Hello everybody! Watch this video to find out how to recover a Windows Exchange server. In today's video, I'm going to show you how to create a backup copy with the help of Windows Server backup and how to deploy such backup on an Exchange server. We will also explore how to recover a database from backup and how to transfer mail to a new server. And finally, you'll learn how to restore damaged or deleted mailbox database files with the help of Data Recovery software. A local Exchange server is an effective email server solution with all security features provided by Microsoft. Still, its databases may get corrupted by incorrect management, physical or logical errors. This is not too bad if you have a server backup. Then a damaged Exchange database can recover it easily. Although a completed administrator can reduce database damage to a minimum, the chances of such misfortune can never be completely excluded. That is why it is always a good habit to have a fresh backup at hand, so that you will never lose important data if something goes wrong. There are many specialized programs to backup Exchange Server 2019, but Windows Server does have its own integrated feature for this purpose. And it's the component called Windows Server backup. Windows Server backup options let administrators choose to backup the entire server, selected volumes or specific folders. Windows Server backup is an integrated backup model of the Windows Server operating system. If the backup feature is not installed by default, you'll have to do that. Open Server Manager, click on the menu button, manage, add roles and features. In the window that opens, go to Features and check the box next to Windows Server backup. Then click Next and Install. After the utility is installed, open Tools and run Windows Server backup. Microsoft claims that with data backup system you'll be able to create compass of Exchange databases and recover them. Before creating a backup, it's recommended to dismount the database. To do it, open Exchange Admin Panel, go to Servers and open the Databases tab. Select a database, click on the three dots button and click Dismount. In the Windows Server backup window that opens, choose Local backup and then look to the right, in the Actions menu, to select backup ones. In the backup options, select different options and click Next. In the backup configuration, select Custom and click Next. In the Item Selection page, click Add Items, select the disk where your Exchange database is stored and click OK. After that, click Advanced Settings. This is where you can add exclusions from the disk and then such files won't be copied. Then jump to VSS Settings tab and check the box next to VSS Full backup. Click OK and Next. At the next stage, choose the directory where to save the backup – a local drive or a remote shared folder. Then check all the settings and click Backup to start the process. Congratulations! Now you have an Exchange mailbox database backup. After that, go to the mailbox and check your mail. Delete all emails. You can even delete them from the deleted items folder. Now let's check if they can be recovered from the backup copy. So, how can you recover a database from the latest file created by Windows Server backup? To do it, open Server Manager, Tools, Windows Server backup. In the Programs window, select Local backup and then choose Recover in the Action window. Specifying where your backup is stored. On this server or in another location, click Next. Give the exact location of the backup – Next. After that, select the server and the date of the backup which should be used for recovery. In the Recovery Type page, choose Applications and click Next. In the Next window, make sure that you selected the Exchange application and click Next again. After that, choose Recover to original location if you need to recover Exchange data to its original directory or Recover to another location if you want to recover specific databases. To start the recovery process, hit Recovery. When it's over, click on the Close button. Now all changes and deleted emails will be restored to their condition as of the backup date. Let's check the mail. As you can see, all emails that were in this mailbox at the time when you backed it up are there again. This is how you can recover or an important email that was permanently deleted from the mailbox, but it can also erase any emails that were achieved after you created the backup. However, you won't be able to recover any emails this way if the mailbox itself was deleted irreversibly. To have your emails back, you'll have to create a new mailbox and recover the emails from the Recovery database. One more way to recover mailboxes is to use the Recovery database. If you need to recover emails to a new server, or if the first nothing didn't help you to recover lost emails, try doing it with the Recovery database. Before recovering a database to a new Exchange server, it should be installed and configured. I will only show you the process of mailbox recovery since I suppose you that you already have a freshly installed and running Exchange server with active directory. Alright, so we have a backup created with the help of Windows Server backup and I'll show you how to use it to recover a database and the folder containing the logs to another disk. And then import all that stuff to a server with a clean installation of Exchange server. For starters, you need to recover an Exchange database from backup. This could be a backup created with Windows Server backup or with another similar tool. From this backup, we need to retrieve the folder containing the database and transaction logs. Let's explore this process with the example of a backup file created with Windows Server backup. Open Server Manager, look up and to the right click on the Tools button and choose Windows Server backup when you find it at the bottom of the drop-down list. In the Utility window that opens, choose Local backup and click Recover. Select the location of your backup, this server or another location and click Next. Select a disk or shell folder, choose a volume, select a server and click Next. After that, choose the latest backup date and click Next again. At the next stage, choose Applications and click Next. Now select Exchange, Next and specify where Exchange server data should be recovered. Click Browse, choose a disk or folder, then click Next and Recover. Change for the process to be over. And then close the Utility window by clicking Close. As a result, you get a copy of Mailbox database and a folder containing log files. I will copy the database files and take them to another folder, in the root directory of the system drive, so it will be easier to type its pass. Also, you can change the names of the folder and the database file, if necessary. To recover your Mailbox, you need to create a recovery database, to which files will be imported from the database and logs recovered from the backup, and then all emails will be transferred to the existing database. For this purpose, we'll be using Exchange Management Shell, or EMS for short, and a command lot, new Mailbox database. Go to the folder containing the database and type the following command. Recover DBR is the name of the new recovery database, Mailbox Database EDB is the name of the database file, and in the end, there is the pass to the folder containing transaction log files. After this command is performed, the Exchange Information Service should be restarted. To do it, open the Service window, find Microsoft Exchange Information Store on the list, select it, and click Restock. Now let's check the status of the database that we have recovered. Run the ESCutil command with the mh key. If you are in a different folder, you should add the pass to the file to this command. In my case, I just gave the file name as I'm in the same folder where the database file is located. If you get such database state as dirty shutdown, you'll have to recover it first by using another command. Run ESCutil command with the R key. Add ReceptionLog prefix has to be added. In my case, it's E double zero. Go to the folder containing the logs and view the prefix used to file names. If this command doesn't help you, try another one. Here you'll need to specify the prefix for transaction logs, and then give the pass to the folders containing the logs and the database. If this process was successful, you'll see this result. When the database is recovered, you can go on to mount it. And here is the command to use. To see if the backup contains any data, you can run another command. As a result, you'll get the list of mailboxes stored in the recovery database and their ID, which you will need later to transfer emails to the new mailbox. For the transfer, use this command. In it, you should give the name of the source database, the recovery database, the ID of the source mailbox, and at the end of the command, the name of the target mailbox. If you saw such an error while the command is running, then add the following value at the end of the command. Now test the new mailbox. As you can see, all the emails that were stored in the lost mailbox have been transferred to the new one. We managed to extract the data from backup and import it to the new server. Now you can perform the same procedure for the remaining mailboxes. If the database is damaged or the logs are missing, it may need to be recovered. For this purpose, we'll use the ESC util command with the P key. As a result, you'll see a warning that this process is irreversible and some data is going to be lost anyway. Now let's check that the database is in good condition. Its status should change to clean shutdown. After that, you'll need to defragment the database. During defragmentation, a new database is created and all healthy data will be moved there. When the defragmentation process is over, the original database file will be removed. Now you need to mount it and run a checkup command. Here is the command you need for mounting. And this command starts the checkup. Now the exchange server database recovery process is over. If your server is out of order, its mailbox database or transaction log folder is damaged or deleted, a specialized data recovery tool, Hetman Partition Recovery, will help you. Use it to scan the hard disk, find the deleted files, recover them and bring them back to the exchange server. Hetman Partition Recovery supports the majority of popular file systems, but if your database was stored on a RAID array, try another product – RAID Recovery. It will automatically rebuild the damaged RAID system with available disks and you'll be able to retrieve your exchange database files. Let's explore how it works. With Hetman Partition Recovery and default location of the database. Download, install and run the program. It will scan your computer automatically and display the connected hard disks. Right-click on the disk where the database was stored and choose Open. Then select the analysis type – Fast scan or Full analysis. Run a fast scan first. It will take less time. If the fast scan can't find the missing files, then go for Full analysis. Right-click on the disk, analyze again, Full analysis, specify the file system for this disk, then click Next. Go to the folder where the exchange server database was stored, select the directory and click Recovery. After that, specify the disk and folder where to save the database and hit Recovery again. When the recovery process is over, the folder containing the files will be placed into the directory you have chosen. By default, the database is stored in this directory. For your convenience, the program features the file search by name, which helps to reduce the time required to find the designed files. Also, you can save a disk image and then use this image to perform all scans. Now that the database is recovered, you can use it to create a recovery database and then transfer the necessary emails to a new server. And we've already discussed how to do that. Before recovering the database to a new exchange server, it should be installed and configured. In today's video tutorial, I only showed you the process of recovering mailboxes. Check one of the previous videos I bought installing and configuring the exchange server with Active Directory. And that is all for now. Hopefully this video was useful. Remember to click the Like button and subscribe to our channel. Leave comments, thoughts, questions. Thank you for watching. And good luck.


