good morning welcome back to why in the morning I promise you that you have discussion of the day my name is Sankara Kaisu and today we are going to talk about tabia, tabia, tabia, tabia on a woman, a tabia, yes we are going to talk on the tabias and the characters or them what do you call tabia in English behavior, yes behaviors that men that ladies need men to live this year like they have started the first month is gone the second month is gone and they are still going on with it so girls have called the conference and said we are going to summon men to stop this with immediate effect and they are going to talk like politicians without fear of contradiction I am not alone here I am with the queens the queens were going to represent the cultural fraternity on things that they want men to live and they are not new there are people who have been here before and there are people who have authority one is called Yubelin and one is called Nyeribo oh you are not proud of your African name oh I am so introduce yourself say anything everything about yourself hi guys my name is Brenda Nyeribo I feel welcome back here and I hope you guys enjoy seeing me here again so let's see how the topic of today is going to go your social media handle my social media handle is at the real brand Nyeribo on Instagram and life of Nef on YouTube oh you are the lady who had life of Nef as life of Nef I'm fine it's been one day since I saw you yeah you missed me yeah yeah I'm good how is the court the court is good yeah it's called out there it's called in there yeah yeah remind me of social media handles uh my instagram handle is diveline dear my twitter is the same and also my facebook accounts yes welcome both of you once again to find the morning and especially WCW thank you I got a matching order from the ladies fraternity now that I host this that there are things that men are still doing that they need to live for 2021 it's like we had agreed that they have Zimebaki 2021 but they're still happening so it's like a salmon easy easy there are a number of things uh we posted asking on your social media handles especially on facebook to liuliza it's it's we had to talk about them we are coming to read these comments 15 minutes to the end of one in the morning that is 15 minutes to 10 with Juan and only Michelle but now let's talk about these things you're talking about we will get back to them when the right time comes okay so I discussed with the with a lot of ladies I have lots of lady friends and I asked them what do you think guys should stop this year I feel like the things that we've had enough of one of the things that most ladies spoke about was chores be it your dating or you're in a marriage when you when you guys are together don't expect a girl to do all the house chores alone it's not written anywhere that it's the girl's job okay maybe the older people have told us that and taught us that but the world has changed like people are both hustling you're you're together in a relationship you're all going out to work and coming back late tired all of you need to be able to chip in when it comes to house chores that's their opinion and so Brenda you are saying that men should stop lying on sofa as you wash dishes yeah do you think what do you what exactly do you want men to do we we as women we love men to help with house chores in the sense that people we both come out from work we we are both tired we are or whatever reason people get tired for many reasons yeah so if one is going to do laundry at least bring yourself and wash the dishes or something and then when she's done she can come and cook you know find clean dishes and cook see quality it's it's and and there's so much to be done in the house and it's I hope that we'll also come as possibilities that you'll also be contributing money not half of money in this relationship if I'm doing half of the course you'll also be doing contributing half of the money I feel like most women don't have a problem with it I feel like most women don't have a problem with doing that especially come out they are making money I think it is the same yeah we feel like we need some help around the house men should stop tweeting every time browsing their phones when their girlfriends are doing the job if I'm preparing a meal chop the onions let me chop the tomatoes no no no no I think it is that error that we can share the duties we can share chores because you will expect me at the end of the day or at the end of the month to pay water bills me if I was married or something you see now but for you you will pay the rent and other things yes no not like that okay if we put it like that some people might feel like to know engilia but like it's idea it's not about actually you must do it you just it's nice when you help someone out you know there's that thought behind it that makes it even the relationship becomes easier to handle because it's romantic and it's romantic to help with the yeah this person really cares about me you know and if your woman is happy you'll be happy okay add one add one then we come to the plane any other thing because you told me you talked to people they gave you a number of points okay so another thing that a lot of us women feel like it should stop this year and going onwards is body shaming because and this is done a lot by both genders but men men's opinions actually really affects women more than fellow women's opinions right very true so i feel like when men start seeing at the girls with bigger us are more attractive or girls with bigger boobs are more attractive or vice versa you know you make a woman feel like i need to do more on my body to be able to look attractive you see most girls out there even on social media they they take pills they go for surgeries they do bizarre things on their bodies just to be able to reach that society standard of beauty which is honestly speaking it's nonexistent everybody has their own taste you might like me and and someone else won't like me or you might not like me and many other people will like me you know it's not a must that you please everyone that's that's what i mean and i feel like guys should keep their negative opinions to themselves when it comes to women's bodies because everyone is beautiful in their own way are you saying in your ribo that men should stop talking about their tastes when i say i love a woman of this shape of this texture of this color of this complexion is it is it and you are not that is that what you call bodyshaming no bodyshaming is when you it's okay to have tastes and preference but don't come and start telling a lady maybe that you've shown interest in or who is interested in you ati you know me i can't date you anymore because i feel like you're not fat you're not big enough or you're too or you're too big you know sometimes even it's big bbw's who are bodyshamed only somebody that be huge yeah so you shouldn't that inhuman even you're emotionally attacking the person because some of these things maybe to them they didn't realize they they or you're trying to make someone to be fit don't sell them in a way that will make them feel like they are being bullied or something you remember the era of cyberbullying don't do it in such a negative way just keep your opinion about who your taste is to yourself if you're telling someone who's interested in you yeah or you go for your taste and you want to change it yes yeah or you maybe you're telling her that you're not what i want and you've taken her yeah that's i get that point your opinion about that so my opinion is the same i think men should change on that this year yeah i shot so many men do it yes yeah a lot like men are telling you that you're not having enough books it's so serious it's even they normally post such things on whatsapp whatsapp is the easiest social media handle to find people so when you see your friends posting such things and you feel like oh i'm too fat or i'm too thin i don't yeah you you wait like i'm not good at and then you are slim not there and i post on social media that i don't like slim ladies it's not even about even the person who's dating you only when you see most of the guys posting those memes and and you're there opposite of what they are saying they like you will be affected so i feel like they should be mindful of what they say or post out there because a lot of ladies are doing things i think yes so that is a very sensitive thing to women i think when you're bullied you when you say i'm not pretty enough or i'm not what enough i think it is time don't even say it out loud you can keep that thought to yourself you can appreciate someone for being beautiful but don't rub it on the face on another person you see now it will make things easy it is okay to tell someone hey you really look beautiful or you are beautiful but because the other friend is there and you don't have to tell where Kaivizuri you don't have to say it out loud you could have just stopped up you'll you really look beautiful i've i've seen where men do it yes like um no i have another thing men should stop doing oh okay okay my first thing is about thoughts about mkanga yes or these people who are online especially men they are really touchy touchy extra touchy they want to drag you maybe you are in a in a very small top that is not even covering your body enough then they are touching you all over where kujja i think that is i really hate that behavior i think it is time men stop doing that especially touts if you're watching there and you are going to pass by and you're using a public vehicle please sensitize these people on such things we women don't like that talk to us nicely tell us this is the price you see it will be much easier than touching me you know i i really think that is something men should stop doing there was a video we played here with michelle in the morning of mkanga what is that uh to me and we don't even like to oh we don't like to be touched by people we don't even know stranger like it is okay for my boyfriend to hold my hand but who are you to hold my hand you see now it comes so bad yes in public i don't think it's only you but you story about mkanga so most of them are men you can't find women doing that you never find very few no you can't find women doing that they respect someone's face yes yes