All right, so thank you for joining us, everyone. Welcome to this webinar. What I'd like to do is give you some information about this RFA for non-human primate developmental genotype tissue expression, or NHPDG text. For those of you who don't know me, I'm Jennifer Troyer, and I work for the Division of Genomic Sciences at the National Human Genome Research Institute. And I will be presenting today, but I want to point out that this project is a collaboration from several institutes and centers across NIH. And so first, I would like to introduce all my colleagues that are on the call. So if you can show your video for a few minutes, I will introduce, so there are several of us from NHGRI. We have Simone and Joti. Simone is the program director for GTX and Joti. For GTX and Joti is the NHGRI lead on the developmental GTX in humans. Ali will be moderating, and Lori may be joining to help her in a little while. And then Gerald and William are our IT support and are making sure that all this works and goes smoothly. We also have colleagues from NIMH, Tara and Xander. So welcome and thank you for joining us. And then the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs has Ciggy and Sherry, who I'm sure you're all familiar with. And finally, we have support from NICHD, our colleagues, Tuba, John, Bettina, and Melissa. And so during the course of this presentation, you can ask questions at any time. Your chat is disabled. However, your Q&A is enabled. And so all you need to do is type a question into the Q&A, and either one of us will answer it, be it the Q&A box in the chat, or we will, Ali will be asking some of those questions later on for me to answer at the end of the presentation. And then once the presentations are over, you may also raise your hand. And somebody will turn on your mic and allow you to ask the questions verbally. If you have any questions, you can contact Ali at ali.osgood.nih.gov. And I want to point out that this session is being recorded. So today, I'm going to give you a little bit of background on why we are putting forward this program at all. And then we'll go into some of the specifics of the RFA and what we're looking for. I will try to address some of the questions that have been asked frequently so that we don't we can cover those. And then we'll move on to any questions that you have. I want to point out that there's no need for this to take the full amount of time if all your questions are answered during the presentation. That's fine. But I'm also happy to stay on as long as needed to answer as many questions as you have. And then finally, as always, you can always send an email and we'd be happy to meet with you if you have very project-specific questions. So what is the purpose of non-human primate developmental genetic expression? And this is to study gene expression patterns in multiple reference tissues across many developmental stages in non-human primates, compare them to human expression patterns. And so the overarching what is the scientific basis, the reason that we want to do this is to determine common developmental networks and pathways, to identify patterns that are primate or human-specific, to establish widely used, we hope, data sets and samples for comparative developmental genomics, and also to inform model selection for follow-up studies from some of the other GTEX projects. So this project will sit in the context of a hopefully history and future of other genotype tissue expression projects, starting with GTEX, which was a common fun program, which is now complete. The recent paper, and as Simone will tell you, more individuals and tissues were collected, but the recent paper used 838 post-mortem adults, 49 tissues, all with DNA and RNA-seq available. This has really led the way in our understanding in humans of tissue-specific gene expression profiles, and also expression QTLs, and is one of the most highly used resources that NIH provides. So following on the success of that and the utility of that, NHGRI, NICHD, NIMH, and NINDS, we recently collaborated to launch the developmental GTEX, which is really to fill this gap of knowledge about development in terms of these profiles. And so that project will be using at least 120 infants and children looking at at least 30 tissues, DNA, bulk sequencing, also adding some single cell sequencing. And this will fill gaps in our understanding of developmentally regulated tissue expression and the impact of variation on development. So in order to expand the utility of both of these resources, we're now bringing forward the non-human primate GTEX so that we have some comparable data in non-human primates. And this is a collaboration on the call, our NHGRI, NIMH, and LRIP. But as I mentioned, NICHD is supportive and is providing us with appropriate scientific advice and expertise here. And the gaps that we want to fill here is to provide the information for the experimentally tractable laboratory animals, look in prenatal as well as postnatal developmental time points, and also build on the vast amount of developmental knowledge that it really exists for model and other organisms. Thinking about that, when we think about model systems, there really is this huge amount of information for some of the simpler organisms, including self-faith from start to end of development, some very complex and beautiful regulatory body patterning mechanisms. And then as we get closer to humans in evolution, we start to look at some fairly detailed information on organ and organ system development. However, none of these really are exactly comparable to humans. And we wanted to move at least closer in terms of model organisms. And so I don't think I need to speak to the advantages of non-human primates to this audience. If you're considering applying for this, you already know all this. But I do want to encourage you all in your applications to really think about how you're capitalizing on these advantages to inform human biology and as well as NHP biology. So what are the basics? We're proposing to fund one or two centers. And I will speak a little more to that in the frequently asked questions part of this. Similarly, the budget I will speak to a little more later. But what we currently have set aside for this is 3.5 million per year for five years. And what we want to get out at the basis of it is really this expression data for multiple developmental stages and multiple different tissues for multiple different species. And again, I'll get into this a little more later. But there is the opportunity to propose some additional assays. And we hope that some single cell data will be incorporated as well. Again, we'll talk about the balance of those things a little later. And then this is a resource. It's a U24. It is very important to make data available and usable to the community. And because of the cost but also the animals themselves, we expect that there be real thought to how we can minimize the number of animals that need to be sacrificed and that opportunistic and bank samples are used whenever possible. So overall, what we are envisioning is that the ideal center or centers will do the following things. They'll provide samples and data for a very systematically collected set of the grid of species, at least two. And these are minimum numbers, not maximum, at least two, Old World and New World or appropriate evolutionary distances. We would like at least six stages that span both prenatal and postnatal development, 12 animals at each stage, male and female, at least 30 tissues. Now, some of you have asked me in this. I'll also address and frequently ask questions. But I'm going to mention it here as well. If you don't have exactly these numbers, is the application going to be rejected? And the answer is no. At the end of the day, what we want to do is build the best resource with the best combination and systematically collected grid we can get. But you have to tell us in your application what's realistic, what you propose to do, and why, what's the justification. And after review, we'll figure out how we put together the best resource that we possibly can. We do require that there be whole genomes for each animal, whether you generate that sequence or use animals where that sequence already exists is up to you, and that for each tissue collected in this grid, there be RNA-seq data. Other assays will be value add, and we can talk about that a little more later. And then finally, that data should be managed. QC, some basic analysis, and then submitted to appropriate resources. Oops. So now moving on to the actual RFA. Again, the purpose is to create this resource of multiple reference tissues, cross-developmental stages in the non-human primates, which requires that transcriptome sequencing be done, and then other genomic analysis of single cell and bulk tissues, and gene expression patterns be examined in both the non-human primates and compared to human gene expression patterns. And I'll get into a little bit about how that will work as well. And then, of course, as much as possible, making all of this available to the broader community, again, as a resource. So back to this question of what will we reject. And the answer is anything that's coming in the spirit of accomplishing the scientific goals we're going to accept. But if you're not leveraging, for instance, evolutionary distance and thinking about the comparative genomic aspects, that will be non-responsive. And if you are not putting forward clear plans for how this is a good resource for everybody, that also will be not responsive. And finally, if you're not thinking about how it can be integrated with human data to be useful and informative in that regard, that would be considered non-responsive. Everything else, we will accept and review.  And so all of this is in the RFA, but I'm just going to go over the headlines. There are detailed paragraphs for each of these in the RFA that you can go back and read. But you should have a high-level strategy for generating useful data and really think about how it complements both human data and data from other model organisms and how this is filling a scientific gap that we have in what's accessible to us. There should be a description of the structure, including the management and reporting. This is going to be a rather complex. You're being asked to do sort of nuts to bolts from sample collection to data sharing. So how does that all fit together? How do you work together? If you're working with other people to bring in additional species, how does that work? All of those things. A justification of the overall study design. So this is where you want to make sure that when you're talking about those samples, developmental time points, species, and tissues, you have a set scientific justification for the choices you're making in each of those dimensions. And if you're adding additional assays, rationalize them. If you're adding additional species, rationalize that. Whatever you're putting in there, just have a strong scientific justification for how this is going to help the overall goals of the project. Obviously, a plan for producing very systematically collected, well-qc'd data samples and data, that's the resource that you're providing. So how is that going to be tracked? How is it going to be QC'd all of those things? Again, the genomic data to be provided systematically. If you're doing it in multiple different places, what are the controls that make sure that that data is comparable and they're not batch effects, all those things on data analysis, data management, and then how that is going to be integrated with other resources, how it's going to be usable. What are your standards, the metadata being provided, all that, how does it all fit together? And then finally, we expect that because this is going to be a community resource that you are engaging in working with the community that you're providing the resource for in order to make sure that it is useful as possible. So plans for community outreach and engagement. I'm going to