I am extremely happy with where things are right now. This is my third BTF actually this year. This is my first time to the European Theater. So far we have been, we've crushed every high headquarters director mission that we've had. We've currently gone 27 for 27 sorties, which is awesome. The P-18 that's been out here, especially Combat Cam, has done a fantastic job capturing what the team both in the air are doing, but also the team on the ground. It is a full team effort to get that score cut. Everyone from our mission support group team, our communications folks, send up the comms, our Perceco team getting us in process, our maintainers on the ramp getting the jets green, getting the parts in from our little air logisticians, as well as the air crew and obviously yourselves, up in the air actually executing the mission and taking pictures of it. So I must admit our hosts have been phenomenal here. We could not have asked for much more. Colonel Said and the 11th group, basically the base commanders here at Morone Air Base, have been very welcoming, they've been very accommodating. We've been able to integrate with some of the local mayors as well, they've came out, they've toured the airplane. We've had multiple static tours to again explain the bomber mission. Just the geography of where Spain is located and it's theater as well is perfect. We've been able to go to AFRICOM, we've been all over UCOM since we've been here. We've been integrating with all our allies and the NATO construct. We've also flown some incredible sorties. We were able to honor the Fallen of D-Day by overflying Semir-Aglise, which was a huge honor, I was on that flight, that's probably one of one of our favorite flights. We also did Allied Sky, we were able to fly over all 28 nations that are out here, at least our NATO members, and integrate with all their fighters. There was over 90-plus fighters that came out from, I believe it was 21 of the nations to escort us through their airspace, which was absolutely phenomenal. So the experience that the aircrew get from that by talking on the radios to foreign countries, transiting through international airspace, you just can't get that train anywhere else. What I think some of the highlights that this BTF accomplished, we actually brought weapons with us for this BTF, that means the Munz team comes out, they help load the airplanes, the very first week we went and integrated with some Latvia and JTACs in Latvia, which is exceptional, so we were able to drop some high-explosive ordnance there in the Yukon AOR, then later on we were able to go into the African AOR and work with some of our allies there in the African AOR as well by dropping some inert weapons with some of their ground parties as well. So obviously whenever we can bring weapons and practice that skill set with our allies, that's always a big plus. Also, like I said, I've already mentioned Allied Sky, that was a very, very awesome sortie that we did, but we've been doing that pretty much at least two to three times a week, doing high-vis integration exercises with our allies and just basically showing that the long-range strike capability can be launched from Spain throughout anywhere in this part of the world, and then obviously recover back. This airfield is well suited for us, so it's been a very, very successful BTF so far. It's also the first time that both have been out here in about five years, I believe, so it's kind of good to exercise the great matter to figure out how we're going to get B-52 operations out of this base, ID some of the areas that might need some more improvement, and then also obviously some of the successes, the pros and the cons associated with the base. The whole construct of a bomber task force is to be a little bit more flexible, a little bit more agile, go to areas where we don't normally operate out of and prove that we can actually still launch long-range strike out of those areas. So obviously typically we'd go to Fairford, we'd go to Guam, those are very established bases, so what was unique about this one is that it didn't come to a base that hadn't had bombers operate out of it for a long time and still be extremely successful, which again is a testament to the entire team that came out here with us. I would fully anticipate, just based on the geography of where Morone Air Base is located in the U-Com and Africom AOR, that bomber operations could come back to this base easy. Like I said, I've got to just throw a shout out to the whole team that's been out here. Like I said, we don't get the scorecard that we've had, that we get out here without every aim and contributing to that mission. We've had a very, very focused mission set. Everyone has been fully linked into the mission, both on the flight line, both in the back shops, in AFV weather, our SAMS team. Everyone that is associated with the mission has had their eyes on the mission and has been felt a part of the mission. All the documentaries that you all have been doing on those, I really appreciate that's on DVDs because again it just shows the impact that they have on how crucial every airman is to a bomber task force. We really do bring everybody for a reason, and if anybody fails, the whole BTF can be in jeopardy. So the fact that the entire team has been out here has been so successful.


