Welcome to the Aries demo session, I'm Steve Curran, I'm a consultant for BC Gov and it's kind of time with BC Gov to move on Aries, Aries Maintainer also do have an edX course that we did on Aries a year ago and we're updating it now so a lot has changed in the year. So I thought I would start with an overview of what Aries does and give that quick introduction to it, I've got a little demo to show and then we can get into a summary of what Aries is and questions so feel free to ask questions, my demo, my audio is a bit unclear. Okay, I'm not sure why there was an echo, I'm going to have to keep going because I don't have a lot I can say from it, I guess let me make sure one more thing, yep I've got the right audio going, I'm just going to have to continue and we'll see how it goes, please give me feedback if it's still bad. So Aries is built on the use of verifiable credentials so let's go over the credential model that you're seeing on the screen here. In the credential model you have an issuer, let's stop paper for now, an issuer is some authority that gives a piece of paper to a holder and that piece of paper might be a membership card, might be a driver's license, might be a passport, to give it to a holder the holder holds on to that piece of paper. From time to time, and that ends their interaction with the issuer, from time to time a verifier might ask them to show that piece of paper and the verifier would scrutinize the document, see if it's forward or anything like that. The verifier would decide at one point if they accept the document and proceed on. So Aries allows you and verifiable credentials allow you to extend that into the digital world. So the way verifiable credentials work, that's not what I wanted to do, is an issuer would write cryptographic information once, write it once to a blockchain, a ledger, some sort of public area where they publish it. Once they've written that they can sign, verify the credentials, digital documents that they sign with the cryptographic material, a private portion of the cryptographic material that they publish, the public portion on a ledger, they give that document to the holder and again, just like in the paper world, that ends the transaction interaction. At some time later, a holder and a verifier start connecting and a holder presents a proof to the verifier, not the original document, but a proof that they have the original verifier would leave the cryptographic information from the issuer from the blockchain so they know what's in the proof and how to verify it, and then they verify that proof. So that's the interaction of verifiable credentials and Aries, a ledger Aries is a project to implement the various roles, agents that perform the various roles, the issuer, the holder, the prover, and the verifier in a verifiable credential role. So that's what Aries is. Let's see in action, I'm going to try a video here. It's a board or sound interaction. So this is an example and brick formula to design code credentials if we wanted to do that. So this is a demo that we put together just to share the idea. So the idea there, the person logs into a place where vaccination, proof of vaccination information is available. They move and select a credential, a proof of vaccination that they want to put in, one of their vaccination records. They select their wallet, it's a wallet that they can use to provide that. That scans the QR code, they get offered a credential, and they accept that credential and load that into the wallet. So now they have that in their wallet, they have this vaccination credential. Next, they can share that wallet. So they go to a verifier and they scan that QR code, they can ask them for data from their wallet. They provide that information. So that was a quick overview. I didn't want to take a lot of time in doing a demo. There we go. Okay. So ARI is in action. So that demo was done by two governments, assistant integrator, independent of the two governments. There was three ARI's components used. ACAPI is one, ARI's Framework.net, using a transit mobile wallet. So that was the wallet we saw. The wallet verifier was implemented on ARI's Framework.net as well, using the transit platform, which is a vendor in the United States. And all of that went from zero to that full demo in a week ago. So, and done by people not core to the team, for example, at PCC. So that's the type of effort that it takes to do these. So what is ARI? And by the way, if anyone has questions and so on, I guess there's a Q&A over there being asked. I just wanted to check, but feel free to ask questions, so that once I get through this, we can start to ask. Yeah, so the demo had no sound on it, so it was good to hear anything. So a set of messaging protocols. So ARI's is made up primarily of protocols that are defined in a protocol loop repository called ARI's RFC. This is linked to it. The basis for interoperability.  How do you make sure that the implementations line up and work together? So the way we've done that in ARI's is we define what's called an ARI's interop profile, and that defines the set of ARI's RFCs that the community agrees to coordinate on. It's a subset of the total RFCs, and it locks in the RFCs at a certain version. So we make sure that everyone's building to the same thing. Version one of the AIP was done in 2020, and just the other day completed version two. And so that is involving capabilities we can do. As well, there's ARI's interoperability test suite, and this is linked to it, and it shows what implementations there are, which ones have implemented a test suite, and how are they doing interoperating amongst the implementations. As I mentioned, ARI's has open source implementations. There's actually five major implementations and two mobile apps. I've got a link to all of them on a coming slide. So lots of code in the open, multiple closed source implementations. So a number of organizations have built their own. They've just followed the RFCs that are defined and built their own implementations, and then many, many deployments. These are the actual codes that people have deployed that code over and over. We don't know how many, since I work closely on ARI's CAUTI, I don't know how many points there are, and how many people are using it. It's very, I see it all the time, and when I come across different people using ARI's and doing different things in verifiable prevention communities. And understand that issuers, verifiers, holders, approvers, all of these things can be taught in any combination. So an issuer could also be a verifier. They actually are working on some things where they're all free-roll. On an enterprise side, a mobile app could have all free-roll. Lots of questions are letting in what you can do with it. Current direction today, the majority is AIT 1.0, and most of the deployments are based on HL-winding, ledger and verifiable credential format. Indy is very involved. We're very involved with Indy there. AIT 2.0 really extends it to other ledgers, other verifiable credential formats. Indy, based on LD, plus other verifiable credential formats that the CDF provides.  Underlying messaging within ARI's is a thing called DIGCOM, DIG communications messaging in one. DIGCOM P2 is being defined again. And so last slide is just a list of all of the projects. This is posted in the my schedule, schedule.com, schedule.com, and there's a FITLE link. This is a FITLE link. HGF 2021 ARI. So there we go. I'm looking at the questions. Do you think it's better to join Sovereign for identity or is it better to create your own blockchain? It is a lot of effort to bring up an Indy network and to publish your own network. So you can do it. It could involve a set of enterprises joining together to do that. And there are a number of reasons to do that. But certainly Sovereign gives you, Sovereign is an instance of Indy and it gives you a good way to start with very low effort. Basically, you can download Appify, for example, or one of the ARI's implementation, deploy it, try it to your legacy system, your business app that you're trying to use to be an issuer or a verifier. And Sovereign lets you start very low effort. Much cheaper than, for example, to build your own. I read that one of ARI's protocols is to buy and sell. So certificates can be used as assets. Generally not. The idea of the model is not issuing a credential to from an issuer to a holder for them to present later. There is no there can be an asset transaction tied to Indy. As far as I know, I don't think there's any protocols and none in the interrupt profile to allow you to do that kind of asset exchange. So it's not intended for, you know, prevention of double spend and other things you might use for assets. Yeah. So how does this work in parallel with authentication? So the idea here is something like we have a use case and there's one we have, for example, with the Ministry of Justice wanting to know who's allowing access to lawyers and lawyers that are currently processing. The way we do that is the law society, which is the membership organization that allows lawyers to operate. They're legislatively legislative authority over that. They issue a credential to a lawyer. The lawyer keeps it in their wallet and when they go to authenticate a system that requires you to hear a lawyer, they present that. It would be verified and so there's, and in doing that there's no need to integrate with or come back to the law society and they can't track what the lawyers are doing. They just use the credentials that the lawyer holds. If the member becomes for some reason out of loses their membership of the law society for whatever reason. They require, they have a criminal charge or whatever. The law society can revoke the credential when the lawyer goes to use that credential if the addict is not there. Let's see. I think that's most of the questions any other questions people have from this. Are there plans to support hyperlegislative fabric? This is one that we get a lot and it's quite interesting to decide you don't really know, I haven't done enough to figure out what exactly that would mean. So it's certainly a fabric client could be verified to allow access to it, but I don't know how more concretely integrated it would be done. I don't have a great answer for that. Is there a guide to move from NDSDK to ARI? Basically in AIP one in all of these libraries except for the one NDSDK is already built into it and so it's already part of ARI. So any protocol that uses Indy as the either ledger or the decentralized identity is, or uses Indy for the verification of credential format already has NDSDK basically ARI is spun out of creating these clients and agents for Indy to become an independent project and enable it to use other ledgers and other verifiable credentials like that. Are there any integrations with IndyC? There are, the big thing that's happening all around is the use of ARI for potential for authentication. So that's the big one right now is a possible use case. We'll see where that goes. So what's being done for businesses, I know for instance, Indy Ledger uses ARIs for their customers they built it into their own app and embedded it into their own app which is the protocol and so they issue a credential to their clients and then when they call the data center when they call the call center can you use identities on an additional fabric panel instead of setting up Indy separately. The ARIs framework go actually has an integration with Fabric where they're storing that minimal amount of information necessary that the public use for the identifiers for an issuer and for issuing credentials on Fabric that is definitely possible. Yep, so that can be done. I think we're out of time hopefully that gave everyone enough information if there's no more questions we'll wrap it up there's an intense little bit of session it's interesting not to be able to have conversations with people I hope next time we get to do this in person so we can actually go back and forth on questions rather than I think hopefully the slides as I say the slides are available in the skedge.com and are also available as noted here here on the slides definitely you are out there. Thanks all and that's the end of the session.


