A horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty pie of silver, the lone ranger. When the Apaches broke their treaties and attacked the white settlers in the early days of the West in the United States, government troops were sent to the new territory, but the soldiers, officers and men were untrained in methods of frontier warfare, and without the help of the masked rider of the planes, they might never have brought peace and security to the West. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, from out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver, the lone ranger rides again. Major Davis, the commander of Fort Casper, had been wounded during a patch attack on the post. He lay propped up in his bed, a bandage circling his head and covering his eyes. Standing beside him were his daughter Ellen and the post surgeon Dr. Perish. If you'll turn the lamp a little further down, Ellen. Yes, Doctor. Perish, what is all this nonsense?  Think this bandage off before I do it myself. Easy now, Major. Easy. Please, Father, don't be so impatient. From the first you two are making you think something was really wrong with me. Let's get this over with. I have work to do. I'm going to uncover your eyes, Major. The lighted better not be too strong. There shouldn't it be. What's wrong with my eyes? Nothing. I hope. Dr. Perish, you don't think his eyes... I know nothing, Ellen, until the bandage has taken away. All I know at present is that your father received a very serious wound. A few sticks.  Perish, you're an old lady. Take this bandage off before I put you under arrest for disobeying orders.  All right now, hold still and try to obey my orders for once. Keep your eyes closed. Don't open them until I tell you you can, and then very slowly. Get on with it. Can I do anything, Doctor? One moment. There. All right. You can lay this bandage on the table behind you there.  Your clothes can't found it. Now open them. Slowly. A blast of foolishness. Any pain? Of course not. Then you can open them full. Ellen. Yes, Father? Perish told you to turn the lamp down. He didn't say to put it out. Out. But it's not. There's a light, Major. No sense. Father. Perish, what's the meaning of this? If the lamp's lit, why can't I see it? Why is everything in this blackest pitch? Why? I was afraid of this. Hey, can't see a thing. Can't see a thing. Oh, no. Perish. And that blind. I can't be. I'm sorry. Blind. Ellen, stop that sniveling. I won't have it. I can't help it. Stop it, I say. Yes, Father? Perish. Yes? Is there any hope, anything you can do? I've done everything in my power, Major. I can do no more. Can anyone? Sir, I believe you wish the truth. Naturally. Then I must tell you no one can help you. I was almost certain your sight was gone when I first saw your wound. I said nothing then because, well, because sometimes miracles do happen. Sure. I'll call Captain first. I'll see what happens. Ellen, come back here. He'll say nothing to anyone about this until you have my permission. Is that understood? What won't Captain first tell you? If you mean won't Captain first assume command of this post now that this has happened, I can tell you he'll do nothing of a kind. Isn't this rather a regular, Major? I mean, of course, you will be technically in command until Washington can be informed and you are officially relieved. But still... But still, Captain first will have actual command, eh? Well... Yes. Perish. You and I are old friends. We've seen a good many campaigns together. Some might have bad ones, Major. We've got to know each other, eh? Of course. Would you say there's ever been a time when I've made a decision I didn't believe was for the good of the Army? Have you ever known me to put personal advancement or pride before my duty? I have not, sir. Ellen will do as I tell her because she's my daughter. But you perish. I can expect you to follow my wishes in this only if I can convince you it's for the good of the cause we both serve. You... You want me to keep your blindness a secret? I do. I have one moment to let me explain myself. Captain Faust is an excellent officer. But I know, I know as surely as you know I'll not regain my sight that Captain Faust is not the officer to place in charge of the post at this time. Running wolf? Exactly. Captain Faust is not familiar with Indian fighting. What's worse? He hasn't campaigned in the West long enough to be aware that he has much to learn. Frankly, I haven't released out but what he'd like nothing better than to have the authority to take the men on running wolf's trail and force a battle. That's just what running wolf wants. You and I realize that, Parrish. But Captain Faust doesn't. Captain Faust is very vigorous officer. He believes in decisive engagements. He'd like to crush running wolf. Unfortunately, running wolf doesn't intend to make a battle of it. He'd lead our men on a fool's trail, slip away when he wish, circle, and sweep this district clean of every white settler in it. But surely if you explain... Captain Faust and I have discussed this before. He pretends to agree but doesn't. In command, I'm afraid he'd be tempted. Good heavens, Major. Doesn't he realize that the only settlers in the district are within a radius of five miles of the fort? The only way they can be protected is to keep our troops here where they belong. Captain Faust is a young man, Parrish. There's more glory in fighting than in watching and waiting. You'll do as I ask. I... I'd like to, Major. You know that, but I don't see how I can... It shouldn't be difficult. I have a fever. I'm convalescing. I'm anything that'll explain my present disability. But make it look as though I'll soon be an active command again. And when it's noticed that you don't get better... I'll have a week or two of grace. I'll play our cards greatly. Perhaps, in the meantime, something will occur to change Captain Faust's mind. Major, whatever you ask, I will do. Thank you, Parrish. I was certain of it. Now, then, you've heard what's been said here. I think you understand what's expected of you.  I know you're in the right and I'll do exactly as you wish. Almost a week later, in four days' journey to the west, a tall masked man sat motionless to stride a powerful white stallion that had been rained to a stop in a shot of a jutting rock. While he waited, he listened to the sinister throbbing of distant drums. Those drums are talking trouble, old fellow. Plenty of trouble. Quiet, boy. Time to should be returning soon. Let's hope he'll learn what's happening. An hour passed, and the shadows lengthened while still the lone ranger made no move. But at the end of the hour, swiftly approaching, Faust thundered over the trail. Well, that should be him, so we're back, fellow. Back. It is, Teller. Keep us up, eh? Aye! Rain up. Faust and Faust, Faust and Faust. Oh, Teller, what did you learn? They're big camp. Many Indians come there. Red men come there. They've got a big camp. Any engine come there. Red men come from all over. What's up? What are they planning? I don't know that. Then keep close watch. Don't get close. Did you see Running Wolf? In there. This is his main camp. The band of braids that have been showing themselves near Fort Casper must be a decoy. While the soldiers, a certain Running Wolf, is with them, he's here instead. These Indians wouldn't be gathering such numbers unless there was something definite in Running Wolf's mind. I don't think that, too. Whatever Running Wolf's scheming, it'll do neither the settlers nor the soldiers any good. And where we go? We're riding for Fort Casper, and we're getting there just as fast as we can. Come on, Silverhead. Come on, Silverhead. Come on, Silverhead. At Fort Casper, Major Davis had kept to his quarters. His interviews with the officers were carried on in a darkened room, and then only when absolutely necessary. Even Captain Faust, second in command, wanted hard to gain admittance. Miss Davis?  I must see Major Davis at once. But he's very ill. I'm trying to help you. Doctor, this is imperative, or I wouldn't have entered to come here. The courier just arrived with a message from Flat Rock. Major Davis must see the message and send an answer. Very well. Just give me the message, Captain. I'll see to it. I'm sorry. I must give it to him myself. But you can't... I say I must give it to him myself. But, Captain Faust, my father's a very sick man. I'm sorry. I'm afraid I'll have to insist. Oh, please. Never mind, Ellen. Never mind. It'll be all right. Come along, Captain. Thank you, Doctor. You will make this just as brief as you can, of course. Of course. Major. What is this? What do you want? Captain Faust, the message brought by courier from Flat Rock. Oh, yes. Yes. What is the message, Captain? A message from Colonel Osgood, sir. He's sending a platoon from Flat Rock on a scout. He suggests that you send a platoon also, sir. Two details could meet somewhere in Royal Canyon and compare notes. Well... Colonel Osgood requests that you reply by telling him when a platoon will leave Fort Casper and when it can be expected to reach Royal Canyon. Yes, sir. Here's the message. You can read it for yourself, if you wish. Message... Where? Right here, sir. Captain, do you think this is necessary? It's quite all right, Paris. Quite all right. I'll draw the curtains open, sir. You'll be able to read. Yes. Yes, of course. You can read it now? Yes. Yes. Once we do send a platoon, eh? Yes, yes, of course. Will I... Pardon me, sir. Yes. You're quite certain message correctly. Eh... Of course, Captain, of course. I'm sorry, sir, but I must contradict you. Eh... What's this? Not okay, Captain Farris. Dr. Farris, Major Davis, that sheet of paper I just brought in is completely blank. Major Davis, I've suspected for some time what you've just proven to me. You are blind, sir. Blind. You're forgiving yourself. I'm your superior officer, Captain. You're blind, you hear me? Blind. I can listen to this, Paris. Captain Farris started with my eyes a week. You said this paper contained a certain message and to save my eyes, I agree with you. There's nothing more to it. Eh... Please, give me an explanation for this conduct or the corporal of the guards should be told you're under arrest. Major, I don't pretend to understand your purpose, but you're cheating me of my right to command this post. I have absolutely no explanation to make except the one I just gave you.  What's that? What is it? It's trouble. Sergeant! Sergeant Whipple! It's a red skin, sir. He's fired on the guard. Maybe there's more with him. To horse! I'll be right there. Major Davis, I'll return when we've caught that fellow. Well, Major?  