What the line always in the north side chillin with my other guys who know what's good YouTube It's your boy Chihuahua back to y'all again with another art tutorial man If you're new to the channel go ahead and hit that like button come in subscribe Make sure you click post notifications, so you will be notified anytime but y'all some heat in today's video I will be showing you guys how to make a cartoon head full tutorial man with Ariana Grande so without further ado, let's jump right into this video Okay, first thing we're gonna do we're gonna find our picture and we're gonna drag and drop inside of Adobe Illustrator So I found my picture So now what we're gonna do?  And you want to go to new brush it okay You want to come to pressure Change this number to three change this number over here to three as well hit, okay There you have it brush you always see me using all my videos So now What you want to do is you want to zoom as close as you can Make your brush a little smaller Anytime you want to delete all you got to do is hit control of the Z Look make your birth smile You just want to make some Clean lines clean and steady lines. We don't make our breasts a little smaller They got time Let's make this Make this line You zoom out by holding Control and the minus sign as you can see my pictures very pixelated. So we just got a improvised Oops, and also too might just Overshoot my lines The lines crossing each other. That's how light lips Let's go to object expand the parents and then you want to click the vibe on your path finder Now the lines that we don't want But we got this selected Right-click it Isolate select group and now we can delete The lines that we don't want That's over We overshot the shape of a face and instead of making a hair white I want to make it black.   Select your pencil tool Double-click onto your pencil to make sure your settings look exactly like mine. It's okay Move this color to the top move this black to the top make sure the bottom layer is locked and now If I need to use this pencil tool as a field Now we're just gonna Push this Just like that The same thing on this side Let's fill it in. It's all here Go ahead and just fill in the main areas Close it off right there Make that ponytail More like this that we got a basic layout of All our black areas Wait, no, we ain't finished Still gotta color this in See how this go through and I do all my fillings And I thought fill in all the black areas. I come back with detail and so Closer you zoom in That's It make it easier get to get all the finer detail drill 3d drip by the drill.  Just know they got it from your boy Yeah, feel me I'm versus small as I can get it What we about to do is how to make all these lines One become one by the grouping together. So you just want to select everything go to object Expand appearance Click merge on your path finder and now we just made all them lines become one whole shift And drag this corner down so we can fit it all on our page Alright, there we go Now we're gonna duplicate our line work by dragging it to this blank sheet of paper Lock the top copy To let the second copy Now Well, I read Tango tool on a nice little base color to start with But a skin is pretty much We'll we'll get it perfect Got that color over the entire picture Right click the color go to arrange and send to back You'll know if you did this step correctly if you look over here and you see your color sitting Under the line work, you know I'm saying so now you want to highlight everything together click merge So it can become one with the color your line work become one with the color now after you do that You want to right click the color isolate select group Now we can delete this outer color And another thing I like to do. I like to hit this drop down menu Hit it again, and I like to lock all my black lines Only my black lines and keep the top two unlocked so now We can isolate select group We can delete all the colors outside the hair Without having any problems making a mistake and deleting the line work lead all that Let's highlight everything Let's tweak her skin tone Why it's highlighted let's go to edit color Adjust color balance preview base This little base tone Okay hold shift We can select the areas that supposed to be White the lip color Peach. I've got a nice little base Nice little base color, man. Now what we're gonna do Go ahead and create a copy Of our color layer lock the bottom copy turn the eye off And now on the copy that's in the middle We're gonna delete the skin Only you know saying we're gonna only delete the skin color So click the skin isolate select group and you always got to hit isolate select group So the only choose the areas You wanted to choose without it deleting everything without it selecting everything, you know saying so Hit isolated select group Now we're just gonna delete the skin off that layer With me locking on my black lines. It made it easy for me to delete all the colors That's in between that's caught in between the little hairs and stuff That's why I lock all my black lines How that would delete it all the skin tone out of that layer we can Lock that layer Now we can turn the eye back on on our color layer create us a layer in between these two And the reason I do that So just say when I'm doing my shadows, I Don't have to worry about trying to work around the eyes and other colors. It is just It is just fall right behind you give them saying so That's why I do that method. So Now what we finna do we finna start doing our shadows. So what I'm finna do I finna sample her skin tone We got to find a nice Bling into the next color this little shadow Okay, I like to put the first shadow down and then tweak it, you know, I'm saying so Go ahead and place out first shadow But we can make some adjustments And get it perfect put our first shuttle down. Let's tweak this thing Let's go to recolor with preset Color harmony. Let's tweak this thing Also, I need That's cool right there. It's okay. No need to sample Sample that color we just made go back to my pencil tool shade Now add all our shadows with our pencil tool And it's not as hard as people make it man I just look at my picture and I place the shadows exactly where I see them on the picture You know I'm saying just looking at my original photo Placing all the shadows All right here right here In the go down Come back The more you do it the better you get at it as well.  You just keep stacking it Until you make it all float. I'm just catching it. I'm catching it all about just looking at my picture I don't make sure I don't miss anything Those shadow down what we finna do finna create another layer under that layer I'm gonna make a lighter tone a lighter shadow tone Let's go ahead Middle We always can tweak our shadows. That's why it's good to put them on Separate layers anytime you go lighter. You want to make a new layer for you know I'm saying so if you need to tweak them You can just change them individually And it's easier to work around when you put it on there's separate layers what I'm about to do is I'm about to Unlock all my shadow layers so I can tweak them all together man because I want to make them a little darker but I want them all to Still keep the same float So I'm gonna go to color I'm just color balance preview That bit darker What's your boy about to do is? go to our Light shadow the last shadow we created the light is one. I Need to tweak this one a little better. I only got that one selected.  So let's create another layer Under that layer and each time you want to try to go lighter, you know I'm saying so I Start my dark shadows, then I just I just get lighter and lighter It's all about the flow. You want to make everything float and look smooth They're looking at my picture So I can place All the shadows exactly what I need to go all the shades Highlights That's how I like that Is that I'm telling you it's all about making it flow? Let's go to Just color balance Let's get at some tone. Just a little bit. I'm saying it. Okay Good now Almost finish man what I want to do I Want to add some darker shadows pretty much We've heard a month that ain't finished with the skin tone man We just had to get us swagged up real quick I'm gonna add my highlights and we we done with it. We officially done with the skin No, we goochie now.  You want to get three different transitions on now we got our hair texture brush So Now what you want to do I Just want to draw the hair on the tail and sometimes when The hairs just don't look like it's flowing I'll show you just like these you see I don't Highlights were just placed in the wrong place. They want to do it. So let me Click it Then you want to move these numbers until they Blow the way in the direction you need it to And there you have it you guys how to draw a cartoon head May she stay too more heat coming soon, and I'm out this thing


When we're recording nuclear blasts from a long distance away, the signals are very small. That explosion will create waves that will travel out from that explosion. And as that wave travels past Tenant Creek, you will actually see the ground move up and down, or sideways. And that's what we're recording. Waramanga seismic station is located 50 kilometres south of Tenant Creek. We monitor any signs of nuclear activity across the globe and we report this data back to a UN body called CTBTO. This particular station is considered one of the best in the world because of its quiet site. Also because we are manning it 24-7, we have people that are living out there. It means that we can deal with problems immediately. This screen registers all the seismic events such as earthquakes and nuclear explosions. When you see a magnitude above 7, it's a really, really dangerous magnitude. The first thing I do is to pray God that it's not a big event and really hope that it's not happening in any of the populated places. Our station is part of a big community that is trying to monitor and make sure that we know what's going on around the world. You can't explode a large nuclear weapon in the world and not let someone know about it. We know where, we know when. We really know how big they're getting.


