Okay, good morning everyone and first of all I'd like to thank you all for joining this session so my name is Nirbha Chaubey and I work for MariaDB Corporation and my primary primarily I work on MariaDB Gallera cluster so In this session, I mean I have prepared this session to a level between beginners and advanced So that people at every level sort of get something out of it Just to begin with I would like to know how many of you have tried a Gallera cluster Wow, okay, and is anybody using it in production too? Wow great, so just to begin with Before that I just wanted to share that MariaDB Gallera cluster is basically MariaDB plus a library called Gallera which is out of a different company called Codorship it's a Finnish company and so these two join together to to basically bring in the clustering capability in MariaDB as well as my skill cluster or my skill server Yeah, so this morning. I just found this interesting Code from an American comedian which I think suits really well to be distributed systems it sort of defines the expectation we have Toward the distributed system as in we expect it to be running all the time even if a part of it Comes down we expect the availability to be there so Yeah, so I'll start off my presentation with a quick introduction to What is MariaDB Gallera cluster and some key features that it provides? So as I said, it's it's MariaDB server plus the clustering functionality it gets using the Gallera library So my skill or MariaDB Historically, I mean there was a replication feature, but it was asynchronous as in you can connect multiple slaves to one master and Then the master the data from the master will asynchronously get on to the slave but the asynchronous was the key pointer as in there can be lags and so what people used to do is Normally, they will route all the rights to the master and make sure that reads happen through the slaves but because of this lag we wanted a better technology using which you can basically write to any of the nodes and that's what Gallera cluster provides so it's a synchronous replication mechanism wherein the Updates are Synchronously replicated to all the nodes connected to the cluster and then you can query by connecting to any of the nodes like using the native tools which are available for My skills slash MariaDB so If time permits, I can show you a small quick Demo of how it works just a simple demo and As I said Once the cluster is set up you can read or write from any of the nodes as in you can throw a select or Insert on any of the node and it is expected to work in a synchronous fashion and Another mechanism or Plus point of using Gallera cluster is Whenever it finds that node Non-consistent as in say while it was applying a right set something wrong happened and Node actually became out of sync with the rest of the cluster the node is actually kicked out and Which means it won't perform any further operation to avoid further inconsistency so that's a cool thing because Having inconsistent nodes in one cluster is not a good idea So Gallera takes care of it automatically and it throws out the inconsistent node from the cluster let's say you have a cluster of Four nodes and you want to join one you can easily connect one on top of it and Everything the membership control will be taken care of automatically and There's something called true parallel replication we do have parallel replication in in master slave architecture but in Gallera cluster the Parallelism comes at the row level as in When a query or an update hits one of the nodes the update is replicated to all the other nodes which are actually slave in respect to this query and The updates are applied can be applied in parallel on all other nodes with multiple threads and as I said The look and feel to a client will be as the client is accessing a standalone server. There won't be a difference And last and final point is it's really really easy to set up a cluster I mean it's just a matter of running a few scripts last week. I was trying to simulate this Using Docker, but it's not complete now But yeah, people have started doing it and that's setting up a cluster using Docker and all that stuff Right.  So they are MariaDB server basically and underneath that In in the greenish color, I'm not sure what that color is but that's the a patch which basically Gives MariaDB the clustering capability. That's called WS rep patch and WS rep is basically right-set replication and then At the bottom is Galera replication, which is the actual replication. I mean which provides a synchronous capability Yeah now talking of the versions that are available right now MariaDB currently has five five and ten zero in GA Which means they are ready for production So whenever a community server version releases It takes like one or two weeks for the same version of Galera release to come out So the last version that got released is five five forty three and ten zero nineteen and Equalent version of Galera servers are out as well have been released So they kind of are in sync with the standalone releases standalone server releases But the third one that is ten one four What we have done is we have merged the code base of Galera and the standalone server Which means we have everything together now. There won't be any separate package For Galera server, which means the standalone server itself is ready to To is actually Galera ready But it's it's in beta right now, so yeah, if you want to use it for testing purpose You can but it's not ready for production yet. And then MariaDB community Our foundation Publishes are makes available the packages for all major links the Linux distributions and Like for all the yeah Linux like RHEL Ubuntu divine Open Suze and stuff. So yeah Okay, so that was a brief introduction of what MariaDB Galera cluster is now I'll quickly jump on to The way you can set up a cluster and while covering these points. I'll try to Point the Important things which one should keep in mind while setting up a cluster so In order to start a cluster there are certain mandatory things that we need to keep in mind so all these bullet points are basically system variables which are mandatory for running MariaDB Galera server The first one is the ws rep provider now ws rep as I said is a shot for Right set replication. So what happens is whenever an update happens on one of the nodes That update or that Delta is actually replicated to all of the nodes now that Delta is right set and Okay, so ws rep provider is basically The library that that will give the synchronous capability So currently it's Lib galera SSM dot SO and that's the library that we need to use and This library itself is out of Codership. It's a separate company and Then if you do not set this thing this variable that is if you set ws rep providers equal to none Your server will be as good as a standalone server now second one is ws rep cluster address it is the IP address of the node of Any of the nodes in the cluster as in let's say you have a cluster Which is already existing and you have a new node which wants to join to the cluster Using this option. You basically point the new node to join the cluster. So ws rep cluster addresses It takes the IP address of any of the nodes which is already part of the cluster and It's it's it's not just one single IP. You can actually provide multiple IPs separated by commerce and And the third one is bind bin log format So if you're familiar with familiar with the traditional replication of Mysql Maria DB it provides three different formats for replication One is row based replication statement based replication and mixed replication now In statement based replication. We we just replicate the statement that was hit to the server beat insert select update anything we just Replicate that particular statement, but that has its own disadvantages and and The most important one in terms of Galera is you cannot derive the keys out of that command So that's why there is a limitation here is that you have to use row based replication So row based replication you are actually Replicating the entire Change So it's not just it's not the command. It's the chain that you are replicating now change has all the keys and rest of the data so using the key Galera can based internally find if there is a conflict between multiple nodes But if you talk about statement based replication, there is no way to do Do that particular conflict detection and that's why we need a row based replication format And it is a mandatory setting and the final thing is the default storage engine So Galera or in principle requires a Storage engine which is transactional because let's say Your application is connected to two nodes which both and both are trying to update same row So which means in that situation just only one should win and the other should be rolled back and That's why we need that's where we need transactional capability in in my SQL Maria DB world Currently in