Welcome back to our lecture series Math 1060, Trigonometry for Students at Southern Utah University. As usual, I'll be your professor today, Dr. Angel Misseldine. In lecture 23, we're going to finish off our unit 7, about solving trigonometric equations. In this lecture, though, 23, we're going to focus on situations where the angle in play might be something like 2 theta, or 3 theta, or 4 theta. Basically, if we change the period, because after all, putting the coefficient from the angle changes the period, 2 theta cuts the period in half, 3 theta cuts it in third, 4 theta changes it by a factor of 4. If we change the period, how does that affect the final answer? And it does have a big effect, because after all, trigonometric solutions repeat themselves over its domain. And so if you change the period, that changes the frequency in which solutions repeat. And so you might have more or less solutions based upon that period change. So special care must be taken when there is a period change to a trigonometric function. So let's look at two examples in this video here, where not a lot's going on other than that period change. Let's find all the solutions for cosine 2 theta equals the square root of 3 over 2, and we're going to solve this in degrees right here. Now ignore the angle for a moment. We're really just trying to think of, when does cosine equal square root of 3 over 2? This would happen in the first quadrant, because it's positive. It would also happen in the fourth quadrant, because again, the ratio is positive. In the first quadrant, cosine is equal to root 3 over 2 at 30 degrees. But that's only in the first quadrant, like in a single rotation, if we go from zero to 360. You'll notice here that there's no constraint on the domain here, so we want all possible solutions. So we could take 360, we could also take 390, because 360 plus 30 is coterminal to 30. So we could add any multiple 360 here. So we're going to slap on a 30 degrees plus 360k. That's if we get the solution from the first quadrant. In the second quadrant, excuse me, in the fourth quadrant, we're looking for the angle that references 30 degrees, which is 360 take away 30. So that would be 330 degrees, all right? In which case, it's not just 330 degrees, it's also like negative 30 degrees. It's anything coterminal to 330 degrees. So we have to throw in a 360k in there as well. So we're looking for the general solution. So far, all of that's great. We never have used the period change whatsoever until this moment. Once we have the general solution ignoring the period change, now we're going to consider the period, because we're trying to solve for theta, not for two theta. So we have to divide the left-hand side by two, so we get a theta. But we have to divide the right-hand side by two as well, for which how division works here, we distribute on the 30 degrees and onto the 360 degrees. So you'll notice that we actually get theta equals, 30 degrees cut in half is 15 degrees. But we also have to take 360k and divide that by two, and we get 180k. And we do that for the second part as well. 330 degrees cut in half is 165 degrees, but then the 360k gets also cut in half. And so we end up with 180k, like so. And so then we still have these representatives of solutions, like 15 degrees represents the general solution, so does 165. But the period has also been changed, right? We have 180 degrees as our period now, right? And that makes sense. If you had two theta, of course, as inside your function, which we do right here, that two, that coefficient of two, which we called B in the past, that would change the period to be two pi over two, which is pi radians, or since we're working with degrees, this would be 180. So this number right here is the new period while 360 was the standard period, the old period. Now, and so we see that solutions will show up more frequently. Consider the graph right here of y equals cosine of two x, where the x coordinates right here and the y axis is right there, right? Because the graph is now 180 degrees periodic, we see that one complete cycle occurs from zero to 180 degrees. So you get one solution right here at 15 degrees, and you get another solution here at 165 degrees. But for the next interval, if we went up to 360, we go from 180 to 360 like so, we end up with a solution right here. We also get a solution right there. So if we had changed the problem, if we had changed the problem, we're like, hey, we don't want just any solutions, we just want the Thetas between zero degrees, but less than 360 degrees. So if that was the stipulation there, how does that change things? Well, you get 15 degrees, you get 165 degrees, but then you get the next one, right? The next one would be 15 degrees plus 180. You also get 165 degrees plus 180 because that second period would show up before 360. And so we have to compensate for those as well. So you get 15 degrees plus 180 degrees, of course, which is 195. And then you get 165 plus 180 degrees, which is 345. Like so, and so this is the thing you have to be very cautious about, that when you change the period, it changes the representatives of the general solution, but it also changes the period of the general solution. So they show up more frequently in this case. You have to compensate for that. Or if you were asked what are the solutions in a certain domain like 360 360, we have to be very careful that we pay attention to the period. That's what one has to be careful about when you change the period here. Let's do another example. Let's find all the solutions to tangent of 3x equals one, and we're gonna do this one in radians. Well, what does tangent equal one? Well, the standard period for tangent, I should mention, is equal to pi, it's not two pi. And so because of this right here, b equals three, we see that the period is gonna change to be pi over three, because you divide that by three. So it repeats itself every pi thirds. So when you, we'll get to that in a second. When you solve tangent equals one, tangent equals one in the first quadrant when sine and cosine are the same thing that happens at 45 degrees or pi force here. You also get in the second, the third quadrant, excuse me, the reference there, but the general solution will be 3x equals pi fourths plus pi k, like so. Because again, for tangent and cotangent, the standard period is pi radians or 180 degrees. For sine, cosine, secant and cosecant, the standard period is 360 degrees or two pi radians. So for tangent, you do need to have that pi k right here. And you don't have to worry about the angle of the third quadrant, which of course in the third quadrant, pi fourths plus pi, that's gonna give you the five pi fourths. That's the angle in the third quadrant that we're thinking of. It really incorporates all of that. So we have to divide by three. So we divide by three, divide by three. And we see that the general solution would be x equals pi twelfths plus pi thirds k. Where you'll notice pi thirds is the change, the modified period for tangent of three x, like so. And so when it comes to this, the general solution is actually not so bad. You just make sure you throw on the period and divide the period by whatever that coefficient changes. But what if, right, this is actually the tricky part. What if they ask us that x needs to be less than two pi but greater than zero. So it's like in one rotation of the circle, what do we get? All right, well in that situation, we're definitely gonna get pi twelfths, right? But we would also get pi twelfths plus a multiple of pi thirds. We'd also get pi twelfths plus two pi over three. So two multiples of that. Because after all, pi thirds happens, that's gonna get us up to pi, right? We need to keep on going. So the thing is, since we cut the period in thirds, it's gonna repeat itself three times as we complete one period. But again, we wanna go up to two pi. We also would need pi twelfths plus pi, three pi thirds. We need pi twelfths plus four pi thirds. We'd also need pi twelfths plus five pi thirds. And you could add those facts together to simplify them. But the point is, as you go from zero to pi, there would be six solutions in all as opposed to the standard tangent, which would have two solutions from zero to two pi. Where did six come from? Well, we take the two solutions from the standard tangent and then we times that by three because we cut the period in by third, thus raising the frequency by a factor of three. So finding the general solution when you change a period is actually pretty nice because you have to just change the period in the general solution. But if it wants to enumerate all the answers from zero to two pi, you have to be meticulous to make sure you get each and every one of those. And really you should simplify the fractions here. You should take pi twelfths plus four pi thirds and write as a single fraction. I'm not doing that here for the sake of time. But be aware of that. That's something you might be expected to do.