okay i'm out she she caught a stage no one i'm going to win here for gary see now yeah yeah yeah they respect the space by the way respect and they are nice have you seen aggressive female mkangas they can beat a whole but they respect someone's face they tell you will you come kindly in your very ninder nihil price let me play a video the video one yes video is a point of that yes so there's this thing about dressing to impress yes women want men to imagine the energy they're putting to pull her everyone wants them on on their side they want her she's physically being harmed there i'm so sure that woman felt so disrespected and probably after your confidence tena but i just feel know so i feel like that is something it really needs to be sensitized and men should stop doing it i feel you i feel you there's something you are adding when you are playing the video yeah on that point uh i'm just relating it to your point men should know that we don't dress to impress them we dress because we feel happy with how we look and i feel like that's a point that has many women have tried to speak about over the years but guys don't believe that thing is we don't do it for men we don't we do it for ourselves you see when you feel good you you dress good you feel good you smell fresh you will have confidence i show all of you but i feel like i can show all of you are dressing not to be seen unless a girl has an agenda like maybe to pass to their man or do you think most of the time you have this agenda no it is the exact opposite of what you're saying in fact most of the time we don't dress to impress you but you know sometimes we dress to impress you yeah like if you're going for a date yeah but on a normal day i'm working in here okay for example her she's in a short dress you can't say she's here to impress you can you so yes she looks good maybe she feels confident about it you see and your time will come maybe when you take your girl out she will dress to impress you maybe you like her in this she will dress like that yeah so you are insinuating that men should stop thinking that when you dress you dress for them yeah you know uh that's why such cases like the woman not for a young lady you go to panda matatu and then guys are fighting for you because you look nice yes sometimes they even drag you to a vehicle you don't go to that place to their destination but you bring me here because they drag you to the car and then they start telling you look at your power so to learn to spend time now what is that they've wasted your time they've wasted your energy and now you're in a car going to a different destination imagine what girls go through yeah they said lady also telling me yeah that is so embarrassing embarrassing yes see i think at my post no what is that honestly that is why you men will be slapped by women because you're disrespecting them michelle is looking at me like she wants to jump here i'm slapping no it's not right you know you can't just bring your body towards me yeah because i look good or i smell nice but they women slap men for such behaviors and they can really get mad it's not smooth then yes it's but you know i feel like you should start by being a gentleman try your conversation if you like the girl yes in a respectful in a respectable manner but don't start being oh at the kiasi kiasi i want to confirm something where you stay right now at night where where i stay here in Nairobi no no okay see oh so you do this long travels when you go home yeah have you ever done them at night yeah have you ever sat near a man yeah i always sit near men yes you that long journey wait eight hours journey yes and i lose my peace yeah and actually there was a time that i even almost got ripped it's my dad who came to my rescue because yeah it's in the evening the driver starts saying that he the car has broken down and there's there are no vehicles it's raining and then uh you know people got out the ones with kids and everything so what we keep do you know we were left in the vehicle two girls and the driver and his conductor then this guy starts being weird and getting all touchy the conductor the driver and the conductor was also disturbing the other girl so it's at night it's raining uh people have left we're waiting for more motorbikes to come and get us and then these guys are getting all touchy on the road and there's no one around me i got peace me had to call me dad so my dad had to come all the way to where we were to make sure that i was okay i know that's mad yeah that's bad that's bad you could have taken the dangerous i guess i wanted to but i hear it's a common thing so that is something mentioned stop doing yeah it's very common in our route yes but it's not common in our route but if it is uh like uh he approached you the way you live and feel safe yes okay they are going to to kissy and then the relationship started okay it was the bus that's as precise so i was like at the window then there's them cutting cutting then and it this year this year so some ladies are encouraging it i think but now let's not take too much time on that yeah you have uh the other point about being touched yeah and by the way being touched is not all just about what i think they are meant yeah even outside even in their cars in the clubs yes interviews i think that is something that cuts across every field so they are supposed to change on that we had a video of and michelle liked it so must tell you stop this year stop stop it stop it yeah give me a scamper so there is something that has been disturbing me a lot but it is not necessarily affecting women but i feel men should stop drinking and driving oh yeah it is not affecting us women personally the many cases that are happening yes so many men are drinking and driving so many cases have been here about men were getting in accidents very young people who could have avoided in this era we have ubers we have friends we have so many people to take care of us even we are drunk when we are drunk on when people are drunk they can even sleep on those places now i feel like men should stop drinking and driving oh yeah one of our cases very high is a cool but accidents now i'm a lewa so i know it is not affecting us women but it is something they need to know that they should stop doing it enough of having all these cases at once many several times it's very true the blame that it's rare to find cases where there's accident on a car being driven by lady yeah and that's why those who sell cars second and most of them they say it's it was being driven by lady because it's taken that you guys are gentle like you are not gentle drivers you are gentle drivers you don't drive you don't drink drive yes if you must drink you drink milk no that's why guys say women don't know how to do yeah but it is okay for women to drink too but you know they take care of themselves why can't men be that vulnerable you have a nice german machine you have to drive it when you are high or something to prove something to people i think that is some weird thing people have i think just take care of yourself it is your life when you you lose your life many people are going to feel the loss what of drinking in general you think men are just drunkards you think most men are drunkards there is no problem with drinking oh according to you yes according to me do you have problem with men drinking too much too much is a problem too much it depends with what is too much and what the guy can handle but i don't have an issue with men drinking okay that's their own personal yes i do i bring my what people are telling me no i'm not done with my points i have made me oh my god so so uh there's this other point that i received i don't know if i should do her shout out but it was a very thoughtful point this one goes to angie angie said angie is my friend yes angie said that men should remember their parents and guardians in this sense when you're busy spending on ladies out there and trying to show girls that you've got it all and everything remember your mom back at home do nice things for your mom or your auntie whoever raised you because these are the people who are our red and dyes out there and that point doesn't seem like something so serious but when you think about it honestly people don't remember their parents when it comes to the fun part of life did you say that was originated by angie yeah that is very a good point and it's it's rare that a lady can test that point because most of the time there's contention between daughter-in-law and daughter-in-law i don't know why you guys always fight but now this is a lady who is caring for mother-in-law yeah yeah it looks nice the point is you can't okay even if you're trying to impress a woman that you like you can't expect let me put myself in her shoes you can't expect me to trust that you'll be always good towards me if you're not good to your mom yeah there's always issues between daughters-in-laws and mother-in-laws but when a girl sees that you really do take care of your mother that that kind of makes her feel like you you're going to do the same for her and your kids if you guys develop a family yeah i want to add on that i think what she says is um when for example a man wants to build a house for his father remember the the wife's parents too like if there is an upkeep you always send to the father to the guy's parents remember the girl's parents as well why don't you remember your parents why are you why are you forcing me to remember your parents no we are not forcing we are not forcing we are just saying you we can do it watch a sequel to the one-sided you also remember my parents yes of course you've seen Brenda saying that i should remember my parents he's not saying that the ladies should remember man's parents why why are you saying that the moms should also remember the ladies parents when they also have parents too to take care of the ladies parents i think it should be mutual it should be an understanding that uh cc me what also say when you come to when you get married you are one now you have four parents as one now you need to provide for all them all of them you you will not be like i'm just going to provide for those who brought me up you see you've come as one so you need to provide as one to all of them because they brought up