Foreigner is a British-American rock band, originally formed in New York City in 1976 by veteran English musician Mick Jones and fellow Britain and ex-King Crimson member Ian MacDonald along with American vocalist Lou Graham. Jones came up with the band's name as he, MacDonald and Dennis Elliott were British, while Graham, Al Greenwood and Ed Gagliardi were American. Their biggest hit single, I Want to Know What Love Is, topped the United Kingdom and United States charts among others. They are one of the world's best-selling bands of all time with worldwide sales of more than 80 million records, including 37.5 million records in the US. Band History Beginnings and Peak Since its inception, Foreigner has been led by English musician Mick Jones, former member of Nero and the Gladiators, Johnny Halliday's band Spooky Tooth and the Leslie West Band. After the collapse of the Leslie West Band in 1976, Jones found himself stranded in New York City where West's manager, Bud Prager, took him under his wing and encouraged Jones to continue his songwriter and rehearse a band of his own in some space Prager had near his New York office. Jones got together with New York keyboardist Al Greenwood, who had just played with former flash members Colin Carter and Mike Hoff in a group called Storm, drummer Stan Williams and Louisiana bassist Jay Davis, later with Rod Stewart, and began jamming. Another friend, Story's singer Ian Lloyd, was brought in to sing but Jones decided the chemistry was not quite right and retained only Greenwood as he renewed his search for players. During a session for Ian Lloyd's album, Jones met up with transplanted Englishman and ex-king Crimson member Ian McDonald and another session for Ian Hunter unearthed another fellow Brit and drummer Dennis Elliott. But after auditioning about 40 or 50 singers, the right vocalist was becoming harder to come by until Jones dragged out an old black sheep album given to him backstage at a Spooky Tooth concert a few years prior by that group's lead singer, Lou Graham. Jones put in a call to Graham, who was back in his hometown of Rochester, New York after black sheep's break up, and sent him a plane ticket to New York City. Graham proved to be the missing piece of the puzzle and Brooklyn, New York bassist Ed Gagliardi completed the new sextet. A name, Trigger, was tentatively agreed to and was the name that appeared on their demo tape, but it was passed on by all the record companies it was delivered to. John Colidner, a former journalist and radio programmer who was working in Ondar at Atlantic Records, happened to spot a tape on Atlantic president Jerry L. Greenberg's desk with the trigger identification on it. Colidner had just been to hear an outfit called Trigger and realized that this was not the same band. He convinced Greenberg that at least one of the songs on the tape could be a big hit and to look into signing this group immediately. Because the trigger name was already taken, Jones came up with the foreigner moniker from the fact that no matter what country they were in, three would be foreigners, because he, McDonald and Elliott were English, while Graham, Greenwood and Gagliardi were American. In November 1976, after six months of rehearsals, the newly named foreigner started recording their debut album with producers John Sinclair and Gary Lyons at the hit factory but switched to Atlantic recording studios where they finished recording the basic tracks and completed the overdubs. The first attempt at mixing the album was done at Sarm Studios, London. But, due to the band's dissatisfaction with the results, the album was remixed back at Atlantic by Mick Jones and Jimmy Douglas. Bud Prager signed on as the group's manager, a role he would continue in for the next 17 years. The band's debut, Foreigner, was released in March 1977 and sold more than 4 million copies in the United States, staying in the top 20 for a year with such hits as feels like the first time, cold as ice and long, long way from home. By May 1977, Foreigner was already headlining theaters and had already scored a gold record for the first album. Not long afterwards, they were selling out U.S. basketball arenas and hockey rinks. But after a show at Memorial Hall in Kansas City, Kansas on May 6, 1977, drummer Elliot injured his hand, prompting the band to call in Ian Wallace, ex-King Crimson, to play alongside Elliot on some of the dates until the hand was healed. After almost a year on the road, the band played before over 200,000 people at California Jam 2 on March 18, 1978 and during the following month, the band toured Europe, Japan and Australia for the first time. Their second album, Double Vision, released in June 1978, CO produced by Keith Olson, topped their previous, selling 5 million records and spawned hits in Hot Blooded, the title track Double Vision and Blue Morning, Blue Day. Album No. 3, Head Games, September 1979, CO produced by Roy Thomas Baker, which was referred to by Graham as their grainiest album, was also successful because of the thunderous dirty white boy and another title track hit Head Games. For Head Games, bassist Ed Gagliardi was replaced by Englishman Rick Wills. In his autobiography, Jukebox Hero, Graham explains why the band parted ways with Gagliardi, he was a little headstrong and had his own ideas that weren't always compatible with what we were trying to accomplish. Ed was obstinate at times, playing the song the way he wanted to play it rather than the way it was drawn up. Jones often had to stop sessions to get Ed back on track. After a while it became tiresome and slowed down the recording process. Graham went on to say that he was disappointed overall with Head Games and thought it sounded unfinished. It ended up selling about 2 million fewer than its predecessor. In a 2015 interview with Classic Rock Revisited, Graham explains his thoughts about why Head Games sold less than the first two, the big change in the band happened after Head Games and before Foreigner Four. We were really aware that Head Games didn't sell nearly as much as the first album or Double Vision. Part of that was because of the cover. The songhead Games was banned by a lot of radio stations after the cover of the album came out. Today, that would not have even been a problem.  They didn't see the humor in that. It wasn't supposed to even be sexy. She was sexy, she was cute. It was just the time and the place of what she was doing that was supposed to leave the impression. She was erasing her phone number off the wall of the boys bathroom and that's all it was. A big deal was made out of that and it really hurt our sales. In September 1980, co-founders Al Greenwood and Ian McDonald were sacked as Jones wished to have more control over the band and write most of the music, along with Graham. In his book, Graham goes on to talk about this difficult time, the chemistry that made the band write in the beginning didn't necessarily mean it would always be right. I think a pretty major communication lapse appeared and I don't think anybody really knew what anybody was feeling the deep, inner belief about the direction of the band and how we were progressing. We had reached a point where there was a lot of dissatisfaction. In the liner notes for the 2000 release, Jukebox Heroes, The Foreigner Anthology, Jones went on to elaborate further, Ian McDonald, whom I consider a great musician and multi-instrumentalist, began to focus more and more on guitar playing, while I believed his true talent lay more in the dimensional and creative imagery he gave the first two albums. Al Greenwood, our keyboard was in a very important part of the foreigner sound at the beginning, had also started to focus more on songwriter. Although both their contributions to the band had been vital, a conflict was developing about the musical direction of the band. I just felt we needed to clarify it. So Lou, Rick, Dennis and I made the decision, and that's when we went down to four. According to McDonald in an interview at the King Crimson website Elephant Talk, Mick and Lou decided they wanted to be the focus of the band. Mick wanted to make it more apparent that it was his group, so he decided to make a smaller group. That was his decision. I wouldn't have left, I loved the group, it was not my decision. McDonald noted that there was much creative compromise working in the band and that he did more than he received credit for, much as he did in King Crimson. McDonald stated that he had a lot to do with the making of those records and the arrangements and the creating of those songs, more than is probably apparent. I did a lot that went uncredited, which I was happy to do though. When you're in a group you must contribute as much as you can. I was happy to do that. But as I said, it maybe didn't appear that I was doing as much as I in fact was. I had a lot to do with that group, as well as Mick Jones, obviously, and everyone else, I'm not trying to take all the credit, but I'm just saying that I was there, I was involved, and I loved it. The band was now stripped down to a quartet, with session players brought in as needed to record or tour, see below for complete list of members. Greenwood soon joined Gagliardi to form the hour band Spice, with John Blanco, Billy Milne and John Diggodio. The band released two albums, a self-titled debut, and the follow-up behind enemy lines. In the meantime, Foriner began work on the next album at Electric Lady Studios in New York City with producer Robert John Mutt-Lang, engineered by Dave Whitman, currently with Pso. For released in July 1981, contained the hits Urgent, which includes the famous junior Walker Sax solo, Waiting for a Girl Like You, Jukebox Hero and Break It Up. Before releasing albums of his own, Thomas Dolby played Synthesizers on For he contributed the signature synth sound on Urgent and played the intro to Waiting for a Girl Like You. For their 1981-82 tour in support of four the group added Peter Rielish, keyboards, synthesizers, who had played with Gary Wright, former Peter Frampton band member Bob Mayo, keyboards, synthesizers, guitar, backing vocals, and Mark Rivera, sax, flute, keyboards, synthesizers, guitar, backing vocals. Mayo and Rivera had also appeared on the sessions for four. Rielish was dropped in May 1982 but Mayo and Rivera continued with the band through 1988. Their next album, Agent Provocateur, co-produced by Alex Sadkin, was released successfully in December 1984 and gave them their first and only number one hit in 1985, in the US, UK, Australia, Norway, Sweden, etc. I want to know what love is, a gospel inspired ballad backed by Jennifer Holliday and the New Jersey Mass Choir. The song was their biggest US hit. That was yesterday was the next single from the album in early 1985 and proved to be another sizable hit. During their 1985 summer fall tour, Foreigner appeared at the very first farm aid on September 22 in Champaign, Illinois. In between his foreigner commitments, Jones also started a side career as a producer for such as albums as Van Hollen's 51, 50, 1986, and Billy Joel's Stormfront, 1989. In December 1987, Foreigner released Inside Information, spawning hits such as Say You Will End I Don't Want to Live Without You. On May 14, 1988, the band headlined Atlantic Records 40th anniversary concert at Madison Square Garden, culminating with I Want to Know What Love Is, in which the likes of Phil Collins, Crosby, Stills and Nash, Roberta Flack and other Atlantic artists joined in, singing in the choir. Later during the summer, the band went back on the road, but the touring for Inside Information was limited to Europe, Japan and Australia. For this tour, Rivera and Mayo were not available, so Larry Oaks, Guitar, Keyboards, Synthesizers, backing vocals, and Lou Cortillazzi, Sax, augmented the quartet of Graham, Jones, Elliott and Wills. Lou Graham's Departure In the late 1980s, Jones and Graham each put out solo efforts on Atlantic. Graham released Ready or Not in February 1987 and shortly after its release, rehearsals for Foreigner's next album had started but ground to a halt as Lou's status with the group was uncertain. But after the promotion and concert dates for Lou's album were finished, cooler heads prevailed and Lou rejoined Foreigner in the studio for Inside Information, which was out at the end of 1987. Jones had Mick Jones in August 1989, then Graham followed with his second solo