Let us take the next term which is Q-SYS. So, we may write delta S system plus delta S surroundings for any of the systems that we considered earlier and delta S surrounding is nothing but Q surrounding over T surrounding and Q surrounding is minus Q-SYS. So, we may write this like this and finally write Q-SYS equal to this. So, we have decomposed all these three terms. So, what we are going to do now is take WU to the left hand side and develop an expression for WU. So, if you look at these three things. So, we basically wrote okay. So, we basically wrote delta E Sys equal to Q-SYS minus W-SYS and this itself was written as WU plus P0 times V0 minus V1. So, we rearrange and then we get this expression for WU okay. So, this is the expression for WU after we substitute for Q-SYS and delta E-Sys. So, WU looks like this. So, exergy of the system at state 1 is WU max okay. What is WU max? It is very simple. So, as we can see sigma is greater than 0. So, sigma is always greater than 0 and this is the amount of entropy generated in the universe as a result of internal and external irreversibilities. Both are accounted for that is very important. So, WU will be a maximum when the process is completely reversible no internal or external irreversibilities which means sigma is equal to 0 okay. So, WU max may also be written as WU reversible because all irreversibilities are absent. So, that is just this portion of the expression for WU. So, exergy of the system at state 1 is equal to this that is the maximum work that may be developed or reversible work that can be developed as a system goes from state 1 to 0 okay. So, now the requirements that we listed earlier for instance how to come up with efficiency for a non-flow process becomes very clear. Once I have this definition of X exergy of the system at state 1, the system can go from state 1 to state 0 in any process. Let us say it goes from state 1 to state 0 in any process there may be some internal irreversibilities there may be some external irreversibilities it does not matter. It goes from state 1 to state 0 and we get a certain amount of work. So, that is let us say WU actual in the process. Now, I know WU max for the same process of I am sorry for the system between the same states. So, I know WU actual I know WU max. So, the efficiency for this process can now is can now be defined simply as WU actual divided by WU max okay. So, that is where the notion of exergy comes in handy when we want to define efficiency for any process while taking into account entropy generated in the universe as a result of the process. We will elaborate this as we go along but it should become clear now why a notion of exergy was necessary in order to develop and another expression for efficiency taking into account irreversibilities generated entropy generated in the universe. Now, this is the exergy of the system as a whole the given mass M specific exergy may be defined like this we divide through by M and we get this to be the specific exergy so exergy is always greater than 0 and specific exergy is always greater than 0. So, in fact you may write for instance what is that this actually this entire expression is the amount of work that is developed by the system when it executes a process with internal and external irreversibility. So, this is actually WU actual I am sorry if you will forgive the use of that expression this is WU actual this is maximum possible work minus lost work. So, basically what we are saying is this is the actual work this is the maximum work this is lost work. So, when a system executes a process from say state 1 to state 0 the actual work is the maximum possible work or reversible work minus lost work this was the reason why we paid so much attention to calculating sigma whether it was a flow process or non-flow process sigma is very important because sigma represents lost work and so since sigma is a consequence of internal and external irreversibilities both these irreversibilities contribute to lost work that was why we spent so much time in evaluating sigma. So, we can now easily tie up sigma with exergy and then come up with new definition for efficiency which is called the second law efficiency understandably because this takes into account irreversibility external and internal. Let us work out a couple of examples let us say that we have a tank of volume 10 meter cube which contains air at 1 ampere and 298 Kelvin. So, this would be something like this. So, this is we can think of this as a tank containing air at a pressure higher than ambient pressure and at the same temperature as the ambient temperature. So, the question is determine the exergy that is available in this system. So, basically we have a tank which contains initially contains air at 1 ampere 298 Kelvin. So, if the system were allowed to undergo a process from this state to the dead state what is the maximum amount of work that can be generated as a result of this process that is the exergy that is available. So, basically what we would do is we would simply open up one side of the tank and attach a piston to this and as the air expands to the ambient pressure the piston moves up it can be used to lift a weight and what is the maximum work that can be generated as a result of this is what we are looking at. So, notice that once we look at it like this you can see that it is the same as what we saw in this example. So, we can calculate the mass of air in the tank using equation of state. So, the exergy of the air in the tank there is no KE or PE component in this particular case. So, those are those have been set to 0. So, we can easily write this expression u minus u naught is nothing but cv times t minus t naught this may also be rewritten in terms of the using the equation of state and s minus s naught using TDS relationship may be written like this delta s for this process may be written using TDS relationship like this. Notice that the initial temperature of the air in the tank is same as the ambient temperature. So, this quantity goes to 0. So, now we may plug in the numbers and we get this to be 14.026 mega joules. You may also recall that we worked out a problem in the previous course where we had the same situation a tank which initially contained air at 1 MPa 298 Kelvin and the air was allowed to expand through a turbine rather than exhausting it to the ambient we allowed the air to expand through a turbine and the turbine generated work as a result of this. So, we allowed it to expand until the pressure in the tank became 100 kPa. So, basically we have done the same thing, but now we are getting a different value from what we had before. There are two reasons for this as this air is allowed to expand notice that its final temperature is less than that of the ambient temperature whereas in this case we are saying the air initially as a 298 Kelvin it executes a process attains the dead state which is also a 298 Kelvin. And then the process that we considered here was a flow process. So, there the enthalpy is converted to work not the internal energy. So, that is the reason why this number is different from what we have what we saw earlier. So, exergy is always defined with respect to the dead state. So, whatever process it executes it finally attains the dead state which is 100 kPa 298 Kelvin not 100 kPa some other temperature as we had in this situation. That is why this value comes out to be different. But this is consistent with the framework that we are adopting that everything is done with respect to the ambient state or dead state. So, the next example is also something that we have that we saw earlier in the first level course under the topic of finite reservoir. So, here we have a block steel casting which is initially at a temperature of 300 degree Celsius. So, this is allowed to cool to room temperature. So, basically in the in the previous example we said what is the amount of maximum amount of work that can be extracted from this casting. So, we use the ambient as the cold reservoir and the block as the hot reservoir and we ran a reversible engine. So, the block is the hot reservoir produces a certain amount of work and the ambient is the cold reservoir. So, basically we calculated this work that was developed. In fact, that actually is we also mentioned in the previous course that this work would be called the exergy of the block and that is what we are actually going to calculate now. So, in this case we apply the expression for exergy again no ke or pe and you can see that in this case there is no change in the volume there is no displacement of atmosphere. So, this goes to 0 this goes to 0 and delta s may be evaluated again using a TDS relationship, but now taking into account factor this is an incompressible or it is a solid actually. So, there is no change in pressure. So, delta s is simply c times natural log t over t naught and if you just rearrange you can you get this expression finally and again delta u is nothing but specific heat c times delta t you can you get this expression which is identical to what we obtained in the previous course by treating this as a finite reservoir. What is that? We said the maximum work was possible if you use a reversible engine. The definition for exergy builds that in automatically. When we defined exergy we said that maximum possible work and then we argued that work is maximum possible if internal and external irreversibilities are 0, which means it is executing a perfectly reversible process. So, that is built into the definition of exergy. So, the expression may be used in the straightforward manner to evaluate this. So, what this illustrated is the mechanism by which we would actually develop this work and then we calculated the work by assuming that it is a finite reservoir. Here we can simply apply the expression and calculate the exergy of the block. So, similar to the expression that we developed just now. So, the expression for specific exergy looks like this. We will actually write down without deriving a similar expression for flow exergy. This is for a non-flow process. You must keep in mind that this is for a non-flow process. For a flow process the development is almost is identical and so we will not go through that, but we can simply write the expression by noting the following facts. So, in a flow process you know that instead of the specific internal energy you encounter the specific enthalpy. And this term will not be present because in the case of flow process there is no displacement of the atmosphere. So, displacement of atmosphere is encountered only for a non-flow process. So, this term will also be absent. So, which means I can write the specific exergy for a flow process like this where we replace the specific internal energy with H and the V minus V0 term is absent. So, this is of course specific exergy if there is a mass flow rate of m dot then the W dot reversible the power developed maximum power that can be developed would be m dot times psi. So, let us develop some more perspectives on exergy. A lot of interesting perspectives can be developed. Let us go through this sequence and then see what we can come up with. Already we have said that exergy at the dead state is 0 at any other state exergy is known 0 and positive that is important you must keep it in mind. Now, first law may be stated like this total energy of an isolated