Greetings everyone. Welcome you all for the presentation titled Deans Defending PCA Performance and Tuning Parameters. This is Patan Mohan working as a system structure design engineer in Foundry Design Services team of Samsung Semiconductor. My colleagues and co-authors Mr. Pankaj and Mr. Dhaathya. I will be presenting all the data and myself along with the co-authors will address all your queries at the end of the presentation. Let's go to the next slide. In the next slide, we have the agenda detailing the upcoming contents. The presentation starts with an introduction which specifies the need or motivation of the services which showcases how PCA has a much wider bandwidth when compared to the other seated protocols and why PCA bandwidth needs to be utilized to the maximum extent possible. Following the motivation slide is the factors or parameters which affects the performance of the PCA based systems where each factor has been identified and segregated based on its tuning flexibility. The next topic will be the in-depth analysis of some of the important factors which shows a significant impact when doing such as PCA links being linked with the maximum payout size, the maximum read request size, the overheads due to ECRC and including schemes. The latency is due to ASP maintain and some link level mechanisms such as slave scan flow control, maximum outbound non-postage request or also considered here. Finally, this presentation concludes how these factors help improve the performance of the PCA incorporated system and how the analysis can be extended. Let's dive into the contents. As many of you are aware here, PCAE is a high speed interconnected being favored by most associated systems for high speed data transfers between the subsystems. The PCAE protocol which was first introduced as a local bus standard has become a standard bus specification which improves the performance of high performance computing and automotive applications. PCAE is not now restricted only to the computing applications but also to many applications which is used for non-computing purposes also. The PCAE SIP devices the protocol to support future enhancements by making the IP convenient for speed upgrades and better encoding techniques. Though the PCAE speeds are tremendous when you consider standard home, things become different when they are incorporated into an SOC. Many factors including link width payload size, data path latency, PXRX buffer size plays a crucial role in determining the performance of the PCAE incorporated system. These factors needs to be considered when designing a PCAE based system which focuses on either having a high performance or high power saving use cases. Some of the tuning factors are flexible in such a way that it can be tuned even during systems runtime which can be improved in such a way that if there is a user space application or a software which is running on top of the system, the software can tweak it during the runtime operation thereby it can switch to a low power mode or a high performance mode. This enhances the system's flexibility where it can switch between power and performance on need basis. Therefore the SOC PCAE has to understand the tradeoff between the cost and the performance of the system which can be tweaked to align with the use case of the system. The PCAE unit has to consider the accessibility of tuning these factors and provide hardware registers or software groups so that the user space applications or the end users can switch the system to enter into the performance or power saving mode. This presentation explores the tuning factors available in the PCAE incorporated system. The presentation utilizes the SOC which has a synopsis between the PCAE controller. We can have a look into the tuning factors in the upcoming slides. Let's move on to the next slide. This slide shows the list of factors which are segregated based on their affinity to the PCAE presented in the system. So we have segregated it based on the protocol level, the OS level and the IP configuration. On the protocol level we have ASPM latencies which considers how entering and exiting the ASPM state during heavy workload affects the performance. Then followed by the ECRC and encoding scheme which details the overhead of CRC and encoding techniques on the data which being transmitted on particular PCAE generation bus. On the operating system level we have the operating frequency of the SOC. This operating frequency can cause propagation delay from the application to the PCAE buffers thereby reducing or impacting the performance of the PCAE based system. The other factor is the ability of the processor for multi-threading where different processors can access the PCAE port in parallel. Improving the multi-threading concept also improves the PCAE performance of a particular system. Next moving to the PCAE IP configuration level we have the maximum payload size and the maximum read report size highlighting the relationship between the PCAE buffer size and performance. The link speed and the link width is also considered which shows the correlation between the number of links and the transmission speed on each link. And finally the scale flow control and the maximum outbound non-postage request is also considered. In the upcoming slides we will be discussing about some of the parameters and its usability whether they can be configurative in the same time or in that time or whether it gives a significant boost to the performance or power saving features of the system. Let's move to the next slide. This slide gives a glimpse of the test bench which we have used to capture the throw holder by tuning the hard register. So our test bench consists of a host processor which has PCAE dual control controller but for this specific purpose which has been configured in a root complex mode. On the other side we have an ARM64 based SOC which has a PCAE dual control controller configured in input mode. Both the input and the root complex are Z4 capable and can link up with a maximum link width of 4. The test bench also utilizes almost all the links which is available and then performs the test occurring. We have used a custom tweaked Linux drivers commonly available in user space and bare metal software to access the tuner register to capture the throughput