move on now. So we have all the standard NIH review criteria. There are specific questions under each of them that we are asking reviewers to consider. And I think this is always useful when you're writing your application to have these in the forefront of your mind, is what are these, what am I writing? How is that being evaluated? And so in addition to the normal significance criteria, we want to know how the scientific knowledge gained is going to address the research gaps for understanding of development. Again, this is going to come up again and again. Is this a community resource adequate? Do you have a plan for providing this useful and usable community resource? And will it be enabling? For the investigators, the additional criteria, this is going to be a fairly large project. It is going to be part of a consortium. Again, I'll touch on that a little bit later. And so is the PI prepared to work in that mode, essentially? And then will they be dedicating sufficient time to meet the needs? For innovation, we really think, because this is going to be a unique data set in that it can be integrated in a lot of different resources that already exist out there and should be interoperable with a lot of data from lots of different species, that there is going to need to be some innovative approaches to sharing this data and also doing that cross-species analysis. And so to meet those goals, is that piece there? Is there a plan to adjust as you go along, as new technologies become available? And then are there effective and innovative plans for that outreach to the community? And then here's the nitty-gritty as the approach. So are we talking about effectively using comparative genomics approaches to understand the scientific problems? Is there a good approach for that integration with human DGTEX, understanding that some of that will come as the two projects move along in parallel and work together? You won't necessarily have a full plan for how it works, but that will be something that needs to be developed in concert. Is there an overall structure so that this project is operating really as a cohesive whole and not little parts that aren't talking to each other? And again, this comes back to the species, animal, stages, tissue types, and assays well-justified. And will there be as much effort as possible to maximize these really valuable samples, maximize the utility of them, whether that's making them available to other people doing additional assays on them? There are lots of ways in which the utility here can be maximized. Your plans for DNA and RNA sequencing, good. And if you're proposing other assays, are they the appropriate ones and the appropriate tissues? Are the tissues you've chosen well-justified for that particular part of the study? Is there an adequate plan for QC and having these data available and useful to the community? Again, I come back to that a lot. That's going to be asked a lot. Does the data management plan good? And will it facilitate interoperability with other resources? And is there opportunity for collaboration and interaction? And again, are you thinking adequately about engaging the user community? For the environment, the request for the environment is that this be done at a place where it's ready to go from day one and does not need a lot of ramp up time. So now I'm going to talk a little bit about the interoperability with the Human DG Text Project. This is a project that will be launching soon. But the non-human primate will be joining that consortium. There are two components there. There are tissue procurement centers that are managed by NICHD. And then there is a laboratory data and analysis coordinating center that is managed by NHGRI. So really the non-human primate centers will be doing analogous functions to these two different components in the Human DG Text Consortium. So they're working on collecting tissues, creating a tissue resource, generating the genomic data, doing QC analysis and management, and making it all available to the community. And so we expect that the non-human primate centers will work with the human centers as much as possible to make sure that these processes are analogous, that there's good ability to compare the data at the end of the day. And so all the data elements and standards and everything have to be working together. And then the other thing that I wanted to point out is NIMH is a partner on this call. And they are interested and may consider funding applications that have special consideration to some of the work in the brain. They're already funding a lot in non-human primate brain research. But if there are things that these projects are proposing that are very complementary and integrative with what they already fund, they may contribute some additional funding for that. So there's, of course, special considerations when you're working with the brain with the procurement, making sure that there's an expert on hand who really understands the different parts and can think about the cells properly and preserve the materials such that the single cell analysis can be done. This requires fast harvesting, for instance, and very fresh tissues. And then also in the sequencing analysis, really knowing what's already going on in both human and other primate brain resources and being able to work with them and integrate that data will be useful as well. And I know there are multiple different brain regions and brain cell types that will be of interest. So if you want to bring that expertise to the project and elaborate on that, that is also something that you can do. And we have folks from NIMH on the call to answer your questions about what they might be looking for in that regard. And then finally, I want to come back to these considerations of balance that we all struggle with. So with limited resources, when you start to get multi-dimensional, projects can get very large, very fast. And we want to keep things tractable and affordable. So thinking about for every developmental stage that you add or number of individuals you add or number of tissues or assays or species, that increases things exponentially. And so thinking very carefully about what is the right balance of these different things will be important. And as I said, justifying them well. And then in the realm of providing data and samples when there aren't a lot of resources available as much as possible, leveraging existing resources and integrating with those will be encouraged. But there might be places where something just doesn't exist and you want to create something new. So again, that's something that you just have to think about in terms of the balance of this application. Again, what we and NIMH are looking for is the resource that will be of most use. And so some of that is going to be provided by the applicant. Some of that is going to be provided by the reviews. And some of that is going to be how we choose to put together the program at the end of the day. And so that brings me to some of the frequently asked questions. A letter of intent is not mandatory. We appreciate it because it helps us to start thinking about who reviewers might be and manage conflicts early. So if you have not sent a letter of intent, but do plan to apply, if you could just send me an email with the people involved and what institutions they're at, that would be helpful. It's not necessary. It's an open competition. So anyone can apply. The one restriction is that it is not open to foreign applicants, although you may have foreign components. A lot of people have asked if we're going to once the data is there, will there be RFAs for analysis? And the answer is probably so you can keep your eye out for future calls for those. And this is a resource EU24, but can there be a research component? And the answer is yes. We hope this data that you would be generating will be useful to you and your research, as well as to the rest of the community. And so having something in there that is proof of principle for the utility of this data, if it's not a huge part of the cost will be accepted as part of this application, it is not required. So that's up to you. The 3.5 million a year that we currently have committed is for total costs. That's what we have in hand. It is not direct costs. It's total. But then the follow up question is can you submit applications that request more than that? And the answer is there's nothing stopping you. It says to ask for the amount that you need to complete the project. So as you all know, our budgets are year by year. We don't know exactly what our budgets are going to look like next year. As you also we've all learned in this year, we never know when our priorities are going to shift. So it's possible that when it's time to make the funds, the funding decisions, we have more money to commit. It's possible we have less. So this is just what we're planning on. I will say, if there are seven applications that get really good review scores and reviewers like them and they come in at all different costs, we're going to select the one that's the most efficient and will provide us the most bang for the buck. So you want to keep the cost reasonable and down. And I would suggest if you're thinking of asking for more than that 3.5 million that you really be putting something for that extra money that is value add to the basic resource that we've asked for. Because that's what we have to spend on the basic resource if we are going to spend more it is going to be because there is significant value add to that particular proposal. And then how many applications will be funded? Well, again, that's the funding envelope we have targeted right now. So it is one complete resource. We might make that complete resource by putting together two different centers if they have complementary strengths. And so you could see that happening in several different ways. Maybe there is, one group has great samples, not so much experience with the analysis. Another group has great analysis, but is lacking in samples. We might put those together. You could see it running by two different species coming together. There are lots of ways in which we might put together two centers. But we're not going to double the amount of money that we're putting into it. So the fact of the matter is probably it also then would be at a reduced funding level. So just thinking about that. But we want, again, our programmatic priority is to put together the best resource that we can. And so we'd like your help with that. Just to take you to the page where you can find this funding opportunity if you have not yet read it, you certainly should. And the application due date is coming up. I realize this is a short turnaround time. It's what we've got. So if you want to have a call with us or send specific aims any time before that, you're welcome to reach out. And then finally, information will be on the developmental GTX expression page at genome.gov as we move along. If there's anything to post, we will post it there. And with that, I think we will move on to our Q&A. Allie, do we have any questions in the Q&A? We have one question. Someone asked, since human DGTX can leverage adult GTX, it would seem to analyze data across the non-human primates to human lifespan, at least one adult time point is needed. Is that correct? So I think that's a really good question. And I think that's up to you in your application to decide if you think that that's necessary. I think I would also refer you to what's already available and already might be being done through other non-human primate resources. So we are not requiring an adult time point. If you want to put in a strong scientific justification to use one, that's certainly one way to approach, again, this multi-dimensionality, which could be expanded or contracted in many different ways. I see that Siggy's on. Siggy, do you have any comment about that or thoughts about that? And it's fine if you don't. Yeah, I don't have any additional comments. I think it's fine. I agree totally with