I'm Susan Banducci from the Exeter Q-Step Centre at the University of Exeter. And I am Julia Choroyano from the Q-Step Centre at the University of Exeter. Today we'll be talking about online data sources and how you use those to answer questions about information exposure. What can social media data tell us? There are a lot of interesting social science questions that social media data can answer for us. If we're interested in questions about candidate statements or candidate positions, if we're interested in events data, or even perhaps if we're interested in public opinion, social media data might be able to help us answer those questions. One of the questions that where social media data have been used is to look at ideological polarization. And using Twitter data, some have found that the population is highly segregated in terms of its partisan structure. And there's little connectivity between different ends of the ideological spectrum. But what if we look at other sources of information about online use of data and information? If we look at other sources of data, do we still see the same picture of ideological polarization? And it turns out that when we look at other sources of data, we see much less ideological polarization. So for example, when we look at web browsing histories, we see less ideological polarization. So we can look at social media data, and those are platforms where people are sharing user-generated content, but also often sharing links to other news stories or other information. We can also look at online browsing histories where users will select to be exposed to certain news and information sources. So for example, they may directly click on their favorite news source, or they may get to news and information sources through a news aggregator. And they also may get to news and information sources by using a search engine. So they may click or enter topics of interest and that will return news and information stories to them. So that's another way of looking at how people are exposed to information online. A third way that we can examine news and information exposure is to ask people in surveys what they choose to see online and through social media platforms. So it's these three sources of information that we will be looking at in this talk. And what we will cover in terms of these sources of information is how we extract the data from these sources, how we process the raw data, and then finally how we analyze these data. And our interest today will be in how we compare across these sources of data and what those sources of data tell us, whether they're the same or different, about news and information exposure. So this is the flow chart of what we've been looking at today. The blue boxes represent the sources of data, surveys, clickstream data, and Twitter data. The green boxes are how we process the data before we analyze the data. And the orange circles represent the outputs of the analysis and the processing of the data. So this flow chart gives you an idea of what we will be covering. And I will start by talking about survey data and web browsing or clickstream data. In the example that we use, we will be relying on survey data that was collected around the EU referendum in the UK in June of 2016. And we collected survey data at three points in time during the campaign leading up to the vote. We had surveyed over a thousand respondents about their opinions about Brexit and about their use of news and information during the campaign. We also, of those survey respondents, of those who consented to participate in the study, they installed a web browsing app that collected all the sources and information that they saw online. So it is a collection and a history of their online browsing. And it captured all sorts of information about not only their news and information exposure, but where else they visited on the web. And that is a matter that we have to sort out all that extra data when we are cleaning the data. One of the issues that we want to address when we look at the data are how representative these data are, both in terms of the UK population as well as how representative the data are of what people are seeing online. In terms of the sample of respondents that we have to the survey data, they reflect what we generally know about online samples. They tend to be younger. They also tend to be more politically interested. And we see those sorts of characteristics in the sample of data that we have. The first thing that we need to do after we collect the clickstream data is clean it. And it does require extensive cleaning because what we get is not the exact URL that the user has clicked on and that we are interested in, but a string of URLs that go through the server and which are happening in the background. Out of those URLs we need to filter the one of interest. So what are these other URLs? For example, you can have a page with a map. There are URLs that correspond to that map that are loading in the background. There are also other URLs that correspond to the widget at the bottom, or URLs that correspond to other articles on the website that are displayed as links on the side. However, what we care about is the URL at the very top, which corresponds to the page that the user is actually reading at the moment, which has the text and the title and the information that they are extracting from that page. So out of all these other links that may be on a similar domain, we want to identify the one that corresponds to the article itself. So how do we do that? First, we start with a list of UK news domains. We get that list from Amazon Alexa, which is an Amazon service that ranks the most popular domains among users in a certain country. The advantage of Alexa is also that it provides topic-specific domains. So we do get a list of the 500 most popular news domains among users in the UK. We start with that list. Then we have expert coders go through the list and eliminate those that do not include any political information. We end up with a list of 460 news domains that we are working with. The next step is to identify news articles on those domains, as opposed to what we saw before ads, widgets, images and videos. To do that, we take advantage of the fact that most newspaper websites have a very clearly structured database in the background where they store articles, but also videos and photos and all these other links that we saw previously in the data. And so we can write regular expressions, patterns that match the position of articles in that database. So for example, on the BBC website, the location where they store articles is at www.bbc.co.uk forward slash news forward slash the title of the article followed by an eight digit number. So this is what we care about. We care about the news on that website and capturing those articles that correspond to news. And so we can write a regular expression that matches that exact pattern. And we can then do that for all of the 460 domains that we've identified with Alexa and filter our clickstream data to only include articles on those domains. And when we do that, we end up with a list of about 26,000 unique news URLs in our clickstream data. We have our survey data and we have our clickstream data. The next type of data that we are going to work with is the Twitter data. So how do we collect Twitter data? There are multiple methods and choosing one will depend on your programming skills or your willingness to develop a new programming skills. It also depends on the characteristics of the data that you are trying to collect and it also depends on your budget. The most popular method for collecting Twitter data among researchers is by using the Twitter APIs. This method does require some programming skills, but there are many packages in Python and in R that are available for you. There are also free scripts and tutorials available online and the ExpoNet team at University of Exeter has made available a number of notebooks and tutorials on our GitHub page and on our blog on how to collect and download Twitter data. The advantage of using the APIs is that they are flexible. However, there are constraints on the data to be collected, such as the total number of tweets that you can collect, the number of tweets that you can connect at a single moment in time or back in time you can go. Another method for collecting Twitter data is web scraping. This one does require slightly more advanced programming skills, however it is more flexible and it allows you to get slightly more data. So for example, go further back in time than you would by going through the APIs. However, you still have to abide by the Twitter rules of service. Another method for data collection is to use commercial or free software and there are a number of software packages available. Some of them are free, some of them you have to pay for. Chorus is one that is developed for research purposes. NodeXL, Voson are others. These packages provide easy access to the data. Some even include some data analysis options. However, this advantage is that they are less flexible than the methods above. And you still have to follow the same constraints as you would if you're going through the API or if you're scraping the web for it. And finally, the last method would be to purchase data from Twitter itself. This one is very convenient. You get all the data that you want. You can even go back in time to historical data. However, it is very expensive. So now that you collected your Twitter data, the next step that you have to take is to process that data. If you went through the Twitter API, most likely the type of data that you are going to get back is stored as JSON files. This is a specific file format that includes a string of dictionaries. JSON files are very good for working with hierarchical data, such as the one that we are getting from Twitter. They are more efficient and it's easy to scale up. The way we store those types of files, you can either store them in a relational database, such as a MySQL database, or more