You can have him arrested, but it's a question. Oh! And it'll come out that you are blind. And Washington will want to know why the fact wasn't reported at once. And he said fellow isn't going to have my command. Under the circumstances, how can it be prevented? Eh... It's got to be a way. I wish I could think of one. This is going to be my height, Major, as well as yours. Eh, don't know. What is it? Masked. You may ask, but not enough, Dr. Perish. Perish, what's going on here? Who is this fellow? He's masked, you say? And armed. Major Davis. I'm glad you could pass the guards. A friend of mine helped me. He fired in the air, let himself be seen, then rode away. In the confusion, I came here. Just try and get away without being caught. Perhaps, uh... after you've heard what I have to say, he's caught. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. While Tonto drew the attention of the troopers at Fort Casper, the Lone Ranger made his way to the quarters of Major Davis. There he silenced the protests of the major and the post-surgeon, Dr. Perish. Both of you can talk later at this time. Now you're going to listen to me. Why did you come here? You warned Major Davis that the Indians are assembling in the hills. Running Wolf is making ready for an attack. Where is he? A four-days ride from here. You're mistaken. We have proof that he's no further than the hills to the north. Which is exactly what he wishes you to believe. He's placed a small band there to mislead you. Major, you said yourself you suspected something of a sort. Who are you? Why should we believe you? I tell no one my name. Then why? But you may have heard of me nevertheless. I'm right a white horse. A white horse I've named Silver. Now will you accept my word? If you are the lone ranger, yes. Major Davis, you're badly in need of help. How did you know that? I've heard of the wound you received, Major. Before I came here, I heard certain talk in the vicinity. And since I entered this room, I've discovered for certain that that talk is correct. You've lost your sight. There was such a thing as... There's no need to pretend with me. There's been talk, but no certainty. You wish me to keep silent? I shall. You... You said you could help. Now first tell me why Major Davis doesn't want his blindness known. No, I... You may as well tell him, Parish. He might be able to help. It's up to you to decide, of course, Major. Well? It's simple enough, sir. My second in command is Captain Faust. A good officer, but an officer unused to the West and the Ways millions. I've tried to avoid turning my authority over to him. I know what he wishes to do. I'm afraid authority in his hands would lead to disaster. I see. He wishes to take the troops and hunt running wolf out. I believe the troops should remain in the fort. There's something you've forgotten, Major. Forgotten? It's sometimes good tactics.  As long as you know it's bait and stay clear of the trap, you're safe. I don't understand. Running wolf obviously wants your soldiers to leave the fort. Why not let them leave and see what happens? I know what would happen.  But if your troops could be brought back to meet him when he strikes... Yes. There's something to that. If you look at it clearly, you have no choice. What happens if you oppose Captain Faust? He'll call for a showdown. It'll be definitely established that you're disabled. And he'll be within his rights to assume active command. Captain Faust has already called for a showdown. And why, granted to him, turn over the command to a Major. But do so without openly admitting your disability. And if I do... I think I can find a way to turn the situation to your advantage. And you plan? I'll tell you after I've seen a friend of mine. But create a minute. I have no time. Captain Faust will be returning. You haven't told me... You haven't told me again. Lone Ranger raced away from the fort and across the plain to a distant grove of trees where Tana was waiting for him. Steady, Silver. What happened? I think I gained my point, Kimusabi. That's good. Did you have any difficulty escaping the soldiers? That's not hard. Scout right away from them. You and Scout aren't finished yet, Tata. What time to do? I want you to return to where we saw the Indians gathering. I want you to return to where we saw the Indians gathering. I want you to return to where we saw the Indians gathering. Watch them. When they move out on the warpath, send me the smoke signals we'd used before. Time to do it. In the meantime, I'm remaining near the fort. Got an idea. It won't be long till the troops ride out and force. When they do, I'm calling on Major Davis again. Major Davis is finished. The wounded guy has permanently disabled him. That's plenty bad. But just once more before he retires, Kimusabi, he's going to lead a squadron into battle. That's good. And when he does, it'll be the finish wolf. Captain Faust returned to the fort after his unsuccessful pursuit of Tonto and headed for the major's quarters. This time he was given a far different reception. Sit down Captain. Thank you. Captain, may I have been thinking over what you said? Sir, I realize how seriously I could be punished for what I've done. On the other hand I believe I did right. Oh, I never questioned your sincerity. I have almost certain evidence, sir, that you are... Never mind, never mind. We'll leave me in my supposed condition out of this. If I'm not mistaken, you believe you have still for the reason for taking the course you did. I have, sir. You think you'd like to chase running wolf down? I am convinced it's what should be done.  That the Nindian used to brush fighting can strike and disappear before you can even put your head into formation? Sir, I certainly do not believe these savages better fighters than trained troopers.  Oh? When I was a young student stubbornly insisted on doing what was foolish, my father would tell me to go ahead and do as I wished. But the lesson I'd learned would teach me more than all of his advice. You mean... I mean, Captain Faust, that from this moment you're in complete charge of Fort and its troops. Whatever tactics you wish to adopt, I'll make no effort to prevent you. And when you've done your best or worst, we'll see which one of us was right. You aren't fooling, sir? I'm not. And Major Davis, the men ride at dawn. In the morning the troopers were assembled, given their orders and led to the gates of the fort. The post was quiet all day long, but that night... Hey, help! Put it on that time! Helen! Helen! What's that confounded noise that's had? Helen! You called me, father? Had no eyes. What is it? Is that the front... I'm going to give the alarm to social... A masked man. Sir, I couldn't help it. He snaked up on me. He got the drop on me before I knew it. Major, tell us, fellow, I have business here. Have you heard? Yes, sir. Helen, these man's here at my invitation. You're dismissed. You sure it's all right, sir? I said you're dismissed. Get the blisters out of here. Yes, sir. And close that door behind you. Yes, sir. Father, is this the masked man you told me about? It is. Well, stranger, I did as you told me. Now, thanks to your advice, the settlers around the fort no longer have any protection. Major, you and I are riding. Riding? No, father. No, you can't. See you after this, daughter. Stranger, explain yourself. You and I are joining the troops that left here this morning. Thirty miles is a good day's march. That shouldn't be further. We can reach them before sunrise. Why should we join them? So that you can assume command again before the troops have gone so far that they can't return to the fort in case of an attack. I'm in no condition to command troops in the field. You will, Major Davis, for one last time. Captain Faust is going to be convinced that he was mistaken. He's going to believe that you can see. That I can see. Get ready as quickly as you can. I'll explain as we ride. The masked man and Major Davis came within the healing distance of the soldiers' camp long before dawn. They waited outside of the camp until the troopers had saddled. The lone rangers substituted the disguise for his mask and then changed horses with his companion. Before we join your men, Major, the silver will follow me no matter where I ride. You should be able to give what commands are necessary without detection. I'll ride your horse in the direction you should go. And if you give silver a free reign, no one will guess that you're not guiding it. Excellent. And if I'm questioning about you, I brought you along as a guide. One thing more. There's not much time. It's understood that you're to pretend to fire a quick shot at a target to prove that your eyes are all right. That's the difficult part of the entire business. That shouldn't be. I can see a dead tree behind the camp. There's one branch, a small one. Tell Captain Faust that's your target. He'll watch the target. And not us. Draw on that the hammer of your gun fall on an empty chamber. I'll fire at the same moment. And I guarantee I won't be observed. Anything is. That's all. Come. Get along with us.  Silver, carrying Major Davis, followed the lone ranger. But it looked to the startled troopers as though the Major himself forgotting the great horse straight toward Captain Faust. Who there? Who there? Major Davis, what's the meaning of this? Captain, I'm taking command. But you... If you have any doubt about my ability to do so, I believe you'll observe a dead tree on there. On that tree there's one limb. Sir, what do you mean? I'll show you whether I've been disabled or not, Captain. Are you watching that branch closely? Of course, sir. Now then. You hit it. You're satisfied. Perhaps next time you won't be so confident. Major Davis, the signal, the smoke signal from Talor, running wolf is leading his brave for the settlers. Very well, we return at once. Captain Davis, you will take your place at the head of your troop. Yes, sir. Hurry. Attention! Prepare to march! March! I pause! Front! Forward! Below the cliff where Tonto had lighted his smoke signal, painted savages urged their ponies in the direction of the settlements near Fort Casper. When the clustered dwellings came into sight, they broke into shrill, piercing yells.  Suddenly, before they could strike, a new sound drifted across the plains. From nowhere, seemingly, a desperately charging squadron raced toward running wolves bewildered graves. Then reeled their mouths ready for flight, but the move came too late. The soldiers had cut off their escape. One by one, the red men slipped from their mounts and fell to the ground. Running wolf himself was hit and mortally wounded. The remnants of the marauding band threw down their arms. Look at the mountains! Round up the pleasures! Look at it hardly! Seek no wounded! No work is done, Major. Jose twisted you long, Major. We can change mountains now. The horse hath as powerful as you was before. You'll never find a finer horse anywhere, Major. I think Captain Faust wishes to speak to you. He's riding this way. I'd rather he speak to them. Major! Yes, Captain? Aye. I'm ready, sir. Aye. What do you say? Ready before? Aye. I was insubordinate, sir.   I don't know what made me think you'd lost your sight, sir. Captain Faust, I'll tell you a secret. I can't see two winches beyond my nose. What? You said I was blind. I am blind. Blind? Impossible, sir. You're joking. Believe me, Captain, I'm not. However... Yes? If you can forget that I tried to keep the truth from you, I... Perhaps I can forget that matter of insubordination. But I don't understand. You led the charge. I don't see how you... I'll seal the highway! Captain Faust, the explanation can wait. But don't give me credit for what's happened here. It belongs to that fellow riding away, the Lone Ranger. The story you have just heard is a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