system remains constant although we did not stated in this manner in the previous course, but this is actually a statement of first law total energy of a system remains constant. So, first of an isolated system remains constant. So, application of first law to an isolated system then undergoes a process from 1 to 2 looks like this delta E equal to Q minus W because the system is isolated there is no heat interaction there is no work interaction. So, total energy of the isolated system remains constant. Statement of second law is this entropy of an isolated system increases or remains the same. Again if we write the expression for entropy change of a system it looks like this because the system is isolated there is no heat interaction. So, this is 0 and so S 2 minus S 1 is equal to sigma i n t no external irreversibility because there is no interaction of the system with the surroundings. So, S 2 minus S 1 equal to sigma i n t which is greater than or equal to 0. Now, we may actually make a similar statement regarding exergy. Exergy of an isolated system decreases or remains the same decreases or remains the same. So, basically what we do is we multiply this expression by t naught and then subtracted from the previous expression. So, E 2 minus E 1 minus T 0 times S 2 minus S 1 is equal to minus T 0 times sigma int. So, if I rearrange this left hand side I can write it like this and this is nothing but X 2 minus X 1 equal to minus T 0 times sigma int which is less than or equal to 0. So, notice that exergy of an isolated system remains the same or decreases. So, X 2 is the final state one is the initial state. So, X 2 minus X 1 is either negative or if the system executes a reversible process it is 0. So, this is something that we can keep in mind that exergy of an isolated system decreases or remains the same. Now, we need to look at other more we need to look at more general situations. So, we defined exergy by saying that I have a system at a given state one and it executes a process and goes to state 0. Now, for this process I can calculate I can evaluate W u actual I can evaluate W u max also. Now, let us say system goes from state 1 to state 2 and state 2 is not the ambient state how do we so and we are supplying heat to this system and it goes from state 1 to state 2. So, that is a more general case we may be supplying work to the system, we may be supplying heat to the system or it could be a flow process unsteady flow process where we are also adding mass to the to the device it is no longer a system we can also add mass. So, these are the three possible situations scenarios that we will encounter addition of work, addition of heat, addition of mass. So, how does the exergy of the system change as a result of this? This is the more general case. So, when a system does a certain amount of work then it is exergy decreases. So, if you look at this illustration so here as the system expands it does a certain amount of work and eventually it reaches the ambient state. So, the exergy of the system was non-zero at the initial state and then exergy decreases as the system executes this process. So, when the system produces positive amount of work then exergy of the system decreases and that is what we have written here. When the system does an amount of work W it is exergy decreases by W U conversely when an amount of work W is done on the system it is exergy increases by W U because it is work and exergy is maximum work that is possible work interaction exergy transferred due to work interaction is very easy to account for. When the system does an amount of work it is exergy decreases by that amount. When we do a certain amount of work on the system its exergy increases by that amount. When a certain amount of mass M having specific exergy fee is added to or removed from a system the exergy of the system increases or decreases by this amount. Of course, you have to be very careful we are using the word system somewhat colloquially here it will no longer be a system if you are adding and removing mass. So, we need to bear that in mind we can still define you know define things in an appropriate fashion. So, we need not worry about that but if we add or remove a certain mass with specific exergy fee then we are directly increasing or decreasing the exergy again here this is somewhat easy to calculate. Heat interaction or change of exergy due to heat interaction is subtle and needs to be looked at very very carefully. Let us see why. So, here we have actually illustrated contours of exergy. So, each one of this line that we have each one of this line is a contour value. So, exergy is 0 at the dead state P0 and T0 and then exergy as you can see decrease I am sorry increases outwards. So, each one of this is a higher value of exergy. Now, we have shown four states A, B, C, D here corresponding to these four states. So, we have shown four states here sort of corresponding to these forces also since P equal to P0 this would lie on the axis basically what we are trying to illustrate are these four situations. So, if had P been equal to P0 A would have been here or B would have been here. So, we are illustrating for a even more general case. So, if you look at A it is at a temperature T greater than T0 P greater than P0. So, if I add work to this system which is at state A then its exergy will simply increase and it will move up like this. On the other hand if I add heat to this system its temperature will increase and its exergy will also increase and it will move up like this. Same is true with this system also. Yes, same is true with this system also. It is at a temperature greater than T0. If I add heat to this system if I add work to any of this system their exergy will increase, they will move out radially. If I add heat to this system its at a temperature greater than T0 its temperature will increase and its exergy also increases it moves outward because its temperature also increases. On the other hand if I take for instance this system whose temperature is less than T0 and if I add heat to that system then its temperature actually increases which means it moves closer towards the dead state which means its exergy decreases. If you add heat to the system which is at a temperature less than T0 its exergy actually decreases. If I add heat to the system again which is at a temperature less than T0 its temperature will increase and it will move towards the dead state. So, its exergy actually increases as a result of heat addition. Again let me emphasize for all these four states addition of work will increase the exergy and the states will move outward. Addition of heat will increase the exergy of state A and B which are temperatures higher than T0 but actually reduce the exergy of state C and D which are at a temperature less than T0. Conversely if I remove heat from this system conversely if I remove heat from this system its temperature decreases and its exergy also decreases so the state will move radially inward and the same is true for this also it will move radially inward if heat is removed exergy decreases. For this system if I remove heat then its temperature decreases and this system will move radially outward and its exergy will actually increase. So, you have to be very very careful with transfer of exergy using heat transfer. So, if I reduce the temperature the temperature decreases further so this moves outward and its exergy increases the same is true in this case also if I reduce the temperature the I am sorry if I remove heat from this system its temperature decreases and the system moves radially outward and its exergy increases which is why we need to be very careful when we talk about exergy transfer as a result of heat transfer it depends on the temperature of the system when it receives the heat or when it rejects the heat. So, we will consider each one of this in term so here we start with the system whose temperature is greater than T0. Now, let us say this system supplies a certain amount of heat Q and this amount of heat that is supplied is received by a reversible engine which then develops a certain amount of work W. This could also be denoted W reversible and we use the ambient as the low temperature reservoir to reject heat. So, we operate a reversible heat engine between this system which is at a temperature greater than T0 and the ambient which is at T0 and the reversible engine produces a certain amount of work W. So, that means when system which is at a temperature greater than T0 supplies an amount of heat Q it also supplies equivalently an amount of exergy equal to X which is equal to W. So, when a reservoir supplies an amount reservoir at a temperature greater than T0 supplies an amount of heat Q it supplies equivalently an amount of exergy X that is shown here. Remember this is a reversible engine there are no internal or external irreversibilities. So, whatever exergy is supplied to it simply goes through and this X is equal to W in this case. Now, let us say that this is a system again at a temperature greater than T0, but a certain amount of heat Q is rejected to this system. Then what can we say about the exergy transfer? So, here the system supplied a certain amount of heat Q. So, we said that in this case it is also supplying an amount of exergy X which is equal to W reversible. Now, in this case a certain amount of heat Q is being rejected to this system which is at a temperature greater than T0. So, what can we say about exergy transfer is the exergy of the system going to increase or decrease that is what we are looking at. So, in this case exergy of the system decreases what is going to happen in this case. So, when an amount of heat Q is being rejected we can actually envision reverse engine reversible engine reverse engine operating between the ambient and this high temperature reservoir. So, this is a reverse engine which moves heat from the ambient to this reservoir at a higher temperature while taking in an amount of work equal to W. So, we can actually visualize a reverse engine operating like this. So, that means certain amount of work is given to this reverse engine to reject an amount of heat Q to the system or high temperature reservoir. In exergy terms what this means is we supply an amount of exergy X which is equal to W and this is then transferred to the system. So, when an amount of heat Q is rejected to a reservoir which is at a temperature greater than T0 the exergy of the reservoir increases by an amount of X which is equal to W not Q equal to W which is the work that a reversible engine would have required for accomplishing this. We will develop an expression for this as we go along. So, to summarize for reservoir or system which is at a temperature greater than T0 when heat is supplied by the reservoir its exergy decreases by amount of X equal to this W and when heat is rejected to this reservoir its exergy increases by an amount X. What we will do in the next lecture is to discuss the situation when this reservoir is at a temperature less than T0. So, what happens to the exergy of the reservoir or system? It is actually a system. So, what happens to the exergy of the system when of a system which is at a temperature less than the ambient temperature when A heat is rejected to it, B it supplies an amount of heat a certain amount of heat. So, we will look at that in the next lecture.