data. The software test bench plays a major role in capturing the time taken for the transferring data between the controllers. The test bench utilizes the embedded PCAE DMA controller to transfer the data. The right interval between the software reading the rover of DMA and the done notification from the DMA is captured and the transfer rate is calculated. Since the transfer rate is being calculated, this is calculated based on the size of data being transmitted. This experiment is repeated for different data sizes ranging from 1 byte until 2 megabytes. We brought out all the data from the test bench and a graph has been plotted based on the captured data with multiple viewing parameters being tuned at the different test levels. Which we will be looking in the upcoming slides. The first factor which we are about to look into is the encoding variant. In order to maintain the TC values on the transmission lines, the PCAE uses encoding schemes. This encoding scheme varies across the generations. Let's take an example here. For PCAE Gen 1 and Gen 2, the protocol follows 8 slash 10 bit encoding schemes. This proves the fact that an additional two bits are being overhead to the three PCAE throughput here, which is roughly 20 percentage here. Ideally, if we calculate the bandwidth for Gen 1 base systems, the actual bandwidth only corresponds to 80 percentage of the protocol specified transfer rate, which roughly translates to 250 megabytes per second on a single link. This is a similar case for Gen 2 also, which is 500 megabytes per second. However, this overhead gets minimized in Gen 3 and Gen 4 base systems where 128 slash 130 bit encoding is being followed. This reduces the throughput overhead from 20 percent to mere 1.5 percent, thereby doubling the practical bandwidth from Gen 2 to Gen 3. And the other factors encoding overhead is a protocol specified and must be followed for proper working of PCAE. It cannot be tuned for better performance. However, the user can still design on proceeding with the Gen based on the use case and size of the transfer. Let's say if the use case is based on using the PCAE range for any graphical applications, the graphical application can effectively use most of the PCAE bandwidth should opt for higher PCAE speeds thereby transferring more data on a single transfer. Any other application which involves only few or lesser number of transfers can go to a lower generation speeds also. Let's go to the next slide. The next factor which we are about to look into is the link speed and the width. Usually PCAE width is specified as number of links onto which the PCAE root complex and the link point can successfully link up and perform data transfer in parallel on the successfully linked up links. The PCAE speed is the actual rate in which the data is being transmitted. As per the protocol, the link speed determines the number of PCAE transactions possible and it is measured in giga transfers per second. Here, if we calculate the PCAE bandwidth for a single link and in the single direction, it will be as similar to that of what it is specified in the table here. So for the Gen 1, in giga transfers per second, it is 2.5 and in megabytes per second, it is 250. For the Gen 2, which is 5GT per second and final megabytes per second, for Gen 3, it is 8GT per second and 1 gigabytes per second. And in Gen 4, it is 16 giga transfers per second and 2 gigabytes per second here. The maximum which is achieved in our threads bench is Gen 4 speeds, which is 2 gigabytes per second, though we have PCAE Gen 5 and Gen 6, which is double and four times of Gen 3. However, in order to calculate the actual bandwidth, the designer has to consider the efficiency of the data being transferred, the number of links, and the encoding overhead also. So the actual bandwidth will be in a number of links, multiplied by the data rate on each link, multiplied by the encoding overhead, and the efficiency. So we were able to capture the performance impact due to link speed and link will change in our test bench. So we captured the performance data from speeds ranging from Gen 1 to Gen 4, where all the data ranges which has been transferred has been captured, the bandwidth has been captured for all the data ranges, and it is plotted. So in all the test bench cases, the MPS and the MRRS, which is the max payload size and the max rated work size, has been kept to the maximum value possible, which is 512 bytes in MPS case in our test bench and 4096 bytes for MRRS in our test bench. To perform the data transfer between the link partners, we have used other PCAEs internal DMA, so that it performs block transfer, and it also provides an efficient way to capture the read and write rates here. The effective bandwidth has been captured based on the data size ranging from 1 byte to 2 megabytes, which is transferred on the PCA bus for all the force speeds and multiple link weights, let's say between X2 or X4 link width. And that plot has been done based on the data which we have captured. These plots will be analyzed in the upcoming slides. Before getting into the plots, let's look into the prototype code for where we were able to dynamically switch between the link speeds and the link width without performing a hard reset or a soft reset here. The control which we have used provide features such as speed of configuration, directed link speed and link width change, which is available in the form of hardware registers. And we have used a custom tweet parameter code to configure these values through software. The reference code will be helpful where for the application designers to switch between the performance and the power saving features based on their need. It also allows the user to configure the link speed and the link width dynamically, so that any configuration related changes or any broken links can also be fixed in this method. Let's go to the next slide. Based on the dynamic link speed and width change, we were able to capture the performance data for all capable speeds in the test bench, ranging from gen 1 to gen 4. The MPS and MRRS kept it as maximum value possible, which is 54,096, and we have used DMA to capture the read and write rates. On the left side, you could see the graph which actually plotted based on the read transfers and on the right side, we