efficiently, you can store them in a non-relational database, which is MongoDB. After you've stored them, what you want is to be able to extract the relevant information, the information that is relevant to you, such as the text of the tweet, or the user information, or maybe you want a list of friends and followers, or all the other elements that are included in Twitter data. What we care about and what we are extracting from our data are the links that users are sharing in their tweets. And when we do that, we end up from a database of 74 million tweets that were about Brexit and that we collected in the weeks before the Brexit referendum, we end up with about 1.6 million tweets that have links to the news domains that we've identified in Alexa. So this is the data that we are working with on Twitter data. We have our clickstream data and we have the links from the tweets. So we have links from clickstream data and we have links from tweets. The next thing that we have to do is resolve those URLs, those links. What does that mean? So for example, you can have an article in the data that is on the BBC website, the title is UK Lives the EU. The same article, however, can show up in the data as a shortened link. We want to make sure that in the end we end up with a single article that ideally is the expanded version of that. So we have to resolve the URLs and expand all of them and get to the expanded version. There are multiple ways of doing that. We use Python and a number of packages in Python to resolve the URLs and expand them and get to a single link in our data. Once we get to a single link that corresponds to the article that we are interested in, we need to extract from that article the text, the title, the author and other relevant information. We can do that by using web scraping. So we can visit that page and we can web scrape the content from that page into a database that has all these fields that we care about. However, this is a lengthy process and since most websites don't have an identical structure we would have to do that for all the 460 domains that we've identified in our data. So we outsource that and we rely on a tool that does that better than we could ever do it for all the 460 domains. And to do that we use a boilerplate or content extraction method which is called DivBot. There are others out there, other tools that extract content from web pages such as DragNet or SkinTech. We use DivBot because it's one of the most popular ones. Now that we have the content from web pages, the content from the articles that we are interested in the next thing that we have to do is turn that into text and turn that text into numbers that can be used for quantitative analysis. So how do we do that? We use standard text cleaning and natural language processing methods to do that such as turning the entire text into lower case, removing punctuation, removing stop words, stemming and turning the text into tokens, into words. We also use part of speech tagging and engrams which are combinations of words. Now with this process text you can do a number of things. You can for example count keywords in the text, keywords that are of interest to you. You can measure distances or similarities. Let's say you care about the similarity between the articles that are shared by the telegraph and the articles that are shared by the guardian. And you want to see whether they are more similar to each other versus the articles that are shared that are on the Daily Mail webpage. Another method that you can apply to the text is topic extraction. The most popular method for topic extraction is called latent direct allocation or LDA. This is the one that is most often used by researchers. What this method does is uncover hidden thematic structures in your documents. The assumptions it makes is that first documents are a mixture of topics. The topics generate words based on their probability distribution. And what the algorithm does is determine the number of words in a document. It then determines the mixture of topics in the document. And then based on the topic's multinomial distribution it assigns words to documents. Now, there are multiple ways of performing topic analysis and specifically LDA on your text files. You can use mallet, which is a self-standing tool. You can also use python jensim, which is a Python library for doing that, or RQuantita, which is an RQuantita for extracting topics but also for processing text more generally. We use python jensim in our data since most of our other work is in Python as well. So, what you get out of LDA is a number of topics, depending on how many you asked for at the beginning, along with a list of words and their corresponding probability of being assigned to a specific topic. So, for example, we have a topic, topic number one in the list that has the words young, university, people, women, student. What you don't get out of LDA is the label for that topic. So, what you have to do is read through the list of words and try to figure out what is this topic about, and then put the labels in. Another example for the second and third topic in our list, immigration. The words are EU, immigration, UK, Ireland, migration, people. By reading the words and the probabilities that they are assigned to that specific topic, you can figure out that the topic is about immigration. What we do then is we compute topic probabilities for each document. And then for each topic, we average those probabilities across documents, across the articles that we have in our data set, the articles that are extracted from the clickstream and the Twitter data. So, we end up with two numbers, an average probability of topic, let's say the economy in the clickstream data and an average probability of the topic, of the topic of the economy in the Twitter data. And these are the numbers that we are working with in the next part of the analysis. Now, our analysis has another part that looks at networks. So, we look at the content behind the articles, but we also care about the networks. And why would we care about networks? Why do we want to model our data like that? That's because we believe there are interdependencies in the data and we want to be able to explicitly model those interdependencies between observations. We are interested in the patterns of information exposure in the data and we also care about detecting communities or echo chambers in the data. So, what is a network? A network is a mathematical construct of nodes and edges. Information can be stored on the nodes as well as the edges. In our case, the nodes are the domains. So, for example, one node is the BBC and another node could be the Guardian and the Telegraph. So, these are new domains are the nodes in our network. What are the edges? Well, the edges are formed when a user either shares on Twitter or reads in the clickstream data articles on both domains. If they read something on the BBC website and if they read something on the Telegraph, they may draw an edge between those two nodes. Now, we have these three types of data. The survey data, the clickstream data and the Twitter data. How do we link those three types of data? We want to link it because we believe that there is more information in the link data than in analyzing these three sources separately. So, first, we link the survey and clickstream data. Now, in the social sciences, most of the time when we link data, we do it at the individual level. So, we link data across multiple sources on the same individuals. However, if we want to link the clickstream and social media data, we can also link it at the domain level or at the article level. And that's because that's the level that we are interested in when we are studying information exposure. We care about the information that people receive from those domains or from those articles. So, we also link the clickstream and the social media data at the domain level and the article level. And finally, we link across the survey, clickstream and Twitter data, again, both at the domain level but also at the article level. And in our analysis, we are now going to talk about linking data at the domain level. So, the different sources of data have been extracted, they've been processed, and they can be linked across various levels, across the individual level and across the news domain level and the story level. Now, we can move on to the analysis and the results. So, we'll be showing results from the surveys linked to the URLs, from topics in the news both on Twitter and from the clickstream data, and we'll be looking at the networks of sharing of stories across Twitter and across the clickstream data. So, we'll first start with comparing users and news consumption from the surveys and the clickstream data where the URLs have been extracted. What we're able to see in the data once it's extracted and clean is we have a line of data that's represented by a respondent, by the URL that they clicked on, by the time they clicked on it, and then that is linked to the survey data and their responses. From the clickstream data that's linked to the survey responses, we can create various quantities of interest. We can collect and aggregate the total news and information URLs that they've clicked on across the weeks of data that we've collected. We can analyze the news story titles if we wish to. We can also designate the news and information URLs that they visited as either left-leaning or right-leaning URLs, and then we can proceed on with our analysis. One of the first steps in the analysis that we've done is to look at the most visited URLs in the clickstream data, and it turns out that the BBC is the most visited site in the news and information URL. Now if you look on the Twitter data, it also turns out that the BBC is the most shared news domain or the news stories are most likely to come from the BBC that are shared on Twitter data. So that is a consistency across both the Twitter and the clickstream data. One of the next things that we can do is to take our survey responses and compare what