To Adventures in Small Business, a collaborative effort by the U.S. Small Business Administration Hawaii District Office, the Hawaii Small Business Development Center, the MC Center for Business and Leadership, and the Veterans Business Outreach Center of the Pacific to showcase the stories of local entrepreneurs and small businesses. I'm Colleen McLooney from the Patsy T. MC Center for Business and Leadership, and today we have Courtney Rowe from Professional Business Concept. Good morning, and thank you so much for joining us. Yes, thank you so much for having me. We're so excited to be able to showcase your small business, and we'll jump right in and have you tell us a little bit about yourself and your background before you started your business. So I'm born and raised in Hawaii, grew up in Mililani, a very proud product of Hawaii's public school system. I went on to study at UH Manoa where I got a double major in accounting and management. And then after that I was able to get my CPA license after working at Princeton Young in the Honolulu office, and then also working for my family business, Diamond Head Market and Grill. And then subsequent to all of that is when I started my own bookkeeping small business consulting company. Fantastic. Oh my gosh, that's so much. So before we get going more into professional business concepts, can you explain to me and to our audience what the difference is between a CPA and an accountant just for clarification? So in order to get the CPA designation, it's not just like an accountant can be born from studying accounting in school and maybe getting your bachelor's or even an associate's and doing the accounting work. A CPA is that special designation where you need to meet three different criteria, which is educational requirements, so it's a little bit more than the credits that you would need for a bachelor's. You also need to have work experience either at a public accounting firm or working directly under a licensed CPA. And then you also need to pass these four daunting exams. So once you get all of those three criteria met, then you become a licensed CPA. So although it's not required to have your CPA to do accounting work, it does come into play with things like taxes and when you have to sign off, knowing the tax codes and things like that. So definitely like a higher level account. Right. Okay, thank you so much for that explanation. I know that it seems pretty simplistic, but I think it's a good way for some small business startups to really understand maybe what their needs are and we'll get into that further. So let's see, let's start again with what motivated you to start your small business. So after my experience of working at the public accounting firm and then working for the family business, I kind of hit a wall, so to speak. And then I went to my mom and I was kind of talking to her about, you know, I was considering making a change into maybe the nonprofit industry, but she was actually the one who suggested and encouraged me to start my own business. She has her own bookkeeping business and she had a lot of work that she said that she could have me take on, you know, just to help me get off the ground. Oh, great. Yeah, but the funny thing with that was shortly after I started my company, I put the word out, oh, I'm doing this now and a lot of my contacts came back, you know, very quickly and I was able to build my own client portfolio and a lot of which are actually not a lot, but a few of which now are nonprofits. So it kind of came full circle. Terrific. Terrific. That's great. Congratulations with that. That's fantastic. Okay, so let's see, so can you maybe share with us some of the hardships of being an entrepreneur? Sure. So I think it's kind of a love-hate relationship because for me personally, this was the first time in my, maybe in my life that I've had so much freedom, you know, you have the freedom to make your own schedule. I could finally think about, you know, what kind of work I wanted to take on and then even outside of work, you know, what organizations do I want to join? Personally speaking, you know, how do I want to fill my schedule? So it was liberating, but at the same time I think being in the client service line of work, ultimately what I'm selling is my time and energy. So being a one-woman show and trying to manage that has definitely been a struggle. A challenge. Yeah. Oh, okay. Oh, amazing. But it seems like you've been able to meet that challenge and overcome it and run in your successful business. Yes. Oh, fantastic. Great. And then, so what are, maybe what are some of the professional challenges that you've faced since you've, I'm sorry, how long have you been in business with professional business concept? So for over two years now. Oh, okay. And so what are maybe some of the professional challenges you've faced? So I think the biggest challenge for me was because I'm in the business of helping businesses, I'm very capable of doing a lot of things on my own for my own business. So like a lot of the administrative tasks. But I think as my company has grown, it's been a struggle to keep up with all of that. And it was kind of just realizing that although I could do all of those things, that didn't necessarily mean that I needed to do all of those things on my own. So finding that help was something that was definitely a welcome change. I hired assistants. And then I also partnered with another CPA that I actually audited with previously. So she has her own bookkeeping business and then will kind of tag team with each other and help to fill, you know, any needs that the other one might have. Oh, great. So it's basically growing pains then because you, your business is growing and you're gaining consistently new clients. And so trying to realize, yes, I'm helping customers or clients, small businesses with their accounting needs, but then I also need to help my own small business as well. Yes. Yes. It's kind of like, yeah, that focus on my own work, not just everybody else's. Right. Right. So a lot of the small businesses that come that join the show and then we talk, one of the, one of the biggest adjustments that they face starting their small business is that it's a 24-7 commitment, right, rather than the nine to five or whatever. I'm sure it was more than that when you were CPA, but has that been a challenge as well? Yeah, definitely. I mean, I think the great part is that I don't have to answer to anybody. I don't have to really take care of much people. The flip side of that coin is it all falls on me. Right. So like you said, you can't just leave it at work because you are work, you know, like, especially when you work from home, then naturally your work is in your home. Yes. Yeah, but it's good and bad. It's one of those things that, although, you know, it is, it can be difficult, the benefits are definitely something that I'm glad, I'm glad that I made that change. Okay, and you mentioned that you had partnered up with another CPA, so I wanted to ask about competition. Do you feel like there's a lot of competition in the accounting bookkeeping field? Are you, it sounds like your company's growing, so you aren't having a hard time finding clients. So what's your take on competition then in your business? Yeah, so I haven't really felt the effects of competition much. Lucky for me, I think it's true when they say everybody needs an accountant. I think behind every successful business owner, there's a very capable accountant. And then just with how many small businesses there are in Hawaii, there's always someone looking for help. Fantastic. Yeah, and then specifically for me, I think I feel a niche where I don't actually offer, I only offer bookkeeping services, but I don't offer payroll services and I don't offer tax services. Okay. So what I'll do is I will partner with a tax accountant come tax time, prepare everything beforehand and then go ahead and hand that over to them. But what that means for my clients is a lower rate because a lot of times when you do go with an all-inclusive accounting firm with those larger accounting firms, they do charge a higher rate just to do everything. So I'm able to come in and then be a little bit more of an affordable option to just take care of this portion and then you can pay the higher rate for this tax portion. Right. Right. And so for your clients, do you have referrals for them then or tax accountants or for other needs that they may have that you don't provide?  Yeah, yeah. It's mostly like the tax accountants that I've worked with in the past. Yeah, I'm happy to refer new clients to those same tax accountants. Oh, that's fantastic. That's great, especially for start-up small businesses that don't really have a lot of contacts in that field maybe and so they are trusting you to do their bookkeeping. Yeah. So a referral from you would be fantastic. Mm-hmm. Oh, that's great. Yeah. So let's see. I know you talked about your accounting bookkeeping services. What other services do you provide? So in addition to the accounting side, I actually have experience in graphic design. So that was something in school. I actually competed at a national level. I was very much into graphic design but that graphic design and creative side was something that I left behind when I ventured off into the world of public accounting. Mm-hmm. So that was something that I now incorporate into my business. So I offer graphic design, you know, if you have to do like a business card or any kind of print materials that naturally will come up in any business. I offer that. Okay. And then in addition to that, I also educate businesses and associations on social media marketing. So how to use social media, not just for personal use, but how to actually use it as a valuable tool for your business marketing. Oh, that's excellent. That's a great service to provide. Mm-hmm. Fantastic. So that's very two or three very diverse fields to be offering help in to be the accounting side, the bookkeeping side. And then the design side, two totally different sides of the brain. Yeah. That's fantastic.  