have all the data which has been captured based on the write transfers. The effective bandwidth has been captured based on the transferring of data of sizing from 1 byte to 2 megabytes for all 4 speeds and it has been plotted here. From the read and write plot, we could understand that from sizes ranging from 1 byte until 1 kilobyte, what are the generation needs? The performance is almost similar. So the user or the developer has to understand the fact that even though we are trying to send the same data on the PC inverse, we could still see similar performance on all the generation here. Which shows the fact that the user can switch to a lower generation or he can switch off for a dynamic reading downgrade whenever the user is trying to transmit the data which is less than 1 kb. And for sizes ranging from 1 kb to 1 megabyte here, the speed, dynamic speed kicks in where the performance gets improved based on the protocol specified transfer rate. And for each speed ranging from gen 1, gen 2, gen 3, gen 4, the performance is directly proportional to the data rate in which it is getting transmitted, which is also seen on the graphs for the read as well as in the write case. For sizes greater than 2 mb, the performance gets saturated since the PCI maximum bandwidth is being occupied by the large data sizes and it alludes to the maximum possible data rate for the generation. So the developer or the designer has to understand these facts and design their application based on the use case. Whether they can switch to low power mode by switching to lower generation speeds or have a high performance applications running with highest possible speed in this case here. Let's move to the next step. Similar to the previous experiment we have done for the lead speed, we have also captured data for the lead width here where the lead width has been kept to x2 and x4 and the lead speed has been kept to the maximum value possible, which is gen 4 here. Similar to the lead speed performance, we could understand the similar fact here where from data size ranging from 1 byte until 1 kilobyte, the performance doesn't deplete to the maximum extent possible. It is as similar to that of what it is in case of x2 as well as in x4 leads. The performance gets improved as the size increases from 1 kilobyte to 1 megabytes and similarly saturated for sizes greater than 2 megabytes. This is due to the fact that the PCI maximum bandwidth is being used or utilized by the data which is getting transmitted and it is actually proportional to the corresponding data rate for the particular generation. So if the transfer size is less than 1 kb, the user can switch to a smaller lead width in order to save the power. This would be very useful for the low power saving applications here. Let's go to the next slide. So the next slide talks about the max payload size and the max read request size. The maximum payload space specifies the largest payload space the device can support for a single transfer. This usually depends on the least value supported by all the lead partners in the PCI thing, which is the weakest lead in the PCI thing. The MRRS defends the maximum size which the lead partner can request for a read transfer. Based on the MRRS size, the lead partner requesting for a read will prepare buffers for the incoming response. The lesser the NPS and MRRS, the more time it takes to write the data into the lead partners. And specifically, the lesser the MRRS, the more pending read request will happen on the RC side when we are transferring data sizes greater than the PCI maximum transmissible unit. And this is not specifically called the RC side. It is actually based on the lead partner who transmits the data, which we can investigate in the upcoming slides here. So similar to the dynamic lead speed and lead width application, we have used a similar test bench here where we capture the performance data for different NPS and MRRS values. So in order to achieve this, we are not performing any software insert or any hardware insert. Instead, we use a user space application which is based on Linux environment where the user space application namesake PCI changes the NPS and MRRS values of the lead partners on either side and triggers the lead retrain. So after the lead retrain, the NPS and the MRRS values gets changed to the corresponding value which we are trying to program in our test bench. This script will be helpful where the users can understand how switching between the lowest NPS and or the highest NPS is possible without doing a software insert or a hardware insert here. The user can also switch between the NPS and the MRRS based on the link to which they are trying to communicate here. If that is the case, the NPS and MRRS concept will not depend on the witness link in the thing, but then it will be dynamically changing for all the links which has a maximum capability here. The script reference which has been provided in the upcoming slide will show how the device control capability field is modified to change the NPS and MRRS values here. And finally, the performance data has been captured by transmitting different data sizes for different NPS and MRRS. And the speed has been kept to Gen4 and the width has been kept to GenX4 in the test bench to perform this operation. We will then look into the analysis in the upcoming slides. So similar to the dynamic link speed and link with modification based on the parameter and custom data program, we were able to use a commonly available user space application based on Linux called CPCA. It will dynamically change the NPS and MRRS for the link partners and trigger the link retaining here. So if you could see the reference purpose code which we have provided here, the script actually uses a CPCA to change the device control capability field and it changes the NPS and MRRS values for the root complex as well as the endpoint device on the same script here. So the script will change the root complex device capability field and then from the root complex it configures the endpoint device capability field also. And it changes the NPS and MRRS values which is desired when on the test bench we are running. Since we are changing the NPS and MRRS dynamically, this script will be running for all the cases, let's say for the changes of NPS from 