people report about their news consumption online to what they're actually doing online. So that's a matter of linking at the user level. And what we did in the survey was ask how often in the past week did they go online to read about the EU referendum? And we had four categories of responses. They could go on every day, most days, a couple of days, or not at all. When we compare that to where they actually went online and how many times they clicked on stories about the EU, it's fairly consistent. Those who went online every day to read about the EU referendum were more likely to click on stories about the EU. So again, that's a consistency that we find in our data. We can also, as I said, create and classify the URLs into left-leaning or right-leaning URLs or URLs that are more likely to be consistent with the conservatives. So something like the Telegraph online and those URLs that are more consistent with or more likely to be labor-leaning, something like the Guardian. So if we classify all the news and information URLs like that we can also see how those who expressed a preference for remain or for leave or didn't know what their online viewing habits were like. And what we find is that amongst those who are remainers or expressed a preference for remain, their news viewing online was balanced or more balanced across conservative, labor-leaning, as well as broadcast outlets. However, when we look at those who expressed a preference for leave we see that they're more likely to be clicking on stories from conservative-leaning URLs and less likely to be clicking on the BBC. Amongst those who are undecided, we see that like those who expressed a preference for leave they were more likely to click on conservative-leaning newspapers. So again, that shows us the sort of different news viewing habits based on their preference for the EU referendum and it does show differences in terms of their news consumption behavior online using the clickstream data. So if we move next onto comparing the topics from the news stories that we extracted from the clickstream and from the Twitter data this allows us to look more in-depth at the actual stories that people were sharing on Twitter and clicking on on Twitter and then going to in their web browsing activity. So we have the Twitter stories and we have the stories that we've extracted from the clickstream data. When we look at those what we are trying to do is to build topics out of those news stories and from all of those stories we are trying to extract different topics and we extracted up to 50 topics from the corpus of text and we are able then to compare these topics across the Twitter news stories and the clickstream news stories. One final consideration after viewing the results is to ask ourselves how certain we are that we can make determinations and draw inferences about online news consumption from the data that we are examining and in order to do so we still have to address considerations about the representativeness of the sample that we are using whether or not we are making appropriate measures with the data that we are using and whether or not we can establish that what people are seeing online is causing them to have particular attitudes or to behave in particular ways. So even though we are using these new sources of data to look at old questions about information exposure we still have to ask ourselves these fundamental questions that are central to any sort of social science research. What we've shown today is that by using multiple sources of data we hope to provide a possible solution to looking at these fundamental questions of representativeness and error and causal inference. If you're interested in further exploring the data and the tools that we have used today we have two sources of information for you. One is a website where we have further readings and links to data sources and then we also have a set of Jupyter notebooks that are available in our GitHub repository.


________," __________". थ glued ______...] अध �只 ______..


ecosystem loss is disastrous. Forests and mangroves are shrinking. Wetlands are disappearing. We are only as healthy as our ecosystems. People and the planet depend on them. Migrants' lives and livelihoods rely on them. Climate change and environmental degradation are the defining issues of our time. Climate change affects how, when and where people migrate worldwide. There is no region in the world that has avoided population movements linked to adverse climate impacts. On World Environment Day, I joined the voices of UN leaders to launch the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, to implement the Paris Agreement and the Global Compact for Migration, to prevent forced migration and displacement. We need to build back better after the COVID-19 pandemic. Let's revive our damaged ecosystems. Together, we can be generation restoration for people and for nature.


So welcome, we've started while lunch is still going on I think, so we may have some more people coming. I'm delighted that you're all here for the catalyzing capital for Africa session. This is part of the WEF's blended finance initiative and we'll hear a little bit about that later. We have a very distinguished panel here who I will introduce and we hope to make this as interactive a session as we can. It's very bright up here so we may have difficulty identifying you in the audience but I think when we come to it, if people wave vigorously, we'll be able to make sure that we bring you in. How can we finance inclusive growth and prosperity in Africa? We've already heard a lot today about the potential of Africa and it's hard to go to any investors conference now without hearing about Africa. High growth rates have made Africa very attractive on paper to investors. We know this is the year of the financing for development conference in Addis coming up shortly in July. We know we're going to have the SDGs in September at the United Nations General Assembly but we also know that despite the high growth and despite a lot of that talk about investment in Africa, the needs are enormous, the infrastructure gap is enormous and we know there are still difficulties in attracting private investors. We live I think daily with myth and perception still about Africa with imperfect information often and in an era of imperfect information myths and perceptions can abound. So one of the targets of the blended finance initiative is really to look at in a world where there isn't enough governed money to support all the development we want to see in Africa, in a world where private investors want to make sure that they are minimizing risk in a world where foundations are experimenting with new initiatives like impact investing, how can capital be catalyzed across different players to de-risk and to bring some of that mainstream investment into Africa in a way that help support African growth. With that as the backdrop, let me introduce the panel. We're very privileged to have speakers from every different part of that financial spectrum. From the public sector, we're delighted to have John Rambomba, the governor of the national bank of Rwanda, who will be able to talk from his perspective, who is in charge of policy guidance and advocacy and country programs for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. I'm Chabalala from the co-CEO of Standard Bank and next to him, last but not least, Nathan Colombo, who is representing Coca-Cola and is president for the Eurasia and Africa group of Coca-Cola covering, I think, some 80 countries, if I'm correct. So Governor, if I might start with you. I think Rwanda has been particularly successful in mobilizing capital. When you look from your perspective, what are the opportunities and what are the some of the constraints and what role can the public sector play in helping to bring in more private capital? Thank you. Maybe I start with the last question. What the role of the private sector or the public sector to bring in more capital? I think there are two ways. The main function of government is to create an enabling environment. And what we've been doing as the government of Rwanda is to implement reforms that remove all barriers to private investment. Those who are aware of what has been happening in Rwanda, we've had reforms in doing business, in creating an enabling environment, removing all barriers, for example, registering a company that used to take almost two weeks. Now you do it online and you can do it in a matter of minutes or hours maximum. In fact, today we do registration of companies online only. And that has been simple and free. So that makes it easier for whoever wants to do business in Rwanda to register a company. Dealing with all government requirements to start a company or to register and really starts working. We created what we call one stop center within our Rwanda development boards, whether you're dealing with the tax issues, whether you're dealing with all the other regulatory requirements, you find it in one area. So that makes it easier for whoever wants to transact to invest in Rwanda to work with government agency that are supposed to facilitate. The same with the getting electricity, same with the enforcing laws. So Rwanda moved from one forty-third ranking as you know from your World Bank background, from one forty-third in the world to at forty-second ranking. So that creates that environment that attracts private investors to bring in capital and mainly that is through FDI and we've also had investors coming through IPOs that have been there. Then the other area is government itself is an investor in public goods. Today it's government can mobilize all the money, they're private investors that are willing to work to invest, co-invest with government in infrastructure, especially infrastructure goods and therefore one other important area that we've been developing is to set up a clear framework where we work with private investors to invest in projects within our country, commonly referred to as private public partnerships. So