with that. We're going to be looking today at chapter 10. Now I'm going to read you from verses 18 through 21 because that's where we basically last time we were together. That's where we had left off. But I'm going to do what I've been doing recently. I'm going to go back, review, build again, and then move into that and conclude by looking at those verses. And so let me read to you verses 18 through 21, excuse me, 21 here in this. Oh, I have to tell you one more thing. Yeah, I should tell you one more thing. I will read to you in verses 18 through 21 in a minute. Next, next, next week, I will not, Marina, we will not be here because I'm retiring. No, we won't be. We were asked, I was asked to go to Calvary San Jose and to share as somebody, I guess what had happened is up there, Mike McClure, Don McClure's son, pastors of church, they have a great work that the Lord is doing there. During the COVID closed down, their church exploded because they just continued holding services. And there's a big story about Calvary San Jose where the government has, has fined them millions of dollars and they're fighting the lawsuit because it was illegal for the government to intrude in such a way. It's a big thing. But God has just been blessing there and Mike's doing a great, great work. Excuse me. And so they showed the, the, the movie, the Jesus revolution and people were asking what really was that all about. And so Mike has asked some, some of the people who were in the earlier days to come. And so he had Mike McIntosh come out. Raul is there tonight. Odin Fong and I will be there next week. And so we're going to be taking questions and just sharing with that group up there because they saw the movie and they wanted to know some of the more, more of the details and things of that time. So I would ask for you to keep us in prayer. I'll be here on Sunday. Continue our series on Sunday and acts, but I won't be here the following week. And you know, and then God willing, we'll return just letting you know in advance. So with that said, let's begin reading verse 18. But I say, have you not heard? Yes, indeed, their sound has gone out to all the earth and their words to the ends of the world. But I say, did Israel not know? First, Moses says, I will provoke you to jealousy by those who are not a nation.  But Isaiah is very bold and says, I was found by those who did not seek me. I was made manifest to those who did not ask for me. But to Israel, he says, all day long, I have stretched out my hands to a disobedient and contrary people. So last time we were together, we had closed there at verse 17. But let me review a few things that we've already seen in chapter 10 and then move into the verses before us and conclude. Now Paul has been saying, and he saw that, we saw that in verse one here in chapter 10, that his great desire was for Israel to receive the Messiah. He says in verse one, chapter 10, brethren, my heart's desire and prayer to God for Israel is that they may be saved. And so he had made it very clear that his greatest desire was for Israel's salvation. Now he points out in verse two that as a people, the Jews were very zealous, but their zeal, he says, was misplaced. He said that they had a zeal for God, but it wasn't according to knowledge. Now that's a great description of the nation of Israel during the time of Paul. There's a writer, a historian, his name is Josephus. And Josephus wrote this, he said, the Jew knows the law better than his own name. The sacred rules were carefully observed. The great feast were observed by countless thousands. Even the Hellenized Jews under Caligula died on the cross and by fire. And the prisoners in the last war died by the claws of African lions in the amphitheater rather than sin against the law. And so they had a zeal, he says. They had a great zeal, but not according to knowledge, as he says in verse two.  And so they're ignorant, in other words, of the righteousness of God. They're seeking to establish their own by their works and their their own efforts. They're building their hope of righteousness on a false foundation. And because of this error, they have failed to submit, he says, they're in verse three, to the righteousness of God. They're so confident in their own efforts that they are not yielding to his plan. They have trusted in their own works, but they're not yielding to his work that he performed in salvation by giving Jesus. So what he's saying here is that they need to know they have no merit. They cannot deserve or earn salvation, but they wouldn't accept that they were saved by the finished work of Christ. And that's why they're trying to establish their own righteous standards. While he in verse four had pointed out that Jesus, he says, Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes. In other words, the law of Moses pointed to Jesus as its conclusion or fulfillment. Galatians three, 24 says that the law was our tutor to bring us to Christ that we might be justified by faith. So when you read the word tutor, it speaks of the guardian in a household who is responsible for the care and discipline of the children. The tutor was the one responsible to take the children to school or to tutor them to teach them those things that they needed to know. And so Paul said the law was our tutor, which was to bring us to the knowledge of Jesus Christ. And so because God is rich in mercy, he provided salvation and he did it through Jesus Christ. And because of that, after the resurrection of Christ, Jesus made the preaching of the gospel his mandate. He had said in Mark 16, verse 15, go into all the world and preach the gospel, he said, to every creature. Now, this is what is referred to and he speaks of it in verse eight, as the word of faith. It says in verse eight here, what does it say?  That is, he says, the word of faith which we preach. And I spoke to you a little bit about that last time we were together. That's another way of speaking of the gospel of Jesus Christ. In 1st Timothy four, six, as an example, Paul said, if you instruct the brethren in these things, you'll be a good minister of Jesus Christ, nourished in the words of faith and of the good doctrine, which you've carefully followed. Now, we know that he is speaking of the gospel when he refers to this word of faith. How do we know that? We looked at this, but I'll read it again.  Confess with your mouth, believe in your heart. So confess the Lord Jesus. What does it mean? Well, the word confess is a word that simply means to say the same thing. So as a community of believers, we say the same thing. What are we saying? That Jesus Christ is Lord, that Jesus Christ is savior. We're saying the same thing about him and we're confessing that openly. We agree with what God is saying and we say it openly, like Matthew 10 32 and 33 says, Jesus said, whoever therefore shall confess me before men, him I will confess also before my father who's in heaven, but whoever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny before my father who's in heaven.  You know, we don't put it under a bushel, right? This little light of mine is supposed to shine. And so we don't, I'm sorry, but we don't hide it under a bushel. So confessing him, I want to develop that for just a moment. Confessing Jesus is more than simply saying, I'm a Christian on a survey. So many Americans for so long simply would, when surveyed or filling out some form that required or was requesting a statement concerning whether you have faith to go to church or whatever, we have that in the military, in the army, we had to select, we had to select out of a category of all of these different denominations, we had to select a particular denominational church so that if we died on the battlefield, they would know what the chaplain would kind of service we were supposed to receive by the chaplain. I was from Calvary Chapel. We're not a denomination. And I looked and it was a brand new movement. I didn't know I was a brand new Christian, but I remember reading and it's from A to basically Z, Assemblies of God, you know, apostolic, it went and you just go through all of this Nazarene, all of this, didn't have Calvary Chapel. So what I had to do is I had to kind of figure what is, which of all of these describes me. And so what I put on my mind was disciples of Christ. I didn't even know that was a denomination. I just figured that's what I am, right? I'm a disciple of Christ. See, even people in the military at one time, when you filled out your forms, you would, you would say, this is what I am. But a lot of these people aren't Christians, they just went to church, you know, or they were raised in a denomination or whatever. So confessing is more than simply filling out some form saying I'm a Christian or saying something like that. Being a Christian is really a lifestyle. It reflects a genuine devotion, right, to Jesus Christ. It isn't simply agreeing in your mind. It's behaving in a way that actually lines up and reveals your real beliefs because what you believe is what you do. Somebody can say all day long that they love Jesus and this and that, but if they're, if they're not doing the things of the Lord, I have every reason to wonder whether they know what that, what that means.  I love him on Sundays and Wednesdays and the rest of the week I go out with his friends. I'd have a problem thinking that she's really committed to that man. And so confessing him is more than saying I'm just Christian. What happens is we actually begin to exhibit certain things that are called the fruit of belief or the fruit of faith. For example, one of those things that demonstrates that I really know Christ is I have a desire to obey him, obedience to the Lord. Jesus said, you know, why do you call me a Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say? He said, if you love me, keep my commands. That's what Christ said. Keeping his commands is to obey him. In 1 John 1 6 it says, if we claim to have fellowship with him and yet walk in darkness, our lifestyle or habitual way of life, walk in darkness, we lie and we don't practice the truth. Another thing that demonstrates that I may know the Lord besides wanting to obey him is loving, loving God and loving others. What is the great command in the law? A lawyer asked Jesus on one occasion, love God with everything and love your neighbor as yourself, came to reply. It's all summed up and we'll see that in the book of Romans with one word and that is to love, love your neighbor as yourself. And so by this shall all men know that you are my disciples. If you tithe, no. By this shall all men know that you're my disciples. If you make sure you go on Sunday and Wednesday, no. If you're in a small, no. By this shall all men know that you're my disciples if you have love one to another. That is the birthmark. That is the earmark. That is the trait. That is the description of somebody who knows God. Why is that? Because God is love. And this God of love is love does so much. He gave a son. Our response to him as believers is that we love him, but not only do we love him, we love those whom he does love also. In John 15 verse 13, great love has no one than this to lay down one's life for one's friends. So that takes us to another thing, which would be sacrifice. A willingness to lay ourselves down for others demonstrates that we actually know him. In Philippians in chapter three verses eight and nine Paul said, indeed I count everything as loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus, my Lord, for his sake I've suffered the loss of all things and count them as rubbish in order that I might gain Christ and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the law, but that which comes through faith in Christ, the righteousness from God that depends on faith. When he says I have suffered the loss of all things and count them as rubbish, I don't even know if I should share this with you, but I'm going to. Why not?  