128 until 512. And for changes of MRRS from 128 until 4000 cases. So after configuring the device control capability field, this script actually returns a link retraining so that the NPS, PCA state machine gets configured based on the NPS and MRRS value which has been configured immediately here. If you see in the script which has been provided here, the device control capability field has been specified as offset 78 here which is corresponding to our test bench and the controller which we have used in our test bench. This offset will be varying for other systems and other PCA controller which is used in their systems. So based on this, the user can identify the device cut on capability field and use a similar script to make changes accordingly. We can see how this is impacting the PCA performance in the upcoming slides. So we were able to capture the performance data for different values of NPS and MRRS on Gen 4 speed and export with test bench. So for the initial experiment, we kept the MRRS to be the maximum value possible which is 4096 bytes in our test bench. For the read as well as in the right case, we did vary the NPS size from 128 until 512 for the transfers via PCA in internal TME. In both read as well as in the right case, the plot shows similar performance for data sizes until 16 kilobytes which roughly proves the fact that for sizes from 1 byte until 16 kilobytes, whatever the data being transmitted, the performance is one and the same on all the NPS values. After 16 kilobytes, that is for the sizes greater than 16 kilobytes, the performance improves for the highest maximum payload size which is the NPS here. And the highest maximum payload size, the better the performance which is evident from all the graphs which we have protected. So the performance gets improved for the maximum payload size of 512 bytes and it saturates to the maximum protocol specified bandwidth here. So if the user wants to occupy the complete bandwidth and use the complete PCA bus for the data transfer throughout the process, we can switch to a maximum payload size of the maximum value for the corresponding lead and perform the read or the write transfers accordingly. Therefore, it is recommended to switch to the maximum possible value for better performance here. The similar experiment is done here keeping the NPS to the maximum possible value which is 500 into our bytes. The MRRS is now switched from 128 bytes until 4096 bytes and the plot has been captured based on the different data size transmitted on a Z4 X4 link. So if we can see on the DMA lead side, the performance gets improved when the MRRS size is increased from 128 to 512, which is evident from the graph that after 1 kilobyte of data, the performance gets improved based on the MRRS values. The higher the MRRS value, the better the performance. However, we could see from the graph that after the 512 byte mark of the MRRS, the performance remains one and the same. This is due to the fact that the maximum payload size is still 512 bytes, which results in bandwidth kept to the maximum after 512 bytes. However, on the DMA write side, changing the NPS value, keeping the NPS value to the fixed value and changing the MRRS value to the maximum possible does not give any performance improvements here. This proves the fact that the maximum read request size concept comes only in the read feature and not in the write feature, which is evident from the experiment which we have done in our test batches. Let's move to the next one. So the next factor which we are about to look into is the end-to-end CRC over here. This is an optional feature being provided in the PCH specification, which improves the AER feature of the PCH area. ECRC makes the whole transaction reliable up till transaction here, as the LCRC is being recalculated for the packet at every egress port of the delivery element. Every TLP has an ECRC packet up and then at the end, which is of 4 bytes here. This adds an additional overhead to the performance of the PCA. Therefore, if the designer is aware and conscious of the environment in which the PCA work is stable, they can skip the evening of PCA here. Considering the use of ECRC is debatable as solutions like metric interface card which utilizes PCA interface occupies larger PCH bandwidth for longer durations and this might lead to performance problems. But the user should also consider using the DMA in the case of having end-to-CRC enabled, where there could be significant improvement when DMA is enabled here and ECRC is enabled. Because the DMA is trying to perform a block data transfer and the ECRC, which is of 4 bytes, get uplanded for each block in this case. We can analyze our test bench which has the DMA enabled case and we can see how ECRC enabling or disabling is impacting the performance or not. Let's move to the next slide. So, in order to identify whether the ECRC overhead is affecting the performance in our test bench where the DMA is enabled, we have captured the time taken to transfer the data size ranging from 1 byte up till 2 megabytes at Gen4 X4. So, similar to the previous test cases, we have kept the maximum payload size to the maximum value which is 512. The maximum read request size here is kept to the maximum value which is 4096 and the DMA has been used to perform read transfer as well as the write transfer here. So, from the read as well as in the write graphs, we could see that the ECRC enablement or disablement shows no significant difference in both cases as we have used the DMA based transfer for read as well as in the write case and the ECRC is being calculated for the entire block. So, this ECRC is appended at the end of the each block where the block size is larger which is actually equal to that of the maximum payload size which is getting transmitted here. For the 512 bytes, the 4 bytes is a mere small overhead which does not provide maximum performance improvements when disabled here and that is evident from the graphs which we could see. The ECRC overhead will be significantly observed in the CPU based transfers as the burst size of CPU will be less when compared to the company. For instance, if the burst size of CPU will be 4 bytes, the appending of ECRC which is additional 4 bytes occupies 50% of the data which bandwidth which we are trying to utilize