Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States, and Senator Paul Axel. Ladies and gentlemen, would you please be seated, thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, to officially welcome the President to the University of Nevada Reno campus. It gives me a great deal of pleasure to introduce a man who, in the 30 years that I've had a love affair with this university. Thank you very much Frank. Mr. President, is my privilege to, on behalf of all of us here, welcome you today to the campus of the University of Nevada Reno. This is the first time in the university's 108-year history that we have had on campus during his term of office a President of the United States. We are most honored to have you with us on this special occasion. I know of course that you are here in part to speak on behalf of candidates from your party in Nevada under the sponsorship of the party. From the university's point of view we are delighted to have you here as the highlight of our Nevada Public Leadership Forum. That forum has been in session this morning with some... Thank you Joe. Ladies and gentlemen, to introduce to you the President. Thank you very much Frank Ferenkoff. Governor List, President Crowley, distinguished guests here present. My fellow Nevadans. Amigo. Don't you wish we could import that beautiful clear blue sky and all this clear air to Washington? Yesterday while I was hiking at Marlet Lake, I was with a very grateful state. I have the singular honor and great great pleasure to introduce to you our friend, our neighbor, a man who truly matches our majestic mountains. The President of the United States. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. Please. Thank you. Thank you. Mr. President. Thank you. Governor, Senator Paul, and our fine candidates who are here. Barbara Vakanovic, Chick Hect. You know those words about this clear blue sky and this fresh air. Being the West is hard to leave. So I hope the rest of the country will forgive me if I point out, did you ever stop to think that if Columbus had taken that boat ride across the Pacific instead of the Atlantic, the capital would be out here? All these good people here except Governor List. Why don't we just skip November and I'll take them back to Washington now. But I'm told that this gathering is an old build, is an old-fashioned GOP, grand old party rally. The only thing about that that's bothered me is that word old-fashioned. I have a suspicion that's because I'm here. I'd like to make this a pep rally for the Wolfpacks victory tomorrow. I have to tell you, I love outdoor rallies like this. Once during the campaign, some fellow said to me that he didn't think I was working very hard. He said, you've got too good a tan. And I said, well, I've been doing a lot of outdoor rallies. And then he says, well, you talk too long then. You know, there was a humorist and maybe some of you were too young to remember him, but he was Robert Benchley and he was in Hollywood for a time making pictures. And when he wasn't working, he was always indoors under a sun lamp getting a tan.  And Bob Benchley said, what, and get hit with a meteor? Well, you know, there are times when I think some of our critics and our opponents must have been hit by something, meteors or something else. They've developed a very interesting case of amnesia. They can't remember a thing that was bad about the economy prior to my taking the oath of office. They think that everything economically that's bad started on January 21st, 1981. They don't remember that in the four years before we got to Washington, the entire government of the United States was in their hands. They controlled the presidency, the United States Senate, the House of Representatives, and all the committees of Congress, the executive branch, the hundreds of departments and agencies responsible for running the federal establishment. They had the whole enchilada. They controlled everything except inflation, interest rates, taxes, and an economy that was on a toboggan slide. And in their political amnesia they forgotten that under their leadership, inflation went up from 4.8% in 1976 to 18% by January of 1980 and that at the same time the interest rates climbed from 7% to 21.5% and our taxes doubled in five years. Well, I can't blame them. If I were in their place, I guess I'd try to forget a lot of things too. But now let me point out that I spent most of my life as a Democrat and I know others at this rally have been or still are Democrats and they have every reason to be proud of their party's many fine traditions. The problems we face today are bigger than any single political party and solving them will require the best efforts of all our people. But in saying that, let me point out something else. I think it's important to note that there is a great gulf today between millions of patriotic Democrats and the leadership of their party. I don't fault the intentions of that leadership in these past years. I know they meant well. They claim compassion and deny that we feel any. But compassion stopped short of the average American, the men and women who hold our country together and who were being taxed into poverty to support an ever-growing bureaucracy that wasn't helping solve anything. Indeed, it was not government that should solve the problems. It was government that was the problem. Families, both Democrat and Republican, were driven in the evening to sit around the kitchen table in too many American homes to try and figure out how to cope with inflation and what they were going to do next. And while the average family was being pinched, it was fat city for the federal government. In the year before I took office, that single year federal spending increased by 17%. How many of our fellow citizens were able to say that their incomes or their pensions or their savings had gone up by 14%. They hadn't. As a matter of fact, for those few years, the standard of living in this country was actually going down, even though people were getting cost-of-living pay raises. Because those cost-of-living pay raises were moving them up into higher-income tax brackets. Right now, we're all paying the penalty of those tragic excesses of the past. Unfortunately, many are paying with their jobs. Nearly 11 million people are out of work. And you know the worst of it is it didn't have to be this way. If only the big spenders in Congress had shown some restraint. If only they would now. That's why the balanced budget is so important. The United States Congress breathes on a respirator that's pumping money, money, money. And the best way to pull the plug on its big spending ways is a balanced budget amendment to our Constitution. But even though the American people want the amendment, even though a majority of the Congress voted for the amendment, the House Democratic leadership still prefers the failures of the past to the steps that we must take to build a better future. And that's what this election is all about. Tomorrow, the new unemployment rate comes out. And I've read many people are anticipating, and very possibly it will show another increase. But I have some questions for those who will be all over our television screens lambasting this administration, if it does. Where were they when the economy started going haywire? What are they offering now, except their failed policies of the past? Spend and spend, tax and tax, and that isn't enough, borrow and borrow. Let me ask one final question of them. When will they open their eyes to the onrushing surge of confidence now occurring in this country's financial markets? Earlier today, if you haven't heard, I'm pleased to report that a number of major banks in the United States this morning lowered their prime lending rate to 13%. Now that's a far cry from the 16.5% rate that prevailed just this last summer and a 21.5% that was in effect just before we took office. And as interest rates have tumbled, investment has been flowing into our equity and our bond markets. In the past two months alone, the Dow Jones industrial average has jumped more than 20%, and yesterday it had the second biggest increase in the market in history. Those investors who have the responsibility of investing billions of dollars, including the pension funds of American workers, don't make their decisions lightly. Are they sending us a signal? Do they believe that the American economy is turning a corner, maybe? Do they believe we mean business in our battle against inflation? Are they ready to give this economy a strong vote of confidence?  However, that one of the last symptoms of recession to yield to a recovery is unemployment. But in the meantime, there are important steps we've taken to reduce that hardship. We've extended unemployment benefits in those hard-hit areas to those who have exhausted their time, and I will soon be signing, has recently been passed, a job training bill, a measure that will provide training for over a million Americans a year. Now, this is important if you take on a Sunday and open to the help-wanted ads in a metropolitan paper and discover that even with 11 million people almost unemployed in this country, you will find 65 or 70 pages of help-wanted ads. We're asking for workers to come. Why aren't they filled? Because the people who don't have the skills that those jobs require, and we're going to try to give them to them. In past training bills, there's a difference between the one that I'm going to sign and those past ones. In the past bills, only 20 cents out of a dollar went to actual training. The rest could be considered administrative overhead. Well, in our bill, 70 cents out of every dollar is going to the actual training. And tomorrow, I will sign the Export Trading Company Act, which will encourage the formation of trading companies to spur exports. And the best thing about this measure is that it assists U.S. businesses in developing exports and thus creates hundreds of thousands of jobs at virtually no cost to the taxpayer. You don't know how much I wish there were some quick, easy cure for this terrible economic mess that was so long into making. But it does seem to me that the people who created the mess are hardly justified now in claiming that having created it, they're the best qualified to try and clean it up. From our very first day, we've been working to undo the economic wreckage they left behind. As a matter of fact, when I finished taking the oath of office on that inaugural day, the first thing I did was go back into the Capitol, and before I'd even taken my top coat off, I signed an executive order freezing the size of the federal government that it could not grow from that day forward. To get control of the spending, to encourage incentives by lowering taxes, to root out waste and fraud, to stop unwise regulations and start America on the road to expansion and growth once again, that's what we've been trying to do since that January day. I won't dwell on this, but you might be interested to know that we've had a team of inspector generals who have been making thousands, tens of thousands of audits. There have been thousands of indictments. There have been hundreds of convictions already for such things as a government agency spending some $300 for an item that they could get for about $30 in their local stores. Other things of thousands of people that were still receiving checks from the government, they'd been dead for an average of seven years.  Well, inflation has been reduced by 59 percent. Since January, it's averaged 5.1 percent. And last month, it went down at an annualized rate of 3.3 percent. An average family of four, with an income of $15,000, is about $1,000 better off in purchasing power than it would have been if inflation had stayed where it was 20 months ago. Interest rates have dropped nearly 40 percent. And I've told you, of course, made the announcement about the prime down to 13 now. Unnecessary regulations have been reduced. The American people have been sending about 10 billion pieces of paper to Washington a year. We so far have reduced the amount of paper by about 200 million man-hours of work in filling out that paper. Your tax rates, when the final installment goes in next July, will have been cut for the first time in 20 years. Step by step, our program is working. I believe deeply that we can put our current economic difficulties behind us if we have the strength to stick to our course. But until there's a job for every American who wants to work, and as long as plants and machinery lay idle, we can't let up in our efforts. We Americans have been tested by these past few years of discouragement, but we've never been quitters and we're not going to quit now. I hear all those voices every day saying that we can't succeed. Well, if we only put our heart and courage to the test, I say we can't fail. To those who are faint-hearted and unsure, I have but one message. If you're afraid of the future, then get out of the way. Stand aside from that spirit. And I have to tell you, your hospitality has lifted my own spirit as high as those beautiful soaring sierras that we can see out here every day. I just have one last remark to make. You know there's been great charges about who has compassion, as I mentioned earlier, and who doesn't. And of course, we're supposed to be hard-hearted and we're supposed to be balancing inflation by doing all sorts of cruel things. Now, I know that, as I said earlier, that the party before us was well-intentioned with all of their social reforms and their attempts to help people. But when you're going to help people, you really should know what you're doing. And their efforts at helping people that brought us a trillion-dollar debt and brought us the inflation and made people poorer, not better off, reminded me of the young fellow one day that was riding a motorcycle. It was a cold winter day, had a leather jacket on, the wind was whistling in through the buttons on his jacket, chilling him, and he finally figured out if he stopped and put the jacket on backward, that wouldn't happen. So he did. And down the road he went, but it kind of restricted his arm motion a little bit. So he hit a patch of ice and skidded into a tree. And when the police arrived, an elbowed their way through the crowd that had gathered and they said, what happened? The people who were there first said, we don't know. He seemed to be all right when we got here, but by the time we had his head turned around straight, he was dead. So we're going to try to keep everybody warm. We're not going to try to turn their heads around straight. We're going to try to help them in the regular and old-fashioned American way, which is direct the help in such a way as to make people self-sufficient and independent and no longer dependent on bureaucrats for a handle. So thank you. God bless you all and happy going tomorrow. Ladies and gentlemen, to make a special award to the president, I'd like to reintroduce President Joe Crowley. Mr. President, you will recall earlier that I mentioned that the University of Nevada is 108 years old this fall. Eight years ago, we celebrated our centennial. And as a memento of this occasion, I would like to present you with the University of Nevada centennial medallion. I hope you might wear it from time to time remembering your many friends in Nevada and remembering as well what has been for us at the University in historic day. Mr. President, we have one other presentation from the students of the University of Nevada, Reno. And behind you is the Wolf. And this is a sweatshirt commemorating the 1982 homecoming.


