Well, it's been a great day. Thank you again for joining us online and for in-person. It's an interesting way to run something like this, but it has been a lot of fun. I feel like we've hit a lot of topics today. We've hit everything from machine learning to networking to programming languages, data storage, and just about everything in between. And I think that's a good testament to the potential we see in WebAssembly. So I'm Matt Butcher.  I'm going to pass things down and have each person introduce themselves, and then we'll kick it off with a couple of questions. I, of course, have some planned. If you have some good questions you'd like to direct to the panel, just raise your hand. Or let's see, Ralph, you can raise your hand for any of the ones on Slack. And I'll try and get those in there as well. Again, thanks. This is a lot of fun, and this is going to be a fun way to kind of close out the day. So without further ado, you want to introduce yourself, Bailey? Sure. My name is Bailey Hayes. I'm a principal software engineer at Singlestore. And I've been working with WebAssembly for a while, most recently, in a database. Awesome, yeah. My name is Oscar Spencer. I am a software engineer at Suborbital Software Systems and also the lead maintainer of the Green Programming Language. I'm Taylor Thomas. I am a director at Cosmonic. I've been working on WebAssembly for about almost two years now, a year and a half. Do a lot of things with Crestlet, Bindle, some of the things in that area, and with WasmCloud. So I thought kind of a fun way to kick things off would be to ask each of you your superhero origin story for what got you into WebAssembly and sort of what your journey has been thus far. Because I think with a technology like that, we might see answers from all over the place. And again, I'm just going to hand it off to you, and we can kind of go down the line. OK, so many of you might be familiar with a technology called Flash. If you're young, maybe not, we had a lot of stuff in Flex, which is basically Flash for building web applications. And part of that was very vast graph data visualization library.  And the problem was, OK, how do we pivot quickly and deliver something in, you know, I think I was given six months. And so I like span the web. There's this thing called PNACL. There's this thing called Asm.js that was kind of hacky, maybe crazy. And we had C++ code that we were working on for our mobile applications. So I took our C++ code, used the thing called Inscripten, which is awesome. Thank you, Alonzekai and Mozilla. And we ended up with something shipping that year. And it was really great, performance in IE, non-existent. And the other browsers, it was really cool to watch, support get added every time. And the performance just kept getting better. And then we were able to swap over to WebAssembly once it became a standard. Yeah, for me, it was 2017, mid-2017. And WebAssembly had just been turned on by default in all major browsers. And for me, you know, being a person who is interested in programming languages, I saw this as a unique opportunity. This was a real opportunity to bring new languages, or even existing languages, to the web without needing a compiler to JavaScript.  But it was exciting to have a brand new assembly language where the world was our oyster. We could do literally whatever we wanted. And so at that point in time, I said, you know what? I'm going to build a language for WebAssembly. I'm going to make it happen. And lo and behold, here we are years later. And I'm still doing it. Still loving it. It's a great time. Yeah, and a very interesting language it is. I do love grain. So my superhero origin story, though, yours sounds much more noble than mine ever will. So I was actually coming out. Before I was over at Cosmonic, I actually am a Deus Labs alum. Worked with Matt and Radu and a couple other people you've probably seen in the community. And that year, I had actually joined the team officially. And this is 2019. I was working on Helm 3. So Helm 3 was taking over my life and everybody's life, who was working on Helm. And so after we were all like done with that, I got into kind of that December timeframe and we're working on Cresslet. And let me tell you how hacky it was. It was hacky. You could only do something in one name space. It was gnarly. And it was just, but you're going all Swedish. I was like, dirty, dirty, dirty. Just trying to get this all together. And so, but that's when I started kind of looking and helping out and trying things with it. So we were working on just kind of dabbling around. It was out there in the wild. And then all of a sudden, I think it might have been Ralph, your wonderful MC for this occasion, who put something on Slack. And I had happened to see it over the weekend. And I saw that, hey, it was somewhere in the top five in Hacker News and I was like, uh-oh. So that's where all of a sudden everyone is jumping all over Cresslet and loved it. And then I kind of took over as the project lead and have been that since working on the project. So that's really where I got into WebAssembly. It was very, very practical. I didn't get to do the whole research WebAssembly do cool hacking project day. It was like, okay, now you're in charge of Cresslet Go. So that's where my background, my superhero origin story is. I'm gonna kick the next question right back over to you as well because everybody wants to know the answer, but I don't wanna be anywhere near the person who answers it. So people ask quite frequently, is WebAssembly the technology that's going to beat containers? Are we gonna beat Kubernetes? Kind of when you look at the lay, and remember you're at like the day before KubeCon. So there's a crowd with pitchforks outside just in case. I know, I'm waiting for those pitchforks to come through the door with this. The mob to come in here, but I, so there's a couple ways to look at this. And one of the things is that WebAssembly offers a lot of things that containers could never do. So being blunt, like we always thought, oh, well it can run on any system. No, it couldn't. Docker containers just, they're a Linux technology. Yes, people who I know at Microsoft can make it work on Windows. Yes, but it's still a completely different set of technologies. But I wouldn't say they're the thing that's going to beat and destroy containers. I think there's workloads for the foreseeable future that will work better and are a better fit for containers than WebAssembly. But WebAssembly really opens up, and I think you've seen, this is why I love who's all on the panel here. Like there's so many different aspects of WebAssembly that come in here that like you couldn't use WebAssembly in any way to do what Bailey talked about in her talk this morning. There's zero way to do that. And then the stuff that I was talking about with Matt with Bindle, like composing applications like that, you can do it, but it's a way more complex process that involves other tools and other connection things for containers. And so I don't think that it's necessarily one or the other, but I do think WebAssembly is a better fit for a large number of use cases, particularly as it matures. Yeah, and if either of you have anything you want to jump in on there. Wise. Look, the door just opens. Yeah, and I'll just go on down the line. Actually, this one I would like everybody's input on, but Oscar, I'll start with you. Once we get to a standard bytecode format, standard runtime, do you see, what are the implications you see for what programming languages and developer experience using those programming languages is gonna look like over the next, let's go with like five years so that none of us has to implement anything in the next year or two before the next, yeah, what do you think, where do you think it's going from here? Yeah, I think it's definitely interesting to look at, right? I think the first point that I would definitely look at is the debugging story in WebAssembly. I think that's the number one complaint that we hear from folks is it's really hard to debug my WebAssembly code. For a hot minute, we had support for source maps in WebAssembly and that's gone now. And now it looks like we're gonna be largely using Dwarf for everything, which is fine. It'll work in WebAssembly. I have thoughts and feelings about it, of course. But yeah, I mean, I think overall, the beauty of WebAssembly is the fact that it is a binary format that we can get any language that we want to compile to it. So if you're writing Python, right, you're gonna get to use all the tools you know and love with Python. You don't have to do anything specific to WebAssembly. And that's the same thing with Rust. Everyone uses Rust and loves developing in Rust, but that's not because of WebAssembly. That's because of Rust. And at the end of the day, LLVM is the true champion and makes sure that we can actually target WASM32 WASI, right? So overall, I think how it's going to morph is we'll start seeing new tooling come out to better help us work with our WebAssembly code. But at the end of the day, we don't want