glasses she's got on you ask these are the glasses I wear when it's my night vision last night went home straight to bed four hours and then got up again at three o'clock this morning so I can get my husband back to the airport to go to Delaware for business for a few days he'll be back Wednesday so yeah I have been up this early in the morning driving around like this short of flying in a while there have been a few times in the last year that we've been up this early for flying I used to do early like this all the time when I was working still for American greetings but yeah that wasn't a long time ago anyway it is what we laughingly refer to as the butt crack of dawn and I am headed back to the house probably won't be able to go back to sleep because now I'm awake so probably just have some more coffee and some breakfast and watch some YouTube see what happens I'll be back so it's three o'clock in the afternoon it's still Sunday and holy cow I'm dragging my butt can just not get up at four o'clock in the morning anymore especially what I've only had like three or four hours of sleep I am not young anymore I did end up despite the fact that I had two cups of coffee I ended up going to sleep on the couch for a couple of hours so that probably did me some good I've had some good healthy eating today I've had a protein bar some yogurt some cheese some like good healthy things I'm gonna probably make Bob's not here I'd have to cook but I have a really nice whole grain locally made bread some homegrown lettuce and onion sprouts and I boiled a couple of eggs the other day so I think I'm gonna make a really nice egg salad sandwich for dinner but I think when I'm gonna do my walking partners not here he's in Delaware so I don't think I'm gonna walk too far in the neighborhood by myself although we live in a very safe area I'm not comfortable doing that yet but we I can walk around our little community that I am comfortable with so I think I'm gonna make a couple laps around the community get a few extra steps and it's not gonna be like when he's here and we go walking and I have no problem getting 10,000 steps but at least I can do something and as you can see I have my what I call my slouchy fat clothes on they you know this just does nothing for my figure these are slouchy comfortable fat clothes that's just you know they make me look fatter than I am but that's okay I don't care today I don't care I did get my ATC done today my artist trading coin and I got my paperclip done today I got the social media thing done albeit all of them I got them late but I did get them done I'm working on laundry right now I'm soaking some towels and I'm gonna do some drawing I didn't do last night's drawings because I got home way too late and I you know wasn't here it was yesterday was too much of a rush with meetings and catching times and yeah it was just too crazy so I'm gonna do yesterday's and today's tonight but first let's put some socks on and let's go for a walk well that's interesting I've misplaced my beige sweatshirt that I usually wear hmm look a couple extra places hanging on a hook in the closet instead of on the coat rack out in the front entryway and I walked by said hook in the closet three times didn't see yeah I'm gonna go for a walk now I'm a little bit scratchy-throated scraggly mucusy I don't know what you want to call it from our this is my bathroom by the way from our quick trip to California yesterday so I'm gonna grab a cough drop I really don't want to use my inhaler again I did that yesterday while it was in California and you know I'm just I don't take it anymore besides the fact that it's strong the rescue inhaler because that's what it's meant to do right help you breathe but then my hands are like like I've had two cups two pots of coffee I'd rather to use a cough drop so we're gonna do that I'll be back see how far I get by myself my anxiety has been at a high level for a couple going on a couple weeks now so I just need to be mindful of that and not stress myself out so we'll see how far I get by myself hello everyone it is Monday June 24th I think it's just about 1 30 p.m. what did I do this morning that I didn't chatted with my friends started some laundry social media yeah a lot of a little just a little bit of a few things I don't know anyway I was chatting with my friends mostly doing nothing but that's okay cleaning out some bins getting rid of some stuff that doesn't serve anymore and now the people who help me keep the house clean because it's a big house they're here right now working so I'm gonna go check the mail I need to collect the garbage cans and basically keep myself out of their way so they can do their job so I'm gonna do that and I'll be back hey guys it is Tuesday morning I almost said Wednesday my keys sorry it's Tuesday morning June 25th I think the day after Monday I'm running errands on the way home I ate lunch today I got the mail and then I sat down and watched YouTube for like two hours when I should be doing other stuff upstairs right holy cow all right let's head upstairs now after I put my bowl in this dimension I still have tomorrow's vlog to edit I haven't even started yet an ATC card a paper clip I've got some resin I need to pour yeah anyway let's go upstairs spent the day filming some stuff for YouTube and my creative year the Facebook group I teach him with some friends if you want to join the link is in the description below the video I also was working on today's of course ATC and paper clip because I'm still doing that and a couple other new things I need to go into my one of my fabric boxes while I need to clean out some of the fabric boxes out and I need to pull some things out I know we're in there that I want to work on and have at the table when I was able to stop at Daiso you all saw in the last vlog I picked up some more of those little wire baskets and I want to fill one of one of them or more up with some canvas tags that I know we're in one of those fabric boxes I don't think I got rid of them anyway I want to have them at the table and I want to use them to wipe extra paint and stuff off on I want to start working on them for creative embellishment so anyway I need to do that I didn't get that done but I did get a lot of other stuff done and upstairs which is good and I got a good start on laundry I think the last loads in the washing machine the biggest thing I have to do today is go get my husband at the airport and he doesn't get in until 9 o'clock it's Wednesday June 26th it's 7 21 p.m. don't get excited I got the iPad on anyway it's gonna take me at least an hour to get to the airport because of traffic because it's storming out and Oregon storms are pretty can be pretty bad lots of rain thunder and lightning do you hear that so yeah so I'm gonna take my time and go slowly I'm gonna be the little 90 year old grandma driving on this in the slow lane on the freeway so yeah alright that is it for the moment I am gonna go put some socks and shoes and a sweatshirt on and get myself headed towards the airport I guess wish me luck I'll be back first of all that's the stormy sky out in front of me there's no lightning right now but there has been these giant bolts of lightning and very loud that claps of thunder and lots of water typical Portland rainstorm where it's like God dumped a bucket bucket of water out over your head for like 20 minutes straight I have never seen this many vehicles in the cell phone waiting area it is absolutely crazy and the view behind me let me zoom in but you see all those cars back there it's like the parking lot after a rock concert all of you who've been to a concert before know exactly what I'm talking about holy cow people honking people being rude this is the first time since being an organ I've seen this I'm used to it in California it happens all the time but wow I'm glad I have a little time here I'm hoping most of the flights these people are here for come at like 8 30 which is like right about now and that they're all gone by the time I get the phone call that my husband's landed cross your fingers all right that's it for the moment I'll be back hey guys it is Thursday afternoon I don't think I vlogged this morning it's June 27th it is 2 23 p.m. yeah I would hope I could tell you at least that because hello computer I've been working on editing video all day and working on some art projects one of the things I don't think I'm gonna share on YouTube or anything probably social media at some point is it took a bunch of product packaging these are actually raisin boxes and for those of you who know what Pocky are the cookies they look like long sticks anyway these are Pocky boxes I covered them with copies of some backgrounds that I've done dropped one on the floor and they're all drying so I have a whole bunch of them and then one on the floor I've got to pick up now I'm gonna be making a bunch of little journals out of them some to keep and use and play with and some to put in the Etsy store so look for that I have the first of first three videos for July loading right now and they're all edited and ready to go and then I have some tutorials I need to film but the first three like for next week are all loading so I'm good and then I have between today and like next week to get the rest done which should be no problem and my husband's working from home today he's back from Philadelphia yay if you're watching this you've already seen the vlog clips from the airport from trying to pick them up who I had no idea Wednesday must be a hub day a big business travel day those of you who travel more than I do and travel for business might know that I had no idea like that airport was crazy and my husband said that the Philadelphia Airport was also insane so anyway yeah just relaxing at home and getting some projects done the work table let's see semi sort of clean cameras set up ready for the next project we've got things drying and yeah we're all good how are you I hope you're good all right I'll be good morning it's Friday June 28 I think I don't know what time it is it's after 9 a.m. I don't think it's 10 o'clock but it's after 9 o'clock anyways I'm out here in the back checking on my tomatoes and there is a lot of them but they're all still green it's Saturday June 29th I don't know what time it is and listen I only know the day because I've been upstairs once already making today's ATC card and paperclip and checking out social media and stuff what time is it 10 49 a.m. we're gonna be going out in a bit to run some errands do some fun things like a little fun for us like get a library card which we haven't done yet we love the library I'm gonna see if I can talk him into taking me to the art salvage store in Portland today cross your fingers okay here's a little bit of TMI so postmenopause I have a problem with dry skin flaky patches rashes I was always I always had sensitive skin it's gotten worse postmenopause so I'll get some adult acne it's not even just acne it's like a rash and it turns into these big dry scaly patches that don't want to go away some of you women out there who are in my position know exactly what I'm talking about you're all nodding your heads so when I was young I had oily skin and I had to do everything I could to dry it out and now I have to do everything I can to moisturize it's like the total opposite so one of a couple things I found is actually using