Everyone is always talking about detox, detox, detox without actually understanding the body's primary method of detox which is through the liver. Our livers are constantly absorbing and discreeting nutrients or toxins. Some people refer to the liver as a filter.  Problem is you can't exactly replace your liver like it's some cheap plastic filter if only it was. And this video is long overdue considering that I talk about liver detox and basically every single video every day of the week but now you guys are going to have an understanding and reference to why I'm doing certain things. In extreme scenarios and diets specifically carnivore keto vegan where there's an excess of nutrients you know whether you're eating a lot of organ meats or shellfish or on the vegan diet a lot of high carotene and flavonoid foods the liver ends up in a state of constant absorption where excretion of toxins and excess nutrients is not happening. Lever is just focused on absorb absorb absorb even on a standard American diet a person's liver I mean maybe not the healthiest but at least it's in some state of balance and most people don't have severe levels of liver damage that I've seen on people following these extreme diets. So it's pretty safe to bet that a carnivore diet or is going to have much better cellular health than a standard American diet or however their liver could be compromised because as most of you know a poor average diet is overwhelmed with seed oils and so many negative things so at the end of the day it's still going to take you years of following a proper diet and routine to start feeling a hundred percent better. Therefore it is critical to understand that in order for the liver to detox efficiently you need to remove virtually all toxins and the part people miss is the excess nutrients in the diet. If you're following carnivore, raw primal diet, even keto those diets are so high in fat soluble vitamins and the fat content of the diet promotes absorption even more. So say you're only eating grass-fed meat you know the liver is still going to be overloaded whether it's the vitamins or the minerals in the meat and fat. What's really bad is if you do those types of diets and you end up having a lot of shellfish, canned sardines, low quality pork and chicken because then in some cases you're getting large amounts of vitamins and toxins and pollutants and heavy metals. Now if you're on a standard American diet or even if you're just not eating organic you're going to be overloaded with agrochemicals, vegetable seed oils, all these negatives that the liver and cells are trying to detox and remove. When you have those toxins in the diet especially in the presence of high vitamin intake it becomes impossible for the liver to detox. Either way you end up in a bad spot. If there's an excess of vitamins or toxins the liver will be under stress and potentially on a minimum of several years to recover from. People that live long and healthy lives were fortunate to be on diets that were not overloaded with either of these. Maybe they're not a hundred percent healthy and ideal but it's better to be slightly deficient in certain nutrients and minerals than to be near liver failure from following an extreme diet.  We could talk all day about going from standard American diet to carnivore, keto, the pros and cons and that type of stuff but it's not really important because those are not solutions in any circumstance. Moving on to mechanisms of detox. Main one is the bile excretion during digestion and I mean you know there's bile for the most part coming out of your liver in small amounts throughout the entire day. Although fat is the primary stimulant of biliary fluid bile release that bile is entering back into your digestive system in the upper small intestine and it can just be reabsorbed. Keep that in mind the liver is primarily detoxing through bile release but that happens at the beginning of digestion so you really need fiber, starch, carbohydrates to soak these toxins and there's a lot of studies showing fiber increasing antioxidants and detox enzymes in your liver. That's actually because the fiber is soaking the toxins and if those toxins were to be reabsorbed they would inhibit your antioxidant pathways and your liver function. So it's like a double problem I don't know what you refer to as but it's like yeah I guess that's the simplest way to put it you know just by having something to soak up that toxic bile the liver is able to kind of relax and just enter a state of excretion because if it is reabsorbing stuff that it doesn't want it's going to start flushing it to all parts of your bloodstream other organs the brain depending on how overloaded it is and you will not feel good. You know think about trying to soak up some bile or even any liquid with a piece of steak or a piece of fat. You know these foods are not soluble they are very solid whereas a piece of bread some pasta rice starches they can absorb much more fluids and hold on to them. These carbs and even sugars can also be eaten by candida and the candida fungus will actually act as a detox vehicle like a gateway by holding on to the toxic bile excrements as it travels through the digestive system so it's very important to make sure as little of that toxic bile gets reabsorbed as possible. Therefore you want to stimulate just enough bile release to constantly detox at a safe rate and then have those starches soak the toxins that's the core of your diet and if you've replenished B vitamins if your gut microbiome is healthy chances are you don't actually need to have any fat in the meal. The liver is going to automatically release a reasonable amount of bile even if you just have a small amount of lean animal protein. There are also a lot of compounds and nutrients that are required for detox stimulation and also that the toxins can bind to. So yeah you could go all the way with just like bile detox and following a balanced diet but depending on how severe the liver damages you might not feel good until you fix certain nutrient deficiencies which can be difficult because as we've said earlier you know the liver is also under stress simply by absorbing nutrients so we definitely don't want to overdo any. And the most important thing I'm going to say all day might be that the liver can only release so many toxins per meal. Imagine the amount of nutrients that you absorb eating breakfast lunch and dinner over several years and for each of those meals for several hours the liver was absorbing those nutrients so we're talking you know potentially over a thousand hours per year of the liver absorbing nutrients. You think the liver can just dump all of that out at once in the bile? No. Okay maybe the liver can dump a day's worth of bile in a few hours maximum you know whatever length of time it took you to accumulate those toxins it's safe to say it might take that amount of time to release them.  It's it's ridiculous. The idea that you can just detox your liver over the course of several days all of those nutrients and toxins and compounds are deeply ingrained into the liver tissue and the liver was trying to protect the body by keeping them there so in order for it to like go in there and take them out and have all the cells and molecules move that stuff it's not a fast or quick or easy process you have to keep that in mind. This is a moderate thing you're doing over several years and if you do everything correctly you'll feel good along the way. So let's say you're deficient in B vitamins from the stress of the detox on the liver and some toxins can also bind to B vitamins you'll be one for instance they're directly binding to the nutrient same thing with certain amino acids I remember people talking about taurine for liver detox there's also sugar especially glucose. Glucose is very important the liver will actually bind toxins directly to glucose for them to be excreted in the bowel movement and they can also be excreted to a lesser extent in the urinary tract and it becomes obvious that this is more of a balance of foods and nutrients to optimize detox. Yeah it'd be nice if you could just suck down fiber smoothies every morning and those might help and accelerate things but if you become you know deficient in vitamin C because there's too much sugar in it or magnesium because you're then taking the vitamin C you really need to be aware of the balance because as soon as you try to do something extreme to make things go faster then you might deplete other nutrients or cause other issues or excess stress on the body. I'll say it again as long as you feel good and you know you're detoxing and you're following a strict diet you know the best thing you can probably do to accelerate it is not dietary or supplement related it's going out being in the sun a lot getting a lot of physical activity grounding moving around being really active is going to benefit you way more than trying to accelerate liver detox. I mean there's so much that goes into this but we'll touch on the key to carnivore stuff a bit more protein and fat are stressful on digestion because they require enzymes to be broken down whereas carbohydrates some cases do need enzymes but the gut bacteria can break down and digest carbohydrates starches sugars all that stuff are so much less stress on your liver in the context of a healthy gut microbiome with the proper bacteria and that's where most people just give up because they're keto carnivore their microbiomes messed up they try to eat carbs they try to eat sugar they get instant candida fungal overgrowth and they feel horrible. It's the simple balance of having the right amount of carbohydrates fiber and correct probiotics and it's as simple as that as soon as I figured out water kefir and water kefir grains and had a properly made probiotic that was when everything clicked and I was able to follow a balanced diet. A lot of you guys are still following those diets carnivore raw primal keto whatever diet and don't want to eat carbs because if you're feeling bad or that reaction to them and that balance of things to correct your gut bacteria is the most significant diet lifestyle factor you're missing in preventing you from following a normal diet of high quality organic foods. If you think you can do these extreme diets for the rest of your life whether it's months or years from now you will have extreme health issues to the point where it's going to be much harder to recover your health and then at that point most people will throw their fate in the hands of a medical doctor who has no clue about liver health being the core of our physical health let alone how to fix it so if you guys think it's bad that you get a little rosacea or a tiny reaction or you don't feel so good when you eat carbs wait until you don't sleep for six months straight that's there's some very extreme ends of things that most people are fortunate enough not to have experienced but I'm just here to help most people prevent themselves from getting to that point or in those unfortunate circumstances to help people get back to reasonable health. Well thank you guys for joining me and I probably should have put this at the beginning but just to make it more relatable 99% of people have some degree of liver damage even if it's not manifesting itself in a noticeable way in their current life so you will greatly benefit from following my type of diet for at least two years three years and that'll really get you in a position where your liver will be a lot healthier and you don't have to worry about certain things but you guys can go to frank-file.com if you would like to support me through all of my businesses and be sure to just scroll through my YouTube channel see if there's any other nutritional or educational videos that could kind of help you piece some things together but as always please drop a like on the video leave a comment down below make sure to subscribe and check that notification bell and I will see you guys soon