developers worrying about the fact that it's WebAssembly, right? Like I want my developers to focus on whatever they're trying to build. Like I don't care if it ends up being x86. I don't care if it ends up being WebAssembly. If WebAssembly is the technology that makes sure that all these amazing things happen, then that's the beauty of WebAssembly shining through. But it's not the goal. We don't want developers to feel like they have to do anything special because it's WebAssembly. And if either of the other two you want to jump in on that one too before I go. Man, that was such a good response. I totally agree on the debugging story. I will say it's better than it was with ASM.js. I definitely fixed a compilation error between two different optimization levels. And I only found it by stepping through the basically assembler. So if I never do that again, that would be really cool. But the other side of it, I totally agree that it's a little interesting that we're this excited about a compilation target. You know, I mean, I'm super into it. It's just whenever I explain it to anybody else, they're like, I mean, it's secure and it's all these awesome things and it's going to enable so many different types of workloads. And the reality is, yeah, five years from now, I don't know that we necessarily will be talking about wasm. We'll just be talking about all the cool things that we've enabled. Yeah, I've heard the good technologies vanish into the background argument. And this is one of those cases where I think I hope that's true. If you queue up any questions, just raise your hand, but I'm going to do one more before that. Because I do want to make sure I ask this question because this is something that is really exciting to me based on your presentation earlier today. You know, I think, let's see, databases have been around since the 1950s, I think, with SQL being what, 70 something, which is a big relief for me because that means at least there's something older than I am at this point. But it seems like every so often we hit sort of these milestones where we see a big change in the way that we think about how we're going to manage data. Right, and we saw SQL being, of course, the first and then more recently no SQL databases and then after that kind of big data and map reduce and techniques like that. I'm curious what your thoughts are on, you know, where we've been most recently, the kind of stuff that you all are doing now and if you want to just wildly prognosticate about what kinds of things you think are coming in the future. Okay, yeah, so I'm fairly new to the database world, so forgive me, database experts that are out there. I definitely have somewhat resisted learning a ton of SQL. And when I was in college I was learning MongoDB and that was because in the like 2010 range that was the hotness. Everybody's doing no SQL because we need to be able to scale our workloads out. We've got things running across the globe. And now we kind of realized that we can design databases in a different way. Relational databases, of course, existed definitely in the 70s. I'm not going to go back to the 50s. Definitely in the 70s. And we realized that this type of having a relational database and having those types of structures makes it really powerful for finding answers to things. And that's why you're seeing all these different new databases crop up that are being able to handle these new types of workloads. Some people call them new SQL. Some people are calling them HTAP, trying to do this type of blended thing. And the key difference I think right now is just the breadth of data that we're operating on and all the different data sources that we're getting information from. Like we're gonna be streaming things from IoT devices and on the edge in your warehouse, right, everywhere. So if I'm gonna just like participate about how things are gonna be different I think most people are going to be building against a single platform. And those details will again fade back into the background. And I really hope that all these applications underneath are built with WebAssembly. So for those of you that are following along in Slack throughout the day, there have been t-shirt lines that got offered in talks here and there. I think currently, Oscar, you're actually leading at having two in one talk, starting with what was it? I love pattern matching, I think, yeah. But one of them that I thought was really interesting was we should start thinking about bringing the logic to the data instead of the data to the logic. And that one too, what you were just saying there, a lot of that resonates there. Before going on, does anybody else have any of those kind of favorite clips from the day that you wanna call out out loud? I'm just queuing you up for the question next because I'm basically stalling. Ah! Tell me what, let me interrupt. Okay. If you can, are we on here, are we on? So we have a couple of questions, but there's one from Anthony who says, where do you see that it's a different take on the future of Wasm? Where do you see the future of Wasm on the web? Will Wasm actually be more useful on the back end than its original front end use? Or do you think there's still a great amount of potential for Wasm on the web? I feel qualified to talk about this one. Yeah, I mean, even just looking at grain, back in the day, we honestly thought that WebAssembly was going to only exist in the browser. There was no thought that WebAssembly was going to exist on the server. And especially now when we see where things are going, where folks are loving using WebAssembly in server context, there are people fighting to make sure that the browser context is not left behind.  And I think there's an absolute ton of potential for WebAssembly in the browser. Of course, the major use case, for me, thinking about languages, is yeah, I want to be able to bring my language to the browser. I want all languages to be able to bring their language to the browser. I don't want everyone writing JavaScript forever. JavaScript, it's a great language. It's an amazing language that has come so far for being designed in a week or two. It's really good where we've come, but we can do better. We can bring languages that people have been incredibly productive in to Web context. I think the moment we start seeing better support for all these languages in the browser, there's going to be a huge, huge boom that you haven't seen the likes of before happening in the browser. It's definitely on its way. Keep your eyes open because it's going to happen. Especially with, we have so many WebAssembly proposals now for especially like bindings to the DOM, bindings to be able to interrupt with JavaScript a lot easier than we do now. Reference types is already in. We can already start doing a lot of these things now, but a lot more is going to happen. And I do think we'll get some momentum behind building WebAssembly libraries. And once that happens then it'll be easier for browsers to leverage the same kind of libraries we have. I think one kind of cool thing that came out of Node and NPM was that we went from downloading random tar balls off the internet to get pieces of JavaScript functionality to having package management that worked really for both the browser situation and the server situation. And I'm optimistic that we might actually hit that same kind of experience with WebAssembly over the next few years. And even just to add on to what I've said, looking at the module linking proposals, looking at the interface types proposal, and looking at bendals, right? Actually, we're going to get to a really interesting place where you're going to be able to write whatever library you want in whatever language you want, consume it from any other language you want. So maybe you need that cryptography library and I love grain and death, but I want someone to write that cryptography library in Rust. Like please, write that in Rust. And then let me bind to it so that way I can provide that to all of my users, right? But then maybe you don't need to have that super low level systems processing thing and you want to write some sort of high level thing and you can write that in grain or you can write that in the next super high level language for WebAssembly that comes along. And these things will all be able to come together. And then we're going to see the true dream of the web of having, and folks who talk about web components, well, we're going to actually make a real reality of it. It's only taken 20 some years. All right, we have a couple others and you got a choice. You can have a speculative question or a provocative question. Well, provocative sounds. Okay, there we go. We're going to be provocative. Is Wasm going to be the new lingua franca to replace C given another 20 years? And Taylor's going to answer that because he picked provocative question. Thank you. Apparently question provocateur, apparently, but no, so I think, I don't know who asked that question but I think that's a, I would like to reframe it a little bit, which totally sounds like a dodge. I'm not dodging it. The real thing with WebAssembly is that it isn't a language per se. It is, but in the way we've been talking about it here, it isn't a language, it's a compilation target like Bailey was saying. And we're all excited about it being a compilation target. And so I think it will become the lingua franca of running things and what we compile to, but I don't think that will determine the language we write in because I have tried writing Watt files and it is not entertaining. So like that, I don't think WebAssembly in its raw form will become the lingua franca, but I do think it will become the build target that things will go for in most cases if it continues evolving the way it does. And that's where, this is where I'm going to latch in a little shout out to the community and people who are listening here. That's what we're looking for help on.  