that helps to crowd in private investment to invest in energy, we've had a big gap in energy and today we have private investment in energy and different projects that could originate a puree done by governments. The other important thing of course is the regulatory framework in general. Investors coming in to be confident that when you bring in your money, when you make profit you easily repatriate your profit or when you want to exit you easily exit, there are no capital controls. So that openness to free movement of capital in and out of the economies is key. I'm saying this referring to Rwanda but this should apply to all of us as Africa. If we want to attract capital, travel capital from the rest of the world of course or from across borders within Africa, the other thing that we're discussing here this morning is the development of our capital markets. This is normally a channel and a vehicle to attract capital within our countries. We still have challenges with underdeveloped capital markets and I think the morning we're discussing what we need to do as Africans to develop our capital markets that could one, mobilize savings, promote mobilization of savings and consolidating them into supporting big projects but also using them to attract capital from outside the continent. So I would say this is really the challenges we have as Africans to remove all the barriers. Today we talk of Africa investment or African investing, Africans investing in African countries. We still have barriers even for Africans investing in African countries and we are saying taking an example of East Africa where we are opening up our borders to free movement of capital between all the African, the East African countries from movement of labor and from movement of people in general. So that will really catalyze capital and move capital from where it is to where it has a good impact on the ground but also for the investors to get good returns on their investment. So briefly that's what I would say for now. I'll be happy to come back to answer any further questions. Thank you. Thank you very much. Nathan, the governor has identified I think many of the issues that are identified in the doing business report, predictability, ease with registration, open access. From the point of view of Coca-Cola when you go in and you want to invest, what are the issues that you are looking for and what can government do to reduce that cost of doing business? Thank you. Our system has been on the African continent since 1928 and we basically have built a business that is a very local approach. We do have over 145 production facilities all over Africa and employ over 70,000 people and as we have gone through Africa through the years we have gone at a number of experiences and we do see significant progress being made in the areas that the governor is referred to in the area of infrastructure. We see significant progress being made in infrastructure development. We believe that there is still a lot of work to be done in infrastructure. When you look at our rail, our road networks, you look at our communication, you look at our education systems, there is a lot that still needs to be done. In fact, recent estimates I looked at were saying that we probably have an infrastructure deficit of close to double what we are currently investing and then this is very important for our systems. We have had in some cases where we have challenges especially with distribution infrastructure created homemade models that are called micro-distribution centres. We have across Africa about 3,500 micro-distribution centres that are really focused on accessing remote communities where otherwise we will not be able to reach with the difficult infrastructure that we currently have. These are local distribution facilities run by locals helping us reach far-flung communities. We have also garnered a number of experiences over the last 87 years as we drive this what we call locally sourced, local hiring, local manufacturing, very local type of business. That experience is really around public-private sector partnerships and I think the governor alluded to that as well. When you look at the challenges and the opportunities that Africa faces, it is very clear that these challenges cannot be addressed and cannot be resolved by any single entity or any single organisation. What we have realised over the years is that partnerships between government, civil society and in the private sector are very critical to addressing the many challenges that we face in some cases, very complex challenges within the continent. I will give you an example of a public-private sector partnership that we have implemented in East Africa. This is a partnership that we entered in with the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, John's organisation, and we also went into this partnership together with the government of Kenya and the government of Uganda. They were part of the steering committee of this organisation and we also worked with technical partners in education with Technoself and our focus here was on fruit farmers. At the end of the day, we have realised as an organisation working across Africa that we cannot disassociate our progress with communities' progress. That is the strength and sustainability of our business is very anchored on the strength and sustainability of our communities. So as we continue to strengthen our value chains, we look for opportunities to strengthen communities at the same time and we worked with these three partners to work with 53,000 farmers across East Africa, basically Kenya and Tanzania. The focus of the programme was really to help them improve the quality of their output, the productivity of their farms and also give them access to our supply chain. So what we achieved at the end of the day is we were able to double the revenues of the communities that are producing fruits, mango and passion in small farms whilst at the same time giving them access to our value chain and we were able to have a sustainable access to fruits that are important in our food business. So we really believe that this partnership that is between government, private and civil society to make progress in Africa is very, very important given just the enormity of the opportunity and in some cases the complexity of the challenges that we face. I think I'll leave it at this point. Okay, thank you. Sim Nathan underscored the role of the community, the role of the locality in both the supply chain and as part of this partnership and also triangular partnership with government. Standard Bank is one of the largest financial institutions in Africa. I think you're present in some 19 countries. What is the role of the locality in terms of financing opportunities and partnerships that the financial sector can bring to bear for some of these issues including some of the most difficult issues to mobilise finance around such as infrastructure? Yes, I do think it is a true statement of fact that the continent suffers from a severe deficit of infrastructure. So I agree entirely with Nathan. It is also true that we have amongst the lowest investment to GDP ratios amongst all the regions at about 22% which suggests that there are huge opportunities to execute projects and investments that are developmental in nature but give rise to returns that adequately remunerate those who are willing to take risk on those projects. As far as taking those kinds of risks are concerned, investors would do well to partner with local players and if I could use three examples to illustrate that point to underscore what the governor was saying and what Nathan was saying. The first example is President Obama's Power Africa initiative mobilising $7 billion to be leveraged for the purposes of energy infrastructure on the continent. We are involved in a number of those projects in at least four countries being Nigeria, Tanzania, Ghana and Kenya. And that is a classic example of mobilising not just capital but also know-how, policy advice, legal structuring, thinking through the types of contracts that work for those kinds of projects and thereby mobilising American resources, the likes of General Electric as well as local resources for example in our case where we've got several hundred million dollars invested in those projects. So that's the first example. The second example I would like to use is a South African one which is the renewable energy power producer procurement program in South Africa. Our competitors together with ourselves have in effect entered into partnerships that have made a significant difference to South Africa's energy deficit and that has happened because of great partnerships between ourselves, government and also project sponsors, many of whom are international, illustrating the point that it's important to have local partners. The third and last example I'd like to refer to is the clean development mechanism where governments can have access to products that we offer in carbon trading and therefore generate revenues which they otherwise would not generate as a consequence of being involved with us. One example where communities have benefited there is the Nelson Mandela municipality where as a consequence of the CDM we've put in place there, the community has 110,000 solar water heaters at a price acceptable to the community. Perhaps I should leave it there with those three examples. Okay, thank you. Finally, Mark, philanthropy and indeed private wealth, we see an enormous amount globally of private wealth. We know that $31 trillion is going to pass down to the millennial generation. We also know that philanthropists are now talking about small philanthropy in ways they perhaps never did before and moving into impact investing and very savvy partnerships across public, private. Why do you and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation see the philanthropic angle to this and how in an age and an era where we know Africa is becoming a pole of growth? How can we help to both get that message across but also mobilize the