If it doesn't, we'll move on. I was driving and I was on my way somewhere and my assistant at that time was in the light, at stop light. He was coming in my direction as I was going in his and we came to Euclid. I still remember the place and he was going to take a right turn. I was going to take a left turn and we were going to go meet at a certain location there on Euclid in Ontario. And I happened to have the radio on and I was listening to Raul, Raul Reese. Raul is the only man I know who can confuse me in two different languages. I mean, and so I was listening to Raul. I don't know why I'm telling you this. It came to mind as I was reading this, forgive me, but he said, anybody who knows Raul knows how he is. So he is reading this and he said, he read the scripture. It was not in this particular translation, but he said, I have suffered the loss of all things and count them as rubbish. And he got quiet and the light is still red and my friend Dan is in front of me.  So I'm thinking, oh, here we go, Greek scholar, let me know, right? This is his words, forgive me if it's offensive. He said it, call him up. He said, you know what that word means dung? He's, you know what that means? Poop. When he said that, I lost it. I mean, I lost it. I'm sitting there and I look across the street and my friend Dan has his hands in the air and he's laughing like this. So I pull over and I said, were you listening to Raul? He said, did you hear that? Yes. So what is dung? What is rubbish? It's that which is useless or worthless. And that's the whole point he's making. Thanks to the Greek scholar, Raul Rees. So he said, I have suffered the loss of all things. And so that's part of, that's really a great part of following the Lord is that you know that you're just passing through, that this earth really isn't your home, and that there are things awaiting you that you've laid up your treasures that are awaiting you in a much better place. And so one of the elements that demonstrates you really know the Lord is the heart of sacrifice. Also a commitment, a complete commitment, not one of these part time, but a full time total commitment to the Lord. In John 6, 67 through 69, it says Jesus said to the 12. Do you also want to go away? But Simon Peter answered him, Lord to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life. Also, we have come to believe and know that you are the Christ, the Son of the Living God. I have no place to go. I left everything when I came to follow you. Do you understand that? Did you do that? I did that. At the age of 20, I didn't have much to leave. To be honest with you, I really didn't. But whatever it was, I left behind. I did. And I can still remember speaking to the Lord about this when I went through a crisis of faith later in my walk with the Lord. And I said this to him. I said, I left it all for you. I left everything behind. And I've never come to regret that. Everything was left behind. Why? Because of the excellence of pursuing Christ and knowing Him. And so that's a believer. We are not Christians in a part time. We are Christians full time. And I'm willing to have been for many, many years to say I want to be completely committed. And then also, there's this hunger that you have for the Word of God. That's why you come on Wednesdays, I would hope. You have a hunger for the Word of God. You want to know Him. It's like 1 Peter 2, verse 2 says, as newborn babes desire the sincere milk of the Word that you may grow thereby. And then finally, what is the mark of a person who's been converted a willingness to suffer for righteousness sake? We see that in the book of Acts. Remember in Acts chapter 5 after that the apostles had been taken and beaten. And all that says in Acts 541, they went their way from the presence of the council rejoicing that they had been considered worthy to suffer shame for His name. And so these are things that point out that genuine conversion has taken place and He's been pointing that out.  So whoever believes in Him will never be disappointed by Him. His promise of salvation is sure and He is trustworthy and He's reliable. Now Paul has made it clear that the gospel is for both Jew and Gentile alike. In other words, the gospel message is not restricted but is universal. Both Jew and Gentile will be saved by the same message of salvation through Messiah. And that's why he says in verse 13, whoever calls on the name of the Lord, whoever calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. Acts 2, 21 says, everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. And this is a call to the world. Isaiah 45, 22, an Old Testament book, turn to me and be saved all the ends of the earth. I'm God. There's none other. In 1st Timothy 2, verse 4, God desires all people, all people to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. Always remember and know that. Again, these are real basic things I'm just reiterating. You've already heard these things. God desires all to be saved. Sometimes you may be thinking, that one will never be saved. Nope. I've shared this story. I'll say it briefly. I was in a Christian concert. I was 23 years old. I was seated in a small area kind of like this place. There was a Christian band. It was JC Power Outlet. For some reason, I still remember the name of the band. JC Power Outlet. Right in front of me was a motorcycle gangster guy. He had his Levi jacket with no sleeves. He had cut the sleeves off. He had a patch. He was no less than six-four, no less than 300, no less. Good size. That was his girlfriend.  But no, he was a big guy. He had long hair, just big. And I was seated behind him. I really couldn't see the stage. But I wouldn't tell him. I kept looking around him. And then the invitation was given. I still remember as I was seated there, saying to myself, he can't be saved. This guy can't get saved. I remember he can't get saved. This guy cannot get saved. The invitation came and this mountain stood up. He began to wipe his eyes, the tears that were in his eyes. I still remember that. And then he stumbled, stumbled through the seats, came to the aisle, came forward, stood there towering over everybody. And that's one of the times when the Lord has really impressed my heart. And I believe I heard within my spirit him say something like, I can save anyone. And I've never forgotten that. Don't doubt my power. I can save anyone. And you may have friends or family or co-workers or neighbors that you think are so far away they'll never get saved. Don't forget that they might have thought that about you. Don't forget that. Somebody may have been saying, I can't believe this one got saved.  No, God desires all to come to knowledge of the truth. Now this kind of thing is not popular, especially right now. The world is ridiculing us because of our faith in Christ. And I trust in him. He wasn't that long ago when you had the COVID lockdowns where people were saying, we need to be praying. And then these talk show hosts would ridicule that. They would mock the calls for prayer. Well, we are not ashamed of Jesus Christ. And we know his power. And naturally we fall on our faces before him. And we ask for his help.  He never rejects us. And we should never desire to forsake him. Why? Well, because we can trust him. He's faithful. According to Hebrews 10, 23, let us hold unswervingly to the hope we profess for he who promised is faithful. Again, verse 13, whoever calls upon him will be saved. So he went on, verse 14, how then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? So if you're saved, you now have the responsibility to proclaim the message. We're not all missionaries, but we certainly are all witnesses. And so he's speaking of that in verse 15 when he says, and how shall they preach unless they're sent? As it's written, how beautiful are the feet of those who preach the gospel of peace, who bring glad tidings of good things. And so Paul had a commission. He knows the beauty of this particular scripture. He had received a commission from the Lord to proclaim the word, and he was sent. The Lord sends you acts 13, two and three, while they were worshiping the Lord in fasting, the Holy Spirit said, set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them. So after they had fasted and prayed, they placed their hands on them and sent them off. So they were sent. How can you go unless you're sent is the point he's making. And then he speaks of the beauty of the feet of those who are preaching the gospel of peace. How beautiful is it when people come bringing good news of salvation? How beautiful is it in those who have been in darkness can rejoice because the light has come. But he says in verse 16, they have not all obeyed the gospel. Isaiah says, Lord, who has believed our report? National Israel overwhelmingly rejected Messiah. The Messiah revealed in their own scriptures, obviously, especially as we see it so clearly in Isaiah 53, but they refused. In John 12, 37 and 38, it says even after Jesus had done all these miraculous signs in their presence, they still would not believe in him. This was to fulfill the word of Isaiah the prophet, Lord, who has believed our message and to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed. So verse 17, faith comes by hearing and hearing by the word of God. So the gospel message is for everyone. He says that it goes out, that it is proclaimed through preaching. And so he's saying, even though it has been preached, the message is still rejected. And though some are rejecting the message, it is the way that God grants salvation. Preaching is the ordinary means of hearing and receiving salvation. I'm going to share a couple of things about that. This is a very important thing, I think, especially in our day. I believe very strongly. I believe very strongly in being aware of the times you're living in. Some of us as believers have put our head, I think, under a basket or in the sand for whatever reason, no condemnation or judgment. But I think that has happened and I have a bit of a concern, actually a great amount of concern over that kind of thing. I think that we need to, as believers, be aware of the days that we're living in. Because the days that we're living in are the days immediately preceding the rapture crisis going to come and take the church. And we need to be ready, and therefore we need to be helping to prepare others through the preaching and proclamation of the gospel. At the same time, we can't be blind to what's going on in our world, in the United States. And I'm trying to be careful how I put this, because I've got a lot I could say. I'm just trying to be careful how I present it, because I'm wanting the point to be made. How shall they hear if someone isn't sent? And what is to be said to them if it's not a message of salvation? And how will nations change if the individuals who inhabit that nation don't change themselves? So how are they going to change? They're going to change through transformation that comes through salvation. They're going to change by the power of the Holy Spirit. So I'm looking at the book of Acts, and I'm enjoying the study myself. I hope others are, but I'm enjoying it because I'm going over ground that I've gone over many times. And I'm seeing other things, and what I've been seeing. And on Sunday, you'll see it a little bit. I'll be touching a bit on this Sunday.  