release, Long Hard Look, October 1989, and decided to leave the group in May 1990 while preparing to tour behind Long Hard Look as the opener for Steve Miller Band. After finishing this tour, Graham went on to form the short-lived band Shadow King, which put out one self-titled album on Atlantic in October 1991. In June 1990 Jones brought in a new lead singer, Johnny Edwards, formerly of the bands Buster Brown, Montrose, King Cobra, Northrop and Wild Horses. Edwards made his first live appearance with Foreigner at the Long Island club Stephen Talkhouse on August 15, 1990, where he, Jones, Dennis Elliott and Rick Wills appeared, joined by special guests Terry Thomas, on guitar, who produced their next album, and Eddie Mack on harmonica. The new edition of Foreigner released the album Unusual Heat in June 1991. This was at the time their worst-selling album and only climbed as high as No. 117 on the Billboard 200, although lowdown and dirty was a minor mainstream rock hit, reaching No. 4 on that chart. In July 1991 the new lineup of Foreigner played some European dates then made its official U.S. debut on August 9 performing on the second night of a Billy Joel benefit concert at Deep Hollow Ranch in Montauk, New York to raise funds for the preservation of Montauk Point Lighthouse. For their 1991 tour, Jeff Jacobs, who had played in Joel's band, was brought in as the new keyboardist and Mark Rivera returned. But during the fall leg of this tour, Elliott decided to leave the group after a concert at the Ritz in NYC on November 14, 1991. Larry Oberman was then recruited as a temporary replacement until Mark Schulman arrived in 1992 to hold down the drum throne for the next three years. Scott Gilman, guitar, sax, flute, joined the touring band in 1992 and Tom Jimble took over from Gilman and Rivera in late 1992 after they departed. When Jimble went to Aerosmith in 1993, Gilman returned to handle the guitar sax flute duties until Jimble came back permanently in the spring of 1995. Graham returns. During the Los Angeles riots in late April 1992, inside the confines of the Sunset Marquis Hotel in West Hollywood, where Mick Jones had gone to meet with Lou Graham, they both ended up sequestered due to a city curfew. They decided to use their time together putting a two-year feud to rest and resurrecting their partnership. I flew to Los Angeles, during the riots, says Graham. We got flown to John Wayne Airport instead of Lax because they were shooting at the planes. Mick and I were holed up in the Sunset Marquis in LA, with armed security guards walking around on the roof. It was a little weird, to say the least. Graham ended up rejoining Foreigner, bringing along his shadow king bandmate bassist Bruce Turgan, and C.O. produced the band's second greatest hits album, The Very Best, and Beyond, September 1992, which included three new songs. In October 1994, Foreigner released what was supposed to be a comeback album, MR Moonlight, in Japan. This album was not released in the US until February 1995 but fared even worse than unusual heat, although the ballad until the end of time was a minor hit, reaching number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100. In January 1995, Ron Wixow, who had played in the storm with former Journey members Greg Raleigh and Ross Valori, took over percussion duties from Mark Schulman and Brian Titchy succeeded Wixow in 1998 before Schulman would return in 2000. In 1997, Graham underwent surgery to remove a brain tumor. The medications he was prescribed caused considerable weight gain and affected his singing voice. By 1998, the band was back on the road but Graham was visibly struggling and it would take him several years to get back to the point where he felt comfortable on stage. In the summer of 1999, Foreigner went on tour as the opening act for Journey and the following summer, Jeff Jacobs had to leave the road for a short time during the band's 2000 summer tour while his wife was giving birth to their child. Keyboardist John Purdell, who had been CO-producer of the new tracks on their 1992 album The Very Best Of, and Beyond, stepped into sub for Jacobs until he was able to return. In 2001, the Warner Music Group selected Foreigner and Four to be among the first group of albums from their catalog to be remastered, enhanced and released in the new DVD audio format. In 2002, the 25th anniversary year brought affirmation of the enduring respect for Foreigner recordings with Rhino Entertainment reissuing the 1977-1981 multi-platinum albums in special enhanced formats. Foreigner, Double Vision, Head Games and Four received the attention of Rhino's staff with new photos, liner notes and bonus tracks of previously unreleased material. New greatest hits albums were also produced in the US and in Europe. The US version reached No. 80 on the Billboard 200 album chart. For the group's 25th anniversary tour in 2002, they were joined by former Hart and Montrose beatkeeper Denny Karmacy. In late October early November, then December, of 2002, Graham and Jones played in Belgium and Germany at the annual Night of the Promps Festival. It was the last time that the two would play together until June 2013. Graham would leave the group in early 2003. Jones stated that he and Graham split, because they weren't communicating, I think we really tried hard to save it, but it got to the point when we both realized that to go on would be detrimental for both of us. New frontman Jones, the founder and only remaining original member of Foreigner, decided to take some time off before looking to form a new lineup in 2004. On July 25, 2004, in Santa Barbara, California at Fess Parker's Doubletree Resort, Jones appeared at a benefit show for muscular dystrophy with a brand new version of Foreigner that included, Jeff Jacobs, Tom Jimble, former docking bass player Jeff Pillson, future black country communion drummer Jason Bonham, son of Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham and leader of Bonham, and Bonham singer Chaz West. West was frontman for that show only and was eventually replaced by former Hurricane singer Kelly Hansen, who had sent the band an audition tape and was invited aboard in March 2005, making his debut with the group on March 11 at Boulder Station in Las Vegas. During their 2005 spring tour, Chaz West briefly continued with the band as a special guest, playing rhythm guitar. Their 2005 BMG album, Extended Versions, featured the new lineup playing all their classic hits live in concert in one of the most studio-like, clean-sounding live album recordings produced. Foreigner joined Def Leppard along with Styx on tour in 2007. They also toured extensively in their own right in 2007 the 30th anniversary of the release of their debut. In late 2007, keyboardist Jeff Jacobs left Foreigner after 16 years and was replaced, first by Paul Mirkovich then by Michael Bluestine, in 2008. And in 2008, Bonham also parted ways with Foreigner. Brian Head was then brought in to fill the drum chair. But his tenure was short and he also departed to be replaced by the returning Titchy. The band released a greatest hits anthology on July 15, 2008, titled No End in Sight, The Very Best of Foreigner. The anthology included all of their greatest hits plus some new live recordings and a new studio track, Too Late, which was their first new song release since the 1994 album MR Moonlight and the first recorded output of the new lineup. Too Late was released as a single on June 17, 2008. Recent Events Foreigner released a new album on October 2, 2009, titled Can T Slow Down. It was one of several recent classic rock releases, ACDC, The Eagles, Journey and Kiss Being Four Others, to be released exclusively through the Walmart stores chain in the US, while in Europe the album was released by RMUSIC, a label part of the Edel Group, charting top 20 in Germany, 16, and top 30 in Switzerland. In early 2010, Foreigner teamed up with Sticks and Kansas for their United in Rock tour. On May 4, 2010, it was announced that Brian Titchy's replacement as drummer would be Jason Sutter. On May 22, 2010, Foreigner played a show at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas. White Snake guitar player Doug Aldrich subbed for Jones for this show, leaving the band with no original members for this date. Jason Sutter's time with the band was short as he left by 2011. Mark Schulman then returned to Foreigner for his third go-round as drummer. On February 20, 2011 the band played for the first time in Bangalore City in India along with guitar player Niladri Kumar. In June 2011 Foreigner, again along with Sticks, supported Journey on their UK tour. After this, they joined up with Journey and Night Ranger on a triple-bill Summerfall tour of the US. For some dates of this tour, Journey drummer Dean Castranovo filled in for Foreigner's drummer Mark Schulman when he was not available. From August 19, September 10, 2011, Night Ranger guitarist Joel Hoekstra did double-duty playing for NR as well as subbing for Jones, who had taken ill. Right after this, guitarist Bruce Watson, ex-rod Stewart, was brought in as Jones stand-in for the tour's remaining dates and continued to tour with the group when they hit the road again in the band in February 2012 after Jones underwent a ortho-iliac bypass surgery in Miami. On October 4, 2011 Foreigner released Acoustic Key, which presented their best and most famous songs, along with some newer tracks, recorded in stripped-down acoustic mode. In May 2012, after being diagnosed with colorectal cancer, Bluestine was forced to take a leave of absence from the band. His stand-in on keyboards was Ollie Marland. Bluestine was able to return to the group in August 2012 and Titchy once again rejoined in the interim until his schedule with Whitesnake called him away. In September 2012, the man Titchy replaced in Whitesnake, Chris Frazier, became Foreigner's new percussionist. On August 31, 2012, after over a year away, Jones returned to the concert stage at Atlantis Chastain Park guitarist Watson, in the meantime, stayed on until Jones was able to return to full health. At this very same show, keyboardist Derek Hilland, ex-Iron Butterfly, Whitesnake and Rick Springfield, came on board to sub for Bluestine for the group's late summer fall tour dates and again during the winter spring of 2013 until Bluestine was able to return. On January 9, 2013, the band's original drummer, Dennis Elliott, joined Foreigner on stage at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hollywood, Florida to play on Hot Blooded. In addition to touring small clubs and venues, the band frequently is engaged for private parties and conventions, including playing at SeaWorld in Orlando for an IBM Rational Conference, June 6, 2012, at the Gaylord Convention Center in Washington, DC for the Teradata Partners 2012 Conference, October 25, 2012, and at SAP's Field Kickoff Meeting in Las Vegas, January 23, 2013. On June 13, 2013, at the 44th Annual Songwriters Hall of Fame Award Ceremony, Jones and Graham were officially inducted to the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Billy Joel was on hand to induct Jones and Graham, singing snippets of Foreigner's hits in his introduction speech. Jones said he was proud as the honour makes his work legit. The duo then took stage one more time and, along with Tom Jimble and the house band, performed Jukebox hero and I Want to Know What Love Is with Anthony Morgan's inspirational choir of Harlem a performance that brought the entire audience to its feet. In 2014, Foreigner teamed up with Sticks and former Eagles guitarist Don Felder for the soundtrack of Summer Tour. Original bassist Ed Gagliardi died on May 11, 2014, aged 62, after an eight-year battle with cancer. Although discussions of an original member reunion had been proposed, the original band had not performed together since 1979. On June 18, 2014, Foreigner teamed up with the Brockton High School Concert Choir at the Blue Hills Bank Pavilion in Boston, MA. They performed one of their greatest hits, I Want to Know What Love Island. On January 12, 2015, in Sarasota, Florida, Foreigner were joined on stage by original drummer Dennis Elliott and former bassist Rick Wills to play Hot Blooded. Jones has missed numerous performances in recent years, due to his health. The band has thus consisted entirely of replacement musicians, none of whom performed on the original versions of