here. So, the user can switch to the DMA based transfers if he wants to enable ECRC considering the fact that the channel, the PCA channel in which the data is getting transmitted is not secure enough. This will definitely improve the performance on the reliability of the system where ECRC enabling is proven to provide ECRC support until the transaction later. So, the next factor which we have in our list is the ESPM exit latency here. ESPM which is being part of the PCA protocol has specification which allows PCA controller to enter into low power state such as L0S, L1 and L2. These L0S, L1 and L2 provide its own power saving mechanisms where the cloud, the particular fine domains, everything has been disabled in a stepwise manner for different levels which is L0S, L1 and L2. Though this feature offers more power saving features, it also impacts the PCA bandwidth as there are latencies when exiting the ESPM state. In order to perform the data transfer on the bus, the ESPM exit should happen and only then the ESPM will be disabled and the data transfer will go on the bus successfully. The previous use case of network interface card which always keeps the PCA bus busy, the performance will decrease due to L1 exit latencies when ESPM is enabled for the network interface card case. Usually for the controllers, the default exit latency and under entry latency values will be made harder configurable and in our test bench we could see that it is configured to the value of 64 microseconds by default. In our test bench, this is a hardware configuration which can be modified only during the IP design and not in runtime by a software. Based on the analysis which you are about to do in the upcoming slide, the user can decide on whether to keep this parameter as a hardware configurable parameter or they can switch to software based configurable parameter where the software can control this entry or exit latencies and then design the system accordingly so that in case the system definitely requires an ESPM, they can switch to the lesser value which is lesser 64 microseconds here. We can see how ESPM is impacting the performance of PCA in the upcoming slides. So in the test bench, we have kept the maximum payload size to be 512 bytes and the maximum read required size to be the 4096 bytes. The Gen4 X4 link has been used for reference here where we were able to transmit data of size ranges from 1 byte until 2 megabytes for all the transfers, the bandwidth has been captured and it has been plotted here. We could see that the performance improves for the considerable margin between ESPM available and ESPM disabled case for data sizes ranging from 1 byte until 1 byte. From the graph, it is significant that the performance improvement is in the order of even ranging from 100 megabytes until 1 megabyte also. And shows similar performance after 2 megabytes which proves the fact that once the 2 megabytes size is hit, when the ESPM is enabled or not, it doesn't matter, the bandwidth gets saturated. So if the user is trying to perform a data transfer of sizes greater than 2 MB on the PCI bus continuously, enabling or disabling the ESPM case will have no impact here. If the data size which is getting transmitted is less, then the user can decide on whether to have the ESPM enabled in the user space application or it can be disabled based on the requirements. So we have getting to the last slide here. The last parameter which we are about to look into is the scale flow control and the maximum outbound non-posted request. The scale flow control and the maximum outbound non-posted request comes into picture only for PCIe gen post piece and outbound and it is not considered for the speeds below which is gen 1, gen 2 and gen 3. As we have a limitation of 127 header credits and 2047 data credits on the previous generation, the PCIe lead performance gets affected due to insufficient credits to account for the raw grid time. To address this, the scale flow control mechanism has been introduced in gen 4 which scales the maximum offsetting header and data credits by a factor of either 1 or 4 or 16. The designware controller which we have used provides a hardware configuration to enable this feature in the data link feature which is shared. The user who is about to consider this feature to be enabled or disabled can decide on whether this value can be hardware configurable or software configurable. Our test bridge had this register value configured to the enabled state during the hardware configuration stage itself. So whatever experiment which has been done until now has the scale flow control enabled here. The next factor which is the maximum outbound non-posted request specifies the minimum number of simultaneous outbound PCIe non-posted request in total for all functions. Based on the non-posted request, the SOC incorporating the PCIe can size the completion lookup table to identify the completion time. It also helps in configuring the completion header queue RAM when you configure completions in store and forward or cut-to-moves. Similar to the scale flow control, this is also a hardware configuration in our test branch. The user or the end application which can think of using this parameter as a dynamically configurable value, they can decide on during the hardware configuration phase itself whether to enable or optimizes value or to provide the control hooks to the software so that the software can take up and enable or disable in the runtime based on the usage requirements. We have reached the conclusion of this presentation. So we have explained some of the useful queue level registers such as max-way outsize, the max-rate request size, the ECRC overhead, the ASTM latency, and the link speed and the link width also. This can be treated in any way possible to achieve the desired result on the particular instance which uses PCIe for communication. Also, we can see the queue number register shows successful improvement and in-depth understanding on the hindrance such as finding the optimal packet size, the buffer size, the cellular latency, and so on. Since the experiment is done on ARM64-based platform, the future scope of this research can also be extended to other architecture such as EMP-X86 which will identify whether the airplane of CPU casts bottlenecks and whether the multi-threading or the operational frequency of the SOC is causing a bottleneck for the PCIe or not. Thank you all for attending the presentation.