In this video, we provide the solution to question number 11 for practice exam number 3 for math 12-20, in which case we are given a separable differential equation. In this case, it is dy over dx is equal to e to the x over e to the y. And so since it's a separable differential equation, we can solve this by separating the variables. Part A asks us to first separate the variables. So you want a function of y, dy on the left-hand side, and some function of x, dx on the right-hand side. Now with this one, given that, well, of course, the derivative dy over dx is always a ratio. The right-hand side is also a ratio where you have e to the x on top, e to the y on the bottom. The simplest way to do that would just be to cross-multiply, in which case we end up with e to the y dy is equal to e to the x dx. And so very quickly we're able to separate the variables on this one. Sometimes it takes a little bit more effort than that, but that's all we need for this one. That's part A. Part B, then we want to take the separation of the variables and solve for y in that situation. So we're going to integrate both sides of the equation. So we integrate e to the y dy, and then that's equal to the integral of e to the x dx. So taking the antiderivatives on the left-hand side, we get the antiderivative of e to the y with respect to y is e to the y. On the right-hand side, the antiderivative of e to the x with respect to x is e to the x. We do need to have a constant in here because there could be an arbitrary constant. So let's put it on the right-hand side, you don't need it on both sides. So we get e to the y is equal to e to the x plus a constant. To solve for y, we're going to take the natural log of both sides. So y equals the natural log of e to the x plus a constant. Now because we don't know what that constant is, we really cannot simplify the right-hand side. So the general solution to the separable differential equation will be y equals the natural log of e to the x plus c.


Must be ready to go the city clerk will read the quote of the night Thank You mayor Coming together is the beginning staying together as progress and working together is success Thank you, I call the order notice of the 25th meeting of the 2011 2012 common council meeting for Wednesday April 4th 2012 And we will call the roll if you hear push one if you're not here push two Tonight we do have excuse all men verse in all of them and Hammond 12 present our 12 quorum is present We can rise for the Pledge of Allegiance And to the republic for which it stands one nation under God Invisible with liberty and justice for all All right first order of business is the approval of the minutes hold them in Mr. Mayor I move to approve the minutes from the previous It's been moved and seconded to approve the minutes of the previous council meeting any discussion all those in favor push a button but Signify by saying one or pushing one Opposed to motion carries public forum city clerk Yes, this evening. We have one speaker Thomas. Gessler Tom here. I'm gonna get your home address, please 1711 South 12th Street, Cheboyan Yes, have five minutes sir. Thank you Good evening council. I have a couple questions in regard to this garbage collection feed that was enacted Back in January here. I have a two-family residence and I am being assessed the fee of $14 and 32 cents a month Okay, I live in that residence myself I have approximately five bags of garbage per month that fee for me comes out to about 286 for each bag of garbage. I'm gonna give you an example another family near me has ten people They have about 15 to 20 bags a week. They're paying about ten cents a bag I Think that this fee should be repealed This fee is actually in addition to the taxes that we already paid for the garbage pickup And I'm wondering if this fee is even legal because a municipal fee can be enacted For a service that is rendered and I do not get anything from getting assessed double this fee I Would not mind paying a single fee, but I live alone in my house and I don't think I should be paying a double fee I think I think that's Should be looked into and maybe some amendments might be written into this New fee system here, but I just think that There's a lot of people paying fees for a service that is not is not being used by them And if it was a tax That would be different like the police and the fire in the schools you pay a tax But this is specifically a fee and I'm getting hit for two fees and I don't think that's right I'm a single person living alone and I have very little garbage compared to some people that are paying a single fee And I would ask that the council please look into this ordinance that was passed and address that as so Thank you. Thank you, Tom. Thank you Any other speakers tonight that would be at this evening. Thank you the Mayor's announcements we will be just for everybody to know we will be Appointing the sixth district alderman Six district alderman on our April 17th meeting. That's the first meeting of the new council So you'll be voting on all your new people will also be voting that night to add a person to that Seat so anybody that's interested in in filling that seat Should contact us Before the April 17th preferably the Friday before the April 17th meeting so that we have those names currently We have three people that have contacted us And I think all the alderman have gotten copies of that, but our intention is to fill it on the 17th That's the only thing I've got to the consent agenda alderman Decker Mayor I move the acceptance file all our O's except to adopt all our C's and pass all resolutions and ordinance Second it's been moved and seconded to pass our all our holes Pass all committee reports and pass all ordinances and resolutions under discussion alderman cough Thank You mayor van Akron. I'd like to call document 2 13 vote on that separate 2 13 Okay, we'll pull 2 13 out and vote on that separately under discussion alderman cough Yes, this is brought forth to public works, and I voted no public works I'm having a concern spending twenty thousand four hundred seventy five dollars and fifty cents to replace bill bitnastruck When Jim Armodio is the one driving that vehicle Thank you any other Alderman born Thank You mayor van Akron. I had a somewhat of a concern with that too and Alderman cough makes a good point that what used to be director bitnastruck Is the one that mr.. Amodio is? Now driving and I'm wondering I don't know what the usage is on the mayor's truck and the one that Mr.. Amodio is driving and I'm just wondering whether they could share one vehicle or if it's absolutely necessary to have Former director bitnastruck down here at City Hall It is a 2006 truck which ordinarily wouldn't be traded in so perhaps If we would look into that a little bit further, we would only have to buy one truck I don't have any problem buying a truck. It is coming out of the motor vehicle fund It's not coming out of the general fund. So that's what the motor vehicle fund is Is there for but There is a possibility that we could get by with one truck if Mr.. Amodio and the mayor could could share that one van if that's practical. Thank you Thank you. Alderman born. I guess I would have a question for director Bebel If we were to hold this over For two weeks until the next council so that it could go back to the committee Do you know is there a pressing need right away? So then I guess Alderman born I'd asked for a recommendation to have it referred back to public works I'll make a motion to set it back to public works of the nuke council We are going to be meeting. We are going to be meeting next week yet. Okay, that's fine then It's been moving second to do go back to the public works committee any discussion All those in favor center of referring it to the public works committee Push one all those in favor say aye Opposed and I don't know why we get to do some one way or the other just beyond me So we're back to the consent agenda to one through 216 Is there any discussion Attorney McLean your honor 26 could be withdrawn that's Approving signing an estoppel certificate for the development the developer of the new pick-and-save store on South Business Drive was going to be selling the development to a buyer and that closing was gonna happen this week. I got Word yesterday that that's the deals fallen through at least temporarily and Would not likely happen again for another 45 days or at least so I guess my suggestion is to Pull that document to place it on file and We'll bring in a document when and if they've got the Sale the the language in that estoppel certificate is directed to the new purchaser and That purchaser may not even End up being the purchase. Okay, we can with just withdraw from the count from the agenda without a vote in So we're voting on to one without two six and we've already passed to 13 To to 16 all in the consent agenda any further discussion on any of those All those in favor push the one opposed to Motion carried Three one a communication from Larry fouts Requesting permission to hold their annual nights of Columbus Tutsi roll drive on April 27 28th and 29th All right, thank you mayor. I'd ask for a motion to accept and file the request and or the document the Accept and file the communication and approve the request It's been moved and seconded to accept and file the document and approve the request All the brink it also and under this it's this is just requesting permission to hold their annual nights of Columbus Tutsi roll drive. I believe they do this every year. So it's just the Formality here that they wrote to us and