private wealth that's now out there? Thank you. From the Gates Foundation's perspective we see a critical role of philanthropic capital in trying to look at what's the comparative advantage of philanthropic capital against the other pools of your traditional public sector capital, private sector capital and we see it really as ideally it's a catalyst to leverage in broad capital against a particular type of return. In this case it tends to be a return on human capital and human investments in our case we look in particular areas like health and agriculture. You've heard one example already in the case of our partnership with Coca-Cola and there that was some use, a modest amount of grant money on our side, a great partner in Coke and the respective governments but essentially the market failure there was that Coke was having, I understand, having to import the fruit to do the fruit juices when actually there's a clear comparative advantage that it should be being grown locally but do we need some connection to make that access to the local markets and to do it in a way that and this is where our thing comes in to make sure it's empowering local smallholder farmers which has the greatest poverty reducing impact and so there are a number of those examples across the agriculture and health spaces where we operate and we'll use grant resources directly and we've invested somewhere over $600 million last year in Africa and in traditional grants but we also use our balance sheet and that's in terms of providing both things like guarantees to get volume supply in terms of direct equity investments occasionally and so we've worked in areas and we have a partnership we've had an initial project we're developing a newer one with a branch capital to invest in healthcare delivery services across Africa and again these are areas where our resources can come in and basically incentivize you to help prove the model and show that there is a long-term sustainable economic model then private finance can come in can help drive and then make that sustainable over the longer term and as I say there are a number of those areas and examples where I think historically it's been challenging especially in these kind of sectors in Africa again historically it's been a little easier to mobilize resources in traditional natural resource investments and other really highly big capital intensive investments like that because the returns are so clear. These are more complex markets the kind of ones I'm talking about particularly when you're marketing more towards the bottom of the pyramid both in terms of consumers but also trying to draw in suppliers and so but I think the net result and we've now have several years of doing this is there are clear successful models that can or that are sustainable over the long term and that hopefully those are models that can attract in both other philanthropic examples but ultimately private capital over the longer term. So successful models but perhaps I could challenge you all and I'm going to go to the audience in a minute. You're all making it sound very easy put in place the right regulations have some creative public private partnerships bring in the community and the investment will follow and yet we know that if we take infrastructure for example the gap is huge and we have development banks and we're going to have new the BRICS bank and the Asian infrastructure bank but still it's very difficult to get even the upfront money to pay for feasibility studies which is I think 10% of the total cost. So there's something going on here that isn't seems to me that is more than perhaps we're identifying here and I want to challenge you on that and come back to you on that but let me first come to the floor and see if we have if we have any interventions from the floor this point comments questions. Yes sir in the second row. Kill much later from African financial group in South Africa. My experience is people I mean you can come with money you can come with systems you need the people and that's I've been investing in Nigeria for some time now three to five years and the challenge is getting the right people. How do you how do you deal with that. Thank you. Should we take another another question from the floor. Yes sir in the fourth row there a microphone is coming. Hi my name is Jude Kearney I'm a lawyer from Washington DC. I used to run an office of a law firm here in South Africa. One of the impediments I remember from South Africa in particular but I think that it has grown to the rest of Africa deals with local content that's sort of considered I think B. E. Here in here in South Africa but local content tends to be an important but sometimes debilitating impact on investors and I wanted to get some feedback as to the panelists view on that in the front here. Hi I'm Lucy Fonseca I'm a global shaper from the prior hub and I'd like to ask the panel what their thoughts are on whether enough is being done to innovate asset classes for this particular challenge that we have and if so which asset classes are you most optimistic about that that can best be sort of adapted and optimized for the challenges that we're talking about on the African continent. So governor perhaps I could begin with you I think three very important points the people it's about human dimension the local context that we've also heard about and innovation around asset classes. Yeah thank you the people I think the question on who we deal with that's key because we are desperate to get this capital at times we have crooks presenting themselves as investors and this has been more costly than not having the capital. So that has been a challenge in main African countries but also this goes back to our capacities to engage with the international community or with the would-be investors so as we talk of the policies the enabling environment I think building capacities of government officials to deal to engage with the rest with investors to be specific is key to catalyzing investment of capital two. So one it's key because the good investors will not waste time with people who don't know what they want therefore they want they would don't come but then weak capacities also won't be able to identify and isolate the pretenders to be investors who are really so that has been a challenge to us and this is something we have to deal with at least it's important to know that it's a challenge and therefore as we are looking for capital you don't just welcome any Tom and Dick that pretends to be bringing capital and so that has been a challenge and it goes beyond the capacities also but dealing with issues of corruption as well within our countries that has a hand in us while at the end of the day they're accepting crooks because they're giving some kickbacks and that at the end of the day is really costly to the to the economies more than anything so I think one is the capacities but also fighting corruption and that has been another limiting factor as we said also really bona fide investors will not be ready to to be corrupt and this will be really driven by corrupt officials so that's important and that's key that is based on our country we have this police of zero tolerance to corruption and we know it matters a lot they different reforms we are making will not succeed if we don't fight that fight corruption as well so I would just say we it's really building up knowing what we want and being able to stand on our feet and negotiate on equal terms with the whoever is bringing capital and we avoid to move in as desperate people so I think that's key on local content maybe my colleague from South Africa will say more on that but for us we don't we don't require that we you come in with capital you you own your business a hundred percent you just have to follow the normal rules of the game so we don't require any any local content and I think I was I was talking to some guy who knew Singapore much better than many other people and was saying the good thing with Singapore is it's open it's you work in with any money you have you do business and you go out with any money at any time you want so it's that free entry and exit at the end of the day what's left to behind is much more than what will be taken out and I think if we don't open up as as Africans who capital is remain shy to come to us so I think that's key and South Africa has strong historical problems I think that's why they had to to move to the direction take the direction they to but I think it's in general we we should work our investors without having to because at the end of the day you force local content on on them and when they want to raise more capital then the local partner is not in position to raise more capital so they are different factor that actors as hindrances to invest so from our end I think it's we should really discourage that then on innovation on assets maybe I leave that to the to the banker who deals with the assets directly so anyway but let me let the others so that's a good segue same so asset classes asset classes let me start with asset classes I think it is true that there is great opportunity to innovate at a number of different levels firstly there is a lot of money in the diaspora and so one can envisage instruments that appeal to the diaspora and can be used for that purpose one can also envisage a situation where you use mechanisms that tap into human solidarity and include those as part of the fun of the bonds of the instruments that that one issues but fundamentally what the continent needs to do is to build its financial infrastructure and deepen financialization by putting in place the appropriate regulatory mechanisms such as pension fund reforms insurance insurance legislation and then let governments issue bonds so that you increase the depth of the capital markets so yes there is room for for for innovation but I would argue that it's incumbent on us as Africans to to build the infrastructure ourselves secondly on human capital there is one remarkable thing in my view about Nigeria and