Okay. A very good afternoon to everyone. Welcome to today's live and in this live we are going to be talking about how to score full marks in literary theory and we are doing this life from the perspective of the UDC net December 2023. So as you all know that it is about a month you know the exam is just a month from now and I am really really you know worried that how are you going guys going to prepare for literary theory because a lot of students are messaging that they haven't started literary theory. So I thought that why not do a live where I take you through the entire literary theory and give you a quick revision of literary theory and I also tell you how you can revise it very very quickly so that you are all pumped up and all ready to score full marks in the UDC net December 2023. So before I move ahead just want to do a quick check if the audio is working and you guys can see my screen. So if yes please put that in the comment section below so that you know we can start with the live. Okay. So if you guys can hear me clearly and can also see my screen please put that down in the comments below and then we can start with today's topic. Okay. So yes Odinja Adhikari says yes ma'am I can see Chandan I can see Manasi I guess I can see noble teachers Raj all okay great. So now that everything is all set let us dive into the topic in today's lesson we are going to be covering a few things I have listed them down below. So if you can see we will be covering about six to seven topics today wherein the first topic will be some common myths related to literary theory and why students are so afraid of this particular topic. Then we are going to look at what is literary theory and how is it different from criticism. We'll also look at the major literary theories and how we are going to approach these literary theories and then I'm going to give you two examples of formalism and deconstruction and we'll see that how do you understand the basics about these literary theories and how are these literary theories even helping research scholars in getting out new interpretations from the texts. So as I always do just want to give you a time check today is 29th of October 2023 it is Sunday and the time right now is 11 32 a.m. So any of you feel that this is a pre-recorded video just want to tell you that I am right now live on the YouTube channel and as I've mentioned that you know we'll be covering these topics. So let's dive into the first very important topic which is some common myths related to literary theory. So I have seen a lot of students you know having a lot of students have in their mind is that they find that literary theory is very difficult. So which is not taught in a lot of colleges and universities neither at the graduation level nor at the post-graduation level. So the teachers are not explaining it in a way that the students can absorb the material just like they do for texts like Shakespeare dramas or Jane Austen or Virginia Woolf. So studying those texts are way more easier than studying literary theory because number one we know how to approach a text since we have done our graduation and post-graduation in literature. So we know that we need to know about the background of the writer. We need to know the summary. We need to know the characters, themes. On the other hand if we look at literary theory so the major problem that arises is that students don't know from where to start and how to approach. Second very important point that I want to mention is that literary theory has a big myth that a lot of students find that this is coming from a different humanity. For example Marxism hedge a literary theory which comes from sociology. Then there is another literary theory which is psychoanalytical criticism which is coming from psychology. So you are a English literature student you are not exposed to a lot of other humanities branches but literary theory you have to be well versed with the basics of all these different humanities branches. So that is the reason why I feel that a lot of students find it a little difficult to absorb and grasp the material. Another very big problem students face is the books that are there for literary theory. So just like I have given you this image of beginning theory. So if we look at the beginning theory just a second let me start the pointer. So when we read the book of beginning theory which is Peter Berry's very famous book it is said to be the bible of literary theory. If you know Peter Berry's literary theory beginning theory then that is how you you know get a basic idea about what literary theories are. So that is the first fundamental book that anybody should read. Now when I was preparing for UGC net for the first time back then in 2017 I was in master's first year at that time. So when I read this book I did not understand 70% of the book in spite of the fact that I was a university topper. I was a gold medallist of Rajasthan University in spite of that because beginning theory was something that is written in a little bit of scholarly language. So again that book is also a little easier than beginning theory but still it is not something that people can understand in like one go. It is not Harry Potter that you read the first book and you understood it. So what I feel is that rather than just going by one book that your friend has recommended or that your teacher has recommended you have to see what appeals to you what is your learning language and what which book or which material complements with your you know learning style because at the time of reading a book you start and you don't understand it. So a lot of students are like no no I have to read this book so I don't understand it. So I will read page to page end to end. Cover to cover. That doesn't make any sense if you are not able to understand the language if you are not able to comprehend it then it is just going to be a waste of time. So here one thing that I would want to suggest to each one of you is that please choose a book if you want to choose a book for literary theory. Please choose a book that you can easily understand. But the reason why there are so many