you, since this is most focused on development. And adding the devider about the time points might be challenging in terms of how many time points you can cover, the developmental stage. Exactly. So it's a trade-off. It's always going to be any of those points or a trade-off. Any more, Ali? Yeah, there are a couple more coming in. Someone asked, as the genetic heterogeneity of animals in centers is less outbred than other populations, is this a concern for 2TL-based analyses in non-human primates? Yeah, that's also a great question. And I agree that that is a limitation. That being said, I don't think we're asking at this point to go out into natural populations and collect that variation. And I'm thinking as well that our numbers are not going to be probably high enough to really address the EQTL issue, although there might be some opportunity to do some preliminary work with known human EQTLs to see do we see the same trends in non-human primates? For instance, if there are some variants that overlap. But I think that we're not asking you because we are not providing sufficient resources to really get at that EQTL question. However, as much genetic heterogeneity can be managed, we'll be helpful for planning future studies, I believe. And then someone also asked, since this is a transcriptal resource, what is the expectation for the required whole genome sequencing? So I think that it's still important to have the underlying whole genome sequence. And like I said, I think for some primate centers, some of that is already available. I think that you can make the case that perhaps genotypes data is sufficient. So this is a little bit of that. It's up to you to decide and justify. But we do definitely want as much information about the underlying genome so that the transcriptome data can be interpreted correctly. And someone asked if the use of banked tissues are discouraged or would hurt any proposal because of potential quality control issues? So I'm going to throw that one to the reviewers to decide for you to think about and in an application to, again, explain that trade-off of using banks or samples and how much you know about how well they were preserved and what the quality will be and how are you going to monitor that quality to make sure that the data you're getting from those bank tissues is comparable to the data that's coming from fresh tissues, for instance. I mean, all of these are practical considerations and can be managed. So we actually are encouraging you to maximize use of tissues that you have if they are appropriate for the study. But that has to be determined by you. And then we have a few other questions. Someone asked, how would you recommend you coordinate with human DG-tex? So I don't know if Jyoti was able to join. She was somewhere where there is not great internet. So it looks like she was not. So I'm going to do my best to answer here. So you will be part of the DG-tex consortium and expected to attend meetings. There will be probably some working groups that do not involve the NHPDG-tex, but a lot of working groups will involve members from both human and non-human. And so the coordination will be expected to be pretty close. It will be a consortium. And then another question that just came in. Is there an expectation that the investigator team will include investigators of existing National Crime research centers? So again, this is a question. And by the way, I just want to encourage all of you, if you want to ask your own questions, you can raise your hand and we can unmute you. So you don't have to use the type in. You can also raise your hand and we'll go back and forth between the two or something. But so Sugi, I see you've taken off your video. So do you want to answer that one? Yeah, sure. I can answer that once. My suggestions would be, actually, I think there are some expectations of including the investigator from NPRC. And the major reason is because these NPRC people who investigate are very familiar with the non-human primate and also to have very high standard operation procedures to collect the high-quality samples. And then also some of the investigators are highly involved in a genomic sequence of a few of the non-human primate. So there's a lot of experience and expertise that the programs can leverage the non-human from AHP Research Center. Yeah, I would totally second what Sugi said. I mean, it's not required. This is, again, something for you to propose and for reviewers to evaluate. But it's hard to imagine a project that isn't leveraging those resources in some way or another. So that's my thought. I was checking to see if there are any raised hands. And I do not see any yet. Someone also commented, the RFA tends to indicate a desire for single cell analyses on all samples. But it does not seem that this is an absolute requirement. Do you want to? Yeah, so and I might ask Tara or Xander to pipe in here about the requests for brain single cell. But certainly doing single cell on every tissue for every animal would be cost prohibitive. And that's not what we're asking that you propose. I think as much single cell is reasonable and affordable and targeting places where it's where that data is most informative is what we're asking for. And then I'll turn it over to Tara for thoughts on brain single cell, which is specific. Yes, so for NIMH, what we would consider a value add where would be that a single cell now single cell proposals for the brain that coordinate on a level with what we're producing in the BICCN with NINDS. So if the cost NIMH is looking at these applications for what they're adding to the brain and considering whether to contribute funding based on what is proposed for the brain. But our commitment is not part of the money that is already committed. So if you are strongly considering adding a section of the brain for single cell and working on that as a strength, that would be a value add sort of proposition for us. So that would be one example of where you might go over the costs that we've put in there thinking that if it is sufficiently well justified, if it reviews well, and NIMH sees it as this value add, they might contribute some additional funds on top of what's already there. So just to restate what Tara just said. So thank you Tara for clarifying. And again, I think that that is if you want to make a case for pursuing particular other organs more deeply and want to contact other ICs and see if they would be interested in also supporting that work, that is another way that there might be some additional funds available for some of these additional studies. So within the funding envelope that you have, think about what is the most valuable single cell. You can also propose additional and we can see if we can find funds for it. I hope that answers your question. And it seems there's sort of a follow up to this. Someone said, we have access to excellent frozen tissue samples for adult chimpanzees. Is there any value to include single cell RNA seek from brain and just this species? So if you're asking me personally, not as a representative, but as a scientist, I think sort of almost anything that you could propose along these lines would be value add. So I think that again, this is your scientific thoughts justification, bringing that in, seeing how reviewers felt about it. It could certainly be a value add proposal. And I'm just going to answer. There's another question about micro RNA and link RNA data sets. And again, that's similar. It's not in the basic request of required elements. However, it could be considered a value add so scientific justification for why those would be important in the athlete. You can put them in the application. It's not precluded, but it's not required either. And then there's also, can we make the slides available? And actually, this whole thing has been recorded, and the recording will be made available. It looks like there's another question that came in. Someone said, we have fibroblast cells in culture for many primate species. Would characterizing these be a value add in addition to the stated goals? OK, so same answer as before. It's like, scientifically, I find all of this very interesting whether it would actually be funded as part of this remains to be seen. I certainly think that if you find that compelling, it's worth putting the argument for it in your application. Again, as value add. The other thing that I would mention just for all of us to think about is, again, we have limited resources. Whatever that envelope is, it's never going to be as big as we want it to be. So is it because you could do a million things on any given tissue? So as much as you're also thinking about storage for future use, if additional funds come available from either us or other sources, as much as you're thinking about, again, how do we make this resource as useful as possible considering we're using these animals? That will be an important component to this. And it looks like someone has a question related to review. They said, given that tissue sets will be negotiated to harmonize with the funded human DG tax, how will reviewers be instructed to score the proposed tissues in the proposal? So I think that's a really good question. And that's a question that applies, of course, not just to the tissue harmonization, but to the harmonization across the board between human DG tax and this. And I think that the reviewers will be instructed to consider the value of the resource, but also how well the applicant has described their ability and willingness to work with the human resource to make sure that those are as comparable as possible, knowing that they won't know exactly what's happening in that resource yet. And that some of that remains to be seen. So is there a good plan? And does it have sufficient flexibility to be interoperable? I'm not seeing any more questions coming in right now. And I'm also not noticing any hands being raised. But in regards to the earlier question about slides being made available, where would oh, and I see John is raising his hand as well. But in regards to where could people find the slides once they this information is available? So those will be posted on the developmental GTX page at genome.gov. And we can put the link, I think, in the chat for that. Gerald has done it. And there's a hand up, you said? Yeah, John is raising his hand. John, go ahead. Yes, I'm sorry. You know, I'm having a problem with the mute button. Since the RFA single cell seek is not required, wouldn't it be wise for the applicants to consider storing samples for single cell RNA seek for future studies to correlate with developmental GTX of human? Oh, absolutely. And I would say I would encourage everybody to consider some single cell sequencing. I just acknowledge that it's not going to be possible to do the amount that you might want to of all animals, all stages, all tissues. And so selecting judiciously will be important. But single cell certainly goes along with everything else as how can we maximize the utility of these for the future? And so if they can be processed and stored to do later single cell analyses, that is ideal. Do any of my other colleagues have anything they would like to add at this point? Tips, things that your ICs are particularly interested in seeing? Well, I thank you all for joining.  So if you want to ask additional questions, you may. You're welcome to stay. You're welcome to leave, whatever. And like I said, I am, of course, happy to talk to any of you on a one-on-one. Some of you I already have. I recognize some names. So hi. And if you want to send some draft-specific games or have any questions that are specific to your application, just send me an email. You can always get to me at jennifer.troyer.nih.gov. And we can put that in the chat as well. And I hope this has been useful. And it looks like an anonymous attendee said thank you with two exclamation points. All right, so it was useful for at least someone. That's good. And thanks, everybody, for joining and helping. I really appreciate it.