that is the fact that to the extent that the Nigerians can capitalize on the demographic dividend that economy could easily double in a in a very short space of time and one hears the authority speak of what needs to be done for that purpose which is fix education fix health care and so forth and therefore improve the human capital in Nigeria the third point on local content it is true that local content can give rise to undesirable outcomes requirements for local content can give rise to undesirable outcomes but there are examples where the outcomes have been fantastic in South Africa where the relevant legislation has been implemented or the policy has been implemented with discipline the outcomes have been wonderful if I could use just one example Transnet is busy rolling out its market demand strategy it is a fantastic strategy meant to fix the country's logistics system a large component of it requires local content and GE as well as the Chinese partners that are working with transnet have been happily participating in that arrangement and allowing for local content there are other countries on the continent that require it Angola requires a form of indigenization so does Nigeria and so forth so the real test is does the introduction of a requirement for local content give rise to unacceptable rent seeking and to the extent that it does what are the checks and balances that are in place to to prevent it I think it's unavoidable given the history of our continent that people will demand it the question is what does it do to the cost of finance and what does it do to corruption and how do you prevent the corruption related to that perhaps I can pose a question to all of you so much of this discussion is predicated on public private partnerships the government playing one role private sector another role is there still too much of a ideological divide between those two sectors are we still in a place where people are hesitant to partner in certain areas education healthcare particularly relevant for the gates foundation when we had a discussion on blended finance at Davos was very interesting there was a feeling there was certain areas that the private sector we are inappropriate for the private sector to go and certain areas where the government is is perhaps reluctant to partner with the private sector do we still have work to do about that what used to be quite a chasm between public and private Nathan yeah that's a very good question Caroline you know you know it links very much into the question on people which I think is a fundamental a fundamental question when you really look at the African continent we are a very young continent 65% of our population is below the age of 35 and this is a resource that we have to leverage is Africa and the resource that we cannot leave untapped and the only way that I believe this resource can be fully tapped is through integrated partnerships I do not think that businesses alone will be able to address the issue of people that you are raising it it needs to involve government institutions it needs to involve civil society what you're seeing as a big challenge in improving the pool of talented resources on the continent is that some of the education systems are not really aligned with the needs of industry so need for that to be much more collaboration between government between these tertiary institutions and industry in building talent that is tailored to where the industry is going and when you go into some of the institutions on the continent you look at the equipment you look at the technology being used you look at the computers that are being used they're very divorced to where the world is going so they need to really connect where industry is going with where government is going from an infrastructure development standpoint and then the other element that I think is important is look at this young population when you look at the youth you know that are unemployed or underemployed it's it's it's really disheartening you know we we are in a business in the co-caller system which is called which is which I would call a street level business you know we deliver to local villages to local communities to local townships to local cities and every day we see these young people we have a lot of ambition we have a lot of expectation but have no opportunity and one of the things that I am really pleased to share with you today is a contribution that our system is making in order to try and create models that may be replicated and and scaled in the future to address youth unemployment is we've created an organization that is called youth empowered for success yes program and this program we are actually launching it today and the program is going to target 25,000 youth in three countries and the focus of this program is really on training life skills business skills giving the youth access to entrepreneurial opportunities giving the youth access to job through our ecosystem because you got a huge ecosystem you know that we can leverage to to give opportunities to youth and whilst at the same time you know making sure that these youth are connected through an e-mentoring program we've pulled together a number of partners and again this over emphasizes the point that I think is very important for Africa to make progress around this partnership it's even more important for Africa you know to establish effective strong partnership that can make things happen what we are trying to model and what we have created is a partnership with Harambe youth empowerment you know calibrate you know incubator which is an organization that focuses on youth and youth unemployment we have partnered with Kuzi Biasara from Kenya which is again an organization that focuses on youth employment and we've partnered with Microsoft you know on the e-mentoring program and e-networks that we need to come you know to establish between you know between the youth and also with messy cops we have a lot of history in working in working with the youth so we've partnered to create this program that's going to provide opportunities for about 25 now in the next three years we believe that in testing this model the first three years is phase one is a really proof of concept once this proof of concept is established we're scaling that and we have great ambitions to have 500,000 youth empowered by 2020 so just like our women empowerment program which we focused on 5 million women by 2020 this is specifically focused on the youth and focused on this challenge that we face which is lots of youth that need empowerment that need you know the right skills and opportunities access to opportunities in order to in order to make progress in communities so so building on some of that issue again the public private partnership theme is there Mark from your perspective Gates has done a lot in both public and private health and education in Africa is there still too much of a and if it's not an ideological divide is it a divide around misunderstanding to to push forward some of this some of this work in around blended finance yeah well maybe bringing that question back to the earlier point you you raised before you took it to the floor which is saying we all sound very optimistic is there not a great shortage of capital investment in Africa where clearly there are massive shortfalls of capital investment in Africa and sim described you know there's the domestic reinvestment at whatever is 22 percent their shortages of international capital there are lots of productive opportunities but what there are sort of a number of chance there's still a premium that buying large afric investments are not required but the markets impose on Africa by and large even when the investments are relatively productive by global standards that becomes exacerbated when you're dealing in areas such as the ones we tend to to move into which deal with again poorer people and poorer communities and about partnering often with governments about deeper investment that the human capital problem that was raised earlier and so I think there's the short answer to your question about you know is there still a divide is there's much less of a divide than they used to be in terms of a willingness I think in terms of governments international donors partners like us the private sector to find ways to pool and use capital productively against particular outcomes there's still and why we use the word model advisedly is there still they're not always great examples of how to do that and so you know the shifts of what the governor's talking about you improving the ease of doing business is clearly one important tool and leave it to do that creating some of the types of partnerships so you can see how those operate is another of the kinds that you know we've been talking about here and then the third element and I think this is part of what the world economic forum aspires to be and I think actually the dialogues that have happened here say it were for Africa over the last five six seven years have helped draw and pull some of these issues together is how do you then turn these into longer term at scale that's of investments that there's one level of scale which we do already reach was in the tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands and that's important but in Africa we're talking about the millions and tens of millions of people that still need those opportunities of the youth in Nigeria or wherever it might be and that's where I think we're hopefully on the cusp I tend to be an optimist about the models but we've got the willingness of the various parties to come together around this but we haven't yet been able to implement that at scale so so unfortunately we're we're drawing very much to the end I want to put you all on the spot a little bit in in the middle of July in Addis world leaders are going to collect for the financing for development conference we haven't we haven't talked very much about the official development sector but at that conference and it will be it will it will have as a