middle Tennessee's only prime time news. Fox 17 news at nine. An alert tonight about a new way to catch criminals or simply tell if a loved one is being truthful. Scary stuff here as Gatti Hart shows us one company believes it can tell if somebody is lying just by looking them in the eye. A new form of lie detection claims it can see the truth. When a human being is being deceptive that there are these micro dilations of the pupils. It's the extra mental energy that it takes to be deceptive. Eye detect has been in the work since 2003 only taking 30 minutes to complete this new testing technology could be faster and more efficient than the old school polygraph. Its creators argue that eye detect may have the edge because it isn't influenced by any human bias. So by removing the human element we believe we can make the assessment of credibility far more forensic in nature. Ron Slay is a security consultant who administers polygraph exams. He says in his 40 years of experience he's seen all forms of deception and he thinks it takes more than a computer system and answering a few questions to detect a lie. You can't automate the human mind. We wanted to put both methods to the test so I sat down to see which machine would best read my lie. I'm in the hot seat. At first we put the standard polygraph to the test. Slay asked me two questions that were simple enough to answer honestly. No, I want everybody to watch the blue line. Is today Tuesday? Yes. But before he even finished asking me the third question. At work, did you ever look at a boss with sincere eyes when you knew the reaction is already over but took off and it's barely coming back again? Then we tested eye detect. Harris had me write down a number between two and eight and then hide it. I chose the number seven. The examiner told me to lie about my number to the machine but to tell the truth on all the other questions as the eye detect system calibrated my eyes and then monitored my pupil dilation. I did not choose the number seven. Eight was not the number that I picked. Look at the spike on the seven. Safe to say that I got caught lying or preparing to lie on both tests but Slay says it can sometimes be harder to catch the people you wanna catch because they have their own truths. They're not really answering your questions at all. They're answering what they perceive to be your question. Slay and Harris agree that both eye detect and polygraphs can get it wrong sometimes. There will be some false positives and false negatives with eye detect as it exists today. But Harris says the beauty of computer algorithms is that they get smarter over time. Scary, huh? Eye tech says it hopes that this technology will be a tool to help police actually more than a commercial product. Apple has purchased similar technology but still no word in exactly how the computer giant plans to use that. What do you think about that, Katie? Technology? Interesting, very interesting for sure.


Towards this end, we need to consider the wave aspects of electromagnetic radiation. First consider one-dimensional waves, such as a vibrating guitar string. The string is fixed at its two ends and cannot move there. In between, it can oscillate with a single bump at a certain frequency. It can also oscillate with a two-bump shape at twice the single-bump frequency, or with a three-bump shape at three times the frequency, and so on. We call each of these vibrations a mode of the string, and we index them by the number of bumps in the string shape. We can draw a number line and place red dots at the integers, n equals 1, 2, 3, and so on, and each dot will then represent a mode. We use Greek letter nu, which looks a lot like a v, to represent frequency. The frequency of the nth node is n times some fundamental frequency, nu-zero. So the fifth mode oscillates with the frequency 5, nu-zero. An important question for us is this. Within a given range of frequencies, say between these blue lines, how many modes are there? For the one-dimensional case, we see that the so-called density of modes is constant. If we move the blue lines to the left or right, we'll, on average, get the same number of modes between them. We express this as Greek letter rho of nu equals a constant a. Now consider two-dimensional waves, such as on the surface of water or a vibrating membrane. A membrane fixed at its perimeter can vibrate with one bump at a certain frequency, or two bumps with a higher frequency. But there are two ways to have two bumps, so we can have two different modes with the same frequency, and in general we can have any number of bumps, n, in one direction and any number, m, in the other direction. So the modes are now represented as points on a two-dimensional grid, indexed by two numbers, n and m. The corresponding frequency is a fundamental frequency, nu zero, times the square root of n squared plus m squared. This is constant on a circle, so a range of frequencies correspond to the area between two circles. At higher frequencies there will be more area, hence more modes for a given frequency range. So here there will be more modes with frequencies between seven and eight nu zero than between two and three nu zero. For two-dimensional waves, the density of modes is proportional to frequency, and we write rho of nu equals a times nu. Finally we get to three-dimensional waves, such as the oscillations inside a microwave oven. These are a bit harder to illustrate. The bumps now correspond to cubicles inside a larger volume. We could, for example, divide the volume into two regions in one dimension, three regions in a second and four in the third. So our modes are now indexed by three numbers, n, m, and l. Each mode is a point in a three-dimensional grid. And a given frequency represents a spherical surface. The density of modes now corresponds to the number of grid points between two spheres. This is proportional to the square of frequency, and we write rho of nu equals a times nu squared. The reason this is important is that we would expect each of these modes to act like an energy container, similar to molecules, with an average energy of Boltzmann's constant k times temperature T. Since the number of modes increases as the square of frequency, we should then expect, for a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, the intensity of radiation to increase with temperature and as the square of frequency. That is, much more radiation at higher frequencies. This is the prediction of classical physics, called the Rayleigh-Jeans law.  This is often plotted using logarithmic scales, in which case it forms a straight line. Let's see how this stacks up against observation for the largest box we know of, the universe. Here we have the intensity of the cosmic background radiation, the afterglow of the big bang versus frequency. The points with error bars are observed values and the line is the Rayleigh-Jeans law. The agreement is excellent, at least for the range of frequencies shown. In general, this law accurately describes what is observed at low frequencies. We see that it cannot be true in general, however, by continuing to follow the line to arbitrarily high frequencies. At infinite frequency we would have infinite intensity, not good. This dilemma is sometimes called ultraviolet catastrophe. Fortunately, this is not the way nature works. As frequency increases, the radiation intensity reaches a peak and then rapidly drops off. Convenient for us, but what does this happen? High frequency radiation, ultraviolet light, x-rays, gamma rays, certainly exist and the density of modes argument is sound. We are forced to conclude that something is keeping the high frequency modes from absorbing as much energy as the low frequency modes, but what causes this? So the prediction of classical physics is that radiation intensity varies as the square of frequency due to the greater number of modes at higher frequencies and as the temperature due to the average thermal energy available for each mode. The failure of this at high frequencies leads us to seek some mechanism that would cause the average energy per mode to decrease rapidly at high frequencies. The problematic KT term comes from the Boltzmann distribution, which says that the probability of mode will have an energy E varies as the exponential of minus E over KT, the average value of this being KT. Let's see if we can put the frequency new into the energy factor so the entire term will depend on frequency. Thinking back to our discussion of the Boltzmann distribution, we used a bookkeeping trick where we assumed energy was exchanged in the discrete chunks, epsilon. We then let epsilon decrease to zero to get our final result. Let's do the same thing, but now let the chunks be proportional to frequency. We write epsilon equals some constant h times nu. By letting h decrease to zero, epsilon will decrease to zero for all frequencies, which describes a continuous exchange of energy as before. So if a mode of frequency nu has n chunks of energy, the mode energy is E equals n times h times nu. Now Boltzmann's distribution says that the probability this mode will have this energy is a constant A times the exponential of minus n h nu over KT. To make the sum of all probabilities be 100%, the constant A needs to be that shown here in parentheses. Now we calculate the average energy. This is the sum over all possible energies of the energy times the probability of that energy. Putting in our expressions for E and P of E, and summing from zero to an infinite number of energy chunks, we end up with the result shown at the right. That is, the expected or average energy of a mode with frequency nu is h nu over exponential of h nu over KT minus 1. For large frequencies, the exponential and the denominator will make this very small, which was our goal. Unfortunately, if we complete our bookkeeping trick by letting h shrink to zero, this expression reduces to KT, and we're back to the Rayleigh-Jeans law, which is what we were trying to fix in the first place. However, for a particular small but non-zero value of h, replacing KT in the Rayleigh-Jeans law with our new result produces Planck's law, first presented in 1900, which does indeed correctly describe the intensity of radiation at all frequencies and temperatures. The current measured value of h, called Planck's constant, is about 6.6 times 10 to the minus 34 joule seconds. Small but not zero. Here's Planck's law in blue compared to the Rayleigh-Jeans law in red. They agree at low frequencies, but Planck's law reaches a peak at h nu equals 2.82 KT, and then rapidly decreases. This accurately describes the cosmic microwave background radiation and indeed the radiation of any so-called black body at a given temperature, T. So nature tells us that Planck's law is the correct description of black body radiation. But built into it is the assumption that there is a finite quantum of energy, h times nu, such that a mode of frequency nu can only have an energy, which is an integer number of these quanta. Does this have any physical meaning? Initially Planck and others treated it as just a formalism used to derive the correct law. Indeed the concept of energy quanta seems laughably absurd from a classical point of view, and here's why. The energy in a wave is related to the oscillation amplitude. For example, energy is put into a guitar string by stretching it with a finger. When you let the string go, it oscillates. As it radiates away energy, the oscillation amplitude continuously decreases until all energy is gone and the string is flat. If energy is transferred in discrete quanta, and say we start off with two quanta, the wave would oscillate with a constant amplitude until it lost one quantum, at which point the amplitude would suddenly reduce. Then it would oscillate at that level until it lost a second quantum, at which point the wave would vanish. If electromagnetic energy truly comes in discrete quanta, then electromagnetic waves would seemingly display these bizarre quantum jumps. This is absurd in the context of classical theory. Maybe we don't need to worry about this. After all, seemingly no one had ever observed this type of quantum behavior. If you can't see a quantum, how can you say it does or does not exist? This conservative approach is sometimes summed up as shut up and calculate. There's no point in worrying about the reality of energy quanta. Planck's law is verifiable, let's just use it. Or maybe this is more than just a formality. Maybe there's a there there. Indeed as we'll see in the next video, these quanta are more than just a math trick or formalism. They have observable consequences that lead us to conclude that they are physically real, but physically real what exactly? And there's the rub. They're things unlike anything we are familiar with in our day to day lives.