All right you guys, what is going on. Welcome back to another video. Sounded like I really mumbled then. Maybe it's because I've had a few hits of the joint. But look guys, welcome back to another video. Today's video is going to be the third one in a series of videos covering weed and sports. It's a topic I'm interested in. I have experimented with weed a lot over the last 10 years. It is my guess drug of choice. I don't really drink. I definitely don't smoke cigarettes. And I am very very active. I love sports. I love training. And marijuana I've managed to I guess intertwine with that. And it seems a lot of other people have too. Now, today's video is called Using Weed to Save Football. Chasing Strains Part 1. I think it's a series by Vice Sports and this one must be about using weed medicinally for football players. In a previous video we saw, you know, a little segment about a guy David Irving and I believe he was suspended from the NFL for using weed. His explanation for it was because he'd rather use weed than all of the painkillers that he was prescribed. Which is I believe that's definitely a reason to stop testing for weed in the NFL. I don't definitely not college football, but in the NFL professional sports, you know, the rigorous routine that they have, games, trainings, all that stuff. I think that if you stopped testing for weed in the NFL, I believe all it would do is decrease the amount of painkillers that were handed out. And it wouldn't increase the profile of weed in the NFL at all because I still believe that most players would want to keep it quiet. And they'd probably just smoke in their own time or vape or eat or whatever they need to do to control their pain. Like I mentioned in the last video, the only people that it would affect negatively would be the pharmaceutical companies. That's the only people that would affect negatively. It is what it is. In today's video, I'm hoping we get a little glimpse into what could be the future, which is weed in football as a painkiller. So in the same fashion we've done in the last two videos, I'm going to take a couple of hits off of a joint here that I've rolled. And you can too if you like. And let's continue this journey down a rabbit hole, which is what I do sometimes on YouTube. And let's find out how weed may be saving football. Let's go. This is Jack Herrera, I buy it in bulk. And it's as simple as this. Kyle Turley. I've seen a special on him. He was a fallback. Was he? What this does for me is give me clarity. As soon as I put this in my system, the picture becomes clear. The chemical disruption that's been caused from playing the game of football does not allow me to have clarity. Wow. So he's saying that basically he has CTE and that smoking weed actually improves the symptoms of it. I would have thought the absolute opposite. I'm not going to lie, but that's very interesting. Let's continue. And that's it. At the end of the day, this is resolving things that, well Butrin couldn't, Depokot couldn't, Zoloft couldn't, Vicodin couldn't, Flexaral couldn't, Ambien couldn't. You're talking seven pills between this and these seven medications that I was taking daily is that this had hopelessness.  Save your handshake. Imagine feeling like, imagine feeling like you needed painkillers. Everyone gets a prescrip- Not just NFL players, man. The general public, they get addicted to painkillers. Oxycontin, whatever. It's because they get a prescription for pain for like four weeks or six weeks. Not being warned properly about the addictive properties to this drug. And then at the end of their six-week, you know, cycle of it, when they're meant to come off, they can't. And they continue. I guess it's just, that's, I don't know, do doctors need to educate their patients more or is it just going to happen? You put these people in a six-week course of this drug, a side effect of it is that you're going to be addicted and that there's going to be withdrawal and that it's not going to be easy to get off.   I'd much rather have a smoke of a joint. God damn. Football injuries occur, serious injuries occur, and put you on the operating table and you're never the same. My first major injury was blowing out my knee, completely dislocating my knee, my left knee in college, during practice and sprint drills. The pharmaceuticals were introduced and so the painkillers and all those things, the anti-inflammatories, those things became frequent and constant because they were so readily available. I then went to the NFL, the injuries kept coming on. More surgeries, more injuries, more medicines to where at the end of the day these things just kept building and they would manifest in these extreme blow-up situations where all the pain, all the frustration, anger would just erupt. It wasn't a fullback, it was left tackle. CTE. When he went into the NFL there started to be changes and after the concussions, I couldn't even talk to him. We didn't do anything, we didn't go anywhere, we didn't interact with... Fuck, I thought she was me. I thought she was talking about the NFL having changes. She was talking about this guy having changes in himself. Let's listen to that again. Damn, that's... When he went into the NFL there started to be changes and after the concussions I couldn't even talk to him. We didn't do anything, we didn't go anywhere, we didn't interact with anyone and when we did it was always Kyle in the corner and me uncomfortable and me making excuses for Kyle. Oh, he doesn't feel good. Oh, were he this? Oh, he...  He knew that he was more apt to rage or it would overtake him to where he just, he couldn't handle situations. The violence, the rage, all those things kept getting bigger. Participating in football, you need it. You have to have it. If you don't have that then you're done. You're not going to succeed. And that's what I had. Unfortunately, I couldn't come off the field and leave it at the job. He would break a table or a chair, lamps, oh Jesus, I will not buy a lamp this cost more than 20 bucks for a long time because it's going at some point, it's going to go. I know I must... That's fucking, that's like working with my clients at my workplace. You don't want to buy anything too expensive because you know eventually, eventually it's definitely going to get smashed. And that's someone who can't, genuinely cannot control their temper. This guy's not intellectually disabled, he's a normal guy. So why is he acting like this? Yeah. Gary Person, when that switch hits. And so very intimidating and again, breaking of furniture and throwing things and being very loud and scary. That's when he's on all these pain pills. After my football career, I found myself unconscious on a floor in a venue watching a show one night with my wife. I was terrifying. He was perfectly fine. It was a relaxing night. We were just kind of sitting there listening to some live music.  Didn't get up.  Just laid over and passed out and slid down to the ground. I instantly hollered at the bartender to call an ambulance, had no clue what was going on. And it was about two minutes later, he kind of woke up and came to. And I find myself waking up on the floor in a bar and I then go into a vertigo spin and it wouldn't end and ultimately had a seizure and was hospitalized for three days. That then spawned the discussion of what happened to my brain. It's very apparent that there's something wrong here. You know, this big blurred mass was alarming everyone and so they started to run. You've got a bad brain injury. Bloody interesting subject from the outside. I'm very interested in CTE, examining ex-NFL players' brains and the symptoms that come with CTE and they may not be physical. They may be actually just mental. Basically it's early onset of Alzheimer's and it changes the way you think, it changes your moods, it changes who you are. It's extremely interesting but what I was going to say is imagine being in it. I've seen interviews with recently retired NFL players who've become aware of all this new technology and the new term CTE and what they have found in ex-NFL players' brains. Certain players having committed suicide because these symptoms of depression and anxiety and your brain just changes, doesn't work properly. I've seen recently retired NFL players, even ones who are getting into their 50s and early 60s even. They're scared, they're genuinely scared for the future and for what may come. I guess a certain amount of it is going to be genetics, just like boxing. You can have two boxes, both take just as much damage throughout a career and one will develop these symptoms and go suicidal randomly and have violent outbursts randomly and start distancing them away from people and their families and things and you'll have another person who is fine. Severe CTE, then you've got the speech that slurs and the memory goes and it's basically a version of Alzheimer's isn't it? But yeah, like I was saying, very interesting from the outside but it kind of does make me sick, you know, thinking about it and seeing big collisions and big head knocks, even in boxing and in football it makes me cringe because I do think about these kind of things and I can't help it really, but it's the love for the game and a lot of these guys in the NFL would say, well it's worth it. Isn't there something about Olympic athletes they must have surveyed and most said, well like, I don't know what it was, 80% or something, 90% maybe said that if you could have a gold medal, I don't know if it was would you take 10 years off of your life or if it was would you die at 30? But I think they were like 25 years old and they got asked if I gave, if you could be given a gold medal at an Olympic Games would you die at 30? That seems early.  