and asking our permission. I don't think any nothing has changed It'll be the same procedure as as a yes each year All right, thank you. Thank you Any further discussion? all those Otherwise other all those in favor signify by pushing one opposed to Motion carries for one on our oath from the city clerk granting various licensing Applications Alderman Decker Thank You mr. Mayor and move the acceptance file and approve the licenses Second it's been moved and seconded to accept and file and approve the licenses there any discussion Seeing none all those in favor of signify by pushing one opposed Hold on one second Somebody didn't fall All those in favor signify by pushing one And the motion carries Or 12 for 2 through 4 8 to be referred Resolutions introduced resolution by Alderman Hammond born Carlson Maddichak authorizing the city Sheboygan to fund harbor improvements Alderman born since Alderman Hammond's not here. I moved to put the resolution upon its passage second It's been moved and seconded to put the Resolution upon its passage. Is there any discussion? All those in favor signify by pushing one opposed to Again somebody didn't vote Again sometimes if you don't hit it hard enough Motion carries a 5-2 Resolution about Alderman Samson approving the request of the SBA towers ink to add antennas Related to equipment on the tower located on least land of wastewater treatment plant Alderman Samson. Thank you. Mr. Mayor. I moved the resolution be put upon its passage second It's been moved and seconded to have the resolution put it be put upon its passage. Is there any discussion? All those in favor push your one button opposed to Motion carries our five three resolution by Alderman Reisler to Versey Kittleson Decker and Samson lifting the hiring freeze in order to fill 12 vacancies in the Department of Public Works Thank You. Mr. Mayor. I move that the resolution be put upon its passage. I can move and seconded that the resolution be put upon its passage Is there any discussion? All those in favor signify by pushing one opposed to Motion carries 5-4 resolution from Hammond born Carlson Maddachek authorize and transfer appropriations into 2000 budget will lie over 5-5 is being withdrawn 5-6 through 5-9 are being referred 6 to reported committees 6-1 report a committee from law and licensing recommending denying beverage. I've License operator license number nine four six four based on failure to accurately reveal all relevant convictions on the application and failure to cooperate with the committee I move that the RC be accepted and adopted second It's been moved and seconded. Did we hear second? It's been moving seconded to Under discussion is Cynthia Parfait here She's not here. We had to deny her request because both times we invited her to the committee meeting. She did not appear Thank You Alderman Any further discussion? all those in favor of the To accept and adopt the committee's report signify by pushing one Hold on motion carried Six to a committee report from law and licensing recommending the denying beverage license operator license number nine for eight seven based on a failure to accurately reveal Revolent convictions on their act on their application and Failure to cooperate with the committee Alderman Vanda Willie. Mr. Mayor. I move to accept the move that the RC be accepted and adopted It's been moved and seconded the RC be accepted and adopted is Heidi Winkle here this evening She's not here and it's the same situation. She was invited to the committee twice and did not appear Thank You Alderman Vanda Willie. Any further discussion? All those in favor of signify by pushing one opposed push to Motion carried six four from law and licensing a Committee report from law and licensing recommending denying second hand article and jewelry license Sorry, yes Six three you are correct Committee report from law and licensing recommending approval of various licenses. Thank You mr. Mayor I move that the RC be accepted and adopted It moved and seconded to adopt the RC All those in favor signify by pushing one pose to motion carries six four Committee report from law and licensing recommending denying second hand article jewelry license number two eight eight two based on concerns Regarding issues of public safety and protection and negative recommendation from the police department and Alderman Vanda Willie Thank You mr. Mayor. I move that the RC be accepted and adopted Then moved and seconded that the RC be accepted and adopted under discussion Scott Kale here this evening He's not here Sergeant Zempel appeared before our committee giving the recommendation for denial after his investigation Thank You Alderman Vanda Willie any other discussion All in favor of accepting and adopting the RC signify by pushing one opposed to She carried six five a report of the Committee of Law and License in recommending denying taxi driver license 7 7 8 6 on failure to accurately reveal all revelant Convictions on their application and ineligible for the license due to the fact that its driver's license is suspended At the present time all of them in Vanda Willie mr. Mayor. I move that the RC be accepted adopted second It's been moved and seconded to have the RC accepted and adopted under discussion is Rafael Ponce here He's not here and as the RC said He's ineligible because he doesn't even have a license. Is there any other discussion? All those in favor of signify by pushing one No pushing to 12 eyes motion carried Report a committee from salary and grievance recommending filing ordinance as repealing sections 8 2 dash 1 2 5 and 8 2 dash 1 2 6 of the municipal code relating to personal Regulations Alderman Rastler. Thank You mr. Mayor. I move to accept and adopt the report of the committee and file It's been moved and seconded to accept and adopt and file the ordinance any other discussion All those in favor signify by pushing one opposed to motion carries Committee report from salary and grievance recommending and repealing and creating sections 82 dash 1 2 6 of the municipal code relating to compensation for overtime worked by non-representative employees of the city Alderman Rastler mr. Mayor. I move to Accept and adopt the report of committee and pass the substitute ordinance It's been moved and seconded to accept and adopt the committee report All those in favor signify. Oops. We have Excuse me Thank You mayor Vinachron Chairman Rastler, could you explain to the council how this this document? 67 finally turned out is what decision you made as far as the compensation for overtime It was the same. Thank you. We normally had only we're giving them until July 1st I believe to get the time that they currently have out So otherwise Otherwise if there was some extra time work by a non-represented employee Then the new section would mean that if they had some overtime They would have to they would have to take time off During the next pay period or during the same that during the next pay period if they could if they couldn't it be paid no Okay, thank you So any other questions? Just to clarify all the more that's within the same pay period Need to take that time off. Okay, not the next paper. That was my understanding. Thank you All right all those in favor of the committee report Cevified by pushing number one follows number two Motion carries Six eight Community report from finance recommending authorizing the transfer of appropriation in the 2012 budget Advanced from a special assessment fund with capital projects fund to street improvements Alderman Born Thank You mayor Vinachron. I move that the report of committee be accepted and adopted It's been moved and seconded to accept and adopt the report of the committee There any discussion Alderman Carlson was there a second I second it the no Second second now it's been moved and seconded. Thank you mayor just for those of you who don't know this is covering the city's portion of the superior have resurfacing from 6th Street to 8th Street the The rest of it's being paid for out of the brain-stop functioning Hud money block grant money. I'm sorry. Yes Thank you Alderman Carlson any other discussion all those in favor of the committee report Be accepted and adopted push one opposed to 12 eyes motion carried Six nine finance report from the finance committee Recommending providing the sale of four million seven hundred and ninety-five thousand general obligation promissory notes Alderman born Thank You mayor Vinachron. I move that the report of committee be accepted and adopted Second so move and seconded to accept and adopt the Committee report under discussion under discussion mayor This is actually going to be two years worth of borrowing And the reason for that is is that the interest rates now are quite favorable and they have been trending upward so we want to get as much bang for our buck you might say and We will be having If this passes tonight, we'll be having the sale and a report on the sale right before the Council meeting on the 16th, and then we'll be voting on the final approval at our next console meeting on the 16th Thank You Alderman born Any other questions seen none To accept and adopt and pass resolution push one opposed to 12 eyes motion carries Seven one ordinance is Ordinance is introduced seven one will lie over Matters lied over an ordinance amending eight one more an ordinance amending the municipal code So as to change the class grade for a position at the development manager in the city development department Alderman and raceler Thank You mr. Mayor I move that the ordinance be put upon its passage second It's been moved and seconded that