jojoba oil and vitamin E on my face works really well I also found an Etsy seller that makes dandelion salve where are we the light's really bad hang on well probably because I don't have it on one the bathroom by the way there we go so I found this dandelion salve from an Etsy seller and that's as clear as it's gonna get but anyway I will link it in the description below I got this small jar you can get a small like sample sized jar which I got I've been using this especially on my hands basically after every time after I wash my hands I put some on my hands I had I got a rash or little hives or something along my along the side of my hand of my pinky finger what it's just yeah so anyway their hive and rash is gone but now the skins all dry so anyway so the salve is really helping a lot it's almost gone now and I just put a little bit of it on every time after I wash my hands so I've got to order some more I'm gonna order a bigger one you can make it yourself there is lots of ways and recipes online directions on how to make dandelion salve yourself to be honest I can't be bothered and if somebody out there selling it and making it I'd rather do that so supporting a fellow creative and fellow Etsy store owner so dandelion salve if you're like me and you have really sensitive skin and the store-bought stuff doesn't always work in fact sometimes it makes it worse you might want to try it just saying alright are in downtown Portland and paying to park the car and down below anyway we're gonna head over to scrap there so we're gonna go check it out I'll bring you with me $14 in the store mostly vintage things these really cute little not zipper pulls so anyway I'll share later but yeah we're gonna head over to the library now and get groceries exciting I know I'll be library cards so we feel like real citizens of Oregon I love the library so to see we'll be back they cool because not only do they have an awesome music selection and movie selection along with some books I got I don't know six or eight art magazines for 25 cents each and they have a display of dinosaur bones replica I think most of our replicas and if you're watching this clip you've seen the clip of those that I took when no one was looking hopefully and they also have a program where for kids they can check out discovery bags to help them discover different things in nature and they also have other things that you can check out from the library like sewing machines and telescope telescope yeah and other like a whole host of different things here in Washington County Oregon so that's pretty cool anyway now we're gonna get groceries then we're gonna go home we both need something cold to drink his he wants rum in his so anyway we'll be back filming and not having a camera on so we went to the library and I got some music checked out some music but I don't think I've heard before the names sound familiar this is a blues a lily owl and I have I have some of lily animals music I don't think I have this particular one but and then this one I got a bunch of boxes for the charity auction eBay auction we're gonna be having soon it is coming soon I promise before the end of July the auctions will be live and you'll see a video from me and then the Creative Reuse Center this is the one I went to you evidently they have more locations so I need to figure out where those are exactly I got a bunch of stuff including envelopes from World War two with a postage intact this broken CD case I know but I had ideas for it as soon as I saw it these a few of these tags from port parking permits I don't know different sizes of interesting small bottles old slides and slide frames buckles old buckles some of these giant hooks and these cute little knobs wooden small wooden knobs this ball of yarn I didn't really need but couldn't resist and a few pay of these butterfly style paper clips and also some zipper pulls so weird interesting unusual salvage art salvage stores are popping up all over the country so I definitely would recommend them for you to acquire interesting unique art parts for your art room pretty hefty bag I just grabbed handfuls of things they're different names and I would definitely type in art salvage or creative reuse near me and see what pops up because they're all over the place I know my friend Cindy has one near her in South Carolina that she goes to with Carla and in San Francisco we had one and evidently there's more than one of them around here so I'm gonna have to do some research to see where the other locations are so anyway that's it for today I also got some happy mail from C shanks thank you so much and yeah parking downtown to go to the creative reuse center was a whole five dollars I'm so used to California prices anyway that's it for today we're gonna go chill downstairs have some clothing cold to drink I'm hot and I need to catch up on yesterday's drawings and do today's too so I'm gonna go do that I hope you've had a great week I know we have if you want to follow me on social media or support the free content here on Facebook here on YouTube or over on Facebook shop in the Etsy store buy one of my stencils any of that stuff send me happy mail all that stuff's in the description below so a lot of the links for things and like my website and stuff are in a link tree list of links which is in the description below so if you click on the link tree link you'll find a whole list of pop-up of all kinds of stuff and you can follow me all over the place and yeah don't forget to like share and subscribe and go out and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it that's it for this week I'll see you later


Am I in the pumps backwards or is he in the pumps backwards? It's me, isn't it? Usually the main pump would be on the driver's side, but at these pumps it doesn't say which direction to come in by Sometimes they say like Exit only enter only this one. I've seen people load like fueling this way and fueling that way I think it's okay We're in Pillager, Minnesota. That's not some big busy truck stop There's not very much going on here and these pumps I've talked to them here before it doesn't matter which direction you come from Works out better when I guess everybody comes from the same direction, but since there's not very much activity here There's never a lineup or anything. So Guess it'll work out for today Grabbing some fuel here, and then we're gonna head back up to Canora, Ontario grab another one of those loads Things must be a little slow right now Oh when this truck is dirty, I don't even want to show you it. Don't look I've hurt your eyes Okay took a little bit of time, but we got our orders for today We have an empty flat bed behind us like you saw just grab fuel here. So we're full of juice All paperwork is handed in in order We're going back to Canora. We're gonna load first thing in the morning come right back down here unload tomorrow evening Then I'm hoping to have a plan tomorrow evening so that I can get moving from here It was a long weekend. It was Remembrance Day or Veterans Day So I was working yesterday, but not a lot of other people were back at home in Canada. Anyways, that's it was a stat holiday So I guess that's why things were a little bit slower today Playing a little bit of catch-up. That's okay People are allowed to have holidays Everybody needs a break and it's good to take time to reflect on Remembrance Day as well I hope that's what everybody was doing on their day off to Canora tonight Probably sleeping that same spot that we slept in last night Too bad. I can't tell the future because if I would have known this I would have gone back yesterday already I would have been able to get loaded today But then again my load is only scheduled to get loaded tomorrow. So I probably would have had to wait anyways I don't know. I don't know. Like I said, it was a holiday. So everything sort of Gets messed up when there's a four-day week, right? Because everything's got to get squished into those four days that would usually Be spread out over five. I'm just glad I was able to work Because you know sometimes like on these stat holidays whether it be in the US or Canada and Everything shuts down and I can't deliver or pick up anywhere and sometimes I'm forced to shut down I don't get paid for that holiday. I Just have to wait until everybody who is getting paid to be at home that comes back to work Yeah, he's a real biker. Good. Good. This is the best spot to stop I'm sure there are other places to stop for coffee once we get into Canada, but No, or that I can think of with easy truck access. This will work Let the world know I am off duty. I am going To get coffee for myself That's gonna be great. Oh, I'm a little tired today. I haven't done much and I think that's why The busier the day the more energy I seem to have When I have Slow days like this. It's kind of like I feel like I'm I Don't know not getting anywhere not getting anything done We were hoping to have a different freight on the trailer today You know doesn't always work out. That's trucking, right? Got a whole load of motorcycle doors that I'm taking back up to canora. It's good thing. It's not that far. I mean, it's only 300 miles 500 kilometers, so it's it's not the furthest And it was my best option I'm putting up my thing wrong here Choose the wrong buttons. You got to line them up properly and I always mess that up Why is this one not what is going on? I just want a coffee. What's going on my jacket? It's like opposed to me going in there Okay, you know what enough I got enough buttons down.  I'm clothed. That's enough, right? That's enough put my shoes on to go outside You know what you know what where is it where is it? Hey, we're the bull snot hat today My two favorite hats my bull snot hat and my house hat. I alternate them day to day Speaking of we got to do another one of those giveaways real soon, right? Keep your eyes and ears open. We're gonna do a giveaway soon. I'm paying to leave I still haven't figured out if it's you know, the Canadian side Was making me pay to come home or if it's the American side making me pay to leave. It's probably the US I'm guessing the bridge is probably American owned, but Turn left on 2nd Avenue US 53 and then approaching destination 470 meters Only 530 in the afternoon Every year gets me All right, here. We got to pay our toll they raised their prices again. I think it's $21 now to cross or something They're still used. It's a very chaotic border crossing I'm thinking they're renovating it all but there's a lot of chaos going on here all the time Trains going through here people crossing got to get over the bridge the bridge is half under construction All right, I'll see you guys on the other side Not much light around here And I'll turn my lights on so that you can see a little bit out there Get out here. This is where I decided to park This is a rest area On the side of the road near Canaveral boat five minutes away from where I've got a load in the morning It's parking on both sides this side and that side The only problem with this is that a lot of guys they'll come in here Like that guy over there those two at the front and they'll block everybody in so Hopefully they're not staying here overnight. I wouldn't be surprised if they did They're blocking all of these trucks. Yeah, that's the driveway. That's the exit out there They may just be stopping there temporarily