It was a very quiet period. Unusually quiet for that part of the world. So my fear is that only one aspect emerged through the project because of that. And what defines that place is its capacity to sudden change from one state to the other, from that state of relative, maybe an easy piece to complete chaos. So it's that moment where all the cell phone starts going and all hell breaks loose. The process of making a book, of editing a book is the process by which I tend to understand what's at stake. All I can say is, and it's my instinct, it's that I'm playing with time and space, 10 years ago, now. But 10 years ago is now, and now is 10 years ago. And the space is that road that goes up from Hebron through to Jerusalem and so on. It's Route 60 is the road of the patriarch. At this point, now, Silhuane is really the center to everything. It's the last Palestinian village in East Jerusalem that has access to the Al-Aqsa Mosque. So it's really the most intense place in East Jerusalem, a lot more than Sheikh Jarrah or any of the other places. It's a battleground, a battleground for space, for houses, for real estate. It's hard to describe how claustrophobic that world is. Especially Palestinian men have to wait an inordinate amount of time to be able to work. So it's a very, you know, that waiting. That's actually one of the very brutal things that happened.  Everything I do in a museum environment is always conceived as a piece. So there is, if you want, there is no curatorial space when it comes to me. I make the piece, I make it into the studio and everything is planned. So why did I want the piece to be like that? First thing I wanted to avoid any form of preciousness in terms of the white frame, the white mat and so on, the sereneness. So I was trying to be as close as possible to the photographic in many ways. Then, you know, I'm also, a lot of things I do are actually musical. There's always a music that plays in my head, strangely enough. So I wanted something that was slow and fast and syncopated and simultaneous. Things that happen within one frame, at the edge of the other frame and so on.  As explained this morning, I really function on strategies of open text and multiplicity of authors. So I'm one author, the camera is an author, reality is a very forceful author and so is the viewer. So my saying that, you know, I want this or that experience for the viewer would be completely counterproductive, directive and democratic. So I always leave space for the reader to do their work, take the time and eventually surrender to the image and, you know, in that process begin to explore ideas that are not word related. I know it's painful for you, as a point, to hear that. But, you know, that notion of open text, it's a strategy. It doesn't mean that I'm completely innocent or that I don't know what I'm doing and know very well what I'm doing. But I'm going towards a more progressive text than the one that would, where I would kind of tell you or tell the viewers what they should think or feel.


Ladies and gentlemen, to be honored by the visit of any President of the United States, our state is something that's always a memorable visit. Future of our people, Mr. President, you have made us strong again. You've made us believe again. You've made us proud again. And you've put the United States of America on the right track again. Mr. President, we need your help to help do the same thing here in our beloved state of Louisiana. Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States. Thank you very much, all of you, and thank you, Henson, for that kind introduction. Incidentally, I just couldn't resist. I just made a little check over my shoulder here when Henson gave that figure on the crowd out there. And when it's the Secret Service that tells you how many there are there, it isn't an estimate. They've counted. Well, it's wonderful to be here in New Orleans. We just had a humdinger of a rally out there in Jefferson Parish as you've been told. And as I said there, it's great to be back on the campaign trail again. It feels almost like 1980 again. And the way they were cheering Henson Moore, it sounded like a homecoming game for the LSU Tigers. With a kind of enthusiasm that I've been seeing here today, I can tell the people of this state want someone representing them in Washington, who's got a reputation for integrity, someone who is pro-growth, pro-defense, and pro-American. And I can tell that pretty soon you're going to be sending Henson Moore to Washington as the next United States Senator from the great state of Louisiana. You know, there was a time that being a Republican in this area of the country felt a little bit like being Gary Cooper in high noon, outnumbered in a big way. I remember the story of the fellow here a while ago who was running for Congress as a Republican. He stopped by a farm to do some campaigning and when the farmer heard he was a Republican, his jaw dropped and he said, wait right here. He said, well, I get ma. She's never seen a Republican before. So he got ma and the candidate looked around for a podium to give his speech from. The only thing he could find was a pile of that stuff that best Truman took 35 years trying to get Harry to call fertilizer. So he got up on the mound and when they came back he gave his speech. End of it, the farmer says, that's the first time I've ever heard a Republican speech. Candidate said, that's the first time I've ever given a Republican speech from a Democratic platform. All that as they say is history. More and more the people of this state are rejecting the old politics as usual. As I said in the Frenier Park, it's time for a new day to dawn in Louisiana. The party is over and it's time to get back to work. And there's a lot of work that still needs to be done to build a kind of future Louisiana deserves. And hence and more is the one to do it. He's been a leader in the Congress in our fight to bring America back, to build a strong with pride and patriotism. He's someone who gets things done for Louisiana but never at the expense of principles or integrity. Louisiana doesn't need a part-time representative in Washington. You need a senator who speaks the same language as the majority and the president. I remember when Hanson came to the Oval Office and we agreed on a resolution of the AG issue in the division of offshore oil revenue, meaning more than $600 million for Louisiana this year. And that's what I call leadership and that's what Louisiana will get from Hanson Moore. But you know, Hanson's election will have reverberations way beyond the borders of Louisiana. His election would mean the difference between keeping control of the Senate or losing it to the liberal leadership of the Democratic Party. And that's the difference between two more years of progress or two years of paralysis. I didn't seek reelection to be a six-year president. There are too many exciting challenges still before America, too much business that still must be completed. I cannot and will not have my hands tied by a totally hostile Congress. Together we can win the Senate. Together we can send Hanson Moore to Washington and keep America moving forward.  In a way, if you would like to vote for me again, vote for Hanson Moore so that we can have a Republican Senate that will work with me instead of against me and be around after I'm gone. We can't stop until America's growing prosperity reaches into every corner of this country. We're making dramatic progress, but in some sectors we've still got a ways to go. It just doesn't seem fair that Louisiana is being held back from joining in America's prosperity by the old style politics as usual. Believe me, Louisiana isn't the only place where the total domination of one party has led to arrogance and an abuse of power. Back in 1980, we faced the same situation in Washington until we ended over 30 years of one party control in the Senate, breaking the log jam and putting America back on the road to prosperity. And we did bring America back. It's time to break the one party log jam in this state and bring Louisiana back too and Hanson Moore is the man that can do it. Now maybe you've noticed that as I was careful before to say that I was talking about the liberal leadership of the Democratic Party. And that's because I believe the liberals who've taken control of that once great party don't represent the vast majority of hardworking patriotic Democrats all across this country. And no, I don't mistake the rank and file of the Democratic Party for its liberal leadership. And I'm grateful for all the help that these honest Democrats have given us these last few years. I'm sure there must be a number in this room who are and a number also who were and changed. Some of them may be former Democrats as I am. Some haven't made the change, but we couldn't have been elected in 1980. We couldn't have brought America back without the help of those Democrats. Because like us, they believe in the values of family and faith and love of country. Our Democratic allies deserve a vote of thanks, a real round of applause for all they're doing for America. You know, a while ago, Richard Baker, the excellent candidate who's running for Henson Moore's seat, came up to visit me at the White House. And I've had many of your fine state and local officials over too. You know, all of them were lifelong Democrats who switched to the Republican Party. And they said to me that the proud Democratic Party of their father's day and their grandfather's day was no more. It had been captured by the liberal wing and dragged way over to the fringes on the left. And I told them that I know how tough it is and can be to change parties, how hard it is to break with tradition. I was working for Republican candidates for some time before I got around to changing my registration. And I was just taken for granted by the Republicans by that time that I was one of them. I'd campaigned for their candidates and gone to their fundraisers and one night I was speaking at a fundraiser. Right in the middle of my speech, a woman stood up out in the middle of the audience and she said, have you re-registered yet? And I said, no, but I'm going to. She said, I'm a registrar. She walked right down, came right down and put the papers on the podium and I signed up and then said, now, where was I? It is tough to