Spukukia datu wada prijeho wa, helya kwa aerti, kwa ji wadu, Uwe O'uwo O'uya Ko, Uwe O'uya Ko, Uwe N'a Wadu wadi Kwa kwa wala kwa nakatawe, nifuwa hwa kiwa wadu, kwa mwadi Uwe Westousi Yeah, na kwa wala nisha, Mainu energite kwa kwa kwa kwa nisha, dke kwa uwa kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa wala in office from January 26, 2006, to December of that same year, and then again from May 2007 to May 2011. He significantly improved the revenue, the entirely generated revenue of your state from a small 300 million at that time to 1 billion Naira in 8 months of becoming governor. Instituted impactful programs like the Homegrown Empowerment Scheme known as the Community Link Advancement Program, CLAP, and he put in place a security architecture that guaranteed peace and security everywhere in your state. Otumba Dr. Christopher Adebayo alawa kala practically demonstrated what is possible when you have creativity and compassion and when those are brought into governance. Since his transition in January, I've read and I've heard several glowing tributes to his memory and the common refrain running through all of those tributes has been the attestation to his uncommon generosity. Many testified that his resources were available to all, to everyone who asked for help and his home was a place where anyone could come for help. He was indeed a very simple and humane gentleman who practiced politics with an open mind and just like many of his assages have testified and the governor of your state has just testified and in the various articles and tributes recalling his soldier, Otumba alawa kala was a politician who knew how to be a political opponent without being an enemy. He was always respectful of the views and beliefs of others. There is undoubtedly a lot more to be said about his generosity and in material terms those things that money cannot even buy. At a personal level I can attest to his generosity with his time and counsel. I met him very many years ago through his nephew, my friend and brother, Professor Yelowo Yewo, senior advocate of Nigeria, currently attorney general and commissioner for justice for your state while we were lecturers at the University of Lagos and at that time he treated us of course as his younger brothers and was always ready to even give us just a few dashes or what you might call a few enablements. And after becoming the vice presidential candidate of the APC in 2014 he was one of those that I immediately turned to for advice. I recall how in a boistrous laughter as he usually has he said, ah, Professor, he shared with you, he shared with you, Professor Mwagigereo, being a hardened veteran of the game himself he must have been wondering if I had the stamina to cope. He went on to give me some unforgettable advice about what he thought I should do till he due his last breath allow Akala Nevesis to avail me of his quality counsel and words of encouragement by a way of phone call or pep talk whenever we meet the good people of Obumashia will miss the kindness, the compassion and the love of this trusted and revered leader with his broad smile and hearty laugh and there is no doubt that this illustrious political actor from Obumashia land struck and by some extraordinary means was able to sustain a deep connection with the people not surprisingly, in any political calculation everyone knew that wherever Alawa Akala pitched his tent is where Obumashia will go but his political influence and reach when beyond party affiliation and what we see today the multi-partisan colors of those of us who are gathered here today to bid him farewell is evidence of the fact that he belonged to all this is a solid reflection of his goodwill and the goodwill that he enjoyed across political divides, ethnicities and faiths Alawa Akala served his people and his country all through his life from the career and the police force to the chairmanship of the Obumashia north local government to deputy governor and then governor of Oyo State he put everything he had into public service and this is why today the people of Obumashia or your state and the nation gather to pay him the very highest respect of a well regarded patriot and a faithful servant of the people and so on behalf of the president of the federal republic of Nigeria President Mohammad Buhari the government and good people of Nigeria I hereby express our sincere condolence to the Alawa Akala family and we pray that the almighty God will comfort and uphold you always and bless his memory forever in Jesus name I hereby express our sincere condolence to the Alawa Akala family and we pray that the almighty God will comfort and uphold you always Amen


You're welcome back to the breakfast on Plus TV Africa. So it's a bit of a good news to share this morning about the Emiah of Kajuru being released from captivity after he was abducted on Sunday. And joining us to discuss this is the Galadima of Kajuru, Mr. Dahiru Abubaka. Good morning, Alhaji Abubaka. Good morning, how are you? Fine, so tell us what is the mood like in Kajuru Emirates regarding the release of the Emiah? It was children that were attending the radical Islamist group during the time that the Emiah returned all abandoned places, everywhere the Rajs, even married women in their various homes from Rajs, from the palace. Free for the best. They arrived, O Allah, before Emiah. OK, is there any information you can share with us with regards to his release? Initially, we had heard the bandits had demanded, or kidnappers rather, had demanded about 200 million Naira. So is there any information you can share with us with regards to payment of ransom or negotiation that led to his release? Actually, we don't have any information regarding whether money has been paid because he's released abruptly. I knew there was discussion between the children of his royal highness and the kidnappers. As he said, they demanded in the first place about 200 million Naira. But the good things were going on and on and on like that. Up to the time we left the palace around 5-something because we realized visitors that come to condole us actually seemed to be coming because of the security threat. So I was about to reach my home when this news broke out that the Emiah had returned to the palace. Converges of so many people there would not allow us to discuss anything. So we decided to allow him to rest, to provide him with more today so that he would be able to address people. But later on, the government actually invited him to join us for thorough medical checkups. He has not left the castle. So we didn't know if it had anything to do with whether money had been paid. Okay, Allah Javubaqah, we're aware he was kidnapped alongside with his wives and other members of his family. Some news reports say 10, others say 13. Can you confirm for us how many people were kidnapped with the Emiah on Sunday? And did he come back with any of them? Or was it just the Emiah who was released? In the first place, the number of people who were kidnapped alongside his parents were 14. So he himself alone was the only person that returned. We are given assurances that the rest are on their way. Expectantly, we are even expecting that they will come yesterday. But after this time, we are still expecting we are leaving another person on their arrival. Okay, could you also walk us back to Sunday? What, can you hear me? Allah Javubaqah. I can't hear you. Okay, I want you to walk us back to the events of Sunday. What exactly happened? Where did the Emiah need to be that he had to leave? Regarding the kidnap. And how did you hear about it? Somebody actually was a cop. They sent him a long message that he should deliver to the Emiah much later. So I mean, there was prior information. But he had decided to support the security people. But unfortunately, no strategy action has been taken to safeguard the happening of every Kapani on Sunday. So unfortunately, everybody bled down around midnight. They come back on the town of Kachuk, like a military soldier. Every look and cringe on how the Kajuru were covered by them. We don't have actually exact number of the terrorists that can call it. But conservatively, we think they are more than 200. The modern 200 carried out the attack, or there's modern 200 in Kajuru? Yes. I'm trying to be clear. Are you saying that it was more than 200 of these bandits or terrorists that kidnapped the Emiah? Or are you saying there's more than 200 of these people in Kajuru? They came from that number. But not that number from back on the town. They have made their own strategic arrangements and learned so that nobody would come or what he said, when they tried.  