you all and i felt like me at least maybe most of us women take a shower at least twice in a day in the morning and in the evening so that we can feel like ladies if your man does not shower you it's your responsibility yes it's yeah as you know but somebody accused man here we'll read it we can't say it's the boyfriend peke that's so cute i think most women don't shower no me me no most men do shower but then there are those who don't because a guy can pass you oh men also should give women money it's let me let me elaborate yes yeah one of them watch a questing because i'm not saying that you because women want girlfriend because of the allowance thing i'm just saying men should have the mentality of a provider yes that's how it is you do independent whatever you're supposed to have the mentality of i should be able to provide that's what gives you the energy to hustle the energy to work hard because you know you're supposed to provide for maybe your parents your siblings your girlfriend or your wife you know if you have that mentality so it's a dangerous as it is come in the picture also mentioned stop spending so much on their voice clubs and forgetting that we are here we don't want to control your money but spend on us the same way you spend on boys club and we will not complain yes yes the same way you go by drinks for 50,000 per night no no check it check it right yes so i have a question a man goes out with boys at night they spend a lot of 100,000 on drinks to somewhere where it will be check 50,000 as a man as my man how is that even possible i just want you to have better plans for what and you know that money yeah there's this saying among women uh we see a man's if your woman looks shagalabad don't be laughing among the women here because you're not doing yes you have money yes you go for fun things you go for a nice car but your girl looks like shit let's see the flip side of that can you also spend on your man yes very well okay i'll splash that let me tell you see women women wait to see how is he going to do it if you if you show a girl that you're you're generous yes she will be generous yeah but then if you are just there always crying oh i don't know do you have yeah don't borrow women money yes borrow your friends borrow your parents but don't go to borrow your girlfriend money let her be the last option yeah the last one has turned it's back against you now you can come and borrow money but don't don't put our money on you is about dealing and faithfulness things like that one is people have spoken about it i know so many i think that it's going on yes i had that we had this is it possible even to stop i i can't comment on that it's not it's not i feel like uh we had another segment here and all men were unfaithful you will be surprised the man out here said that imagine the plane imagine let me tell you brand the plane immediately after the show asked the man with whom you are i think it was last monday directly maybe you can i'm sorry he said yes oh my god yeah very gentle yeah so the plane went out here with a conclusion that all men have sighted 90 percent of men you have someone else apart from your girlfriends please if you're married and you're thinking about having a side chick stop yes okay but the other if but now brand a brand a here brand and you are saying that it is not easy to stop but you can stop especially if you're married i don't see an excuse of having another person unless you bring her to the house i think some cultures are appreciate or accept polygamers marriages bring the woman at home stop cheating can you have your co-wife no but cultures i said culture so your culture from my culture it doesn't allow polygamers from your culture probably you allow polygamers so i was saying if your culture allows it embrace it but if your culture does not just just stop cheating especially if you're married that thing sucks but if you're come on in here i'm just one and i'm not let me not find you okay but you know you know the other side of this story is that those type side chicks men have are women they are ladies the same ladies who don't want men to have side chicks allow men allow married men would allow or seduce their friends boyfriends yeah so is it not that the thing the common thing that women are their own enemies they are so okay depending on what the situation is we can say women are their own enemies but when we look at we already have snakes among us then let's look at the problem me i feel like you see you've spoken about cultures allowing polygamers marriages so in kenya it's a law that was passed that a man can have as many wives as he wants you saw that yeah and i was so much against it but right now i gave up this is the reason because you see those men who cheat those married men the men in relationships or sometimes a girl may know or may not know and she's getting together with the man yes and let's assume the girl knows uh i wanted to see that's the reason i was saying it might be so hard to stop the cheating thing that has been going on because because you can't control adults and what they want to do in the long run you're you don't want to decide will you stay with this person who doesn't want to be in such a situation and just in case someone is out there and they want me just know i don't like that you'd rather come and tell me openly hi diveline i feel like um i don't know what what is an excuse for cheating there's no excuse for cheating see now why would you cheat exactly people people are grown you can't control their own choices you know and i feel like um if i cheated on you if i was your man and i cheated on you and then you it will be up to you to decide if you're going to forgive me and let us and give us a chance of which doing that most likely i'll cheat on you again don't you think we are encouraging them to cheat yeah so you as an individual you're supposed to know do i will i condone this or but you've given up yeah she's given up she's saying that's what men are i'm giving up because i'm like they are not like you said not all men cheat you know so if i meet one who cheated on me i'd let him go because oh yes because he's he's that way i know that you will ultimately get one who will never cheat no i don't know if i would get one who would never cheat but i'd rather take my chances than stay in a relationship where someone is cheating and there's the risk of somebody told me that the devil invented two commandments above the term commandment commandment number 11 says uh they shall not be caught so people are doing like they will see that they do but they are not caught like in your case your man will really try not to be caught yeah commandment number 12 says if you are caught deny deny deny so people are really denying uh that wasn't me yeah but let us finish with our time is really up with the very serious thing here violence men are still violent in 2022 some are still slapping their girlfriends or doing the worst that you guys watch in the news talk to men about violence being violent on their partners let's start with your brand uh i've ever been in a violent relationship i wasn't beaten but i used to be strangled and i'm an aggressive girl like you can't just tell me to do something knock back yeah i thought that was my issue and still is mimi was a baby akili so the guy didn't like someone who talks back i guess i don't know so the quickest way up to yama is shami was that's my point if you're in a violent relationship get out of it first you'll deal if you want to help the person help him out of the relationship you have talked to the lady now talk to them and the moment you start getting physically you start engaging with me physically like that you lose my respect on the spot because first of all i'll see you a week that's why you're you're picking on someone smaller than you and number two i'll feel like you have insecurity issues number three i'll feel like your mama didn't raise you right yeah because you're attacking a woman number four i'll feel like your parents should have taught you more it's not just your mom even your dad because you blame the man your insecurity issues your mother since you respect your mother but you're busy attacking other women out there and for your father didn't teach you that you're supposed to respect women you're not supposed to be tell me something about this for me i'll feel like all wrapped it in one basket that sounds so uncivilized like we are past beating our women if you don't agree on issues you can talk out you can divorce you can there's so many options to get out of that situation you beat me just because i went out to look for money you're not comfortable with me going to look for money then provide for all my needs you see or you beat me because i don't know i did what i think that sounds so uncivilized honestly we you can get away out yes yes so women sit down your men and if they become more violent get out file for divorce you can really get the point is home 20 seconds closing remarks 20 seconds closing remark we call it off so guys i hope you've listened to what we've discussed today and i hope that it impacts your lives differently and in a more positive way leave a comment below and make sure you write if you want to see me here again okay


There's something that's really hovering over you like a dark cloud and specifically in the mental area. My mind just goes haywire. These thoughts are trying to keep me up at night. It got so bad that I'll get so short of breath I couldn't speak. You will receive clarity. You will receive peace for every mental barrier that she is encountering to be removed right now in the mighty name of Jesus. The mental blockade, the barrier feeling like things just can't sink into my head. It's not just that it's gone but I keep getting confirmation that it's gone. I would try to start things and it would go well at first and then it would fall apart. That night I experienced joy and lightness like I have in some months. Since then I do feel like the joy is there every single day. I do feel like I'm being changed from the inside out and that is beyond amazing. Have you been demonized? So have I and he will deliver you. Have you been oppressed? So have I. He will move that mountain. So ask in faith and keep praising him until you get it.


