Doyle. He's not paying attention. I already took him out, so we're good to go. I'm just kind of laying here because I don't want to start my day yet.  Who really wants to start their day? And I'm sorry about the like exposure thing. I don't know what this camera is doing right now, but whatever. It's probably just freaking out. It's too early in the morning. It's like, go back to bed, lady. So yeah, that was a recap on Monday.  Oh well. But anyway, I'm gonna jet. This is gonna be a super short little baby vlog, and I will start my real day when I'm done working. So yeah, at the end of the day. So gotta get my, gotta get my day started and I will see you guys tomorrow, for you, but later for me. Okay, bye guys. Well folks, it's time to kick it off school. Oh, so you can feel cool.


This video is brought to you by CuriosityStream. If you want to learn more about music in the Soviet Union, follow the link in the description to get 26% off and watch Red Elvis, the Cold War Cowboy. Following that link also gets you full access to Nebula where you can watch all my videos early and add free. Oh, and if you like this video, maybe think about subscribing? Music runs through the blood of my ancestors.   Estonia has one of the largest collections of traditional folk songs of any nation on earth, and music is such an important part of Estonia's cultural heritage that it's quite possible the nation of Estonia wouldn't exist today, were it not for song. That's because the history of Estonia is a history of occupation. Whether it's by the Teutonic Knights, the Swedish Empire, Nazi Germany, or the Soviet Union, Estonia has been occupied by nearly every neighbor they've got. Through all these occupations, it's the tradition of folk song that kept Estonian culture and language alive. And in the late 1980s, that tradition took on even more cultural significance. Between 1988 and 1991, the nation of Estonia rose up in defiance of the Soviet Union, who had occupied their lands for nearly a half century. This revolution was not accomplished with tanks or guns, but instead with song. If you want to get a sense of what music means to Estonian people, you need look no further than Laudupidu, the Estonian Song Festival. Held every five years, Laudupidu is one of the largest choral festivals in the world. In 2019, the festival featured more than 32,000 performers performing to an audience of more than 80,000 people. And it has a long history too. Laudupidu dates all the way back to 1869. That festival was held to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the emancipation of Estonian serfs. But it was more than just that. The inaugural Laudupidu was part of a wider movement that was happening across Estonia, Arkhamisog, or the Age of Awakening. At the time, Estonia was under occupation by Tsarist Russia. But a group of Estonian intellectuals had started envisioning a different future for their land. They pieced together a national identity based on different pieces of folklore, and Estonia started to conceptualize as a nation. Laudupidu was a cornerstone of this conceptualization. The 1869 festival had 845 participants, but by 1910, 10,000 people were participating in the Song Festival. And in 1918, the National Awakening culminated in Estonia's Declaration of Independence. But this independence was short-lived. Throughout the Second World War, Estonia would be occupied first by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany, then again by the Soviet Union. These occupations were ruthless and brutal, and led to the deportation and execution of thousands of Estonian citizens, my great-grandfather, and great-uncle among them. It was in the days following the Second Soviet occupation that my grandparents fled Estonia. And in their wake, the Iron Curtain would fall. For most of the 20th century, Estonia was under a brutal Soviet occupation. The USSR imposed a policy of Russification. They replaced the Estonian flag and banned citizens from flying it. They deported tens of thousands of Estonians to Siberia and encouraged immigration of Russians with the express goal of eradicating Estonian culture. And yet, Laudupidu persisted. Every five years, Estonians would gather to sing patriotic songs, celebrating their culture, even as the Soviets were trying to erase it. In 1947, the festival ended on a performance of Muisama on Minu Arm, or My Fatherland is My Love, a poem written by Lydia Koidula during Estonia's first National Awakening. The song almost immediately became an unofficial anthem for Estonia, a defiant assertion of independence that would end the Song Festival every year from then on. But these shows of defiance weren't met kindly by the Soviet Union. Recognizing the importance of the Song Festival, Moscow decided to leverage Laudupidu and use it to push their own propaganda. They would force festival singers to perform songs praising Stalin, Lenin, and the Communist experiment. In 1969, on the 100th anniversary of Laudupidu, fearing shows of independence, the Soviets even banned the wearing of traditional folk costumes. But Estonians didn't take this lying down. On the last day of the festival, Estonians began to sing Muisama on Minu Arm, even though the Soviets hadn't planned it. They sang it over and over again, even as the Soviet officials tried to drown them out with a brass band. It was an astounding show of national solidarity, and over the next few decades, Laudupidu would stand as a spark of defiance against tyranny. Then, in the late 1980s, the political landscape of the Soviet Union began to change. Mikhail Gorbachev instituted his perestroika initiative, taking up his slogan of glasnost, or openness. For the first time since the occupation, Estonians had the right to protest the Soviet government. And they got a chance to test these rights in 1987, when protesters came out in droves to voice opposition to plans for a new phosphorite strip mine. This first protest sparked a fire in a generation of Estonian youths, and it reflected in the music. In 1989, a punk band called JMKE started to release protest songs like Teleperestroika, which criticized the Russian regime. But for all the rebellion of rock and roll and punk, it was folk music that truly spurred Estonia's singing revolution. In the late 1980s, as waves of protest were sweeping across the country, a composer named Arlo Matissein set a number of poems from Estonia's National Awakening to music. These songs became known as the Five Patriotic Songs. As overt assertions of Estonian nationalism and