any of songs in the band's live repertoire. In Hartford, Connecticut on June 24, 2015, Foreigner began a summer tour as the opening act for Kid Rock. Foreigner appeared on The Today Show on February 11, 2016 along with the choir from Our Lady of Mercy Academy to promote their acoustic tour and the release of their new album, in concert. Unplugged. On Saturday, September 24, 2016 Foreigner performed before an estimated 20,000-plus people at the 100th anniversary of the Durham Fair in Durham, Connecticut. The encore song I Want to Know What Love Is utilized the local Kojinshog High School concert choir for backup, their performance having been rehearsed with the band via Skype during the previous months. In a 2016 interview, Jones talked about a possible 40th anniversary reunion tour, featuring the head games era lineup, it's quite possible. We've actually been talking about it. I'm not at a point where I can say it's definitely gonna happen, but we're all working on trying to make it happen. It's kind of exciting. And hopefully it'll be feasible and possible to pull it off next year, 2017, .lu, Graham, and I have communicated and we've kept up a sort of loose communication as I have actually also with Ian McDonald, Al Greenwood, Dennis Elliott and Rick Wills. We're at the early stages, but we're trying to put something together to commemorate, it's scary when I say it, 40 years. On November 25, 2016, in celebration of their 40th anniversary, Foreigner released a limited edition 10-inch vinyl EP, The Flame Still Burns, on Rhino Records for Record Store Day's Black Friday event. The EP's track listing contained the title song, which had previously appeared on Foreigner's acoustic-y album and had earlier been featured in the 1998 film Still Crazy, plus live unplugged versions of feels like the first time, long, long way from home and jukebox hero.


In this seminar I would like to say that modern economics is broken. We need to replace it and rebuild it on new foundations. And actually this is a very exciting opportunity for us to take all of this discipline and start rebuilding it from ground zero. This first part of the talk explains that social science is the study of specific societies and lessons learned from the study of the historical experience of European societies cannot be applied to Islamic societies. So first I will give a general background on why this is necessary. Why did it happen that this whole discipline got built on wrong foundations and so why we need to replace it. So there is a paper I have written short which talks about the idea of social science. So social science is study of human society but which society? So if it is the study of European society it would be different social science it would be different Chinese society would be different but social science makes no mention of this. It says that it is science. Science means that something which is true for in all time space the law of physics remains the same. So there is something strange about the word social science. You can say a study of Europe, study of Africa, study of China but there is no science of human beings. So then the question is why when it is easily shown that our society and the rules and regulations and the methodology and the ideas which govern Islamic societies are very different from those of European societies. So there is no one set of laws which covers both. Same is true of economics. Economics in Islamic societies is different from Islamic in European societies and is different from economics in African societies. The question that I am asking is why when this is so easy to understand, so easy to prove why is this word being used at all? Why not use humanities which is what it used to be? So humanities is study of human beings it will be different for different humans. So to understand this we have to look at European history. So there was more than 100 years of war between Protestants and Catholics in Europe and it was very devastating. One third of the population was wiped out in certain areas and all of the European population was affected. In every family there would be some problems. So those who have studied history of economic thought know that there was a scholastic school. The scholastics were building social science, the study of society on the Bible which was natural just like we should build our social science on the basis of the Quran and that is what I am going to tell about how to do. So because the Christian wars caused devastation in Europe everybody realized that you can't build social science on the Bible. So the scholastic school of thought was rejected because it led to continuous wars. So then they said okay we need to have a different kind of a secular science of society which is not connected to religion and which allows all different religions to live together in peace. Now when they rejected Christianity they had to find new answers to all of the fundamental questions which religion answers. And religion tells us that the universe was created by God. The purpose of our lives is to have success on the hereafter and conduct the rules are given. And then of course institutional structure. Well in Islam we have Khilafat and we have Sharia which tells us about the justice and there are educational systems and there is the family which is the most basic unit of society and then there are neighborhoods, the masjid, all of these things are part of the society and in Islamic society. And similarly you had a Christian society and they had their own structures very different from ours but they had their own. But now they said that we are going to reject the Christians so now we have to start from zero. So we have to define how we should behave, what should the political structure be, what should the economic structure be and it has to start from zero. We have no knowledge. So the most basic question which was explored by enlightenment philosophers in Europe is what is knowledge? I mean suppose I say this is how we should run politics so I'm saying this is part of knowledge. So how do we know if this is true or false? So the Christian answer was that everything comes from the Bible so if we can support it from the Bible then it's true. The Islamic answer is that the Quran and the Sunnah are the foundation of our knowledge. But the enlightenment thinkers rejected the Bible and then they said okay the only thing we will believe is something which we can see and touch that's the empirical and then there is reason. So logical positivism, logic refers to logic, logic and positive means something you can see and touch. So all of the enlightenment philosophers were engaged in this struggle, engaged in this philosophy of how to build human knowledge. So you remember the famous formula I think therefore I am what is Descartes doing? Well basically he is trying to build knowledge from zero. So if you have zero knowledge then the first thing you want to know is do I actually exist? So the logic is actually very bad and this is the true of all logic. The reason this logic is bad is because when you say I think you have already assumed that I exist so what you're doing is something which is quite trivial. You have assumed that I exist then you derive that I exist so it's not really very meaningful but the point is not to criticize the logic the point is to show that the philosophers were starting from zero and they were trying to use logic and senses to derive everything and they failed because you cannot derive all knowledge from zero and that's why we need to go back to the Quran and the Sunnah to derive. So the foundations of western sizes were built on certain answers to these questions which are opposite of the Christian answers. So they said that there is no God as opposed to Christianity. So if there is no God then the universe was created by chance because there was no one to create it. So then man is just another kind of animal. There is no Ashraf al-Makhluqat. So life is like a jungle and what is the law of the jungle? Survival of the fittest. You get whoever. And so what is the purpose of our life? It is the purpose of pleasure and of power because power comes with the survival of the fittest. You need power to survive. So these are the ideas. All of this is built in logic. So when we say rational behavior it means all of these things because it's irrational to believe in God because there is no empirical evidence. Where is the data? Where is the time series? Where can you show me that here there is God? So when we say in economics that this is the theory of rational behavior it means what do we say? We say that you should maximize the pleasure that you receive over your lifetime. Now this is not an Islamic answer. We should be maximizing our chances of success in Qiyamah. And for that Allah Ta'ala has said Lantan al-birat tatin faqum ima ta'ibbun that instead of maximizing your utility you take something which you like very much and you give it away for the sake of Allah. So is this going to maximize your utility? No, it's going to minimize your utility because you are going to take something which you like very much and you are not going to get it. So Islam teaches us to minimize our utility. So, but it is not rational because we are believing in something for which there is no empirical evidence. So they say that's not rational, but that's our behavior. So the Enlightenment thinkers thought that they were revolutionaries. They said everything that humankind has learned up to now is nonsense. We are going to rebuild knowledge from zero. We are only going to have the knowledge and they thought that we had a unique civilization. There is nothing, no one like us. It's like in the Quran there is this Qawam which says that is there anybody like us? So they have that feeling and they still have the same feeling. And basically they said that reason is the key defining feature of man. Man is the one who knows how to reason and only white Europeans know how to reason. Everybody else is irrational. So Asians, Chinese, Africans, we are all incapable of rationality. And that is what justified the colonization. These are all animals.   So now we can answer the question, why is there a social science? They said we have derived our knowledge on the basis of reason and evidence. So it is true. And we are the most advanced society because we have built our society on the basis of reason. All other societies are primitives. And so when they develop they will become like us. So this is actually obviously false but Europeans believe this in their pride and those people who lived in the colonized world got colonized minds. And we believe whatever the white man says even if it is wrong, so I usually when I give economics lessons I say look, suppose to the students, if you look at this old woman, she is trying to buy some tomatoes. Do you know what she is doing? She has a multivariable function. Now she is taking partial derivatives of the function in respect to each variable. Now she has set up the first order conditions. Now she is solving them and putting in the budget constraint and she realizes that I must buy one and a half kilos of tomatoes. So everybody laughs. So I said that now you are laughing but when your teacher was teaching you, you were taking very serious notes and you were worried that how to understand this. So just like this, this theory utility, it is all nonsense. It is garbage. But because the white man is telling us so we say it must be true, it doesn't correspond to our intelligence but we don't have any intelligence. So we accept it. So Rajab Shantur has this series of lectures on Decoloniality which shows how we can build social science on the basis of Islamic principles and also I have a lot of lectures on the same. So the critical thing that we learned from here is that social... Deen refers to a way of life. Religion in European terminology refers to a belief system. See once Europeans rejected Christianity as a social science, so then the idea that religion was a way of life, that was rejected. This is very important because in Islam we think that Islam is both a belief system. We know about Allah Ta'ala and Akhira and angels and life after death, this is all belief. And then there is Deen which is way of life. So we have how to behave in family, what is the Khilafat, what is the Sharia, how do you enforce laws, many other things. This is the way of life. So in Europe they rejected Christianity as Deen, as way of life. They retained Christianity as belief system that personally you can have whatever belief you like. You can believe in three gods, you can believe in one god, you can believe whatever you like. But it has your personal belief. It should not interfere with the society. The society is going to be organized along social science lines. So they have developed a Deen. So this economics is part of the Deen that is developed to replace the scholastics. It is a religion, it is not a science. This is very important to understand. So there are no morals in this Deen because it is based on survival of the fitters. So utility theory is exactly what we call nafs-e-amara. Do whatever the nafs commands you to do. In game theory we study prisoner's dilemma and we see that, suppose I promise you that I will not betray you but later on I say that if I betray you I will gain more advantage. Then it is rational to betray. This is what they say. So there are no commitments. There is no one because it is animals. We are not humans. So again, this has to be if we want to build an Islamic social science it has to be done on different foundations about human behavior. So this is the end of part one of our talk on rebuilding economics on Islamic foundations. We have seen how western social sciences are built on the rejection of Christianity and on the assumptions of western superiority which are not compatible with Islam. This explains why we need to build rebuild economics on Islamic foundations. And in the next part we will explain how we can do so.