Like whatever it might be, whatever interests you in the WebAssembly community, it's to go out and try it because we need the effort from people who are doing these things because there is no way just a few of us can think of all the different edge cases and ways that this could be used. And so that's where I throw in that little push for people to try to get involved in whatever way you can, even if it's just trying it out and then opening bug reports or issues or improvements that you would like to see. So we could do the speculative question just to throw it out there. There aren't any other questions currently, but the speculative question is a little bit different, which is do you think that wasm has the potential to achieve native level performance given enough time and potentially custom hardware support? So pretty speculative, go for it. That was like my back pocket question that I was gonna ask if everything got deadly silent in here. I think you should have to answer it, Matt. No, thanks. I think I'm pretty optimistic on that. I think when the JVM was going through some of its early iterations and JIT technologies took off, then you start to see, we started to see performance go in directions we had not anticipated. Some of the like re-profiling and dynamic recompilation stuff was super cool. And with a lot of the ahead of time compiling stuff in WebAssembly, I'm excited about that too. But that last little bit in that question is what really has me excited. The proposition that we might be able to push some or all of this down to a hardware layer or even be able to implement hardware layer memory boundaries or things like that that might allow us to take advantage of very low level hardware acceleration would be a lot of fun. And you're nodding, so do you have anything you wanna add because I'm making stuff up as I go, Oscar? Yeah, I mean I think that you're exactly right. And I do think we're gonna see amazing performance out of WebAssembly because remember, it's just the beginning, right? There's so much more work to be done in WebAssembly. There's so much more to do with WebAssembly compilation, right? Like there's so much more to come here. And I guess the other thing too that's really interesting about WebAssembly modules is they're very easily introspectable. Is that a word introspectable? And so you can take a look at it, you know exactly what kind of functions it exports, you can figure out where it's what it's trying to call and what it needs. And so like I think that to me sounds like though I am not a performance expert that you could really, really start to introspect the module and just ratchet down all the little bits and loose pieces to make it just run super smoothly on whatever you need to do. I mean just the fact that the thing I always point out to people, and if you've been talking to me you've heard this so I'm sorry and you're hearing it again, but WebAssembly, one of the big overlooked parts of WebAssembly is the ability to choose at runtime the characteristics of it. You can choose when you run the thing if you want it as interpreted, JIT, AOT, whatever it might be. And so that combined with the fact that you can just look at a module and really like just crank it down and there's even things right now like Wazemopt that just, I was doing some testing with Wazemcloud actors the other day and we were getting 20% savings just from using that. And so I think there's going to be a lot of different ways we can optimize here though what that will look like is completely out of my ability to guess, but I do think there's gonna be multiple ways to really ratchet that up. So kind of building on that and going in a slightly different direction and security's always a big deal for all of us, right? And we've heard in a couple presentations today some of the good security features of WebAssembly that make it attractive. One of my favorite things about WebAssembly is that we basically built something that matched the browser security model and then went, oh, this matches all these other security constraints we have, but what kinds of things do you think we could do better? What kinds of things were you? Anything about security that keeps you up at night or that you're excited to try and solve? I'll take that one. So we're adding a bunch of different extensions with Wazzy with each introduction of a new ABI, that's a new surface area of attack, but at the same time, like one of the number one questions that I'm getting from the people I'm talking to is like when can I get ahold of the socket? When can I make a rest call? And if I enable it in a certain way that's not secure and not well thought out, like support for content security policy, validating my headers, making sure all the things that are already in place in browsers today, then I feel like that vector does kind of keep me up at night because I know I want to enable it, but I don't want to turn it on in my database until somebody with a very strict security mind has also validated it. Yeah, I think all of my worries around security have to do with module linking as it stands right now because typically right now for anyone who's not using the official interface type spec and module linking specs, you're kind of just rolling your own thing and you've got different Wazzy modules coming together all sharing a single memory, right? I can wazzymy32.load whatever I want from memory, right? And that's not great, but with where module linking is going, a lot of these problems are being solved the way interface types is going and multiple memories in WebAssembly. All of this is being solved. So, I mean, overall I think we have a, as I've been saying, we have a bright future ahead, right? But yeah, I think it's not too much to worry about right now. And it's, the thing about sharing the memory space is honestly what scares me a little bit. I remember the first time I went trawling through the wasm time code and this is not for any wasm time people listening, this is not like something unique to wasm time, it's the one I was trawling through at the time. And I was sitting there going, oh, that is just a pointer to a random place in memory. Okay now, well, giddy up, guns in the air, shooting on a horse, kind of wild west thing. I'm like, okay, that's a little scary. I mean, it's very well sandboxed and put together, but the fact that you are just taking a random pointer to a random block of allocated memory screams to me of being something scary. So I can see there being some possible issues there that worry me. And I think there's going to be certain types of workloads that need really, really strict memory boundaries. And there's already tools that exist to do that and I think how they integrate in and if they can make them integrate in seamlessly will be the solution to that. Yeah, and I think, yeah, a good distinction to make in some of these is the danger to the guest module from itself or the libraries it loads and the danger to the hosts that's running the guest module. A lot of the ones we're talking about here are the guest module being able to do bad things to itself. Some of these could potentially become, we expose an API into the guest module that allows it to make system calls. That's when I think it does start getting dangerous. But one of the things that's really, building on what you said, Oscar, one of the things that's really exciting me about the way some of the component stuff is going is that it looks like if things play out the way that they're moving right now. Say you have the typical case where open SSL has a bug in it and in container land that means we have to go rebuild every single container image that compiled in that particular open SSL one. And one of the things that's exciting me is that with the component model we may be able to hot swap in a patched version of open SSL without so much as redeploying things. And that would be just so great to see. I know we are now out of time. Thank you all very much for joining us today. And again, thank you to all of you who have stuck in all day online and those of you who are stuck in all day in person. This has been a fun way to do the conference. I think I'm handing it off to Ralph or to Liam next. So again, thank you all.