ODB and talk you DB are the prominent engines Which provide transactional capability and that's why you know DB is the default setting right now because and support for Tokyo DB is in progress, but Yeah, there is no commitment yet. So Yeah, another key thing while you are setting up the cluster is We have to make sure that the number of nodes that you are connecting to the server are Even Even because when there are equal it's a it's a classical State machine replication problem that how many nodes Should be there in the cluster Let's suppose that we have Sorry, did I say even it's odd actually So yeah, so let's say we have even number of nodes So what can happen? Say during network partitioning if the cluster divides into two equal parts and Both party things that they are in majority. They'll start taking new updates And and the the the data will go out of sync So to avoid that that's called split brain basically so split brain is is actually not good for a cluster because then we'll have two versions of the data and Which is a big problem. So to avoid that it is always recommended to have odd number of nodes. Yeah, this time. I'm correct. So Which means three five and so on and Let's say you do not have a machine which Which is Powerful enough or which doesn't have enough disk and that so you can even use a Galera arbitrator as a as a as a node so you can have two MariaDB nodes and Instead of third you can use a Galera arbitrator. So it's it's a stateless Demon, but it does Count as one of the members. So it will keep the keep the overall cluster Protected from the split brain scenario. Yeah, so once your setup is in place You can bootstrap the very first node by using the first two commands that is Service my skill bootstrap or start with WS rep new cluster So this has to be done for the first node Which is going to form the cluster or first node of the cluster Once the first node is up then you can start you can start other nodes by basically pointing to this node and The third one is is the third Way to actually bootstrap a node or bootstrap a cluster So with this empty G-com What you're saying is so G-com is usually followed by an IP address but in this case it's empty because it's the first node and And which is logically it is not pointing to any of the other nodes because it's the very first node of the cluster So using these three options you can bootstrap the node or start the node and once the nodes are in place as in once the first node is up and Let's say the other nodes start to join the cluster It needs a state transfer so state transfer is the transfer of In terms of database the transfer of entire database database objects from one node to another so that the joiner node becomes the replica of the first one and Then once it is in sync with the cluster It'll it will be basically part of the cluster and start taking queries so in in Galera cluster there are two Kinds of snap state transfer the first one is snapshot state transfer Which is basically a complete copy of data from one node to another So the first node is called donor and the the other one is joiner now So that's snapshot state transfer and the second one which was introduced a little later is Called incremental stat state transfer so it is something Where Let's say there was a node which was already part of the cluster and it has some state But it was taken out of the cluster for some maintenance or something and then now it wants to join back So it has some state, but it is not in sync with the cluster So when it joins back Galera detects that okay, it already has some state I do not need to perform an entire snapshot transfer. So it will just send the incremental Right sets which are missing on this node So that's incremental state transfer So now coming back to the first one, which is snapshot state transfer There are multiple methods currently available which can be Which can be used actually they all have their own strengths and weaknesses the first one is WS wrap SSD our sync So it uses our sync actually demon and client to transfer the state from one node to the other The the second mechanism is extra backup and extra backup version 2 now these these two methods require extra backup tool from Percona and Using that you can transfer these state to and Last one is my skill dump So it's the classic my skill dump tool which basically dumps the data on the joiner donor node and Transfer it to the joiner node now in out of these four Extra backup is I mean it takes lock for least amount of time So for huge amount of data This is considered the best option or best choice Then the SSD API itself is quite simple and Using which you can write your own in SSD implementation for example, let's say these four or Broadly three methods if they do not suit your needs you can actually implement implement one for you So are these these four are basically scripts which are run on joiner and donor node and The last thing is WS rep SSD donor. It's It's another setting or system variable which you can set to force The usage of one of the donor nodes for example if we omit this thing There are four nodes and a node is trying to connect to the cluster Galera can decide to pick any node as a donor node Now when donor starts donating this state It temporarily gets out of the node So in order to donate the state So using this option you can force Galera to pick any one of the nodes that are already there It's again a comma-separated list of names of the node you can even provide name to each and every node and Now we talked about SSD now incremental backup is possible because every node maintains a cache or in circular fashion about all the updates that it is doing on the On the node on the local node. So every node has a copy of a cache of rightsets now In incremental backup what happens is Galera The joiner node joins With a particular sequence number. I mean it is requesting for a particular sequence number that look I have all the transactions Till say thousand sequence number So if you have all the transaction after thousand Just give me those So the the joiner node joins with this intention Galera sort of looks at all the nodes to see which node has all these missing transactions and then picks that as a donor and And then the incremental or Delta basically gets transferred from that node and If this is possible then Galera will always first prefer IST and if that's not possible It'll fall back to SSD then Schema upgrades is Okay, I Mean in an evolving application. We always need to change the schema or schema is basically The DDLs we need to alter the table based on our changing needs and stuff now ski schema changing is a bit tricky on a live system because You might be having Many applications already querying other nodes and let's say if you change the schema on one of the nodes it might First is it has to be backward compatible because The I mean the schema change might break the existing queries. I have a small example, which I'll be presenting in a couple of slides so Galera provides two mechanism to Basically upgrade schema one is the first one is total order isolation where And the second is rolling schema upgrade the total order isolation is the default method and where master first at the parsing stage master Detects that okay. There is a DDL So what it does at the parsing stage? It'll take the that particular DDL command and send it to all the nodes across the cluster at the parsing stage and then he'll proceed with the execution and Galera will also make sure that This particular DDL happens at the same slot and That's why it's called total or total order Now because of which it the DDL actually Executes at the same time or in the same slot on all the nodes now the problem is If the execution if the DDL command is Is going to take time? It's a big altar table for example It will stall the entire cluster if it's short and quick. That's okay, but if it is going to take time T to I or total order isolation might not be the best option, but it is enabled by default So you're creating a table it will right away get replicated to all of the nodes and the bin lock format Internally used for this is statement for obvious reasons because you are just transferring the the the query or the DDL command on the other hand Rolling schema upgrade or RSU What internally happens is? when you When you execute a DDL command on one of the nodes the node will get desynced I mean desynced from the cluster and the command gets executed and during this period whatever Whatever writes actually come on to the or hit the node will get buffered And the buffering make sure that okay. We are not missing anything and once the DDL has performed the node syncs back picks up all the buffered updates and Basically syncs back into the cluster now because of this the DDL itself has not got replicated on all other nodes, but the plus point is It has not stalled all the cluster the DDL operation but this basically turns