And like, they all said yes, so obviously at the top level of sport I think I'm competitive, see the only thing you can do is compare people to yourself and how competitive you were and how much drive you had. I was pretty bloody competitive as a kid but I don't know if I would ever have you know, given up life for a gold medal. That seems pretty, I don't know, pretty serious. Anyways, let's continue. I'm just trying to think what are all these drugs that I've taken since 1996? Well, butcherm. Yeah, so that's the first thing that I thought when you had that episode in the club and fainted and had a seizure and he's got this mass on his brain. I mean, yeah, it could be because of the concussions, but it could just as easily be because of all these pills he's been taking. Flexorol, Zoloft, Solas, Percocets, Vioxx.  Morphine, Tordol.  That's about two hits and that's all you need that deals with anxiety, depression, light sensitivity that all of those other ones were trying to address. Interesting. I moved back from Tennessee to California because I knew there was something with marijuana. I knew the cannabis had an answer. Was this the answer that I was looking for to fix all my issues? I didn't believe that that was the case, but I was hoping so. I went up to Northern California and got some seeds and planted them and they're taken off. I think another fact that we have to remember is, okay, this guy, you know, he hasn't smoked weed his whole life, has he? And he's literally just using it medicinally. I think if you smoke, the worrying factor is for someone who starts smoking regularly, whether it's for medicinal reasons or not, but their brain has not fully developed. Anyone under the age of, honestly, like 25, who starts smoking regularly, you are putting yourself at risk of permanent brain damage. I believe it's definitely going to change your brain. It may not negatively affect that. It might positively affect the way that your brain develops. Then I started to find these strains that when I used that, I was better. I had the best night sleep I'd had in about six months or so. My energy was back. My motivation was back. This was the strain that actually helped me get off the pills. When I found the San Fernando Valley strain, I immediately knew that I could use this to get off of those. I realized I can wean myself off with using this strain. You know, I got off of one pill down to two. And the further I got away from those, the more I realized how much more cannabis can do for me. So, okay, so... We have just seen... He's going to the park. Okay, so he's going to the park. He's having fun with his family, with other people, with the public. And that goes back to, you know, he's obviously changed a lot because his wife was saying how at, you know, gatherings beforehand when he was suffering from all these symptoms, he'd be in the corner by himself and she'd have to make all these excuses for him, but we're about to see how he interacts with people now. So, let's see. After a few hits, like, what did he say? That's why I got this weed out, right? That is what he needs instead of all of those pills. Look at that. Ain't much, is it? But over here in Alice Springs, it still costs a lot. So, let's finish off this video. It's probably taken about 20 minutes, and the video is only 7 minutes and 46 seconds long. Once again, I apologize, but for those who actually enjoy hearing me speak, this is for you. Unbelievable changes in him. I can now talk to him. He's kind and loving once again. Creates empathy, definitely. You're more aware of other people and their feelings. You're more acutely aware of it, and that's, I guess, a sense. See, it raises all of your senses. It raises your intensifies it, you know? Touch, taste, sight. And it also intensifies that sixth sense, which is an intuition for someone else's thoughts or someone else's, you know, whether you can see through things, you know? There is something going on there, I believe, yeah. He's like the old Kyle, and I never would have believed it unless I had seen it myself. So now I'm an advocate for cannabis. Get ready, Gene. He's a big, bubbly teddy bear, and he's kind to everyone and engaging. I can imagine, bro. I know how I feel when I've had a smoke, right?  Sport goes back to your childhood, right? When I have a smoke, all I want to do is play sport. All I want to do is go down to the field and kick a ball or go to the basketball court and have some hoops, you know?  It is, it brings you back, it makes you high, you know? As long as you don't take it too far and you don't abuse it. If he is literally having a little nugget like that, a couple of hits, which will probably last him hours, that is not overdosing and that is the way it should be used and it just makes me happy. It makes me happy seeing him standing out there because I know how I'd feel.  It takes away anxiety, it takes away, yes, if you've got an obsessive brain or an anxious brain and he clearly did, that's why he couldn't engage with anyone because he was probably just sitting there just going over and over in his head, you know? Unable to be present in the moment and I think we may have done that for him, but yeah, it's just cool and once again I've just spoken for another 60 seconds and I'll always be myself on this channel. It's one thing you'll always get from me. Thank you everyone and finally now we've got a connection back to where he wants to be a part of people's lives. He wants to help people, he wants to hear your stories.  How many guys I've talked down from the ledge accent of football players that have called me grown men crying? It's dementia, you know? This is what it is. Yes, early onset signs of dementia, that's what it is man. These guys can't, they don't know what's happened mentally, their brain's changing. It must be frustrating as hell. Alright, so it looks as though we've got two part, I don't know. Oh, part three as well. Okay, so it looks like there's two more parts to this. Honestly, I don't have the time. I just wish this guy all the best and I probably will if I continue following football, following medicinal marijuana in football. I'll most probably hear and see of this guy again. So with all that being said, it's about time to finish off this video and continue with the next one which is going to be, in the next video we're going to watch Steven A. and Max having a heated debate over marijuana in the NBA. Following that, whatever they say, we're actually going to go to another video which is called I think 85% of the league smoked and it's former NBA players sitting around talking about smoking weed in the league and so what we're going to do, we're going to go to the journalists first, see what they have to say and then we're going to go back to the actual NBA players and see what it was actually like. Alright, everybody. I hope you've had a fantastic day. I hope you have a fantastic Christmas. Today's date is the 24th of December, 2019 and well I'll see you in the next one. Peace out everybody. I swear I'm cookin' like I'm formin' for me I'm formin' like I'm formin' for me I'm formin' jumpin' like it's Jordan I'm from Tallamama Lane, I've been brainin' Yeah, yeah, gotta say this thing I'm the same, I don't need another person tellin' me