I'm going to first look at the the tool of the class tracking and location tracking. I'm going to hit the drop down up top to do so and we're going to go on over to the account and settings on the left. Advanced tab on down below and then I'm going to go into the categories here. So notice you've got classes and you've got locations. Now there's a little bit of a difference between the classes and locations, although they're quite similar. The classes give you a little bit more versatility, meaning I can I can record like one one transaction with multiple different classes, like one expense form and assign two different classes to two different line items in the expense form, whereas the locations I believe are going to be applied to one transaction at a time. So if you start getting into a layered type of situation where you're going to use both of these, you want to think about the hierarchy of when you're going to use locations and classes. But if you're just using one or the other, I would tend to use the class tracking because it's more versatile.  So once we assign classes, we have the option of assigning every transaction a class, which is usually good thing to do because because now you're going to run an income statement by class and you want everything to be assigned. Or you could say that anything that is not assigned has its own class. But we'll talk more about that in a second. Assign classes assign classes one to each row in a transaction one to one. So enter one enter transaction. So I want one in each row. That's giving me that more versatility that I was talking about here. You got the location. You don't have that second kind of option. So I'm going to turn this one off. And then I'm going to say save it. Let's say done. And say, do you want to save? I'm going to say save it. And just to see what happens now, if I go to the plus button up top, and I go to say an expense form, then I should have another column in here for the classes that we'll be putting into play. I didn't save it last. Here it is. There's the classes. So classes are now on. And we have this other option that we can put into play. All right. Now, given that


So this lecture is part of an online commutative algebra course and will be about the spectrum of a ring So in the last couple of lectures, we covered two obvious ways of drawing pictures of a ring either by Drawing a point for each element or point for each basis element. The spectrum of a ring is one where you draw a point for each prime ideal So the first two methods Sort of work quite well in a few simple cases, but for most rings, they just don't work very well. I mean most rings It's not very practical to draw every element of the ring and most rings are not vector spaces over fields So you can't draw a basis for it But the drawing a point for each prime ideal works quite well for all rings and I'll start with some motivation So suppose X is a compact House dwarf space then I'm going to take R to be the ring of continuous functions on X Under point-wise multiplication, of course And the idea is that X is a good picture of the ring R so What we do is we draw a picture of X and think of the ring R as being the ring of continuous functions on that space and that's sort of the idea of of defining the Spectrum of a ring. So the ring R in this case is something called a commutative C-start algebra So the theory of C-start algebras was developed Sometime before growth and deconvented schemes and was probably rather influential on on the definition of a scheme Although it's the early history is a little bit unclear So a C-start algebra basically means it's an algebra over the real numbers and it has a norm Where the norm of a function is just the supremum over all X and space X of the absolute value of f of X So there's a whole theory of algebras with a norm that we're not going to worry about too much because that's many of interest to analysts but anyway, the point is that the Space X can be recovered from the ring R So we can go from X to R by taking the ring of continuous functions We can also go back from R to X. So suppose we're given R We can reconstruct X As follows the points of X correspond to the maximal closed ideals of R And the way this works as follows um point X just corresponds to the ideal of points So the ideal of so the ideal of functions with f of X Equals zero so it's just the functions vanishing at X Um, and it follows easily from the stone via strice theorem My strice seems to be turning up rather often in this course for completely different reasons so the stone via strice theorem describes the um Conditions under which a closed sub algebra is equal to the whole ring and from this it's easier to follow that all closed maximal ideals of R are of this form So we can reconstruct the points of the space X. We can also reconstruct the topology on X We can reconstruct the topology in two ways. We can either say a basis of open sets Is given by the functions df um, so I guess I better use the notation that eyes and butters using u f is informally the points where f is not zero well What do we mean by f being zero at a point of x? Well, this is just the points m with f Not in m. So you remember the points are really prime ideals of the ring are so we can just look at the Points where f is none zero and these form of basis of the open sets um, alternatively we we can take any closed ideal And we can form from it the set of maximal ideals containing i which is a closed set Of the space X you can think of it as being the common zeros of all elements of the ideal i So there are two ways of describing the topology and we're going to use these two ways later on for arbitrary ideals By the way, different closed ideals can give rise to the same closed set of X So we don't get a one-to-one correspondence between closed sets and ideals And the idea is to we can copy this for any commutative ring Are we just take a set X to be the maximal ideals of the ring are and define the topology as above in either of the two ways Well, that gives you something called um The maximal spectrum of r Sometimes denoted by spec m of r And it sort of works, but not very well. There's a problem with it as I will explain So if you're looking at c star algebras, if you've got any two c star algebras Um r and s and you've got a map from r to s Then you get a map from the maximal spectrum of s back to the maximal spectrum of r um Let's call that X And this is this can be defined as follows if m is a maximal ideal Of s then you can just look at f to the minus one m as being a point of r Well, there's a bit of a problem if you try doing this for arbitrary rings the problem Is that f to the minus one of a maximal ideal? might not be a maximal ideal For example, if f is the map from the integers to the rational numbers And you take m to be the maximal ideal zero that f minus one m Is again the ideal zero, which is no longer maximal in z. So If we work with maximal ideals We can't really get a map between spaces whenever we've got a map between rings and it's really convenient that homeomorphism between rings ought to correspond in some way to um continuous maps between the corresponding spectra So, um, this isn't too difficult to fix If we just think about what the problem is. So let's let's analyze what the problem is So if you've got a map from rings r to s You remember a maximal ring of i s corresponds to a map from s onto a field So a maximal ideal Is a field that's more or less the definition of a maximal ideal of a ring. It's one such the quotient is a field And now we obtain a map from r to k But the image of r might not be the whole of k So it's a subring of k So it is an integral domain But need not be a field so If this map here is f And the maximal ideal here was m an r over f minus 1 s Is a sub ring of k So it's an integral domain So we can at least say That this is a prime ideal of r You remember an ideal is prime Corresponds to saying that r over p is an integral domain Equivalently this means that if x y is in p This implies x is in p or y is in p, which is an alternative form of this definition You see that's just saying x y is zero in the quotient and that means either x is zero or y is zero Now fit that the problem around here is that a subring of a field is not a field But a subring of an integral domain is an integral domain So the subring of an integral domain is an integral domain And so if f is a homomorphism of rings from r to s and m is a prime ideal in s That way around So f the minus one of a prime ideal Is prime So this suggests that we shouldn't work with maximal ideals, but we should work with prime ideals So now we define the spectrum of r As follows so the points Just correspond to prime ideals Of the ring r And the topology Is defined in either the two ways above we can either choose a basis of open sets given by u of f Which is the set of prime ideals such that f is not in p You can think of this informally as being the points where f is none zero although that's not really quite true Or we can think for for any ideal z we can look at the set of the closed sets Are of the form z of i Which are the set of prime ideals such that i is contained in In the ideal p. So these are two equivalent ways of defining the topology Um, so Um, it might be an idea just to check that this really does give a topology So check That the z of i form a topology So these form the closed sets of a topology not the open sets of a topology So we've got to check that it's closed under unions and that follows easily Because sorry not unions intersections. We've got to show if it's closed under arbitrary intersections because the intersection of all the ideals z of alpha is just the z corresponding to the Ideal generated by all the z of all the i alpha Which is fairly trivial checking that the union of two Of these sets is still one of these sets is a little bit trickier It's actually to equal to z i j where this is generated By all products i j for i in i And j and j it's the usual product of two ideals And now it's not quite obvious that a prime ideal containing One of these two Is the same as the prime ideals containing this and for this you you need to use the fact that if p is a prime ideal then i j is contained in p if and only if i Is contained in p or j is contained in p. So this is an exercise um, so these these sets really do form the topology of On a space And now we should give a few examples of the spectrum of space Let's start with some trivial examples. So first of all if r is the