out that Because of this it's a manual operation as in you will have to now manually run all the DDL on all the nodes one by one and because of which Because we are we are going in one by one fashion we have to make sure that the These schema changes are backward compatible. I have tried to come up with the simplest Example which might help you understand? What is this backward compatibility? For example? Let's say there is a table with with two columns and The application inserts in this particular fashion for example insert into T column one column two two integers Now let's say using rolling schema upgrade Somebody runs the red the first alter command on the on the node so what if this command is trying to do it's trying to Add a column between column one and column two so it it actually changes the order So the the the alter table will work fine on one of the nodes now when it When the data actually comes in The insert those insert query query will start failing So this is not a backward compatible alter command or schema change So and that's why we There is the second alter which is backward compatible as in even after running this alter your inserts will work fine until you go and update your application as well So I mean this is one of the simplest examples I could think of So that's why in rolling schema upgrade one has to make sure that the That the schema changes are backward compatible In Galera actually there are multiple ports which are opened so there is one communication between So when when nodes are connected they are connected using TCP and by default the changes are replicated in Non-encrypted way so there is an option to even encrypt the the communication or traffic between the nodes Using different using SSL so Following are the I mean the two options that I've mentioned here are the bare minimum that you can use to encrypt your communication between the nodes So which is socket SSL cert and SSL key now providing these certificate and key You can encrypt the data or communication between the nodes one important thing to note here is The certificate and key pair has to be copied on all the nodes of the cluster. It has to be same on all the nodes and IST Comes under this in falls under this encryption as in the IST traffic is encrypted but on the other hand SSD is not affected by this particular encryption because state transfer Snapshot state transfer is taken care by different scripts as we said for example our sync Uses a mechanism which is outside the server. So it does not get encrypted But IST on the other hand is encrypted so How to secure the SSD? The extra backup script provides its own encryption mechanism So using the extra backup options you can encrypt the SSD which happens over extra backup But our sync and my skill dump are not they do not support encryption as of now and Yeah, in the initial introduction I talked about parallel replication. So So the parallel replication actually comes at the Slave node Which is trying to apply the right sets from the master node So the the master and slave terminology is is is just to represent that Master is one where the initial command was hit and Rest of the nodes are slave because they are trying to apply the changes which was done on master now Gallera provides another Another system variable called WS rep slave threads using this you can start multiple multiple threads or Multiple applied threads which will try to apply the right sets in parallel on all the nodes. So and So the question is how many applied sets do we need because Every application will have their own load and stuff. So There is a status variable called WS rep sir depth distance it basically tells you about the Average distance between the highest and lowest sequence number of right sets which can be applied in parallel Now this will give you a hint of how many threads you want and The maximum limit would be approximately four times the number of your CPU cores So using these two you can check how many threads Your cluster needs to run how many applied threads your cluster needs so Okay, so My sim is one of the important tables if you're using my skill, but as I said My skill is non-transactional. I mean it is still used for storing all the system database But it's non-transactional and that's why the support for my sim is experimental So you can use it but use it with caution because since it's non-transactional the conflicts and all that thing cannot be rolled back and so by default the replication of my skill updates is turned off you can still enable it with by using WS rep replicate my sim and now talking about cluster load balancing is one of the important things as in when and How you are routing your queries so With MariaDB Galera cluster you can use there are many options actually for load balancing one of the Classical options is using HAProxy Using which you can route the queries to different nodes in the cluster based on different policies and Then the second option is max scale. It's another tool from MariaDB Corporation which can be used to perform Load balancing and this third one is Galera load balancer It's from the original company that ship that ships the Galera library now which load balancing policy is best best it depends on the applications traffic or or the pattern of queries that is running on your on your application The first one is read write splitting now This is something wherein you Try to route all the right queries To certain nodes and read to rest of the nodes. It's more of a master slave architecture and why this is good because Just to avoid the conflicts. Let's say you have rights being thrown on all the nodes You will occasionally get conflicts to avoid that You can do this right read splitting so that right goes to one of the nodes and read Can go on any of the nodes and other are round robin and least connected Least connected is the default policy in Galera GLB Galera load balancer Least connected is as the name suggests Send the next query to the to the node, which is which has least number of connections, right? So another important thing is How would you make sure that your data? is I mean it just outlifts a disaster so the the the mechanism here is you have the Maria DB Galera cluster running in one of the data centers and Now you can relay this thing to Another node sitting somewhere in some other data center using the classical my skill Maria DB replication So the red arrows represent the Galera replication or synchronous replication And the blue one is the classical my skill master slave replication So what it's doing here is all the updates which are happening in the cluster It gets relayed or transferred Asynchronously to a remote my skill Maria DB server So so basically we are using both the replication mechanism in this particular architecture or topology so, yeah So I'll share some more configuration about how this can be done, but yeah now because Maria DB server the slave one S1 is asynchronous and It's somewhere in some other data center It won't basically avoid anything to to they are yeah So here are the settings which can be used log when is to enable binary logging because now we need the Data to be logged so that a slave can read that information because we are not talking about classical master slave replication and Log slave updates server ID It should be same across all the nodes then other settings are for to enable Replication using GT ID and stuff The limitations Limitations as I mentioned is we need to have a key or primary key on the on the table So in ten one there was a new variable which got introduced called, you know DB force primary key if you enable this If a table gets created if somebody tries to create a table without a primary key That command will fail. So it's just a mechanism to secure That thing and then as I said, you know DB storage engine is only supported at the moment And there is a cap on the transaction size because huge transaction will incur Huge lag or stall the cluster. So you can control that using max WS size It defaults to one geek second option is There but currently it's not enforced the max rights at rose, but it's not enforced and Network partitioning or split-brain as as I have already mentioned make sure you have even number of nodes and If you want you can even use Galera arbitrator as one of the nodes but that node itself Galera arbitrator is stateless So it cannot be used to connect a client and start receiving the updates and stuff Mm-hmm multi master conflict is as I mentioned when multiple when you are hitting say for example insert query on multiple nodes and the the insert or update is trying to update the Same primary key or same key. There is a conflict now in that situation the winner Gets the chance and the other transaction gets rolled back to avoid that We can if it's an auto commit query We can set WS rep retry auto commit to certain value so that it just get Get stride again when the conflict happens