Yeah. So I want you to... Nobody would ever come to give any help. So that's how they succeeded. Violent. All right, Aladjabubaka, I want you to share with us. The Emiah, I beg your pardon, should have some level of security. So if he can be so easily kidnapped, what exactly is the situation like, or the security situation like in Kajuru, Emirates? Is there the presence of any level of security? Do the people feel safe? And now you're saying that they are rejoicing. Is it rejoicing temporarily until the next attack happens? No, we don't hope for the next attack. Actually, there is a military output in Kajuru. Do you know how they learned there? They had been monitoring and they knew how they would do it. And they did it. Our only consolation and thankfulness is that they have not killed anybody. Nobody was injured. They did it silently and went away. Okay, thank you. Aladjabubaka, can you hear me? Yeah, I can hear you. Okay, so what steps are the people of Kajuru, especially the Kajuru Emirates, doing now to ensure that there is security in that town to ensure that there is no recurrence of such an invasion? Like every other thing, Aladjabubaka, who have learned a big lesson, careful will do whatever we can to make preparations for our own private arrangement as far as security is concerned. Not only on the leadership or the hierarchy of the traditional administration, rather, all in the country in Kajuru will try to be both ways and means that we can make any particular one. Can you share any examples of some of these tactics that you may need to employ now to protect the residents and the indigents of Kajuru? If I am to reveal this, I will be preemptive. Security doesn't play in that way. We intend to oppose it, but we will not do that. You said about 200 stormed the Emirate or the community that day to carry out this attack. Is any of these 200 that might be familiar to people in the community, does anybody know who these people are? Are they members of the community? Are they members of the local government? Or are they foreigners? Most of them are not indigenous people. They are not indigenous. Because some of our youth that live through the cold in their windows can see them. Some of them are so tall, but they're all young men. All young. So their identity cannot be established. But sources confirm that they are not the normal people that we see around. Alajjabubaka, I think this is a very interesting case for the Emir of Kajuru Emirates to have been kidnapped in such an invasion of over 200 bandits. Do you have any idea why exactly the Emir might have been a subject of attack? Precisely, I cannot say. As far as I know, our Emir has been very kind to all and some that reside within our domain. Miraculously, we don't know what they have to stop for. Maybe they have something against him who is also here, so I don't know. But I know he's somebody who is actually a committee. Anybody, no matter if it's just tribal affiliation, no, he's always welcoming anybody for some time. All right. So do you think other Emir's should be scared right now? Do you think other Emir's should be afraid for their life? Seeing how easily they just went into Kajuru Emirates and abducted that Emir? Oh, you see, he's not the first person, the first Emir, the first traditional ruler that has been abducted. The first one in Kajuru Lokal was a woman. He was abducted though, he's not from the south. He was on the highway. Later, he was killed. So he's not the first time. So are you saying this is now normal? Like, you know, you now accept this as a normal thing in the northern part of the country that an Emir can just be kidnapped and nothing would be done about it? What's going on in Kanduna State? I'm not hoping for that. What I'm hoping is that this will be unleashed with the authorities' consent so that they should take necessary drastic measures to get the occurrence, only occurrence of that they're suddenly at on the traditional institution. Well, there's a lot of these emirates. There's the first class, the second class and the third class emirates, according to, you know, how Kanduna State is structured. Let's talk about the government now. A few times we've spoken with the commissioner of security and home affairs, Samuel Aruan. You know, of course, speaking on what the government is doing with regard to security. But let's hear from you. Do you think the Kanduna State government is doing well enough with regards protecting the indigens of the citizens of the state? Now, what more would you demand of Governor Erufai? That question, I think I'll go straight and tell you that the Kanduna State government is doing what is good under the circumstances. That is totally up to it. And we have to be mindful that the security arrangement in the country is listed in the federal government. The state does have security out in their own. For all these things, for him to give orders, it has to be led back to the federal setup before it is required back for action. Unlike a certain way apart, you give much order and we carry it out. But I don't know, the situation is so rather tense. And most of the state government, not only Kanduna State government, becomes hand tight as far as security is concerned because they don't have the parts. And that's directly that work under their command. Okay, well, would you then also, let's move to the federal now, would you say that the federal government might have failed with its efforts concerning security? And do you think there's going to be a point where the people of Kanduna State and the rest of Northern Nigeria will be able to say enough is enough? But remember, than the humans, but there are still a lot of calls and agitations for state police, state police, whatever. So all these, if there is adequate arrangement for the personnel, security personnel on the ground everywhere, and who are doing their jobs that are such an extraordinary, I believe that people who say for this won't have a right. So it will indicate in point to that directly that if nothing is done on the part of the federal government, state will now take a legislative process that will entail the emergence in our country of state police. Okay, so you're saying basically at the end of the day that the mood in Kajuru is not one of fear amongst the residents that these bandits can invade again, but they're simply happy that the M.A. is back? Yes, because it's unheard of. Since the happening on this, what you call a kidnap, kidnap, it has not happened. We are so surprised as how he, in the break of the day, came back yesterday, just after the M.A. So ours, not this, in our hours, would do whatever we could in our own little ways. They got the safety in our own 70 years, one year. All right, so we wish we could get more information. So hopefully when the M.A. is back from that bed rest and all the medical checkup, we can get more information as to where he was taken, what exactly he passed or faced in the hands of the kidnappers and how exactly his freedom was negotiated. And remaining 12 also? Yes, exactly. We also need to follow up, Aladji Abubakar regarding the other 14 people that you say were abducted alongside the M.A. And exactly how they need to be rescued by the police. Aladji Dayir Abubakar, Galadima of Kajuru Emirates, we thank you very much for joining us this morning. And I give you my assurance that anytime there is new development, I want to be at your side. All right. Thank you very much once again. Thank you. Yeah, I try to imagine what it is like in a community where with the state of kidnapping and like what he described, you know, a science deal, Amir, there's also been, you know, other residents, maybe politicians, maybe just, you know, regular people in the community that have been kidnapped. And how many people have had to go into debt, you know, because they had to borrow money to pay ransom. I mean, if the paramount ruler of a community can be kidnapped, it just tells you what exactly people, you know, face. I mean, Senator Shouzani mentioned that these kidnappers operated for about an hour. Unchallenged. How did 200 people, do you know how much it would look like for 200 people to be in one place? Armed, 200 armed, you know. On motorcycles, how do, where do they buy these motorcycles? It's just, it seems funny when you hear things like this. How did 200 people stomp a community? And Amir, do you know how small that place should be or would be? And then they stomp that place and then they stomp the Amir's palace and they kidnap him, kidnap 14 other people.  We have no idea how that was facilitated.  It's possible that they haven't gotten any information, you know, but what would be hard to believe it would be that, you know, after those resources where, you know, spent to kidnap him, you know, he simply just walks away. Just walks away, exactly. So what really was the essence of the kidnap? He supported England or whatever he really was. There's really lots of questions that we need to ask and lots of answers we need regarding this. Yes, but this also, you know, is a reminder that, you know, from what he has described, there is lots of territory in Nigeria and in Katana state that are really not under the control of Nigerian security agencies. That's what it really just says, you know, if any area that has 200 people and motorcycles fully armed is not in, you know, within the control of the Nigerian security agencies, including the army and the DSS and whoever else that you want to call. And those people have, you know, enough of the guts and the audacity to carry out whatever attacks that they choose to carry out. And that's despite the denial of the state government. And that is just in Katana state. So imagine what's going on in Zamfara and Borno State and Yobi and any of all these places. I mean, wasn't it not in Borno State that we heard about Iswap and new administrative territories? We had Governor Zundum come out, you know, just yesterday to say that, oh, that's not true. But we have facts that prove otherwise. I'm just saying, imagine what's going on and how many of these people exist in Nigeria's territory. So every other day that you hear about the army, bombing, you know, bandit territories and here that they're seen to be killed and seven were killed and some of all of that. It really, for me, just means that those things aren't, you know, in any way effective. And if you don't, in any way, have enough men on ground that are ready to give all they can, you know, logistics, you know, finances, equipment, information, intelligence, whatever it is to ensure that these people are completely kicked out of Nigeria, not, you know, arresting them and them forgiving them and saying that they've repented. You know, not having people mentioned that, you know, what they're doing is not really bad. You know, they're just kidnapping children. It's not like it's so bad. We would never really, you know, get to the end of this. And when are the people going to get tired? And that's why I was asking him. People in Kajiru, you know, who has seen the Amira get kidnapped? Amira. Okay. When are they going to get tired? All right. We'll take a short break. When we come back, we're talking open grazing, 2023 presidency and the little controversy surrounding all of that. We'll be back.