zero ring with no None zero elements. So one is equal to zero the spectrum of r Is the empty set and you actually need to think about this for a few seconds because You have to try and wonder whether or not zero is a prime ideal and zero is not a prime ideal because part of the definition of integral domain Must it must have One is not equal to zero um That's not something you can argue about it just part of the definition It's not something you can figure out by thinking deeply about it So the next example is let's take r to be a field Well, here there's only one prime ideal So the spectrum of r is just the ideal zero Um, and this is just a point So this sort of shows Corresponds to the fact that fields are the easiest sorts of commutative rings their spectra are particularly easy. They're just points So now let's look at a polynomial ring. Let's take r to be the ring of polynomials over the complex numbers So what are the prime ideals of this? Well, this is a this is a principal ideal domain So all ideals are principal. It's really easy to work out the prime ideals There are two sorts of prime ideals. First of all, there are the maximal ones which perform x minus alpha alpha a complex number And there's none maximal one Well, there's just the ideal zero So the spectrum of r Is just the complex numbers union infinity Well, it's not quite because we should think about what the topology is But we shouldn't really think of this as being a pointed infinity. It's more like um, a sort of generic point I mean when you think of a space as being having a point for each complex number plus an extra point You sort of automatically think well, it's something like the Riemann sphere It's just the complex numbers with a point of infinity. And this is just wrong Um, the topology is quite unlike the Riemann sphere and this doesn't behave like a pointed infinity at all So, um, let's first of all look at the topology on the maximal um Um spectrum so so so the spec m of r Looks like c if you ignore the topology, but the topology is a bit weird So the closed sets Are c And all finite sets Remember if you've got an ideal it's just Generated by some polynomial f which is x minus alpha 1 x minus alpha 2 so on x minus alpha n So the only prime ideals maximal ideals containing it are the primae Are the ideals corresponding to the complex numbers alpha 1 alpha 2 up to alpha n in particular this topology Is not house dwarf Um, all open all none empty open sets are dense. I suppose I should say the topology of the other Oh, yes, I do remember to say that um, if you add the extra point Things get even weirder because the point zero is not closed In this topology in fact its closure Is the whole space spec Of of of r So the maximal spectrum is bad enough It's none house dwarf, but at least the individual points are closed Once you start adding this point as well the topology gets even weirder This makes it rather difficult to draw. I mean you can try and draw the complex numbers um as um You you can draw a picture of them as being the usual Euclidean plain Except you've got to remember that you don't have the usual topology on the Euclidean plain the closed sets are just finite sets But when you try and draw this extra point, um Best you can do is you can draw it as a sort of fuzzy generic point um So this is a sort of fuzzy generic point That is everywhere dense So it's a sort of it may be a single point But it's a really big point because its closure contains the whole space um, and this is the main problem about Drawing rings as a spectra. It's really hard to draw them in Euclidean space You have to remember that apology is much weirder than Euclidean space topology, but You'll get used to it after a while So now let's try and do the spectrum of z um again We have the maximal ideals Well, the maximal ideals are just two three five Seven and so on just corresponding to primes and we should also get an extra prime ideal Zero again z is a z is a principal ideal domain So it's easy to find all these ideals and what you notice is that terminology has got messed up the prime ideals Don't quite correspond to primes. They correspond to primes together with the ideal zero and There's nothing you can do about this. You just have to accept that prime ideals don't quite correspond to primes um, so how do we draw a picture of this? well, the closed sets Again easy to work out because they just correspond to ideals of z which you know, so they're finite subsets of two three five and so on and You notice that nought is not in the set So you can find out subsets of these things without nought and the whole space So we've again got this problem that these sets here these points here are closed points But this point of the space is not a closed set and again, it's rather hard to draw this space what you can do is you think of the prime ideal zero as being a big one dimensional point And yes, I know points can't be one dimensional. That's just too bad I'm going to call this a one dimensional point because it sort of behaves as if it were one dimensional And embedded in this huge one dimensional point of these zero dimensional points corresponds to the prime ideals two three five seven 11 and so on So this is the best we can do trying to draw this space in euclidean space as as I just repeat that There is no good way to draw a picture of this euclidean space because any subset of euclidean space is house dwarf And this space is very far from being house dwarf.  Let's take polynomials over the reals Now you might think if the spectrum Of complex polynomials is complex numbers union this generic point Then maybe the same is true of the spectrum of the reels. Maybe we just get the real numbers together with an extra point Well, that's not what happens. We do indeed get a copy of the reels corresponding to the maximal ideals x minus alpha for alpha in the reels And we also get a non-maximal ideal zero And this is as usual not closed But we also get some extra maximal ideals Because there are some irreducible polynomials of degree greater than one So We get all Polynomers with two complex roots. So b squared minus four ac It's less than zero. So this is two roots x plus or minus i y with y not equal zero So you see the point Points of the spectrum correspond to the generic point naught plus Sets consisting of x plus i y x minus i y For complex numbers x and y So if y is zero, this just gives us the real point and if y is none zero we get a pair of complex points So the spectrum is equal to the generic point union the complex numbers folded in half In some sense. We sort of can't we identify each complex number with its complex conjugate So in general for fields a similar thing happens if you if you try and form the spectrum of k of x The points correspond to orbits Of the Galois group of the algebraic closure On the algebraic closure of k Together with the point zero So the spectrum of a none algebraically closed field is a little bit more complicated than you might expect you You also need to know what all algebraic extensions of the fields look like Okay, so next lecture. I'll be giving more examples of the spectrum of Of rings


Luke welcome back to the podcast man. Well thanks for having me again. No worries. So the last episode we talked a lot about globalism, elitism, CBDC, social credit scores, etc. This episode I want to focus more on privacy and privacy tools and I suppose how people can use them. So let's kick it off. So obviously crypto started with Bitcoin, right? So now that I think a lot of the lack of privacy problems on Bitcoin is sort of coming to fruition. On the other side of that Bitcoin is a sort of implementing more private solutions. So for example, Lightning is a lot more private than just normal Bitcoin transactions. So talk to me about privacy on Lightning, privacy on coin joins, the ups, the downs, do you think they work in general and do they scale to 8 billion people? I would say no. The thing to say about firstly coin joins, that's a more obvious example. I think coin joins have a miserable onset and I wouldn't even say they give you privacy. I would say maybe they give you like legal plausible deniability maybe, but they're so infrequently used and when they are they're just not very powerful for what they're supposed to do, I would almost like totally dismiss them as being an issue. Now Lightning I suppose you can say is good for privacy. I will just say that I mean Lightning itself is just software that is theoretically irrelevant to Bitcoin. I mean saying that Lightning is good for privacy is kind of like saying like Coinbase is good for privacy because you're not really transacting on the Bitcoin network. You're using some other system. No, that's not me saying Lightning is the same thing as Coinbase, obviously it's not. It's not a custodial system and it's much better. I think the complaint that I've had about Bitcoin as compares to Monero is Bitcoin obviously one of the foundational assumptions of Bitcoiners and there's a reason they have this, but one of the foundational assumptions is that we are not going to hard fork. We're not going to make any significant changes to Bitcoin and that makes it very difficult to fix principal issues in it and therefore by necessity requires you to rely on other systems like Lightning and the issue with that is that all the stuff you build on top of Bitcoin if you want it to still be worth using it has to retain all of the same benefits of Bitcoin. It has to still be decentralized. It has to still be free software. It has to still be custodial and all this kind of stuff and that actually is very much an uphill battle. It really is like reinventing Bitcoin for every layer you add on it. You need a lot of harebrained schemes to do all this kind of stuff and it honestly is just kind of nasty and inefficient. I think there's a I guess aesthetic disgust I have at the idea. Now I understand the modularity aspect of it, but I would just say that using Lightning, it doesn't give you privacy on Bitcoin. It's just a system outside of Bitcoin that isn't on the blockchain. That could be anything. That could be you writing transaction hashes on a piece of paper. So can it scale? I think there are a lot of issues in Lightning that the biggest ones are there's still an ability to lock up funds and stuff like this. You can attack Lightning in a way that is kind of easy. I would say that's a big issue. I think even bigger than that, a lot of Bitcoiners have settled on Lightning as this is going to be the panacea. In