What Russian, reading the account of the last part of the campaign of 1812, has not experienced an uncomfortable feeling of regret, dissatisfaction, and perplexity? Who has not asked himself how it is that the French were not all captured or destroyed when our three armies surrounded them in superior numbers, when the disordered French, free and freezing, surrendered in crowds, and when, as the historians relate, the aim of the Russians was to stop the French to cut them off and capture them all. How was it that the Russian army, which when numerically weaker than the French had given battle at Borodino, did not achieve its purpose when it had surrounded the French on three sides and when its aim was to capture them? Can the French be so enormously superior to us that when we had surrounded them with superior forces we could not beat them? How could that happen? History, or what is called by that name, replying to these questions, says that this occurred because Kutuzov and Tormasov and Chichagov and this man and that man did not execute such and such manoeuvres. But why did they not execute those manoeuvres, and why, if they were guilty of not carrying out a prearranged plan, were they not tried and punished? But even if we admitted that Kutuzov, Chichagov and others were the cause of the Russian failures, it is still incomprehensible why, the position of the Russian army being what it was at Krasnoye and at the Berezina, in both cases we had superior forces, the French army with its marshals, kings and emperor was not captured, if that was what the Russians aimed at. The explanation of this strange fact given by Russian military historians, to the effect that Kutuzov hinged an attack, is unfounded, for we know that he could not restrain the troops from attacking at Vyazma and Tarutino. Why was the Russian army, which with inferior forces had withstood the enemy in full strength of Borodino, defeated at Krasnoye and the Berezina by the disorganised crowds of the French when it was numerically superior? If the aim of the Russians consisted in cutting off and capturing Napoleon and his marshals, and that aim was not merely frustrated, but all attempts to attain it were most shamefully baffled, then this last period of the campaign is quite rightly considered by the French to be a series of victories, and quite wrongly considered victorious by Russian historians. The Russian military historians, insofar as they submit to claims of logic, must admit that conclusion, and in spite of their lyrical rhapsodies about valid devotion and so forth, must reluctantly admit that the French retreat from Moscow was a series of victories for Napoleon and defeats for Kutuzov. But putting national vanity entirely aside, one feels that such a conclusion involves a contradiction, since the series of French victories brought the French complete destruction, while the series of Russian defeats led to the total destruction of their enemy, and the liberation of their country. The source of this contradiction lies in the fact that the historian sulling events from the letters of the Sovereigns and the Generals, from memoirs, reports, projects and so forth, have attributed to this last period of the War of 1812 an aim that never existed, namely that of cutting off and capturing Napoleon with his marshals and his army. There never was or could have been such an aim, for it would have been senseless and its attainment quite impossible. It would have been senseless, first because Napoleon's disorganised army was flying from Russia with all possible speed, that is to say, was doing just what every Russian desired. So what was the use of performing various operations on the French, who were running away as fast as they possibly could? Secondly, it would have been senseless to block the passage of men whose whole energy was directed to flight. Thirdly, it would have been senseless to sacrifice one's own troops in order to destroy the French army, which without external interference was destroying itself at such a rate that, though its path was not blocked, it could not carry across the frontier more than it actually did in December, namely, a hundredth part of the original army. Fourthly, it would have been senseless to wish to take captive the Emperor Kings and Dukes, whose capture would have been in their highest degree embarrassing for the Russians, as the most adrift diplomatists of the time, Josef de Maist and others recognised. Still more senseless would have been the wish to capture army core of the French, when our own army had melted away to half before reaching Krasnoye, and a whole division would have been needed to convoy the core of prisoners, and when our men were not always getting full rations, and the prisoners, already taken, were perishing of hunger. All the profound plans about cutting off and capturing Napoleon and his army were like the plan of a market-gardener who, when driving out of his garden a cow that had trampled down the beds he had planted, should run to the gate and hit the cow on the head. The only thing to be said and excused of that gardener would be that he was very angry. But not even that could be said for those who drew up this project, for it was not they who had suffered from the trampled beds. But besides the fact that cutting off Napoleon with his army would have been senseless, it was impossible. It was impossible, first, because, as experience shows that a three-mile movement of columns on a battlefield never consides with the plans, the probability of Chichagov, Kutuzov, and Wittgenstein affecting a junction on time at an appointed place was so remote as to be tantamount to impossibility, and, as in fact thought Kutuzov, who, when he received the plan, remarked that diversions planned over great distances do not yield the desired results. Secondly, it was impossible, because to paralyse their momentum with which Napoleon's army was retiring, incomparably greater forces than the Russians possessed would have been required. Thirdly, it was impossible, because the military term, to cut off, has no meaning. One can cut off a slice of bread, but not an army. To cut off an army, to bar its road, is quite impossible, for there is always plenty of room to avoid capture, and there is the night when nothing can be seen, as the military scientists might convince themselves by the example of Kradnoye and of the Berezina. It is only possible to capture prisoners if they agree to be captured, just as it is only possible to catch a swallow if it settles on one's hand. Men can only be taken prisoners if they surrender according to the rules of strategy and tactics, as the Germans did, but the French troops quite rightly did not consider that this suited them, since death by hunger and cold awaited them in flight or captivity alike. Fourthly and chiefly it was impossible, because never since the world began has a war been fought under such conditions as those that obtained in 1812, and the Russian army in its pursuit of the French strained its strength to the utmost, and could not have done more without destroying itself. During the movement of the Russian army, from Tarotino to Krasnoye, it lost fifty thousand sick or stragglers, that is a number equal to the population of a large provincial town. Half the men fell out of the army without a battle. And it is of this period of the campaign, when the army lacked boots and sheepskin coats, with shorter provisions and without vodka, and was camping out at night for months in the snow with fifteen degrees of frost, when there were only seven or eight hours of daylight, and the rest was night in which the influence of discipline cannot be maintained, when men were taken into that region of death where discipline fails, not for a few hours only as in a battle, but for months, where they were every moment fighting death from hunger and cold, when half the army perished in a single month. It is of this period of the campaign that the historians tell us how Milaradovich should have made a flank march to search in such a place, Tormasov to another place, and Chichagov should have crossed, more than knee-deep in snow, to somewhere else, and how so and so rooted and cut off the French, and so on and so on. The Russians, half of whom died, did all that could and should have been done to attain an end worthy of the nation, and they are not to blame because other Russians, sitting in warm rooms, proposed that they should do what was impossible. All that strange contradiction, now difficult to understand between the facts and the historical accounts, only arises because the historians dealing with the matter have written the history of the beautiful words and sentiments of various generals, and not the history of the events. To them the words of Milaradovich seem very interesting, and so do their surmises in the rewards this or that general received, but the question of those fifty thousand men who were left in hospitals and in graves does not even interest them, for it does not come within the range of their investigation. Yet one need only discard the study of the reports and general plans, and consider the movement of those hundreds of thousands of men who took a direct part in the events, and all the questions that seemed insoluble easily and simply receive an immediate and certain solution. The aim of cutting off Napoleon and his army never existed, except in the imaginations of a dozen people. It could not exist, because it was senseless and unattainable. The people had a single aim, to free their land from invasion. That aim was attained in the first place of itself as the French ran away, and so it was only necessary not to stop their flight. Secondly, it was attained by the guerrilla warfare which was destroying the French, and thirdly by the fact that a large Russian army was following the French, ready to use its strength in case their movement stopped. The Russian army had to act like a whip to a running animal, and the experienced driver knew it was better to hold the whip raised as a menace than to strike the running animal on the head.