A letter to fellow mothers. Well, we knew this day would come. The return of the routine, this long time no-see routine. Not sure anyone really missed it with everything that comes along. The office, the commute, the morning surprises. It keeps us on our toes as we get ready to go back to duty. Well, you know, the other place of duty. The one where daily breaks actually exist. But it's good in a way to get back to normal. There's still sweetness in these mornings. And yet, there's no place we'd rather be. No one we'd rather hold than the ones who are never quite close enough. As we keep everyone else apart.  Always at home or away. Our hearts are never distant, no matter where we go or whenever we go back. A part of us is always with them. And a part of them, always there in us. Happy Mother's Day. No matter where your place of duty might be, today or tomorrow.


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I should say Ale West on the Marcus Wilson Aaron judge prism or a not a refractor James Outman rookie prism Cattel Marta and McClanahan Prism Alex Call Yachty refractor Kodai Senga Michael Grove Trish and cost this rookie Gunner Henderson rookie and Vinnie Pascantino refractor rookie Austin Riley true blue auto Nelson Velasquez going to the NL central nice one there NL central refractor rookie a Chris sale to 199 AL East trout and out to that Oh Really refueling out there rally green Purple mini-diamonds take up the grom to 299 AL West Kyle Schwerber and Bubba Thompson refractor rookie Serious serious serious clinical help Francisco Alvarez rookie Jose Ramirez Jared young and L central base auto and central refractor of hunter-brown Trish and cost us Joe Ryan prism Zeke of the ran refractor Morel rookie There's um JD Martinez For NL West and base or refractor of Randy Rosarano Mitchell Jordan Walker base rookie Adley Rochman Titans and Freddie Freeman refractor. All right last box of the break Good luck everybody. Come on see something big a couple of pretty big cards. I have to say out of pristine, which was awesome Jay Ram prism of Javier Assad You go into the Cubs and L central and Lenin. So so refractor AL central Abrams Jordan and Juan Soto refractor the NL West Adley Rochman rookie Michael Harris rookie Oswald Paraza base auto Oscar Gonzalez nice one there AL central There is some like roller line on the bottom send an empty box and wrapper with that Got a Bryce terrain refractor rookie as well. Let's go to the AL central the Oscar Gonzalez. Oh, yeah Francisco Alvarez rookie Jeter downs Aaron judge base auto Spencer steer NL central nice one there congrats sincey on That's one many machado On the refractor Again forest with a bunch of group breaks tonight. He's got a lot of his spots have come in already, which was awesome Um Like he's sold out on What does he start first pristine second pristines at three? The tribute mixer the pristine divisions are sold out nine to go on optic choice seven and nine to go on flawless tiered I mean flawless left side serial numbers There's your break schedule with forest night. Well, that's not me. Oh, that ain't me at all pain. I'm me at all That is good ol factory I'm a green man a machado prism and Justin Verlander Peter Lonzo Jordan Walker prism for the NL central Joey Vado NL central refractor blessed Christopher Morel Oscar Gonzalez AL central in the negative Canon Smith and jigba NL central on the prism and Tyler Freeman refractor. That's pink brick Brett Beatty to 399 NL East One Soto and wander I see like a red auto and orange auto is our last auto. That'd be awesome Cool holes James Outman rookie Morel rookie Insert Reese Hoskins prism and Tim Anderson refractor Gabriel Moreno, uh, Ryan Nelson that is purple to 250 nice one there 170 out of 250 Tell me what to do Oh, don't know about that So nice and see you later, bro. Oh, yeah account created Today yeah to do the hell there's Tim Anderson on the prism and Carlos Perez refractor Nice one there. Code. I send a rookie Tristan Costas rookie Gunner Henderson rookie Aaron judge Mike trout and Louise Castillo refractor Ale lest. All right, so quick recap here everybody No good had a couple of orders come in. I want to take a look at this first Jim with a spot Edward with the Cowboys. Thank you, Edward Calvin with a spot in select. We have a three boxer select hobby. That'll be fun Neat Yeah, fair. I know that Shane. God, dude. I know that Believe me, I mean, no, I get it. I get it, but um We're on a schedule. That's the only thing Bangles like we break on a schedule So we have to have like we don't have to but it makes it easier. We have to break done by a certain time So we don't fall behind because I have forest breaking after me tonight So I gotta be out of here by a certain time We got popular demand auto relic red to five lube up. That's a Freddy Peralta We got Oscar Gonzalez base auto Matthew Libertor base auto Spencer steer base auto Jared Young base on Marcus Wilson a 499 a JJ Bladette a 499 Tommy Henry to 299 Ryan Nelson a 250 Nelson, Alaska is the 150 Mike trout to five on the gold Corbin Carroll around the diamond of 50 Awesome boxes of pristine. My god. We had a red Ian hapta five That is Graham Ashcraft base auto Canon Smith and jigba base on Caleb Killian to one To 75 excuse me to 50 going going gone auto at Randy Rosa reina That is Spencer Strider to 50 and orange George Springer, right? That is gonna do it for the break guys Thanks again for the bill coming up next. We've got luminance PYT


These aren't too embarrassing, aren't they? This one is. Can your spouse check your prostate? Of course you can check your prostate. I don't know if that's what she's doing, but anybody can check a prostate who knows what they're doing because you want to feel the prostate for abnormalities. That's what a physician does. She's looking for the change in the consistency of the prostate. So it should be like the tip of your nose to a firm and rubbery, like mine, or it could be hard, like your knuckle, which could indicate cancer or other benign processes. So can your spouse check your prostate? Yes. Should she be? I don't think so, unless she's a urologist. Any questions from the audience so far? Does sex feel the same after prostate removal? Since I still have my prostate, I'm not 100% sure of this question, but I will tell you that my patients, to the most part, say there is a change in their ejaculatory function and sensation. There's going to be some change, but if your function is still normal and you're able to have an erection, penetration that satisfies both your partner and yourself, the degree of change is really individual. The nerves get changed, the anatomy gets changed after surgery, and there's radical surgery and there's non-radical surgery, that is, for benign disease. So they all have a different amount. Many men have their erections and ejaculations, and ejaculatory fluids are all connected, and the change of any of those can make some men feel different during orgasm. So, again, that's a good question, not embarrassing at all. Let's see. Does prostate cancer make it hard to ejaculate? Yes. Prostate cancer that is treated with surgery because there's no ejaculatory fluids. You've taken out the prostate, which makes 25% of the ejaculate volume. You've interacted with seminal vesicles, which makes 70%. So you have 5% of the pre-ejaculate fluid, maybe, or 3%. So there is a change in the hard to ejaculate.  The quality of the fluid might change depending on the treatment, but prostate cancer that's not treated or minimally treated shouldn't change your ejaculatory function.  