the ordinance be put put upon its passage. Is there any discussion? All those in favor of passing the Passing the ordinance signified by pushing one opposed to 12 eyes motion carries a to the ordinance by Alderman Raceler Versi Kittleson and Decker amending the municipal code so that the change of class grade of the position of the equipment service Supervisor in the public works Department Thank You mr. Mayor I move that the ordinance be put upon its passage second It's been moved and seconded that the ordinance be put upon its passage. Is there any discussion? See none All those in favor push one oppose push to 12 eyes motion carries We're on a roll A3 an ordinance from Alderman Raceler Versi Kittleson Decker amending the municipal code So as to change the grasp the class grade of the position of supervisor of operations of streets and sanitation In the Department of Public Works woman raceler. Thank You mr. Mayor. I again move that the ordinance be put upon its passage It's been moved and seconded to have the ordinance be put upon its passage. Is there any discussion? Seeing none all in favor signify by pushing one opposed push to Motion carried other matters Thank You honor nine point one is an arrow by the purchasing agent Submitting a report relative to the purchase of an east brand 30-foot steel Upstyle body to be mounted on to the city's existing East brand triaxial semi trailer chassis 9.2 is an arrow by the city clerk submitting various license applications for the period ending June 30 2012 and June 30 2013 That will go to law and licensing 9.3 is an arrow by the development manager submitting a request for Variance to the city's noise ordinance for pollution risk services who's performing dredging activities in the River under the Superfund project this summer That just lies over 9.4 is a communication from Michael Brown requesting a waiver from the sex offender residency restrictions in order to live at 715 a Alabama Avenue That will go to public protection and safety 9.5 is an application from RCS and powers for a change in the zoning classification of property located at 1305 St. Clair Avenue from class ui urban industrial class uc urban commercial That will go to city planning commission 9.6 is a resolution authorizing the purchasing agent to enter in a contract for the purchase of one replacement steel dump body for the current semi trailer dump truck That will go to public works 9.7 is a resolution Directing a public hearing to be held in connection with change of the city's official zoning map for property located at 1305 St. Clair Avenue That will lie over 9.8 is an ordinance amending the city of Schwoigen official zoning map of the Schwoigen zoning ordinance to change the use district classification of property Located at 1305 St. Clair Avenue Class ui urban industrial the class uc urban commercial Go to the city plan commission 9.9 is an ordinance repealing and recreating section 29-105 of the 1975 municipal code relating to car allowances for city officers and employees So it's to change the allowable reimbursement rate on a per mile basis. That will go to finance Any other Moved and seconded to adjourn all those in favor signify by pushing one pose two Twelve wanting to adjourn. Can I get all the clickers back up? We're adjourned. Thank you. Thank you


These are the hardworking men and women that do the tough jobs that help keep El Paso County moving. We want to make sure we have a clean community, healthy community, and a safe community. This is Tough Jobs. Hi, Joe. How you doing, Harry? How you doing? Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. So where are we going to be heading to? About a couple miles west of here, we have a dilapidated broken down mobile home. We've been receiving some call complaints for concerned neighbors. This case has been going on for some time now and it's time that we come on property and get this mess cleaned up. Let's do it. Let's go. All right. All right, sir. So if you want to grab that sign. Certainly. And where are we going to be putting this? So we're going to put this right here. Right, so the public can view it. Basically the sign tells the community that we're here today to clean up this property, let everyone know that we're getting this project done today. And if they have any questions, we have a phone number right here. So that's the first step for our cleanup today. Alrighty. All right. What's the second step? Let's get going. Let's go. Nice roads. What are we taking apart today? What are we cleaning up? All right, Harry, we have a dilapidated mobile home. Right now our contractor, Junk King, is tearing it apart, putting it in dumpsters and taking it to the dump. So as you can kind of see, we have our officers out in this field picking up any type of trash that's scattered. It's really windy out here.  We want to keep it contained. So Harry, are you a rattlesnake fan? As long as they stay in there part of the woods and I stay in mine. Yeah, I don't really, not a fan. So first thing for safety we got to do is plan your rattlesnake cars. Oh joy. Here you go. And I'm assuming they're fairly self-explanatory. Yup, you just gotta clip them in and you should be good. You ever have a snake attempt to penetrate these? No, but rather be safe than sorry. All right, let's head to the site. Okay, to clean all this up, because this looks like this is the main bulk of what's being cleaned today. How long does it normally take for the crew to do that? Harry, it really depends. We're out here in the elements. We'll be out here essentially until it's completely done. Whether that takes a day or a month or three months, we'll be out here until the job's finished. I'm looking around here and rules governing tires exposed on the property. What are you allowed to have? What can't you have? And anything else that most people would have indoors, but out here you find them outdoors. If you're on a residential property, you know it's really for residential purpose and we wanna make sure everything's clean. Storage of tires, if you have them, put them inside a garage. They're not allowed to be stored in your front lawn. Sofas that are indoor furniture. Again, that's gotta be moved to a garage or donated or put back inside your house. So Harry, remember everything we're taking today falls under that rubbish ordinance. So I think this piece would definitely fall under the rubbish ordinance. Just check. I would have to agree. No snakes or anything? Yeah. Let's grab it. Snag that, let's go throw it away. Something that's really important is we gotta be documenting. We gotta take some photos of before, during and after. So I think right here would be a great shot to take. All right. We got some equipment. We got our contractor. They're showing what's going on. Shows the rubbish we're removing. So why don't you take the camera here. What we're looking for is a nice wide angle shot. Okay. We wanna have a frame of reference. We wanna show subject matter. And we wanna show a little bit of action. We wanna get all of that. Not everything we can grab by hand. For example, this big piece right here, definitely we're gonna need some equipment probably to grab that. Especially with those nails hanging out. So that's when we get Bobcats with our contractor. They'll bring some heavy equipment and get the job done. And you know, pick that up. There's probably a cruder or two under there maybe. Possibly, yeah. We'll find out in a bit. Better than machine, doesn't it? Absolutely. I want you to meet John. He's our junk king contractor. Hello John. Nice to meet you, Harry. Nice to meet you. Pretty good. How is it partnering with the county? What's your good feeling about that? Well, the county's great. And they do a really good thing. I mean, all these cleanups that we do are usually, you know, something that really needs to be done. And unfortunately, some people just don't have the means or the aptitude, I guess, to do it. And they've got themselves into a situation. I mean, we did a clean out for a lady that you could tell everything was fine until a point. Maybe she got too old. Maybe there was other issues, you know, whatever. And then it just got away from her. And she was literally crying the whole time that we were picking it up, you know, because she couldn't thank us enough for, you know, trying to get her back to where she was. And she just couldn't do it. So we were there to help. And I mean, that had to give you a great feeling. Oh, it's great. I mean, you know, we love seeing the cleanup. It's amazing how much you just clean up our property and make somebody feel. Run this puppy. OK, so the first thing you're going to want to do, pull back on that one, watch what it does. OK, so you go down, you push forward. Goes up. OK. Push them forward, so you kind of get an idea. You want to hold them together. Back is forward. OK, I get it. Got it. Now separate them from one or the other, and you'll pivot. See that steel bathtub? Yep. We're going to pick it up, because that goes in our recycle pile. OK. What are some of the most interesting things that you have found on a cleanup? We've found everything from Molotov cocktails to human waste, all kinds of things. You've got to be careful what you're picking up. Yeah, we've seen quite a few interesting things. I would imagine. I would imagine. We're seeing all the other stuff, and then, boom, we find this mug. Yeah, we find all kinds of random objects that are stored in people's front lawns or outside. And unfortunately, with it being stored where it is, it falls under that rubbish ordinance. Oh, yeah, it would make