reality, how many people actually use this? A legitimate question, not many, barely any. That's just how it is. It's really technology that's still in its infancy. Not to say that Bitcoin isn't in its infancy itself, but Lightning is just so scarcely used. Even with its benefits, it is much less used than the Bitcoin layer that it's on top of. Yeah. That's, I suppose, one variable. Things obviously grow with time, as you mentioned, but some things that don't change and things that I like to focus on more are things that are set in stone. You talked about attacking Lightning. Break it down as if I'm five. How do you do that? Well, because you have to basically put up your funds, you open up channels and stuff like that. There are different ways of you lock when other people have opened up channels. There are ways of you locking up by creating dummy transactions and stuff like that. There are ways for you basically to keep their money out in limbo, doing nothing. Just ways of attacking the network. All of this is the same. Now, I have full hope that this will be fixed. That all of these issues are going to be slowly fixed, but the issue that I said before is the Lightning network or any other system is just reinventing the wheel at every stage. There's a point where you have to ask, why don't we just modify the original state of it? Why don't we don't have these privacy issues? Why don't we just try and alleviate them at the bare bone system of it? That of course is what Monero does. Monero has built-in hard forks, regularly scheduled things. That I think is, and others, there's a degree of trust involved in that. You have to trust that the Monero team is not going to screw things up. I guess you could say, but it does at least give them the ability to improve things. I think that is something beneficial. I want to take it back for a second because it's got me thinking. I mean, ideologically, why are you interested in privacy? Are you just, I suppose, a libertarian? Do you think it's... I mean, you answered the question. I'm just curious. Oh, well, I would definitely not describe myself as a libertarian. I think that I said before, I'm not really as interested in personal privacy. That is, and frankly, this is how most people are. Most people, when you really push comes to shove, they don't actually really care about privacy. They don't really care if some company knows all this stuff about them, and I know that they feel that way because they're obviously acting in a way consistent with that. What people do care about, and what I care about in this case, is I care about systemic privacy. That is, if I live in a world where, for example, there's all of this public metadata about all of these people that a corporation or government can use, well, that means, as we talked about in our previous episode, that means that a social engineer can say, okay, I'm going to design an algorithm or design an AI or these other things that can look at this mass trove of data, and I'm going to put in, maybe I'll start with targeted advertising, and it will move to things that are even more pernicious than that, where people are being controlled in a very systematic way. When you have technology that is just leaking privacy information all over the place, it's just dangerous. You don't know what's going to happen there.  Only the psychopath would say the second one. Now, the only reason Bitcoin has that is just because it's an accident of its architecture, but if now that we have technology that can alleviate that, it seems silly to go with the older system. And speaking of technology that can alleviate that, I know you've advocated for ZK proofs to be put on the narrow instead of ring signatures. So ZK proofs. Now, I've tried looking at this in a superficial level, right? A lot of the content you find online is pretty sophisticated with the maths and how they explain it. Maybe I'm just not finding the right content, but explain it to me like I'm five. So, well, I mean, you've heard like the Alibaba's cave metaphor, familiar with that. Okay, okay. So Alibaba's cave. This is like, when they were first introduced, this is like the metaphor that kind of explains them. So suppose there's this guy, Alibaba, and he has a, he has a little store and a thief comes and steals something from his, you know, shop and the thief runs into this cave. Okay. So how the cave works is it looks like this. They're like two, you can go into the cave and there are two paths you can take and they don't connect to each other, but they're very close on the other end. Okay. So the thief goes in. So Alibaba has seen the thief goes go in here and he knows that the thief went through one of the path paths. Okay. So he says, okay, maybe he went on the right path. I'll go on the right path as well and I'll try to run into him, but he doesn't see him. He runs out and he realizes, oh, I went the wrong path. He came out the other way, right? Makes sense. So then the thief does this again and again. So the next day he comes, he steals something. They go back to Alibaba's cave. Alibaba decides maybe I'll go to the left this side. Maybe I'll go to the right again. Either way, he realizes, oh, I haven't found him. And this, if this goes on for months and months and months, Alibaba mathematically knows something. And that is, he knows there's something weird about this cave. So and Alibaba, you know, tries to study the cave and he realizes, oh, these two legs of the cave, these, you know, parts of the cave, they actually, there's a secret door that connects them. And so what the thief is actually doing is he's going down whichever side and when he hears Alibaba come up, he goes through the secret door and he escapes the other end, right? So what you've just seen is a zero knowledge proof, okay? So Alibaba, so what we've decided, the thief knows something. He has a secret. He has the equivalent of a private key, okay? He has this ability to math, to transport between these two cave sides. And we know that because statistically speaking, we can keep going in the cave and he will always escape. He will always go out the other end, right? So mathematically, this is just what's happening more or less than a zero knowledge proof, where you don't reveal someone your private key, but you, with mathematical certainty, you know, using typical elliptic, well not typical, but, you know, cryptography, you can show that I'm not going to tell you what this key is, but I'm going to prove to you in this statement, in the same way the thief did, that I have the ability to use it without showing you what that actually is. And that's just kind of the five-year-old explanation of what a zero knowledge proof is, right? It's you showing someone else that you have this knowledge without actually telling you what the knowledge is. It's very interesting. One simpler example of a zero knowledge proof. Suppose you have a friend who's colorblind, you know, he's red-green colorblind, and you have a red ball and a green ball. Suppose he doesn't believe that there is actually a difference between red and green, and everyone is pulling his leg. Well, what you can tell him to do is hold the balls, and then put him behind his back, and maybe switch him around, maybe not, and then he will, you will always be able to identify which one the red is, and you could statistically prove to him that you can actually see the colors, and that would prove, that is a zero knowledge proof. That is you showing him that, oh, well, I don't see the difference between these, but this guy clearly understands the secret that defines which one is which, right? So that's pretty much where my understanding was at. So the ability to prove something without actually revealing the secret, right? How do you do that in a mathematical sense? How do you do that for transactions? You want me to, like, get out elliptic curves at this point or something? So this is where I'm at, right? So this is every time I do, like, the deep dive on YouTube, that's pretty much where I become unstuck because it becomes pretty advanced cryptography. Is there a way to explain it in a simpler way? You're going to have to start reading some white papers. That's what I'll tell you. If I had a PowerPoint, maybe we could go into it, but hey, I don't know anything about it. Well, I don't know everything about it, I should say. So that is, for those watching, that is your first step in the zero knowledge proofs. You can look up different white papers and different writings on it. Well, there are many. I mean, the nice thing about people working in cryptography is most of these papers are public. So they do require some math knowledge, but the intuition behind them is just the metaphor that I've just shown you writ large on an elliptic curve, where you can basically draw a line through a curve. And given the private key information, you can always get a set output. I guess that has to be homework for your viewers, I suppose. Sure. I might have even jumped a gun earlier. So we spoke about privacy online and coin joins that we jumped into, I suppose, ZK proofs, but Monero, right? Right. What problems do you think Monero solves in general? What it solves, you said? Yeah. Why Monero, basically? Oh, well. I mean, there are a lot of reasons. I mean, Monero, as it is right now, is just the only cryptocurrency out there of any decent usage that keeps user privacy secret. It's not perfect technology. It has some issues, has some areas where it can improve. But as I said before, firstly, Monero is prone. In fact, it's capable of improving. You do have scheduled hard forks that are washed over by the community. And so privacy improvements, and there have been many. Monero, when it first started, was actually kind of junky. I mean, it was kind of a proof of concept. The ring signatures were not required. That is, privacy was not required. And that actually decreases the in onset. That makes things more difficult. But Monero has added so many things as time has gone on to make it more, I mean, it's just frankly, it does the most of, it's the best of basically every world in crypto. It's private. It has low transaction fees. It is ASIC resistant to some degree. Again, it has community hard forks. And there are a lot of people, as people have probably noted, there are a lot of developers working on it. So I would just say there's a constellation of different things that make Monero kind of above the others. And obviously it does have a good bit more. I mean, the reality of