to check the tires or something Hopefully they're not planning on staying there overnight and you can see it's sort of parked off to one side blocking one truck in But we need that space to be able to get around the other truck that's blocking the driveway He's like parked in front of the driveway We're gonna take it super wide and we just barely get around there I've seen some trucks that have just barely gotten around there. I Gonna continue this video here in the morning so I can sort of show you this rest area It's a beautiful place. It's a nice place to stop It's usually gonna watch out for the other guys some of the other guys around here make sure they don't block you in but It is a beautiful place Kenora is an amazing place This is where all of the cottages cottages people who own cottages and Winnipeg and Manitoba They all have cottages out here for the most part in around Kenora or the Ontario border beautiful place I'll show you it here in the morning. I'm like sleeping right beside a big cliff on this side and Going up above me in Then a highway on that side over there where I can hear the traffic going by I can fall asleep to the hum of the tires So I'll talk to you first thing in the morning Sun's coming up It's time to get to work Open the gate. I was like, oh for sure today Whoa one second one second Who is this? I was in the middle of logging. It's been since you've seen Peter in my vlogs about 10 years Ten years from Montreal, but he's based on find him on tiktok. I follow him on tiktok. What's your tiktok? tiktok or no And YouTube as well right where do you do most of it a little bit? Okay, yeah, cuz I couldn't get into my old account. So I kind of try and start another one. It's like Oh, I don't want to do all the trucking. I'll leave a link somewhere. You'll find it Yeah, I was a nice surprise. He showed up Well, I was not expecting that well, I was not expecting that he's an old friend he was one of the very first people that When I started making videos way back in the day What was it like? 2014 No earlier than that 2011 2012 Peter was one of the first guys that I made friends with who also made videos online. He had a Channel based out. He was doing local trucking out in Montreal at the time And like you heard him say he got locked out of his channel or forgot his password or something at one point And he hasn't been able to get back in so he started a new one But it didn't take off as it was hard to get back into it on a new channel It would be hard to move everything over onto a different channel But he started making little short-form trucking videos on tick-tock if you guys are on that app a lot of you are a lot Of you aren't but if you are go and search for at gone trucking at gone trucking you'll see his stuff there. He's a good funny guy and He's got a baby do soon. He's gonna be a dad again So they didn't get that part of the vlog. I stopped vlogging too soon there But he's on his way home after this trip So good for him happy for him. There's nothing more exciting and awesome than having a kid. I Can finally say that Made my day. What a great way to start my day and a great way to end this vlog. We're gonna start right here tomorrow I'm gonna be just as cheerful and happy I'll see you then don't forget when you're on the roads.  Keep your eyes on the road, please Keep your stick on the ice and figure out what that means. I'll see you tomorrow


When our nation called, Marines were there to defend her. U.S. officials increasingly worried by the hour. But our enemies now pose an ever-growing threat to America and our way of life. Another U.S. Navy warship now in place tonight off the coast, about 250 Marines on aid. The Marine Corps must be prepared to fight and win. Tonight, Marines around the world proudly celebrate 246 years of defending our great nation. Our warrior lineage and the battles that have been fought and won across generations have become legend. Throughout the centuries, the Marine Corps' relentless pursuit of excellence is unchanged. We are still made from the same grit and steel with the same moral instincts and the same unending will to fight. Marines remain physically, mentally, and emotionally tough, forged in the crucible to overcome fear and adversity. In these ways, the poor and the lifelong faith we place in each other is proudly unchanging. This is as close as we can get to the base of the World Trade Center. You can see the firemen assembled here, the police officers, FBI agents, and you can see the two towers. On the 11th day of September 2001, our country was attacked. Like the attack on Pearl Harbor 60 years before that day, it changed everything. Our Marines have fought and won in hostile places like Anbar, Sengen, Fallujah, Mosul. We are in our reputation as an elite counter-incernancy force. But that remains only a part of who we are. Our beloved American flag! Let's hop a mouse here, buddy! What Marines are, what Marines have always been, is amphibious war fighters. And the changing battle now requires us to return to our origins, relying on foundations built by the Marines that came before us. The Marine Corps' identity remains the same. Our infantry battalions will remain at the center of what we do, and the Marine and their rifle will continue to be one of the deadliest weapons on the battlefield. But being ready now requires us to return to the seas and shores of maritime terrain. The history of the Marine Corps is marked by a series of paradigm shifts, and this is one of them. The hard-won lessons of Iraq and Afghanistan and the blood Marines have shed there will not soon be forgotten. We're using the lessons of our past combined with the weapons of the future to reimagine our war-fighting capabilities through continuous adaptation and experimentation.  Your ideas, your feedback, will be key to moving the Marine Corps into the future and ensure that we will continue our legacy of winning battles. And to the Marines who have served our nation and returned home to continue to fight and win battles of a different kind in their own communities. We thank you. As Marine brothers and sisters, Semper Fidelis is a pledge that we promise to live by. The work of our Marine veterans is a living testament to the faith Marines keep with each other, with our core, and with our country. The next generation of Marines may operate differently and in different places than the Marines who wear the Eagle Globe and anchor today. But they will join a long and proud heritage of Marine fighters who have never turned from a threat, never turned from an enemy. We will always remain most ready when our nation is least ready because we must protect our shores and we must protect our citizens. It's still going to be the Marines who defend this nation. Semper Fidelis and happy birthday Marines.


Hi you guys! Lindsay here. Welcome back to my channel, Inside the Hymn. To wrap up my series for Stylemaker Fabrics Spring Style Tour 2019, I'm going to give you all all the details about the itch to stitch knotting ham top, which I used to make this stylish sweatshirt. The website describes this top as a relaxed fit bodice with sleeve options. It's super comfy, casual knit top that looks fabulous with pants or a skirt. It features a front off-centered twisted knot, relaxed fit bodice, a scoop neck with neck band, and three sleeve options, long sleeves, elbow short sleeve, and butterfly sleeve. It is suited for beginners and comes in sizes 00 to 20, which accommodates a bust of 48 inches and hips that are 55 inches. You may notice that the sample versions on the website are much longer than mine. I noticed the length right away and knew that I would have to shorten mine for a few reasons. One, I needed to make sure the proportions would be right for me. I need to wear tops that are on the shorter side to elongate my legs. Two, I needed the top to be short enough to hit at the narrowest part of the pants. If the top hit anywhere below where the hip darts opened up, it would have just been too much volume and it would have made me look wider than I am. So to look taller and skinnier, I shortened the top by a whopping three inches and honestly, I could have shortened it more. But due to the twist front, this isn't one of those patterns that you can shorten after the fact. So I decided on three inches and had to stick with it. Another thing I noticed from the sample photos was that a lot of people's tops flared out a lot at the hip. I couldn't tell if this was because they widened the pattern pieces themselves or if it was drafted this way. But I knew I didn't want mine to do that. I was already shortening the top to hit me at a narrower part of my hip. So I didn't need to use my usual hip measurement. Instead, I used my high hip measurement and picked the size based on the finished measurement chart. This gave me a more fitted hip on my sweatshirt. Finally, I had to recut the sleeves all together because as it turns out, this pattern is drafted for a very stretchy knit and my fleece barely had any stretch at all. So I recut them, adding a total of two inches to the sleeve seam. It's roomy enough to move around, but definitely not bulky or loose fitting. You may notice that I added contrast cuffs to my sleeves too. This was easy enough as I just chopped off about four inches of length and drafted little rectangle pattern pieces that were as long as the new wrist opening and twice as wide as I wanted the finished cuff to be. Considering that I had to learn the hard way about the sleeves, you would think I would have thought this through when making the neck band, but I guess I like to learn the really hard way. The neck band is a little too high and definitely too tight for my liking, but I left them as they were because I already cover stitch them and ain't nobody undoing cover stitching over here. I can get it over my head and I guess that's all that matters, but next time I'll be sure to consider the stretch of the fabric on this pattern. Finally, I added a little contrast triangle to the center front because I like the way that looks on ready to wear sweatshirts. I don't even really know how I did it. I just cut out a triangle from the bodice and then used that to draft the piece that would be inserted there. Let me know if you want a tutorial. I know this description is vague. For the fabric, I used two different sweatshirt fleeces from Stylemaker fabrics. They aren't the exact same fleece, but very similar. The contrast fleece color is called Carmine and it also comes in a gorgeous blue. The fleece I used for the main parts is called Coral and only comes in that colorway. They were both super easy to work with and flew through my serger and cover stitch with no problems. They are so soft on the inside and feel so good against the skin. I got enough of each to make a pair of Hudson pants, so look out, Charlotte. A head to toe, melon colored girl will be hitting the streets soon. Well, that's going to do it for me today. I hope you like my sweatshirt. The pattern is really great and I'll be making more. The fabric is a home run. If you need sweatshirt fleece for any projects, I'd strongly consider this one. Stylemaker fabrics has dozens of sweatshirt fleeces in a variety of colors, weights, and substrates. If these heathered ones aren't for you, check out the rest of their vast selection. Anyways, thanks for watching. I will see you all very soon. Bye!