I do have this other side to me. Right. When I started my business, I wanted to incorporate, I guess, all of those different aspects of things that I love to do. Right. So when you say graphic design, you're talking about like the business card you said, maybe flyers or marketing for their business. Yeah. Branding. Branding. Okay, branding. Thank you. Mm-hmm. So does it also include website design? Yeah. It does include website, but I do have a lot of referrals actually because I do sit on the board of AIGA, which is the Professional Association for Creatives. So I have a whole contact list of people. Right. Yeah. Right. And then for social media, do you actually, are you actively managing some of your clients' social media then? Mm-hmm. Oh. Yeah. That's an amazing service. Yeah. Fantastic. Alrighty. So we are going to take a break now and we will come back with Courtney Rowe and professional business concepts and continue our conversation. Aloha. I'm Stan Osterman, Stan the Energy Man, every Friday here on Think Tech Hawaii. If you're really interested in finding out what's going on in energy, especially here in Hawaii, but also all the way around the world, and especially if it has to do with hydrogen, look into Stan the Energy Man every Friday, 12 o'clock, Think Tech Hawaii, either. Aloha. Aloha, everyone. I'm Christine Linders and this is Think Tech Hawaii. My show is Movement Matters and this is a show brought to you to talk about how to get rid of things like your low back pain, scoliosis, TMJ dysfunction, ankle sprains, pretty much anything that you can do with your body or hurt your body. I am here to bring to you the cutting-edge strategies that you can do right now easily on your own to help get out of pain and get back to doing what you love. Life is better when you listen to your physical therapist. Tune in Tuesdays at 11 a.m. every other week for Movement Matters. Aloha. Welcome back to Adventures in Small Business with Courtney Rowe from Professional Business Concepts. Thanks again for being on our show. So let's see. What we wanted to talk about now was did you receive any kind of assistance from any of our SBA partners via loans or counseling or any type of assistance that way? So I was lucky enough that the nature of my business has very little to no startup costs, so I didn't actually need any type of loan. Fantastic. Yeah, so and I'm also lucky enough that my mom was my mentor so because she has her own bookkeeping business she was able to not just give me technical accounting advice but also just overall business advice. Oh, okay. And then I think even I'm fortunate in that I work with so many small businesses that share their insights with me, that I'm able to see why did they do this, why did, you know, how did that pan out and for better or for worse I'm able to apply a lot of those insights for my own business. So it's almost like an indirect mentorship. Right. So you have that reciprocal relationship where you're learning from them. Yes. The pluses and the minuses, the good and the bad. Yes. Oh, but that's terrific though that you're open to that and seeing that. That's wonderful. Yeah. Well, I do want to say though that Courtney does have an affiliation with the Patsy T. McCenter for business and leadership and congratulate her as a member of the fourth cohort of our leadership alliance. She does have a little affiliation with the SBA partners. That's great. Right. So let's see. Maybe you could share with us some of the lessons you've learned or insights, the surprises that you've come along in the last couple of years as a small business owner. Yeah. So I think looking back, the lesson that I've learned overall is just like everything truly happens for a reason as cliche as that sounds. You know, from the time when I was in school and I think you could definitely call me an overachiever. I always had sports or extracurriculars going on, but that taught me a work ethic. And that work ethic was something that helped me to thrive at the public accounting firm. And then at the public accounting firm is where I learned, you know, a great accounting foundation, not just that, but to also learn the best practices amongst a variety of industries. And then not only that, but how to work in a team and not just work in a team, but how to lead a team. So that was something that I definitely took away from the public accounting. And then even working at the family business, that was something where, you know, I finally got to see the behind the scenes of how, you know, small businesses actually run and kind of those unique challenges, struggles, but also the unique motivations that small businesses have. So to get that insight, you know, coupled with everything else, that was like the greatest foundation that I could have for my business in order to help my clients be successful. Right. And I think beyond that, there was about a year after I started my business, we actually got the news that my boyfriend's brother was diagnosed with cancer.  And so now looking back on, you know, how priceless that time was. And then also realizing that, you know, had I been working for someone else, I don't think I would have been able to do that. So it just really like solidified for me that everything, you know, I was where exactly where I needed to be. Oh, that's excuse me. That's wonderful that you were able to be there for him and that you had the flexibility as a small business owner to do that. Yeah. Definitely. So as a, you don't actually have like a brick and mortar office that you open. Yeah. You work a lot of times remotely, probably. Yes. So the flexibility in that is extremely helpful. Yeah. So just communicating with the clients a lot of times is all you need to do, you know, just to let them know what's going on.  Oh, how nice for you and your family then. Mm-hmm. Oh, that's great. And then are there any, uh, any surprises that have kind of just really like shocked you or have been like, oh my gosh, really that's happening? Or that I was supposed to know that or anything like that. Yeah.  I mean, I was just trying to make a living from doing this bookkeeping stuff. But, you know, being open to new experiences, you know, I ended up focusing on the social media side of things. And, you know, the clients with that, they asked me if I could do presentations for them at their annual conference. So that kind of pushed me out of my box. But I've done that a few times now. So just, yeah, it's just surprising, I guess, where it's taken me, you know, personally in my career. Right. Oh, that's great. So where do you see yourself in the future, maybe in like the next five years? Um, so I want to continue helping whole small businesses. Mm-hmm. I am currently working on workshops to help companies with their social media marketing, things like if they're planning on starting up a business, you know, how do you set up your chart of accounts? Just basic things that, you know, I can have packaged to hand over. So that it's not totally all on me to go there and help. It makes my knowledge a little bit more accessible. Right. So you're talking about maybe a work plan or that you're going to email to them? Yeah. Or like a facilitated workshop? How are you seeing that? I want to provide materials that, you know, can be emailed and almost like a how-to, maybe a checklist. But that could also be translated into a formal workshop setting. Oh, OK. So that's still all in the works. Oh, that's exciting. Oh, and very and needed, much needed, too. Yeah. Absolutely. And then simultaneously, I'm taking inspiration from the small business owners that I work with, and I am going to try to launch my own passion project into a full-fledged business. And what's that? So it's actually a what I'm calling a date night company. So similar to how, you know, there's paint night. We're going to offer something to do every month, but something different. And the focus is going to be not just on doing something with your partner or, you know, to meet someone else, but also to focus on deeper connections. And I think, you know, in today's world, it's very transactional. And then it's just about shifting from that transactional relationship to relational relationships. So that's like my personal passion project that I'm going to try to see. Oh, my God. You have your hands in everything. Yes. Wow. And so just just for my own clarification purposes. So for your date night, is that at a certain venue? It's it's actually in person, obviously. Yes. And it's for is it specifically for couples who are already in a relationship or is it like a first date kind of a scenario? Or what is your what's your thought behind that? So the plan is to offer mixers for single people. So just like a very casual environment so that people feel comfortable to get to know each other. So obviously, you wouldn't be in a relationship for those mixers. But then the date nights are for any couples. You could be married just together. You could even be on a first date. But just you come as your couple for those date nights. And then we actually also want to incorporate girls' nights.  Right. Right. Oh, my gosh, that sounds really fun. I want to try it. Yeah. That sounds great. OK. And then would you also continue to run your accounting business or your professional business concepts? Yeah, you would. Oh, my gosh, you're going to be busy. Yes. A true entrepreneur. Yeah. Oh, that's terrific. But that's the fun of it, right? Good for you. Good for you. Thank you. So let's see, where can our viewers find professional business concept? How can they get in touch with you? So they can either email me or they can find me on Facebook. Oh, OK. Oh, and there's your logo is up on the screen. Yeah. Terrific. And then. OK. And so go ahead and just share your email. Oh, so my email is Courtney at professionalbusinessconcepts.com. Oh, and then we have one more picture. So let's show that and Courtney can speak to that. Is this somewhere that you meet with your clients? Oh, yeah. So this is actually at the client's site. So one of my clients is Kohana Distillers down in Kunia. They're a rum distillery where they grow their own sugar cane and then they make the rum straight from that sugarcane juice. Yeah. So you can see that. That's a picture of the distillery. Oh, that's nice. So do you usually go to your clients' businesses then when you meet with them? Yeah. So I work out of my home, but otherwise I'll go out and visit my clients and I'll do my work either there or remotely. Right. Right. Oh, that's so nice. Yeah. So is there anything else you want to share about your business or about the services that you offer before we sign off today? No, I think we covered a lot. Yeah. Like I said, you can contact me at my email. Yeah. Feel free to ask any other questions or any more clarification. I'd be happy to answer. All right. Terrific. So we want to thank Courtney Rowe today from Professional Business Concepts for joining us today on Adventures in Small Business. And I'd just like to once again remind everybody about the Shops Mahua'i Initiative and Shops Mahua'i is an initiative that supports Small Business Saturday, which is the Saturday after Thanksgiving. And we are here to support small businesses through educational workshops, promotions online, through our social media and also through events that we'll be holding throughout the fall to support small businesses and shopping local, shopping small.  All right. So thank you so much, Courtney. And I look forward to seeing everybody again next month.