change, but it's important to remember what Winston Churchill said about changing parties. Some men change principle for party and some change party for principle. So look, you know, one of the first to ever see what was happening in that party was many years ago, long enough ago that I could say I was a young man then. And it was Mr. Democrat himself in the North, Al Smith, who'd been candidate of party for president. And Al Smith went out of his way to get time on nationwide radio, no TV in those days. And on nationwide radio, he made a speech that was really an unusual thing. He told that the leadership of his party must have been in swimming and somebody else stole their clothes and became the leadership. And then he said, while he was a Democrat and always had been, he said, I'm taking a walk. And that speech and that line of his, I'm taking a walk was the forerunner of what so many more of us have come to know. I know that it's kind of cliche to say, well, I didn't leave the party, the party left me. The funny thing is, it not only did that, but the party's changed. When I cast my first Democratic vote, 21 years old for Roosevelt, the Democratic party platform called for a 25% reduction in the cost of government, the return of authority and autonomy to the states and local communities that had been unjustly seized by the federal government and the elimination of useless agencies, bureaus and commissions in the federal government. Which party today could run on that platform? But as the time went on, and even as I say, the party that I later joined had undergone a change. When the great depression was spread all over the world by the smooth, holly tariff, that protectionist measure, that was a Republican bill. The Republicans then were the party of high tariff. The Democrats were the party of low tariff and non-protectionism. And today, that has turned around. So in reality, anyone who believes in the Democratic party of the past and the party of your fathers and before that, you have no reason in the world not to change because the two parties changed. And now you can do what you believe. So the door to the party of opportunity is wide open. And we're just hoping that on September 27th, everyone in Louisiana, whether they're registered as Democrat or Republican, will come out to vote for a man who has dedicated his life to building America strong and proud and free, hence and more. One final thing I wanna let each and every one of you know how personally grateful I am for your being here and for all that you're doing for the cause. I've said that many times, but it couldn't be more true. America's greatness doesn't reside in Washington. But in people like you, whose hard work, dedication and generosity keep America strong and keep our future free. So I think I've taken too much of your time already. I just wanna thank you again from the bottom of my heart and you send this, I call this team of yours, your congressman and Bob and hence and more and all, the Louisiana A team. And send them up there to Washington, believe me. We need them.  It can be best described in a story I like. Three fellows that went out of the building to get in their car and found they'd locked the keys in. They were locked out. And one of them said, get a wire coat hanger and we straighten it out and I can get that. And the other one says, you can't do that. Somebody think we're stealing the car. And the third one said, well, we better do something pretty quick because it's raining, starting to rain in the tops down. So again, thanks. God bless you all. Mr. President, if everybody would sit down for a moment, I'd appreciate it. I'd like to introduce to you one of the real great talents that Louisiana has, one of the finest artists in the country today. This is George Rodriguez. George, would you stand up? George Rodriguez. George has got his beautiful wife with him. Chief, please stand, too. George, keep standing up, George. George is the artist who painted this magnificent painting of the President. We all know him in Louisiana, but let me tell you, friends, he's better known overseas around the country than we even know of him here in Louisiana. This painting has been done. This painting is being given to the President of the United States today by George Rodriguez as his gift to the Republican Eagles. And someday when the President leaves office from the Eagles to that White House out in the West Coast to the President himself. Mr. President, George Rodriguez would like to present this painting to the Republican Eagles, and then someday to you as his gift to you, a magnificent gift I might have. Now for those of you, for those of you who would like to have your very own limited edition copy of that print signed by George Rodriguez, just stay afterwards and we'll see to it you have that opportunity. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. And because some unkind people might refer to that as being a political White Horse, know it just so happens that the horse I'm riding at the ranch is a White Horse named El Alamine.


Hello. Hello. Hello. Can you hear me? Thumbs up if you can hear me. Of course The day I decide to go live. It's literally a storm out there like Wind rain crazy. Oh My gosh, of course, I'm not ready. Like I don't know how people do this. Like I probably have help. It's just me Here we are Here we are should be fun Should be interesting. If not, if nothing else and I pray that these work out. Can you hear me? Okay. I just want to make sure that the sound is working Mm-hmm, can you give me a thumbs up at the sound? Yes, Michelle. I will answer all of your questions Okay, I forgot to I'm not quite ready Just let people get on And then we'll get started Okay, okay, okay. The lighting isn't horrible Yeah You know what another thing I just got a little nervous because where's my brown sugar? Okay, the sound sounds good. I just realized I have a new microphone. I should be using that Here I am you know, it's like What the heck My kids when they use things like what the heck it's like you love them to cook in it bake into whatever but It's like a massacre has happened Okay, so we have that I need brown sugar I checked everything and I never checked the brown sugar. I do I do Okay, awesome sound is fine. Cool. Cool Welcome Welcome to literally you guys the I was trying to get on Facebook live. I don't know why that's hard Anyway, how's everyone? How's everyone? What am I missing the vanilla the vanilla I got an egg vanilla Ooh, not much left. Not much left. You guys could these big ones from war willson I'm sorry Gilmores Correct Okay So we are about to get started. I have the oven being It's very wet in Rotorua. Okay, because it is storming Wind rain. So then you know when wellington so the rain is like going sideways Sideways across my window. So I'm happy that the lighting doesn't look too bad. I was thinking Oh my gosh, it's so dark right now um Okay What else do I need? This is hard to like like do something and like talk to you at the same time. That's a skill So this is what I'm thinking we're going to do. So we're going to make the cookies together And then when they're in the oven, I'll answer questions Um, because it won't take long in the oven because of this recipe It doesn't take long And let's fingers cross that this actually comes out. Okay I haven't made these in a while So when I'm actually doing the cooking I'll go like this with the screen and you can see That I've started to prep some things Oh, your friend william lives in so is this sound okay because I could go upstairs and grab my microphone and plug it in real quick That might be as Excuse me coven Still hanging in there with me. Do you guys have that because I've had that I've had like The heck is all over this anyway, you need to scale because When you're using American recipes they talk about everything in sticks of butter and then I have sticks of butter here Um, okay cool cool. Let me get this in Locked in here we go. Okay Let's make the chocolate chip cookies Okay, you bought the recipe buck best biscuits ever. Okay, cool. So you've made them and they worked out So no, this is the recipe. So if you go on my website keep americans.com you can buy the american recipe book It's all your classic american recipes Um that I adapted for new zealand ingredients So so many of you like love all the cooking stuff. And so I thought that would be helpful um, and then it's like It's a lot of things that you um also don't make here and so Or like it's things that you make here, but I make it differently. And so that's all that's in it It is the same recipe that's in there the book. So you'll have to get that or you can just You know play close close attention here Okay, you are looking for a new cookie recipe. Let me tell you These are the best These aren't like actually the best these are the best if you are looking for I like this is my favorite chocolate I think cookies need to be soft moist gooey Amazing, right? None of those hard cookies Like all the hard cookies biscuits whatever you want to call it in new zealand tend to be hard Like and that makes sense because they have it with to your coffee and that works that way but like That's the how I like it And like you guys don't drink like glasses of milk Like I americans do when they're gonna eat like a cookie. They're gonna have it with milk Okay, I mean they'll have it with hot drinks as well, but like it's not the same So, um, that's what we're going to do today. We are going to make Amazing chunks of cookies. So what I've done is I have Mixed up the flour already. Now what flour am I using? So I went to I'm cooking with the flour at because gill moors um Bakers flour so not the all-purpose flour Not the other million high-grade whatever kind of flowers. I use the baker's flour It actually makes the baking like especially cakes like really nice So I don't know that I've used it in these cookies yet. So let's hope that that works. So I have um Two and a half cups of flour and then a what is this a teaspoon of baking Soda not baking powder baking baking soda At a half of these a half of teaspoon of salt. That's it. That's all that's in here I just did it ahead of time because I know what happens when I start talking So then all we got to do is cream the sugar with the butter You know the wet ingredients add this mix it up boom boom boom. We got it So easy my kids are going to be so happy that there's baking when they get home So here we go So for the sugars you're going to need brown sugar and white sugar It is so windy today So bad. It's so yucky out. So how fun is how is this my job?  