You see it over and over and over again in the book of Acts. You see it. And as I'm looking at that, I'm seeing that God, and I've seen it obviously, but I'm being reminded that it's through the power of transformation. It's the power of the Spirit. It's the power of the Word of God that is properly applied to situations. And the church, I think in these last days, needs to be more aware of that. At the same time, we have to be careful not to substitute the gospel with any message that is just speaking of transformation, because you can talk about transformation all you want. But if you have no power to be transformed, it only creates more hopelessness. You just get frustrated. Because things got to change. What are we going to do? Now, I'll say this briefly. That's a lie. But I'll try. Again, I don't want to be Mr. Nostalgic. I am thinking of next week and the things that we'll be sharing and talking about. As we talk about the Jesus movement and all of that, what made that, and what makes it what it is, is the Word of God and the power of the Spirit. What did I learn from my pastor, Chuck Smith, that I need the Word of God and the power of the Spirit? That is called Calvary Chapel foundational belief. That's what we were trained in. That's what we believe. That's what I believe. When Jesus was moving, 1960, late 68, 69, 70, continued moving into the mid-70s, those who track church history and movements will say, and you can look this up. It's common knowledge to those who look these things up. There are those who will say that the Jesus movement, and this is their words, not mine. They say it ended or stopped right around 1977, 1978. That's what they'll say. You can see it in books. I mean, I've read those books, and that's what it says. They said there was a great movement, went on for nine or ten years, and it slowed down and stopped. But nobody ever says, why? Why? Why? It didn't stop, by the way. God in his spirit and his word has been moving from the beginning, continues to do so. It hasn't really stopped, but what are they saying? They're saying that the revival was derailed in a way. You know what it was? I'll tell you at least one of the things. I was alive at that time. I was teaching the Bible already. I was already in ministry, and I saw this happen. We got caught up with another message. There was a fellow by the name of Jerry Falwell, whom I highly respect to this day, highly respect Jerry Falwell. He was a warrior, and I highly respected this man, and his memory is still very dear to me. He had a message, though. He said that we were the moral majority. That was a phrase that was used. And what happened through influences like Jerry's was we should be doing things in a variety of ways, including politically, making our silent majority voices heard so we can transform society through the political systems that we can infiltrate or be part of. And what happened is it took many people's eyes off the transformation that comes through the gospel, and we got into a kind of theology or belief that we can change society without it. And many churches had pastors who stopped preaching and started politicizing, and the spirit was quenched. And Pastor Chuck used to say this, every time we got together for meetings, he'd say, when asked, Pastor, what are you concerned about? He'd say, have we begun in the spirit and shall we be made complete in the flesh? What are you concerned about that will quench the spirit with our good efforts? So what is the key? How can people be changed? Now, I'll say one more thing I need to clarify. I believe that every Christian should vote. I believe every Christian should be a moral agent for Christ. I believe if God tells you run for office, please do let me know. And I'll pray for you. I'm very much behind that. I greatly want that. I want to see us do something, but it has to be in the spirit. It cannot be, because I'm angry at what I see, which I am at what I see. But my anger is never going to produce the righteousness of God. And I have to be careful with that. And so the believer has to rely on someone greater than himself. And that is God. And we need to be directed by something deeper than our own wisdom. And we are by the word of God. And so with that said, genuine faith comes through the word of God. Now, when Paul was in Corinth, he decided and determined that he would preach a very clear gospel message. In 1 Corinthians 2, 1 through 5, this is what he said. He says, So it was with me, brothers and sisters, when I came to you, I didn't come with eloquence or human wisdom. As I proclaimed to you the testimony about God, for I resolved to know nothing while I was with you, except Jesus Christ and him crucified. I came to you in weakness with great fear and trembling. My message and my preaching were not with wise and persuasive words, but with a demonstration of the Spirit's power so that your faith might not rest on human wisdom, but on God's power. That's the most important thing, believer. You need to know that. You need to know that my faith does not rest on human wisdom. It relies on and rests on God's power. And the message has to be clear so that people know there's a God who loves them. And so faith, a genuine faith comes no other way. It comes through the word of God. It's God's word that gives wisdom and understanding. Psalm 119, verse 66, the Psalmist said, Teach me good judgment and knowledge, for I believe your commandments. Psalm 119, 104, through your precepts I get understanding. Therefore I hate every false way. Psalm 119, 130, the entrance of your words give light, gives understanding to the simple. And so faith comes by hearing, hearing by the word of God. While he says in verse 18, he goes, but I say, have they not heard? Yes, indeed, their sound has gone out to all the earth, their words to the ends of the world. Now Paul is saying that Israel has received or heard the gospel, but they have not welcomed it. They haven't believed. Now this is 25 years after Pentecost. They've heard as a nation, it's gone out. They've heard the gospel, but they're rejecting it. So when he says in verse 19, he goes on and he says, but I say, did Israel not know? First, Moses says, I will provoke you to jealousy by those who are not a nation.  So this refers to the inviting of Gentiles to partake in the benefits of the gospel. He quoted out of Deuteronomy 32, verse 21, where it says, they've provoked me to jealousy by what is not God. They've moved me to anger by their foolish idols, but I will provoke them to jealousy by those who are not a nation.  Israel, in other words, and that's what he's speaking about. Israel had provoked God because they were worshiping idols.  I'm going to return the favor. But he goes on in verse 20. Isaiah is very bold and says, I was found by those who didn't seek me. I was made manifest to those who did not ask for me. I offered salvation to those who were not even seeking it. I offered salvation to those who had no awareness and knew nothing about it. I offered salvation and it has to be to the Gentiles. Now we saw in Ephesians 2, 12 and 13 that Paul speaking to the Gentiles, Ephesians were Gentiles, non-Jews. He said, at that time you were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in the world. But now in Christ Jesus, you who once were far off have been brought near by the blood of Christ. And so he's speaking of the Gentiles. The Gentiles didn't have the covenants. They didn't have the law. They didn't have the priesthood. They didn't have the temple. They didn't have the sacrifice. They didn't have the rituals. They didn't have the festivals. They didn't have anything.  And yet in contrast to Israel, verse 21, he says, all day long I have stretched out my hands to a disobedient and contrary people. The Gentiles who were without God have been come into a relationship with God. Israel's rejection became our blessing. But to Israel, he says, I have stretched out my hands to these people. Now, when he says, I want you to notice this, when he says, all day long, I've stretched out my hands, stretching out is a picture of his readiness to gather them, to reach out his arm and to take them in his arms. That's a picture. I have a granddaughter. Her name is Elena.  He'll just take a moment because she's a little monster. I'll just say this quickly. She's got a mind of her own.  She really is. And sometimes I will stretch out my arms to her. Come over here, baby doll. Come on. And she'll go, no. She actually, she actually will do this, this finger wave and she gives me, she puts her hands on her hips and she'll go like that. And when Grammy wants to kiss her, because she loves me more. So I kind of understand that. I couldn't understand how you put your hands out and someone doesn't want it. Someone doesn't want to be held by you. Somebody doesn't want that. And a lot of people know my, my wife, Marie. I'll say this briefly again. You get a little Rosales illustration. When Marie came to faith in Christ, I came from a different background. As a Jesus freak, we would hug each other. That was just what we do to this day. People think I don't hug people. I've had people say, oh, I know you don't hug. That's not true. You know, I'm a, I'm a, I'm a hugger. That's what I am. I'm a hugging machine. That's me.  