cryptocurrency as it's being used online is Monero is highly overrepresented in people who are actually doing things with cryptocurrency, which is a small market, mind you. But Monero is kind of not quite the only game in town, but it's Bitcoin and Monero and then everything else is just kind of for fun. So as a privacy tool, as a monetary tool, where do you think Monero is going in this society? Do you think it's going to be adopted by most people or what's your thesis? Well, that would be, it has to happen one step at a time. And I also think it shouldn't be any, no technology should be adopted by people who don't need it. And as it is right now, I could say that a lot of normal people could use it because we are transacting digitally a lot, even in real life. But I think it's going to start first, where it is already, that is doing online transactions, you can buy server space and other stuff with Monero, obviously people know that people buy drugs online and illegal stuff because it has some privacy, or at least allegedly people say that, I don't know if there's some reason for it. So I think it's going to be slow adoption. But again, the cryptocurrency market, the reality is, and this is the in and out of bear and bull markets, should prove to you the fact that basically most of the people talking about cryptocurrency, they're not actually using it. And so the actual adoption is going to be very, very slow. In fact, the use of Monero, as it is right now in this bear market, is probably much more accurate than it would be in other times and places. And I think there also is a reason that Monero people can correctly note that even during this bear market, Monero is performing comparatively well. It's actually gained a good bit on Bitcoin. Now that might not continue. I mean, a lot of other factors go into that. But I would just say that it's going to be a slow adoption. I wouldn't expect to see your grandma using it anytime soon. But it happens one step at a time as more people get into it. Now, the biggest issue for Monero right now is how do you get it? Hey, could you tell me how to get Monero? For us, we know about it. For people who have cryptocurrency or have Bitcoin already, but how are you going to get your grandma to do it? Literally, the path of least resistance would be signing grandma up for a KYC exchange, buying Bitcoin or Litecoin, and then swapping it on some random site for Monero. And at that point, you already have KYC. What's the point? So that's the hurdle right now as far as I'm concerned. And when people ask me, oh, wow, you talked about Monero, how can I get it? It's hard for me to say, oh, here's this foolproof way of easily getting it without KYC because it often requires them using local Monero or BISC or one of these things that sounds creepy because it's like Craigslist and I might transact with some weirdo. So I think the onboarding people, that's kind of the difficult thing right now. Interesting. A bigger question too is, do you think you said that people take the path of least resistance? Monero is obviously hard to get. We talked about CBDC's globalism in the last episode. So in that case, what do you think is going to happen to Bitcoin? I think Bitcoin is going to continue to be what it is now and that is like a useless index fund. So like people will buy Bitcoin and it will go up and they don't really use it for much. I mean, it's like this theoretical thing. And if it hasn't happened already, I'm sure it will happen in the future that the vast majority of people, I mean, this is definitely already true, but the vast majority of people who use Bitcoin are KYC'd up the wazoo. So it totally defeats the point of even having the thing. So it really is just an index fund that's indexed to the price of Bitcoin. That's it. Like that's when people say that they own Bitcoin, that's what they mean. They have an account on, you know, Gemini or Coinbase or something where they have this pretend Bitcoin. So that's really where I see that going. And that's another little benefit of Monero because Monero is like not fully blacklisted from exchanges, but it's kind of like more of a, oh, wow, it's private. That's like suspicious. So it's less on centralized exchanges, which is a good thing. If you have Monero, if anyone has Monero on a centralized exchange, I don't know what is going through your head right now. I don't know what to say about that. But it could be a private wallet or if you have anything on a centralized exchange. So yeah, Bitcoin is kind of useless right now. I think maybe in the future, if there's some great lightning technology, maybe people will start using it for something in the proper way, like as custodians of their own funds, but I'm not very optimistic about that, to be honest. And I think the El Salvador situation with the kind of mess of the adoption there and all this kind of bad software, I think that's a great example. Yep. So I mean, El Salvador at the moment actually, which is evident with the newspaper behind me. Yeah, most people aren't using it here, but I wouldn't say it's completely failed. It's still early days, so I suppose we'll save it. Again, El Salvador I think is a great example because the government gave this path of least resistance to people where you get on the government custodial app where you don't have your private keys and you get the free Bitcoin from there and you have to use it. You actually, the thing I said about China before, where China was creating the CBDCs where you have to spend this money in some certain way. Well El Salvador actually did that with Bitcoin on the fake Bitcoin on their custodial exchanges or their custodial app where they said, well, you have to use this to buy some certain thing. You can't really transfer it to a private wallet. So I think that's a really good example. I mean, I think it's great that Bitcoin is legal tender there, but you always got to remember that people are going to do the easiest thing and most of these people just have no clue what Bitcoin is supposed to be about. I don't know if the president of El Salvador has any clue. I don't know.  But I think if you were really a good ideologue for Bitcoin and for cryptocurrency, he would not have done any of this the way that he has. And I find it very suspicious. It's either ignorant or I don't know. I don't know what it is. So before we jump into just general privacy tools, what do you would mean that Minaris failed? What would you need to see to take place? That Minaris failed. Well, I'll tell you the most likely thing to cause Minaris to fail or Bitcoin to fail is actually a good failure.  I'm more talking about, of course, Bitcoin and Minaris are both proof of work currencies. And of course, there's proof of stake out there, and people are rightly suspicious of it. But you have to remember that proof of work is like this weird game theoretic solution to solve the problem of decentralized consensus. So the reason we have all these farms of servers that are mining Bitcoin or Minero is because this is just this weird scheme that Satoshi developed where we don't need a centralized custodian or decider to say how, you know, what is a real transaction or not. So I think I could foresee, in fact, I might even go so far as predict that as soon as we determine that there are other ways of doing this, that is a point which will cause Bitcoin and Minero to conclusively fail. Or at least, I mean, at least Minero can have a hard fork they can integrate this new technology or something. But what I mean by that is if you develop some kind of technology that has decentralized consensus without massive server farms, and it's done elegantly in some unpredicted way, there's nothing in principle that makes that impossible. It just happens to be that mankind has figured out this one way of doing it. But there are many others. I mean, the example that I think I used in like a essay on my blog a while back is like, you know, the Incan Empire, right, they never invented the wheel for use in carriages and carts. They're a great empire spanning, you know, over many countries, or what are now today countries, but they never invented the wheel. But even we're than that, they actually did invent the wheel on little toys. So they used them in children's toys, but they never thought, oh, we could put this on a cart. And you might say that, oh, well, that's kind of oblivious of them. But we might be in exactly the same circumstance where there's a very easy and concise way of getting decentralized consensus that doesn't need like server farms and stuff. That's right under our nose. And it's going to be, I don't know, some genius cryptographer, 16 year old kid, I don't know, someone's going to figure it out.  So that I think is the most likely way, you know, barring apocalypse that Monero will fail. Do you do not think that CPU money is the whole purpose of that? What do you mean? Like figuring out consensus in a much more distributed way. So obviously, one CPU per person versus the centralized asset model. Or it's the same thing. It's the same thing.  It doesn't matter if it's A6 or CPU. It's the same thing. I'm talking about like, I mean, just as a point of comparison. So there's one I mean, proof of stake is a good example because it's a way of getting something kind of equivalent using a totally different mechanism. It's not to say I endorse proof of stake, or there's there's a cryptocurrency nano that has something that's kind of similar to proof of stake where they don't even have in this. This is the reason why it would be so earth shattering. So nano is an example. They don't even need a blockchain. They have block lattices where you basically have your the transaction history on your machine. And everyone else has their own and they interact in a certain way. And it's it's some kind of thing that's, I forget what they call it. It's like DPOS. I forget what the D stands for, but it's maybe delegated proof of stake. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, delegated. But that's not to endorse any of this, but that's just to say, think about that if we had some kind of way of establishing that consensus in a reliable way, you wouldn't have to worry about blockchain size. Okay, because you just have your transaction history on your machine, right? There are a lot of things you don't have to worry about the scalability issues, all this kind of junk, it just disappears into the ether. So that's what I'm talking about.  