I love this Anyway, so for sugar, it's three fours a cup. So not a full cup a three fours a cup So what I'm going to do is just take a fourth of the cup. Do you guys have this problem? Like Like look at it. Like are we sure it's a fourth? Like I have to stare at it like Is that a four?  Do you guys have this problem? It drives me crazy. Why don't I just buy more? I don't know. So I have I have the three fours of white sugar in here And if you want to be more authentic american, I would use caster sugar It's refined the same way as the regular sugar in america, but I didn't have any So we're gonna do that. I'm just using regular white sugar. Now. Let's put in here. Maybe I'll I don't need to you want to see all this? It doesn't matter Okay Okay, okay. Okay brown sugar. Here we go Brown sugar Okay, come on So we're gonna do three fourths of this so no You guys all know you're spanish Come on dose Oh, I can just feel it. I feel like I'm gonna mess this up Should I've made it ahead of time? Probably should have but I did it. So this is live and in person with all of the The mess ups are going to happen. So and three It's nice Um, so as you guys know if you haven't heard I'm going back to the states and leaving in 21 days And getting to christy and she really wants to bake now.  It's all I'm doing bum bum bum So then we're going to Put the butter in I'm getting all these little Brown sugar is a little bit clunky. Um, so yeah, I will answer. I see that there's questions Yeah, I'm coming back.  Well, that's really nice Um, mix it up and then we would just eat it before it was baked I don't think he ever baked it So yeah, so we'll bake for you guys Luckily, I come with some skills because New Zealand has done me right that way because they make everything from scratch Okay, so we've mixed up the sugar And so you find in american recipes that they'll say, um What do they say?  So you have to understand that when you're baking in the u.s. They give things and sticks So like I think two sticks of butter is you know a cup um If I recall correct me if I'm wrong it's been a while and so um So it's frustrating here to not have that you get these big chunguses of butter and so That is the difference. So if you see that It's really nice having it on stick. So anybody out there Producing the dairy here and think that you want to have a competitive edge. I'm telling you that's what it is Okay Okay, here we go Nobody's in the house today. So this is why I'm doing this um See let's see let's go because I could be loud Nobody else is on the internet and my internet's going bad. You gotta have the good night Okay, so what we're gonna do is because we don't have sticks of butter It calls for um one stick of butter regular butter salted butter and then one stick of margarine and that's the key Who can tell me what margarine is? Who can tell me what can you tell my teacher? um, okay, so Margarine is fake butter. Let's think about it as fake butter. So I'm gonna use this This because this is what I have We love this stuff by the way. It means better for you to eat butter Here we are. Okay 113 grams. So I'm gonna cut what I think is 113 grams Measure it out. So I'm not wrong. So these turn out for you But just so you know, I bake a lot and so I tend to just Butter okay So the key is to have You know both, okay, so this one Hold on on. Sorry. I'll show you what I'm doing here. Whoa Okay, so I am measuring out the butter Weighing it so 113 grams Oh See that's what I thought was 113 grams and that's only 84. So that's the problem people Okay. Oh no, it's because it's all stuck on here. Okay 110. Do we go with that? Okay, okay, we'll just a little bit more. Oh, that's too much. Okay, a teeny bit more Okay, cool beans. I'm gonna cut these up smaller And put it in 100, you know, could I have this measured out? I could but I don't okay Bump bump bump put them in cut them small put them in Here we go That's so professional You should have seen the manic Cleaning up of this kitchen before this You know, you're like, I got time. No, I don't got time and I get pulled into videos Do you get pulled into videos? I start watching a video and then I waste too much time. Okay. So we have 113 grams of Butter here Here I'm back. Okay. So let's put in put that to the side. I will wrap that up later. It's all over me Margarine fake butter. That's what we're doing.  I have no idea How much is 113? Oh my gosh Guys, I just hit like that. I did two scoops. I hit 112 We are gonna go with that. Boom. There it is. Okay Then we just need one egg Here we go. I'll put this down. You can see what I'm doing. We have one egg Okay Do we have concerns do we have concerns that this egg has Feathers on it or not? We're not gonna worry about that Maybe I should put it Yeah, it's all good. It's all good. Sometimes I get nervous and it's going to be like a bad one And I just dumped it into my ingredient. So you only need one egg and a teaspoon of vanilla, which You know for all you non-bakers out there and just looks like this Look at that, right Okay teaspoon though teaspoon if you want to measure it Of vanilla and so what we're going to do is we're going to cream this together Okay, please reach. Okay, so I'm going to turn this a bit so I can move this Okay, here we go Okay Okay, so what we're going to do is we're then Going to add our ingredients and it's good to let me get a better You know if I was like professional, I would have had my spoon sitting there, but I don't okay So let's Mix this in together We still just use the mixer. I don't know It's been a while Been a while since I've made these so Do you guys make chocolate chip cookies much? It's probably the most commonly made cookie in the u.s. I don't think it's the same here. What do you think is the most commonly made? Cookie in new zealand just type in your answer. Is it the afghan cookie? I love the afghan cookies just so you know I've never had one Anzac cookies. I've made those, you know, they're okay. They're hard Um, here we go. Here we go. Here we go Okay, so it looks like my My bowl was wet when I put in the dry ingredients, so that's helpful. Okay Excuse me. I have the long COVID so I am That okay. That was not don't use this. Don't okay. Look learn from me Afghans are the big one. Okay Don't message me. Come on Oh Feel like this is rather dry. So I don't know if I'm missing anything here Let me just double check my I don't know. This feels great actually Of course, I tried to print it out and it's not printing Nothing's working when you need it So I'm just gonna double check. We don't want to do this wrong. We don't want this. Okay. We're live So let's do it right. Okay. Let's do this. I'm just gonna do it like this This is what it looks like are doing good Here we go. So now we just need to add the chocolate chips. You guys gotta trust me on this. This is so good This is so good. Okay so Kind of how Martha Stewart does it. I feel like she talks slow though. I know I'm not talking slow I'm not a slow talker, but like I'm relaxing this way this one you're getting this is like real this is like up and This isn't just this isn't This is like, you know how they have those cooking with the stars overwatch with a Jennifer Gardner or or um They're so funny. That's what this I'm not a star. I mean don't get me wrong, but I am You know what I'm saying is So it says one bag of chips. This is a double portion This is a double bag. Uh, so I'll put half of this in this is a semi-sweet perfect Semi-sweet is perfect. And you don't really have semi-sweet in New Zealand. I think you can get it if you know where to get it Maybe put that in. I haven't but I got it in the American store international foods in Hamilton for those to me for free check them out. You can order American food Um from them off their website if you're not close to Hamilton as I'm not It is really nice of them Ah Here we go. So should I measure this? Yes. Am I gonna? No We're just gonna dump we're gonna dump an eyeball it Let me mix that see how we feel see how we feel about This I'll show you show you now that I got cookie all over my computer You know, there are worse things that you could have all over your computer So this is what it looks like. This is looking like really nice Like really nice. Like I have a good feeling about these. Do we have enough? I don't know. I think it's this Hang on I need here's my nice one. Of course, I can't find it when I need it I'm gonna use the spatula so I can make sure that I get the thing is is to get yeah That's indefinitely enough Unless you guys like more. I know some of you a lot of times in my baking. I will chop up a real, um Whitaker's bar that literally makes all brownies and cookies like literally the best. Okay, so this is good Let's make some cookies So I'll show you what I do. This is what I do. So some people use I think it's because they probably look really You know so glad that I thought about all this so a lot of people use like uh ice cream scoop because it makes them nice and perfectly So like that Did it come out nice and sit on your train? So we will do this because this is a professional show Sorry is my head cut off here So I am now the key to this recipe is how long you're baking it Now the recipe calls for eight minutes and 30 seconds exactly And when I got it from my friend my friend made these and I was like, where the heck did you get these cookies? These are literally the best cookies I've ever had So she sent it to me and was like you have to bake it at eight minutes and 30 seconds now my oven here is Extra hot and so I generally always have to do significantly less than a recipe So I'm gonna do and I generally stay in the In the kitchen because I got the I got the super sniffer guys. Do you have the super sniffer like I can tell when something's not It's gonna be like so good. My kids are gonna be like wow We love your new job on YouTubeing okay so We've got some cookies. They're nice and round.  I don't remember Um Oh my gosh. Thank you jack. That's very kind. Here we go. So this is what they look like going out on the tray So let me show you Ah So good going in the oven and then we can answer questions. So let me put these in Let me set the timer.  