Do you feel lightheaded or nauseous with really hard workouts? Want to figure out what's going on? Watch this. Our next caller is Xavier from Massachusetts. Xavier, what's happening? How can we help you? Yeah. Well, first off, I just want to say hi, guys. You know, I've been listening to you guys for a few years now, and you've definitely helped me do my own coaching thing and whatnot. Yeah, so I guess I'll get right into it. So I I've been feeling, I would get extremely nauseous in the middle of some of my workouts, and I've been feeling that way since I've been running track and since high school. And it would only be during my extremely hard workouts. Now recently, I first noticed it during a really hard leg day. I got extremely like sweaty, passed down the floor. Well, I didn't like lose consciousness or anything. And then right after that, I had to go straight to the bathroom and take a number two, I guess you would say. So I thought it was food related. So I stopped eating before my workouts. I didn't help. I thought it was pre-workout related. What else? And I looked towards water and salt, and none of those things worked out for me. So I was hoping you guys would have some sort of answer. Yeah. Yeah, I got an answer for you. Just work through it. Push yourself, throw up, and change his weakness. You'd never hear that from us. You know what you're doing?  So it's just, I'm going to make something up here. Just imagine your friend is literally standing against the wall and just banging it against the wall.  And I thought I was dehydrated. I'm drinking more water. I didn't seem to help. And I thought, yeah, I took some Advil, but it didn't really help that much. And I thought maybe I needed more sleep and I've been sleeping more.  That's probably why. The obvious answer is you're working out too hard. I think the reason why that's not obvious to you is because you think to yourself, this isn't that hard. Why am I feeling this way? Right? Right. And it doesn't always happen, right? You're okay with upper body workouts. And if you go easier. Well, no. So I'd be lying to you if I say I haven't felt it during an upper body day. I will say this though. I did feel it. I've been running that Santa Bolic recently. And I felt it during the first set of squats. And it was the, I don't know if I can talk about this. Is that okay? Yeah. Okay. Yeah. It's the two by 12. And I felt it during my first set. I was able to push through it. Didn't have to run to the bathroom that time, but I did get extremely exhausted. And I, I, yeah, I guess I don't want to accept that. Maybe I'm working too hard because it just, it doesn't feel, it doesn't seem like I am. Okay. Let me ask some more questions here. I actually used to experience this. So, and I would consider myself a hard gainer. So mine was actually food related, not getting enough food. I wasn't, I wasn't fueling my body with enough calories to support the intense workouts I was doing. Also, something that I heard you say was, so you stopped eating food before your workout. So that would only make that situation worse because you're even lower calorie now. And then in addition to that, if you take a pre workout on an empty stomach, caffeine will give that feeling on an empty stomach a lot of times too. So I don't know if you've ever experienced having like a cup of coffee first thing in the morning and sometimes you feel nauseous if it's like a really strong cup of coffee. Caffeine will do this sometimes.  So when this first started, again, you know, I stopped eating and then I started doing it again. I would have maybe like oatmeal and a banana at first. But now I've been doing the bagel, cream cheese, banana, um, elementy. And that's kind of been getting me through it a little bit longer. What about the pre, are you taking a pre workout? Yes. Yes. Yes. How many milligrams of caffeine is in your pre workout? What are you taking? I think it's one. Oh, 200. Actually, I'm sorry. It's 200 milligrams. Okay. So a few things here. One, um, when you, I would schedule a physical, get a routine blood test, just make sure that there's no, no lacking nutrients, make sure your iron is okay. Okay. Your B, your B vitamins are okay. Cause sometimes I can cause that number two might be a deficiency somewhere. Number two, um, this doesn't happen during normal workouts. This typically happens with hard, strenuous ones. So I want to say yes. Yeah. Okay. So I would, I would just not go super hard for a while. I would treat exercise or workouts like practice. I would practice the movements, train within your limits. Cause going past your limit, whether you think so or not is not, is not helpful. Right. Getting to the point where you feel like you're sick, setting you back. Yeah. Regardless of the reason is just not, it's not going to benefit you. Even if it's a nutrient deficiency, going past that point is not going to help you. So I would go easy. I would either go lighter or less reps or rest longer or less volume or all of the above.  Those are the things I would do, uh, right out the gates. Have you checked your blood pressure in a while too? Yes, I actually did. It was a perfect okay. Cause I know I had to do that. It was a, it was a one 10 over 70. I believe I would, um, I would tease out the advice that Sal said, I think we all agree, go get checked to be safe. None of us are doctors here. There could be something under, there could be an underlining issue that you're, something you're not getting or something going on that we should check just to be safe. So I, that's, we're going to start with that advice from all of us. But then I would also, I would tease out the pre-workout.  So, um, if you haven't teased it out, I would tease that out and see if that makes a difference too. Yeah. I, uh, I used to take a few different pre-workouts.  Um, yeah, I don't know if this correlates at all, but also when I eat a ton of carbs, I tend to feel the same feeling. Okay. Well, yeah. Okay.  Do you ever feel like an unquenchable thirst? Can't say that I have felt it before. Okay.  And then as far as eating too many carbohydrates in one sitting and making it feel crappy, well, uh, you know, until you figure out what the deal is, I would eat less at a sitting. And again, just stay within your limits until you figure out or rule out that there's any major medical issue like your, like again, your insulin sensitivity is off because blood sugar issues can cause that and cause nausea. It could cause you to make you feel like passing out. It can, you know, so it can, it can cause a lot of things. So check that out, make sure there's no nutrient deficiencies and train within your limits. If your tests come back, doctors like everything looks fine. I don't think we need to do any further testing than just stay within your limits and gradually move yourself up and you can do it. So long again, as there's no major deficiency or medical issue, you can slowly move your tolerance up and up until, you know, you're able to train at a high intensity and not feel like you're going to die. As a hard gamer, I would attempt, I would attempt to, uh, to eat a good, good high calorie meal about two hours before workout. I don't know if you're, if you're timing it right now or paying attention to that. Um, yeah, I, uh, I wake up first thing in the morning and usually go just because that's how my schedule works. Um, so it's kind of, it's kind of hard to wake up at early wake up. See, this is why I think it's low cal, this is why I think it's low calorie.  So I'm assuming we have kind of a fast metabolism. You're on the leaner side. You're fasted all night where you don't eat. It sounds like you're eating oatmeal and you're talking about four, 500 calories tops. Yeah. Um, and then you're also taking this super caffeinated drink. To me, I think getting yourself better fed, maybe try doing your workout at a later time, just to test this and see if it's not that. Again, back to the first advice, go get tested. That's first and foremost, but there's some other things that I would also play with. Like I would try, like I, I, I don't ever feel great working on the morning. Just never have it. So, and I get some feelings like this. I normally have to have two good meals in my system before I get a lift. And that's a real easy way to, to figure out if that's an issue. Cause if you find that, man, anytime I work out at two in the afternoon or later, I never have these problems, but I only have these problems in the morning when I train. Well, maybe it's just that your body needs more calories. You're not feeding it enough for the workout that you're doing. And then you're feeling the, the blood pressure, blood sugar thing going on that could cause a nausea. So I would look into that. Okay. Yeah. I, I mean, I guess I should also add that I have been doing more of like a part building style of exercising and it's not super high rep with the heavier exercises. So, you know, maybe that's definitely playing a part. Yeah.  It's too much train with your, within your limits and go make sure that there's no major medical issues underlining kind of, you know, what's going on and circle back with this Xavier. I'd love to hear what happens. So I want to, I want to know what, what's going on with you. So we get the bottom of it. Okay. Okay. All right. Yeah. All right, man. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you. This is why I, one example, why I recommend good trainers and coaches have a network of people they can work with because I would love, I experienced this a lot. This was like a, I actually experienced this quite a bit. Now, obviously that's my situation. Maybe his is completely different. But there was two main things that really made a big difference for me. Actually, one of them was getting out of the, the body part split because what this was leg day for me. Oh yeah. 20 sets for legs. Yeah. Every idea about it because of every leg day I was, I was on the edge of throwing up every workout. And even when I thought I was backing off the intensity, I would look at how everybody else is training and I see what I'm doing. I'm like, God, I'm such a wuss. Like I want to throw up and this is all I've done.  It doesn't matter, right? It was just too much. But I also, I also noticed that if I, if I was very well fed, you know, two meals or so before my workouts that I didn't experience this feeling. And he already commented about him being a hard gainer. He might be just a lot lower calorie. I mean, hard gainers normally are not eating enough calories. That's what that's already an obvious thing with hard gainers. So he's probably low calorie. He's in the morning time. Okay. When he's been basically fasted all night, throw some caffeine on that. Yeah. Then throw some caffeine on that. He said four or 500 calories, then he's going right into his workout. I mean, it's probably what it is, but I definitely think if you're feeling like this, uh, you know, you want to rule things out, right? Because, uh, you know, that could be something that's just kind of hidden. Uh, but yeah, none the less, I mean, it is crazy because the last thing a person wants to say is, well, I'm working out too hard. Because what we do is we look at our workouts and we say, well, this is not too hard. Well, obviously handle this though, or you compared others like I did. I was looking at what my friends and everybody else was, and they were doing twice as twice the intensity as I was, but I was struggling with that. So, totally. Hey, if you enjoyed that clip, you can find the full episode here or you can find other clips over here and be sure to subscribe.