other books in the market is because they don't put questions from one book. They put questions from a general theory. If you know the theory you will be able to answer it. So I hope this is clear if yes please put that in the comment section below so that I can continue. So the problem is that there are a lot of South Indian students who ask me to speak in English then there are a few students from North India who says speak in Hindi. So it is very very difficult for me to like do justice to these two diagonally opposite set of people but I hope I am trying to explain it in a way which is I am using a little bit of Hindi and English so bilingual karke I am just trying to do justice to both the sections. Okay great so now let us come to the first topic which is what is literary theory. So as you can see I have given this image which is basically glasses and in glasses you are reading a text. Now these glasses are what this is literary theory. So imagine literary theory as a pair of glasses through which you will view the text you are reading. Okay now what is it? It is lenses through which you look at a novel. Now let me tell you a very very simple example. Suppose you go to a lens card store and you want to buy sunglasses for yourself. Now there are different kinds of sunglasses there are pink colored pink shades glasses then there there are brown shade glasses there are black shades glasses. So whenever you put any one colored glass on your face you will see that suddenly your whole world is in that color. If you put on pink colored glasses so you will see the whole world in a pinkish tone. On the next moment you switch to brown colored glasses. Now the world is same. The lighting in the lens card store is the same but whatever color you wear you will see. This is a very simple analogy by which you can understand what literary theory is. So literary theory basically says that there are lenses from which you look at a novel. It helps in bringing multiple interpretations of the same text. I will give you an example. So all of us have read Mansfield Park a very very famous book by Jane Austen. Now when you read Mansfield Park there are n number of themes which are hidden inside the story. So the main theme as we all know is about the love story. Then there is another theme which is about Fanny Price and Fanny Price growing up as an individual. She becomes more confident more independent. She has a voice towards the end of the novel which is not there in the beginning of the novel. So she kind of grows and evolves as a character. So if you are just looking at Fanny Price and her journey as a kid and how she grows up. So you look at her psyche. You look at the kind of challenges she was facing as a child. How did she overcome them. What were the other limiting beliefs that she had in her mind. So psychoanalytical criticism. I am going to come to that. I am just trying to explain you in a very general way about literary theories and how you can use literary theory to become a scholar to derive multiple interpretations from the same text. So coming back to the Mansfield Park novel. So one way to look at Mansfield Park is to look at Fanny Price and her character and also looking at different all the other characters and trying to see what is going on in their minds. So when you try to dig deeper into their brain, their internal motivations and a lot of other things. What you are doing is you are basically inclining towards the psychoanalytical school of criticism which comes from psychology. Okay and you try to understand characters, behavior, motivations behind actions and stuff like that. So you are looking at the whole novel in just one way. On the other hand suppose there you decide to look at Mansfield Park from psychoanalytical school of criticism. There is another friend of yours who decides that I would want to look at Mansfield Park and see how they were talking about the Victorian values and class conflicts and all of that. So Marxism literary theory, he is going to read the same novel but he is going to keep on searching for evidences and facts and quotations where Marxism, class conflict, divide between the rich and poor, all of that was visible. Then there is another friend who is like you look at my psychoanalytical theory, I am interested in Marxism. It appeals to me post-colonial literary theory. I want to read more about how colonization happened and how was that affecting the colonized and the colonizers. So colonized states and the colonizers affect the mindsets of both of them. So he looks at the post-colonial lens. In Mansfield Park there are episodes which I have mentioned that Fanny is shocked to see the response of Thomas Bertram who is the main protagonist with the head of the family. So Thomas Bertram as we all know he goes to Africa and tries to expand his business there. So there is an episode where he talks about slave trade and what just casual attitude ke saath meh slave trade ke baare meh bolte hain when Fanny hears that she is very shocked and surprised to know ki koi itna casual kese ho sata hai. Keti aur ki suffering sa aapko fara ke nahi padara hai and you feel it is the norm of the society to have somebody who is dominating the other cult. So yeh ja poora exchange of dialogues hai, this actually opens another door, another way you can interpret the same text. So teen logone alag alag literary theory use karke ekhi text ko padke alag alag interpretations nikalhe that is the beauty of literary theory. Agar literary theory nahi hota to kahe na kahe, haam saab text ko bahot general way se studi kar rahe hota jese sab karte hain. Haam ek text ko ek novel ko padte and normally padke haam usse duck dete. Haam ek story pata hoti ek summary pata hoti. But the beauty of literature is that you can find out so many meanings and so many interpretations and the text is open ended. Even though Jane Austen died way back, aaj bhi Mansfield Pakko padke aap kitne number of interpretations nikal sakte hain. That is possible just because of literary theory. Okay, so yeh look at the text from New Horizons, har baar nahi literary theories ati hai, udne use karke aap ekhi text ko alag alag dimensions me dekhate.  