Okay, I'm just gonna do five minutes and I'm gonna check them And I'll know when they're done You guys are not going to believe how good these are. These look really nice. It's like I am like These are going to be so good We'll probably make them a bit smaller, but let's make It's really gorgeous medium-sized cookies You are my kids when they get home They will be like, oh my gosh, my mom is back. I used to bake all the time and now I don't There's that Do I do deliveries? Sure. If you are in the Wellington region No, let me just say if you're down the street for me, maybe Um, of course always lots to do Um, but yeah, this is your time now questions. I'm going to go through sorry Um It answer questions while it's baking and then we'll take it out and we'll try it and we'll have to have it Glass of cold milk, so I'm not going to pour it yet because it needs to be cold Um Or in your tea if you have to have it with that, but let me do this is American way You have childhood cookies with milk Okay You live in Waterloo. Oh That is pretty close That might be fun But you I would definitely deliver for okay, so Here we go. Here we go This is what you get with a free show Okay, let me read through some of the Oh, you're watching when you should be doing your essay. What's your essay on? You know, I'm a professor. I can help you. Okay, so michelle. Let's talk with michelle Um, if you notice a difference in the butter flour and baking powder. Yes. Yes. Yes all of it's different Any country that you go, it's going to be very different. So when I first moved here I had people from france live with me people from From south from chile live with me people from All over and they uh, they were just like, you know Airbnb couch surfing kind of thing and they are uh, and they were very frustrated, especially the french right because they Are really good cooks really good bakers and like nothing's working. So yeah, it is very different And so that's why in my recipe book. It's helpful to um To bake with that because I've kind of figured out on some of the key things like this recipe So you can use castor sugar I'm okay with not because the castor sugar will generally come out quite much sweeter. Um, and You know If you're american, you're used to it being that sweet, but since I've been here for seven years I'm not used to it anymore. Okay Yeah, they're definitely different and so the key with cooking and baking when you move overseas is to definitely just Embrace the new types of food that you're going to be eating So one of the biggest mistakes I made when I first moved here is like well When you have kids like you tend to want to cook with what you know people in your family are going to eat Right. So when I went to the store to get all the ingredients it ended up being very expensive Because it's not something that people eat here. And so Don't do that. Just embrace what people eat here and start making that and people will adapt and that's better So no, that's fine. If you're not you can watch This anytime, um Yeah, it's the same recipe that's in my american recipe book kiwi americans.com if you want to get it It's only eight dollars and it's just a digital download for you to get like american recipes adapted for new zealand ingredients australian at new zealand um Okay, is it normal for court cases to be streamed? like the johnny depth Some Like I remember. Yeah, there's certain court cases when there's interest in the public. They'll stream it That's what happens. And so, um, I read you guys see i'm just telling you my age uh, the oj simpson case was like literally like live stream the entire time And then I was in college at the time and was like university And Yeah, it was a it was always on always on and then we're like when the verdict came it was like the whole world stopped Like we everybody stopped whatever the I remember I was passing through like the student union And all of a sudden it was like why is everybody stopped moving? It was almost like so weird Event um, so yeah So yeah, not always but when there's interest in public americans are always there to help you out um Oh gosh, has it been five minutes already? Hold on. Let me check it. Okay. Yeah, definitely not ready Oh, sorry. My thing isn't Okay So we're gonna go two more minutes. We're gonna two more minutes So this might hit the eight minute 32nd like it may work fine on my on mine. So we'll see um Yeah, I know I was wondering about the eggs too, but it says one egg and I don't mess around. This is the one that I use Usually need it. Okay. Yeah, this turned out fine. But yeah, that would have been a good idea. Thank you for that. Um Yes, we rock cookie dough In the u.s. You can buy it just from the freezer section or the refrigerated section Okay, so gluten-free. Um, yes, you could make this with almond flour I haven't I actually should because my daughter has been gone gluten-free. She's been really bothering her stomach. So, um Yeah, and so I've been making a lot of things with that like I have a really good roundy recipe Um, that's gluten-free that my family prefers over regular flour as well, but um, okay Okay, jack. What is your essay question? Is the post cold war u.s. Relationship with china and russia most? my reference to the u.s. Ideological difference with these states Rather than the non ideological What course is this for is this for history? Is this like I don't know. Okay in the post cold china russia most explain my reference to the u.s. Yeah That's that's a really interesting question. I love to chat about that actually because Yes, I would say huge ideological differences. Obviously, let me talk about china. Okay. Sorry. I'm making cookies Okay, I'm going to go two more. No No, I'm going to go one more. I'm going to go one. I'm going to go One more I'm going to go one more minute. So that's eight minutes and then it'll be eight minutes. Maybe I'll add 30 seconds But yeah, I think that there's um I mean ideological differences between russia and like, you know, eastern world. Yeah, totally different. Um I mean, I'm in new zealand when you first come to new zealand from the u.s.  But just a little different until you live here for seven years and you realize, huh There's a lot different not obvious, you know, like you can function fine, but like Engrained values ideologies views on things totally different. Um Oh you have sunshine I don't have any We're in politics. Oh Oh, it's probably a lot of talk about the ukrainian war. Okay. I gotta get it out if it's ready I'm gonna go 30 seconds. We're gonna do this.  It looks so good Yeah, there's got to be so much to talk about jack. Oh my gosh. Okay How fun I would love to talk about that I'd love to talk about all these issues I've been debating with friends about You know, they're all like new zealand is so ideal and a little ideologically against guns But like if you get attacked, what are you gonna do? And then like you expect other people to Probably not what we should be talking about. Oh Yes, okay. I want you guys to see this Okay, okay. I'm gonna take these out put these on a Thing and I'm gonna show you. Okay. Do you see them? Sorry, that's probably hot.  Soft or quite soft. So you're gonna let them cook right on this tray For you know for a while. I'm gonna let them cook for a while because they look perfect But do you see how they keep a nice shape and that really comes from the margarine Um, and then, you know, I have this nice cover and so that keeps it I think it's like Of course, I can't find anything So like I'm just gonna show you like if I move these now, they're quite they're quite soft So you have to let them sit on there Um, and then the bottoms will be yeah, so they're going to be Owie gooey in the middle now if you don't want it that soft you don't have to you can just cook it a little bit longer But this is exactly eight minutes and 30 seconds and then at least two minutes on here And then we will get Some milk and try this Yeah, they're awesome.  You'll notice in a lot of american cooking that they use Crisco or And it keeps the cookies like a nice thickness to the cookie and it keeps them soft in the middle Crisco, what? Is that what it is here? Um, the shortening. Sorry. It's shortening in new zealand Okay, thank you. I bake my own dog biscuits. Oh, that's cool Um, I do not have any pets. I have four kids. That's where I stopped My kids think it's cruel.  So I have a message out to her. We're confirming a couple dates I'm trying to put a couple days on the calendar because we have A lot to do so we're gonna bake. This is what we're thinking.   I didn't record it, right? Like that's what's gonna happen. So I am Boy these look I mean these look like perfection. I think I've just showed you perfection You're welcome anyway, um What was I saying? Okay. So yeah, so we're gonna I'm gonna just record her I'm just gonna have and it's gonna be hilarious.  That'll be fun She's I've been trying to get her to go live But she's nervous about it because she feels like she'll say something I don't cut anything out of what she said. I have rarely ever done that So I don't know why she thinks that but stresses her out. Anyway, but she will too late or I'll just turn it on and I won't tell her so Either way, we have such a good relationship. So then um Then we're gonna go to we're gonna go to some of her favorite stores Because if you've ever been shopping with christie, it's hilarious.  