parallel conference a business conference if I push you to say two things that you think would make the greatest difference coming out of that conference to your work on the ground or to the issue of catalyzing capital for Africa what would it be governor let's start with you and this has to be very quick fire mm-hmm yeah I think one is we we've done the last few decades with moment financing focusing on our government projects and in fact that first focusing on social programs implemented by government I think we need to move a step further where but somehow started in some development finance institutions where we can leverage this development financing to crowd in private sector financing I think that's key how we can that's the branding of the financing as we are saying I remember discussing with African Development Bank about two three years ago on how maybe the allocation they give to Rwanda instead of using it as as just money spent on a given project we can use it as a guarantee to bring in private sector investment in our country so how we that partnership between government the private sector and the development partners coming together to in most cases you have one official financing can bring in like a three units of private financing if we can really have that sort of architecture thought of and worked that could bring in more capital to finance development in our countries I think that's really key okay guarantees and and I think I think some of that will incidentally be on the table and in Addis Nathan you have only about 30 seconds 30 seconds you know I believe that you know a focus on infrastructure development in Africa is a big big opportunity for us to accelerate growth and attract foreign direct investment and attract local investment it is a big delta and I believe that our continent can add a number of points of growth by just increasing and improving the rail networks we have communication electricity if you look at the potential of just having effective electricity supply across Africa and the multiply effect of that across industries you think about the formal and informal sector is incredible so I think that would be something that I would like to see out of this conference how we gonna development finance that will allow us to strengthen our infrastructure because that's basically the end of the day the backbone of the industry without infrastructure that works it's very difficult to run a business that competes internationally and that infrastructure may need the guarantees that the governor has been talking about yeah Mark I think really building on what's been said is these conferences and it's not the first financing for the development conference tend for political reasons often to degenerate into discussions about the role of aid the obligations of the west versus the obligations of developing countries and I think the real opportunity of this company is to make it a truly 21st century discussion about development finance which is exactly the theme we've been discussing how can these different pools of capital come together public private philanthropic and others against very core development outcomes that are going to be self-sustaining and generating growth whether it's infrastructure human capital and other investments thank you Sam I would I would resolve to stop the trend towards financial balkanization of the countries and I would accelerate at the free trade area okay a very ambitious agenda I have to say before we end I wanted to invite up Terry Toyota who leads the wefts blended finance initiative to just say a little few words about where we are now on that initiative 30 seconds I got the message so thank you all for a very rich discussion but what we often hear is what happens next and how do I engage in this very relevant topic and so as Caroline mentioned the World Economic Forum is institutionally committed to this topic of blended finance but what does that mean it means as Mark said identifying and amplifying some of those creative models that you are using in your institutions and in your countries and bringing those to scale or where possible replicating them to other sectors or geographies additionally we are looking at new solutions and new forms of partnerships for where areas that there are still gaps and for breaking through some of those barriers that the governor also highlighted and perhaps at a more fundamental level working on knowledge products such as this primer which we're just releasing that actually helped to bridge some of the language barriers because blended financing by definition brings in such diverse audiences and sometimes it's actually a matter of just speaking a common language and we found that very a very practical issue to solve so just to mention that this is an initiative of the World Economic Forum in collaboration with the OECD Gates Canada many others are participating quite actively in it so would encourage you to let me know if you're interested in being a part of this and moving this forward with an aim as we all know to closing some of those financing gaps and making more better social and economic progress I have to give a plug for our transformation maps these were launched in the annual meeting in Devils in 2015 there's a booth on it basically they show how the pieces in this multi stakeholder environment really connect on development finance or blended finance so thank you very much for all of your participation thank you Caroline and to all of the panelists thank you very much all panelists


So do you guys want to catch, tame, raise, breed your very own festival? Well today guys I have you covered. Okay so the festival dead horse is a magical beast found in the open world of Hogwarts legacy and well today guys I'm going to show you exactly where you can locate, catch and how you can tame these things, bring them back to your vivarium and do what you gotta do with them now before we go further guys and now I have your attention. If you do enjoy the video leaving a like really helps me out and if you like what you see and want to see more Hogwarts legacy on a daily basis make sure you subscribe and turn on notifications on. Okay so the festival, you need, well to be even be able to capture beasts if you don't know already you need to have the knapsack.  This is about the 30th into the game so yes you need to get this done by doing this your process through lend about the room of requirement as well as the vivarium but yes you know exactly what you need to do here. So when you have these guys you need to equip it to your spell diamond and then what you also need people is a couple of other spells too you need leviosa which is absolutely vital because these things are fast and if you land next to them or if they see you from a distance they will run away so you need this but you also want guys add a disillusionment but this one too put them all on the same spell wheel and you are good these are the food you need don't worry about the food you can't use that on wild beasts so yes these three make sure you have them equipped then guys you want to come up to where I am on a map right here to this festival den which is I'll show you right here guys I am at north and let me just get rid of that so you can see it is north ford bug this way needs to come right top of the map guys so if we go down you'll see where I am I'm at this flue flame sandbark bakers tower but you need to get to this point right here and probably if you haven't been in this area this won't be there for you but when you come here it will appear but hey any flue flame in the area you're good to use if you haven't got one up here you're just going to have to travel up on your broom or your mount or whatever so this is where we need to go so I am right here guys and we're going to fly from this flue flame and I'll show you exactly where you need to do okay so I'll pull out my broom now you have to be careful here it's actually dark but yeah I should probably change it to daylight but I'll lighten up the video for you guys in fact I'll just change it today now it just makes it easier just makes it easier let's do this do that I'm waiting I'm waiting come on come on come on go to sleep wait back up now I hope these are actually here in the day be hilarious if they ain't I know that okay so pull out my broom and then we're going to travel down now you have to be careful here because they are are hard hitting enemies too so yes just go towards these bones and you'll see these guys there you go right there there's four I can see but you see as soon as they see you then these mofos run off and they fly so you need to land away from them and then guys you want to use your invisibility just like so and then you want to sneak up on one and you want to try and make it like I said so there you go right there get close to him levy also him run up and use your bag use that nab sack before he gets up and flies away I just just got him then so you can see how difficult that is it's crazy but there we have it guys that is how you catch these beautiful beasts so do what you've got to do now you can shoot him out of the sky if you want to I'm gonna try and get another one here just so I've got two that frog I'm invisible you can't see me now I'm gonna catch you mofo there you go there you go it's actually a better one could I use it instantly oh that was so close too but there we go two festivals for my collection yes do what you gotta do get these dead horses and you are good to go guys if you're looking for any more beasts I have them all on my channel and linked in the video description so do check them out but guys I hope you enjoyed the video if you did leave a like really helps me out and hopefully guys I will see you on that next one