What you're about to see are the events that led to the Rainbow Springs fire burn over on April 25th, 1984. There were two fatalities. The Rainbow Springs fire occurred on the Mina Ranger District of the Wachita National Forest. The fire was ignited by a skitter working in a Forest Service timber sale on Dallas Mountain located three and a half miles southwest of the town of Mina in West Central Arkansas. Dallas Mountain runs east and west and is approximately one mile long. The elevation at the point of origin is about 1,300 feet. The top of the mountain is at 1,800 feet. Slopes on Dallas Mountain in the accident area average 50%. The predominant fuel at the point of origin was six-week-old pine slash. The fire burned out of the slash into an area of mixed pine and hardwood timber with needle and leaf litter surface fuels. The 1984 spring fire season on the Wachita National Forest had been uneventful until April 25th. Spring fire season was almost over. The transition from cured vegetation to green-up was well underway. Note the green fields in the background. Little had been done on the Mina District that spring in the way of fire preparedness. When the fire was discovered, the general feeling was that the fire would not amount to much. It was too late in the spring to present a problem. Elsewhere on the forest that day there had been a 100 acre fire in the pine regeneration area. Crews on that fire had difficulty keeping the fire contained even though it was on a north slope and backed into the wind. The fire required forces from three ranger districts to bring it under control. On that same day the Arkansas Forestry Commission reported 42 fires for 2,080 acres. This was well above the normal fire activity for that time of year. Fire weather observations at 1,300 at the Mina weather station on the day of the fire were temperature 82 degrees, relative humidity 27%, 10-hour fuel moisture 4%. Wind 30 miles per hour from the south. The fire danger rating that day was extreme. Without exception the fires on April 25th were all difficult to contain and control. This information was never conveyed to the initial attack personnel on the Rainbow Springs fire. In addition the information about the extreme fire danger rating was not provided to district personnel at any time that day. The Rainbow Springs fire was discovered by a Forest Service aerial observer at 1355 and he called it into the zone dispatcher's office in Mina. The Mina district dozer crew plus two other firefighters were dispatched for initial attack. These initial attack resources and the incident commander arrived at the bottom of the fire near the point of origin at 1410. Numerous reinforcements were dispatched and would arrive at various times throughout the day. The IC was operating with an inexperienced group of firefighters. The individual serving as the Mina dozer boss was not red carded for that position and the Mina dozer operator was working his first wildfire. Fire behavior when the initial attack resources arrived was not threatening. The head of the fire had burned out of the logging slash and into standing timber on the west flank. Flame lengths were estimated at two to three feet in the standing timber. The rate of spread was estimated at five to eight chains per hour. The fire was a narrow finger approximately ten acres in size at the time of initial attack and was burning on the south side of Dallas Mountain. There were homes on the north side of the mountain but they were not in immediate danger and did not strongly influence the plan of attack. The IC's plan was to use the Mina dozer to clean out a logging road on the south side of the fire and then to construct an indirect dozer line along a spur ridge to the top of Dallas Mountain. The two other firefighters from Mina were to function as line scouts. The first hand crew reinforcements were to work up the east flank to the top of the mountain. From there they were to continue to build hand line west along the main ridge formed by Dallas Mountain conducting burnout operations as they progressed. The IC's main concern was the west flank of the fire. While the west flank was not described as the head of the fire he recognized it as having the greatest potential because of the strong southeast wind pushing the fire in that direction. The IC did not have a good map of the area and he gave some very brief verbal instructions to the initial attack resources as soon as they arrived. By 1430 the Mina dozer had begun clearing the logging road moving west. At 1525 reinforcements began to arrive which included a second dozer and 12 more firefighters from the adjoining Poto district. At that time the IC was unsure how best to use the Poto dozer. The terrain was thought to be too rough on the east flank of the fire. The IC then received word from the Mina dozer boss that the second dozer could be used on the west flank helping them build line. The IC then told the Poto dozer to proceed down the freshly bladed road on the south side of the fire and up the west flank until they made contact with the Mina dozer. The IC also sent the 12-person Poto hand crew up the same dozer line behind the Poto dozer. They were to tie in with the line scout and Mina dozer and initiate the hand line construction along the main ridge. A short time later the Mina dozer boss notified the IC that they had completed the line to the main ridge. As the Poto hand crew neared the end of the dozer line they passed the Poto dozer. Once on the main ridge the Poto hand crew began to build hand line to the east. At 1610 the IC received word from the other line scout that a dozer would be able to work the east flank after all. The IC then ordered the Poto dozer to return back down the dozer line on the west flank and move over to the east flank of the fire.  This course of action had put the inexperienced Mina dozer crew into terrain they were not accustomed to working in. As a result their dozer line was poorly located off the spur ridge toward the fire. It had many sharp turns and at least one section that was not complete. The lack of a good topographic map and thorough scouting contributed to this confusion. As the Poto dozer began working its way back down the west flank in response to the IC's request they were told by the line scout that there was an incomplete section of line needing attention. As the fire moved west being pushed by a strong southeast wind it became established in some very steep shoots that ran straight up toward the main ridge. The fire behavior had been moderate up to that point but now the intensity began to pick up as the strong wind and steep slopes came into alignment. This increase in fire behavior went unnoticed except for a newly arrived local volunteer firefighter who observed a half-acre spot fire at 1620 in a shoot below the dozer line on the west flank. This firefighter did not have radio contact with any of the Forest Service resources.  At about 1645 the IC observed a tremendous buildup which appeared to be inside the line. He began trying to reach fire personnel by radio to inform them of the increased fire behavior. He was unable to contact the poto dozer. After the fire finished its run search efforts began. The bodies of the two crew members of the poto dozer were found near the northwest corner of the fire a few hundred feet below a saddle on the main ridge. The fire had run up a steep shoot below the main ridge line. The topography had created a chimney effect for the fire. The poto dozer crew had stopped to work on the section of incomplete dozer line and they were overrun by the fire at that location. They were unaware of the fire below until it was too late to escape. Both firefighters were found within a 100 foot radius of the dozer. Neither of them had deployed a fire shelter. The IC immediately ordered all personnel off the line. Additional resources were ordered but suppression activities were discontinued until an overhead team took charge later that day. The fire only burned one more drainage to the west of the dozer line where the fatalities occurred and did not spread over the ridge onto the north slope of Dallas Mountain. The fire was controlled at 450 acres the following day. You have just seen the events that occurred on the Rainbow Springs fire. The instructor will now facilitate a discussion about the use of fire safety guidelines by the involved personnel, the strategic and tactical decisions that were made, and the human factors that contributed to this burn over incident.