What's up gamers? Uh, hi, how's everybody doing? Sorry for the weird content, Lely. It's a weird time to make content, but it is a great time to indulge in your hobbies and or start new hobbies. So I thought this week I would just show you one of my favorite hobbies. Honestly, one of my only hobbies because it is in fact an MMO and for those of you that have played MMOs in the past, you would know. Every hour of every day I could put into this game. I made a video like five years ago about The Elder Scrolls Online. A lot of people ask if I still play. And the answer is yes, every single day. This is my favorite game. I love this game so much. I just wanted to show you one aspect of this game. I'm not particularly into housing or furnishing, but there are people that only play this game for that aspect and that's really cool. There's all people from all walks of life that do all types of content.   You should see that house. Sometimes it's hard being an adult gamer. I'm not super into furnishing. I'm more into PvE content, but I will show you my house. So here we go, excuse me, excuse me, Miss Lady. So for those of you that play this game, you'll see just how basic my house is. There's people that are so fun and so creative and they do the coolest stuff. So this is my house. It's located in Southern Outwear, which is just one small part of all of this fun. Anyways, maybe we should change our outfit for this. Should I be a fisherfolk? Press one in the comments now if you would like me to be a fisherfolk. I'm kidding, this isn't live. Oh, what about all this beautiful wedding dress? Lovely, 10 out of 10. I actually changed the wedding suit to be all green for St. Patrick's Day that I wore with a little green hat. What can I say? I'm just here for fun and content, not that. Oh my God, oh. How about a bathers towel? Julian, what should I wear? Bathers towel? Okay, I'll wear the bathers towel. I always try to get Julian to play this game with me and he just never wants to play, even though I beg him and ask him every single day. Welcome to my house, isn't it cute? Okay, so we got some stuff that I didn't make, a table and a light.  Did you see that? Look, I can turn this off and on. Amazing, 10 out of 10. And as we come in here, you can have a seat at my table. Pretty cute. You like all this food? Look at that, doesn't that look good? Look at this bread, just floating. Okay, you can either have this bowl of potatoes or you could have some potatoes and other stuff.  And there's some floating bread because I am not really a furniture. I am a crafter. I can craft just about anything in this game, but I am not good at decorating. Look, I moved it just, oh, that's so much better. Wow, I'm a furniture. Look at me go, wow, amazing. I have so many of these little music boxes.  Why can't I interact with this? It doesn't care about me right now. Look at this ceiling. Look at this beautiful chandelier. Thank you, look it. I put lights all the way up there. They're so high up there. You see that? Oh, there it is, look. Ah, look at this light. Here it goes. I liked it because it made the ceiling super bright up there, but those are really bright lights. Here's some floor pillows for you, but when you sit on the ground. All right, after you come in, let's go over here. Here's this giant pile of books. I've read every single one of them. Yes, I have. They're full of lore. I love reading lore in this game. In fact, when I started this game five years ago, I thought you like needed to read the lore for some reason. So every lore book that I found, I was reading and actually trying to like remember the things that were in them. That's not a thing. Oh, a jester's coffer. Look, cute and fun. Da, da, da, da, da. Oh, so cute. Look at, what, why are you laughing? I have another one over here, like, what? Oh, fun.  Oh, look at these cabinets. You can't do anything. You can't put anything in them. I want to put stuff in them. I want to put stuff in them. Here's all my incense. Look, I put it out. Isn't that riveting? All right, now I'm going to turn it on. Oh. Okay, I have many of those because it goes with the Southern Elsewhere theme. You know what I'm saying? Lovely, lovely, lovely, lovely. All right, where have we not gone? Over here is where I keep all of my chests. I have one bust. You get like a bust for every time you beat something kind of and they're just, there's so many of them and they just take up so much space.  Like, I don't need 70 of those in my house but thank you, game. I appreciate it. This is where I keep all my stuff that I can't put in my inventory.  All of these are filled with gear and loot that I am constantly organizing because this game keeps putting out new gear and new loot and they don't increase your inventory space. So it is a full-time job to manage them.  You like that? You hear it? Yeah.  Here's a little thing. Look how cute that is.  It's too bright. Okay, I'm gonna turn it back on. As you can see riveting content. Now let's go over here where I have a rolling pin and a little thing and some salts and fizzes, the merchant, my merchant cat. Look it, isn't he cute? This is who I can sell stuff to. And then this one is my banker. He's also a cat. How cute is he? Look at his ears. Oh my God, I love him. All right, here's some spices.  Here's some apples and oranges. Wow, here's a wine rack for all my wine that seems to be empty, a basket full of beets. Yum. And here's some stools. If you'd like to come sit and talk to my cats. Julie, should we go to the bedroom? No, no, no, not like that, not like that. I'll go to the guest bedroom first. In here, I can have many guests. Look, one, two, three, there's three beds.  You can totally come and sleep on this bed. You're more than welcome to come sleep in my house. It's a good time in here. There's really not a whole lot going on. I feel kind of bad. I feel like I should put more fun stuff in here, but I haven't. And then let's go to the fun room, the good bedroom. Here we go. Look at all these rugs. Isn't this pretty, Julie? I took like 70 hours lining up all these rugs on the walls here and they're still like kind of crooked and it pisses me off.  I'm telling you. Also, sometimes when you loot chests, you get like paintings like that. And at first I was like, I'll put them in my house. And then they're just not my favorite and they're kind of just like everywhere.  I'm gonna sell these. All right, let's go to the bigger bedroom. It's over this way. Wee! Here's the master bedroom. Look it, isn't this lovely? All right, I'm just gonna sit in my chair and look at my desk. What, what's so funny? On the table here, look it. It's a mirror. Wow. It's almost like you can see your face in it, but you can't at all. Here's a fan and a comb and a brush and a little jewelry box. Look at it, can I open this? I thought I could. I'm gonna psych. All right, look at this cool lamp. Look at it. I also put a fire log in here because I wanted to put like a fireplace but I don't really have one. Here's a music box.  There you go. You can turn it off. I really like the music boxes in this game. They're so cute to me. Look it, oh, this is so cute. When I was a little girl, I would always have the little ones that you could like wind up and then a little ballerina was on it. You know, I love those things. Okay, so here's this bed that I really like but the only problem is you can't get into it. Like, hello game?  And I can't even get in it. Hello? The bed doesn't hit. The bed doesn't hit. All I can do is get on top of it. Yeah, it's such a comfortable bed. Oh, I love my bed. What do you guys think? All right, here, look it. Would you like a beautiful towel? They look really nice and fluffy, right? They're kind of like those like a chamois that you use in diving. They're really, no, well kind of the same material but it's a thin microfiber in like a beautiful Southern elsewhere pattern that you can dry yourself with but it's not gonna be fluffy. All right, here, let's get in the bathtub. You can tell the game's optimized so I can totally click on the bathtub and use it and my character just sits in it really nicely.  Sick, all right. What do you think? Sick, right, Julie? Let me try again. Oh, here we go.  As for like, you know, you have a really stressful day. Maybe some content's not really going your way.  Content, am I right?   So that's the inside. It's still definitely a work in progress but I think it's really cute and lovely. But let's go outside, yeah? All right, so here's what I was talking about with the paintings. I was like, ooh, I'll put one there.  Kind of takes away the loveliness of having a painting when you just start throwing them up all over the place. All right, let's go outside. Welcome to the outside. All right. So as you can see, it's lovely here. Look at how magical, wow. Let's go this way first. So first thing you have to do is ring this gong because I just got it and I'm really excited about it. So it'd be cool if they like gave you an animation of like hitting it, but instead. All right, sick, let's go blow the horn. Oops, I turned my light off. Okay, I'm gonna blow this horn. Hell yeah. Why are you laughing at me, Julien? Hell yeah.  This is the head from a Sygic skill line. Like you do a bunch of Sygic quests with this guy, so I have the. You know I can see time in all directions. I see you as you are now.  List charming as a corpse. Here's a pretty cheese. Look at this cheese. Isn't it cute? All right, I turned the cheese off. And now I'm turning the cheese back on. You guys wanna hear this voice again? You know there's a ghost in here, right? It's name is Vincent and it's Odore's cherry pie. Maybe you should go fetch a pie or, you know, an exorcist. Sick, all right. I'm gonna blow my horn one more time and then we'll continue with the tour. Restless devious you. Hell yeah. Look at this glow stock. Isn't it cute? What do you think of that Julie? It's a cool little plant. Yeah, and here's some cool little glowing mushrooms. Cool stuff. Here's a fountain.  