I don't know to me. They're like Waste of money, but to her it's like she's just found gold So we're gonna go to stores. We're gonna go our favorite restaurant Get probably red lapsters our favorite restaurant get the cheddar biscuits the bahama mama drink our favorite salad our you know seafood That's what we're doing And then there's been a couple requests from you guys to like go to like an escape room I feel like if I were in the escape room with christie, we would not escape She would go into a panic attack And it would just it wouldn't be good essay editing service that would be cool I do yeah, like I could if you want me to jack that's fine um Because I would I am interested in it Um, because I do have like a cv, you know resume editing service and I'm not able to do it for free I keep offering to do it for people and then I can't get to it because I'm just Maxed out like I'm trying to run get four businesses off the go three businesses off the ground four is number one One is already not this one. Um Uh, so yeah I'm happy to help you. Um Move it I know and then I don't get to it and then I feel bad and I'm like Because it's like how do I justify the time? Oh my gosh you guys So it's been about two minutes probably more I'm going to put this down and show it to you And then we're going to try I'm excited I didn't eat much today, so I'm quite starving But yeah, so the sugar is going to go to my hand, but oh wow we live anyway Uh, what what did you go to food in the u.s. Oh my gosh, so every time we go my family makes a whole list of all the references that we want to go um Jack deal Okay, so let me get some milk out My kids drank all the milk. I'm not happy about this right now How is there no milk in this house? We this is what I buy at the store. I buy two three liters and two two liters How are we out of milk? This is what I'm saying Americans. We drink a lot of milk unless you're lactose intolerant and you're not okay You've got to be kidding me. Where is the milk? All right, so we're eating cookies without milk I guess I'm gonna have to make some tea, but for right now. We don't got time for that Here we go. Here we go Oh like look at the perfection on the bottom Oh, just look I just want you to see the perfection that we've created together Um, and then here's the the key. Okay. Oh Look at that. You see it's all the way cooked through but very chewy and gooey and oh my gosh You guys that's all I'm gonna say It's so good eight minutes 30 seconds I'm telling you the baker's powder Baker's flour is really nice Oh, yeah, these are like really hot. I'm just gonna wait a little bit longer So actually so what you should do now is put these on a cooling rack or just on your counter Let them cool a bit and then that'll be easier to eat. I'm gonna take these off Oh my gosh, they're beautiful and So you guys make these and you send me pictures on instagram or wherever did easiest dm on instagram Some of the pics or put it on your social and tag me in it I'd love to see it if you want the recipe hui americans.com recipe book just click shop $8 download. This is a recipe for this exact one um And a lot of other americans recipes that are very classic american recipes that you want to try adapted for new zealand australian ingredients Lovely lovely to chat with you. Yeah, they actually look very moist. That's what I'm saying So when I get the biscuits here, I'm like, what is that? Like look this is what I'm expecting and I'm never getting it Now look everybody's like I love cookie time cookies You just got to heat them up in the microwave. Yeah, because they're hard like they should not be hard They should be like this So good. Anyway, I won't keep you. I won't make this too long Enjoy your day. Love you guys Uh, but you're coming on sunday. What is it? I've already done it. So I'm trying to remember what it is Oh, I think it's helpful hints when you're traveling to the u.s. If you guys are going to the u.s Lots of mad stuff lights coming out Here we go. Have a great day


So we've gone through the RSA algorithm. We've looked at the steps for generating the key, encryption, decryption, which use the same algorithm, but just use our parameters in a different order. We do what's called modular exponentiation. Exponentiation, raise a number to a power mod n. And we've seen that the key generation is performed in these steps. Why? Because it produces values such that we can always decrypt. The way that e and d and n are chosen are such that if we take some message and raise to the power e mod by n, the result, when we raise to the power some other number d mod by the same n, gives us the original message. We need that for successful decryption. And the other reason they chose in that way is so that it's secure, so that even with one of those values, e and n, the attacker cannot find the other value d. Yeah, OK. Here's my public key. Find my private key. So the next five minutes, if you can solve this, then you're on the way to at least one question in the exam next week. So my public key, find my private key. Doesn't take long. It takes a little bit of guessing. And you'll get my private key. But it requires some knowledge of the algorithm. So the public key we usually denote as both the exponent e, in my case 7, and the modulus n, 299. Give you three or four minutes to find my private key. Just the private key. No ciphertext. Just find my private key. You don't need a laptop.  This is what you'd be doing in the exam next week. So look at the algorithm and see, OK, given e and n, try and find the private key. So think of what's known, what's unknown, and then how do you get from those knowns to unknowns? So what value are you trying to find? Don't yell out the answer. But if you have the answer, then let me know. And I'll come and check. Everyone try, because if you can do this, you've got probably one part of a question in the exam successful. And you can focus on other parts in studying over the next week. What are you looking for? What parameter? I've given you pu, the public key of me. I want you to find my private key, but specifically what value or what parameter? D is the one that's secret or private. We often write the private key, the private key in the corresponding key pair. Some value D equals what? That's your challenge. Often because when we use the value D, we also use the same value n. We often write n as part of the private key as well. But it's the same n. You know that n. Find D. So the secret thing is D and is not secret. It's public. Put your hand up when you have an answer. This is, problems like this are similar to what's in the upcoming exam. You need about five minutes to solve it in the exam and then you can do the other questions. Sometimes it requires a little bit of guessing. So think about what's the next step. You want to find D, then you calculate what? Calculate P and Q. That may help. But you need to be aware what P and Q are related to. Go back to how the keys were generated. These are the steps I use to come up with the key. I came up with my value of public key, E equals 7, n is 299. And my private key D, I'm not telling you, and the same n, 299. I come up with these values following these steps. So you as the attacker, you need to find my value of D and you know the steps that I used. So it shouldn't be too hard. Keep trying. Let me know when you have... Don't tell everyone. When you have D, put your hand up. Come on, if you can find D, you can break RSA. RSA is used when you visit a secure website. The certificates to confirm that the web server is who it says it is, is usually using RSA. Email. Some email applications use RSA. Many different applications use RSA. So you know the algorithm, find my private key. So think what step you're going to do next. There's no ciphertext, no message. So you can ignore the encryption and decryption parts. All I'm giving you is the public key. This is of no help because I haven't given you a ciphertext and I haven't given you and therefore finding some message isn't going to be impossible. So this equation is of no help. The encryption, same as decryption. There is no ciphertext. So it's not about decrypting ciphertext. It's about finding the private value for my key pair. So focus on the key generation steps. Try and generate the keys in the same way that I would have done it. To do so, you need to work backwards a little bit. So don't worry about the encryption and decryption algorithms, focus on the key generation algorithm. No use, no use. Focus on how I generated the key. Just delete this line. I'm not going to help you in this problem. In others it may, but not in this one. If you don't know where to start and you want to write something down, focus on these three steps. That's what I did to generate these keys. I chose two primes, p and q. I calculated n. I selected some e, which is relatively prime with a totient of n. That is, the totient of n and e have a greatest common divisor of 1. Then I calculated some d, which is a multiplicative inverse of e.  So given those steps, try and find my value of d. Let me check, I don't think so. Got a value yet? Anyone got a value of d? It's not a trick question, you can get it. And you need to be able to get it to solve the exam questions. Exams will be similar to this, the RSA questions. The last step I see some people try and takes a few attempts. Let's get people started for those that haven't got anywhere. Now, what I did, the first thing I did is I chose two primes, p and q, to calculate n. Then I calculated the totient of n. I select an e relatively prime with a totient of n and then calculate d. You're looking for d. You know e. So let's write down the things that you know as the attacker. You know that e and d are multiplicative inverses in the totient of n. You know e times d is 1 when we mod by the totient of n. That's what the third step in the key generation tells us, that when we multiply e and d together, we'll get 1 when we mod by the totient of n. We know e, we know n, we want to find d. So 7 times something mod the totient of n and we know n is 299 equals 1. e times d, 7 times d will be the same as 1 when we mod by the totient of n. Or in other words, 7 times d mod the totient of n equals 1. The remainder we won. That's effectively what this third step says. d equals the inverse of e, the multiplicative inverse of e in mod the totient of n. d is an unknown. So to find d, you now need to find the totient of 299. Two ways, the long way and the short way. You need to find the short way. So next step, find the totient of 299. Do you want to have a value? Sorry? What's your value for d? I don't have a value for d. You don't need one. It's not the first one, but it's close, I think. Let's try. So now I'm trying to find d. I need to know the totient of 299. Remember the definition is that it's the number of numbers less than 299, which are relatively prime with 299. That's the definition of the totient. But counting all of those numbers, one up to 298, and checking if they're relatively prime, takes too long, or at least for this exercise, without a computer. We need to take advantage of the fact that 299, the other knowledge we have, is n equals p times q, where