Now, before we talk about the yeah maybe let us let us consider this, now one of the most famous multi-chase amplifiers and a classical multi-chase amplifier is the cascode amplifier. Now so far we did not worry about the frequency response, this is because of the reason that in most of the applications the signals we are handling are let us say assuming we are taking the signal signal from a typical sensor, the signal frequency would be the order of the most let us say kilohertz, most of the time much much less than that. So therefore the frequency response is not an issue, so this is why we said in an op-amp the when they designed it, they designed it for a much lower frequency. So an op-amp is not supposed to be used for frequencies above 1 kilohertz. So next time when you are tempted to use an op-amp be careful, this is because of the fact that it has a finite slew rate and that finite slew rate has to do with that compensation capacitor which is put inside which we talked about. Now there are cases where you need high frequency response. Now you can think of one such situation as a video amplifier. Now in this particular you are seeing me remotely because there is a camera looking at my face and that the signal of the camera is typically the order of 5 megahertz. So when we talk about a signal, a sensor signal the highest you would always get from a video signal. A video signal has the highest. Now if you try to make a video amplifier and if you try to do it you would find that is extremely difficult. Now this is because the reason that the frequency response anything above a megahertz is very difficult especially if you try to build it around a discrete amplifier is extremely difficult and from our discussion yesterday we said that the frequency response of a common emitter amplifier is quite small. So coming back to the comparison we can add one more column we could add frequency response. Now a common emitter amplifier has let us say low to medium. What we mean by low to medium is that typically a common emitter amplifier the high frequency cutoff would be somewhere of the order of say 1 megahertz or so and most of the time you do not even get 1 megahertz typically 100 kilohertz, 200 kilohertz that kind of order. So that is what we mean by low to medium high frequency response. So let us put the word high frequency response. Now common base amplifier which we talked about yesterday is very good from this point of view. Common base amplifier has very high frequency response. Now again if you build a discrete amplifier a common base amplifier can give you quite high frequency response definitely in the megahertz region. Now a common collector amplifier also has high frequency response. Now so we see immediately a case for cascading different stages. If you remember we said the basic philosophy which we follow in a multi-stage amplifier is to bring in the advantages of different stages and choose them and order them in such a way that you finally minimize the disadvantages and then you kind of cash on the advantages. So let us think of a scenario which we just now talked about where we said we talked about the cascode amplifier which is nothing but a cascade of a common emitter stage followed by a common base stage. Now this is a typical diagram with biasing and so on. Now what we have here you have the input coming here at this side. Now the first stage is our familiar common emitter stage. Now what you see here is the collector instead of a load here this is actually feeding to the emitter. Now we know that in a common base amplifier the input is between the emitter and base. Now you can see here that the base terminal is grounded through a capacitor. So for AC the base terminal of the second transistor is at ground potential. The same time it is biased through this resistors. So you have a proper biasing at the same time for AC this is a common base. Now what happens is because we have the advantage of the high frequency response this cascade would give you the almost the same frequency response of a common base stage the same time it would give you the input resistance which is that of the common emitter stage. So this is a very good classical example of taking advantage of the stages and ordering them in such a way that you get the best things. So here the common emitter common base is poor from its point of view of very low input resistance whereas a common emitter has let us say kind of medium input resistance. So the first stage is a common emitter. So this particular cascade amplifier would give you a quite high frequency response and is very commonly used. So if you think about ever a discrete high frequency amplifier you need to use a cascade stage. Now the output is again taken from the output of the common base stage. Now the voltage gain of this combination would be the same as the voltage gain of a single stage. Now because of the cascade between the common emitter and the common base if you split this as two separate amplifiers you would see that the effective voltage gain of the first stage which is the common emitter stage is unity. Now we know that we had a disadvantage in terms of the high frequency response in a common emitter amplifier because of the miller effect and the miller effect came in the picture because of the emitter rather the collector and the base terminal of a common emitter being having a high negative gain and we said that amounts to a multiplying the capacitor between the C mu capacitor by the voltage gain and that gave us what was called the miller effect and that reduced in this particular case the voltage gain of the common emitter would be just unity and therefore the multiplication of the C mu which we talked about does not happen. So this is how a cascade amplifier gives you the same voltage almost the same voltage gain as a single stage the same time much higher high frequency response. Now there are also very popular cascade amplifier in IC form one such form there is a very popular IC which has inside just three transistors. Now this is typically how a CA3028 would look like now it has a few resistors also but primarily the way it is connected here you could use this particular IC in a variety of application you could use it as a differential amplifier in which case you could design a particular current for this by putting external resistors you could design as a particular current here and you could operate it as a differential amplifier by putting external resistors. Now another very common use of this particular one is used as a cascade amplifier now these ICs here are rather these transistors here are chosen to have quite high frequency response. So you could design the first this particular transistor the first transistor which can be designed as a CE amplifier by putting external components outside and you could design the second transistor as a CB a common base again by appropriately biasing here and you would get a fairly high you know I mean you can let us say not quite a discrete amplifier but you have a like a hybrid situation where you could have a mix of IC the advantage of an IC fabrication fabricated am transistors matched transistors extremely high quality transistors and our own design. So this is also very popular there are a quite a few number of these type of ICs which are available for this type of applications maybe I could just talk about just one or two cases of let us say again cascades let me before I come to that now let us take a think about one or two cascades we know that the common emitter amplifier we know has let us say low to medium input resistance.  So if you have a common collector at this input then we can get high input resistance. Now in case we want to have let us say in an application what we are interested in is to get lower output resistance then we can think of a CECC now so there are many such combinations we can do now interestingly we can also think of other combinations one such combination is a CSCE we know that in a common collector even though a common collector common emitter cascade would give us let us say fairly high input resistance the input resistance is still not that high let us say that you are happy with a common emitter amplifier except for its input resistance and you are looking at an input resistance of say one may go in which case you have to either go for a Darlington emitter follower at the input or there is another solution you could use a common source amplifier. Now Rosa Mahesh Patil has taught you JFET now these days JFETs are not commonly used but you may be having some of these experiments in your colleges now JFET is an extremely good device in fact JFET is the best device in terms of low noise it is an extremely low noise device now a JFET as we know has extremely high input resistance you could have easily one may go input resistance of one may go easily. So if you cascade a common source and a common emitter you could get a cascade in fact you can even have a because of the common source amplifier you can get some slight gain also out of the JFET amplifier that is you might know a JFET amplifier because of the low trans contactance JFET and MOSFET amplifiers cannot give much gain so that way a BJT can give you much higher gain. Now I thought I will spend may be another 5 or 10 minutes on what could be kind of a methodology or some suggestions for teaching analog electronics. Now in my teaching experience for the last about 19 years it has always been a challenge to teach analog electronics it has always been a challenge. Now in a typical course which we have in all IITs in the first year or the second year called introduction to electronics or electronic circuits and instrumentation the biggest challenge is to keep the students interested. So I have a few suggestions. Now when we come to analog electronics now from my experience I always found that students generally find digital electronics much simpler. In fact when students come for interviews, MTech interviews if we ask them what questions should we ask you the answer is almost always sir ask something digital do not ask analog. Now analog electronics teaching analog electronics is always a challenge. Now at the same time there is a big debate today should we teach transistors should we teach discrete circuits anymore because most of the time when you talk about an application you might have already noticed that there are lots of