Now I turned it on. Riveting content, 10 out of 10. All right, so here's all my crafting stations. Really cute. And here's my dye station and my Chansey station. Alchemy. And Chansey, here's another music box, look it. I put butterflies on this one. Isn't that cute? This is actually a cooking station. It's a cooking fire. What would you like? Julie, what do you want to eat? I want to make you some. Pad thai. Pad thai? You know, I don't think there's pad thai in this game. Melangelly. Melangelly. All right, here, let me make you some melangelly. It's gonna increase your magicka, okay? Hell yeah. All right, do you want me to eat it? No. Well, you don't have a character in this game. There we go. Does that make you happy? All right, sick. I'm done eating. These are my other merchants in Banker. They're cool. I mean, they're all right, but I mean, I've been really concerned about tithes. Like, he doesn't really look good. There's actually, Julie, do you want to know what's really funny? There's a kid that I see hanging around in the game that has this outfit somehow, and I don't know how. Like, I don't know how I missed that, but he has this outfit, and I swear it's like cosplaying as tithes, the banker. So he'll bring his banker out, or like anyone in the game can bring their banker out, and they all look just like him, and he has this personality that makes him do this. Yeah, it's pretty tight.  Okay, let's go over here. Something that's really fun about this water is that when you swim in it, it glows. Look at that. All right, let's go in this waterfall. Oh, I put a clam over here recently. I should put something in this clam. Let's put this somewhere. Oh, yeah, let's go. All right, there, done. Wow, so much thought and consideration. What do you guys think? Sick. All right, let's keep going. Over there's a blue plant. Isn't he cool? Yeah, all right. I should still put something in my clam. I don't know what to put in there. Ah-ha, dark. Really, yeah, nah. I'll just put this in there for now. Look, can you guys tell I'm good at furnishing? Oh, I put it away. I don't think I can put, oh, I can't. I can put a mount in there. Maybe I can put a pet. Okay, that's cool. I'll put a pet, non-combat pet. What should I put in there? Let's see. A whole-ass fawn. What about a swamp jelly? He'd be cute. A bat, a long-winged bat. Look how cute he is. Okay, something funny about this. Oh, damn, where's he going? This says, I went into my inventory and I was like, I don't remember getting this bat. Like, what is this bat? This says, an exclusive pet granted for participating in the Elder Scrolls Online Greymoor Announcement Stream.  Like, I appreciate it. But this feels invasive. All right, I'm gonna put this bat in here.  Okay, there we go. All right, don't fly around too much.  All right, he's cute. You can live there. All right. Here's a closed clam, again, as you can tell, expertly placed. I need to put him on the ground. There, he's always on the ground.  Okay, there. Julie, you wanna go in the waterfall? Look how pretty. Isn't this lovely? Look at the ceiling. Are you kidding? Like, isn't that sick? There's so many houses in this game, too. Like, this is literally just one. There's like, all different sizes, all different themes from all different areas. It's just, it's very rich and amazing.   All right, here's where I put a cat. Look it. He doesn't do anything. He's just, he's just looking himself. Does he have a name? What's his name?    All right, I'll back up. I'm backing up. My dude. Damn, why are you so mad? I will put you away, dude. I will put you away.  Like, why are you being all aggressive? That's too much energy. That's it. Why don't we put something cute there? You want a cat with four ears? Ooh, Milady's Cloud Cat, Milady? Should we put him there? That's pretty nasty. All right, let's put Milady. All right, Milady looks way less aggressive. Milady. You know, when I come into my secret waterfall area, I don't, I don't want all that aggression. I want a nice chill. Milady, oh, he's doing it to me. Oh, what's with you guys? All right, anyways, here's a little light in this big rock that I put here. Let's go back out. You can either swim or you can walk up here, say. Let's go over here. Well, I guess we'll go the other side. So since I'm a PvE healer, I don't really do that much damage, especially on this character. Most of my characters are healers. What I like to play, you know, cause I'm old and bad. But here's the target skeleton where you could test your DPS, or if you're me, you can just heavy attack it over and over and over, and then get a result of about 8K damage. So I'm very dangerous. Look out, everybody. That's where you can test your damage. I did have more horses here, but then I put them away and then it said you're not allowed to put any back. So I was like, all right, sick.  Here's the place to do that. Here's a camel. Look it, oh, he's pretty and fancy. Over here is a plant that attacks you. I got him during a Merkmeyer event. Look it. Can't fight him, but he can fight you. Kill me?  Game's fun. Here's another target dummy for my friends that are good at the game, play DPS. And here's a big pile of riches. Look at this. I think I got this like years ago, like everybody got this, so I'm not special. All right, here's something that was in the crown store that I bought with actual money, pretty much.  You just summon Cadwell and he talks to you. That's it. Okay, I don't, I don't, I'm sorry. I don't really want to have a conversation. I'm gonna go over here. Here's some of my Mundus stones so all my friends can come over and change their Mundus stones. Okay, here's the nice little sandman.   My guy.  Look at that. Oh, so cute. And a candle. Wow, some more Mundus stones. And if you swim out here, you'll get eaten by slaughter fish.  Ow, I'm dead. It took me back to the meeting of my house. I didn't know that was a thing. Same with that water. If you swim out there, you'll get eaten by slaughter fish. But I do know that people like build up with like blocks and stuff and they can just like go into parts of the map, don't even render. It's kind of sick, honestly. They're awesome. Another target dummy. And some more Mundus stones and another socialized in spot. So while your friend's parsing, you can sit here and like make fun of them and tell them that they messed up. This is a giant windmill. So I spent 250,000 gold on it. I think it was worth it. I spent 250,000 gold on that. And then my friend was like, well, now you need another one to go over there. Cause he's also a Virgo. And he was like, you gotta even it out. And I'm like, it's so expensive. Look at it. Oh, it's so cool. You can't make it stop or go or anything. You can just, I kind of put it here, shitty to listen to that. Doesn't it sound like a windmill? Wow, sick. Okay, that over there is a little dormant son. I think he's really cool. It's like a mini son. Like when you look at it, it's hella bright. But when you don't look at it, it's not. Oh, it's not hurting my eyes. Not hurting my eyes. Not hurting my eyes. I'm blind. I guess it works better if you're closer. Look at how pretty this is. And under here, I have another music box. Can you believe? It's like my favorite thing. So cute. That breezy night in Burma. Ah, yes, I remember. Let's go over here. Look at this pink tree. It's so cute. Wow. It's like kind of gold almost. Shiny. So pretty. 10 out of 10. So I guess the last part of my house to show you is pretty much just come swim in this beautiful pool. That's nice. You can just look at the house and jump up here. Hang out.  All right, just give me a second. I'm really good at this game. Don't worry, okay. Look at it. Now I'm chilling. I can just look at my windmill and think about all the gold that I spent on it. Can I change my outfit in the water? Oh, let's go. I'm wearing a formal dress in the water. What do you guys think? I wish I would make like a little rowboat in this game so I could just take it around in here over and over and over. That'd be tight. All right, let me show you the sun. I don't really know a good place to put it. You know, kind of just threw it there. Oh, look at it. See, see what I'm talking about? Absolutely blinded, my dude. All right, let's put it like up in the sky. Whoa. Damn, now it's sunny. Look at that. Whoa. Right here, blind everybody. Oh, it's so bright in here. Oh my God. I gotta blow my horn about this. Damn. I'm very good at decorating as you can tell from my real life house. All right, let me bring my gong like seven times. What song was that? No, it was Toxic by Britney Spears. What good guest? Oh, I think we have a house guest. House guest. I gotta change my outfit. He hates this outfit. I gotta dye it. Should we dye his outfit? All right, come over here, come over here, come over here. Damn, let's go. Oh, we got a visitor.  This is my eldest girlfriend. We play every single day. He hates this outfit. That's why I put it on. Oh no, don't do it. Don't do it. He's so annoying. Don't do it. Oh, it's so awful. Oh my God. See, it's the great place to hang out with your friends. Lots of room to entertain, jump around in the water and hang out. He looks like he's drowning. If he can't hear me right now, I'm gonna show him the gong because I just got it and I'm really excited about it. Also, I hope that you guys are respectful of this person because they're just a regular person on a video game and I would appreciate it if you don't harass him. So thanks so much. Love, Jenna. Don't do that. Stop, no. Stop doing that. He has none of the beast personality. I'll show you that. We can both be beasts. Aw, he's sitting in a chair. Look, all these chairs, they're going to good use. My favorite part about the beast personality is when you eat an apple. This is what it looks like. It's so extremely feral. Like, look at that. That's like how Kermit eats. Look at how feral this is. So yeah, in case anyone was wondering what I do with my time, I log on to this game and I eat an apple on the ground just like this. This is my friend, every day. Thanks for coming to my house tour and the Elder Scrolls Online. There's many other houses that's just one and this is just mine and people are so crazy.  What did he just do? Who wants to see a picture? Here's a painting. Uh, uh, uh, uh. Get absolutely wrecked. He doesn't have that because it's from a quest and he doesn't do any quests. Get absolutely wrecked. Damn, he's juggling knives. Damn, I cut his arm. He's bobbing for apples. That's nasty. I'm calling the police.   Oh, get rectators. Thanks for coming to my house tour on the Elder Scrolls Online.    Sorry, thanks for coming to my house tour on the Elder Scrolls Online. This is one of my favorite ways to spend my time. He just, boy, you look naked. Okay, hopefully maybe next week I'll, or at some point this month I will make a one year bunny update video that I know a lot of you guys are looking forward to. So yeah, I'm gonna go play my game now. So you guys next week, I hope you like my house. Fuck, he's the, oh my God.  Oh, he needs a doctor. He needs some milk. Okay, for real though, I'm gonna go now. Thanks for watching. I'll see you guys next week. And yeah, have a good week. Bye. Bye.