Hi, everybody. Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com with 2022 hit parade, Jaspys exclusive football. It's a dual caser right here, 20 boxes, and hitless giveaway. This is a product curated by Jaspys, powered by hit parade. Hits just for you. I hope. I hope you can pull hits for you. The hitless promo, we're going to keep track of who hits and all the sad hit list names. We're going to take your names, group them together, randomize them again, and the top two names gets the old tops Trevor Lawrence exclusive, either a sun or a moon box, sun and moon, Pokemon. There's no Pokemon in here, but that's what the hit list promo is. I think they still sell like for about $60 sealed, but if you choose to rip it and get one of the autographs out there, the Trevor Lawrence autographs are really selling for a lot, especially if they get grayed out nicely. Just look them up. All right, big thanks, everybody, here. A lot of spots, spots straight up. I appreciate it. We only need to do one filler, so I appreciate that, too. All 32 teams are in. Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and teams, two and a two for the hard way. One, two, three, and four. We got the X line down to C-MAC. I don't know if people call them C-MAC, but I'm going to roll with it for now. Two and a two, four times for the teams. One, two, three, and fourth, and final time. After four, we got a cat team down to the Saints. After four, the hard way. Let's line you up here with the teams. The trade window will be opened. Trades are allowed. But remember, trade at your own risk. The X line with the Panthers, the Niners, and the Seahawks with your last spot mojo star next to your name, 70% of the time, 100% of the time. Barry with the Patriots. Hope set with the Jags. Ryan with the Bears. Nick with the Falcons. Stephen with the Packers. Nick with the Vikings. Nick N with the Vikings. Nick S with the Falcons. James Chargers, the X line, Bills and Dolphins. Raymond with the Titans. Josh with the Lions. Mark with the Ravens. Daniel with the Commanders. Nick S with the Raiders. Nick N with the Jets. Travis with the Texans. Enrico with the Giants. Colin with the Broncos. Mark with the Colts. Nick S with the Steelers. Josh with the Chiefs and the Browns. Colin with the Eagles. Daniel with the Rams. Colin with the Cardinals. Ryan with the Bengals. Matt with the Buccaneers. And Colin with the Cowboys and the Saints. Let's alphabetize by team. And we're going to pause the video. When we come back, we're going to see if there's any trades. Then we will have the break. Stick around and be right back. All right, welcome back, ladies and gentlemen. Look at that. A deal was done between the X line and Mr. Mel Bird. So Travis is now in the Lions spot. And the X line in the Texans spot. Both of these gentlemen in the Houston area. That's nice. We might have to do a Jaspy meet up there if there's a lot of Houstoners. All right, now for the Hit List promo, let's gather all these names here. I'm going to keep your names to the side right here. And then if you hit, I'll take your name off the list so we can see who the Hit List people are remaining. Let's see who the remaining Hit List people are. I should say. Now let's print this list. Let's print and rip. And we're doing two cases right here, that one. And that one, as Ernie Banks baseball player said, let's play two. I'm not sure if we're going to see a lot of NFLers say let's play two. All right, so there's the final print out, hot off the presses. Thanks for spending a bit of your hump day with us, ladies and gentlemen. Thanks for spending your Wednesday with us. I appreciate it. All right, and away we go. I'm actually wearing a pretty football appropriate hat. It's a Super Bowl hat. I was trying to get into the Super Bowl experience, but a buddy of mine and I got there too late. And so we were just kind of stuck and we were bummed out. And we were like, well, the shop, of course, was still open lately. So I wanted to buy a hat. That's just the one I chose. Cooper Cup, triple swatch and autograph, 35 out of 75. Nice rookie patch auto for the Rams. That's going to go to Daniel Smith. Most of the Super Bowl hats were kind of lame, in my opinion. It was just like the big Super Bowl trophy, the Lombardi and the logo and something like that. But this looked very low key in California. So that's the one I went with. There is Star Swatch signatures, Jerry Judy at a touchdown week one, one out of 10, two color patch and autograph out of flawless, Colin with Denver arrivals. Next up is rookie ticket autograph Rashad Bateman. Baltimore had a nice week one. Goes to Mark, 32, 52 out of 99. I think he had a pretty good game numbers wise. But who knew that Devin Duverney of the Ravens would pop up with two touchdowns? I sure didn't because I left them on the bench for fancy. There's Devonte Adams. Nice, rookie, jersey and autograph. Who's got the Packers? Stephen Olson with the Packers. Nice, 95 out of 100 from 2014 totally certified. Reunited with his college buddy Derek Carr in Las Vegas now. It feels so good. Next is a Niner, Nick Bosa, 17 out of 99. Golden debut autograph. This family just produces football players. That's what they do. That's the X line with the Niners. Next up is Jameson Williams, dual relic and autograph. Jameson, 169 out of 199. That's a Detroit lion, I want to say, right? Yes, a Detroit lion. So that is Travis drawing first blood in the trade. All right, four more to go. So we got, let's recap really quick. Travis with the Lions got a hit. The Niners hit with the Bosa. Devonte Adams for Stephen Olson. Packers was nice. Then we got Rashad Bateman for the Ravens. Denver got a hit. And the Rams got a hit. Cooper Cup. All right, next. I thought in camp, yeah, not a Barry Sanders, but not yet. But I think they were pretty impressed with him in camp. There's Keenan Allen, rookie auto Keenan Allen from Old Topps Chrome Football. 102 out of 600. Not sure if he's playing Thursday. The X line, you said he was ruled out, right? James with the Chargers. Yeah, he's out tomorrow, got it. You know, he had a number of seasons where he was quite healthy, but the injury bug getting him this time. What do we got here? Big, thick card for rookie first edition, Jamar Chase, 27 out of 99. Let me pop this open. This is just a hit parade sticker. It's a repack product, so I can pop this sticker open. Ryan Stewart with the Bengals. Nice, two color patch, on-card autograph. Your reigning offensive rookie of the year. Week one, pick it up right where you left off. Howdy like that, Mar Chase.  You can only hope to contain him. All right, so nice one for the Bengals, for Ryan Stewart. Next up is JJ Watt, and that is for Colin. That's Arizona edition of JJ Watt. Turn down for Watt, three out of 10. Final box, but don't worry, there's still another case. If you haven't hit yet. Oh, Joe Pizzle saying Arizona where stars go to die. And we've got Josh Jacobs. Two color, triple relic, and autograph, rookie auto. Nice RPA, out of what, momentum? Oh, Chronicles momentum football from 2020. Nice, fifth year option didn't get picked up. This is for Nick Stober and the Raiders. But I think he's looking to, I mean, I'm sure he's looking to have a great season so he can get paid. Josh Exxon is saying it's too dry out there. Heat or the lack of water? Maybe, yeah, maybe they're not, people aren't hydrating enough. I think it's those big dust clouds, the Haboob. That's definitely what it is. It changes, it changes you. Just like, yeah, Matt, two cases, what a deal, right? A dual case, right, 20 boxes. What a deal. All right, so I got the Raiders off the board and I got Cardinals off the board. All right, next up is Travis Etienne Jr. Turn of the Century autograph for the Jaguars. Numbered, yes, numbered, there it is, 40 out of 49. 40, I'm a man, I'm 40. That goes to Hovsep and the Jaguars. Welcome to the YouTube side, Hovsep. Well, let's not get too crazy, Joe P. This is still a for-profit business. We're not a charity here. There's Darnell Mooney, Jersey and Autograph for Dabers. That's gonna go to Ryan Hines and Chicago. This is my kind of town, Chicago way. Yeah, we can take a small hit once, but once we take that small hit, then everyone says, well, why not take a small hit tomorrow and then another one tomorrow and then another one the next day? And then why not take small hits all the time? All those small hits turn to big hits, Joe Pizzle. And before you know it, we're bankrupt, we've got to sell the shop and we're selling vet commons underneath the bridge just to get by.  Lights, Camara, action, what a patch. Eight out of 25 from limited football. From 2017, Saints. That'll be for Colin. It's one of Alvin Camara's better autographs, too. We'll put that star into it. Yeah, someone's buying commons underneath the bridge. Matt, maybe four of them. Commons underneath the bridge. Matt, maybe for kindling. We got Chris Godwin from Flawless, 10 out of 15. Nice colors in that window. An on-card autograph, that's for Matthew. Thank God for that second case, Matt. Matthew Wood with the buccaneers on the board. All right, good luck. Next one. We got, this car is upside down. It's not upside anymore. It's Najee Harris, 70 out of 100. Rookie Auto for Nick Stober and the Steelers. There you go, Nick. All right. Another one. There's bridges all over the place. There's bridges all over. There's a lot of freeway overpasses, underpasses. A lot of weird things can happen underneath the bridge. We've got Frank Gore, that's a great shot. Sky high signatures, Frank Gore, leaping over a raider. Here, I'm not sure who that is, leaping over a raider. 18 out of 50. Niners already hit. Second one for Josh, the X-Line. All right, yeah, X-Line wants some chiefs now. Ooh, I think we got it. Boom, there you go, veteran ticket autograph. Travis Kelsey, 74 out of 87, his jersey number. Got the ticket stub, vibe to it, which I really like. There you go, X-Line. Ask, and he shall receive. Worked this time. Won't work all the time. We got it. All right, next up, I can actually take the chiefs off the hit list, and there's DJ Moore. This DJ be DJ Moore, 54 out of 99 jersey and autograph. Panthers, that's the X-Line. DK Metcalfe, nice rookie auto DK Metcalfe, two out of 50. You know what, Joe P, if you were in this break, I would have given you the third case. The X-Line, last bottom mojo, Seahawks. I would have done it, but you're not in this break. So everyone in this break, you can blame Joe Pizzle for the lack of a third case, because you know what, I would have done it. I would have done it. If you were in this break, I would have done it. Ah, I totally would have done it, but I don't know. I just didn't, I mean, you would have inspired me to do it, Joe, but not this time. I mean, missed opportunities. Missed opportunities, I totally would have X-Line. Absolutely, Joe P just screwed everybody Rex, absolutely. Last hit, Jalen Hertz, rookie, jersey, and autograph. Nice one, would have done it. But I was like, I looked at my list and I was like, Joe Pizzle's not in this break. Why would I even put a third case in there? You know, he's not even in, he's not even in the break. That's what doesn't make sense. Colin with the Eagles. Yeah, listen, Joe Pizzle joined some breaks and maybe who knows what will happen. All right, but I don't know. Tonight might have been the only night I would have done that. 13 spots here went hitless.  No, thank you, post that, appreciate you getting in. You know, Rex, if you and Joe Pizzle were in this break, I would have added another two cases. Right on top of the two we did, same price. All right, let's roll it and randomize the hitless names, three and a four, seven times. So top two, we'll get a little consolation prize in here. Good luck after seven. One, one, Ram.org, feeling a little tired tonight. Two, three, four, five, six, and once more, seventh and final time. Top two after seven is gonna be the X-Line and Nick Stober. There you go. Trevor Lawrence box going your way. Our sorting and shipping team will decide which one you get, I'll leave it up to them. So it'll be a surprise. Thanks, I'm Joe for Jaspeyscasebreaks.com. Thanks for watching everybody. I'll see you next time for the next break, bye-bye.