automatically so and there is There are some more status variables which basically Give you information about where conflict is happening the most like on which node and based on that you can even derive the hot tables which should be Updated like only from one node and all that stuff so the the options or status variables at the bottom gives you that information and then Galera cluster also dumps the right sets if it fails actually to apply them in In a particular log file Now these right sets can later be viewed through my skill bin log To see what happened wrong? so, yeah Detecting slow nodes is There are certain status variable using which you can see or you can determine which of the nodes Are slow and then because they are slow you can okay I should be going a bit faster pitfalls is Make sure that when the new node is joining In a cluster when a node joins it basically inherits the data but if that particular joiner node has More information or later in the latest information It should not be done that way because it will lose its information while joining the cluster so that's this is one of the query I received on the IRC chat and Application should be aware of this as in the the auto increments are Non-sequential on all the node to avoid this conflict So your application should expect that the auto increments will not be sequential all the time and this is controlled by auto increment control variable and Another pitfall is the principle of least variation make sure that the configuration across all the nodes is as close as possible Yeah For example SST method Has joiner and donor Concept so let's say one node has our sink SST another has extra backup So it will be a confusion actually so that's the thing a bit about Maria DB project we have our source on GitHub now completely and You can go to the knowledge base to get more information And then you can even report bugs and feature requests on JIRA Which is highly appreciated if you're requesting more bugs and features You can even ask questions on Maria DB discuss list and You can even chat to the developers and community members on IRC hash Maria channel That's it


Last week on Liberty Chronicles, we left off with May 19th, 1842, when Thomas W. Doar, the people's governor of Rhode Island, dressed up like Napoleon and carrying a sword, ordered his makeshift little army to storm the Providence state arsenal. His own father and brother were inside, aiming cannons back at Doar's men. Rhode Island was split between two governments. One claimed authority under the charter granted by King Charles II in 1663, which became the state constitution after the Revolutionary War. The other government claimed the people had a right to reform states at will, and since a majority of them voted for what was called the People's Constitution in 1841, it was officially the new legitimate state government. Many of the Dorites gathered to assault the arsenal had been agitating for constitutional reform for over a decade. Others were New Yorkers, radicals hoping to advance their own philosophies using Rhode Island as a test case. Most of Dorr's warriors, though, were young men trying to impress girls in their neighborhoods. It was the furthest thing imaginable from a professional, committed army, and when met with even slight resistance, Dorr's lines broke, and his army scattered. Welcome to Liberty Chronicles, a project of libertarianism.org. I'm Anthony Comegna. The assault failed, and Dorr's men fled to Woonsocket in Northern Rhode Island to rebuild their numbers and morale. For months, Dorr had been keeping up correspondence with people from New England, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Most of them promised him moral or financial support, but many guaranteed they would join his army, either personally enlisting or raising volunteer units with hundreds of citizen soldiers. A letter from Louis Lapham from Fall River, Massachusetts promised Dorr 300 recruits if the government started arresting suffragists. Louis Lapham to Thomas W. Dorr, April 16, 1842. My dear sir, I hope you will not consider these few lines from me as an intrusion. I was born and brought up in Rhode Island, and consequently feel a deep interest in the success of her people in the cause of constitutional freedom. In the name of liberty and patriotism stand firm to the cause you have so nobly espoused, and the people will triumphantly sustain both the cause and its advocates. If the old charter party should be so insane as to attempt to carry the Algerian law into operation, put me down as a volunteer hunter in favor of the people's constitution, ready at 30 minutes warning to emigrate to my native state with 300 recruits. Come what may, my life is at the service of my brethren in Rhode Island at any time they may desire assistance to overthrow the British charter of King Charles II. I regretted at the time of the formation of the people's constitution that it was not more liberal in some of its provisions, and would not then have supported it, because it did not secure to colored people the same rights that it does to others. But when the landholders formed a constitution still less liberal than the peoples in every other particular, and absolutely and irretrievably shut the door against ever admitting the colored man to vote, it convinced me at once that the suffrage party had probably put that question in the most liberal shape that circumstances would at the time render successful, trusting that a knowledge of the sympathy felt in this place for the establishment of the people's constitution as the supreme law of the land of Roger Williams could do no harm if it does no good. I have ventured so far to trespass upon your valuable time as to communicate the fact and hope if a physical contest should unhappily take place, you will feel no delicacy in advising me of the want of such assistance as may be in the power of many here to give, in which will be readily and voluntarily rendered. Yours respectfully, Lewis Lapham. During the spring of 1842, Dore and several agents in Washington lobbied the country's top Democrats to come to Rhode Island's aid. Immediately after the Providence Arsenal assault failed, Dore personally sailed to Washington to plead his case before returning to his men at Woonsocket. He quickly fired off a series of letters, explaining that the Tyler administration saw the suffragists call for universal equal rights as a prelude to the abolition of slavery and a series of black governments in southern states. If Doreite principles were accepted, South Carolina and Mississippi would become African American republics, perhaps Alabama, Georgia and more. The Tyler people saw in Dorism a tremendous abolition plot, and despite Dore's hopeful tone and movements, a national coalition was never a real possibility. Thomas Wilson Dore to Aaron White Esquire, May 12, 1842. I would have written to you before, but I have been literally upon a flying visit, having traveled to and from Washington with the expedition of the mail. I spent two days there, and my time was wholly occupied with the business of my mission. I have seen many of our most active friends in Congress, and they urge us to go on with one voice. In fact, the only fear expressed has been that our strength might not hold out and that we should give up to our opponents. We have the moral and intellectual weight of Congress on our side, and perhaps the numerical weight after a full and fair discussion, but this I will not positively assert. You will have seen that President Tyler does not consider us to have committed any active insurrection. The fact is, the cabinet were divided upon the point of using force against Rhode Island, and it became necessary to say that they would buy and buy when the people had done their utmost. The movements of the democracy here and in other places, and the general expression of public sentiment in our favor, have alarmed the administration with the fear of an American war of the people against the government, and they begin to pause. Mr. Webster has invited a meeting on men of both parties here tomorrow to consult on our controversy and bring it to a close if possible. Mr. W stated that he wished me to understand that he was in favor of peace. The President is apparently a very good-natured, weak man, unequal to his situation, and having his mind made up for him, by others. Anyone might suppose from conversing with him that he was a strong people's man. He has great confidence in the liberality of the Algerian Assembly, who he believes are disposed to make every concession to the people. Webster and he take the ground that the people of this country can make no changes of the government without the forms prescribed in the constitution, and where there is no written constitution without the permission of the legislature. They are both Tories of the rank-a-sort. Our hopes must rely on the aid and strength of the people of the