disadvantages when we talk about a discrete amplifier. So why should we teach discrete amplifiers? Now the major reason is discrete circuits or let us say discrete amplifiers are the best in terms of teaching concepts. Now today afternoon you have a BJT amplifier common emitter amplifier. Now I do hope that all of you get the circuit working but I am sure at least 50% of you would have difficulty. The reason being analog electronics unless you design everything properly unless you connect everything properly unless everything is correct things would not work and finally if things do not work how do you interpret. So discrete amplifiers let us say a simple amplifier like a common emitter amplifier is one of the best to teach concepts. The concept of a signal, the concept of amplification, the concept of nonlinearity, the concept of overload all these things are very easily taught through simple discrete circuits. So we could think of the study of discrete circuits or discrete amplifiers or in fact multistage amplifiers. In fact multistage amplifiers today you would never ever find discrete circuits being used for multistage amplifiers. You would almost always have a simple IC which would be much cheaper than all the discrete components you put in a multistage amplifier. But the advantage of building a small circuit is that lot of concepts are taught. Now I strongly encourage all of you as my fellow colleagues as teachers to encourage your students to get enthused with experiments. Now unfortunately in our country if there is one decay let us say in technical education this is the area of decay. There is hardly any experimentation in the labs. Now to do an experiment on a common emitter amplifier you do not need any sophisticated equipment. You only need a power supply, a breadboard or a micro board, a few components and an oscilloscope and a function generator. This is there in all engineering colleges. But in spite of that when we ask students even around post-scheduled students a good number of them have not done any experiment, any serious experiment. I believe this is a very bad scenario and therefore analog electronics and especially discrete circuits, simple discrete circuits I would strongly encourage encouraging your own students to do this kind of experiments so that they understand they get a hands on experience with hardware. Likewise today we do not need to teach much into the analog electronics. Now in fact another trend which is there in the most of the western countries is that today you would find if you go and buy a book, you would find that most of the books would have only a few pages on BJTs and you would find the discussion has entirely changed from BJTs to MOSFETs. Now maybe in about 10 years from now you may not have any let us say you may not get even BJTs that is what people are predicting. But the as you all would appreciate it is extremely difficult to use a MOSFET and to do an experiment. So that way JFET can be easily bought and again to teach concepts on FET based amplifiers we could use a JFET. Now you could give to your students one of the ways which I found which is very useful this is in the context of multi-stage amplifiers and as I said in almost every in any practical application you would see that you cannot build that particular application using a single stage amplifier and you could give extremely simple applications to your students just for the sake of learning. So that they get enthused in analog electronics that we should remove these fear of analog electronics. Now I can suggest maybe one or two simple very very simple things for example think about a kind of photometer something which do not worry about the accuracy of the photometer but something which measures the light something which can tell you whether you know we know intuitively whether outside whether it is dark early morning we know just by the look of it we can say it is dark if it is cloudy we know it is cloudy. Now you can have a simple photometer built around a photo detector which is very cheap 5 rupees very very cheap and a few discrete components. Now let us think about the simple circuit I talked about a simple photometer where do not worry about the calibration but the interest is to see where at least you can show some relative changes in the voltages. Now as we talked about yesterday a photo detector is essentially a current source. Now so far in all our discussion in the multi-stage amplifier we assumed it to be a voltage amplifier. Now here is a situation where we need a current amplifier. Now you may not be aware but actually there are very very simple circuits which can actually convert current to voltage. One such circuit is an inverting amplifier. An inverting amplifier can easily convert the light into a voltage. Let us talk about a current to voltage conversion. Now we know about the we have studied the inverting amplifier using an op-amp. You could also use a common base amplifier. We said that in a common base amplifier the input resistance is very small and we know from our discussion yesterday that if you have a current then the input stage should have extremely low input resistance. Now you could think of a simple circuit like this where we have a photo detector here. The light is falling on it whatever photo current and it is biased in a reverse mode by applying a positive voltage to the cathode there. Now here because of the negative feedback here this particular potential is at virtual ground which is 0. So here we have an ideal current. This is a current to voltage converter. So we have this amplifier. The circuit we have here is nothing but a trans resistance amplifier. So we could think of such simple circuits which can be used for achieving for teaching analog electronics. So I would come to the end of my lecture here. Just you have a quick recap of what we discussed. We talked about multitiage amplifiers and we said the strategy in a multitiage amplifier is to decide on how many stages and we said in a typical multitiage amplifier the first stage assuming it is a voltage amplifier need to have high voltage gain sorry need to have high input resistance and the voltage gain need not be high. The second stage would have a high voltage gain and the final stage would have a low output resistance. And we talked about examples like a publicator system. We talked about the example of a op-amp. So in all these cases we see a multitiage amplifier and we said that in almost all practical application we cannot get the required amplifier specifications from a single stage. So we will go to Kanchipuram where we will have an interaction. Over to you Kanchipuram. Thank you Professor John. I am in Kanchipuram and the audio video was very good. All the participants are very happy with your lectures and there are around 45 participants and I will give the microphone to HOD. Maybe she can give feedback on the course. Good morning sir. This is Dr. Maladevi from Esaram University. This is the first time of this virtual mode our faculty are being given exposure and during the inaugural we feel that such a seminars of this kind or workshops of this kind is necessary in the modern scenario where we sit at our site and listen to people who have put a good example of experience academically. Once this thing is we have been talking and teaching for decades together the semiconductor devices and the fundamentals. When we listen to the inaugural thing, the first session of that we could see that how to put forth to the students who have come from the plus two level, how to visualize it and what we have perceived this idea or the concept how to transfer to them in a very easy way of visualizing so that as you said creating the interest towards learning the electronics is a fundamental thing that our teachers are given the exposure. And second thing is during the laboratory sessions or the experimental sessions it gives a way for the teachers to understand or answer the questions of why I am not able to get the output because as you said the students are almost are not getting the output in the analog area, why they have not got the results. So that the teachers they are getting an inside view of answering them that is an highlight of this course I could feel. And the second thing is the exposure to earthy experimental device giving an exposure to the board the CTL boards are all will be of use to for the first teachers to upgrade themselves that is a thing from my side as a listener and first viewer of this program. Thank you madam for your feedback. I think it will be extremely important for all of us as teachers to induce our students in doing experiments and especially we need to encourage our students that analog electronics is not something to be scared about but by doing experiments and they need to interpret the results and find out why and that is what makes some better engineers. I think the topic like basic electronics in fact when I teach electronics I tell students that almost everything which we teach can be done in the lab. So that way the concepts can be easily learnt and assimilated if they do side by side some experiments and also try to understand they also definitely must make mistakes only through mistakes we learnt but they must know what mistake they made and that is where a teacher would be of great help. In IIT's when our students do the experiments the faculty also goes around and when they say something is not working we explain to them why and therefore I think experiments definitely is the key otherwise it just only theory then they do not seem to get interested. I think it is extremely important that we take a course like electronics definitely a course like basic electronics or electronic circuits digital electronics all experiment and theory side by side over. We are going to Swamya college now. Yeah how to ma'am. Hello professor John I reached about 10 minutes ago and I was sitting through the last part of your lecture and the reception is very clear audio video both very very clear and the font size is also I think quite legible from the back where I was sitting technically it all seems absolutely fine I have not had a chance to talk to the participants yet but I will definitely come back with a feedback I hope over to you. Thanks Mukta ma'am for the feedback I think it will be useful to get the feedback of the participants so that we could improve maybe in future or even the current sessions.