Welcome back to the lecture series on metrology. Now, let us start lecture number 6 under module number 12. In this lecture, the following topics will be covered. Stage errors, calibration of stages, typical specifications of the microstages and nanostages, and applications and selection of the different kinds of stages. And finally, we will discuss about nanotechnology instrumentation. In the previous lecture, we discussed about different types of stages, linear stages, rotary stages, and what are the different kinds of drives used in the stages. Now, we will understand what are the various errors that occur in the metrology stages. Now, you can see here, they have linear errors and angular errors. So, this picture shows that the table, this is the table surface and the table is moving in the x direction. When it moves, may move like this, that means it will move up and down, the table surface will move up and down, that is known as the flatness error. Similarly, when it moves, it may move like this. In the horizontal, in the vertical plane, it may move like this. So, this is a straightness error. These errors, linear errors occur in all the three axes, in the x-axis movement, in the y-axis movement, as well as in the y-axis movement. And coming to the angular errors, in each axis, there can be error in the y-axis, that means the table is rotating in this fashion. So, this is the y-axis. Similarly, along the pitch axis, it may tilt, the table surface may tilt. And along this x-axis, it may roll, table surface may roll. That is, apart from linear errors in x, y, z direction, there can be roll axis error, y-axis error and pitch axis error. That means while designing and manufacturing these micro nanostages, a lot of care has to be taken so that it is properly designed. Also, in manufacturing, proper care should be taken so that these errors are minimized. Now, these graphs show the repeatability. You can see here, this is the position of the stage and the y-axis shows the deviation in millimeter. Now, after assembling the stage, we have to conduct x-perman performance tests many times and then repeatability should be established. You can see here, the error at each position, the table is moved along the different axis, x-axis, y-axis and z-axis sign. What is the amount of error at different positions? For example, at 25 millimeter position, what is the amount of error? So, multiple readings are taken and then finally we can calculate the average values. That means this line shows the mean error in the forward direction. Similarly, in reverse direction also, we should conduct the experiment to get the bi-directional repeatability performance. So, I can see here this curve shows the error in the forward direction and the yellow line indicates the error in the reverse direction when the table moves in the reverse direction and this blue curve indicates the average of both error in the forward direction and error in the reverse direction. This is the average value. So, this is the zero error line and different positions of the axis, what is the amount of error? So, these experiments should be conducted for all the three axes, x-axis, y-axis and z-axis and then we will come to know what is the repeatability of the stage. Now, there can be errors, the squareness here. That means you can see here we have an x, y table. Now, so this is the x-axis movement and so this is the y-axis movement. So, when the table moves the top surface of the table moves, whether the movement is 90 degree or not, whether the square or not that can be checked by using squares and dial indicators and at proper height the squareness should be measured. So, the squareness is basically the combination of rotational errors and linear errors. Similarly, in stages there can be a big error. You can see this diagram through the surface of the table. So, small angular errors at this stage surface, they produce translation errors at the workpiece. Say we have mounted some workpiece of height h and then this is the workpiece surface. If there is small error at the small angular error at the surface of the table, so it gets amplified at the work surface. So, that is the obey error. So, this obey error delta yes. So, it is nothing but the angle theta times the offset h. So, that gives the obey error. Now, how do we correct correction is given for these errors? So, the different types of errors should be measured and stored as lookup table and as and when necessary we should use these errors, lookup table errors and then correction should be given. So, these lookup table values are meaningful only if we are done at appropriate obey height. Now, how do we calibrate the nanostages and microstages? So, we can use image processing the system software and can use the cameras and also you can use standard specimens for calibrating the nano microstages. Also, you can use linear interferometer for calibration purpose. This picture shows the calibration plate and optical gratings also can be used. So, the calibration plate it has got different contours made in the plate and different holes of different sizes. So, these calibration plates can be used along with the laser system for calibrating to find what is the amount of error and different positions and then the software can be used to calculate what is the amount of error. Now, this picture shows a setup laser based calibration setup. You can see the surface plate on which the xy stage which is to be calibrated is mounted and then there is a laser source and then mirrors are there for reflection of the laser source. Using such a setup we can find, we can determine the different types of errors and then we can plot the errors like this. You can see this is the travel of a particular axis of the xyz stage. So, here it is the range is 0 to 285 millimeter travel and y axis indicates the error in terms of micrometer. So, when the stage moves in the forward direction, what is the amount of error that is plotted here? So, the maximum amount of position and accuracy is 8.09 micrometer. So, similarly repeatability can be established. So, in this graph shows the repeatability in the forward direction is 1.02 micrometer. Similarly, the pitch errors and y errors can be determined using such a system calibration system. Now, this table shows typical specifications of nano stages. So, the different models are available. So, this is model 1, model 2, model 3 with different travel ranges you can see and this first model the travel range is up to 10 micrometer and the second model 25 micrometer and third model 40 up to 40 micrometer. This is the travel range of the x, y and z axis. So, normally x axis, y axis range will be greater as compared to the z axis range. So, resolution is 0.05 nanometer in the first model second model 0.1 nanometer and in the third model varying that the travel range is more the resolution is 0.15 nanometer. Also, the linearity ranges with 0.03 percent, 0.02 percent, 0.02 percent are available and bi-directional repeatability of 1.25 nanometer, 1 nanometer and 2 nanometer are available and pitch and y error will be something like 5 micro radians, 5 micro radians and 7.5 micro radians. Now, here you can see some of the stages, nano stage with four axes that will be x axis, y axis, z axis, three linear axis and then fourth rotary axis is available here and this runs with brushless DC 12 and resolution of this table is 20 nanometer such a fine stages are available in the market. Now, this shows six axes a very compact parallel position that means this top surface of the table always moves parallel to the base and this has got six degrees of freedom, three linear axes x, y, z and three axes pitch, roll and y. Load capacity at this particular the position is 10 kg and it can move at a velocity of 25 millimeter per second. The travel range is up to 45 millimeter linear movement and 25 degree rotational movement. The resolution is 7 nanometer such a fine accuracy or positioning accuracy are possible and 300 nanometer minimum incremental motion is available and repeatability is plus or minus 0.1 micrometer and if the range travel range is more and repeatability of plus or minus 2.5 micro radians is possible and standard versions are also available and vacuum compatible versions are also available and DC motors are used in such parallel positioners. Now, this shows a stage used, micro stage used in the micro EDM machine. You can see in my fuel injector where in micro holes are machined for the supply of fuel. So, you can see the micro holes where we can see an amplified microscopic view of a spray nozzle of diameter 100 micro meter. Now, in order to make these fine holes, we have to properly orient the workpieces for that apart from x, y, z motion of the CSE machine the should be possible to rotate the workpiece and it should be possible to tilt the table. So, multiple axis machining systems are needed. So, in order to make these micro holes, we have to position the electrode properly so that these micro holes are made. They should be possible to rotate the workpiece as well as tilt should be possible to tilt the workpiece. Now, in this diagram, you can see regular CXY ZCNC machine 3 axis machine with mounted with a trunnion table to provide two more additional axes. That means, the workpiece can be rotated a rotary axis as well as this table can be tilted. So, totally five axes are possible in this CSE machine. The different sized CSE machines are available, the machine with different table size, different center height, different load capacities etc are possible. Accuracy of such a system is rotary axis accuracy is 15 in the arc second and tilting the accuracy is 20 arc second and repeatability of plus or minus 2 to 3 arc seconds is possible. Now, why normally air bearings are used in micro and nano stages you can see here. If we use linear motors with mechanical air bearings, the positioning accuracy is about plus or minus 5 micrometer. This is a micro stage specification for a micro stage and if we use air bearings, the positioning accuracy can be enhanced to up to plus minus 0.5 micrometer and bidirectional repeatability is plus or minus 0.5 if we use mechanical bearings and if we use air bearings, the repeatability is plus or minus 0.2 micrometer and the straightness and flatness errors also can be reduced very much in case of mechanical bearings. The straightness flatness errors will be 6 to 12 micrometer whereas in the air bearing stages equipped with air bearings, the straightness and flatness error will be as low as 2 micrometer. Also roll error picture and gyro can be reduced from 10 arc second to 2 arc second. That is why normally air bearings are used in micro stages as well as nano stages. Now, what are the different applications of micro and nano stages? These stages are used in lithography tools such as optical steppers and optical scanners, e-beam ratars, laser mask ratars and in the metrology tools such as a mask, wafer and HCD inspection systems, measurement tools, scanning electron microscopes, super resolution microscopy systems. They are also used in the process equipment such as probes, diponders and drilling tools for making very fine drills. These stages are used, you can see the micro drills in the workplace. Such drilling is possible if you use micro stages and