Hello, everyone and welcome to the fire safety verification method webinar for architects and building designers. We appreciate you all logging in and attending this session. My name is Alexander Armstrong. I'm here on behalf of the Australian Building Codes Board. And let me just I'm just here for some introduction and I will run you through the working self today. So we have myself running today's seminar. We have Paul England who is representing the Australian Building Codes Board from a fire engineering perspective. And he's providing us an introduction to the fire safety verification method. And we also have Mark Warbur from the AFAC, who is looking at providing a fire authorities perspective on the fire safety verification method. Following that, we will have some questions and answers. We would appreciate if you could log your questions throughout the presentation so that we have a chance to have a look through them and find common trends and answer any of those common questions that are coming through. And we will get through as many as we can. Today's presentation, we're looking at achieving a few learning outcomes for yourself. Firstly, it's gaining a better under technical understanding of the fire safety verification method for architects and building designers and how that will impact your job, your day to day job. Also to just gain a better understanding of how architects and building designers can be involved in the fire safety verification method process. And finally, as always, looking to increase everyone's confidence in working on projects using the fire safety verification method when it transitions into becoming a valid method within the Code on 1 May. Now I'll pass to Paul England, who will be looking at running an introduction to the verification method. Thank you. I'm going to just give you a brief overview and then run into a little bit more detail on a few of the critical areas. First thing to note is that the fire safety verification method is provided in Schedule 7 of the NCC 2019 and it's due to become active on 1 May this year. It provides a process for verifying compliance of fire safety performance solutions with the NCC. It's worth noting that other options can still be used, but the fire safety verification method does provide a robust method with the benchmark being deemed to satisfy building. So what is the purpose of the fire safety verification method? Well, essentially it's to ensure the minimum level of safety required by the NCC is met using the concepts equivalence. And to do this a similar or reference building is defined that complies fully with the DTS provisions. And then the level of safety for that building is checked against the proposed building solution. And if the proposed building solution is equivalent or safer, then you've complied with the NCC performance provisions. It sees a practical approach pending for quantification of the performance requirements. Currently the performance requirements are specified in qualitative terms, which is a challenge to convert that into acceptance criteria. So the fire safety verification method helps that process. It's not a new system or a new approach and the NCC currently does permit the equivalence concept to be used to demonstrate compliance. If you go back to the early 90s, the risk assessment and comparative approaches were used by Bourn-Beck of VUT to evaluate and compare requirements for developing new deemed to satisfy solutions for the NCC. And some of you may be aware of CSERISC, which came out of that work. Early in the 2000s, a code of practice was prepared by the Society of Fire Safety relating to fire safety design certification and peer review. And that was also highlighting the use of a comparative approach. More recently, 2005, the IFEG also incorporates the equivalence approach. And the equivalence approach has been used for some landmark buildings such as the 140 Williams Street project, which some of you may well know quite well. That was undertaken in Melbourne and involved some major reductions in fire resistance levels as well as other variations and some mitigation measures that were added. So that was a very landmark project dating from like 90s to early 2000s. There have been a number of questions asked about whether the DTS provisions are an appropriate benchmark. It should be borne in mind that the deemed to satisfy provisions have a rigorously tested rationale that has been through public comment and also scrutiny by all the states, territories, fire authorities and various others through the BCC process. The BCC, which is now the NCC, was originally derived from state and territory regulations. And these were reviewed and consolidated into the first BCA in 1988, but the first broadly adopted version of that was the 1990 version. Detailed review of the 1990 version was undertaken by the Fire Code Reform Centre, leading to a revised document which included a performance-based approach. And that was the BCA-96. The NCC is regularly updated based on detailed analysis and goes through a public comment process. And it's open to suggestions, so it's reviewed on a three-yearly cycle. And if you do have any suggestions for improvement, they should be submitted to the ABCB. There are a number of supporting resources that have been published to help with the use of the fire safety verification method. These include a handbook, and that provides detailed guidance on applying the fire safety verification method. The information is to assist all stakeholders, not just fire safety engineers, that are involved in the performance-based design brief process. And it identifies other relevant technical documents such as IFAG, international fire engineering guidelines, and national and international standards where appropriate. That's essentially a procedural document, it takes you through the big picture stuff. And there are additional information provided in data sheets which accompany the handbook. The data sheets are written in a form that can be regularly updated, so it's particularly easy to update. The handbook can also be updated if there's a need, but the data sheets are individually dated and have revision tables in them. They provide data and details of analysis and methods that would be useful where more relevant information isn't available. They can be progressively updated, as I've said before, as more relevant information becomes available. And they cover such things as development of design fires. There's a lot on effectiveness, which is the reliability and performance of fire safety systems that are commonly looked at in performance solutions. And also address issues such as occupant response and evacuation. Architects should really be aware and building designers of these documents. Some of them are a little bit technical, but others are more general. Okay, I'll now run through some of the highlights of the FISET safety verification method that makes it a little bit different from routine equivalence approaches. So the first thing is that there is guidance that's provided in the handbook on the selection of reference buildings. And this is really to limit what I've called BTS wrangling when defining the reference building. One of the most important aspects of the verification methods is making sure that an appropriate reference building has been defined. And some of the principles that should be applied in the selection process, there are more in the handbook, but I'll just run through some of the main ones. The reference building should fully comply with the NCC DTS provisions, including relevant state or territory variations. So if you're building in a particular state, you make sure that reference building complies with the relevant state variations. It should have the same footprint floor area and volume as the proposal. This has caused a fair bit of angst, but there are comments that the verification method and equivalence approach is really limited by the determination of an appropriate reference building. And by requiring a similar footprint floor area and volume, it takes out a number of the issues that could be, shall we say, manipulated to give an outcome. And depending on the perspective of the various participants in the performance based design brief, there could be lengthy discussions in which I'm called wrangling to be polite about whether it's positive or negative and whether it makes a fair comparison. So these principles are clearly defined to try and limit that flexibility. Similarly, you should have the same occupant numbers and characteristics as the proposal. This is an interesting one because if you stop playing around with occupant numbers, it has a massive impact on societal risk, which I'll talk briefly about a little bit later, and therefore makes comparison that can give some quite unusual results, which are valid, but it's easier to keep the same occupant numbers, shall we say. You should have the same fire brigade response and arrival time. Obviously, the building is going to be in the same location. And unless you're playing around with alarm times, the fire brigade would be expected to show up at the same time. Where there are options for fire protection measures adopted in combination or a combination of measures based on sound engineering principles should be adopted. This occurs. There are a number of places, even though it's deemed to satisfy in the NCC provisions that give you a large number of options as to what you may wish to use, especially in relation to smoke hazard management. It's therefore important that the whole of the performance based design brief team are satisfied that a reasonable approach based on sound fire engineering principles has been adopted to define an acceptable level of safety. And finally, last one I'll run through is if appropriate include additional features that may not be addressed or fully addressed through adoption of the current NCC DTS provisions. A couple of examples here. The DDA requires provision to be allowed for evacuation of people with disabilities. The NCC acknowledges it but doesn't really provide a clear deemed to satisfy advice. So obviously you're going to make provision for the evacuation of people with disabilities in both the reference building and the design building. Also, if you choose to use lifts for evacuation, that is something that you may also consider for the reference building, depending on the context. Okay, moving on. There's also, and this is a big strength of the verification method. It defines a minimum range of scenarios to be considered to reduce the risk of critical scenarios being overlooked. This doesn't preclude the addition of other verification methods where it's considered that they may well be more critical, but you have to consider these.  