So I learned to do that long time ago, right? Now Marie came from a different background. So when she got saved, one day it was shortly after she got saved, something happened. I don't remember. She was upset about something and tearfully upset. So I, I, I did what I do. I, I wanted to comfort her and she put her hands on my chest and pushed me away. And she goes, I don't like being held when I'm upset and looked at her and I said, you know what? I don't care. And I grabbed her and I held her anyway. I said, you're going to receive comfort girl. It's true. That's a true story. I stretched out my arms, but God says to a disobedient and rebellious people, I wanted to protect you. I wanted to comfort you. I wanted to give you security. I wanted to give you everything that the strong arms of the Lord could give you. He say, but you would not remember in Matthew 23, 37, where Jesus said, Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kill the prophets and stone those who are sent to you. How often I've longed to gather your children together as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings. You were not willing. That was Israel. He says this desire was in vain. Why they're disobedient. And he says a gain saying people, the word disobedient speaks of rebellious gain saying is a different word. We don't use that word. It means those who are opposing, those who are resisting. So he's saying, they disobey my commands and they argue and reject the words of my prophets. What are you saying? They're spiritually blind. In 2 Corinthians 3 14 through 16, their minds were hardened for until this day, the same veil remains unlifted in the reading of the Old Testament because the veil is taken away in Christ.  Nevertheless, when one turns to the Lord, the veil is taken away. He speak about a people who have rejected a disobedient and contrary people. He said, they're hardened. They're resistant. They're rebellious. But that's not true of every Jew. Obviously, the apostles of Christ and the early disciples were all Jewish. Obviously, the gospel was spreading out from Jerusalem and Judea and in the region of Samaria before it went to the uttermost parts of the earth. All the original believers were Jewish. They came to faith in Christ and yet those who were responsible for the religious training, those who were in the religion business, if you will, had rejected and they remained hardened and actually began to oppose as they do to this day. When we're in Israel on one occasion, we're considering and would have had a possibility. It just didn't work out for us to do it. Raul and I were together and they were trying to arrange for Raul and me to go and speak to the Knesset because they were saying they didn't want Christians to come and missionize, preach the gospel in Israel. They're still hard in that way. They're still difficult, but not every Jew is hardened. I have friends who are Jewish believers. We call them completed. The Jewish believers, one last story and then we'll close. I had a friend. He became my friend, Marie and I friend, our friend. His name was Yossi. Yossi was our guide. Yossi, they assigned guides to you. I didn't know him. He was a Jewish man. I didn't know Yossi. So the company we work with had assigned Yossi to us. Now, normally over the years when I would teach the guides will walk away because they're not, they're not, they're not Christians. They're Jews, Jewish people. They would walk away.  Well, the Christian pastor is speaking. They do that all the time. Yossi didn't. Yossi stood there and he listened. And I still remember we're in Capernaum. I gave a short devotional message. I'd never seen this before. When I had finished, Yossi walks up and he's talking to the group and he says, what he just said is true. You need to listen to it. And I'm looking at him and Marie and I are exchanging glances like, this has never happened before. They don't do this. They don't do this. And I thought, something's going on here. Long story made very short. We went for years and we began to ask for Yossi. Now, Yossi guided Pastor Chuck and others. He was constantly around the gospel with great teachers like Chuck and then like him. And then one day, and we've done this, we didn't do it the last two times, the way that we're going to do it again the next time is this. There's a tunnel. When you're coming from the area of Jericho, some of you know where I'm talking about Jericho is 40 miles or so to the east of Jerusalem.  And your guide will begin to speak to you.   And then he gets dramatic because sometimes they do and a lot of people get really touched by this kind of drama. But Yossi, I'll never forget how he said, we're about to enter into the city of Jerusalem. The city that you have desire to see from the first time you opened your Bible. He said, it is the city of the great king David. And then he goes on and he says, it is the city of your Messiah and my Messiah. And when he said that, I go, bing, bing, bing, bing. What did he say? What did he say? I look at Marie. Did I hear that? He comes to my room. He speaks to me. He says, you know David, he says, there's a particular rabbi. He's out of Brooklyn. He's here. They're calling him Messiah. He said, some of his followers knocked on my door and they said, we are here to share with you about Messiah. And Yossi tells me this. So I said to them, why do I need your Messiah when the true one came 2000 years ago? Now Yossi tells me that. So I go and speak to my friend Samuel. He owns the company. Has Yossi come to faith in Christ? And Samuel, he goes like that. That's Samuel. I think he's close. I don't know. The next time we come, I say, has Yossi come to faith in Messiah?  He's come to a genuine faith in his Messiah. Now you tell him to go to church because, because Yossi called me. He said, you're my pastor in Israel. Not that I was the only one. He probably said that to everybody for a tip, but it was nice. It was nice to hear. He goes, you're my, because he came for counsel. He had, he had a problem. He wanted direction. We became very close. He came to faith in Christ. And, and what three years ago, he went to be with this Christ. Yossi died. And now it broke our hearts. He was so dear to us. He'd ask us how our kids were. How's Karina? Oh, I've got one like her strong head, strong head. Yeah, that's my girl. That's my girl. See, so not all have rejected, not all have. There are some who've come to faith in Messiah, but as a nation, Paul is saying, God has stretched out his arms to people who don't want him. And we'll pick up next time as he continues that thought.


Alright, I'm gonna try this. I just feel better about this. I don't like the ripping. I don't like it. I think we got one! Here we go! Here we go! This has to be a charmer. Which one? It's the fire charmer, whichever one. Whoa! Check it out! 25th Anniversary Secret Rare Pulled!


And after a long time, we are back with Justice V. Ramkumar, who is very popular, not only in our sessions, but also on the live blog. Today's session would be previous convictions. How and when to frame charge. This topic looks short, but I know that after once you hear Justice Ramkumar, all the doubts would be cleared because he has the knowledge to go deep dive. We have been reading his articles also on the live blog and we are all eagerly waiting for his book. Without taking much time, I will request sir to start sharing his knowledge. Thank you, sir, for acknowledging our invite and we are grateful as ever. Thank you, Mr. Vikas. Good evening, friends. This is my re-emergence indeed after a pretty long spell of silence. Some health issues continue to trouble me from frequently addressing you. But I do not wish to and I refuse to wither away completely from the legal fraternity. So here I am before you with a topic which has been generating some doubt and uncertainty in certain judges and lawyers alike. The topic is how and when to frame a charge for previous convictions. There is still a lingering confusion in the minds of some judges, public prosecutors, and other members of the legal fraternity as to the modalities of framing a charge for previous convictions. See, all of you know that the chapter in the CRPC 1973 dealing with the framing of charge by a court is chapter 17, starting with section 211 and ending with section 224. Sections 11 to 217 deal with the form of charges and sections 18 to 224 deal with the joint of charges. Now section 211 and 212 are the most important sections. Now section 211 gives you the contents of a charge. What all things should a charge, court charge should contain. And section 212 gives the particulars of the time, place, person, et cetera in a charge. Now the particular provision dealing with previous convictions is subsection 7 of section 211. This subsection reads as follows. If the accused having been previously convicted of any offense is liable by reason of such previous conviction to enhance the punishment or to a punishment of a different kind for a subsequent offense and it is intended to prove such previous conviction for the purpose of effecting the punishment which the court may think fit to award called the subsequent offense. The fact, date, and place of the previous conviction shall be stated in the charge. And if such statement has been omitted, the court may add it at any time before sentence is passed. This is subsection 7 of section 211. Now some of the doubts which are expressed are, see, the court is going to frame charge regarding previous conviction. Now he is, presently the court is framing charge for an offense which he is allegedly committed and he is about to be prosecuted. And the trial is yet to start and charge is to be framed. While framing charge, the question is whether a charge for the previous conviction against him can also be clubbed along with the main charge to be framed. Now the usual doubts which are expressed are, will not the prejudice, supposing the charge for previous conviction is to be framed along with the main charge to be framed for the main offense to be prosecuted, to be tried. Will it not prejudice the mind of the court because the court may get the mind of the court may get prejudice because there is a previous conviction. So the accused standing in the dock, oh, you have a previous conviction to discredit, you have discredited. So you may be a habitual offender. That may be the impression which the judge may have. Number two, will it not give rise to an apprehension in the mind of the accused also that he is sure to be found guilty of the main offense, which he is about to face trial. He is about to face trial for the main offense. So will it not raise an apprehension in the mind of the accused that definitely found guilty because previous conviction is already there and it has been read over to me. So the judge is aware, prosecutor is aware, my lawyer is also aware. Therefore court may think that I am a habitual offender. So he may have engender a fear that he is definitely, he will definitely be found guilty for his offense also. Third apprehension or fear expressed is will not the public prosecutor take advantage of the previous conviction so as to influence the mind of the judge to the detriment of the accused. Public prosecutor is aware of the previous conviction. Will he not take an advantage of the previous conviction to the detriment of the accused with a view to influence the mind of the judge. These are the usual apprehensions or fears expressed by judges and lawyers. Well, these are all misplaced apprehensions in the minds of the legal person age. No judge well trained in law should be vulnerable to play, to fall prey to the mere allegations in the prosecution