states, to whom I am happy to say we shall not look in vain. I hope before I leave the city to obtain assurances of 1,000 volunteers to act in case a government soldier shall set his foot on the soil to put down the people. I have been received everywhere with a truly cordial spirit. There is a real heart and soul in democracy, and never were they more truly manifested than now. I shall return to Providence as soon as possible, and forwith call on the military to protect me and others from my arrest under the Algerian law. As soon as I arrive, I hope to see you and communicate many particulars, which cannot be included in the limits of a letter. I am truly and sincerely your friend, T.W. Dorr. Thomas Wilson Dorr to Walter S. Burgess Esquire, May 12, 1842. The Democrats in Congress and some of the Whigs are with us. Some of the Southern members, for instance Cuthbert of the Senate, are with the people of Rhode Island, but not with all people in asserting a principle, which might be construed to take in Southern blacks and to aid the abolitionists. The only fear at Washington is that we may not carry our movement through, a fear which in some members amounts to distrust. The determination of the people, not to see us put down by the general government, has inspired the politicians with doubt and misgivings. The Algerian commissioners have succeeded in convincing the president of the extremely liberal views of the old charter party, and he speaks of the certainty of their doing everything right. He has too much confidence in the old chartermen, because they have had the boldness to persuade him that they are the Tyler Party in Rhode Island. Nothing can alter him now but the operation of public opinion, to which he is very sensitive, deeming himself a popular man. This process is now going on well. I am with most friendly regard, yours truly, T.W. Dorr. There was little real hope for a national political coalition to enforce the people's constitution. But the Dorr war did fuel an outpouring of populist, radical republicanism throughout the Northern states. In Philadelphia, New York, Connecticut, and Boston, crowds and citizen committees voiced their support for Dorrism. Colonel William Mitchell in Boston wrote to Dorr that any federal force would stir thousands of working men to his cause. Daniel Jackson wrote from New York that 8,000 people attended a Dorite meeting at City Hall on May 14th. Rhode Island's governor under the charter, Samuel Ward King, requested that nearby governors capture an extradite Dorr if possible. But his popular support was so strong that the crowds simply would not allow authorities to arrest him. New York's Governor William Seward, a Whig, was happy to comply with King's request. But the Democratic governors of Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts all refused. Whatever might happen in Washington, people at the state and local level continued to draw the lines of battle. Suffragist J.S. Harris of Providence reported to Dorr on the 12th of June that people were holding meetings everywhere across the New England countryside, waiting to fight out a social revolution, a full-on class war to exterminate the elements of feudalism still remaining in American life. He called for one great struggle on the part of the whole American people to once and for all establish the absolute right to revolution. On the 27th of June, 1842, the Philadelphia North American reported that Rhode Islanders were still for war. Proof positive, the 500 men in Sixth Cannon Dorr was assembling at Chapachet, Rhode Island. Major August Davazac, who had fought with Jackson at New Orleans and now regularly made political speeches for Democrats, had apparently taken command of the Dorr army. The atmosphere was extremely tense, and Governor King put the state militia on guard. Believing they were about to confront an army made up of thousands of New Yorkers and invading New English, the state militia marched up Accotill and Chapachet with an important measure of determination. At the first signs of an actual fight, Dorr's army crumbled and fled. After the dust settled and Dorr's warriors were able to explain themselves, they started by noting that women really pushed them into the ranks, not some grand commitment to principle. Samuel Green stated that he went into the cause because some ladies were going, thought there was no danger where the ladies were, heard many of them were ready to fight for Dorr. One William F. Mason, a man of only 18 years, confessed to reporters that he should not have gone to Chapachet, had not the women persuaded me to do so. There was one in particular I did not dare refuse. She was my sweetheart, threatened to give me the mitten if I did not go. Clark Smith from Albion Village in Lincoln stated that most of the women in our village are in favor of Dorr. Some talked of putting on pantaloons and going to his aid. He said the women had a good deal of influence with the men, kept up a continual talking. Should pity the man who remained at home among them, should rather remain in prison than to contend with them myself. Perhaps accounting for many of the desertions at Chapachet, Clark Smith said he went to the camp to make a show, made a poor show. In case of actual battle, meant to sneak off myself. Almond Smith, Clark's 18 year old son and yes his name was Almond. Almond Smith said he went to Chapachet, was advised to go by Sarah and the rest of the girls, hated to hang back for fear they would have laughed at me. Almond said he set out for Chapachet, expecting to be made a hero of. He was instead made a prisoner of. Search for glory, couldn't find any. He concluded, I don't think I should have plucked up and gone to the camp, had it not been for the gals, they made me feel gritty. Clearly, the military path to reform was a dead letter. Something the movement's leadership proved completely incapable of managing. Nonetheless, there were still a large number of suffragists, still at arms in the countryside, and landholders remained worried that desperate politicians might just cause the next French revolution, reign of terror and all. But throughout the spring and summer of 1842, it was the landholder government that initiated political terror. Governor King arrested and imprisoned dozens of suffragists who either took positions in Dor's government or participated in his rebellion. The state's prison cells filled to capacity and Dorite women immediately began forming organizations and networks to raise relief money for the affected families. Most Dorites steadily peeled off from the movement as the military efforts collapsed. It seemed they would have to deal with the charter state after all, so at least they could try to get a good compromise constitution. More radical supporters like Aaron White, though, fully understood the sorts of precedents being set here. Rather than establishing the absolute right to revolution, the Dorites now had to fight against federal intervention in a state's domestic affairs. The slaveholding interest infecting John Tyler's White House would do much better to reconsider their opposition to universal suffrage. Otherwise, in 30 years' time, abolitionists might well use federal armies to smash slavery and use the name of John Tyler to justify it. The Algerians are indulging the cruelty of their hearts by persecuting our poor suffrage friends wherever they dare to. Mr. Haynes and Mr. Gavit have been indicted for treason in Washington County and will probably be sent to the state's prison. In selecting victims for the sacrifice, a decided preference is given for old Democrats. Wigs generally remain unmolested. Our friends bear these inflections with great patience, and in providence, I fear that many have been fairly cowed down by the insolence and cruelty of their insulting oppressors. In the country, we stand a little firmer and hold up the doctrine of resistance to arrest, which probably prevents arrest, and I think this the true course for those arrested to make a deep and discouraging impression. These points I throw out for your consideration, as to the actual presence of U.S. troops on the 18th? I think it matters but little. All the world knows that the U.S. troops at Newport were in reality the main body of the Algerian Army. They were sent to Rhode Island to explain the President's letter. These modern teachers of constitutional law had received their books for our use in the shape of ball and cartridges. It is an undeniable fact, strange as it may appear, that Rhode Island at this moment is in reality under a government, which is a government not by the will of the people, but by the will of John Tyler and the force of his standing army. The precedent, bad as it is, may yet be of use. When President Bernie takes the throne, we will cram emancipating constitutions down the throats of the Southern Nabobs by the same rule, for if President Tyler, under pretense of suppressing domestic violence, can interfere in behalf of a minority of a minority to guarantee an aristocratic constitution of faction, then may President Bernie interfere to guarantee a Republican constitution, recognizing the equal rights of women. I have written to Senator Allen and sent him documents, and among others, some anti-slavery papers, which completely do away with the charge of abolitionism that has been brought against us as suffrage men. I do not expect that anything will be done in June by the Algerine Assembly.  