Should your ejaculation change? No. It should be the exact same function. So, next question. Last question. Are prostate exams done with fingers? Well, first of all, it's one finger, not fingers. And the... That's a great debate today because a lot of doctors stopped doing prostate exams because of PSAs, prostate-specific antigen, a substance produced only by the prostate and found elevated in cancer, enlargement, infections, after ejaculation, rectal stimulation. So with the PSA being normal, is there any reason to do a digital rectal exam? And the question is ongoing. Some of the academies of American medicine have said, no, you don't have to do it and that's their recommendation. Urologists are still expected to do it since that's our specialty in our area of knowledge. If you took a large portion of men and compared those who didn't have rectal exams and those who did, would you misprostate cancers by not doing a digital rectal exam? Probably one to two percent. Very, very small portion. So that question is changing as we speak. Hope these weren't too embarrassing. Some answers to embarrassing questions. So when I see a patient in my office, I try to let them know that this area is sacrosanct. In other words, you see these four walls think Vegas. Whatever we say in here doesn't go outside. You can deny it. So we want to make someone relax because it's very embarrassing for many men to come in and say, gee, I can't get it up.  That's a common problem. It's more embarrassing and or frustration. It happens more than embarrassing questions. I mean, they're embarrassing things that happen to patients or all of us. But as far as the office, I think that's where you have to make someone feel really comfortable to ask the questions so they're not embarrassed. That's how I approach it.


How are you? Are you happy? Assalamualaikum How are you? I am Sehun from Korea My name is Taos Kim I'm sorry if you don't know I'm from Google Anowat I'm from Google Anowat I'm from Google Anowat I'm from Obyokia Not easy Anyway, I will talk about this today 5 reasons why South Asia is better than Korea Of course, I know it's a little bit weird that this country is better than this country But I will talk about this As a Korean, there are so many good things of South Asia India, Pakistan, Bangladesh First, a lot of people Maybe you can think of what are you talking about But I will tell you A lot of people can be a power that can grow their economies in the future As 2018, India's birth rate was 2.2 Pakistan was 3.5 And Bangladesh was 2.4 And Korea And Korea 0.8 0.8 It's so small Maybe Korea will disappear someday Like this Second is smile Their smiles are really beautiful Of course, Koreans are very kind too But they are not always smile like South Asians Every Indian, Pakistani, Bangladesh people I met in Korea always smiled at me They are always kind and they always want to give me something Especially foods Even I say, oh no, it's okay It's okay But they still give me Like no problem, no problem It's our hospitality Welcome, your brother Like this Actually, I haven't been to Pakistan, Bangladesh and India yet But I know their hospitality is wonderful You know, this video is very famous I'm not sure that it's weird or not But I want to track this someday If it's weird or not Please, inshallah Third, wedding ceremony Most weddings in South Asia is really fancy and wonderful Really fancy I saw many weddings in TikTok They wear fancy dress And they invite their friends and people Dance, eat and enjoy together It looks so fun I have worked in wedding hall over four years in Korea Everything is over in 30 minutes Just wedding and eat and don It's boring Fourth, biryani South Asian foods is amazing Even though there are not many different kinds of restaurants in Korea South Asian restaurants is everywhere Curry, chicken masala, tandoori chicken Biryani They're so famous and so delicious I really love them too And maybe if I go there and eat It will be more delicious, right? Delicious And plus, it's easy to find halal foods Right? Alhamdulillah, I'm so jealous And the fifth There's religion, race and culture There are many, many kinds of people There are Hindi, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity And also there are many races, languages, foods, dress and culture Not like in Korea That means you can experience a lot of different kinds of things It's amazing And the thing that made me surprised is I met a lot of South Asians Who have different religion and different culture in Korea They all respect each other and hang out together So like the media said They fight because of religion But I don't think it's true They are very kind and respectful people I've ever seen So I hope people especially in Korea They don't believe this kind of rumors And there are many other things too Like family oriented society And their beautiful language And strong army Maybe Pakistan is the only one Muslim country that have nuclear Like North Korea North Korea Oh, and the best cricket game ever It's really fun I want to try someday And beautiful nature And mountains like K2 Lakes and deserts And also beautiful people Sometimes my subscribers say Oh, Koreans are very pretty And handsome like BTS and BLACKPINK But in my eyes Like Bollywood South Asians Actor and actress are more Much more handsome and beautiful This is so weird In my eyes And how about their independence They were independent for freedom Independent for religion Independent for language Korea also have similar history So I really admire that So anyway, there are many good things And I think to be proud of our country is really important And they seem they're really proud of their country So I think it's really good Inshallah They will be the best in the world And I really want to go there after this pandemic Inshallah I want to feel their hospitality With my heart


Well, there goes another childhood cartoon out the window.  Real is the game here and today we're gonna be playing blossom dot exe now blossom is one of the three powerpuff girls I believe it's bubbles buttercup and blossom by the way I'm I'm really surprised I remember these three names because I have not watched this cartoon in like such a long time man I used to watch the child of my sisters. I am the youngest sibling out of my other two sisters. Alright, so It's an exe game as you can see. Alright, let's see the controls. Okay, uh shift to jump Uh, oh you shift to dash. Okay, so you can dash on this game jump on enemies. Oh man All right, so we might have to fight some monsters here right bonus Maybe we beat the game. We'll get the bonus, right? Let's start the game and make sure to smash like to defeat professor mojo jojo All right start game. Oh, it's a professor you Tony. Um, there you go He's the one that created the powerpuff girls. All right. Uh, wait, how do you how do you move? Oh, yeah Okay, it's the arrows. That's a little strange Blossom you need to do your homework collect all five books and bring them to me. Okay. Oh, bro Did I not jump? Oh, I help. Oh, I only have three more two more lives Okay, this is not good. Oh my god. Okay, we got to be careful with this Monster, whatever the heck he is. Can we kill him? Oh, okay Mario style. Um, let's collect one of these notebooks Okay, my god, this is a little weird because you do move with the keypad with the directional arrows instead of WASD All right. Oh my god.  Oh Okay, oh, we got four books This is the last one. No when we bow down Okay, we just got to go this way run and jump Okay, I'm getting the hang of this Not gonna lie. It's pretty easy now That I sort of got the hang of it. Oh, okay. There you go. Nice. Okay. Let's go back to the professor We got it, man All right next level Okay, now what? Oh the professor again Can you find out books for me again? Are you kidding me bro? You're making me do the same thing Whatever, man It's our job and we shall do it Oh, not this ugly fella Bop right in the head Oh, this is kind of scary, man.  Oh my god. Just what I was talking about Take that you ugly fella I'm sorry. He is really ugly. Um Okay, let's go over here Okay, we need one more book.  Oh my god.   You're kidding me No, oh that was super close Take that. All right. Uh, now let's go back to the professor Yes, please don't make me find any more books man. I swear. I'm gonna go crazy if he does Oh, it's a new level Sweet Okay, uh, what's up? I see some slimy green bio horned two footers around here I would have messed with them if I were you be careful out there blossom great. We're back here collecting bugs Man go get the books yourself Oh, okay. I see what you're talking about. Those things look very dangerous I jumped over it I jumped over it, bro Okay, whatever.  