story. After all prosecution case is only allegations. We are yet to, the accused is yet to face the trial during which prosecution will have to add use evidence in support of the allegation. The only evidence is the allegation. And to go find that it is legal evidence which can be admitted in the case. And then only the question of proving the charge of proving the allegations in the charge will arise. An indictment is not worth the name unless substantiated by legal evidence. Hence there is nothing wrong in the judge or the magistrate for having a charge for previous conviction along with the charge for the main offense. That is one rider. Charge, charge for previous conviction of course. You can come down with the main charge. If the charge for previous, framed along the main charge. In fact, it can be included in the main charge. There's one rider. And the accused is found guilty of the main offense which is about, which is about to be tried. The charge for previous conviction should not be read out to the accused or shall the plea of the accused be taken and the prosecution shall not add use evidence also in support of the previous conviction. These are the three prohibitions. Even though a charge for previous conviction can be included in the charge for the main offense, don't the court, court cannot read out the charge to the accused for previous conviction. Court cannot also read out to the charge to the accused and take his plea regarding the previous conviction. Then court cannot let the prosecution to add use evidence in support of the previous conviction. All this can be done only after, only in case the accused is convicted of the main offense she is going to be tried. These are the riders. Now let us examine the procedure contained in the CRPC. The section 211 clause 70 says charge can be for previous conviction also. It only says though. It does not contain any of the riders, any of the do's and don'ts. The charge under section 211.7 for CRPC for previous conviction can therefore be clubbed along with the charge for the main offense proposed to be tried thereby making a composite charge. In fact, if you kindly see model form number 32, the CRPC can schedule, there are model forms. Form number 32 is the appropriate form for charge. What all think that charge should contain? It is framed in compliance of sections 211 and 212 of chapter 17 of CRPC. Now in that part three of form number 32 contains the charge for previous conviction. In fact, in that model form, there is a accused charge for the offense of the conditional section 370 and IPC. And he's also charged for the previous conviction of an offense against property contained in chapter 17 of the Indian Penal Code. Therefore the charge for the main offense is the charge for previous conviction also. Then where does, where do you find the restriction? But after so clubbing the charge for previous conviction along with the charge for the main offense, the three restrictions are contained in section 248.3 in the case of a magistrate conducting a trial of a warrant case and section 236 in the case of a session judge trying a warrant trial under the CRPC. Now the section 248.3 and it's proviso. You see that the first condition is the charge for the previous conviction shall not be read over the accused condition. The same condition you will find in section 236 proviso regard to sessions of a session trial. This is a trial someone has a warrant trial by a magistrate 248.3 and it's proviso. Second condition is the charge shall not be, the accused shall not be asked to such charge. Charge shall not be read over to the accused. The accused shall not be asked to plead to the charge. Third, the previous conviction shall not be referred to by the prosecution or in evidence, any evidence adduced by the prosecution. The previous conviction shall not be referred to by the prosecution in any evidence or shall the prosecution adduce evidence for regarding previous conviction unless and until the accused is convicted in main offense. So unless the accused is convicted, the conviction has been recorded in the main offense for which he is being tried, the fact revisions should not amount record. Though it can be clubbed in the main charge prepared by the court, but it shall not be read out to the accused, nor shall he plead taken, nor shall the prosecution be allowed to adduce evidence. All these restrictions are contained in section 248 clause 3 and in the proviso with regard to a magistrate conducting a warrant trial and section 236 and its proviso in respect of a session that conducting a session trial. Under the, now let us examine the provision in the old code, T-98 code. 1970 code was preceded by the code T-98. Under the corresponding provisions of the code of criminal procedure, T-98, there was some difference in the procedure of a magistrate trying a warrant case and a court session trying a warrant case. In the case of a magistrate trying a warrant case under the T-98 code, the magistrate could not club, could not only club. The magistrate had larger powers than the session group. Magistrate could not only club the charge for previous conviction in the main charge for the main offense, the magistrate could also read out the charge to the accused and take the plea of the accused. The only restriction on the magistrate under the T-98 code was contained in section 255 capital A that is against taking evidence. The magistrate was recruited from allowing the prosecution from adducing evidence in support of the previous conviction. All other things the magistrate could do. Namely, he could read the charge for previous conviction. He could take the plea of the accused, et cetera. But only restriction was he could not allow the prosecution to let in evidence for previous conviction unless and until the accused was convicted in the main offense. That was, but in the case of a quarter session under the T-98 code, the position was as obtained in the 1973 court session. Quarter session could club the charge for previous conviction in the main charge, but quarter session could not read out the charge for previous conviction to the accused and could not take his plea also unless and until the accused was found guilty in the main offense. That restriction, it was there in the T-98 code also. In fact, section 310 of the T-98 code specified that it is identical to section 236 of the 1973 code and it's proviso. A uniform procedure now, under the 1973 code, a uniform procedure has been made applicable both in the case of a magistrate as well as in the court of the case of a court of session. Both are having similar powers. They can include the charge for previous conviction in the main charge, but it shall not be read out to the accused, the plea of the accused shall not be taken. Evidence in support of the plea also shall not be allowed to be taken unless and until the accused is found guilty of the main offense, which he is about to, which is being tried. Now, coming to the case law, I am aware of only two decisions of the Kerala High Court, one by a learned single judge and another by a division bench. Now, in the case of learned single judge, Haji K.K. Moidu, who was the food inspector of Kodi Code municipality, 1961 K.L.T. 415, the author of the judgment is Justice T.C. Raghavati. It was held by the letter judge that a charge for previous conviction should have been framed by the magistrate only after the accused was found guilty of the main offense. It was actually, it is technically not correct because under the, as I mentioned, under the old court, this is a decision rendered under the 1898 court, where under the magistrate had larger powers than that of the session court. The magistrate could club the charge for additional conviction, for previous conviction. The magistrate could read out the charge for previous conviction. The magistrate could take the plea of the accused also in the, for the previous conviction, even before convicting the accused for the main offense. That such power was given to the magistrate, but the learner judge took the view that the magistrate should not have framed the charge unless and until he convicted the accused for the main offense. The above view was technically not correct since under the 1898 court, a composite charge both for the main offense as well as for the previous conviction could have been framed and the plea of the accused also could have been taken and the only bar was against allowing the prosecution to abuse evidence in support of the previous conviction unless and until the accused was found guilty for the, in the main offense. Now, the above view that even the charge for previous conviction should have been framed by the magistrate, only after the accused was convicted was therefore disapproved by a division bench of the Kerala court. In food inspector Chitu versus Mariapin Chettiar, 1965 KLT, 963, the judges are Justice Anna Chandi and Justice P. Govinda Menon. Justice P. Govinda Menon was subsequently elevated to the Supreme Court which was also rendered under the 1898 court. The division bench held that while in a warrant case triumphed by a court session, even the plea of the accused on the charge for previous conviction could be taken only after the accused was found guilty of the main offense. Such a bar was not applicable to a magistrate trying a warrant case under the 1898 court. The division bench accordingly ruled that the composite charge framed by the magistrate and the plea of the accused taken on such charge was perfectly legal. Now, under the 1973 court, the procedure has been made uniform, both for the magistrate as well as for the session judge, they can include the charge for previous conviction in the main charge for the offense to be tried, the main offense. But the charge for previous conviction shall not be read out to the accused unless and until he is convicted of the main offense. Likewise, the plea of the accused on the previous conviction also shall not be taken unless and until he is found guilty in the main offense. Again, the prosecution shall not be allowed to let in evidence in support of the previous conviction unless and until accused shall be convicted of the main offense. This is the procedure now invoked under the CRPC 1973. So kindly used judges and lawyers and all members of the legal fraternity should bear this in mind while the court is to frame charge for previous conviction and how the previous conviction is to be brought on record and how the accused is to be finally found guilty and convicted and sentenced for the previous conviction. Thank you. Thank you, sir, for sharing your knowledge. And I'm quite sure that everyone who watches this video maybe it is the judiciary, maybe it is the lawyer or maybe it is the student of lawals. Like you always speak that we are all student of law. So this journey, your knowledge sharing would help them to embark better with better insights. Thank you, sir. And we all wish that you should remain healthy and you should keep on sharing your knowledge. Thank you. Namaskar. Thank you.