I had better start off by explaining my credentials talking about Hungary. It goes back a long way. When I was about 20, I got very interested in the Austro-Hungarian army, an old-fashioned romantic subject. And it wasn't at all popular. Back in 1962, the Dunning thing was to study, well, English history, the origins of the Industrial Revolution, all important. There were people who looked at John Locke and tried to discover Marxist elements in Locke. And here was I with my Holy Roman Empire and all that. Now, the Habsburg Empire has actually been a very good subject as an introduction to the modern world. Nowadays they've decided the Industrial Revolution didn't actually happen. And it's those people who now seem obsolete, not me. And it's a good subject because, you know, if you think about how nationalities have to get on together in some form, Austria-Hungary is a very good place to begin. I was always a bit embarrassed when Archduke Otto, peace to his soul, he was a wonderful man, used to say the Habsburg Empire was a model. It wasn't really. Something went very badly wrong. Now, I asked the British Council, in the days when the British Council did string quartets rather than rock music, were there any scholarships to Austria? And they said no. But some things just come up in Hungary. They're opening up for a language school in Debrecen. Would I like to go? And I did. And it was fascinating. Budapest was a terrible ruin at the time. The buildings were filthy. They were still pot-marked from 1956 and, of course, the siege. The royal castle in Buda was a ruin. It was hardly lit. There were very few shops open, all that. Dismal communist world. The trams rattled past at six in the morning with poor old workers being dragooned in for a 12-hour day, which began with an hour's propaganda. Dismal, dismal time. You said something going on. That it was actually underneath. It was a very interesting place. I won't talk about that too much, but I kept a weather eye on Hungary and picked up a bit of the language and didn't go in the 1970s. Started going in the middle 80s. And they've invited me regularly and said, did I want a fellowship to write about Hungarian history? I said, yes, good idea. So I've been there for the last three years. Now, the contrast between Turkey and Hungary, well, the Hungarian population would fit comfortably into Istanbul alone. And if I want to make the point, why Hungary? And this is a thing which I suggested to Margaret Thatcher when she had to speak about it. I said just, you know, she had to speak to people who probably couldn't find it on the map. And in some maps, it's difficult to find. I always say this, this is a country which has got more Nobel Prize winners than Japan. But then say there's a bracket in this. The really astonishing thing is the high proportion of non-Jews who are Nobel Prize winners, namely 17.5%. Because this is another side of Hungarian history which has to come up in one form or another. Now, as Viktor Orbán said in a recent speech, his speeches are very good, by the way. The decisive thing in Hungary is the Austrian border. And if I want to introduce Hungary, I think it's fair enough to repeat this. It's caused three great upheavals which have made the headlines. The Russians got out of their zone of Austria in 1955. That border then attracted the attention of a lot of Hungarians. And 1956, those 10 days of revolt in Hungary, they have to be seen in that context. And in the course of it, 200,000 extremely good Hungarians, you must have met them, emigrated to the west. Then comes the next Austro-Hungarian incident, which I won't go on about because it's too obvious, which is the hole in the iron curtain. That marvelous moment when thousands and thousands of East Germans just voted with their feet to get out of Honoka's little hellhole. And that eventually led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and everything else. Again, Hungary. And a couple of years ago, we have the business of the refugees. I mean, I oddly enough saw them in Bodrum, and I saw them when I was on a boat in Koss and Leros, and I saw them again in Budapest as they came tramping through these endless young men, camping outside the Calate by Udvar in the rower station in Budapest, going on into Austria, getting that strange ecstatic welcome in Vienna and then in Munich from young Germans. And something, is it a million and a half? Now, at the time, there is a good book by a man called Robin Alexander whose the correspondence had developed about the circumstances in which Angela Merkel let them in. And it is in a way a judgment on how the world has treated the whole Nazi episode that no German was willing to take responsibility for having barbed wire searchlights, dogs, and the rest of it. They said, oh, what will the world think? So we get a million and a half refugees, and we now get Angela Merkel trying to persuade the Hungarians to take a quota of them in the name of Europe. Now this is the splash that Hungary made. Now I have to say that asking a country like Hungary, which is still patches of poverty you can see, you can see old men and women raking through the rubbish in Budapest, a scene which I haven't seen since about 1948 as a small boy in Glasgow in Western Europe, asking then to take in refugees or migrants. I mean, think again, this is insanity. No. I want really to look at Hungary from, I think, two big perspectives. The first one is a study in post-communism. The big question comes up about post-communism is how much of it is actually post. And Hungary is quite an interesting case of a strange survival of communism in odd ways. I'm still struck by the contrast between Vienna and Budapest. And the other perspective I want to look at is how has Europe handled it? And this is worth thinking about. What has gone right, what has gone wrong? Now let me start off with an illustration of what I mean about post-communism. After I arrived here last night, I needed to buy some things from the supermarket on the corner, Migros. You go into that place, fresh vegetables, very beautifully arranged. Everything useful things, useful things on sale, very attractive and presented. The people very helpful with me carrying a steak at the basket. This is a turkey which, I've been here for 20 years and I know how it works and it's very impressive. It looks, you go to Ankara. Nobody's ever going to make Ankara a pretty city. But it works. The useful shops, people busy doing useful things, selling useful things. You can get a plumber or an electrician to do a good job at a moment's notice, this sort of thing. And the contrast between Turkey and I think where Turkey was in 1920 and Hungary is still pretty striking. So something works in Turkey. Now, I don't want to boast, really I don't. But I can, at a very primitive level, do both Turkish and Hungarian. And they're rather similar language. There's parallels, odd parallels in old words. The word for saddle in Hungarian is nereg. And in Hungarian it's, in Turkish it's eyer. In Hungarian nereg. The word for tent is şartor. And Hungarian çadır in Turkish, that sort of thing. And the grammar is rather parallel. And one way or another the Hungarians are rather fascinated by Turkey. And if I muddle up, if I mix the languages, I don't speak either of them at all well. If I muddle the languages, some of the taxi drivers will notice.  And I say, no. It's a bit difficult to explain. And they say that when they come to Turkey they're struck by the level of service, the way things work, decency of people, everything like that. They're very nice about the Turks in Hungary. Since you'll allow me a bit of history, in a sense it's true to say that far from being destroyed by the Turks, Hungary was actually kept in existence by them. They occupied or controlled in Transylvania about two-thirds of the country. And the Habsburgs had the rest, the north and west. And if you were under Habsburg rule in 1650, it's the counter-reformation. As it applied in Bohemia, a lot of Czech things which was wiped out, foreign nobility came in, all this. Hungary, in Hungary, and it's the big difference between Hungary and pretty well anywhere else, east of Switzerland, Protestantism survived. And it's Protestantism of a kind that I, as a Scotsman, have a sort of cousinly feeling for. If you go into a Calvinist service in Budapest, which I can't take too much of it, there's two bars of Bach. And then there's a very mournful prayer. And then there's a hymn. And George Bernard Shaw remarked of the Communists of the Internationale, that it was like the funeral music for a dead sardine. And it was with these hymns. And then the man gets up to speak and he speaks for an hour and a half. And the church is full. And there we are. And that kind of Calvinism, Massachusetts, Geneva, Amsterdam, well not Amsterdam, no, it was always Sin City. It went much of Holland. By God it's a creative force. Now they're provincial, but they get up in the morning, they read their Bible, they teach. If they're confronted with vagrants, they whip them out of town. Calvin devised this in Geneva. He would have a house for people, vagabonds. And if they still did nothing, he put them in a cellar which gradually filled up with water and gave them a pump. And that way they learned the work ethic. Now that kind of... That kind of Calvinism in Hungary sets up schools where peasant boys and girls sat down with the children of the nobility, much the nobilities complained. And Transylvania produced in 1600 the following statistics. Literacy. The Unitarians 100%. The Calvinists 85. The Lutherans 70. Catholics 30. Orthodox 10. And this is the kind of thing that goes on now. They speak Hungarian. It's archaic. It's very unsophisticated. But it works hard. And the language really survived there because elsewhere, if you're dealing with the Counter-Reformation Church, although it was never as anything like as harsh in Hungary as it was in Bohemia, because they were frightened of the Protestants and the Turks. The tendency would be simply to slip into German, which in a way is the obvious thing to do. I mean, if you... As the Austrian... Grill parts are remarked later on, why do they hang on to this language? There's only about a million of them that speak it and they don't write it. It's got no known close relatives in Europe. Why don't they just sit down and get on with German or something? It's not a national, this point. I mean, if I'm confronted with the business of... Celtic