As the military stage of the revolution failed, Dore's most fervent supporters still looked forward to one great war that would extinguish the idea that governments could grant rights by charter or proclamation. Joseph Pallard, for example, believed all-new England was ready to burst into revolution. He only hoped the battle's loco-focos started against monopoly banks, continued by Doreites against landholder domination, would ultimately give freedom to Southern slaves. Slashing at his Northern neighbors who allowed racism to infect their radical politics, Pallard wondered how a people who loved to boast of their freedoms could tolerate three million people held to slavery in their midst. Northerners constantly aided and abetted Southern slavery with their political cover, their racism, and their economic support. To Pallard and many others, Dorism was a war against arbitrary power, whatever its form. The real enemy remained the idea that political authority derived from a source outside the rights of individuals. In a letter to the Democratic Governor of Connecticut, Dor wrote, the doctrine of the cabinet at Washington is that our governments are corporations, that the authorities are the ultimate source of political power in this country, and that no changes of government can take place without their consent. After the almost comical failures of Dor's armies, and while Dorite men wasted away in state prisons, women activists took charge of the movement. They shifted from encouraging men to the battlefield, towards shaming them from compromising with the landholders and organizing events. Excitement reached a fever pitch in August of 1842. Ann Parlin and Abbey Lord wrote to Dor, that our husbands have been prisoners of war, and now we are ready to be so. Parlin and Lord were determined that suffragist women undermine the regime. If that amounted to treason, then so be it. Ann Parlin even vowed to personally lead a Dorite army to victory or death. If the nation's men refused to help Rhode Islanders, she saw a great women's movement rising up to do the work for them. Parlin blasted those Dorites who were all valiant bluster in peacetime, and cowards in time of war. During one of his flights to Safe Haven, Thomas Dor lost his correspondence bag, containing evidence of his secret networking activities, including names of all the prominent people who conspired with him to make war on the charter. Two suffragist women, Abbey Lord and Matilda Knowles, marched directly to the new Governor, James Fenner's doorstep. They knocked on his door, confronted him face to face, accusing him of stealing Dor's letters. Abbey Lord asked him what right he had to seize a man's private property for government use. She demanded he return the letters to her immediately. The Governor replied that the letters were now public property. Lord remarked that she was a member of the public. Okay then, their government property. Lord shot back, you have one government, and we have another. The question is, which is the right one? Fenner, undoubtedly annoyed, said he knew nothing of Dor's government. But Abbey Lord persisted. I said we mean to let you know something about it. He says, what will you do with us? I said, what we had a right to do with you. Fenner burst into laughter and turned away.


Good morning ladies and gentlemen, or maybe good afternoon. My name is Patek Ushemaha and the topic of my speech is how to and how not to criticize the central bank. I would like to thank Professor Hoppen, Ms. Gurdjian, our host for giving me this opportunity to speak here. In my speech I want to tell you about two possible ways to criticize the central bank. And in recent years, since 2007, perhaps 2008, we had a lot of big criticism raised against the central banks. And those criticism, all those criticism, they differ in nature, but you can group those criticism into two distinctive categories. And the first category would be the category of complete anti-free banking system. So it would be the category of economists who are in principle against any sort of central banking. And the second type of category would be a category of being historically against the central banking. That is being against a particular chairman or particular type of policy that was purged by the central bank in recent years, for example. So even though the title of my speech sounds very normative, how to and how not to criticize the central bank, of course you can criticize the central bank in any way you want. Just remember that if you fall into the other group you might not be allowed to bother them in next years. So the first group that is against the central banking, in principle against the central banking, is of course the group of the Austrian economists and fellow travelers of the Austrian school. As Professor Hoppens in his lecture demonstrated, the basic problem with the central banking system is that it has a fiat money creation underneath it. So money as a commodity, it's not really a commodity anymore under the central banking system. It is a form of decree. It is even named like this. It's fiat money, which means that it is just created by pure decision. And since the Austrian school criticized the socialist systems for many years, it is also criticizing the central banking system. The problems of socialism, all the problems of socialism, the source of them is nationalization of all the resources. So the abolition of capital markets and factor markets. If you abolish capital and factor markets you don't have competitive economizing of all the factors of production and economy. And the problem with the socialist order is actually that you substitute the property order, competitive private property order for fiat property. Under socialism you still have a form of property, but the property is not placed within the nexus of voluntary contracts. Under socialism you have just fiat property, meaning that the state just decides, I own this, I own that, I allocate the resources in that way and in that way. So as you see at the very essence, the central banking system is quite similar to socialism. We could even use the same name, fiat property. You just create property out of thin air under socialism. And in capitalism with the central banking system, even though you still have a form of property, so half of the economy is privately owned, the most important commodity is being created by pure decision. So instead of just issuing a decree, I own this resource, the state is issuing money, but in essence it's the same thing as just nationalizing resources, it's just indirect. It's again just putting forward a law saying I own this amount of money and now I can buy whatever I want in the market. So at the very core those two institutions, socialism and the central banking are very similar and that's why Austrian economists, since they are against the socialist systems, they are also against the central banking system. Now many different critiques have been raised from the Austrian camp. I do not want to go into details, I want to just generalize them in order to group them into this first group, the group that is in principle against the central banking. And in the most general possible way I could summarize the arguments, if I could summarize the arguments in the most general possible way, I would summarize them in the following way. So under the central banking system you have fiat money creation and you can create money in two different ways. One way is just pure creation of money and spending it in the market, which leads to inflation and redistribution effects from the holders of old money to the holders of new money for spending it in the market. Then the second possible type of fiat money creation is also creation of credit. So the central bank or the banking system, the banking public-private cartel, creates money and not only creates money but creates also credit. So it lends the money in the credit market. The necessary result of this is a sort of what we could call schumpeterization of capital markets. Joseph Schumpeter an Austrian economist unfortunately only by nationality. Joseph Schumpeter argued that the capitalist system will naturally evolve into a socialist order. Some of the things he got correct, some of the things he got incorrect, but he is certainly right in stating that the corporate form of capitalism will evolve into a form of financial socialism. And in the capital markets we are actually observing the schumpeterization of capital markets. Why? Well because in capital markets the private investors, the holders of money, they don't really decide about the investment processes. They don't really decide about the investment decisions. So in the capital markets, which is the essential market in any market economy, in capital markets we don't have private owners of capital investors deciding about what to produce. We have just creators of money deciding what to produce. So you have a sort of crowding out effect and this crowding out effect leads to inefficiencies and wrong economic decision making. You have a sort of debt driven system in which issuing money is just issuing a decision, this is profitable, this is not profitable. Under the free market gold standard the production of money and also the production of capital, if you can use this term, is dependent upon private owners of capital and money. So you have the cost of production which are dependent on the free market system. The cost of production decides about how much money should be produced. And under the fiat money standard, under the central banking system, this is just being produced by pure decision making. So no economizing at all in production of money and this leads to crowding out effect.  