independence, these songs helped provide fuel for the budding independence movement. Increasingly, protesters were beginning to push up against the Soviet restrictions and trying to test their luck with freedom of speech. While the Soviets had banned the flying of the Estonian flag, protesters would fly three monocolored banners separately to recreate the flag. And it wouldn't be long before the flag itself was flying all over protests. In June of 1988, Matissein's songs were performed as protest at Tallinn's Night Songs Festival. When the police tried to clear out the crowds, the protesters responded by moving en masse to the National Songgrounds. This kicked off five nights of nonviolent protest and singing. Despite the fact that these National Songgrounds protests were unplanned, nearly 100,000 Estonians came out to participate. That's one in every ten people in the country. During one night of these protests, a motorcyclist drove by waving an Estonian flag. It was the first time in nearly 50 years that the Estonian flag had been displayed openly and freely. The next night, dozens of flags appeared, waving in time with the protest music. Following these events, Heinz Valk wrote an editorial that gave the movement its name, the Singing Revolution. He wrote, A nation who makes its revolution by singing and smiling should be a sublime example to all. With their actions, they have earned the irrefutable right to exist under their blue sky on their hereditary fatherland. I am proud to be a member of such a people. By November of that same year, the Supreme Soviet of Estonia would issue a declaration of sovereignty. It would take another few years and several tense showdowns with the Soviet Union before Estonian independence would truly take hold, but on the 20th of August in 1991, Estonia was free once more.  I've been thinking a lot about the Singing Revolution lately for what I can only assume are obvious reasons. Throughout the history of western popular music, there's been this persistent idea that music has the power to create seismic shifts in the world. From Woodstock and the Summer of Love to Rock the Vote to Bob Marley's unification concert, it's an idea that has become essential to our understanding of music today. And many of these movements did change hearts and minds and create a clear cultural shift, but in terms of tangible political change, the results are questionable. The Vietnam War raged for six years after Woodstock, punk rock did little to stop the reign of Ronald Reagan, and even Bob Marley's near-divine performance at the One Love Peace concert couldn't stop the political violence in Jamaica. So then why was Estonia different? The obvious answer is the nature of the socio-political landscape. During the Singing Revolution, the Soviet Union was in a state of collapse and didn't have the resources to clamp down on Estonia like it might have in the past. But I also think that a lot of the success of the Singing Revolution has to do with the kind of music that united the people. It was not a driven youth movement invigorated by the popular music of their day, nor was it a radical group of counter-cultural icons. Instead it was traditional music, folk music, music born from the rich history of the land and transferred through generations to create the nation's culture. The Estonian folk traditions were baked into the very identities of the people that used them to organize, and that gave the music a different sort of power. The music was intrinsically tied to the political goals. But ultimately, despite the name of the Singing Revolution, it wasn't really song that threw back the occupiers. It was people. Song was just the vehicle through which people organized. It was the common thread that showed people who they were and showed them just how many people felt the same way that they did. I think it's very easy to get swept up in the high romanticism of the Singing Revolution. It's a fantastic story that would seem to be concrete proof that music truly can change the world. But in the uncertain times that we live in, I don't think that we should try to find hope in music saving the world. Because at the end of the day, the only thing that can truly change the world is people. People realizing their common goals and organizing around them. And as for music, well, it just gives us a little bit of help along the way. This video really meant a lot to me, so I really want to thank you all so much for watching it. I also really want to thank CuriosityStream and Nebula for making it possible with their support. Nebula is the streaming platform created by and for creators like myself. It's a place where we can create free from the constraints of YouTube, which means we can talk about difficult topics without worrying about demonetization. Nebula also streams at higher quality, pays out at far higher rates than YouTube, and gives a ton of support to creators. If you follow the link in the description, you'll get full access to Nebula for less than 15 bucks a year. That's less than the cost of a single record for thousands of hours of incredible, thoughtful content. And following that link will also give you access to CuriosityStream, where you can watch a wide selection of fantastic documentaries. 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The system is not broken, the system is doing what a colonial slavery system designed to do. Remembering slavery now until everybody's free. Last Friday over 700 members of the community and activists convened the international house discussing resistance to slavery and injustice. We're going to be looking at how it is that we can move forward with this troubling past and with some of the troubling practices that are happening today. The symposium kicks off a year of events at UC Berkeley marking 400 years since slavery began in North America. The day-long event features three panels touching on issues such as mass incarceration and the civil rights movement. We're trying to bridge that gap and to look more at inclusivity and justice and promoting human rights. Many participants tell us that the event is necessary to speak truth to power. As we see it keeps coming up because we won't fully deal with what that institution was and how that impacts and reverberates up until today. He says that discussing the implications of slavery and injustice helped the country get a better sense of who it is. It's a shameful sin of this country that it oftentimes wants to bury. Reporting for CalTV News, I'm Tomas Manglotnya.