languages to be spoken in Scotland or Wales, I'm just reminded of a remark of the Great Norman Tebit that Welsh is like a Jurassic Park. You take a fossil, spend $100 million and create a monster. And still, after the Turks left, there is a hunger in existence with its old constitution, with its literate population, and then rather oddly in 1800. And this is a side of things where I think I've actually got something positive to add, because the Hungarian historians will never themselves notice it, that in effect reform era in Hungary is driven by Protestants. And they're the ones who remodeled the language. And I said I would mention the Jews, and of course Zionism came from Budapest. Well, Herzl did. And the experience of Zionism, taking a fossil language and turning it into modern Hebrew, is something which Herzl must have known about from Budapest, because you more or less have to invent things for modern words. And the result is that Hungarian is not nearly as difficult as you would think, because it's copying German a lot of the time. You don't see it in the written text. But if you think of how the Germans build up words, well, poor old Germany, I'm going to give it a bad time. The word for imagination says it all, zelbst ein Bildungskraft. And the Hungarian word is exactly that. They say self in picture, power. It's word for word. And it becomes funny after a bit, because you can almost invent Hungarian. But they sat down and they devised, they built themselves up a language with some very powerful poetry in it. And a country which has really put itself on a cultural map in Europe in a big way as a result of it. I'm frankly divided about this. I mean, I'm hopelessly in the world of the Scottish Enlightenment and really wish that the world would come down to 10 languages and not bother with anything else. The 10th, by the way, is Hebrew, so you have to make an enemy of the Jews. And still, I can accept, and it's worked in Turkey, I can accept that a vernacular language needs to be built up. There's no real way out of it. Well, the reform era, the recreation of the language, education spreads, they come the real ways. Things went wrong in 1848 when they went far too far against the Habsburgs than they should have done. Then they come right and away in 1867 when Franz Josef agreed to be crowned king of a sort of semi-independent Hungary. And they followed 50 splendid years. There's a book by John Lukacs called About Budapest, which talks about the build-up of this extraordinary place. It's around 1900 when the Hungarian architects get into their stride. It produces some very, very remarkable buildings and not just Budapest, also in Transylvania, some very good buildings indeed. It's a period when the Hungarian schools competing with each other start churning out those two generations which hit the world with great force. I think one of the great products of that period, we were talking about it last night, is the memoirs of Arthur Kessler, who's a Hungarian product. The Lutheran school, the Fochor Gymnasium, makes a great show of their number of Nobel Prize winners. It's all the tablets all over the place have celebrated. The Calvinist school, the Jewish ones, the girls' schools, producing troops of musicians, painters. I hope I don't need to go on on this subject. It's an endlessly interesting thing. Why did Hungary, in effect, produce the atom bomb? I suppose you've asked the same question in a way about Russia. They don't have the material to do it. What they've asked is the theoretical physics and the mathematics. Where do they get it from? At any rate, this is the period that produces the Hungary of the 20th century. Then things go wrong. In 1867, when they made their pact with the Habsburgs and agreed that the Habsburgs would be in charge of foreign policy and the army, Kosschuk, the big man of 1848, by this stage, an exile in Turin, wrote an open letter saying, if you give up foreign policy and the military to the Habsburgs, disaster will follow. And in 1914, Hungary was sucked into. The Prime Minister protested against it, couldn't stop it, sucked into the First World War. Tied to the court tales of the Germans right to the end and then Hungary collapsed. There's a communist revolution for a period. And then the Western powers did the... Well, with some competition, the Treaty of Triano is the stupidest of the post-war treaties. It cut the country's size by two-thirds, reduced it to a small Hungarian thing with Budapest, the capital. He lost... Well, it was a permanent force for instability when you've got Hungarians just over the border in Transylvania, in Slovakia, to some extent even in Yugoslavia, when you've got this situation and the whole country is mesmerized by it. A very good recent history of Hungary by an English ambassador, Sir Brian Cartledge, said that the Hungarians... They're not very religious, though they're not. What they are is very nationalistic, if you scratch them. I mean, it's understandable in various ways. What does it do to a child? Once it grows up, realizing the language that it speaks, has got no possible connection with anything that it sees on foreign televisions or football matches or anything, it must create a very peculiar consciousness somewhere. And they are pretty nationalistic. Now, the period between the wars is not a happy one at all. There are some good things that did come out of it, but it's not happy. And Hungary is distinguished by having the highest suicide record of any modern country. It was, I think in 1986, it reached just 4.5 per 100,000, makes sense. Anyway, very high, very high suicide rate. That suicide rate dropped by two-thirds in 1938 when Hungary, an alliance with Hitler, was able to get back some of the lost territories. I don't know what on earth the connection is, but it's always taken as an example of how national morale improved. Now, then comes the disasters. Second World War, and Holocaust in Hungary was pretty bad. I mean, I'm sometimes taken to task by people who are hostile to Viktor Orban about the Holocaust in Hungary, and it's true that roughly half the Jews, maybe a bit more, went. And they say, that was the fault of the Hungarians. Now, the answer to that is this. There were six SS officers in Amsterdam. 90% of the Dutch Jews were wiped out. It's not an argument I'm ever happy getting into. How could one be? But I don't think that Hungary was worse than anywhere else. We put it that way. And the record of Jews in Hungary, the contribution to Hungarian culture, it's almost unimaginable. For instance, Bartók, when he made himself unpopular in 1910 by using Hungarian music, the Hungarian music, was almost being thrown out of the concert, and he was protected by a group of mainly Jewish ladies who could understand what he and Kodai were doing. I won't go on on this theme, but it is, as a friend of mine says, whatever you say about the Jewish question in Hungary is wrong. I won't go on on this. Then comes 1945. I'm slightly running ahead. Can I have another five minutes? Then comes 1945, a viciously bad experience of communism in Hungary. Here's a country which, left to itself, would just have followed some kind of Austrian pattern, prosperous agriculture, ingenious use of energy, that sort of thing, and instead it became a kind of appendix of the Soviet Union. And Khrushchev's idea was to have a vast green field stretching from the Borghenland to Kazakhstan. Now, a lot of Hungary is only suitable for options. So it went down and the workers were dragooned and it comes to the revolt of 1956. And then the Russians sat back and thought, well, we better go easy on these Hungarians. And in any case, they're just next to Austria. We can hold up Hungary as some kind of model. And you have this odd phenomenon in the late 60s and 70s of what, in that awful phrase, it was called goulash communism. And you could sell Hungary to the West. If you were able to decently tell, give them something to eat, the Hungarian educated classes were extremely good. Read things, sense of humor, everything. And the regime could say we've got full employment. You don't really see the police on the streets. Here's some literature which is not on our side. And the French journalists in particular would come cooing away and saying, oh, Hungary's like Sweden. This happy period started coming apart in 1980. And it did so mainly because they got into a lot of debt. They had the highest debt in the Eastern Bloc per head. And that began to cause troubles. And in 1982, long before Corby, they applied to join the World Bank and their IMF. Now, if you do that, you're accepting certain, well, I won't say handcuffs, but certain controls. And it meant that the World Bank and the IMF could actually tell them what to do. So you get a mixture of communism and a second economy, as they called it, where people are working very hard for something that looks like real money. And they actually statistically measure the economy. It can't really be understood. No one really knows what's happening. But the trade with the West goes up and up. And the Iron Curtain had really collapsed long before Corby came when John Paul did a mass on the Noiseedler's way. 60,000 Hungarians turned up to it. The Iron Curtain was not a reality in Hungary after around that time. But of course it does mean that you have people who are used to dealing with what the Germans call Zeilschaften, of networks within networks in what is purportedly a communist system. And it was often described how people could quite legitimately take machinery from factories and use it for private production. And the whole thing became somehow corrupted. The Hungarians still very divided about this. I mean, as an outsider, I would say they have not much choice. But they have to live with it and they don't like the consequences. And this is a context in which Viktor Orban has to be understood that he's dealing with networks of this sort which can torpedo what any government would like to do. He must be understood in that context. Now... Yes, I mustn't go on too long. On the other hand, I can't miss out a cultural minister called Oddsale. You see, in Hungary, if you went there from Western Europe, you would find really lively films. The music, the pianists, I don't need to go on about. And there were, you know, serious literary journals. It wasn't like going to Romania or anything of that kind. You could find a lively cultural life. Now, the man behind that was a man called Oddsale. And it's a characteristic Hungarian life. Born... Born as a Jew in a quarter where there were no educated people. His father was a carter or something. He died. The mother remarried. The husband couldn't bear Oddsale and put him in an orphanage. He got out. He was wanted to train as a psychiatrist. Couldn't. Because there was a law that was helping Jews from entering professions. So he became an actor. A very successful actor. Then comes 1944. And his acting skills served him in very good stead because he could ride around