But crowding out refers to government investments when the government spends the money, crowds out private investors. Now this is also true but right now when I speak about crowding out effect I mean crowding out in more general sense that the banking system by creating money, by creating purchasing power out of the air, crowds out private investors from the market. And the natural result of this is that the competitive pricing system is being curtailed by this institutional arrangement. To give you just an example, I was recently writing a popular article about rating agencies. The whole market structure and financial market is being changed by this system, by the existence of this system. Rating agencies when they first developed 100 years ago, they were focused on private investors who owned the money. So whenever you wanted to invest your money you had to actually buy information from the credit rating agency, from rating agency. You paid for information and the person who gave capital for the production process was deciding in a way to give the money to rating agency. Now right now 100 years have passed and the whole system changed because in the beginning of 20th century and in the 90th century more investment processes were financed through private investing, through private savings. So it was wealthy capitalists and wealthy owners of money who decided, okay, I'm going to start this investment process, I'm going to start perhaps some other investment process. And nowadays most of the processes are being financed by just banking money creation. So under this debt driven system rating agencies are not really focusing on owners of money, they are focusing on the system which is debt driven. So nowadays it is the creditors who pay for rating and this is also supported by regulatory laws. Securities and Exchange Commission created the cartel of rating agencies to officially recognize them and recognize their rating. So those two factors definitely led to a situation in which it is no longer the owners of capital who pay for rating but the receivers, the creditors who are based on their activities are based on credit and money creation, they pay for ratings. It is of course debatable, you can debate whether what is the cause of this, but I think that the driving force was definitely the change in the monetary system. And this crowding out effect not only crowds out private investors from capital markets because as owners of money you had something to say a hundred years ago in the framework of price deflation, steadily falling prices when you were holding the money, you had something to say. Nowadays you don't really have much to say. You can jump on the inflation bandwagon with the banks. So to generalize this criticism of the first group, the problem of the central banking is that the competitive price assessments that are based on private production of all the factors of production and also of private production of money, that system is being curtailed and it's being weakened by the existence of the central bank. You can crowd out those private decisions in favor of a form of financial socialism, in favor of bureaucratic management where it is this pure decision making that is the source of profits and losses and credit creation. So this would be the first group and of course different, as I said, you have different economists within this group. The Austrian school mostly concentrates on the interest rate manipulation and the so-called Austrian business cycle theory when they demonstrate that the lowering of the interest rate leads to artificial bombs that will be soon brought to an end. But there are also other criticism that can be directed against the central bank. So that's why I want this group to be a bit bigger than just focusing on this particular theory. Now the second group, the group that we usually hear in the media, is a group which directs criticism against particular chairman or particular policy that was pursued by the chairman or by the board of the central bank. The best example I think you probably heard about this economist John Taylor, a very, very good mainstream economist who wrote few articles about the central banking policy in the beginning of the 21st century in the United States and he argued that because Alan Greenspan lowered the interest rate and kept the interest rates very low, this led to artificial real estate boom and this was the source of the problems. Well not all of the problems but mostly this was the source of the problems. So he is correct in his analysis that the interest rates definitely played a role in the real estate boom but then at the same time in writing his papers he's arguing so the problem was low interest rates but if you had listened to me and said the interest rates as I said, the things would have been different. Well he's not really saying this but he's writing that there is the so-called Taylor rule which he invented that you needed to follow and if you follow that rule then the problems would not develop. So in effect he's basically saying you should have listened to me and said the interest rates as I said they should be set and then the problems would not develop. In a way there is always a problem when a journalist from the paper wants to ask the Austrian economist about the recent central bank's board decision about the interest rates. So every month we have interest rates set by the board within all the central banks around the world and then the journalist always shows up and asks the Austrian economist, so is this decision correct or not should the interest rates be higher or lower? And most economists always give answers okay so price increases are external to our economy I would keep the interest rates at the same level. Other economists are saying unemployment is rising so perhaps we should lower the interest rate. Price inflation is rising so we should perhaps raise the interest rates whereas the Austrian economist is always saying the same thing and always the same thing. Just forget about setting the interest rates so the journalist is just tired and doesn't ask him anymore. In responding to how can we respond to Taylor and criticism about against particular type of policy where first of all there is the problem of hitting the right target itself whether the central bank can really hit the price or is it the correct price that the central bank can hit. And the so called Taylor rule depends on two very very macroeconomic magnitudes aggregates. One is the so called output gap and the other one is rate of inflation okay and depending on those two variables and different parameters used in the equation Taylor rule gives you advices whether you should increase the interest rates or whether you should decrease the interest rates. So first of all there are problems with the measurement of those two magnitudes. In case of price level as you know we have CPIs, we have harmonized indexes, we have core rates we can use different goods, we can use CPI less food and energy so depending on which magnitude we use or which particular index we use we might arrive at totally different results. The same thing with even more ambiguous variable which is called output gap. Output gap what is an output gap like if people are not working during the night is it output gap because they could produce more? So the output gap is the second problem it is even more ambiguous to measure the output gap so there are different ways to measure the output gap and besides all that there is a problem of measurement of data whether you should use so called real time data that you gather right now or maybe you should use I don't know revised data but it's hard to use