Um, okay, let's try this I didn't even touch it Back to the menu Wow, so we really have to start over, huh? It's one of those games How terrible is that? All right, and we're back to this part with three lives Hopefully I don't waste all my three lives here Because dude, I cannot uh, it's so weird when you try to jump over those green bugger things, whatever they are Okay, uh Okay, I think I know what to do you got to do quick. There you go Okay, there you go.   I jumped I swear I did Why you do this to me game? I feel like I'm being tortured right now Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, whatever man, and I can do this I don't know why I'm not doing it though. Okay, let me come back around. We'll jump over him Okay, there you go That is false Dude, I'm so terrible at this. Why it's not even hard bro. Like what is going on with me? It's just one of those days, huh? It's one of those days. We all have one of those days um Okay, uh, you know what I'm just gonna do it. Oh Oh, okay. That was a little too close Okay, you know what I'm playing like I'm afraid. Let's not be afraid Oh my god Right there. Oh, I thought he was gonna jump down Oh, all right two for one two for one special there. Oh, we need one more buck Dude, come on Uh, okay. It looks like a dead end. Let's go back Yeah, because we have to go back to the professor every single time. Um Okay, come on. You can't mess this up, bro You can't mess it up, bro. Oh, no There you go. Yes. Okay. You got this man.  Wait, is he Let me check. Uh, slime Okay, no, he's not safe for us. I just want to be safe because I'm on my last life Oh, he's right there All right, there you go.  Oh What the What just happened to the professor? Oh, now we're bubbles Hey, they're little bubbles. I remember her. She would always be like super happy all the time. She would always smile But then we she would get angry. She would like get furious All right, so let's keep on going Um bubbles. Did you not notice you're like in some dark underworld area? There was a picture What was that? I think it was a blossom or something or it might be but a cup. I can't tell it was black and white All right, let's keep on moving Oh, that was blossom What's wrong with your man? Something fishy is going on here with the powerpuff girls We're gonna get down to the point All right, how many levels are there dude? I've been going on forever. Okay. All right, let's go go go Oh No, bro. I'm hearing some devil maniac laugh Who is that? Dude, that's blossom Blossom what happened to you? I know You can't jump up Oh now we're buttercup Cool.  She would always be angry. Okay, uh Oh, oh my god, I've really made it Okay, you can't run in this one. So You should be able to make it regardless Dude, those looks like chocolate bars. Um God, no, I fell. Oh, how did I make that? Okay, please don't fall They just make this tough for every single time Oh, I'm not gonna make it.  Just erupted into flames Professor Yutong, oh his legs. Oh lots of no Now we're being chased by blossom EXE Her laugh though. Oh my god, can we jump? Can we make this jump? Oh There for you to catch me alive. Oh So was it a nightmare? What everything's back to normal Okay, this is strange. Oh, oh there the pictures again. Um Where are we heading off to? Oh, there's a dead monster there Oh His head just popped Why is there so many? Oh Oh, I'm hearing that music That's the scp music. Oh no, dude. The head just popped You're next. No, I'm not maybe I am but we will see Um Blossom, I don't think you're safe and you should get the heck out of there, man Help me Help me help you. Where you at, man? Oh, it's a dead end. We're dead We're dead Okay, it's a dead end bro Now what? Oh, we're trapped in here Dude, this thing just closed on us Um, okay. We're trapped Oh, no Well, that was something else man I don't know what the heck was wrong with Blossom, but she did not look right Geez. All right, you guys. Well, let's show Oh the bonus. Okay. I don't know how the bonus works. We can't unlock that I figured like maybe we beat the game. We can get the bonus, but it does not pop out All right, you guys. Well, that was power pup girls Blossom.exe If you guys enjoyed the video, you know what to do man smash like subscribe turn notifications back long And now we'll see you on the next video. Peace


Hello, good afternoon everybody, good afternoon, good afternoon to all of you. Welcome to the University of Barcelona. Welcome, welcome to UB, University of Barcelona. Here for the opening of this conference. I'll give you the floor to Dr. Montserrat Puig, Vice President of this University. Thank you and welcome and thanks to be here with us. Thank you. Good afternoon, good afternoon, good afternoon. Before anything else, I would like to thank the European Network and the European Observatory on Memories, Eurom of the UB Foundation. Thanks for having chosen Barcelona and the UB to host your symposiums that have been taking place successfully here in Barcelona. It is a source of proud as the Deputy President for Equality and Gender to chair this international gathering here at home at the University of Barcelona. I would like to thank all the participants for your attendance, more especially those of you coming from abroad. Thanks for coming all the way to Barcelona, thanks for being here. I am sure you're going to be enjoying three fruitful days. The two organizing entities have decided to organize these sessions around two main topics, Solidarity and Resistance. The foundation, chaired by Xavier Lopez, has a solidarity-based commitment with societies suffering war. An example of the previous is the program that aims at supporting refugees from Syria and other parts of the world, such as the Ukraine in the present. Of course, solidarity-based engagement is one of the pillars of the UB and so is memory, remembrance, resistance. With the European Observatory chaired by Dr. Guichet, we have carried out an important task, which is remembering that democracy cannot be given for granted. For example, in our country here in Spain, we had to resist and struggle against the Franco dictatorship in order to enjoy the freedoms and rights that we enjoy today. Today, we can and we must celebrate our Europeans and this symposium is the result of our willingness of working together, the Western European and Eastern European networks. I believe today is a very timely day, 9th of May, the day of Europe. 73 years ago, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Schumann, pronounced the declaration that put forward the European community of cool, which is the President of the European Union and one of the paragraphs reads, Europe will not happen from one day to the next. Europe will be possible thanks to specific realizations that put forward solidarity, de facto solidarity. Solidarity is one of the pillars of the European Union, so it is joined, tasked by Euroman Reims, chaired by Rafael Robonski, who is with us today, is a proof of the previous, this collaboration between East and West to share different historic realities to debate essential matters such as solidarity and resistance in different countries, to debate essential topics such as solidarity and resistance in different countries like Spain, Poland and other countries represented here. In difficult times like the ones we experienced today, in which not only the European project has an opposition, but also democracy, it is important to celebrate symposiums like the one that we inaugurate here today, with a deep reflection about how we got here and how we can better understand the tools to build a better future. Welcome to the University of Barcelona, which is the home of knowledge, debate, research and discussion. I hope that today's seminar are a living example of the previous. Thank you very much once again for your attendance. Thank