Hello citizens of Longmont. My name is Jeremy Johnson. I am running for one of the at-large City Councilmen's seat in this year's upcoming election. I am originally from Andalusia, Alabama. I moved to Longmont almost 10 years ago. I Married, have a wife and three wonderful children. I own a insurance and financial business here in Longmont. I Am a decorated disabled veteran of the United States Army two tours in Iraq But the reason why I am reaching out for your support in this year's election to become your next City Councilman is Because I feel like the people of Longmont needs that strong voice Some of my personal beliefs Leads me to believe that I can be that strong voice for you guys It's a lot of issues that we all face here in the city of Longmont that we take to counsel and take to mayor But I don't want those issues just to be the issues that we see I want those issues to be the issues of the public I want the public to come to the City Council and voice their opinion and that opinion becomes into actions So with that being said get out voice your opinion and let's make a difference in making a difference We look at different issues The first issue I will Conversate about here is education With education Comes a lot of different issues right now the big issue is around diversity So if you think about education and you think about diversity you say how does that go together? Well, education can be diversified. We have students who thrive in the now Education system we have students that don't thrive in education system so we need to look at the education system and get more in tune to Creating an education system that meets our students needs We have to invest in our youth our youth is going to be the next generation That's going to be sitting in positions To make our community stronger The next issue that's very important to me is small businesses Small business in the city of Longmont has always been the life of this community We have to find a way as Longmont as the citizens as business owners To bring that life back to Longmont Small businesses in Longmont create so many opportunities one it generates a lot of tax dollars Secondly it brings jobs to Longmont those jobs in Longmont will have more people in the community spending money in the community and enjoying the city of Longmont as a whole third issue is affordable and attainable homes We need to spend the same amount of energy in affordable homes as we do in attainable homes If we put more energy in one and not the other we're leaving somebody out in the cold That's not what we want in the city of Longmont. So please support me reach out I have a social media page on Facebook. It's Jeremy Johnson for city council post any questions there Reach out. Let me know how I can support you guys and get your support in this upcoming election. Thanks a lot


All right well first I'd like to thank the organizers for inviting me to give the stock and you for staying till the last day and waking up in the morning to come here. So I will talk about self-gravity in system so this kind of ties in with what Michael Joyce was talking to us about but I will talk about isolated system. So the idea is that the idea is that we want to starting with some kind of initial condition we would like to predict where the system will relax. So it's a system of stars and we want to evolve within time and see where it arrives. So this work was done with people in our department so Renato Pachter, Felipe Risata. So these two usually work on non-linear dynamics and plasmas. Tarsicio was a was a graduate student and then postdoc. Fernando Bineci who you heard the talk and the poster was the first day and then Bruno Marcos who visited us in Port Olegre for a year. So as I said the idea is to try to understand the structure of let's say an elliptical galaxy so often you find in this kind of system that you have a quite well-defined core structure and then there is a halo of surrounded stars and this is actually very similar to what is observed in plasma physics so if you take ions and you inject them into the accelerator so in general you can think about kind of lines of charge of propagating in in one direction and of course the magnetic field the solenoidal magnetic field provides a confinement and then if you eject the particles into the accelerator what you see often is that there is some kind of oscillations and relaxation process that goes in and then the system relaxes to stay which again has this characteristic kind of core halo structure there is a dense core and then there is a halo of highly energetic particles which surround the core. So this is there is certain similarity with the gravitational systems of course in Coulomb case you have to have a confinement while for gravity you don't need to confine at least if you are in two-dimensional or one-dimensional gravity in three-dimensional gravity things are much more complicated and I will just mention a little bit at the end what we have done with 3D gravity. So maybe before I get into the discussion I will show you a little movie that actually Bruno prepared. So this is a system of two-dimensional gravitational particles so the particles interact by the logarithmic potential I started them from some uniform distribution and what you're seeing there are this kind of density oscillations so what what actually happens is that the particles start here and they kind of cross through each other and expand so in the end it looks like the system collapses re-expands and you see this formation as as a time progresses of this kind of core structure here and you see this halo of surrounded particles so this process goes on and on and after a while we will see that this core you can already see that the oscillations of the core are becoming dumped out and there is a very well-defined halo which is that is being formed and what we want to see is given the initial condition that the initial water-bag distribution where the particles were uniformly distributed inside the disk and I gave them some velocities from some kind of distribution of velocities so this my initial condition I want to see can I predict what will be the final state of course if the system would be equilibrium this would be quite simple because we know the final state corresponds to the Maxwell to the Boltzmann equilibrium and then we could just solve both on Boltzmann type of equation and predict where the system would evolve for the self-gravitating systems this is not the case because what happens is that if we really want to study this kind of systems in the thermodynamic limit the collisional effects become irrelevant so the two body collisions are not important in the thermodynamic limit and everything is governed by the collective effect so you have the collective effect that one particle just feels the mean field produced by all the other particles and if we look at the evolution of the distribution function what we see is that the distribution function f evolves in the phase space according to what we have heard is a velocity equation so the velocity equation has this form here and one way to think about this velocity equation has been just a convective derivative over the phase space so and of course the convective derivative on the phase space tells us that if I look at one particle the density along the evolution of this particle the density of other particles in the neighborhood of this one particle will be preserved along the flow so this is a peculiarity of the velocity equation compared to the Boltzmann equation which would have a collisional kernel here which would drive them the system to equilibrium in the velocity cases is not the it's not the case so one of the one of the curious things of course of the velocity equation that it has an infinite number of invariants which are called as casumers basically any local function of the distribution function is a casumere invariant okay and in particular of course Boltzmann entropy is casumere invariant so if as the system evolves the Boltzmann entropy is preserved and you can say well but you showed me the simulation where I started with some uniform distribution which obviously had lower entropy and then it's evolved to something which was much more disordered so clearly entropy is growing so what's going on well to see what's going on in the system we really have to look at the phase space more carefully so so this is the HMF model famous HMF model that Stefano introduced to the community a long time ago so here what I'm doing is I'm just plotting the initial distribution so it's a little distorted because the way that we created the initial conditions but it doesn't make any difference so this is for HMF model so I give the momentum and the angle of the particle so this is initial distribution and then I just turn the equations of motion so it's just Hamilton's equation of motion Newton's equations of motion and then we see the evolution of this phase space and we see that the phase space gets distorted so it becomes kind of elliptical and then it's kind of starts folding on itself because I have periodic boundary condition so I have the stretching and folding of the phase space but if I look at the area of this it's exactly the same as area of this exactly the same as area of this and exactly the same as area of this so what's happening in this process of the dynamical evolution that the entropy is preserved so if I look at the microscopic entropy I see that it's completely conserved however as the process of evolution keeps going and the system keeps evolving what we see that this filamentation process keeps going and going on here I'm still having exactly the same area that I started here but if I look at this thing I lost all the memory because and this is not such a large time for the system so after some time we come to this state of course if I look microscopically I will see that this this area is full of holes so in principle it will be exactly the same as but on the coarse grain scale of the simulation or whatever measurement that I will be able to perform this thing here obviously has a larger entropy and if I calculate the entropy really for the using the Boltzmann definition of entropy I will see that this state here has larger entropy than this initial state all right so we kind of understand that but there is another peculiarity of this of this loss of dynamics and that is this conservation of density this incompressibility of the flow over the phase space and so to visualize this I mean if I take so imagine that this is my face space here and I start with some water back initial distribution so I just have a uniform distribution of velocities and positions of my particles so this is kind of what would go water back distribution so if I would be in two dimensions or three dimensions this would be the maximum radius until which I will distribute my particles and this would be the maximum velocities distributed to uniform and this would be then the maximum phase this is my face space density so this at this phase space dance so as the system evolves what we will see is that this different this levels will just get spread over the phase space and of course we can divide the phase space into the macrocells and microcells but the point is that this microcells cannot have two of the squares two covered squares sitting on top of each other because this would violate the incompressibility dynamics of the velocity flow so this is this this is really the fundamental observation and as far as I know Lyndon Bell that Fernanda mentioned that her talk was really the first one to make this observation that there is a syncompressibility dynamics of the velocity flow which if we want to construct some kind of series this is the most important ingredient of course there are infinite number of conserved quantities but this incompressibility is really the fundamental thing that we have to take into account so so the idea is that well as the system will evolve what has to happen is that there will be final distribution but for that the initial condition that I said the water bag initial condition what we see is that the distribution function always has to be less than or equal to the initial phase space density so it can never exceed this value because of the incompressibility of the flow so this is really a fundamental observation that would just that we make and which will be the basis for everything that I will tell you so for example going back to the gravity so here is a case of 1d gravity here so again I distribute my particles uniformly inside this water back initial distribution and so this is 1d so the same idea that the gravity in 1d satisfies the Poisson equation so particles interact linearly with separation so the potential is linear so I just turn the equations of motion the Newton's equation of motion evolve my system and I will arrive to the same kind of core halo structure but remember this is in the in the phase space now so this is a velocity and this is a position so I have this core in the in the phase space here and then I have this halo of particles so