Some of the outcomes with these scenarios would be self-evident from a preliminary review, but that review needs to be documented and clearly articulated. Looking at some of these scenarios, there are some that maybe commonly haven't been used in the past for some performance solutions. Things like the first one which is blocked exits where a fire blocks an evacuation route. This is obviously very critical, especially when there's a single evacuation route or things like that. So it really makes you think about the layout of the building and is quite important. Another one of interest is fire starts in concealed spaces. Again, not always looked at in the past, but a fire breaking out of a concealed space that may not have a detection or alarm system or the operation of that may be deferred, again, can have a significant impact. Fire brigade intervention, and that's more, I'll leave that for the fire brigade to talk about, but that's very critical and should be considered. Both from perspective of firefighting, but also evacuation and the safety of firefighters. Common one from previous approaches is a worse credible scenario. That is generally reasonably well understood, but there's also a robustness check which looks at the reliability of systems and looking at failure of systems. So these are very important because not all fire safety systems have the same reliability. So they could perform and have the same efficacy, i.e. they achieve the safety if they actually operate in accordance with their design perspectives. But some systems might have a reliability of 50%, where others may be closer to 90%. So you've got to make sure you're comparing light with respect to reliability as well. Things like structural stability and other property protection are also considered. So it's an interesting list, but it's not exclusive, so you can always add to it. There are also some procedural requirements that are addressed in detail in the handbook. A performance based design brief process is mandatory. So it's not an option, it has to be done. Some participants are mandated, so clients or clients representative. And that may well be the architect or designer in some cases if they've been asked to act on behalf of the client. The architect or designer you're pleased to be note must be involved. Various specialist consultants are generally derived from a stakeholder analysis and it depends what the issues are, complexity of the building. So that's one that could be varied, but he's looked at. Fire brigade emergency services are definitely mandated and I'll let them talk to that later, but they have to be part of it. And obviously the appropriate authority subject to state legislation, which could be which would be a building surveyor or certifier serving a statutory role. That and their degree of involvement will vary from state to state. The performance based design brief team involved in is involved in defining the reference building as I've said before, and that's a very critical part of the process. The fire safety verification method does adopt an holistic approach and this has been identified by current Warren Center and others has been quite critical. So that means that you consider all the performance solutions interacting together as one performance solution or one performance design building, and that's compared to the reference building. So it's a holistic analysis of the interaction of all those variations and tenability criteria are specified in the fire safety verification method. If you are using a set the asset type analysis, although the sensitivity to those things is not as great as it could be in an absolute analysis because you're using a comparative analysis. And as I alluded to earlier, individual and societal risks should be considered. Individual risk really means looking at the risk of it to an individual where a societal risk means looking at, in simple terms, the risk of multiple fatalities from a single incident. Okay, we'll move on now. Okay, so now I'll just go through a little bit on the application of the fire safety verification method. So looking at the design process and obviously this is very close to your hearts has effectively been the chief designers of these buildings. The stakeholder input is critical to that and there are two boxes shown here. One is the NCC, what are called drivers and constraints, which are things like safety, health, amenity, accessibility, sustainability and protection of other property to the degree necessary. But there are additional drivers and constraints as you'll be well aware in relation to the design of a building. So you've got things like the usability of the building, aesthetics, costs, speed of construction, building flexibility, operational continuity, corporate image of the building owner, environmental protection, heritage protection, workplace health and safety, any other legislation that's relevant. And you may well have enhanced NCC drivers driven by wishes from a client, for example. So the role of a designer is to consider all these and the architects building designer has a critical task of identifying all these drivers and constraints that may impact on fire safety in addition to just the NCC provisions. So the NCC requirements are minimum required levels for career and based on critical societal drivers. When you've looked at that overall design process, you come up with a proposed building design and the bit we're focusing on is the NCC compliance determination. But you will also have to determine whether you've complied with the other additional drivers and constraints that lies outside the scope of this presentation. So moving on, selection of assessment method. This is a key role for the performance design brief group. And the first part of this process is to check NCC compliance. And the first question you have to ask is does the design satisfy all DTS requirements? If it satisfies those DTS requirements, then there's no need for any further performance solution development or analysis. However, if those DTS solutions aren't satisfied, then you have to go to performance solution path. And the next question is, is the fire safety verification method applicable? If it is, then a decision is made to progress down that path. If not, then you look at other permitted NCC assessment methods. So moving on now to assuming the decisions being made to follow the fire safety verification method. And we then get heavily involved in the performance-based design brief process. Core stakeholders, they're listed here. Fire safety engineers, it's obviously got to be involved. Building surveyor certifier, and that's the statutory certifier. Emergency services, fire brigade, client owner or delegate. In some instances, those requirements may be delegated to the architect and our designer. And then architect and building designer. So those are the core members of the performance-based design brief team. But there are other members depending on what you're looking at as part of your process. So you could have fire safety practitioners such as emergency management consultants, looking at evacuation issues, active and passive fire protection company systems. You may be looking at a performance solution that involves them, active and passive fire protection, and also the designers or installers of those details. You might wish to specify a high level of performance out of say a sprinkler system. You need somebody to tell you whether that's practical and achievable on your project. Various specialist consultants, structural engineers, services engineers, acoustic access consultants, consulting building surveyors. The main person with all the access to these people is the architect and building designer. So they need to be identifying, along with the fire safety engineer who should be involved. Material suppliers, these may not be fire safety practitioners, but with issues such as combustibility to be considered, they may need to be involved. A peer reviewer, if it's a complex fire safety design, could be required. You may have tenants representative building operations reps for looking at the implementation stage, a builder insurers. All those should be considered for potential membership. And the issues that will be addressed during that brief are description of proposed building solution and the implementation plan. So that implementation plan is again critical. The building has to be buildable and built at the end of the day and comply. Define the reference building and then you identify variations between the reference building and the DTS provisions. Identify relevant performance requirements. All this is currently required by the NCC, but the process is better defined in the fire safety verification method. Identify relevant scenarios. There's a helping hand there. And then identify analysis methods, inputs and criteria. The FSVME is quite open about analysis methods. So it's not prescriptive, not overly prescriptive. But the use of those methods should be justified. Moving on to the next slide. So the architect building design as well. Just a highlight. Architect building designer appointed at the start of a project. So you're there from the start. So you should be fully involved in the performance based design brief right from the very start and be driving it. You may be the only person with a broad coverage of all the drivers and constraints that need to be communicated to the design team. And that includes the fire safety engineer. You may also be delegated by the client owner to act on their behalf. So you need to have a broad understanding of the NCC along with other drivers and constraints. But you may need to be supported by a consultant building survey. So where the statutory building survey as well is limited to just a yes or no regarding certain things with compliance with being to satisfy. If you want a consultant building survey that's going to get involved in the design process, they could be involved in the design team. But they do need to be independent of the statutory building survey in most states. So the architect or building designer will tend to coordinate consultants if no project managers are involved. And your important role is to continually check all drivers and constraints have been satisfied. And then the fire safety engineer is made aware of any potential changes even outside the fire safety area that could impact on the fire safety engineering design. And finally, you go through a review of the analysis and sign off. So the building survey, peer review and fire brigades will be particularly interested. But you need to review the final design documentation implementation and maintenance plans to again determine independently if all the drivers have been satisfied. You want to review the documentation to check if there is adequate information to facilitate compliance at the end of the construction program. Projects and through the building life. And also look at the responsibilities for design and implementation. Who is going to be responsible for that? As the lead designer, you have some exposure in this area. So if you haven't allocated somebody to fulfill the role of overseeing the design, noting that a building surveyor does have some responsibilities, but that's generally an audit process. So you really need to consider that and potentially a good way of doing that is to consider the extension of the performance based design brief post the design verification. That's where the fire safety verification method ends unless there's any further design changes, but the implementation is critical. So moving on to just the last slide. And as I've indicated, this really isn't relevant or specific to the fire safety verification method, but the reliability of the system should have been considered. And therefore this process needs to have been considered to some degree. And if you look at this diagram, it is complicated. If you look at the orange areas, you've got things where products supply chains come in. You might need product designers involved in the performance based design brief, but they're definitely going to be involved in the installation. And you've got to look at how any specific design details that are relevant to the performance based solution are communicated to those people. Obviously, the builder has a coordination role, but so does the architect and building designer. And moving through