in a German staff car. He didn't speak any German, but he could imitate the noise of a German army officer in a very bad mood indeed. And so he saved a number of people like that. Then subsequently in 1948 he was put in prison by Rakhushi like so many. After five, six years out, saved by Qadar, and being a man of vast versatility and charm, he would tolerate certain playwrights, encourage certain cinema, but it's through him. And again, obviously through Zeilschaften, a certain kind of independent and very interesting cultural life developed in Hungary. And what do you make of a man like that? The Russians hated him. They wanted to get rid of him, but they couldn't fight. Now something has gone wrong at that level and it's held Hungary back economically to the point at which it's still behind Austria. Now the other thing which I will gather through I think, I'm sorry, I really have to thanks for being indulgent. The other thing is how the Europeans have handled it. And I must say I just don't think it's been handled intelligently at all. Hungary's great strength is agriculture. It was a great grain exporter before 1914. The wine very good, you've all heard of that guy. But there are others. Very good raising pork, this kind of thing. Now the agriculture is still noticeably behind the Austria. You see the difference on the border when you leave the Burgen land. You can even see it in Slovakia when you cross over. Hungarian agriculture has somehow languished as it didn't in the 1980s or there's so the pricing policies and the common agricultural policy have not been working for Hungary's benefit at all. The other side of it, and again I'm afraid to understand Hungarian politics, this has to be said and it's gypsies. Companies like Tesco big ones came in, bought up land subsidized by the European system in one form or another. The village is empty and are taken over by gypsies. They make up 20% of the population of Eastern Hungary now. Now the Orban government does what it can. It's got gypsy members of parliament. It encourages a proper kind of gypsy culture. It'll get gypsy mayors to try to discipline the gypsies into not producing so many children. But the problem has got out of hand. In communist times they used to sterilize the gypsy women after three children. The rights of men of the European courts don't allow you to do this sort of thing. And the result is that huge numbers of places in Eastern Hungary are voting for the extreme right party, Jobik and it's to do with problems like this. I don't know what the answer is but at least the problem needs to be stated. And the other side of Europe is well, opening the gates. Is it 6,700,000 educated and the education system is very good. Educated Hungarians energetic working all over Germany and in England. And what that does to a country to find it's so many of its energetic young people leaving we can only hope that the effect will, the pendulum effect will take place. But meantime Budapest is left with an awful lot of poor old souls living on pensions shuffling through the streets with walkers and the sound you hear at night and the big boulevard his ambulance is on the way to the hospital. Now, I'm painting a pretty gloomy picture I know but I think to see what things the robot is trying to do that gloomy picture has to be pictured because he's not responsible for it if there is but in that particular responsible it would be his predecessor Manuel Ducci said at the private gathering we've done nothing but steal it was silly enough to let it be recorded and the Europeans went along with this and they stole too there's a particularly nasty set of buildings which is no place what so ever in Budapest which were put up by the EBRD the European Bank of Reconstruction Development Giacatelli's monstrosity if you can imagine among tunnels next to the Astor Hotel that says it all or a hideous glass pavilion next to the National Museum this kind of horror has been voiced in the monument of that period and whatever you say about Big Dump it has done no full lot to make Budapest the great city that it was and we can only hope that at some point somebody will be able to write a book about Budapest 1900 and see if it's happening again today I think they're also thanking me


She looks like a teenager in the 80s trying to pose for glamour shots. I look like an alien. Hello my fellow snippers, flighters and hatchlings. My name is Merlene McCoy and welcome to my channel. If you love birds, you're going to love this channel. If you don't know anything about birds, watch this channel because you're going to love the channel because you're going to be like, wait, what? Birds do that? Yes, it's crazy. I'm still in my pajamas. Hey, it's like 2pm. What time is it? In my pajamas because I've been posting to Patreon, posting to videos, editing, Instagramming, all this stuff and I didn't have time to get fresh today. But those of you who just watched the video on blue going home, I'm sure you guys were looking for an update. So here we are today to help Leo. I've invited Tracy over with Bella because Leo loves little kids. So I thought this was going to, you know, perk him up a bit. So let's see his reaction. Okay, Bella, let's go see Leo. Do you want to see Leo? Yeah. Okay. Let's make Leo happy today, shall we? Look at this. Look at how excited. Where's Leo? Happy. You want to play with him? Okay. Here comes Leo. Can you sit down over there and we'll play with Leo on over here? Pick a spot. Let's play with Leo. Okay. Leo's going to be happy. He's going to be happy. It's going to be exciting for Leo. Bella, Leo had a friend and Leo's mad at me. Leo's like, leave me alone, mom. This is my time. Whoa. That with the yellow jacket. Can I see your shirt? Oh my God. That's so cute. Meanwhile, I literally think Monty is poking a hole in my raincoat. Look Leo's running towards me like, get up, mom. By the way, Tracy, he's cheering that you left.  Look at him. Again. Rocky again, please. Rocky entertaining the children. Clap for Rocky. So he knows you liked it. Show everyone how stunning you are and how iridescent your feathers are. Everyone wants to see Rocky. Look at those feathers. Thank you for sharing. Did I look good sharing?  No. I'm trying. I was joking. I'm just joking. I'm so happy it's with an animal. You do? On. Okay. So guys, when kids want to hold birds, one thing they can be sensitive to is the bird's nails. I mean, we all can, but kids especially. So I just want to get her prepped with like an extra shirt. All right. You ready? Okay.  So I got to show her how to get Leo on herself. So put your hand down over here. Yeah. Now keep it stable. You always want to help the kid keep their hand stable. So sometimes kids will think they want to hold a bird and then they'll get fearful and they'll move their arm, which is not good for the bird, obviously. You want to keep your head away from Leo so he can come up. He can come up to your arm. Okay. Yeah. He's going to climb, climb, climb to see. Climb, climb, climb, climb, climb, climb to your shoulder. Okay. Give him a ramp. Come on Leo. Come on Leo, your turn. Okay. I'm away. Okay. He loved you the other day when Bella wasn't here. I guess he just wants to play with you. What? Mommy says so yes. Bella, what are the rules about chocolate? Who can't have chocolate? That's right. That's right. Okay. He's waiting patiently for his friends. What? Hold on. Come here. Let me see that. What is it? Can you say hello my sniffers? I want to give you guys some updates on Leo. It's Leo. It is Leo. So Leo is doing really well. He has cried. He cries about once a day, sometimes twice. We know it's a cry because we never heard it before. When you hear it, you just kind of know it's like a cry for blue. But other than that, he's doing well. Gwen has been sending the videos of blue. All the things she's doing with blue. She has put blue in the aviary. Took blue to the park in a carry-on. Playing an instrument for blue. I didn't see the instrument. I heard it. I don't know what it was. It seems to like that. So I'm very excited to report that I'm getting lots of videos. I'm enjoying them. So Gwen, thank you so much. Some other interesting facts are that Leo has been obviously into having a friend because he's been going to George and you guys know how he feels about George. So he likes to get attention anywhere he can right now. Do you want your pacifier? Yeah. Okay. It's your shoulder. Do you know how to relax your shoulder? Yeah. Okay. Relax it. You can put your shoulder down. Yeah. There you go. You're so cute. You're having a good time. I love you. I love Rocky. Why do you love Rocky? He doesn't play with you. Do you love birds? Yeah. Why? Are they the best? Leo's mad at me. Leo's like, leave me alone, mom. I got this. Stop harassing me. She looks like a teenager in the 80s trying to pose for glamour shots. I look like an alien. Okay guys, so on my first video of my thoughts about like, you know, prepping you guys and me for blue going home, I got a comment with a lot of questions that I thought maybe I should address and answer. Unfortunately, I did not screenshot who the comment was from because I screenshotted the part with all the questions. So I'm sorry about that. I really wanted to give you a shout out for all the questions, but I failed. You have eight questions here and I thought that you guys would be interested as well. And the first one is, did they keep in regular contact with me during this time? Yes, they did. They kept me updated. We gave them a car and situations like that. So we were very often updated and in touch. The second question is, did they ever visit blue? And if so, how often they actually did try to visit blue, but our schedule like my schedule, we were like in and out of town and just you guys between making like videos and trying to get boxes out and just doing all these different things and then my own school and my own rehearsals for school and my own other jobs. It was just really hard. Plus there's a great distance between us. So we had a lot going on. So yeah, they did try and it didn't happen. It would have made a cool video too. I would have liked to do it, but it didn't happen. Number three is so they watch my channel to keep tabs on blues life. Yes, they did as far as I know they did. I also sent them videos sometimes in the beginning. It was hard to be in touch because they didn't have like, you know, internet and such. But yeah, they did. They watched the channel for were they aware that blue had a bond with Leo when they asked them back? Yes, they were. As you guys saw in the video previously, that was really nice what she said. She said that I knew of that, but I really just wanted a chance with my bird that got me through hard times. And I totally understand and respect that. And I would have wanted that too because they're not exactly the same species. So in time passing, like I'm sure that it's all going to be okay. It just was so cute and lovely to watch. And you know, birds do have feelings.  