what we really need to do is to understand them where this core halo structure comes from and the series that I will show you then is going to be this solid curve here and the points are the molecular dynamics simulation so as you will see the series really works very well to predict starting with the initial condition we can predict where the system evolves and this initial this dotted lines here is my initial distribution so the system moves quite far away from the initial distribution so these are two different initial conditions so this is a density distribution this is velocity distributions so you can see for two different initial conditions that the system evolves exactly where our theory will predict that it should go very good so from now on I will concentrate on 2d systems so just to to to sketch the theory for you but then we will go back a little bit for 3d systems and but you will have the idea of how things work okay so so we'll start with a velocity equation here so the idea is that you have to solve velocity equation in conjunction with a Poisson equation so I have 2d gravity particles now interact by logarithmic potential so I have to solve the velocity equation and of course the potential here is the gravitational potential satisfied the Poisson equation this is the math of the particles here so this is the density distribution so to get the density distribution I integrate over the velocities plug it in here and I can do this process in principle iteratively to solve the Poisson equation the problem is Poisson equation is really hard to solve it's extremely unstable it's hard to discretize of course there are some experts here Tarsicio I don't know he's here so there are people who know how to do the things well but it's a lot of work and for gravitational system it's very hard to do you can do it for simple models like HMF and we did it but in general this is not something that we want to do so the idea is that I don't want to solve the velocity equation I want to start with the initial condition and predict where the system will evolve without going through all dynamics so so to understand what's going on we have to look at the particle evolution so let's let's take a simple case we can think about the first thing that we want to do is we saw that the fundamental thing that was happening in that movie that I showed you is that there were this huge density oscillation so I had this system of particles which clearly was oscillating so what we can do is we can define an envelope of this oscillation so I started with a water bag and then I just look at the root mean square displacement of my particles and I see how this thing will evolve okay and for the system actually we can write fairly simple equation which is which is an approximate equation which tells me how the envelope evolves so we can derive this equation it's not perfect obviously but it predicts us how this mass evolves so with this kind of equation we can predict that the envelope of this oscillations has this periodic structure and of course since this is there is no dumping in this thing so it just keeps going this oscillations if I look at the simulations we actually see that the periodicity of oscillations is captured very well by this equation so this is a maximum velocity this is my maximum radius of the initial distribution and then I just solve this for initial conditions so we see the periodicity of the oscillations is captured very well the other thing that we see is that in the simulations actually there is this dumping so where is this dumping comes from well when we see something oscillating and we have particles inside an oscillating potential we know that there is going to be some resonance so some particles enter in resonance with this oscillations and they can gain a lot of energy so once this particles gain a lot of energy they escape from this main course and go to the halo okay so the resonance drives the particles to the halo but of course the whole energy of the system has to be conserved this is just the Hamiltonian dynamics so the energy that the particles gain has to come from somewhere and it comes from this oscillations so this is kind of the process of land out dumping which we heard about already which dumpens this collective oscillations passing energy from the collective mode to the individual particles so to try to understand it more quantitatively what we can do is well let's look at the dynamics of one particle so now I know that I have a pretty accurate equation of motion for this collective oscillations of my envelope so let's suppose that the density inside the envelope is going to stay constant so I just finally rescale my density distribution so I compress expand but the distribution inside we're going to say stays uniform okay so with that I can solve for the potential produced by this uniform mass distribution so I know exactly what the potential is and this potential is going to oscillate well the since I know the boundary of my distributions and this is 2d gravity so what we see is that the force for the particle when it's outside this envelope is going to go like this so it's just derivative of the log so I have one over r so this is just a force in 2d and then when the particle is inside this uniform mass distribution then the force is going to be this so I take a test particle and I put it inside this oscillation oscillating potential and I want to see what's going to be the motion of course since I have oscillations I know exactly what is the periodicity of this oscillations so I can do a stroboscopic plot so I do like a punk area section of this thing and plot the dynamics of this one particle so each time the envelope is at its minimum upload the position and the velocity of a particle so what we see is when the oscillations are very small so if I start with some initial condition what where there are almost no oscillations then of course the dynamics is just going to be integrable dynamics of the system so I just have this normal orbits that I see if the oscillations are large what happens is exactly this resonance that I told you so we have the formation of this resonance island and some particles which were close to the border of the envelope suddenly gain a lot of energy and escape from the envelope and they go to up to this position so they can go up to this thing here so that's a huge energy gain for the particles and so this is a mechanism of the formation of the halo the particle gain energy from the oscillations they escape as they escape they dump on the oscillations and this process will just keep going of course if the system would be collisional what would happen is that well particles keep evaporating the rest of the system just keeps cooling down cooling down until you get to the minimum of the potential energy so you just collapse to the point but in lots of dynamics you cannot do that because you have that constraint that the maximum density that the system can evolve is that eta from the original distribution so it's kind of like a spin degeneracy in quantum systems you get to the maximum you fill up all the lowest energy levels of your system and there's nothing more that you can do so the oscillations will stop out when all the particles which could evaporate from the system and the core just collapses to this final maximum density state so with that we can really make an answer so here just to show you that that based on on this one particle test particle dynamics we can predict very accurately so here is just just this one particle dynamics with different initial conditions so we can just predict very accurately where is this resonant energy so how far the particles can go so this is just one particle dynamics here so we see this and if I look at the whole and body simulation problem with all the particles interacting gravitation we see that the maximum energy where the particle will go is exactly the same as this so it's really is a resonant process which which expels the particles from from the core and drive them to form the halo so the idea is the following okay so now we understood this one the stood this dumping process so let's just make an answer for the distribution function so what we make is an answer that's exactly what I said the process of evaporative cooling just cools down the core that means that all the low energy states up to the Fermi energy which we will define as a maximum energy will be occupied with the maximum distribution which is on the face space which is allowed by the velocity of dynamics which is this initial at that we started with so all the low energy states are occupied and then the dynamics and drive the halo particles towards the resonance so the resonance then the resonance energy we calculated from the from from this one particle dynamics so we have the number exactly for this thing here so we know that and we say that the the halo part here then it's going to be occupied with some density so the core is occupied with the maximum permitted density halo is occupied with some density chi which we don't know which we have to determine so we have in this thing we have two parameters we have this Fermi energy here which enters here and chi so we have two parameters which we don't know but we have also two equations for the conservation so I know that the dynamics is such that it has to preserve the total energy of the system because it's Hamiltonian dynamics and I have to preserve the norm so with those two conditions I can determine these two parameters which I have in my theory then I solve the Poisson equation with that density distribution on the face space that I define and we find the distribution of the particles over the face space here so this is our halo part this is the core part so these are the simulation points here and this is a series that I told you about so there is no no adjustable parameters in this here so we predict we calculate where the the resonance energy is and then we just solve with that unsung distribution so this is the velocity distributions and of course you can see that it's completely non-maxful Boltzmann there is this kind of halo part here which has this fat tail here different from just exponential decay so we can also look at the temperature distribution so this is what Slapo was talking about the other day so you see that of course since the system is out of equilibrium the temperature is not uniform inside so this this particle distribution didn't evolve to equilibrium it's in this funny quasi-stationary state which in principle will go somewhere then we'll see where it's gonna go but if I look at just big beams along along the radial direction what I see is that the temperature varies like this and this is exactly this temperature inversion that that Lapa was discussing the other day so you go so this is the core part and you have this huge jump here which is for the halo part but then of course it dies down because the velocities of particles are confined by the resonance this one yeah no but because I have to integrate over the velocities yes this is this is the phase space so this is the the distribution function and you see that it's going to be stationary solution of the velocity equation because it depends only on the one particle then energy so this epsilon is the energy of one particle which should have said and so the this is one so we have to when we get the density distribution in the field we have to integrate over the velocities and this is what I was plotting and if I want the the velocity distributions and I have to integrate over the positions okay so this is a temperature distribution so we see this inversion here so as I promised to I wanted to say a little bit about about 3d gravity so 3d gravity is really is a nightmare for anybody who tried to do 3d gravity knows how hard it is first of all there is even I mean you have to soften potential how you soften it makes difference then the particles there is no resonance like in 2d or 1d because the particles can actually gain sufficient energy to evaporate well this is an old problem I mean in three body problem you often find that you start with some state and the particle one of the particles just gains enough energy from the other particle and just goes away so this is the whole problem of stability of solar system it's gonna fly away at some point so it's really very difficult to do anything with 3d gravity I mean we tried for a long time to get somewhere with that what we manage so far it is to study to study 3d gravity for this special initial condition so this is the virial condition so in 3d you remember that there is a virial theorem which tells us that two times the energy has to be equal minus the potential energy if the system is in the stationary state so what we do is we prepare the distribution the water back so our distribution is still a water bag we know from the virial theorem that if the system will evolve to final stationary state if there is exist a final stationary state somehow it would have to satisfy this virial condition so what I say is I will produce a water back