sense. Yeah, if it was inside someone's house, we'd be good to go. But out here in the field, it's got to go to the dump. Will fish for food? That's a good mug to have, if you like to fish. I've been looking for a topper for my truck. Dumb question time. Can someone just come and take something off someone else's land? So I know this thing looks pretty nice. Someone needs a little TLC, I think. Just a little. But no, we can't take anything from anyone's property. We have to fall strictly under that rubbish ordinance, which I would say this is what fall under that. And two, everything goes to the dump. We don't keep or impound anything. Does the county take all the cost, accept the cost for this, or is there some sharing? So Harry, how it's done is the county pays our contractor once the work is completed. And then we bill the property owner. The property owner then has an opportunity to come into our office. And they could work out a payment plan within reason. If they don't come into our office, they don't reach out to us. What we do is we file a lien on the property for the cost of service. So when the property goes to sell, the county will get those funds back. And it'll go back into the cleanup fund to do more of these projects for the community. We talked about having volunteers. Give us some examples of how instances or how you've helped other people out. Sure. One that comes to mind is we helped a property owner out in Black Forest. We worked with a group with Fort Carson to kind of, they created this event to help this property owner. He had a lot of fallen trees from the Black Forest fire, a lot of scrap metal, and things like that. At this event, we had almost over 100 people there. So it was a community-wide effort, especially with a disabled veteran, to kind of get the property cleaned up and show that the community is there to help people like that. Harry, this is Charles Carlisle. Hi, Charles. How are you doing? I'm doing well, yourself? Oh, pretty good. You made a comment that to me sums up everything. Give us your take on why you do this job. To me, it's about respect. We're coming out into people's lives and telling them while they can and can't use their property and trying to make that connection with them, rope them into the community, see how their actions and conditions of the property falls into the rest of their neighborhood. And it really does help to build that community, build that bond between our local government and the citizens that we work with every day. Awesome. To me, that's the epitome of basically what everyone in the county does. I agree. Well, looks like we got quite a bit done today. Yeah, we got a lot done. We still got a lot to do. But usually, these projects can take a couple of days to a full week, depending on how big the project is. But hey, I'm glad you came out. Thanks for coming. Oh, thanks for having me. Joe, I really appreciated it. I've learned something today. Great, that was the goal. All righty. Thanks for joining us today. And we'll look for you next time on Tough Jobs. Just tell them to have a bar.


So I'm Dr. Elisbovero, I'm working at Oxford University at the Cadilly Research Center on the reconstruction of the manufacturing techniques of early Islamic crystal. And so for doing that, we're doing long older type of research, experimental archaeology. So for this, a wood turner reconstructed for us two types of ball lathe. So this first model, which is movable, we can remove this part of the ball lathe. So it's made after the examples still in use nowadays in India. And so you can attach different types of drill bits and so on to this type of ball lathe. But more recently, and I think this one is more useful for early Islamic periods, this is a replica of a ball lathe which is on the picture in the album of the Emperor Shangir, so which dates off the beginning of the 17th century. So this is almost the exact replica. So this is the same thing, you know this part is removable and can attach the different type of drill bits and different tools that you're going to use to carve the rock crystal. So let's start with the beginning of the process. So first you have to sew the big block of rock crystal that you have to shape it in the rough, you know, form that you need. And actually rock crystal is a hard stone of course, but it's also extremely brittle. So you cannot work it, shape it or drill it or hollow it out and so on, using the percussive tool, the hammer and point that the structure would do, for instance, for marble. Because it would shatter. Yeah, of course. So for that, you are going to work and since the neolithic they use the same technique, it's abrasion. Okay. This is based on the same principle, abrasion.


I woke up this morning to see this video online, I guess happened yesterday over in Texas, a father locked his kid in the car and busted the windshield to get the kid out. And as a firefighter, I have gotten many, many kids out of locked cars. And let me tell you, there's so many things wrong with this video.  But if you're in a situation like that where you need to get your kid out of a hot car, I think that some advice, because there's so many things wrong with this video. Okay, first off, as a firefighter, I've gotten called over my 20 year career, many, many times I've gotten kids out of the car. In general, the rule of thumb is, if the kid is in the car, it's locked and it's hot, we bust a window. We don't try to open the car. I have also many times opened a car without busting a window. So lots of times people lock their kids in the car with the keys because the car is running. If the kid's in the car and the air conditioning's running, we have time, we can try opening the car because the kid's not in distress. It's not hot, it's in an air conditioned car.  The windshield is designed not to shatter. That's why when you're watching this video, the guy's hitting it and it's like, it's all sticking together. You never bust the windshield. You bust a window on the side, okay? Now, if there's a kid in the car and you need to bust a window to get the kid out, you pick the window furthest away from the kid because you don't wanna get glass on the kid. So if the kid's in the back seat over there, I'm gonna come to this window. If the kid's in the back seat over here, I'm gonna go to that window over there. When you're busting the window, don't hit it in the middle. Hit it in the corner. It's gonna break a lot easier if you just hit it in the corner. The whole thing's gonna shatter. It's a little tiny pieces and fall out unlike the windshield, which is sandwiched together between different materials so that it doesn't shatter on you. Busting a window is very, very easy. So again, furthest from the kid. Next thing, once you bust the window, don't climb through the window because there's glass, little shards of glass. And trust me, I've got them stuck in the hair of my arm and later on I've gone to scratch my arm because it's itchy and then I realized I'm cutting myself with glass. You bust the window, you reach in, you unlock the door and you open the door, okay? You don't climb through broken glass. Now in that video from Texas yesterday, they didn't show someone climbing through the windshield, but the last thing they did was they passed the kid through the broken windshield. You're passing a kid through, someone got into the car, I'm assuming through the windshield, okay? So again, they busted the windshield, they couldn't unlock the car door because they were too far away, they had to climb in through there and now they're passing the kid through the glass. You're inside the car, open the door, bring the kid out that way. So let's review, don't break the windshield, break a window, furthest away from the kid, break it down in the corner. You break the window anywhere, it's gonna shatter into a million pieces, okay? It's designed to do that, it's not big shards, you hit here, the whole thing's gonna shatter and then you just, if it doesn't all fall out, you can just push it out. Don't climb through the broken glass, reach in, unlock the door, then take the kid out through a door, not through the broken glass. So I hope you never have to do any of this, but when I saw that video, I was just like, this is crazy. It was taking forever for the guy to break the windshield because windshields are hard to break because they're designed not to break, not to have glass hit you in the face when you're in an accident. And passing the kid through the broken glass when you're already in the car, I understand people are panicking and they're not thinking, that's why I'm telling you now, so that if you're in this situation, you can stop and think, okay? Because it is in a hurry when a kid is in a hot car, it doesn't take long for the kid to overheat. And also be aware, like when you call a fire department, we will come as quick as we can. Again, if the kid's in distress, we don't mess around. We don't try to open the door, we just bust the windows. So if we're coming and you think the kid's in distress, bust the window because we're gonna do it anyway, okay? Now again, if the kid's in an air conditioned car, we're gonna get there and I have many, many times opened a car without busting a window. I'm not gonna tell you how to do that because the kid's not in distress. So I hope you learned something today. Don't go around busting windows and getting cut. Be safe and have a great day. Oh, I also forgot to mention the biggest thing done wrong in that video from Texas is the person filming it, filmed it in vertical mode. Don't ever do that. Hold the camera, right?