Hello everyone, welcome to this course on supply chain digitization. This course is offered by IAM Mumbai and is jointly taught by three faculty members including myself Professor Priyanka Verma and my colleagues Professor Sushmita and Professor Devapratadas. We are in the last week of this course and we are quite excited to see the response. We hope that this course is helping you in understanding the different digitalization aspects in supply chain. If you remember in the previous session we discussed about the need of adopting a digital mindset and how it can be done and we also discussed about the industry 4.0 or the fourth industrial revolution that has recently been announced and what are the different technologies that gets covered under industry 4.0. So we had a very brief introduction of those technologies in the previous session. In today's session, we will try to go into the details of these technologies one by one and we will try to acquire its information. Today's session we will be focusing more about these technologies which gets covered under industry 4.0. If you remember this was the slide which was capturing all the nine pillars of industry 4.0 and this includes IoT, cloud computing, horizontal and vertical system integration, cybersecurity, big data analytics, simulation, augmented reality, autonomous robots and additive manufacturing. We will be discussing about these technologies one by one. Let us start first talking about IoT platforms. So as we understand what is IoT, the full form of IoT is Internet of Things. When we talk about IoT it is nothing but it is in very simple way we can say that it is a network. Now what is a network? Network of what? That is the next question. So this is a network of interconnected physical devices which can be some form of physical devices or some type of vehicles, buildings and so on. So it is like how can we connect the network between this type of different units? Now in this process of network and its corresponding units which has got connected together there are different data points which are getting generated and the role of IoT is primarily to collect this data and to exchange it. And the process of this collection and exchanging data is done through different types of sensors and having a proper connectivity mechanism. So in this system when we talk about sensors there are different types of possible sensors which depends upon the particular business requirement. So when the data has been collected the data needs to be transmitted to a central system as you can see from here and the analysis of the data is done at this point and based on that the decision making happens. So this is again the next stage in the process of IoT. Once the decision has been made it is a requirement that the monitoring of the processes can be done and accordingly if required the control can be applied. So you can say that this is a sequence of activities which are involved with IoT and very importantly there are different steps or different requirements in the IoT system which starts with the process of collecting data and transmitting it to a central system and then analyzing it to take the appropriate decision. So here if you see the role of IoT is very important it tries to bridge the gap between the two world that is your physical world and your digital world. So what is happening in your physical world is actually getting captured with the help of these IoT devices and that gets transmitted to the digital world. From there these data which is actually representing your real life activities are now further captured, shared, analyzed and then the decisions gets taken up. So we can see that with the help of IoT systems it supports in providing the real-time insights and also in developing the automation capabilities. The next step about Internet of Things or IoT is to understand that how basically it works. As we have seen in the previous slide as well the Internet of Things works on three principles that is broadly we say it as it focuses on collecting the data. It after the data has been collected it says that how it can be sent to the central system or it can be shared and then finally how that collected data is analyzed and based on the analysis the action needs to be taken. So this has been classified as you can see from here in this four form of activities. One is collecting the data, the second set of activity which talks about sending the data to a central system is getting covered under the communicates part and in the last two step basically the data is analyzed and accordingly the action is taken place. So these are the principles of IoT based on which we can say that it works, let us see that how it happens. So when we say about collecting the data there are different types of devices and sensors which are available and they can be appropriately selected depending upon the process requirement. So if we want to capture the temperature of the system we will have some temperature sensors and so on. Similarly we have other mechanisms also for capturing the data like RFID and GPS we all know about the usages of RFID and GPS. GPS is something we use day in day out using the map services that we have. So RFID as we know its full form is radio frequency identification and GPS stands for global positioning system. So RFID is the technology with which we can easily track and manage our inventory and assets and using the GPS system it becomes easy to find out the location of your shipments and accordingly you can also track your vehicles using that. So these are again very interesting technologies which has been introduced under Internet of Things and they are not the directly IoT devices but yes they serve the purpose of tracking the system. The using the IoT system of course it helps you in collecting the data in both ways that is both in online and offline mode as well. So again depending upon the type of processes that you are trying to focus the sensors, devices, the appropriate RFID or JPA system can be accordingly selected and you can have a mechanism of capturing the data either using online or using offline. The next step is about communicating the data. So as we said that once you have got the data you need to share that data right. So this captured data is actually sent over the Internet to the to either to a central system or to the respective destination but remember it is very important that while sharing the data the corresponding protocols are required to be followed. So that is a important aspect over here. When we talk about what are the different ways by which this can be shared we have different system available like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LP, WAN or even you can directly connected through Internet as well. So this is the way in which the data is being shared to the respective parties and the next step is about analyzing this data. The data that you have received so far you need to analyze it so that you can take appropriate action. For the purpose of analysis there are different ways as we already know that is visualizing the data or creating a report based on that. So there are different ways by which the data can be analyzed and the corresponding identification of the processes can be done at this stage. The data can also be processed in the cloud only. So if there exist any outliers corresponding actions can be triggered immediately or if there is an anomaly the action for that can be taken accordingly and that is why the step is a very very important step after getting your data. As the analysis step was helping you in understanding the criticalities associated with the process or any outliers or anomalies the next step is to take an action based on that. So if there is some severe outliers you can accordingly trigger the actions from there. This can be done in different ways. It can be in the form of alerts, in the form of mails, notifications or depending upon the subsequent requirement or which your analysis has shared these type of actions can be initiated as per the IoT platforms. So if you have seen over here when we were talking about IoT we were also talking about collecting the data, sending the data and acting the data. For collecting we understand that we are already using some type of sensors or some type of RFID and GPS depending upon the process requirement. But when we talk about sending or sharing the data we need a mechanism for that and here comes the second technology in place that is your cloud computing under industry 4.0. And this part we are going to obviously discuss in detail but remember that each and every technology work in collaboration with the other technology under industry 4.0 so that it can be used in an appropriate way. So here the IoT devices are helping us in collecting the data but that needs to be shared which is done through cloud computing and the next step is to analyze the data and act on the data. For that part we rely on big data and analytics type of technology under industry 4.0. So using IoT is basically integration of three or four technologies together and then finding out its appropriate usage. So we can see that how IoT can be made more useful in collaboration with the other technologies of industry 4.0. When we talk about the cloud computing stores and processes this IoT data that you have got at the large scale the purpose of connection is to exchange data from and to this devices and the data which you have got obviously needs to be transferred over the internet and as you already discussed the protocol needs to be managed. Now once the data has been obtained you can easily apply the appropriate big data analytics as the strength of big data analytics is to analyze large data of various types. So this can be easily done by selecting the right type of analytics and algorithm under that. So we have seen that how IoT works let us also try to understand that what are the different types of IoT. So when we talk about different types of IoT and its usage broadly we can classify the types of IoT into three category. The first one is the industrial internet of things. The second one is the consumer internet of things and the third one is the commercial internet of things. Remember here we are trying to classify the IoT based on its usage probably there can be other ways of classification as well. So when we talk about the first type that is the industrial internet of things these are mainly used for the industrial purpose. Some examples can be like your instrumentation or your M.E.A systems and so on and here mainly the interaction or the communication between machine to machine that happens can be executed efficiently. Here the processes can be automated with the use of industrial internet of things and the automated processes whatever data is getting generated can be analyzed and the appropriate insights can be given at this point. When we talk about the consumer internet of things remember its usage is very interesting which we do day in day out in our everyday life. So this belongs to the individual usages or maybe sometimes with the family usages. If you try to understand that what are these consumer internet of things this is something that can be informed of a wearables, something like your watch, your smart watches and so on, some type of home appliances or some personal monitoring devices and so on. So these are basically as you can see these are for the personal usages. When we talk about the data that is being generated in the consumer internet of things these the volume of the data is quite small compared to the other two type of IOTs and it can easily get connected to your mobile based apps based on which you can track yourself and you can also monitor it and you can get an idea about the whole system and the processes. So the third one is your commercial internet of things and basically these category of IOTs are majorly used for the commercial purposes. So in terms of its application it is quite useful in office buildings, supermarkets, hotels, hospitals and so on. So any commercial purpose as we can see from here it can be used for monitoring, lighting, asset tracking etc depending upon the commercial usage. This again in this system as well the data which has been collected is brought to the centralized