Let's talk a little bit about vaccine profits because it appears that Pfizer and BioNTech are going to, and Moderna are going to actually attain substantial significant large profits. What's interesting is that Pfizer refused the Trump administration's money last year, and they basically said part of the strings attached with the money was that if you get the money from the government, then when you sell the vaccine, you sell it at break-even, right? So the government's going to give you the money upfront, you're taking a risk, and I can't remember for how long you're not supposed to make a profit, but for a while you're supposed to not make any money on the vaccine, and that was supposed to be part of the requirements, part of the conditions under which you got the billions of dollars that the Trump administration was handing out to everybody. Pfizer, Moderna took a little bit, it took a little bit, but it didn't take the full amount, and it refused to commit to not, to selling this at basically non-profit rates. Ian Millcatch says, if you don't support the show, the left wins. Yeah, I mean, they might win even if you do support the show, but they certainly will win if you don't support the show. Thank you, Ian Millcatch. So Moderna said, okay, we'll take some money, right, but we're not going to take all of it because we want to make a profit of this. If we produce a good drug, if it's successful, we want to be able to make a profit. Pfizer, on the other hand, said, we don't want your money, don't give us your money. If you want to pay for doses, that's fine, but we're not going to take your money, and we are going to, we only want to get paid if the vaccine is successful. We only want to get paid when you buy the vaccine from us, and we want to make a profit, and that's exactly what happened. So Pfizer didn't take money from, I forget the name of the program that the Trump administration put in place, and they are making huge profits, right? Pfizer has told shareholders that it anticipates receiving about $33.5 billion in revenue this year from its COVID-19 vaccine. On a pre-tax adjusted profit margin is supposed to be in the high 20s. That would give them somewhere between $7 to $10 billion a profit, $7 to $10 billion a profit. That is a pretty good profit. That doesn't include boosters. Boosters could bring in about $26 billion more for both Pfizer-BioNTech who split the proceeds if they're approved for all Americans. This translates to about $9 billion in Pfizer profits, and maybe as much as $20 billion next year in profits, and just probably $7 billion in profits just from the boosters, and these are speculatory numbers, they could be much larger. BioNTech, the small startup in Germany started by the children of Turkish immigrants in Germany that really did the science behind the Pfizer vaccine. They are reporting $3.9 billion euros of profits for the first half, just the first half of 2021. That is huge for a small company like that and massive, and they expect much higher sales next year and therefore much larger profits. That's about $4.5 billion of profits for BioNTech, which just think about a small company, what that means for them or what that means to the founders of that company. They must be now probably among the richest people in Germany, partially because they sold their previous company. This is the second company they've started. This is a husband and wife couple. They sold their previous company for I think $1.5 billion before, so they were already wealthy before this even started, and so it truly is amazing. Not only are we going to see Pfizer, BioNTech, Moderna have unbelievable profits this year, next year, but really while the profits will decline in years after that, because to a large extent we boost the shots. Also remember that both Pfizer and Moderna are providing millions and millions and millions, tens of millions actually, of doses to countries outside of the United States, developing countries, poor countries, for free. So they are being very generous, if you will, with their philanthropy. But in spite of that, we're going to have $2 billion or more profits, maybe more than that, well into the future, because COVID is going to be with us, well into the future. Now this has of course caused the left to go basically apoplectic, and not just the left, you're seeing it on the left and on the right. Why are these companies making so much money? This is the problem.  Didn't the science come from state-funded research, and they thought the state should own it all, or didn't operation warp speed? Pay them no, it turns out, and Pfizer didn't get the money from warp speed, they've refused the subsidy, as hard it is to believe for those of you, or anti big pharma. And so what's going to happen? What's going to happen to these profits? What's going to happen to these profits? Where does the money flow? Where does the money flow? Well let's take BioNTech, and BioNTech is this innovative, small, mRNA focused startup. They're in Germany, they've been in the space for many years, they've tried using mRNA for cancer, just like Moderna did, they've had some quite a few failures, of course that's in each of startups. What are they doing? Well they already today have a cash position of $900 million. What's it going to do with that $900 million? Well they just put a press release, I guess, that they plan to plow $950 million to $1.5 billion into research and development in the second half of the year. Research and development into what? We're going to put the money into. So we've got now a billion to $1.5 billion, it's a lot of money for a small BioNTech company, and what are they going to do with that? They're working on 15 candidates for cancer therapies, 15 candidates for cancer therapies. They're also going to be devoting resources to developing malaria and tuberculosis vaccines. Now just a malaria vaccine, just a malaria vaccine, has the potential of saving a million lives a year, a million lives a year in places like Africa. Now, 15 candidates for cancer therapies. I mean, again, cancer is not just brutal in the number of people it kills, but in the way it kills them, it's slow, painful, horrible death.  Imagine if any one of those 15 candidates actually results in actually successful. They're also investing heavily in increasing capacity for the vaccine because there are a lot of people in the world still that have not been vaccinated. They expect that next year they'll be able to produce 4 billion doses a year. They continue to research both BioNTech and Pfizer working on a vaccine for influenza. Wouldn't it be cool if we actually got an effective vaccine for the flu? Indeed, tens, hundreds of thousands of people die of the flu every year. I mean, the potential here is just unbelievable. This is a technology that has just proved itself as efficacious, maybe not as effective as we'd hope. Maybe we'd hope that these vaccines would last longer than six months, but they're going to learn. They're going to make them better and now they're taking the technology and applying it to a variety of other diseases. Moderna, for example, is heavily invested. They've got, not only do they have huge profits, but their stock price has gone up dramatically, which means that they can raise capital at very low cost. They're now working on vaccines for that, sorry, drugs, mRNA-based drugs to treat heart disease, cancer, rare genetic conditions, emerging viruses like Zika, and hard to get, hard to target pathogens like HIV. Now, I mean, how could anybody, how could anybody be upset that these companies are making money when they're, we'll talk about where they should be making money to begin with, but when, even on the basis of this, they could be helping the world. What could be a better use of this money from the perspective of our health in the future? Think about COVID and think about the fact that these companies developed a vaccine within a year. They developed it because they had invested in platforms, vaccine-producing platforms that never existed in the past. Well, now they've proven the platform can work. I mean, the sky's the limit in terms of what can happen. Now, there's a second benefit. This is all economic benefits. We'll get to the, we'll get to the, to the moral case in a minute. There's a second benefit from these profits. I mean, here we have Moderna and Pfizer and BioNTech making billions and billions of dollars of profit. Other companies are sitting on the sideline looking at this and going, whoa, there's a lot of money to be made in vaccines. Maybe we should get into the business. This is how markets work. They are companies all over the world now building vaccine platforms. Maybe not for COVID because maybe that market is saturated. Probably not. There's still billions of people still to be vaccinated. And as we said, COVID is going to be for a while, around for a while. I imagine if you could build a vaccine that lasted for 24 months or just gave you immunity forever, the people working on that, the market is huge. Profitability is out there, it's been proven. So companies are looking, are searching, and investing. Right now, the amount of money generated from the vaccines is higher than any other drug being sold right now in the, in the world. Now, it's not that somebody's going to try to copy Pfizer vaccine, they can't, it's patented. But look at how many companies today have vaccines without violating that patent. Lots of companies are going to enter with their own technologies and their own efforts to try to create better vaccines. Innovation is not solely driven by the profit motive. But certainly the profit motive provides some, some spurring on for innovators. So that's the whole point of the patent system is to provide innovators an opportunity to make a lot of money and therefore provides the incentive for capital providers to provide capital for innovators to produce a product and protect their property rights and innovate and grow. So we have here companies that are making a lot of money plowing their money into all kinds of research that is going to improve our health and improve our ability to combat diseases and a variety of different diseases, anywhere from cancer, heart disease to Zika and malaria. Malaria would be unbelievable if they could do that. Isn't this amazing? I'm doing a show on vaccine profits and I've already got five thumbs down, right? Because God forbid in the world in which we live today, even among people who listen to you on book show, defending vaccine profits is considered a, you know, something bad, right? Because God, if only we all took ivermectin, there would be no need for the, for the vaccines. Thank you for listening or watching the Iran book show. If you'd like to support the show, we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening, you get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to iranbookshow.com slash support by going to Patreon, subscribe star locals and just making a appropriate contribution on any one of those, any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see the Iran book show grow, please consider sharing our content and of course subscribe. Press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get announcement when we go live. And for those of you who already subscribers and those of you who already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.


What is hanging magnet sights so the black viking is back and ready to react and I'll pat it up the hip. What he has sent me is called little girl puts Gaston in his place.  Beauty and the Beast.  Well let me know what you thought about little girl telling Gaston and post your comments below motherfuckers. What about you subscribers?


What are you expecting from JC Penney tomorrow? You know, not much. I think that Penney has Sephora, which is very positive. And the expectations are very low. But there's just a huge amount of stock. There's a big float. They need to get to the point where they can start buying in stock. They're not there yet. The old Penney had a good dividend and was rather tight. This one just has done... It's too... It has way too many shares.