And again, like the benefit of Monero is, you can have a hard fork where you integrate this new kind of technology, but that would totally change the way that we look at this. So let's talk about easy privacy tools for everybody. So any new person coming in, especially to something like Linux, right? There's, man, there's thousands of different distros, each of them do something slightly different. I mean, generally speaking, because I've been down the rabbit hole, and I'm still by no means an expert on the subject, not even close to an expert on the subject. And a lot of it's still confusing to even myself, who's put a lot of time into learning about Linux. So what's a good daily driver for a Linux distro, I suppose? I think new users to Linux have a tendency to see all these different distributions and they kind of improperly assume that they're really that different when they really aren't like there are some, I kind of want to say anything is fine, because the reality is they're really just specialized to the aesthetic purposes of the person designing them. But the distribution that I use and I usually recommend is Artix Linux. And now that's a derivative of Arch Linux. Now Arch Linux itself, you have to install via the command line. There's no graphical interface. Artix Linux, you can do it that way. It comes with different desktop environments that you can use. And the reason I recommend that is there is an unfortunate tendency in some Linux distributions not to keep things simple. And Artix is more on the side of let's not add things that users don't need. I mean, a lot of other distributions will try and add in all these different package managers and all this weird way of doing things.  But if you go to the website, they have many pre-configured desktop environments you can choose from. And again, I would just say for in-depth users, don't fret about the differences because the reality is you can install any of these desktop environments. And if you don't like it, you can change it. You can look up how to do that. Use the Arch Wiki, which has all the great information about how to do things. So I would just say don't sweat your decision. Just go with whatever. And I mean, again, I recommend Artix because it keeps it simple. But anything's good ultimately. Anything is going to be an improvement over what you're using, frankly. Sure. So privacy tools for every single person, what do you think they are? How do you think every person can improve their privacy as much as possible, as easily as possible? Well, the number one privacy tool is using less tools. I mean, that's the biggest problem. I don't think that it's so much. A lot of people have this idea that, oh, there's all this stuff I do on my phone. There's all this stuff I do on my computer. And I need to find free software equivalents or all this kind of stuff. I think it's more asking yourself, do I really need this? That's step number one. And a lot of people are just getting themselves in privacy messes because they just, I don't know, don't have impulse control when it comes to using technology. That said, I mean, there are many sites you can look them up that will list out lots of different free software to use.  Well, literally everything is free software. I think it might be a difficult transition for people, but I would just say take it one step at a time and get familiar with the new software you're using and start with, I would say, switch over software on your computer like browsers and image editors or whatever you're using one by one. And then at the same time, use less web services. This could be like Google Drive or Dropbox, all that kind of stuff that is really just an equivalent of like a USB drive, frankly, that you could put on your key chain. I think a lot of it is just, and of course, I was in a period of my life many, many years ago where I use Google Drive. I didn't even have a computer at some point in my life. And it's just not as hard as you might think to extricate yourself from that. I think people more need motivation than they do. The information is out there. The software is out there. It's just hard to change your kind of ingrained habits and just don't feel bad about working on that slowly. I mean, it shouldn't take years and years to get to use all free software, but take it one step at a time. A bit of a journey thing. Yeah. And there was a period when I first used Linux that I was switching through a whole bunch of programs, seeing what is the best for everything and I've converged on the stuff that I use and I haven't changed anything in years to be honest at this point. That's a natural process that happens and that's good. So it's probably a bigger question. So I've thought it off the top of my head. Businesses are always looking for, I suppose, the most efficient, most cost effective, whatever rationale that I might have for their solution, which often leads to these big tech companies, right? So how do we, how do employees, I suppose, get away, especially if you're forced to use something like Google Drive? For example, what I do, I have to upload to Google Drive, I have to download from Google Drive. How do I convince my boss not to use Google Drive? Yeah. Well, most people have trouble convincing their bosses because they don't try. So, I mean, the first thing, especially for people who are working at lower end, you know, not massive business, I don't know, maybe it's no business, no different for a massive business, but a lot of people just don't want to work up the courage to like say stuff like this to your boss, like, oh, let's use this software instead of that. The reality is like a lot of corporate proprietary software is well advertised and it's not actually better than the free software standard out there. And free software standards universally, this is the thing to remember, universally, they integrate better with other technology because they're built to that. Whereas when you're using proprietary software that's violating your privacy anyway, that software is meant to be its own software package. You got to pay extra if you want to do this, you got to pay extra if you want to do that. The incentives are very different where proprietary software is basically built to be annoying, like it does the bare minimum, and then it's made to be annoying. Whereas free software is made to integrate with other stuff. And so it's almost surprising to me when I, I don't know, when I have to deal with someone's tech problems who has an iPhone or something like that, I don't even, I can't imagine how people put up with this kind of stuff, because I'm so used at this point to using open standards. So I would be, I would say that's the case to make to your boss, like be knowledgeable about the technology and say, hey, you know, if we use this free software standard, this is, we could do this, we can integrate that, we could do all these kind of things. I can look at the source code, it has a config file, we can edit these kind of things that we need to change. The extensibility with free software is, it's real, it's powerful. And no proprietary software I've ever run across is anything other than a headache. So I would say be knowledgeable about it and make the case. And I don't know, it has to happen in one conversation at the time. But I mean, I have been able to convince a lot of people to use free software, again, not because I'm like necessarily even a free software ideologue, but just because I know about this stuff. And I know that it's better for basically every purpose. And yeah, I mean, that's basically it. So you touched on it slightly before, but what is some big no-knows that everybody should avoid in pretty much every case? Like what are the biggest, let's call them leaks of data out there? I would say using any kind of cloud storage, that's like a really obvious thing. There is like this convenience of using it and storing stuff on Dropbox or Google Drive or iCloud or whatever. That is one of the big things that I think people think that it's, it makes things easier to use. A lot of times it doesn't really. And that, of course, you literally just have your, I don't know, you have a company that has very intimate access to a lot of your data. That's a very obvious thing. I would just say a lot of the times the issue is not even necessarily using proprietary software where there's a free software equivalent, but using proprietary software where you've just been advertised to use this service when you don't really need it. You've just gotten used to it. I think that's kind of the bigger problem. But yeah, cloud storage is the biggest issue because you are quite literally just sending your data to some other dude's computer. Like that's what you're doing. It's just sitting there. And you have no control over if they actually delete it or if they're looking at it or not. We talked about in the other episode, right? You know, Benfam's Panopticon, right? Where there's a prison, the warden cannot be seen by any of the inmates and he could be looking at any of them at any point in time. They don't know if he is. And it's the same thing with cloud storage. Like you don't know if these people are looking at your data. They easily could. And that actually kind of keeps you in mind. Like I run across a lot of people who say things like, well, Google already has everything of mine. Oh my, it's no good.  I was just like, I'm just going to put everything on Google Drive. I guess I get some convenience out of it. But just take it a step at a time and you'll realize there's a reason like to have your own files on your own computer and to be able to do whatever you want with them. That actually opened doors that you don't even realize. Like if you're on Linux, like the amount of like scripting and like iterating through folders and doing all this fancy stuff with my images because they are files on my computer. And you don't even know how to do that now if you're, you know, someone who's just new into Unix or Linux. But that it opens up a lot of doors that you don't even realize. So that's what I would say. And again, this is same thing you asked about, like how do you talk to your boss about it, extensibility, like free software, open standards, they make things easier, you can do more with them. Yeah, they take a little more time to familiarize yourself. Although that's not always the case, frankly, but it just opens up a lot for you. Luke, thanks so much for coming on, man. It's been a great chat. And you shared a lot of great info. Yeah. Very well, thanks for having me on.