But I understand she wanted a shot with her bird. Five, what took them so long to get back on their feet even after the go fund me and you got them a car? Well, guys, we are in California, California. When people told me it was expensive here. When I first moved here, I had no idea until I got here, like the severity of that situation. I remember being in the grocery store and I wanted like Wonder Bread.  Every single thing. It's just very hard to live here. Rents are astronomical and they took the time to also stay living in the car so that they could build up funds for them to have a really good start, not just move in and then have to live moment to moment. So I thought that was pretty wise. Did six, did they seem appreciative of the car that they bought and do they still have it? Yes, they do still have it. Side note, they did stay in the car for a while. It got them around, but it broke down. George did offer to help them with that, but they didn't contact us for a while. I think they're just so sweet. Like really, like, you know, I think they have a lot of, I don't know if the right word is pride, but like, you know, they're not takers. So I understand, but they have since bought the car like a new transmission and she said that living in the car was, you know, gave them, you know, a place to sleep and all that because they were out on the streets for a while there. So at least they had that. So they were very, very appreciative to me and those of you who helped on GoFundMe and all your words of encouragement. Seven, were they even stable when they got blue? You saw the last video. They have a place of their own. They have literally two cages for blue and aviary for blue. They have a lot of different things for blue. So I would consider them pretty stable. She has a really good job and so does he. And they're just, you know, getting their stuff sorted. When I moved to my apartment in Los Angeles, I don't think I had furniture for like eight months. That's just how hard it is here. So I had a bed, but like I had no furniture. Have I been able to assess if they're stable enough now? That's number eight in the last question. Yes, I think they are stable enough. She shared with me some facts that, you know, it's for a private business that I think, yeah, I think she's going to do really well. I think she's going to be very successful. I think she's very smart. They stayed together through all these hard times, which is a huge testament to not only how much they care about each other, but also how strong the relationship is. They can get through that. They can get through anything. So yeah, absolutely. I think that they're going to do great. And I honestly wish them the best. So yeah, as far as Leo is going, Leo has been playing with Bella every day. As you can see, he's got his best friend, Bella here with him every day. And that makes him very happy. And we're just keeping him extremely busy. So I think he likes that. He has an appetite. He hasn't stopped eating. If you guys have any more questions, I'll do another update on Leo for you. Let me know in the comments, obviously. I want to know what you guys want to know. By the way, don't forget, if you guys are looking for an amazing bird food brand for your bird that is healthy, organic, and not full of food colorings and sugar and peanut smash, check out Marlene's signature blend. I did this along with Topps Parrot Food. We just launched in the UK. Northern Parrots now sells our food. You guys have been asking for it. You've got it. Also, thanks for Wings and Canada sells our bird food right now. I'm proud to announce and they will ship it to you. I encourage you guys to check out my Feathered Fun Box. It's a passion project. It's a subscription box that comes with parrot toys for your bird and also special merch. Kind of like my dream box. Honestly, I put so much into it. I love that there's something like this for birds out in the world. That's why I created it, www.featheredfunbox.com. I love you guys so, so much. Thank you for listening.


What's better one take down here welcome back to another video today I'm going to be showing you guys how you can upgrade or replace your hard drive in your PlayStation 4 now The first thing I want to mention is it's way easier to get an external hard drive Which just sets next to your PlayStation 4 here It'll plug into your PlayStation 4 for the USB and then it also has to be plugged into a power outlet as well That usually gets you anywhere from 1 to 6 terabytes extra or more depending on Which one you do pick up but a lot of people do opt in for the internal hard drive Which I'm going to be showing you guys on my slim PlayStation 4 as well Now this can be done on the original the slim which I'm going to be showing you on and also the PlayStation 4 Pro as well So for the slim here there is a spot over here where you can see That is where the hard drive is so to do this all I'm going to do is with pressure on this You're just going to push it out actually I apologize. I'm putting it the wrong way. It has to go this way So doing that that is the only brackets for the PlayStation 4 slim Now what you're gonna want to do is remove this screw here This holds the hard drive in place and just like that the screw is out It does have the PlayStation symbols on it. So it's a very unique one to the console now If that screw removed you now have access to the hard drive and the hard drive bracket in here There is this little tab here you just grab on to and pull And that will take out the PlayStation 4 hard drive and just like that your hard drive is already out So here is the brackets and the hard drive is right here. So usually whenever you buy A new hard drive You have to reuse the brackets from the old one here. So to do that You would have to take the four screws out here On the sides And you will leave in the rubber kind of gaskets in between you'll take out the hard drive You'll put your new one in you'll put the screws back in and it's ready to go So once you guys have your new hard drive installed onto the bracket here It's a matter of putting it back in the PlayStation 4 here So again, you're going to slowly push it in the same way as you pulled it out And you're going to make sure it goes all the way in just like that It is back as far as it can go You're going to want to make sure you put it all the way in otherwise your ps4 could run into other problems You can push it far back as it will go Now you're going to put this screw back in Before you put the cover back on then you are going to simply put the cover back on So again the same way as you took it off You're just going to have it kind of off to the side and you're just going to push it in And it literally just goes flush like that Now if you have the original one, there is the section on the side here You just take the cover off and the same thing you're just going to remove the screw and pull out the hard drive The pro is very similar as well So that is only part of the install is actually putting the hard drive in the PlayStation 4 The next thing you have to do is put the system software on to the hard drive So to do this you're going to have to go onto a computer You're going to download the system software from the playstation's websites onto a usb flash drive With at least one gigabyte in free space Then you're going to put it on to the playstation 4 here to do this with the flash drive open on your computer You're going to create a folder on the flash drive named ps4 inside that folder You're going to create another folder named updates all in caps You're going to download the file on the playstation websites and you're going to save it in the update folder Then you're going to connect the flash drive to the ps4 You're going to set up the playstation 4 in safe mode. You're going to select option 3 which is update system software You're going to select update from usb storage and then select okay And then you're going to let it transfer these software updates from your flash drive On to playstation 4 if you do not do this step you will not be able to use your playstation 4 It is really easy to use but again you do have to On your flash drive make a folder called ps4 all caps inside that folder make another folder called updates all caps And save the file into that then connect it to the ps4 and it should work as easy as that But that is how you update or replace the hard drive in your playstation 4 honestly In my recommendation and what I use for my playstation 4 I even used on my ps5 now is to simply get an external hard drive for it It's way easier and you don't even have to open up or do anything like that You just connect the external hard drive to it. You turn it on and usually it will recognize and format itself Rather than you having to download and update onto a flash drive, but hopefully you enjoyed this video I'll leave this here. Please take care. I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace


very important points and exactly a month before this we had a forum of TV journalists and we were just talking about television you know at one point print had this challenge that TV had broken the news and what do you carry next day and then it used to read like you know you had already read it you know one how did print navigate that change and added value to the news that you carried next day how did that happen you also said that you know TV just rumbles around six big stories and on a great day otherwise it's like a two story you know they will run the entire 24 hours because the nature of the beast is that but do you also agree that TV generates the impact and that becomes the agenda for the next day okay this is not a TV versus print I'm just trying to understand can you hear me yeah you know I have a slightly different point of view if you look at most news channels and even the specialized channels they have two kinds of information one is information that is based on real-time so if you're a business channel for instance stock market information is real-time you obviously can't get it the previous day you get it as it happens and TV channels do it the same with stuff that is happening right now so right now for instance if there's an accident outside our hotel one of the best media to capture it will be TV if they have like you know a crew and they get what is happening but by and large if you look at the substantial stories that TV plays out in the course of the day you've already read it in the morning's paper so rather than print follow TV the unfortunate thing that happens in our country is that TV follows print when it comes to the big stories so you've already read the stories and maybe this is because again this is not a print versus TV thing some of the smartest people I know work in TV but maybe it's because they don't invest adequately in research maybe it's because they don't invest adequately in specialists who can tell them you know these are the areas that you need to