nano stages. They are also used in calibration equipment, measurement and calibration of high resolution or high frequency mechanical motion systems and these stages are also used in magnetic levitation positioners. Now, this picture shows a ultra high precision positioning system with sub nanometer resolution. Now, how do we select these metrology stages? The primary characteristics by selecting a stage or linearity sensitivity that is resolution, stability, bandwidth and cost these factors are considered by selecting the stages. For shorter travel ranges normally PGO drives with frictionless flanger guidance are used for better accuracies and PGO drives combined with fast response, extreme guide guiding precision, very long maintenance free service life and they can be easily used where some nanometer step sizes are needed. Due to high stiffness and low inertia, PGO flexor stages can achieve extremely fast step and certain times in a millisecond or microsecond range. PGO drives have high scanning rates with hundreds of thousands of hertz. This high scanning rate is very important in optics alignment and semiconductor testing and manufacture and for longer travel ranges positioning stages with frictionless air bearings and linear motors are used. Frictionless bearings avoid the bearing rumble caused by balls and rulers to provide vibration free motion and highly constant velocity. Another option to go frictionless is known as magnetic levitation that is magnetic bearings. Position feedback for closed-loop controls such as capacitive sensor strain gauges and PRS strain gauges are available and whenever low inertia improved dynamics and smaller package size and higher stiffness required we can go for micron nanostages and also another important requirement to use these stages is thermal and mechanical stability. Also we should look for the viability of user-friendly software to run these stages and the stage should have low maintenance requirements and the controllers and interfacing circuitry should be available and rotation requirement whether the rotary stages are needed that also we should see. With this we will stop the discussion on nano and micro stages. Let us begin our discussion on nanotechnology instrumentation. So under this topic we will be discussing about the measurement instrumentation used in nanotechnology. So we will discuss about the need for nanotechnology and various building blocks of nanotechnology. And what are the various measurement instrumentations used in nanotechnology for measuring the nano sizes and then the resolution aspect of various devices and how do we select the nano instrumentation. And then we will discuss in some detail about atomic force microscopy and this we will be discussing about the probe tip used in atomic force microscopy and working details of AAFM and applications of AAFM. What are the various limitations and challenges of AAFM and then we will move on to the discussion on large area atomic force microscope and then how to calibrate the atomic force microscope. Now let us discuss what is the need for nanotechnology. Now this nanotechnology it is a new scientific field evolving from material specific individualities of presently available elements when their sizes become nanometric. The nanotechnology manipulates matter at atomic level. Presently the nanotechnology is dealing with the creation and utilization of new functional materials, new devices and systems based on innovative functions and properties of nanometric sized elements and ultra small sensors communication and navigation systems with very low mass low volume and low power consumption are very much needed in the present day scientifically and technologically advanced systems. So in this aspect nanotechnology helps us to create the ultra small sensors and navigation systems. Now what are the building blocks of nanotechnology. You can see here we have a work piece this is the base material with very rough surface and now we want to change the characteristic of the surface of this base material. So we can always apply ultra thin nano layers that is nanometric sized layers can be applied onto the surface so that the desired properties of the surface can be achieved. You can see here this diagram by applying a ultra thin layer of the work piece surface. The surface is converted into hydrophobic surface. Now nano structures can be built using the nanotechnology and analytical instrumentations can be built and used for measuring the performance of nano structures and other important area in the nanotechnology is integration of nano materials and molecular sized structures. Now in this picture we can see very small nano sized disks are made and here we can see a nano sized round part and here again a nano sized cubic or rectangular shaped work pieces. All these are made using the nanotechnology. Now how do we measure the nano sizes? Different instrumentations are currently available and some of them are listed below. We can measure the nano sizes using scanning electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy, optical microscopes with very high resolution, transmission electron microscope, agar electron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscope, x-ray photo electron spectroscopy. So these devices can be used for measurement of nano sizes of the work pieces. Now let us try to understand the range of lateral and vertical resolutions of various nano instrumentation. I can see here the x-axis is a lateral resolution and y-axis is a vertical resolution. Now I can see we have the scanning electron microscopy. It has a very wide area, it is covering a very wide area. The lateral resolution of scanning electron microscopy, it starts from one nanometer, it goes up to few millimeters and the vertical resolution of scanning electron microscopy, it starts from few micrometers or few nanometers up to few millimeters and then the lateral resolution of optical microscopy is, it starts from one micrometer, it goes up to few millimeters and vertical resolution, it starts from approximately one micrometer and it goes up to a few hundred micro meters. Now you can see here we have this atomic force microscopy which is having very very low lateral resolutions of fraction of nanometers to up to few hundred micrometers and vertical resolution of AFM is very very low, it is less than nanometer, fraction of nanometer vertical resolutions can be obtained by using atomic force microscopy. Now how do we select the nano instrumentation? Now very first thing is we should understand what is the resolution requirement vertical resolution and horizontal resolution and also we should understand what is the observation environment. So by considering these two we can select the nano instrument. You can see here atomic force microscopy and STM they can provide the fractional nanometric resolution. So horizontal resolution is less than one nanometer is possible and vertical resolution of one thousandth of an nanometer is possible and the observations environment is normal atmosphere it can be our pieces can be measured gas, vacuum, liquid. So a different observation environments we can use the AFM and STM. Now if you see scanning electron microscopy the resolution vertical resolution of the order of eight nanometers and horizontal resolution of the order of five nanometers is possible and the work pieces should be placed in the vacuum. So like this by knowing the observation environment and resolution requirement we can select the appropriate the instrument nano instrument. Now here we have compared the atomic fire force microscopy with SCM and DEM sample preparation very little preparation is required for AFM when compared to SM and TEM. The fractional nanometric resolution is possible in AFM and the cost is relatively low and sample environment any sample environment it can be in the gaseous medium or liquid medium or normal atmosphere whereas when we want to use SEM a vacuum is required similarly for measurement purpose in TEM vacuum environment is required. Only drawback of AFM is the depth of field is very poor and the work piece sample can be conductive or even insulating work pieces can also be measured using AFM whereas in SEM and TEM the work piece should be conductive. And another drawback of AFM is the time of imaging or measurement time is it takes longer time when compared to SEM and TEM and maximum field of view is under the micrometer whereas here in SEM it is a little bit more maximum sample size is unlimited whereas in SEM and TEM it is very much limited. Nowadays large area AFM are available so that any area can be measured using AFM and the very important benefit or advantage of AFM is three-dimensional characteristics can be obtained it can measure the height information whereas in SEM and TEM there would be two dimensional measurements. Now let us discuss about atomic force microscope in some detail this atomic force microscope is a very powerful surface analytical technique which can be used in different working environments like air, liquid or a vacuum and it generates a very high resolution topographic images of the work piece surface down to atomic resolution and depending upon the sharpness of the tip it gives the spatial resolutions of 1 to 20 nanometer and records topographic images. You can see here we have the cantilever attached to the basic body of the atomic force microscope and which is having a very sharp tip and you can see there is a stage on which the work piece is placed the stage is mowed under the tip and the tip records the topographic details of the work piece. The AFM can also be used for force spectroscopy that means it applies force on to the work piece surface varying from 5 to 50 picot newtons to analyze mechanical or electrical and chemical properties of surfaces it either drives into the surface to measure mechanical properties such as modulus stiffness and adhesion or the tip is pulled away from the surface to investigate bond rupture and molecular pooling. So this method of using the AFM is known as tapping mode. Now the AFM basically has a cantilever with its tip you can see the image this is the cantilever portion of the cantilever portion and this is the tip attached to the cantilever the material of cantilever and tip is normally silicon, silicon nitride metal or diamond coated levers and tips. Diamond tips are also sometimes used chemically functionalized probe tips are also used and the geometry of cantilever is it can be single beam cantilever or v-shaped cantilever that means the cantilever can be of this shape single beam cantilever with some length and width and this is the thickness of the cantilever or it can be v-shaped cantilever like this. So at the end the tip is attached like this the normally the cantilever length will be it will vary from 50 to 400 micro meters and tip shape this tip shape it can be pyramidal with opening angle varying from 50 degree to 35 degree and inclination angle of tip that means the this is the cantilever the tip can be like this or sometimes tip can be like this so this is the inclination angle of tip and tip position on cantilever so the position also vary it can be somewhere here it can be at the tip and then relevant physical parameters such as length of cantilever width of cantilever thickness of