Hello and welcome to the Grand Line Review, your source for everything one piece. Today, we have a manga review of chapter 921, Shoot and Maru. And holy hell, we have an incredible chapter on our hands this week. I don't think I've been this energized reading a chapter since the events of the reverie, which weren't all that long ago really, but what we got here was absolutely not what I expected so early on in the arc. And I don't think there's any way around it, I need to just jump straight to the end because Dragon Kaido has been officially confirmed. And I just… I don't even. This is beyond my wildest imagination.  His design is nothing short of breathtaking in a very terrifying sort of way. It reminds me a lot of the first time we saw Big Mom in one of her full on hunger tantrums. Just that feeling of overwhelming power and utter despair for our chances of actually overcoming it. Like there is 100% no way that Luffy is going to be able to take this thing down. Not in a conventional fight anyway. And honestly this two page spread of Kaido makes Big Mom look like nothing in comparison. And that is not an easy thing to do because when she was in full swing it made me feel like she was the most powerful being in the world. Now in comes this big dude bra and she just feels… irrelevant sort of. So it's really easy to see why figures like Hawkins have had to submit to Kaido so easily now. Speaking of big, a couple of people have pointed this out by now, but there's a handy way to comprehend just how massive Kaido is in his dragon form by comparing his spiky wristbands. They aren't exactly small on base level Kaido who was already a hulking beast, so this dragon form is just absolutely absurd. Speaking of this whole dragon business is starting to put a few more pieces of the puzzle together. I'm now pretty much 100% convinced that Kaido was being experimented on in some way on Punk Hazard, and Vegapunk's artificial devil fruit which was eaten by Momonosuke was an attempt to replicate Kaido's Zoan, which surely has to be a mythical Not only that, but it looks to be more than likely the strongest Zoan type we've ever seen. Actually that might not be an accurate statement. It may just seem that way because Kaido himself is so incredibly powerful, but you know what, we are looking for that final devil fruit for Blackbeard to absorb. He has the most evil low gear, the strongest Paramecia. At the moment this particular Zoan is fitting that very desirable criteria. But what all of this does bring up is the age old question of exactly what is Kaido? Prior to this chapter the leading idea was that he was some sort of creature who had eaten a mythical devil fruit based on an ogre, and that was what resulted in his humanoid appearance. But now things are completely up in the air again. My best guess at this point is that Kaido is some form of life created on Punk Hazard, like an experiment by Dr. Vegapunk that was intended to create a super powerful being for the world government to use, and one that went very very wrong. All in all I can't stop looking at this final two page spread because it really doesn't feel like one piece, and I mean that in the best possible way, because it's a nice shock that the series really needs to continue escalating after a good two decades of publication, and I could not be more hyped for the rest of Wano than I am right now. With that in mind let's move on to the namesake of the chapter. We have Shutenmaru introduced, and with that I need to correct a mistake I made a couple of chapters ago when I assumed that lore was using Shutenmaru as an alias. And look these are just the dangers of reading early scan lations, as the one I read seemed to heavily imply that lore was the thief we'd heard about, but in the official translation it was made pretty clear that this was not the case. But for now that matters not because we have a very interesting character on our hands here. His initial design is very classically odor off-putting, I mean it's a fat dude riding a bull, although I actually really like the design of the bull, and it's a bit weird because the whole introduction panel of Shutenmaru seems almost structured to make the bull out to be the focal point, which is great because it really underplays Shutenmaru and helps reduce our expectations for the character so that when he does eventually slice Jack, well let's put it this way. That look of shock on Jack's face was the exact same look I had on my face when I saw that panel. And it's just crazy that this guy is going head to head with Jack, which actually makes him one of the strongest characters we've seen so far in the series. Also I should stop calling him this guys, if we have no idea who he really is. There is no doubt in my mind that Shutenmaru is actually Ashura Dolji, the guy that Odin defeated in the brief flashback we saw. The silhouette matches pretty much perfectly, so it would seem we're going to have to recruit him into the rebellion along with two other figures mentioned by Kinamon. Speaking of a fun little thing we learned in this chapter, apparently Kinamon is married to Suru, and this could not be more perfect, they are such a nice stereotypical Japanese artwork couple. Quite cute really, although it's a bit odd to think that Suru has aged 20 years, while Kinamon has remained the same. In any other circumstance that would make Suru a bit of a cougar really, unless of course Kinamon was already much older when they married, in which case maybe they're roughly the same age now, because yay time travel. But moving on to something slightly more relevant, this week we also got confirmation that Onigashima is indeed a different island, not too far from Wano though, kind of like a satellite island really. So when we do get around to implementing the plan, hopefully it won't feel like going to any lobby from water 7, it should still ideally feel like the Wano arc, although depending on how long we're there, Onigashima may end up being considered an arc of its own. In any case I feel like we have an awfully long way to go before we get there, so my speculation on this matter is kind of pointless. Another point of interest this week is that the rest of the Sanji retrieval team now have their Wano disguises, my favorite of which is definitely Brooke. I mean, how do you disguise a skeleton really? Well, I guess a Japanese ghost works pretty well, yeah. I also really love Chopper's outfit, he looks far too adorable as a ninja, and you can tell from the absolutely elated expression on his face that he's just loving life at the moment. Sanji I'm much less keen on because of the short sleeves, I've just never really been a fan of that sort of style when it comes to traditional Japanese clothing, but it makes sense because he's a chef and would need some degree of exposed arms in order to work efficiently. It's also the patterning as well though, the vertical stripes just don't quite cut it for me. Carrots you cut on the other hand, sports a much more appealing design, and just on Carrot, in the outfit reveal panel she really does look like a legitimate straw hat. She fits in with this crazy crew quite well, so the Carrot-Fanakama train is slowly, very slowly I might add, gaining momentum for me. Finally we have Nami and it's pretty much what I expected, the outfit itself is quite cool and well designed, there's just not quite enough of it. And I get it, yeah, one of Nami's roles in the series is to be overtly sexualized in order to appeal to teenage boys, but surely we can give her a shred of dignity whilst doing so. I call it really needs us for the lower portion of the outfit to cover just a bit more than the bare minimum and then I'd be thrilled. As it is the attempt to hypersexualize her is a bit immersion breaking for me at least, which is a shame because this isn't otherwise incredibly amazing chapter. And I'm not saying don't make Nami look hot, it can just be done more tastefully, like in the color spread this week actually. We have various female characters modeling what I'm assuming are outfits that have either been showcased or will be showcased as part of the Tokyo Girls Collection, which is a fashion festival in Japan. In particular I think Boa Hancock looks fantastic and is a perfect example of what I was talking about with Nami's outfit in the chapter. Boa's dress covers just that tiny bit more but it makes the entire world of difference, simultaneously leaving a lot more for the imagination to work with and maintaining a level of dignity that the character just plainly deserves. Plus Boa looks like a complete boss sporting that attitude, I love it, I love it a lot. Something else I really enjoy is that Big Mom was included in the spread which was a surprise, but as one of the most important female characters in the series I'm glad she was here and the dress she's wearing is quite cool actually. The only outfit I'm not 100% sold on is Robbins. The color and the patterning of the shirt are just kind of murder me. Oh and also Toshiki who's wearing those same sort of vertical stripes that I really didn't like on Sanji, I also don't like them on her. Or anybody, vertical stripes are evil. And finally I just want to touch on the cover of Weekly Shonen Jump. I don't usually talk about the cover even when it's one piece related, but this week it was just too cool to ignore. It's a shot of Luffy and Zoro crossing their Kitetsu blades with Kaido ominously in the background. The swords look particularly amazing. I love any time Oda gets a chance to show off his coloring skills on something metal because it is a masterclass of how to portray light, which can be seen particularly wonderfully in the sword guards. Also Zoro's on the cover so it's pretty much mandatory for me to love this cover. I don't buy Jump all that often, but this is one I'm actually considering picking up and adding to my small collection. But that pretty much does it for chapter 921. If you enjoyed this video then feel free to like, favorite or subscribe. And if you are in any way inclined to help support this independent channel, then please do feel free to check out my Patreon, Discord server or Twitter, the links to which are in the handy description below. And finally please do comment with your thoughts on the chapter. This has been the Ground Line Review and I'll see you next time.