the construction process, you've also got building use and occupation. There's no point in making assumptions about how occupants are going to behave and what cues they're going to be given if the system isn't established to provide that. And you have to maintain your inspection and maintenance procedures throughout the life of the building. So again, that comes into the handover from the architect. So you have an involvement extending the role of the performance based design brief team may help you in this and delegating certain tasks. So that's a brief summary of the verification method and just a little bit more on the end. So thank you very much. Thank you, Paul. Now we'll pass across to Mark Warbara from AFAC to provide a fire authority perspective on the fire safety verification method. Thank you, Alex. And thank you to the Australian Building Codes Board for allowing me the opportunity to be involved in these webinars. For those of you who don't know me, I'm Assistant Commissioner of Community Safety for Fire and Rescue and New South Wales, but also the Chair of the AFAC Building Environment Technical Group. So obviously a key stakeholder in the FSVM. As we've heard from Paul, the National Construction Code will now have a requirement that the solution provided by the FSVM must now be compared to the same type of building with DTS provisions. That's an important point and an attractive point for fire services who like certainty in design. The FSVM must be equal to or safer than the DTS result. And we do appreciate, fire services appreciate that this will require additional work and reviewing, but it will also enable a more informed holistic safety comparison and therefore expected to be a better result in terms of safety for both the occupants and fire services. And that's an important point because fire services, our responding firefighters have this building as our place of work once an emergency occurs. So any design using the verification method will still have to go through the same approvals process that's in place within each state and territory. That exists for performance solutions in New South Wales, my jurisdiction. Any performance solution comes through a courtesy of the EPA legislation. It's not an automatic acceptance and it does not have the same acceptance as say code mark, for example. It is a requirement of the FSVM to use all relevant sections of the verification method and that if any stakeholder has a contrary view or does not approve of the design or process etc. Then this must be documented and attached to the proposal when submitted for approval. That means that any, there's a declaration that there's been a disagreement or a difference of opinion over certain provisions. As well as that in terms of the process under which we operate, AFAC welcomes the review by ABCB of I think International Fire Engineering Guideline and will be collaborating closely with the ABC in that review. Paul touched on the Fire Brigade Intervention Model and now AFAC is currently reviewing the FBM, Fire Brigade Intervention Model and this is scheduled to be ready for release of the FSVM and its implementation from the 1st of May. The fire safety verification methodology is supported by all AFAC agencies. There were certainly some internal debate and there were comments about things in relation to such things as data. But AFAC believes that with good will, good faith by all parties, any varying opinions can be sorted out in the fire engineering brief process that we'll be going through with you. The fire services are a key stakeholder in this process and are expecting to be involved as per the NCC provisions. The extent of the fire services involvement however will be decided or determined once the proposal is reviewed. Fire services do understand that the use of the VM is not mandatory and that there are the paths and methodologies and approaches to show compliance with the NCC, particularly around performance provision. Regardless of the methodology used there, fire services are expecting to be involved as a stakeholder. Currently the fire services around Australia and New Zealand are reviewing their approach to regulation and their regulatory role. What is the future of fire services? In some respects comes out of the Shergoll-Wear Report, the Building Confidence Report commissioned by the Building Ministers Forum. That starts to look at what our role should be. Certainly there's been criticism in the past of fire services, their performance, their timeliness, their cost. What we're looking for is definitely national consistency and we see the VM as one approach to ensuring better consistency in fire services input into making buildings safer. However, due to the different regulatory regimes that we work under in each state and territory, there will understandably be some differences, some variants. It's important to note that it's expected that the VM will require a degree of competency. And the Warren Centre project that some of you may be aware of, professionalising fire safety engineering, has certainly highlighted the fact that not only the industry has to raise the bar on its performance, but fire services do as well. And we're a key stakeholder, a key contributor to the Warren Centre's project. One last point, and it was one of the selling points to have AFAC's approval or endorsement of the FSVM when it was proposed, is around the fact that there has been limited acknowledgement of firefighters as occupants of the building. But the VM actually introduces that in terms of the scenarios against which we're going to test the performance of the building. And that includes the unexpected catastrophic failure. Certainly we don't want firefighters entering a building that then falls down on. So thank you again for allowing me to be involved and I'll hand back to Alex. Thank you, Mark. We'll now move into the question portion of today's webinar. Please feel free to continue to send through any questions if you have them based on today's continent. But first off, I will direct a question to Paul, which is, will the architect be expected to produce a set of drawings for the DTS reference building? I think this will depend to a large extent on a case by case basis. And the level of detail in the drawings will also vary depending on obviously on the stage of the project as well. I think if you start talking about a whole set of drawings involving a detailed design stage or final design, I think a full set of drawings probably wouldn't be appropriate. Normally the fire safety verification method and most performance solutions should be undertaken. Probably a schematic design stage leading into design development and then the details are carried on. So theoretically you would need a building that's got a clearly defined layout and the details that are pertinent to the actual study and the analysis that's been undertaken. Whether they're fully developed drawings for all purposes is a matter of debate. But probably the easiest way, depending on the similarity of the buildings, is to use your existing buildings and then just change them as to what you would do for DTS compliance in accordance with what was agreed at the performance design brief stage. Thank you, Paul. The next question I will answer, which is if proposing to use the fire safety verification method and other methods, could this be incorporated into the fire engineering brief rather than two separate reports? So this is a terminology based question. Traditionally in the fire engineering world, the fire engineering brief has been the documentation terminology used. The ABCB has started to introduce the term performance-based design brief. The intention that is these are two similar processes. The key differentiator being that the performance-based design brief is used commonly across the entirety of the code. The fire engineering brief is the same process, however, is specific to the fire engineering brief. They can be used and will likely be used interchangeably as the FEB or fire engineering brief term is currently used throughout the fire engineering area. But either or is basically the same process. Next question is I will push to Paul. Is the reference building considered to be a hypothetical building? I'm not too sure what is meant by a hypothetical building. I think, again, it ties in with the previous answer I gave. It's a building that should be able to be built. It's a building that is very similar to the proposed performance solution, but has the variations from the thing to satisfy provision change so that they do comply with the DTS provisions. So it should be potentially a real building, but it's not going to be built necessarily unless when you go through the process you decide that the thing to satisfy building is easier to build than your performance solution. It wouldn't necessarily be a first time. So basically it has to be really enough that it can be built, but obviously the intention is that it's not going to be built. I don't know whether that's helping. Thanks, Paul. Look, I'll pass this next question to Mark, specifically reference to AFAC. Do AFAC agencies expect to have an increase in workload or reviewing fire safety designs as a role of the commencement of the fire safety verification method? And then following on from that, do they expect any additional work as part of their submissions towards them as a result of this process? Thanks for the question. Yes, short answer, yes. We expect more buildings to come our way. We expect, I mean, it is also dependent on the take up of industry. The FSVM, as I mentioned, is going to impose a little more additional work, a bit more rigor around proposals, and therefore I'm not sure whether the industry may shy away from that. However, certainly between the FSVM and some other developments in the building environment space, the regulatory space, we're expecting more work to come fire services way. Some of that is being driven by the BMF and the implementation of Sure Gollawere. Some of it is certainly being driven by community and government expectations. In preparation for that, my technical group put up a briefing to the AFAC Council, itemising some of the expansion of our role that could be coming our way, and flagging the fact that we need to be resourced properly to be able to meet that demand. Thanks, Mark. I'll pass this question, next question on to Paul, which is, should architects and building designers be involved in the performance-based design brief? Absolutely, you couldn't have a performance-based design brief without your lead designer involved. They have to give input into all aspects of the design, and essentially they're responsible for coordinating the outcomes as well. They are an integral part and should always be involved in a performance-based design brief. Thanks, Paul. I'll lead this next one on to yourself as well, which is, will the fire safety verification method apply to all building classes? Well, the version that it's in, or the part of the NCCC it's in, relates to class 229 buildings, and as such it can be applied to those class 229. The decision whether it applies to class 1 buildings and 10 buildings depends on whether it's ever inserted into that document. That's my perspective on it. So it's really a matter of the scope. There's no reason why the procedures couldn't be applied to a class 1 building, but whether it's practical is perhaps another matter. Thank you for that, Paul. And our next question, which is, will the fire safety verification method apply to new or renovating buildings? I might get Mark's response to this one first. Okay, my understanding is that if it involves a performance solution, it will come to us. So if the renovation of the building, a major renovation, has significant performance solutions involved in the design, then the FSVM could be used in that pathway. Thanks, Mark. And look, I will just extend on that and say the other regulatory response that is also, is the fire safety verification method can be applied to any building which is considered to be new building work. And that is defined by your state and territory regulations, and does vary across all states and territories in Australia.  And then look, thank you. That is the last question that we've got coming in currently. We appreciate everyone logging in. And I think that will bring an end to today's webinar. Thank you.