distribution but I will adjust the velocities in such a way that the virial theorems is satisfied okay this does not prevent this doesn't tell me that the distribution that I constructed is gonna be stationary distribution to be stationary distribution it has to be solution of the velocity equation this arbitrary distribution that I started with would just satisfy this virial condition will not be stationary and will have some kind of dynamics which will relax and go to the stationary condition however if I start with the virial condition what we know is that the oscillations will be small so different from this resonant oscillation that we saw in the other case if I start with virial condition what we see is that the particles will not oscillate so we will not see very strong oscillations so we don't have the resonances and the process of relaxation to equilibrium should be kind of adiabatic well if the process is kind of adiabatic then we can think well maybe the dynamics of the system is really not so far away from some kind of integrable dynamics so if I think about the particles in my initial distribution so exactly what Fernanda was telling us about in the case of the Hamiltonian mean field model if we start with with a particle it will feel the mean field and this mean field will change very little over the evolution because the system is doesn't have any strong resonances so the particles will just evolve under the action of the mean field so they will have this orbit if I look at some density shell what will happen is that the particles over the density shell will just get smeared out because it's nonlinear system so I have different frequencies so after some time I would expect that the dynamics will just smear out and the particles with a given energy will just be occupying the whole orbit which is permitted so even if I start with some initial condition which is I don't have in my initial distribution the whole orbit field the particles after some time will feel out this whole orbit so then we can think well okay so the dynamics is such that it's almost the integrable so it's kind of adiabatic dynamics so let's say so let's construct the initial district let's construct the distribution to which the system will evolve so as I said I started with some number of particles this particles will move under the action of some potential so I know exactly what how many particles I will have with a different with with a given energy so I can calculate and this will be preserved because the number of particles the particles there's no resonance interactions as the particle just moving a fixed potential so the energy of which particle is conserved right so this is a difference with the non with a resonant case where particles could gain and here's the particles just moving some mean field potential so if I know what is the initial energy it will be the same as a final energy of the distribution so this will be then the number of particles that I will have with a given energy here in my initial distribution and the difference here is that we really have to be much more careful because this are subtle effects so we also have to take into account that since my potential is spherical symmetric my angular momentum will also be conserved so what I do is I look at the number of particles in my initial distribution which have given energy and given initial angular momentum and I calculate how many particles I have with given energy and given initial angular momentum and this gives me this number here to get the distribution function what I have to do is to take this number of particles and divide it over this phase space that is permitted so what I do is I calculate the density of states that I have so I just calculate again for a given distribution function I just integrate over the phase space with a constraint that my energy has to be given to a certain value and angular momentum is given to a certain value so I can calculate this thing here so given an initial distribution we can calculate what will be the final distribution which has this kind of complicated so this is my initial distribution as a function of R and V and all I have to do is substitute this thing here this this is my energy this is a potential which in principle I do not know yet because this is a mean field potential under the under which the dynamics will evolve and so this is my distribution function so for a given energy and L and angular momentum I know how many particles I will have pure pure volume of the phase space okay so what what do we do we have the distribution function so now we just integrate over the soul remember that this is a particle energy here so we can just integrate over the velocities and this would give me the density distribution and then I plug it into the Poisson equation and solve that so this is the predictions of the theory so so this is my initial distribution would try different initial conditions different initial distribution so it doesn't have to be water bag anymore because we don't use this conservation of I mean everything is naturally preserved like in the velocity flow because basically the evolution of particles is non non-interactive so we just fix the potential which was undetermined self-consist so these are the the points the molecular dynamics simulations for 3d gravity and this is the theory this so this was the initial condition that was started when the system then relaxes to this so this is a density distribution this is a velocity distribution this is the initial condition so the system moves quite far away even so that we fixed the virial condition it does not fix the final distribution the system will evolve somewhere but without exciting the resonances so this is a different initial condition so we see that again the system follows exactly where the series and this is the case which is which is nice because we don't have why can we solve it because we do not have strong oscillations we do not excite the resonances and the particles just evolve into very controlled dynamics so with this kind of approach we can calculate the final distributions as soon as you excite any oscillation then you start producing this evaporations and life everything goes to hell so I still have a few minutes so what I want to tell you just this crossover so of course if we're gonna wait sufficient time the system if it's finite it should evolve to equilibrium at least for 2d gravity of 1d gravity the system should evolve to equilibrium so we can just look since we know the distribution of the particles in in the core state here we can just define a measure here how far away the system is from the final quasi stationary distribution here so what we see is that so I take this thing so this is what we calculate theoretically and this is and we measure in this in the simulations and then we just do this integral numerically so we start somewhere here at at time equals zero and the system very rapidly evolves to this quasi stationary state and then if we wait long enough then the system starts to go somewhere else so this depends on the number of particles so for five hundred seven hundred and fifty then you've got to twenty thousand twenty thousand we cannot wait sufficient amount of time because it just takes so long to evolve to this other state so the system just keeps staying in this quasi stationary state so as then goes to infinity exactly what we expect this quasi stationary state will just last forever so if we take takes this this time variable and we just rescale it with with this kind of dynamical time which depends on the on the number of particles we see that we can collapse all of these curves so there is a crossover time which scales as and to this one point three five four this this one this molecular dynamic simulation that we constructed and all these curves and collapse on the one which tells us that there is a characteristic crossover scale while the where the system moves out of this quasi stationary state and goes somewhere else where does it go well it goes to the Boltzmann equilibrium so as I said if the system goes to Boltzmann equilibrium then things are very simple because in this kind of thermodynamic limits that were taken the correlations between the particles are irrelevant and we can just solve the Poisson Boltzmann equation so I my distribution function is just going to be the usual distribution function for the for the Boltzmann equation so this is a velocity this is the self consistent gravitational potential I just plug it and integrate over the velocity the couple so it just gives me a constant so I solve this equation here and when the system has crossed into into the state here we wait a long time the system crossed into the state we look at the velocity distributions we look at the density distributions and we see that they perfectly satisfy for the 2d gravity case perfectly satisfy with the prediction of the Boltzmann Gibbs statistics so when the system moves out of the quasi stationary state it goes to equilibrium it doesn't go to funny generalized entropy statistics it goes to thermodynamic equilibrium as it should okay I don't think I will have much time to tell you but let me just show you the movie so the other interesting thing here in the systems is is that if you start with the initial condition so let's say you take 2d system and you start with the initial condition which is very hot or very cold so here we started with the initial condition which was quite hot so the particles had a lot of velocity so the system just kind of starts exploding and so this is 2d gravity again so we're looking at the x y coordinate so I started with a disk in which I put particles with some positions arbitrary distributed and given them some velocity from some initial velocity distribution but the velocity I put a lot of velocity in them so this is why we are seeing but of course particles cannot escape because in 2d potential is logarithmic so it would take an infinite amount of energy to take the particle to infinity so they go far but they come back and what we are starting to see is that along this evolution we're starting to break the spherical symmetry so there is this breaking of the spherical symmetry that happens here and if we wait we will see that we started with this kind of state this is x y coordinates this is the initial so we start with this kind of distribution and then if the virial number is not too far away from the virial condition so when it's close to 1 we go to the normal core halo state here if the virial number is too large or too small compared to the one then we break the symmetry and up with this kind of so this happens in 2d it happens in 3d but in 3d what will happen is that in this collapse and the re-expansion you would just have so many particles ejected that you will just you you don't have a very clear picture again of what's going on but it still will break the symmetry in the same way that happens in 2d system so I could just sketch very quickly for you how how we do the calculations let me just so what we do is we basically look at the distribution functions in arbitrary dimension so we can do this calculation in arbitrary dimensions we define the envelope here for the since we are in x y and z so this x1 x2 x3 will correspond to x y and z coordinates four dimensions we can go and this is the velocity and that what we do is we construct an effective equation for this velocity for this envelope evolution so this x y and z the average velocity position distributions this rms distributions if we allow for the symmetry breaking we have to construct this thing and there is well when we solve this equations here this dynamical equation what we see that there is actually symmetric and anti-symmetric mode and what happens is that the oscillations of the symmetric mode drive the oscillations of the anti-symmetric mode and then there is a certain parametric resonance if we are above certain value of the virial number which will then result in the symmetry break so unfortunately I don't have time to go through this but just to conclude so here this is the value that we find for 2d so if the virial number is less than this or larger than this we will have this instability in symmetry breaking in 3d we find this numbers here so let me just conclude so systems with long-range interactions of course don't have in the thermodynamic limit do not they do not have ergodicity or mixing but there is a certain universality that we saw in this core halo distribution then describes very well what happens with plasmas with HMF because we see it all the time so it's appears everywhere in plasmas HMF for gravitational systems so there is a certain degree of universality of course it's not the same as equilibrium the district the the final distribution will depend on the initial distribution that I started with but the final distribution always has this kind of core halo structure in the phase space so I think I'll stop here and then if you're interested so there is a review here as we wrote which has a lot of details about all the systems that I discussed