these are primes. And the totient of n, in general, is the totient of p times q. When p and q are prime numbers, the totient is easy to find. Turns out it's the totient of p times the totient of q. And the totient of a prime number is that number minus 1. So this is the first thing that we take advantage of in RSA, one of the properties of the totient function, Euler's totient function. The totient of a prime number, p, equals p minus 1. OK, we'll check in a moment. p and q are both primes. That's how I chose them when I generated my key. So the totient of p times q is, in fact, p minus 1 times q minus 1. So the totient of n is p minus 1 times q minus 1. I know n is 299. We're trying to find the totient of 299. The quick way to find it is to find p and q. Because if you know p and q, the totient of 299 will be p minus 1 times q minus 1. So the next step that you need to solve is n is 299, which equals p times q. Remember, p and q are both prime numbers. What are two primes that when we multiply them together, we get 299? That's the challenge here. We factor 299 into its primes. Any number can be factored into primes. We know that 299 has two prime factors, because that's how I chose it according to the algorithm. How do you solve that? How do you factor that into its primes? Yeah, I think that's correct. I forget. Yeah, that's correct, good. Primes found d, but before we get there, how do you factor 299 into its primes in the brute force? Well, yeah, intelligent brute force. Let's try some primes. That is, 299 divided by some prime number should equal some other prime number, prime integer, or an integer. Yes, it's that number. So 299, let's try some primes. What's the smallest prime? 2. Does 299 divided by 2? No. So 2 is not a prime factor. What about 3? Does it divide by 3? No, because 300 divides by 3. Does it divide by 5? No. What's the next prime? 7. So you try 7. 209 divided by 7. Do you get an integer? Try. Calculate ahead. No. 11 is the next prime. It doesn't divide by 11. 13, it does divide by 13. What do you get when you divide 299 by 13? 23. 23. So we've found p and q, p, 13, q, 23. Doesn't matter the order. Not important here. Now it's easy. So the first step was easy. The first step, well I did nothing. I just wrote from the algorithm that this is what I need to solve. The next step, find the totion of 299, involved some thinking, involved trying some different primes. And we eventually got the answer. Now that tells us the totion of 299 is p minus 1 times q minus 1. 12 times 22. 264. So we took advantage of this characteristic of our totion function. The totion of 2 primes multiplied together is p minus 1 times q minus 1. Now go back to what we know. 7 times d mod the totion of 299 equals 1. Let's write it again. Sometimes something, our d, mod the totion of 299, which is 264, equals 1. Where there's something here is d. And it's an integer. Again, how are you going to find d? What number multiplied by 7, mod 264, gives us a remainder of 1? Well, think, 7 times d, we can test, at least in the manual approach. 7 times something, maybe we try does it equal 265. Because if 7 times our d equals 265, and then 265 mod 264, we'll get 1. So if we have an integer multiplied by 7 and get 265, we've found our d. So then the question is, does 265 evenly divide by 7? Now you try, 265 divided by 7, do we get an integer? You have to try calculator or brain, and no, you don't. Let's get a calculator just to confirm for everyone. Yeah, so in fact, there are algorithms that will do this quite quickly, that will find this. We're going to go through the brute force approach, which is try numbers increasingly. That is, so yes, you can speed it up from what we're going to do. Where am I? 265 divided by 7. If we get an integer, then that integer is d, because 265 mod 264 gives us 1. We don't get an integer. That says 37.85 times 7 equals 265, but we need an integer here. So there is no such integer that gives us that. So the next one we can try if we try the naive approach, 7 times some integer gives us what, 264 times 2 plus 1, because we know 264 times 2 plus 1 mod 264 gives us a remainder of this plus 1. When we mod this by 264, we'll get 1. So do we have an integer that, when we take 264 times 2 plus 1 divided by 7, do we get an integer? Is it a naive way to solve this? If we do, then that's our value of d, and let's test. 264 times 2 plus 1 doesn't divide by 7, no. So let's try another one, 264 times 3 plus 1. Again when we mod that by 264, the remainder will be 1. Does it divide by 7? No, not very lucky. Keep trying. Divide by 7. Okay, yes, 7 times 151 mod 264 equals 1. This one didn't work, this one didn't work. Eventually we got 7 times 151 is 264 times 4 plus 1. That is we've found d. And I did it in the, well, just trying all multiples of 264 plus 1. You can do it faster than that. We're finished, we've found d, because we've found a number when we times by e and mod by the totion of n, we get 1. d is 151, e is 7, multiply together, mod by the totion of n gives us our remainder of 1. So we've been successful in finding my private value. There was, well, what steps did we do? The calculations we did, find the prime factors of n, that was 1 step. Calculate p minus 1 times q minus 1, that's another step, that's easy. That's just a multiplication, anyone can do that if you know p and q. So this is easy. And the last step was finding d and it took us a few attempts. It turns out there are algorithms that will do this, a computer can do this very quickly for large numbers. So it's not, although it takes us a little bit of time on paper, it's not so slow when we use a computer or an algorithm to solve that. The slow part when we use larger numbers was the first calculation. Take n, find its prime factors. We could do it here, easy. One more example, I've got a value that I'll show you as quickly. Here's my public key. So in the previous example, I gave you my public key and you found my private value d, effectively my private key, meaning this key pair is insecure. It's easy to find the secret value. Your exam question is more along the lines of this. Here's my public key, here's the modulus n, here's e, 65,537, same, you've got e and n, now find d. So you use the same steps. You take n, which is not in decimal but in hexadecimal here. It's a 2048 bit number, n. You find that and then you find the two prime factors, p times q equals this value. Calculator is allowed, but it's not going to help you because it's going to take you millions of years to find it. Yeah, I'll have a shorter one than 2048 bits, I won't expect you to spend a million years in the exam to find the primes. I was only joking, I will not give you this in the exam. Same approach is used to attack the security of RSA lies in the fact that factoring a prime, a factoring a large number into its two primes is practically impossible if that number is large enough and 2048 bits is considered large enough. 2048 bits is considered large enough in most cases. So this number is large enough that when you try and find p and q it would take too long. So then you can't find d. So that's where the security of RSA comes in. If we have large enough values, you can't find d even if you know e and n. You may expect questions like this in the exam, either find the private value, find some message given some ciphertext, so there are some other approaches to try. To demonstrate that you know the algorithm for RSA and you know the avenues for attack. And just to finish on RSA, I think we finished with this last week. We had in the example a 2048 bit value of n, a 768 bit value of n took about 2000 years of a single core CPU that was five or six years ago. 1024 bits is considered strong. It's a 2048 is recommended just to be safe. 4096 bits is sometimes used. So n is large enough such that attacks are not possible. Let's just go back and recap and see if we've missed anything on RSA to finish this topic. We went through the why we chose the keys or the values the way we did. So we've gone through an example to show why we choose the values this way and why that helps or make sure the encryption always works. We've gone through several examples now, one today, one in the previous lectures. In an implementation of RSA in software, to make it faster there's some variations. It's the same algorithm, but it's split into multiple steps. And after the midterm, you'll have a task to use OpenSSL to generate your public and private key. That was my public key that I created, the exponent and the modulus. After the midterm, you'll see the case when you generate your own private key. I will not show you mine. When you generate your private key, it's not just DNN, but the software stores some other values to help in the calculations. So you'll see that in the example after the midterm, not needed for now. It turns out RSA is practical to use, but only for short messages. Because remember we take some message, raise it to the power. If we have a long message, it can be very slow. We either need to do it multiple times, we need to do it multiple times. And it turns out it's much slower than a block cipher, a symmetric block cipher. So RSA is considered secure. There are some mathematical attacks. We've seen one in play there, but there are others as well. There are some what's called timing attacks that take advantage of measuring what the computer is doing possible. But they're very easy to add countermeasures that stop such attacks. So still, there are attacks which are known, but you can modify the implementations such those attacks will not be successful at the expense of some loss in performance. So even though there are some known attacks, they have some known countermeasures which are practical to implement. So RSA is still considered secure and that completes this topic on RSA. Diffie-Hellman is another example of a public key algorithm and there are others as well. We'll mention them after the midterm. We'll see Diffie-Hellman when we look at key exchange and key management. Any questions on RSA and public key encryption in general? Easy. You need to know the algorithm. In the exam, it's not given. It's the key generation, encryption and decryption, you need it in your head. Guaranteed there'll be a question on it. I think it's an important enough but also simple enough algorithm that they should remember it.