We've talked a lot about how India and Australia could work better, encouraging creative subjects in, particularly in university. He definitely has a creative element to himself, so I think he can really see similarities between First Nations Arts and possibly Gond Arts, so Indigenous Arts of India, and I think there's a lot of cultural crossovers in the arts as well as just culturally, I suppose, First Nations culture. Yeah, there's a lot of similarities between our two countries, which is beautiful.


Welcome to the second lecture of capsule number 3 or the sixth lecture in this particular course. Today we are going to look at measurement pressure and air speed. So the outline of today's presentation is going to be we start first with pressure measurements then we move on to measurement of air speed and once we study about air speed measurement we also need to know that there are different types of air speeds. So we look at the differences between those speeds. We will also look at two measurements one of altitude and the other of the rate of climb and descent and then we will move on to errors in the pneumatic measurements because most of the instrumentation in the aircraft so far has been based on pneumatics. We then look at how there are errors in compressible flows and what kind of compensations are provided and finally we look at the future about usage of non-pneumatic instruments for measuring pressure as well as speed as well as other parameters like angle of attack. Okay, so let us start with pressure measurement essentially what we need is a mechanism or system on the aircraft that can sense changes in pressure but the question that immediately behoves us is which pressure are we measuring? Is it the stagnation pressure or the pressure when the fluid is brought to rest ascentropically or is it the static pressure or dynamic pressure? So the question can be answered by saying let us measure both of them because both of them are of some use to us we will see very soon. So the measurements made such that the flow is not disturbed is called as the static pressure measurement and in static pressure measurement we have to be passive. In both the cases of course one should not disturb the flow field as far as possible to get a true reading in static pressure measurement we are not interested in changing the parameters of the flow. In stagnation pressure measurement we need we want to measure it when you bring the flow to rest but this rest but bringing the fluid to rest has to be done ascentropically. So what is ascentropically? Do you remember we discussed this in one of our previous lectures? So can somebody help me? What is meant by bringing flow to rest ascentropically? So what happens in ascentropic flow or what does not happen in ascentropic flow? No heat is exchanged, no heat is lost or gained would like to add something take the mic mention your name first. Sir my name is Sathya Murayar and sorry in ascentropic process entropy should be 0. Entropy should not change. So in real life can we have an ascentropic process no it is very difficult to have a physical process which is perfectly ascentropic but if the losses are minimized if the heat gain and loss is almost negligible if the entropy change is almost negligible then we can say that it is ascentropic. So why is it required to do ascentropically yes if you have some interesting point you can discuss in the class as I mentioned in my first lecture I prefer discussion and interaction. So I would like you to elaborate that that is a very very valid point so you elaborate. What you are saying is the process that they have described is not ascentropic but adiabatic. Okay. So can somebody answer yes please take a mic there is a mic somewhere there in the middle yes okay reversible reversible not it is reversible but then what about entropy change is entropy change permitted in adiabatic flow what about ascentropic flow reversible adiabatic flow is ascentropic can we say that okay. So we just go ahead basically we want to bring it to us adiabatically so in the static pressure measurement what we normally do is there is a flow and you see there is one L shaped pipe but that is not our concern right now in the static pressure measurement we have another pipe or a probe but that is flush with the inner edge of the tube. So therefore it is not protruding inside and the pressure that it will measure is called as a static pressure okay the one on your left is a tube which is going to probe inside which is going to disturb the flow and that is going to measure the total pressure okay. Similarly on the right hand side we see a similar thing you have a total pressure connection and then on the side you have a static pressure connection and on the top you have a bent stem which has a static pressure port on the sides and in the front it takes the incoming flow head on we have the total pressure port. So both these pressures are important to us and we need to measure both of them okay. So let us see how the pressure typing is done this is just a close up of the same figure it shows you that the tube that is used can be integrated to the pipe partially but the probe where you do the measurement has to be absolutely flush with the pipe even a very small projection can lead to losses and errors and that is going to be a problem. So this is a small hole which is drilled normal to the surface and on the bottom one is connected to the pressure measurement instrument. If you want to do it in a free flow that means external flow that one was internal flow in external flow you create these holes equally spaced if possible on all along the periphery of the tube which is projecting into the flow direction. Notice that the front of the flue tube could be closed or open for static pressure measurement we do not want to worry about the air coming in the front but in most cases as we will see very soon we couple these two together okay. So P-static probe is inserted without disturbing the flow streamlines and if you look at stagnation pressure measurement the most commonly used instrument is called as a pitot static tube. The last T is silent it is called as a pitot static tube and this actually is used for measurement of both I am sorry we are talking about pitot tube right now. So pitot tube does not have any static port it is just a pitot tube basically is to measure total or stagnation pressure is very simple just take a tube round the edges in the front so that it does not create any sharp discontinuities and bend it perpendicular to the stem you get a tube which can be aligned to the flow and it measures total pressure. So the fluid is this is rated isentropically to rest now how do you confirm that the fluid is brought to rest isentropically in such a tube why are the isentropic requirements or how are the isentropic requirements met how can you be so sure that this particular method of bringing to rest is isentropic in nature can someone ponder over it and tell suppose we challenge and say no this is not isentropic then how will you justify because if we do not stop it isentropically then we are not making a true measurement. So one requirement is it has to be perfectly parallel to the flow so this is something I will leave it to you for Moodle homework people are very active in Moodle in this class I am very happy they are posting things on Moodle but from now on we have to look at posting quality material. So when you post material on Moodle remember we are not playing a game of fastest finger first on Aikmanaka on Manaka Krodpathy that you simply go google the term whatever first link you get copy and paste it that is not the intention I do not want to check how soon you can do a simple google search that is not the intention the intention of asking you to go on Moodle is a self-study aspect of this course I would like you to ponder before you post you can post youtube videos because that improves clarity even you see I also use a lot of youtube videos to improve the clarity that is not a problem but the problem is like there was a post about rivets and I have given my comments on that on the Moodle page similarly do not simply put something because it has to be put the quality of the post that you put is going to be evaluated not the number we want to see how much processing you do are you able to get some interesting material which is not hitherto available something simply from a textbook unless it is mentioned that okay I want derivation of something to be shown then it is okay you can go to a textbook you can copy just give the reference and paste it but merely putting something just for number game is not our intention so now we have a very valid question we have to now convince ourselves by arguments and by some kind of explanation why a pitot tube which consists of a simple bent tube 90 degree bent tube immersed in flow provided it is kept perfectly aligned to the flow direction why is it and how is it sure that the flow is brought to rest isentropically okay argue out in a technical manner and then we will learn the question that I want to now talk about is the instruments are for the people who work on instrumentation etc but the pilot is the one who actually sees on board so the question is how does the pilot see the pressure the pilot sees the pressure basically by an instrument in the olden times they used to be dials where needles used to move such as the one that we are seeing this is a boredant tube but there could be other ways of also showing it to the pilot you can show it digitally also you can create the same display using electronics okay so what we have nowadays is called as a glass cockpit by glass cockpit we mean that the instrumentation or the display that you see on the aircraft are not physical or mechanical instruments these are computer simulations of instruments so these are basically most aircraft nowadays have what is called as a multifunctional display MFDs there will be four of them typically and any of them can be made anything by programming so if there is a pilot and copilot and there is a problem with the copilot okay I am just saying the whole instrumentation can be shifted to the left hand side and vice versa so these kind of facilities are available in a combat aircraft for example you may have a person sitting behind many combat aircraft have two member crew so typically the person sitting behind will be doing the navigation mission planning weapon release etc and the one in the front is going to basic airmanship or flying suppose the person on the back seat has a problem suppose that person faints the display can be transferred to the front so that the pilot can do all the actions it is not that now I cannot do anything because I cannot see so that is the beauty of multifunction displays but let us first go into what is currently available the physical instrumentation system this is a very typical bourdon tube which has got this bourdon tube which deflects based on the pressure which is coming I will soon show you a video so the fluid it could be water it could be air in aircraft normally we use air measurements so the air will enter from there and that is going to basically lead to so this is the open end on the bottom and the open end is fixed in place it is held inside the instrumentation the other end is the closed end to which we connect some kind of bulk ranks and levers so this is free to move so the pressure of the fluid enters and the tube under reaction to that starts to straighten as it straightens then the tube will recoil and as the tube recoils the pointer there is going