you, Dr. Puig. I would like to echo Dr. Puig's remarks. Deputy President of UB, it is an honor and a pleasure from the European Observatory on Memories. Well, this afternoon, we have been part of this project for more than ten years, as well as on RS. When we met in 2013-2014, we thought that we would have a long-term collaboration, so they win-win a scenario with different trans-European networks, 50 partners in more than 20 countries from the north, from the south, from the east and from the west of Europe with different experiences, local experiences, but also at a global level and an international level, so we would like to congratulate ourselves. Last year, we celebrated the taking of the stock and the yearly symposium, and we engaged with Mr. Rudolsky last year with Constance, also, from the European Home of History. Welcome. So we decided to choose a very global topic last year. We focused on digital networks. We remember their colleagues from different parts of Spain and different autonomous regions and universities. It is important to understand and to remember that quite recently the new bill on democratic memory was passed here in Spain only quite recently and in the Catalan Parliament beyond certain amendments presented by civil society organizations. We are now in the process of approving a bill, a Catalan bill to improve the bill from 2007 and a bill from 2007, the Spanish bill on democratic memory because at the end of the day democratic memory urges democratic society to rethink reality. This is what history is about and what historians' task is about, right? Now, it's all about sharing here in the present many of the atrocities and crimes from the past so that society grows in terms of knowledge, even if, as I said before, the complexity of violence were uncontemporary societies remind us that we never learn enough from history we are surrounded by historians all around Europe and I am sure we're going to be digging into this debate. These days we'll speak about history, of course, but also about memory and we'll have visits to memory spaces like the Modelo Jail here in Barcelona. Last year we already celebrated the session there with a team of UNRS, we decided to celebrate this gathering here and we did so with a hope that the networking not only with our partners but also at an international level I am sure that this is the most fruitful part of this symposium I am sure that other countries, another member state should learn how to better network and this is why I am very proud to be here with you and that's why I welcome you here and I would like to thank you B for hosting us. I still remember one of the projects in which we participated, a project led by the UNRS, a transport project with different additions about the Earth, we participated in the 2016 meeting and we knew that the relationship between networks would be extremely fruitful. We're not alone the UB supports us and since 2012 we are very well hosted within the Foundation for Solidarity of the UB. The concept of the Solidarity Foundation and the cooperation foundation are also in the DNA of this year's session, resistance and solidarity which is more timely than ever. I don't want to forget any important item I would like to thank the interpreters I'm going to switch into Catalan now thanks to the interpreters for their work as well as the technicians and the rest of the team. In a very emblematic day like today let me remind you that we chose these dates even if this week is a quite busy week in the field of European memory and the day of Europe we decided to choose these dates. An example of what I mentioned can be seen in the whole of this university. There is an exhibition about women founders of the European Union, the deputy president before mentioned Robert Schumann and sometimes we forget about women even if women are, I mean there have been very important women in the process of building the European Union but they go unnoticed, they go unvisibilized and this is why we have organized this exhibition in partnership with the office for the European Commission. I hope I'm not missing an important item I would like to acknowledge the team of NRS Rafaela, thank you very much Maria, Dica, Alexandra, Antonia and all the NRS team Magdalena Ursula, our team from the observatory as the director of the observatory Clicard, Conesa, Pao, Fernanda and I hope I'm not leaving anyone behind Andrea, Angels and as I said before I would like to thank Silvia Pala for her work and for her effort I would like to conclude by think about resistance and solidarity and I would like to conclude by sharing the message it was not necessarily the European Union but back in 1971 in the headquarters of the United Nations someone who has been an MP, Maria Badia and who today chairs the Pao Casals Foundation an international foundation with a new mandate with the presidents of Maria well, in collaboration with this foundation we have signed a manifesto by the way they will be a celebration in the headquarters of the Pao Van Drill solidarity in favor of Europe Pao Casals who never came back from exile from France because here there was a dictatorship the Franco dictatorship and he said while there's no freedom in Spain I will never be back in the first session of the United Nations in 1971 and beyond echoing this manifesto I would like to remember Pao Casals' remarks and not mine Pao Casals is today more timely than ever he said in 1971 something which is still about it today he said that the most powerful nations have the duty and the responsibility to preserve peace I trust that societies desire the understanding and the cooperation between men and women it's about time that governments and those who hold power start working so that this desire does not become impossible he said so in New York back in 1971 thank you very much for your assistance and I am sure that this symposium will be fruitful and thought-provoking thank you very much and now I would like to hand it over to Madame Anna Gallego Torres by the way I would like to once again thank her for her online participation and fortunately she can join us we invited her to attend the session but unfortunately she could not attend the session physically so she will address us through a video she's a DG for Justice of the European Commission where new programs new programs on citizenship equality our team are let's say hosted and the remembrance programs also depend on the DG for Justice of the European Union so they are our partners once again thank you very much and let's share the... Buenos dias de Bruselas it is an honour for me to address this audience today and I am grateful for being able to do it at least virtually as the Council of Justice Ministers is in place right now each year at this event the European Network for Remembrance and Solidarity and this time together with the European Observatory of Memories reminds us of why memory matters I find this an important moment to reflect on what our duty is and in my case what the duty of the European Union is in understanding and preserving memory including of past and contemporary conflicts over a year ago the idea of conflict became more real to all of us in the European Union when in February 2022 Russia embarked on its unjustified war of aggression in Ukraine we are seeing many attempts by Russia to distort history and we must push back with evidence-based research and remembrance which we support in the European Remembrance Funding Strand In 2019 President Sanchez gave a memorable line La España actual es fruto del perdón pero no puede ser producto del olvido modern Spain is the result of forgiveness but it can't be the result of oblivion this encapsulates the duality of collective memory a nation cannot forget its past no matter how complicated or difficult the past might be this year your event is dedicated to solidarity and resistance topic Solidarity is crucial in preserving a nation's memory and this is why the European Commission has been a long-time supporter of this process in member states