be looking at so a lot of TV journalists I have a feeling end up looking at the morning's paper and saying like hey this has happened and we've not really covered this we should this is an important story and and we need to start looking at this and and that is exactly what happens and you know there are countless examples to this especially with an exclusive story and and you know the good thing is print still as when you invest in good journalism and you invest in good journalists and you're willing to invest in allowing them to travel and spend time on stories you will get interesting investigations you will get interesting exclusives and you will get good special stories and these are the stories that then you know TV takes and usually because you know this is a very bad habit in our country and usually run it as if it's their own story giving no credit to the original person who did it but you know that is part for the course you know you can't expect people to be better than they are so it's the cycle has actually been reversed in this country you know and digital is you know it's it's like on big cesspool I know that mask this morning put out a tweet where he said newspapers report what is on Twitter today right to some extent yes but a lot of times Twitter amplifies what is in the newspaper and then takes it and builds it and people engage over that news and everything else and this is ideally not how it should be because ideally it should be the way Roohale described it the news is broken on digital media TV shows you the news and discusses various aspects of it and print and print gives you perspective it gives you reinforcement right and and that that is in an ideal scheme but but given the fact that you know many of these platforms are not functioning to their ideal requirements the truth is actually very very different I request the people at the back to be silent I can just hear the whispers and you know as you as you mentioned you know we see a global phenomena let me name it of course like we have to give this example of New York Times and we always hold it as an example of how it turn around the way we look at print you know in terms of a business model and then we have this compulsion because our business model is the other way around so we have to our news is different that is a large part of it do you see the Indian context changing somewhere down the line because of course print has a certain impact a certain context which will be missing on digital on television but what how do you see the print story unfolding in India making it more relevant kind of you know making its growth possible do you see newspapers going the New York Times way in terms of successively you know building a business around the biggest advantage that print has not just in India anywhere else in the world is the fact that print unfortunately is still the only medium that believes in newsrooms and it's the only meet only journalistic medium which believes in shoe leather reporting it believes in the importance of reporting it believes in the importance of getting people to where the stories are it believes in having specialists and beats and everything else TV does not so irrespective of whether you are looking at an Indian television channel or an international television channel you have to look at how many reporters they have unless you know it's someone like BBC or something but but you know you have to look at how many reporters they have and and the factors print in most cases and if you take the Indian example it's very very glaring because TV channels invest in anchors they don't believe in investing in journalists and they don't believe in investing in reporters they have anchors more than they have reporters and and the aspiration for everyone in TV unfortunately is to become an anchor I don't think anyone wants to be a reporter and without reporters what journalism are you really going to serve but to answer your questions I know I know everyone keeps obsessing about the New York Times and the Financial Times and the Wall Street Journal and I think it's very very important to understand that especially when you're talking about business models all business models have a temporal element to them they have a time element to them they have a time dimension to them so all these channels all these examples that we spoke about New York Times Wall Street Journal Financial Times they started off at a certain period in time if they were to start trying to do the same thing now I'm not sure the business model would work a lot of it worked for them because you know historically you got into a business model you locked it in there and and you're moving on from there so let me give you this you look at the Financial Times a lot of the Financial Times subscription even the digital subscriptions still go to organizations so if you're a uni lever for instance which is again based in London you will take I don't know uni lever is a large company I think you'll probably take a few hundred corporate subscriptions to the Financial Times digitally and give it to your senior managers will they still be doing it 20 years from now is my question because the entire generation of managers who you have have changed and and they're not people who will probably get their information from the Financial Times I have no idea where they'll get their information from but so I a lot of these business models are working because they happened at a certain point in time so to long-winded answer to your question will it work in India at this point in time it won't even work there so there's no way it's going to work here so for it to work here I think you need a new model for India just like you need a new model for journalism of course and there are models that will work but and I've said this countless times before a lot of things I'm saying you know people who heard me before will probably think I'm repeating myself but at least I'm being consistent right there is the big digital news conglomerate in India is still waiting to be built no one has built it yet the big traditional media companies are still struggling with their models we have our challenges we are struggling with our own challenges but the big digital new age media conglomerate in this country is waiting to be built our jury member Sonia saying she is here thank you for coming and joining us so I have one more question then I open this forum to some audience questions you know India as a country Bharat you know we are you know positioning ourselves globally as a global emerging global power we are the fifth largest economy but our press is reflecting a more domestic you know for the focus in a print focus is more of domestic if you see the world global pages one or two pages my point is how soon do we see our press also having those aspirations of what the country is looking at you know and reflect those you know the editorial reflects it you know that we are also globally this is our voice globally how when do we see that happening in a at a bigger level I have a vague understanding of what you're asking I don't think I've completely understood so if I'm wrong you have to you know correct me halfway through our challenges are primarily domestic right I mean and I think Rohail's question in some ways is he's looking at me and asking me why we are not cheerleaders right that's what you're asking you know not only no my question is not global if you look at say again I'll go to New York Times you know they also have global they will say what's happening Iraq what is happening in Saudi what's happening in Dubai they will have a lot of focus on those you know countries as well but our newspapers don't have global focus the coverage of global news is insecure how does that improve and kind of you know reflect that we are also what you call a strong voice in the global scheme of things okay there are multiple ways in which this can be answered okay so let me start we all have to get real at some level right I mean we are doing very well as a country but our per capita income is around $2,500 right the per capita income of a country whom everyone has beaten up including my newsroom Canada is $54,000 right reflects in the fact that many Indians want to leave India and go and live in countries like the UK Canada Australia for for better living conditions the social and economic indicators the standard of living all of these are far higher right so the challenges are very significant so our focus has to be primarily domestic because our challenges are primarily domestic to the extent that international news is relevant to us it gets covered across platforms it gets covered in print it gets covered in TV it gets covered in digital but our challenges are primarily local and we have very significant challenges we've uttered some of them very well right we've pulled hundreds of millions of people out of poverty but pulling them out of poverty is the first step right next step is to move up we are still according to the World Bank classification a lower middle income country and the reason why we are a lower middle income country is only because they reclassified the middle income countries to bring the bar think down a little bit so we just moved out from the lowest level to the next level so our challenge will be to take our per capita up to $5,000 or $6,000 the thing that makes India unique probably more unique than any other country in this world is within India you have these pockets of phenomenal affluence so within India for instance where you take the per capita income of let's say Germany or the UK both Germany and the UK per capita income will be close to $60,000 within India you have a population of 18 to 20 million people right now whose average annual income is at that level so you have a significant market which is already there and over a period of time this market grows so you are catering not to one homogeneous market irrespective of whether you're a media company or a company selling cars or a company selling soap but you're selling to a very very very heterogeneous market where the divisions are very stuck so some people in India actually live in the first world a lot of us in this room are quite fortunate because I think we're all inhabitants of that world but there are equally hundreds of millions of Indians who live in the third world and I think you know there has to be progression everywhere so the challenges are primarily domestic so the coverage for us has to be is primarily domestic we'll take two questions and I request everyone to please lower the volume because let's go for a audience couple of audience questions yes please well the gentleman wish for this fire side fire side chat to turn into a collective interactive session so I must request you to kindly raise your hands with the questions and we shall please introduce yourself here can I request people at the back to please be quiet here very good morning to you all Mr. Sukumar you