to move the screen and this pointer movement will be seen by the pilot in the display so this is the most basic instrument and it has to be calibrated on ground based on the pressure expected at a particular condition should be replicated so one application would be engine oil pressure gauge the other application could be hydraulic pressure gauge the next one could be de-icing boot pressure gauge and the fourth one could be oxygen time so any place where fluids are used in aircraft under pressure you can use the fluid pressure itself to communicate to the pilot what is the magnitude of the pressure by moving the screen so what is meant by de-ice anybody knows what is meant by de-icing and what is meant by de-icing boot there are two questions here yes okay okay there is a small correction one need not have to go to high altitude for de-icing even at sea level at very cold conditions in many countries you can have icing icing basically takes place when there is presence of ice okay so yeah mostly when aircraft are flying at high altitude temperature drops so the icing builds up but you can have icing even at ground level at the airport before takeoff so whenever there is collection of ice we need to have a system which is meant to remove it called as de-icing system so what is meant by de-ice boot anyone yes the mic can go there so de-icing we know but what is meant by de-icing boot that is right thank you so there are many ways of de-icing one of the method is called as a pneumatic de-icing you could do electrical de-icing by sending a heat element some current and that melts the ice but one very simple way is the mechanical method or the pneumatic method where there are certain rubber based contraptions typically near the quarter chord of the wing upper and lower areas so they start vibrating or they inflate and deflate which breaks the ice so the inflation and deflation of that will require some fluid and that fluid will have some pressure and this tells the pilot so if the de-ice boot pressure gauge shows 0 it means the de-icing system is not working okay there is something called as a minimum equipment list or MEL when you fly an aircraft so if you do not expect icing conditions during the flight you might be allowed to fly without the de-icing system working okay it is not that every system of the aircraft has to always work in every flight but if you are flying in what is called as a known icing conditions then you will not be allowed to fly if the de-icing boot so because it will be in the minimum equipment list so when the pilot does a pre-flight check and sees de-icing good pressure is 0 he or she checks is it permitted to operate if it is okay known we fly similarly oxygen tank pressure why do we need oxygen in the aircraft oxygen system is required because when you go to high altitude for passengers as well as for the pilot you need oxygen in the case of a situation where there is a complete loss of pressure and ambient air will not be breathable similarly hydraulic pressure similarly engine oil pressure so these fluids they have exert pressure and that is used in the golden tube okay then there is another system called as a bellows so bellows basically are a collection of diaphragm chambers which are joined together something like the spring that you can see you can see there is an there is a diagram of the bellows so the pressure enters from the bottom the spring is basically going to hold the bellows together when there is no pressure when the pressure acts the pressure forces against the spring so the pressure force is acting on the spring and it is expanding the spring it is a constrained spring okay so either it is a compressed shape spring which will expand because of the acting of the pressure and the movement of the side walls that is the bellows they are correlated with the change in the pressure and at the end you have a pointer linked to a scale so as the bellows move you will be able to get a reading there is a short video showing how the bellows work bellow gauge contains an elastic element that is spring that is a convoluted unit that expands and contracts actually which changes in pressure the spring embellished gauges is made of brass phosphor bronze stainless steel or other metal that is suitable for the intended purpose of the gauge obviously depending on the amount of pressure you are expecting and the size limitations in the instrumentation you have to choose an appropriate material for the spring and the material of the spring should be such that it can come back it does not have any hysteresis so that when you extend it contract it thousand times it does not have any permanent deformation so that is why we have to go very carefully about the movement of the bellows can be converted into linear displacement this displacement can be converted in terms of pressure as flow of pressure increases a pointer starts rotating on the dial which indicates the pressure of the flow and to make this measurement precise the scale of the dial is divided in many sectors after some time the pointer assumes a new position on the pressure calibrated scale on the dial to indicate the applied pressure directly and thus pressure is measured on the dial baggage okay so this is very simple in fact this instrument is much simpler than even the modern gauge because for the modern gauge you have to have provision for the displacement of the gauge okay here there is no displacement it is only the spring which is getting compressed or extended okay so this is the information regarding pressure measurement


Alright, cobalt's air 4, number 4, single simple source air off of number 3, pressure pumps, folks are off clear clocks. Starting engine number 4, but cord's below 190, good pressure.


Special relativity has two postulates. Now a postulate is something that you accept as fact and use it to derive the rest of the theory. So how do we know our postulates are correct? Experiments. Throughout the course of human history, since the dawn of special relativity, no reputable experiment has contradicted either of these postulates. And because of that, we feel it's reasonable to take this to be fact for the time being until they are contradicted by an experiment in the future. So the first postulate is the principle of relativity. And this states that the laws of physics are independent of your inertial reference frame. If I'm standing here and Alice is driving in that direction at 100 miles an hour, both of us observe the same laws of physics. To put it in another way, if I put you on a train and that train was traveling very smoothly, no bumping on the tracks, no acceleration, my were to black out all the windows and stop you from communicating in any way with the outside world, you would not be able to tell what speed the train was traveling at, if it was moving forwards, backwards, or not moving at all. Because in each of those cases, the laws of physics that you would observe would be exactly the same.


Hey there, Chad Bondi here for high university libraries. I am an avid sports fan and one of the things I really like about watching sports and listening to sports is after the game when the coach talks to the new the sports broadcasters About how the game went, you know one things they can use to get better things that they you know did really well Did you know that there is information like that for publicly traded companies? They're called fair disclosure transcripts and they typically occur Quarterly after companies release their earnings conference calls this video shows you how to find those transcripts in Lexis nexus. So here you go To begin I'd like to give you a little information about what the fair disclosure wire is and how far back it goes in Lexis nexus You can see it goes back to April 2nd 2001 through current and it looks like it's updated within four days of publication and what this is is The the wire contains I'm just going to read straight off here wire contains events event briefs and transcripts of analyst calls basically when when analysts talk to Executives of publicly traded companies when they release their quarterly earnings and that sort of thing They do a phone call to basically ask them questions and what these are these are transcripts of those calls verbatim and Basically, it's a good way to get Some of the information from the the executives as far as where the company is going why their numbers are down Why their numbers are up you may be able to glean some information about some of the company's strategy going forward So it's a great source for that kind of information Now admittedly nexus makes a little bit difficult to find what you're looking for and then in the case of this fd news wire What we're going to do you have to know that the name of the publication. I've already told you it's fd news wires We're just going to search for a publication and then go over here and type in fd and from the list here We see fd fair disclosure wire and we click there and just do a search Now what this will do you see it searches and gets 10,000 plus results that because it hasn't actually searched for a company there Now what I found I tried two different things. I'm searching for cumulus media It's a company that that does radio broadcasting. It's one of the companies that my students are working on right now They recently followed fall for bankruptcy. And so we're we're in doing some restructuring So I want to find some of the the the conference calls from this company So I'm going to search for cumulus media within results here And you can see I get Some things about cumulus media, but I'm getting a bunch of other stuff. That's not cumulus media So what I found is If you actually and you kind of miss it up here, you can search within fair disclosure wire To search for cumulus media this guy this way and Hit the magnifying glass there to search It looks like this search Does a better job of actually looking for the the company that I'm actually looking for here So you can see my my my search results are a little bit better I've got no idea why this is different than than this, but You use this search box up here to search within the publication of fair disclosure wire Now what these are these are basically transcripts, you know, it'll give you a who was on the call and The operator and that's kind of thing and it basically kind of walks you through like, you know What they did with their their earnings and that sort of stuff What I like about it is You get information like this it talks about their initiatives looks like they complete a full route of something called C Suite which they collect some digital tools and things like that they move to a product called We know something called West Westwood once this gives me additional things that the company wants to highlight that I as a Researcher can then go back and do some more research about so it's a good way to get Information about you know the company's view of how they're doing and a little bit of company strategy They're not they're not going to tell you everything that they're going to be doing for competitive purposes But it's a good way to kind of get an idea as far as where the company Believes their heading and what kind of things they need to steer to correct Some problems that they had Hope this video helped you understand how to find those earnings conference call transcripts in nexus uni or Lexis nexus as I get Used to calling it If you need more help look for the contact link on the business blog We're glad to help you whenever I can take care and best of luck with your research