we have supported the Council of Europe's Observatory on History teaching in Europe with over 1 million euro today we are increasing our funding for projects on European Remembrance this year after tripling it the year before there are 10 million euro available now and I strongly encourage applications let me remind you that the deadline is the 5th of July with regards to resistance there is one area which requires specific attention namely the rising challenges to democracy and historical distortion regardless of political views we must all resist against this memory can never be a substitute for truth I hope the Commission will be able to fund projects also on this topic in July Spain will take over the presidency of the European Union Council and I believe there is a lot to be learned from their experience of memory preservation and fighting historical distortion for example from Spain's work on the new Ley de Memoria Democrática to come back to President Santos's words like modern Spain the European Union is also a product of forgiveness like modern Spain we cannot become a product of oblivion either the floor is yours Mrs. Vice President Mr. Director, Diljordi members of Diplomatic Corps dear ENRS assemblies members ladies and gentlemen it is always good to be in Barcelona especially in May and especially in such beautiful place like university thank you for this possibility to be here I will start with some reflections about the title of today's this year's symposium and then we'll continue with some thanks words and short introduction to the to the next point of our and main point of our today's meeting the discussion which will take place afterwards solidarity means bond this is the shortest possible definition of the word solidarity it derives from the Latin solidus strong, durable in relation to a person reliable and trustworthy first summer in the 17th century it functioned and still functions in the legal and financial world in relation to join responsibility for any kind of obligation then in the 19th century the term solidarity began to be used in social and political discourse to emphasize the importance of bonds in opposition to conflict and so it is to this day solidarity means bond is also the title of an excellent essay by Professor Zbigniew Stawrowski an outstanding Polish philosopher closely associated with the Polish opposition social movement of the 1980s the movement which took the name solidarity solidarity quickly became a symbol for the whole world a symbol of resistance to communist oppression a last at least successful often and by many perceived in terms of a miracle resistance is also a multi-dimensional concept but unlike solidarity it has a negative connotation as well resistance both in physics and in social sciences is always associated with objection to the impact of some kind of force for example power on society or on a single person resistance to totalitarian and authoritarian power is not only a manifestation of the will to fight for freedom the will to fight with oppression such kind of resistance is also and perhaps above all a manifestation of solidarity with those who are subjected to oppression both worlds have a historical dimension but they also refer to the reality of here and now and to our and our children's future and this reference in the context of Russia's attack on Ukraine in the context of social and political changes in Europe and beyond as well as in the context of climate changes is of particular importance for all of us that is why together with European observatory of memories and the Solidarity Foundation of the University of Barcelona the ENRS have created the program of this year's meeting around these two worlds resistance and solidarity Ladies and gentlemen we have invited you to talk about various manifestations of solidarity and resistance also in order to think together about how to present these notions through the projects we organize how to talk about them so that the participants of the or the recipients of our initiatives can learn as much as possible from the beautiful heritage of solidarity and from the history of resistance to oppression for the first time in a long history of the ENRS symposia we are organizing the event in a joint form with another meeting taking stock of European memory policies together with European observatory of memories and the Solidarity Foundation of the University of Barcelona we want to underline that open dialogue of the history of the last century is necessary not only to present different points of view but especially to better understand the present and to protect ourselves from disinformation and manipulation it is and it should be the process which never ends we need to take into account different experiences various sensitivities and existing interpretations we also need meaningful international cooperation and join projects and I hope this three days meeting which we are about to start will be a fruitful and inspiring event exactly for the above mentioned reasons therefore I would like to express my gratitude to Giorgi Gishe and his team Andrea Carrera Bruges Fernanda Zanuzzi, Oriol Lopez and Ricard Conesa for all the work that has been put into our initiative our common initiative also I would like to thank the ENRS team including first of all Maria Naimska who was a coordinator of the this year symposium and some other symposiums in last years and Alexandra Kalinowska, Alika Świderska, Joanna Orłoś, Agnieszka Mazur Orczak Magdalena Żelazowska, Ivona Żelewa, Gabor Dany, Marek Dąbkowski and all other engaged for commitment for your commitment and for dedication I would also like to say thank you to other partners of this event University of Barcelona General Consulate of the Republic of Poland Honorary Consulate of the Czech Republic in Barcelona and Nations Memory Institute in Slovakia I'm also grateful for the ongoing financial support from the governments of the ENRS member countries Poland, Germany, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary without this input our meeting wouldn't be possible the financial support of the ENRS activities including this annual meeting has also been given by the European Union under CERF program so Citizens Equality Rights and Values program last but not least my thank you goes to Barcelona City Council for their support Ladies and gentlemen, dear participants of the 11th European Remembrance Symposium and the 6th edition of Taking Stock of European Memory Policies Thank you for being with us Thank you for coming to Barcelona And now at the end I would let me invite you to the first discussion of today I'm very much looking forward to listening to those who were able to and who knew how to turn their experience from the 70s and 80s of the previous century into the work on the development of democratic societies Carmen Magalon has been involved in the peace movement since the 80s Piotr Naimski was one of the founders of the Workers' Defense Committee established in Poland in 1976 He was then an active member of the Solidarność movement and after the fall of communism in Poland an important government official Michal Żantowski, who as a chair will for sure say more about both participants of the discussion, was active during the Velvet Revolution and later became advisor and spokesman to Waclaw Havel the first president of the independent Czech Republic first Czechoslovakia and then Czech Republic He is a former Czech ambassador to the United States Israel and United Kingdom as well as a former senator of the Czech parliament All three participants of this discussion has proven in their lives that solidarity and resistance can be treated as guidelines in the times of conflict and instability not only on moral grounds but also, if needed in connection to political and economic activities Distinguished speakers, it is an honor for us to have all of you today and the floor is yours Thank you So to close this opening ceremony we welcome the first panel I officially open this symposium, thank you very much