the cantilever spring constant of the material used to make the cantilever resonance frequency tip radius normally it varies from 5 to 15 nanometer and tip height varies from 10 to 25 micro meter now you can see a scanning electron microscope image of AFM cantilever and probe tip so this is the cantilever with a length of about 50 to 100 micro meter and this is the probe tip attached to the cantilever and you can see another double beam type of cantilever with probe tip attached at the end of the cantilever and this has got a piezo resistive sensor attached at other end of the cantilever now we can see the two types of cantilevers v-shaped cantilevers and the tip there will be probe tip and this is a single beam cantilever with the tip attached at the end and these are micro fabricated pyramidal tips of the pyramid base width is about 4 micrometer and the height of the tip is about 6 to 10 micro meter now I can see the different probe tips special probe tips so this is probe tip with 870 nanometer tip radius and here the tip radius is 150 nanometer and in this case it's a very sharp probe tip with 20 nanometer tip radius and here this is a thermal probe tip which senses the temperature of the workpiece surface and this is a double beam type cantilever with the tip attached at the end and this is a special probe having this is a ball probe diameter varies from 10 to 13 nanometer 40 to 60 nanometer like this balls with different diameters are available now so these are tetrahedral pyramid shapes so this is the width of the cantilever and this is the top view of the cantilever and in the side view and the thickness of the cantilever is the length and here we can see the tip attached at the end and this is the closer view of the tip of the AFM tip probe tip and this is the height and this is the offset from the end what is the distance so this is the offset with different angle angles 9 degree angle this is that t1 degree angle okay and from different view you can see the angles 80 degree and 80 degree the height of the probe ranges from 14 to 16 micrometer and tip offset ranges from 15 to 25 micrometer and these are triangular pyramid tips the height range is 14 to 16 micrometer is the height 14 to 16 micrometer and apex angle apex of one angle is 11 degree tip material is n-type antimony doped single crystal silicon material is used to fabricate these tips now let us study how the AFM works we can see this schematic diagram this is the stage scanner stage which moves in x y and z directions and these stages are normally piezoelectric stages with nanometric resolution and this is the cantilever with tip attached to it now there is a laser source which is incident laser falling on the cantilever surface the sharp micro fabricated tip is attached to the cantilever and this is used this tip is used to scan the workpiece surface this is the sample placed on the scanner stage now when the tip is moved nearer to the surface it deflects the cantilever deflects because of the force developed the van der Waal force developed between the tip and the sample and this deflection of the cantilever so the cantilever will deflect like this because of the attraction or if the force is repulsive it will move back now this deflection is monitored using a laser and photo diode and the reflected light will fall on the photo diode and this will generate the image of topographic image of the surface now AFM can be can image the AFM can image in a number of ways using either contact mode wherein the tip will be in contact with the sample surface and the surface will be moved under the probe or the another mode is oscillating technique where the tip taps the surface now either tip or workpiece table moves by using piezoelectric positioning systems having nanometric resolutions the cantilever is designed with a very low spring the constant material so that it is very very sensitive to forces it is sensitive to even force as low as pico newtons the laser is focused to reflect off the cantilever and on to the sensor we can observe here the laser is falling on the back surface of the cantilever a mirror will be placed here so that the laser incident ring is reflected back and then it falls on the photo diode the position of the beam in the sensor measures the deflection of the cantilever the position of the reflected beam of laser in the photo diode measures the deflection of the cantilever and then in turn the force between the tip and the sample is measured I can see here depending upon the material combination material of tip and material of sample there can be repulsive force or attractive force and even the small forces as well as a few micro newtons and pico newtons can be sensed and here you can see the displacement of the XYZ scanner piezoelectric scanners are used for moving the workpiece under the probe AFM probe the AFM scanners are normally made of piezoelectric material which expands and contracts proportionally to an applied voltage this we discussed in detail in the stage version the metrology we can see here a piezoelectric stage when the voltage is applied it expands our contracts depending upon the voltage that is applied and this is the XYZ scanner on which the sample is motor and this shows the cantilever with probe distal instrument scanners have AC voltage ranges of plus 220 volts to minus 220 volts in some versions the piezo actuator moves the sample relative to the tip that means tip will be constant it will move in the up and down and the sample the stage on which the sample is mounted will be moved using the piezoelectric device in some other models the sample is stationary by the piezo actuator moves the tip AC signals are applied to conductive areas of the piezo mass to create micro or nano-level movement along the XYZ answers now these pictures show the external appearance of AFM and here we can see the schematic diagram of AFM so we have this white box is the XYZ linearized piezo scanner on which the sample to be tested is mounted and this is the XY sample translation stage we can see two micrometers are provided for X moment and Y moment the initial adjustment of the sample initial positioning of the sample can be made using these manual micrometers and then the scanning is carried out by moving by using this XYZ linearized piezo scanner and here we can see there is a column to support this high resolution video microscope which captures the images and then all the electronic circuitry will be placed in this box now this schematic diagram shows the internal structure of AFM you can see the this is the area where the sample is mounted this is the motorized XY stage so here we have manual XY stage for initial positioning whereas here for initial positioning the motorized XY stage is used and this is the surface stage surface on which the sample is mounted and we can see the probe the zoomed view we can see here the probe we can see and this is the incident laser and this is the reflected laser and this housing the carries laser diode and the optical lenses and the laser is made to fall on the back surface the cantilever and the laser is reflected back and this mirror which is adjustable mirror will deflect the laser and it falls on the fixed mirror and again it is reflected back on to the split diode photo detector the position of the laser on this detector decides the bending of the scanner cantilever and here the camera lens is provided for viewing the measurement or to capture the images now the work stage workpiece tail of AFM is very very important where it should be free from any vibration it should have very very finer linear and horizontal and vertical resolutions so that very fine topographic image can be captured the sample size normally varies from 50 mm 50 mm and up to 20 mm thickness workpieces can be mounted sample weight can be up to 500 grams and XY stage travel is 20 mm by 20 mm so for initial adjustments this XY stage man it can be manually or motorized and also the cantilever is moved up and down for initial adjustment for which there is a jet stage and focusing stage travel is up to 15 mm accurate XY scanning is to be carried out for that closed loop XYZ flexor scanners are provided and the flat and orthogonal XY scanning is very very essential the out of plane motion of the uh XY stage there should be less than one nanometer over the total scan range the jet scanner linearity error is less than 0.015 percent of the overall scanning range accurate height measurements without any software is possible in some AFMs accurate topography with low noise as low as 0.05 to 0.07 nanometer jet detectors are used for topographic sensing now let us move to the applications of atomic force microscope there are many biological applications of AFM the AFM is used for getting the images of biological samples we can see here an image of human chromosome obtained from AFM so many microbiological applications AFM can be used and when we use some personal care products like gel, soil, space there will be changes in the hair, teeth and skin in the nano scale level so what is the amount of change in these things in these items at nano scale for measurement of that we can use AFM and you can see here sometimes the nanoparticle coating will be there on some surfaces and we need to remove the nanoparticles from the surface and to study what is the amount of force required to remove nanoparticles we can use AFM and for topographical studies of surfaces and to get the nanomechanical properties of coatings we can use AFM now the normal AFM resolutions will be like this if the moment of XY stage is something like 100 micrometer or 200 micrometer then the resolution of X axis and Y axis will be 1 nanometer whereas the vertical resolution will be 0.1 nanometer and if the scanning range is limited to say 50 micrometer and 50 micrometer in such cases AFMs are available with ultra fine resolution that is resolution as low as 0.003 nanometer and if the Z axis moment is limited to 15 micrometer then a resolution of 0.001 nanometer is possible and these AFMs can be used for studying the subunstrom deflection of cantilevers and they can be used for measurement of very small forces in the pico Newton level now with this we will conclude the Martial 12 lecture number 6 in this lecture we discussed the following topics we studied about the micro nanostage errors, linear errors as well as angular errors in micro stages and nanostages and how do we calibrate the micro nanostages what are the facilities available like interferometry laser based systems and what are the typical specifications of micro nanostages also we discussed about the various applications and selection of stages then we discussed on nanotechnology instrumentation we discussed the need for nanotechnology and what are the various building blocks of nanotechnology and then nanotechnological metrological instrumentation and we also discussed about resolution and how to select nano metrological instrumentation then we also discussed in some length about atomic force microscopy in which we discussed about cantilever and probe tips used in AFM how the AFM works and the stage details of AFM and some applications of AFM with this we will conclude this lecture we will continue continue the discussion in the next lecture on atomic force microscopy thank you