Hello, how do you welcome on back to the channel fishing freaks? We're gonna give it the old evening dangle in this video But you know I was kind of rummaging through a lot of my tackle and I was going through the boat and I've been cleaning up the Garage my little you know fish cave slash wood area station and we have got a bunch of rods Got a bunch more here In the truck. I'm taking out so carry these puppies into the garage and show y'all what's going on here Lately in the garage. I have just been Literally tripping over all these fishing rods that that is a lot of a lot of poles right there This is where I come in I do You know I'll do a lot of work on my fishing reels and outdoor equipment and whatever sitting here I'm like, you know digging around for something I got rods like about to poke me in the face and I'm trying to come over here get You know, I've just Smoking these rods with my feet and I'm like, you know, this used to be just a little corner I could set a few of them now.  Oh, yeah So since I have so many fishing poles and I fish for not just bass I fish for other species as well I was like, man, I need a rod rack to help organize some things in here So that's what I'm gonna do before I go fishing today and I was looking around some rod racks And I was like, man, you know those circular ones. Those are kind of cool But hey, they're not gonna hold as many as I need them to and I just don't like the vertical situation I'm pretty much filled up the vertical and then I thought There's a whole entire ceiling that I can use. So that is what we are going to do We're gonna build a ceiling rod rack and ceiling rod racks are pretty neat because they can hold a ton of rods And if you've got a garage like me and it's already kind of full of a lot of stuff You don't have room on the walls. It's the perfect scenario. I also have some scrap wood So I don't even have to buy any materials or anything. We're just gonna do this. Here's the math Hope it works out. Usually doesn't with my woodwork, but we're gonna see. I'm using three-quarter inch Condensed board. This is an actually plywood. This is a little expensive But I just had it laying around. I would actually prefer plywood, but Stuff's really heavy and it's gonna work just fine. I just have it laying around It's in the way. We're knocking two birds out with one stone Just working with the dimensions of the raw wood three feet wide And we're doing a eight inch deep hole right here You got some little angles some 45 degree angles in here just to push rods Into the center and then I'm actually gonna have some notches in here as well So I can separate categories probably gonna be bait casters spinning and then I don't know, you know crappie Saltwater catfish, I don't know. We'll just we'll figure it out We're gonna take the track saw just run straight across here make a nice clean cut And then we're gonna take the jig saw clean up this piece and this is gonna act as our jig for the next one Draw it out. We're basically gonna have two of those and then we're just gonna put Some little blocks on the end to attach to the ceiling Probably would glue those up and Do some pocket holes Find some studs and wah-bam. We've got a rod holder I Don't think we're gonna win any craftsmanship awards with this baby, but it's gonna get the job done So now I'm gonna just trace out another one Make it a double and then I'm gonna take the router Round off the the sharp edges. We don't want that hitting our Damaging the rods or hurting the line if I'm putting rods with reels up there and everything So we're just making a little soft and then honestly, there's not too much more to get That Take off any other little Hard edges and both of these are routed Nice round edges on it now I think I'm gonna take one solid board and run it across here instead of just two But that's not even straight. Wow, that's terrible Anyway, I'm going to take uh, just a board and run it all the way across there that way It'll be easier to find stud Two-inch board cut that's gonna go on the ceiling and I'm gonna install that first Let me tell you something about the old pocket hole joiner here Folks, if you do a lot of home projects and you don't have yourself one of these things This one's made by craig, but it's a pocket hole jig Wow Makes your life just 1000% easier it just makes these two holes right here. You put a screw in there And a lot of your furniture like that you get from Ikea or Cabinets is done this way. It's just really strong And it's very easy. It's very easy to do So since I'm in a bit of a rush trying to get to my dangle and I don't want to do any wood glue This is how I'm doing it. Plus it's easier since I'm going to be drilling into the ceiling first And this would hang below it and I wouldn't have enough room to to really screw up in there and install it. So Just easy Now we gotta find our Check it with the old stud fire. Just see if it's working, right? Yeah That's it's reading studs real well. Have us next one. We have serious problems now We've got our baseboards. I guess you could call them It is time to attach Our fancy dancy rod holders The whole thing splitting that is not good You ever just get to a point in a project where you're like I think I missed a major step I don't know if this stuff is designed to hold pocket holes Yeah, we'll see Well, I think despite a technical error on my part I think we're up and running now. So this one over here actually turned out good Played it real safe Use the actual drill We set it on like level five so it wouldn't just blast through the wood But it looks decent It's not cracked The other one is definitely cracked Okay, let's see if we can hold some rods. That's what we made it for Lovely This project took me a couple hours. Just look at all the rods We have gotten off the floor Comments on the results Are gonna tell you I like this style just the open You know, I can see everything that's there. I didn't want to do like individual Little rod slots because I got way too many put them up on the ceiling. They'll be fine They're collecting dust on the ground now. They're gonna collect less dust up on the ceiling and they just provide a little ambiance It's like the ultimate dangle chandelier. I like being able to sit down in here in my little Woodshop slash outdoor cave You know, I've got my bows hanging up back there I've got fishing rods hanging up above my head I've got You know Guggen squad Guggen baits I got my knives. I got my camping tools If it was like 30 degrees cooler in here, it'd be The perfect doghouse area, you know, getting a little trouble maybe said the wrong thing about the dinner Didn't like that spice Got in trouble Come down here live your best life But that is ultra extremely rare because osg is always cooking up the goods Just kind of look at uh The stamps the signature stamps Up there. There's quite a few gs's which is pretty cool Go ahead and just tap on that like button for scrap wood creativity greatness y'all and you saw how it did it So you can go make you Saturday night in the ramp is packed Yes, it is Just to be expected You know if Emmy and Stephanie were in town, this would be a good night to take them out We have a lot of neighbors that come out and enjoy the lake and just I mean everyone around town comes out here in the summertime It's just it's just the summertime Ain't no Kind of deal, you know what I'm saying? To be honest with y'all I have no fishing Expectations patterns ideas and mine.  Oh, yeah, I give a rip there. Bye Give it a rip. I'm seeing a lot of ripping and not enough fishing I got a boat coming right at me. So I gotta put this camera down and Navigate Okay Back deck is a little wet from a big wakeboard boat wake But we're gonna get this party started here. I have found a like a deep hump And I'm gonna throw a little spoon at this ledge right here. I think there's some big bass Sitting on this ledge and I think there's also some white bass that are just surrounding the entire area So I'm hoping That the white bass will come up in school this evening and then I'm gonna lock up With one of these mondo heads down here This rod that I'm holding is probably going to be One of our best selling rods just given the length and the action. This is our our seven foot Medium heavy which is generally What most people See as a go-to Type rod It feels like sexual chocolate. I will say that You guys just want to put it on like the most wake possible mode and Just come right through my fishing hole that that's tremendous. Thank you so much I want to say that there's even a school of crappie on this ledge like it's there's a lot going on out here Give me that jet ski. That's what I need Oh, there he is. Oh my gosh It definitely hooked hooked up on something right there. It wasn't small It was either bottom or it was a big fish What no It was full connection. Oh, there we go. There we go. That's gotta be a bass Yep, coming up to jump these are a bass down there There we go. No, it's a giant crappie. Oh my god Holy schnikes. I thought I saw a school of crappie there. Oh my god.   My gosh You know, no one cares that I'm fishing like people out here giving zero craps About me fishing in this spot. They're just like I'm gonna come 20 feet away from you And just deliver a wake towards your boat They're waiting on that night fight. I don't know By the way guys, I did order A underwater light So I'm waiting for that to come in And do a nighttime underwater light crappie fishing video. We're just fishing in general to see what comes up to it I've never done that before. I think it's the perfect time to do it. So Subscribe right here at the channel if you want to stay tuned here we go Just can't get bit Ended up with this I think it might be a 15 inch or quite honestly It's a big old tail slapper. Sorry. You got y'all with Here we go. Silver bullet landed. All right girls I think you got some eggs for me Penny and Peggy you can count on every day. I mean they are almost a 365 day a year layer But the other girls, you know the Easter Eggers and the Dorkings. They're not they're not so much I think they're like a two 250 to 280 in that range. So don't get them every day Mr. Crappie He's going in here In the Dometic that's going to be lunch tomorrow Maybe a little grill maybe a little sandwich a little crappie sandwich in the afternoon. Come on now So thank you all for tuning in today and checking out my uh rod holder build Unfortunately, I have a higher number of rods than what I caught in fish today But you know it's summer sometimes you get a tough dangle. Thank you guys as always for tuning in Happy building. Happy dangling


Hey everybody, welcome back to magic orthodoxy. My name is David and this is my deck collection. All right, so for this deck collection video I'm gonna look at these smoke and mirrors decks from Dan and Dave. Now just did a Dan and Dave video So why didn't I include smoke and mirrors in that video when because you know I reviewed smoke and mirrors so long ago it was seems like forever ago and I really loved this set So I felt like you know what let's give this set a little more attention than just running through it So I'm actually gonna give you some caliper measurements for these And show you what these look like in comparison with version 1 and version 2 and so let's get on into it So it came in this little hard shell box and then inside the box There is actually a certificate of authenticity. Okay, and so when these boxes came out Smoke and mirrors 1 and 2 the white version and the black version were included in this box set But they were not The original Smoke and mirrors that came out before the box set does that make sense?  Okay, so you can see that the version 2 Is a little bit more cream than stark white and the black is a little bit more gunmetal gray Than just stark black.  So version 1 thicker cards. Okay Version 2 was a little bit in the medium range And I would argue that all of the new smoke and mirrors cards are in the 280s So they're all gonna be middle ground.  So that's kind of cool and for anybody whose name Starts with D or whose last name starts with D They all these decks they were custom tailored To Dan and Dave Buck's taste with all original artwork. So Psy Scott did all the artwork for all of these decks Okay, and these decks were originally released back in 2007 The cards quickly sold out and so they printed more of them and more of them and more of them And eventually they changed the color and they altered the design to fit a more Minimal style, you know, like when the tuck cases first came out. They were really cluttered. There was a lot of that Back design in there and now they've kind of smoothed it out. So for five straight years They've released a new version of this deck all the way until 2012 So you could have version ones to use three spores or fives And so when they decided to revamp the entire series and release them all they put them in this box set All right. All right. So obviously if you're counting along at home There's four of the eight So I have two of the original Version one smoke and mirrors and you know, the other thing is they also say smoke and mirrors on the front and the version Two's do not then with the actual colors I have two sets of each one to the silver deck. I have two of these. This is called carbon The blue deck. I also have two of these. This one's called a denim red deck two of these This one's called rouge and the green deck. I have two of these. This one is called echo I have two sets. I keep one shrink wrapped just as this is my collector set. It has my original White and black in here. And then this is my open set play with your cards kids Break those seals open and play with your cards cards are meant to be played with so this is my play with set so two sets that's my review for Dan and Dave buck smoke and Mirrors and as always if you would like more content, you can always visit me at magicwarthodoxy.com. Thanks. Bye


At Georgia Power, we give you the option to choose one of six rate plans based on your needs. With Flatbill, you'll have a set price for 12 months, no matter the energy that you use. With the prepay option, customers can pay as they go, with no credit check, deposit, or reconnection fee. And if you can make small changes to how and when you use electricity, our smart usage or nights and weekends plans can help you save. For more information on our rate plans, please visit georgiapower.com slash pricing.