rightly said the TV news are going down to the line there are a lot of questions on that if you see any channel 90% of the news only on the crime no quality news is there only crime and these news we can't sit see with the family yesterday it was a world hard day you just see you're the witness how many channels focused on that subject I think no one just a small line news was there the matter of prices gone 250 rupees per kilo 300 rupees per kilo every channel was showing I think sir has got the question crime unfortunately is a very important a lot of people are interested in crime right I mean if you look at the metro editions that we run in Delhi Gurugram Noida Ghazi about Bombay Pune people have three obsessions there are three things that they are obsessed with more than anything else and I dare say even in the South you know if we had an edition in Bangalore these are the three things that they would be obsessed with the first thing is traffic the second thing is civic issues especially garbage collection you'll still be surprised at the number of emails I get about garbage I mean and of course we put our people on it because it is a big issue our cities generate far too much garbage and we have no idea what to do with it the third thing is law and order or crime so there is no harm in covering crime I just think that what we have to do is to ensure that there are a lot of important things that are happening and which people need to know about and and it's important to cover those things equally and these are in a variety of domains for instance last week the environment ministry pretty much removed the protection that grasslands get in this country and grasslands are a very key part of the habitat for a variety of reasons is that something that people need to know about of course it is something that people need to know about it needs to be explained to them so your point is well made you you need to broad base it but like I said the challenge in broad basing it for especially for TV channels is probably going to be the economics much more than anything else right you just talk about no so we will take offline no we'll take more questions can we take one last question yeah you can you can meet sir offline yes sir hello sir I'm an MC I am C students sir I have a question sir so we know that easy has less viewership than Hindi news channel with least viewership and sir as per the business magazine sir we know key only the busy who obsessed with business or economy news read only the business generals and business magazines sir can we say that economics generals and business related generals only confined to the people who doing business and doing nothing to impact or improve the people the mass in general sir and what's how you perceive it sir to inform them or to impact them impact their lives how how you think we can do more for the mass in general okay if you want to rise in journalism you should not use so many serves right I mean don't keep calling people sir all the time okay I think what we are realizing and this is probably making it extremely challenging for young people like you what we are realizing is that these days most newsrooms including mine and I'm sure that's true of many other newsrooms expect their people to have a certain level of proficiency across topics right I mean they need to understand a variety of things and then business and economics is certainly one of them and it's important and you mentioned TV channels and I think especially in TV it's very important because you are on screen and you're explaining something which you'll only be able to do if you really understand what's happening so I think everyone expects a certain basic level of proficiency so while I did advocate specialization earlier on I think it's equally important to sort of be versatile enough to have a certain basic level of proficiency across a variety of disciplines and in India this includes pretty much anything right I mean sports is such a big part of our lives in this country sports coverage and not just cricket coverage I mean increasingly a lot of other sports aren't coming into you know coming into the limelight I think people need to understand what's happening across a variety of areas and specialized perhaps in one or two right my last question we will take it there are students here of course once they complete they look for jobs and you know what are the important things they need to keep in mind if they're tomorrow knock at your door with their CV I mean what is your advice your message to the students who are present here journalism students well it's already too late right see there the world you have to learn how to put up with things because I think the and I'm giving you very practical and pragmatic advice okay journalism in India in the first few years of your job will look like a horrible thankless job with respect to of where you're working you respect to whether it is a print newsroom or a digital newsroom or a multimedia newsroom or whatever else because you are at the very bottom of the pecking order the work seems hard the salary seems like a pittance and a lot of people can't cope with stress now this is true across proficient when people leave college and they start working the first thing they have to learn is how to get used to work life because college life is different from work life some people of course never grow out of it out of being in college but you have to get used to a job you have to get used to the rhythm of what is required in the course of your work and put up with it for the first three four years and learn as much as you can because you know I think that's how you get into the group what I noticed happening with a lot of young people who enter journalism is that they get dissolutioned very quickly which is very easy to do right because this is true even in it's not just true in India it's true everywhere until five six years ago I used to run a business newsroom and and we every year we used to hire from Columbia and I remember the Dean there telling me once that he was very upset that the best and brightest students were not getting jobs and they were going and working in e-commerce firms doing listings right so when you're working in a digital newsroom a lot of you who are in entry-level jobs will be taking stories from here and there curating them giving them a smart headline putting them out but I still think you'll be learning you'll be doing something it's very easy to get dissolutioned with that kind of thing so the only thing I'll tell you and I'm not going to give you these lofty words of advice I've told you everything else before in my speech it's to just put up with it for three four years give your organization enough time to give things back to you it's another problem with this generation you guys are all far too impatient you have to wait for a few years to get what's your do and then you know you can start making a mark but instead most people get hassled after six to eight months in the job and and they jump from this treadmill and go into this other treadmill called public relations makes no sense thank you thank you Mr. Ranganathan for joining us it's been great talking to you thank you sir


So within the world of Borderlands, you guys are probably hunting down Haunted Loot and while having a bad time at that, as it's been reported loot drops are seriously low, which could help explain today's mystery of, is there a hidden mysterious legendary unauthor within the Bloody Harvest event? And also, have we seen a first glimpse at Amara's new fourth skill tree? How's it going guys? My name's DPJ and if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more be sure to subscribe. So the Bloody Harvest event is here. Yeah it's basically the same as the last year but for people who want to create level 65 terror builds etc etc would I guess enjoy this event. But what if I told everyone, me and loads of other people within the community believe there is a mysterious hidden legendary which seems no one has had drop. Now because drop rates do seem to be broke, it would make sense that it is in the game but just hasn't been found. Or if drop rates are bugged, it would also make sense. Now what this could indeed be is a new skin they are showcasing which kind of makes sense but with the same skin also under fear monger which is also a weapon exclusive to this event why showcase it on a second weapon when it's already been showcased under fear monger unless that weapon is also new. Now they haven't actually said anything about any new weapons so what this could indeed be is one of a few things. Something they cut from the release of the Bloody Harvest event but left it on the posters and in the trailers. Or it could be a weapon that's been in the game files for a long time now. Could this be like many people are thinking the portals and shite. Now the portals and shite has been within the game files for a long time but never actually being in any loot source from the game. Could this be where it's actually obtained from the Bloody Harvest event where your guess is as good as mine. I mean I have the portals and shite the older version as you can see on the screen now. The weapons are very very much alike. Could this newer version be the finished product and actually be somewhere within the game right now. Well again your guess is as good as mine. Okay so we're going to move on and I know this might seem like a stretch to some people but it's definitely got me intrigued. Within the Bloody Harvest trailer we see something really unusual. What I think we actually see is Amara's new fourth skill tree in action. As within the Bloody Harvest trailer we get a few glimpses literally a split second of something real unusual which I don't think Amara can currently do in game. We see her clench her fist and this massive purple orb attacks this enemy. Yet it's already on screen before she does any kind of hand movement and it comes from behind the enemy she's focused on. Now we know fourth skill trees are coming. We also know Amara is represented by this image you can see on screen now and it's believed the tree is called phase trance or phase trap or something like that. So could this actually be the very first gameplay of it? Well I actually think it might be people but what do you think? Let me know down below within that comments section. Also credit to Bled for giving this information to my attention. If you guys want to watch a great Borderlands streamer, check him out via the links below. Also shout out to Psyche for being an amazing mod within my discord which by the way people if you love Borderlands 3 and want a place to chill, make friends, trade or even pick up unreleased weapons. Well join my discord which is also linked below. But guys on that note the end of the video has arrived. Let me know what you think about the information brought to you today. Hopefully you enjoyed it and hopefully I will see you on that next one.