database or to a cloud platform and the next type of analytics, communications, monitoring can be done on this collected data. So we now understand the overall functioning of the IOT system and we also understand the different types of IOT and its corresponding usages. Remember that depending upon the use of these type of IOT systems their industrial usage or postal usage or commercial usage the appropriate technologies has to be selected. So this is quite a very interesting area over here. When we talk about the applications of IOT in supply chain domain there are very interesting applications and as we are saying that the tracking or seeing your supply chains day in day out is a very important aspect. This objective can be achieved with the help of applying IOT in your supply chain. First application as you all know is about tracking your inventory, tracking your resources. So IOTs help you in real time tracking and having a visibility of your resources of your inventory in your supply chains. Similarly, when we talk about other application it is the predictive maintenance in which the IOT systems helps a lot in terms of understanding the future requirement of the maintenance of your equipments and this will help you to anticipate the equipment failure and thus helps in minimizing the downtime of the equipments. So the IOT systems can help in analyzing the data and trigger to the user about its possible failure of the equipment. So the users can accordingly select the right appropriate method over here to ensure that the downtime is minimum. The third application is inventory optimization which aims on reducing any excess inventory as well as stockouts. So if you are able to track it obviously we can link it with your decisions related to inventory management appropriately. The last application as we can see is about improved decision making because the data that has been captured in supply chain can be used for driving the appropriate insights which can be triggered into better supply chain planning. When we talk about implementing IOT in any system not only in supply chain in any system there are corresponding challenges as well. The first and foremost or the most important challenge is the investment cost. So this system obviously requires heavy investment sometimes and that is why implementing this in a given system becomes a difficult affair. The second issue is about security of the data and privacy of the data. As we understand that we are capturing critical data at different points. So securing that data and ensuring that this is the privacy of the data is maintained is the next challenge. The third is about scalability which is to ensure that the IOT system that you have deployed it can handle the growing volume of data and its devices. So we know that the processes are going complex more and more partners are getting added up in the supply chains. This obviously will lead to increase in your data. So the IOT system that has been deployed should be capable enough in taking care of this scalability. The next challenge is about integration with the existing system. Here most important issue is about the compatibility. The compatibility when we are trying to say it means the compatibility between the IOT systems and the legacy systems. So if that is possible then obviously this is a very very useful tool for us. And lastly this is the most important one you can again say is about human behavior. So we need lot of approvals for implementing the system. So unless the management is ready to apply these type of systems it is difficult for breaking these changes into the organization. These challenges we already have discussed in our last session as well which is related to people management. Talking about the emerging trends that has been observed in IOT system particularly in supply chain we can see that there are lot of data points which are getting generated and which are getting captured. So if you are bringing all these data points into a central system and then analyzing it and then taking a decision the process becomes more and more complex. Instead of that the focus is now shifting on edge computing where the process data is brought closer to the source which will help in making faster decision. The second important trend we can see is the application of blockchain in supply chain which will ensure the transparency and traceability. We will be talking more about blockchain in the future sessions. The next emerging trend we can see with respect to AI and ML integration with the data collected we know that lot of data points have got collected. So here we can apply appropriate predictive analytics to enhance the performance of the system. And lastly the IOT devices or IOT system is also seen which will support in reducing the environment impact of the supply chains. So again we can see that these are emerging trend of IOT in supply chain and this can be easily applied or explored by the business as well. We will now talk about the second technology in industry 4.0 in detail and that is cloud computing. So let us try to understand what is cloud computing? In cloud computing the delivery of computer services is done over the internet. This can be in the form of servers, storage, softwares, databases, networking and so on. So if you can see the purpose of cloud computing is to ensure that we are able to provide flexible resources which in turn are economical for use. Here it is focused that there is not much investment done for the infra and for the data center. However, the given things are shared between the different parties so that the overall system remains economical. So we can see that it is a win-win situation where the admin is getting the benefit of economy of scale whereas the recipient who is using the system does not have to invest and that is why there is no upfront Kpex investment for the recipient which is again economical for the overall system. So when we talk about the types of cloud computing it can be deployment based or it can be service based. When we talk about deployment base it can be public, private, community or hybrid whereas service base it can be IAAS, PAAAS or SAAAS. So what are these types of different types of cloud computing? Let us try to understand them in detail. So when we talk about types of cloud computing based on deployment we know that there are typically four types. The first one is public cloud. If we talk about the infrastructure in public clouds that are shared the cost is typically very low and because of that the security is also considered as quite low. So most of your Google apps or AWS as you know falls under the public cloud. When you talk about private clouds they are actually dedicated to a single organization and the complete infrastructure is owned and managed by the organization itself. In terms of the security the private clouds offer the highest level of security and it includes like some example over here are HPE, Dell, IBM and so on. When you talk about the community cloud this is very interesting. This is typically shared by multiple organizations with the similar needs we can say it can be like some government agencies which are sharing the same cloud or it can be like some universities which are sharing the same clouds and so on. So the cost associated with it is moderate in nature and the security is also moderate. This is co-community cloud solutions we can see as example. In the hybrid cloud it can be a combination of public and private both. In terms of hybrid cloud how it is used maybe an organization might want to use a public cloud for its web servers and maybe a private cloud for its customer database. So depending upon the usage the selection of the public and private cloud in the system can be decided. A very interesting example is Azure and IBM. When we talk about classification of cloud computing based on the services that they are offered it can be categorized into three types. The first one is IAS that is infrastructure as a service. The second one is P-A-A-S that is platform as a service. And the third one is S-A-A-S that is software as a service. So as the name suggests when we talk about I-A-A-S which is focusing more on providing infrastructure as a service here the access to the hardware or the infrastructure is available. These hardware infrastructure are like your storage desk or it can be network or OS and virtual servers and so on. Here in this system the highest level of flexibility and control over the resources are requested by the end users. Simple example is your Amazon web services or AWS system. When we have the second way of classifying the cloud computing that is based on services it is P-A-S the full form is platform as a service. Here the customized development of platform is done to the end users. It can include operating system, database, programming environment, web servers and so on. It offers a very high level of clarity in the management of the resources compared to I-A-S. A simple example if is your Microsoft Azure and similarly the last category is software as a service that is S-A-A-S. Here the expectation of the end user to get the access to the software applications on a pay per use basis. So it is the most convenient option for the end users particularly for managing their resources if compared to I-A-S or P-A-S. So this we use day in day out like your Google Docs to Gmail, your Office 365 and so on. The third technology that gets covered in industry 4.0 is horizontal and vertical system integration. So this is not a technology is basically it is a pillar of industry 4.0 and when we talk about it what is horizontal and vertical system integration this is these are the strategies which needs to be implemented as per industry 4.0. The focus of this integration is to and see that how you can leverage your digital technologies that we have learned so far that is your IoT, your cloud computing and your data analytics, how this can be particularly leveraged and some data driven approaches can be applied in order to transform your existing operations where the purpose is to remain competitive in the market. So when we talk about horizontal system integration it is focusing on connecting the activities which are operating at the same level in a very very simple language. For example, if we will integrate the production planning scheduling and the manufacturing execution system we are trying to have a horizontal system integration over here. On integrating this production planning, scheduling and manufacturing excellence we can say that the coordination and the synchronization of the manufacturing operations can be achieved effectively. When we talk about vertical system integration this tries to integrate each and every player in a given supply chain either it can be upstream downstream depending upon the focus. The entire strategy is to ensure that there is a end to end visibility of these overall process as well as there is a good control on the process and as a when required the optimization of the processes can also be done. So this is about connecting the players in a sequence we can see a very simple example. If we try to integrate the product life cycle management along with the manufacturing execution system and with its ERP system that is the enterprise resource planning we can see that there is a sequence of activities which is being done. It starts with understanding a product life cycle with the manufacturing execution system and then finally seeing its supply chain. So there is a coordination again which is happening in a series and that is why it can be achieved through proper vertical system integration. So decision about should we go for horizontal system integration or vertical system integration will typically depends upon the process requirement. What is the focus in which you are trying to bring your digital changes or the digital adoption? So based on that these strategies can be accordingly selected to make the improvement in efficiency and productivity of the overall system. So till now we have seen the three pillars of industry 4.0 which covered your IoT, your cloud computing and your horizontal and vertical system integration. We will be talking about the remaining pillars in the next session. So thank you everyone have a nice day.