revised data before it is being revised but should you use predicted data as small central banks use nowadays so you have all those problems and it was even recognized in the mainstream literature by a very good economist Orfanides. I'm not sure I pronounced it correctly so he pointed out that those rules those Taylor rules you have different rules so if you have different rules you actually don't know which rules you should choose which rule you should choose and then Orfanides ended up being hired by the central bank so you see this is the path to failure you criticize the central bank there are problems with pursuing monetary policy and then there you go since there are problems we need somebody to solve the problem right? So one problem is can the central bank really set the interest rate at the correct level if the interest rate is a market price as any other price it should be regulated by the market so can the central bank really hit the target of the interest rate can it really hit the target to create a sort of very bad economic equilibrium in the market so this would be one problem but the other problem is also that the problem within the modern banking system it's not only the problem of correct or incorrect interest rate that you just set the interest rate on this level lower or higher or whether you hit the target or not the problem is broader as the first group demonstrates the problem lies within the fact that it is a form of bureaucratic banking bureaucratic management that crowds out private investors in their economic assessments under inflationary framework under socialism of course when you notice all the misallocations of resources and all the shortages and circumstances you could of course enter the store the socialist store and argue there is a problem with price setting so you set the prices wrong it might be a part of the problem but it's only a part of the problem the big part of the problem in the market is not only how high is the price set so how high the interest rate is set it's also the problem of demand and supply in this market in particular so who is supplying goods and services under what conditions do we have competitors supplying all the goods and services and do we have competition within the factor pricing factor markets where you have also demand and supply and you have competitive entrepreneurs assessing the usefulness of those factors so the problem is not only pricing itself but it's also who sits the price so who sits the price who accumulates capital and who decides about the investment process and how he is constrained within the economic system and in the central banking system even if the interest rate is not very low even if it's just around the price that would have been in the market somehow then still under this system you have a crowding out effect that I told you about when I grouped Austrian economists and fellow travelers into this group against the central banking in principle so the problem is not only setting the interest rate correctly the problem also lies in the fact that you have a... in the credit market you have bureaucratic management, financial socialism pushing out the private investors and savers that could decide about the production process and competitive assessments so the second group is a group of economists who are suspicious of previous policies but in principle they are using the arguments that okay we should change the chairman or we should change the policy we should set the prices using different models so in a way they are similar in criticizing... they are similar to economists who criticized the socialist economy not in principle but they said okay so we should change the planner the planner is wrong or we should set the prices using some other accounting rule perhaps in order to achieve better results it reminds me of... it was not really a debate but it reminds me that when the bailout program was started in the United States so the bailout program was based on buying the toxic assets that banks were holding actually two bailout programs one from the fiscal budget and one from the central bank so nobody noticed that the central bank was actually bailing out and was using two times more money than Paulson was but everybody focused on the fiscal side nobody really cared about the monetary side so during that time I remember that when the government was buying those assets in different forms I remember I read two different opinions by Anna Schwartz and Paul Krugman and Anna Schwartz, the author of Monetary History of Newton Friedman Anna Schwartz says now it's better to buy the toxic assets rather than just buy banks themselves recapitalize the banks themselves rather than buy the bank stocks because that would favor banks unfairly so this would be unfair to banks in such a way to buy their stocks rather than buy the toxic assets and then a few days after that I read Krugman's article where he argued now it is unfair to buy the toxic assets because that favors the banks unfairly we should buy the stocks of the banks and recapitalize them so that was really strange I read the same argument being used against opposing policies in like radically open manner so in a way people criticizing the central bank and the central banking system from the second group they are directing their criticism only on particular policies not towards the system itself and I think that the problems lie much deeper than in just a particular type of policy or a particular chairman that is the chief of the central bank ok so to summarize these are the two groups and now you know how to criticize I adhere to the view that you should be in the first group rather than in the second group but again it's your choice remember be careful so I'm going to finish here thank you and leave it to failure


Prime Minister Hon. Alan Chastney has heaped praise on the St. Lucian public for what he deemed an incredible job in adhering to the COVID-19 protocols during a time traditionally known for island-wide celebration. Hon. Chastney says he knows it was extremely difficult for nationals not to enjoy juniquial on the weekend in the grand fashion of years past. Cancelling the cultural festivity the Prime Minister noted resulted in major revenue losses as well as dampened spirits due to restrictions that impeded socialization. Knowing that we didn't have carnival and this was really an opportunity for us to have gotten out it's sad that we found ourselves in this situation and I don't even want to add up how much money was lost this weekend and how many persons were looking forward to selling their goods but more importantly the social the socialization that was going to take place but I really want to thank all solutions for adhering to the protocols not making it overly difficult for the policemen and not putting unnecessary pressure on the authorities. St. Lucian's were urged not to compromise their safety despite the temptation to gather and celebrate in this annual festival the plea was particularly strong given that the island has recorded a total of 18 new cases in the span of one week. The new cases that we're getting the good news is that most of these cases are already in quarantine so it tells us that the contact tracing and that the team at the contact tracing have been doing an outstanding job and we're ahead of it if I can say that ahead in that we understand who's been affected and putting the persons at the highest risk into a quarantine situation. Sadly more than likely numbers are going to continue to rise. The fact that we have a hospital facility dedicated for as a respiratory center is good news. The fact that we have over 85 doctors and nurses from Cuba here to augment our doctors and nurses is good news. Prime Minister Shasne encouraged the St. Lucian's to continue to wear their face masks, social distance and sanitize their hands in order to stay safe from COVID-19. We can coexist. We can keep our doors open. We can be open for business. We can make sure that people who'd lost their jobs they can get their jobs back and this idea that it's either health or economics is not a fair comparison anymore. We need both. Clearly we're always going to be more sensitive to the health side because we can't bring somebody's life back. But once we continue to do what we did this weekend, St. Lucia will be fine and I amongst I'm sure a lot of other people are very proud to see how St. Lucia's acted this weekend and how strong they're taking the recommendations of the CMO. We've got a great CMO. We have a great Ministry of Health, the contact tracers, great frontliners all throughout St. Lucia, but more important than we've got great citizens and we can win this battle together. We can do this and your government is fully behind you to try to do everything that we can to ensure that we see a recovery to our economy and that we continue to keep people very safe in our countries. Prime Minister Hon. Alan Shasne.