Today, as part of BC's Skills and Training Plan, I'm announcing $1.1 million in provincial government funding to engage and encourage students to pursue a future in skilled trades and to increase employer participation in industry training and the hiring of apprentices from trades training programs. Today's announcement is about supporting the Skills Training Plan, part of our Canada Starts Here at BC Jobs Plan. We're looking at encouraging more young people, especially those in high school, to consider a rewarding, fulfilling, well-paying career in trades.  So that allows me to get a head start. It gives me, right out of high school, I can get a job with a level in apprenticeship. And before I move on to my next level, I have to have 1,500 hours of work experience and because I've done this program, it will be a lot easier for me to get a work experience. We need to be focusing our messaging around K to 12 youth, and the Discover Trades BC initiative is designed to do just that, is to focus the message and encourage young people, grades K to 12, to think about trades as a first choice career. And we're very proud of this new initiative, it's a portal that introduces teachers, parents and youth to trades, and we hope that it's going to be a wonderful resource for the system to use and to really bring a highlight to trades in the province of BC.


Welcome to Spotlight. I'm Liz Wade. And I'm Colin Lover. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand no matter where in the world they live. In 2019, a group of researchers from York University in Toronto, Canada, studied a group of school children. They showed each child the image of a face. Then, they showed the child a neutral symbol. After they saw the symbol, researchers asked the children if the symbol was nice looking or not nice looking. The researchers were testing the feelings the children had about the faces. These researchers learned something alarming. Very young children already had opinions about people who were different from them. These opinions are called biases. Researchers learned that by the age of five, children already had biases about skin colour. The children in this study gave more negative responses to images of boys with dark skin. Researchers from Northwestern University in the United States did a similar study. They found that children as young as four have biases about people's skin colour. They have biases about gender too. And they have biases about the way people talk. These studies show that every person can be affected by bias thoughts or feelings. Even very small children can have harmful opinions and biases. Young children can learn to judge people who are different to them. But where do these children get these ideas? And more importantly, how can we stop these harmful biases in children?  So the Southern Poverty Law Center in the United States has made this list of ten ways to fight hate in your community. On today's Spotlight Program, we will look at the ninth way to fight hate in your community. Teach acceptance. Acceptance means accepting people for who they are. It means tolerating and respecting different opinions and beliefs. The Southern Poverty Law Center, or SPLC, believes that children need to learn acceptance. And they need to learn it when they are very young. Otherwise, they may learn to hate. And studies like the ones at the beginning of this program show that children can learn to hate at a very young age. The SPLC says that one very important place to teach tolerance to children is school. School is a place where many different children come together in one place. In school, children talk, laugh and learn with other children. There are many ways to encourage children to celebrate differences in school. The SPLC even offers a teaching tolerance program. In this program, students take part in a special event every year. It is called Mix It Up at Lunch Day. At this lunch, each student sits next to someone they do not know. They have questions to help them have good conversation. They get the chance to learn things about someone new or different from them. Another way to teach acceptance is to have children tell stories about their families. By doing this, children learn about each other's culture and traditions. They learn to value the different kinds of families that people come from. Teachers can also teach tolerance by asking children to imagine what the world would be like if there was no hate. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a famous black preacher in the United States. He fought for the rights of black people in the United States in the 1950s and 60s. At that time, black people were kept separate from white people. They did not have equal rights. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave a famous speech called I Have a Dream. In that speech, he talked about his dream for the future. He dreamed that slaves and slave owners would sit together at a table as brothers.  But most of all, he dreamed of a world where people would not be judged because of their skin colour. Instead, they would be judged by their words and actions. Many teachers ask their children to write their own I Have a Dream speech. They ask children to imagine a better and more accepting world. The children write about their hopes for the future. Older children and young adults can learn more about tolerance by studying popular media sources like films and television. They can look at how the media presents different races, religions and ethnic groups. They can decide if they agree with the films and television programmes. Some films and television programmes use stereotypes. That is, they present groups of people as being all the same. People can see the dangers of presenting a group of people using stereotypes. These are just a few ways that the SPLC talks about teaching tolerance to children in school. But school is not the only place for children to learn tolerance. The most important place for a child to learn tolerance and acceptance is from adults like parents and members of their community. Every adult is a teacher to children. Children copy the actions and words of adults in the community. You can teach a child tolerance by being a good example for her to follow. Show tolerance for the people you work with or meet in your community.  Acceptance is important for people of all ages to learn. You can examine your own thoughts and opinions. Are you tolerant of people who are different to you? Are there people in your community that you avoid, ignore or try to forget? These things can be just as harmful as treating someone badly. We can all work to be more tolerant people. And that helps us teach tolerance to everyone we know. You can encourage other adults to be tolerant too. Parents can teach tolerance to their children. Teaching tolerance today can help stop hate tomorrow. This is the ninth programme in a series of ten programmes on ten ways to fight hate. This list is from the Southern Poverty Law Centre. The Southern Poverty Law Centre is a group that works toward racial justice. They monitor hate crimes, teach tolerance and seek justice. Here are their ten ways to fight hate. Act Join forces Support the victims Speak up Educate yourself Create an alternative Pressure leaders Stay engaged Teach acceptance And dig deeper Keep listening to Spotlight to hear the complete series. You can leave a comment on our website at www.spotlightenglish.com. You can also find us on YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The writers of this programme were Liz Wade and Amelia Burglund. The producer was Michio Ozaki. The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom. All quotes were adapted for this programme and voiced by Spotlight. This programme is called Ten Ways to Fight Hate. Teach acceptance Visit our website to download our free official app for Android and Apple devices. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight programme. Goodbye.