So there are these two movies that I've mentioned below, Bollywood movies hai. Zindagi na milegi dobara, very famous movie which talks about adventure and how to live life in the moment kaap idiom ki theme hai. And then there is another very famous movie which came a few months back, Rocky and Rani ki Premkani. If you guys have seen it, Ranveer Singh and Alia Bhatt is there. Karan Johar was the director of the movie. So yeh two movies jo hain, they have so many different underlying themes which we kind of neglect. Haam ek movie jab dekhte hain. The reason why Zindagi na milegi dobara three idiots or Chakde India are still one of the evergreen movies that we always want to re-watch is because it doesn't have just a story. There are so many underlying meanings which sometimes people are not able to see. But as literature students, we can look at the movie from various different angles. So I would want you to comment below and tell me if you guys can find out a few episodes from these two movies or I am putting this question as a, I am just putting it as a very open-ended question. Any other Bollywood or Hollywood movie you can think of which has a very dominant or underlying theme which you can connect with literary theory and can let me know. So only after getting a few responses from you I will be able to understand whether I was able to make you understand what literary theory actually is. Okay so let me see if you guys can you know help me find out new insights about these Bollywood movies. So any other Bollywood movie or Hollywood movie you want to take, life is beautiful, there is Dead Poet Society, then there is for that matter if you go back in time. So there were so many amazing movies that were also made on different books. So I would even you know love to know if you have watched a movie which was based on any any famous book and if you can also find out some interpretations from there. Okay Monali Ash says Gangubai Kathiawadi, Bhaji Ramasthani. Yeah so these are amazing movies. I would want you to tell me if you guys can use any one literary theory to any movie for example Dear Zindagi, Bhaji Ramasthani, Gangubai Kathiawadi and you can tell me how that literary theory helped you to find a new dimension or a new horizon of that particular text or movie. Mardani, Feminism. Right so Noble Teacher Raj says Mardani a very famous movie Rani Mukherjee which has a very very dominant team of feminism. Satya Prem Ki Katha is also a crucial movie on exploring the concept of date rape and consent. So it explores the concept of date rape and consent but the problem is that how do you attach a literary theory to it. So you have very beautifully talked about that there is this underlying theme a social message that was portrayed or communicated to Satya Prem Ki Katha but how can you you know apply a literary theory which what will be the name of the literary theory that you will apply in order to talk more about this issue. Shubham, yes I would want to know from you to Viga Jameen Marxism. I have not seen to Viga Jameen so sorry. Then there is Pink movie right Pink is again a very beautiful movie which talks about feminism and feminism to a point that it actually talks about the fourth wave of feminism and how things have drastically changed but the patriarchal mindset is still stuck there it is not able to change at the same speed at which the females are and the feminism is progressing. Two states nationalism absolutely Monali Ash a very good example two states nationalism ke baare mein baat uriye imagine communities ke baare mein baat uriye you can also talk about it from an angle of Marxism I guess because kain na kain if you look at two states as a movie class conflict bhi hai thoda thoda it is more about definitely it is more about nationalism and how ek hi country ke under there are sectors but agar a post-colonial bhi thoda sa theory ko agar thoda sa foreground mein leke aata toh we find out ki marginalized communities ki jo baat uriye usko bhi hain is sector is this movies attach kar satte hain Ravan post-modernism chapak yes shruti Singh says chapak again a very classic example of feminism chapak a wonderful movie which talks about so many so many multi-dimensional layers of feminism is hidden in that movie the great Indian kitchen has feminist interpretation because the kitchen seeing filth and the sink the everyday life especially the where she talks about table manners shubhangi tripati says very nice I think again you have used feminist interpretation to look at how kitchen is is objectified as a place where females are supposed to be and how everything related to kitchen somewhere is connected to the identity of a female so see it's been just five seven seconds since five seven minutes that we've been talking about this topic and if you now look at your psyche if you can just look inside your brain for a minute and see that how just this discussion helped you to look at so many different movies to remember the movies that you've recently watched and look at it from so many different angles abh agar hain sir fek bar ke li pause kar ke yeh deke ki aaj agar if I tell you ki okay today on a sunday I would want you to watch any one movie which you've always liked and just try to look at each individual scene and try to see if you can apply any literary theory you can apply a concept and see ki kaheena kaheen director ne kuch aur communicate karne ke koshish ki thi lekin humne shay those movie ko maa superficially dekhaan we neglected the message that the that the director would very silently trying to see you know sweep inside your brain so that is the beauty and the art of using literary theory I hope the concept was clear now let's move on to the next important topic which is the overview of the famous literary theories okay overview of the major literary theories we'll see so these are few very very famous literary theories now I would want to show you something okay so if you go to my website arpathakarva.com and you go to the course syllabus section there is module number seven which is literary theory if you go here you will find that I have mentioned all the literary theories and all the important writers who are attached to that literary theory who were who were who did some really significant contribution in this field so to begin with the literary study starts with new criticism as I've mentioned and then it goes on to formalism structuralism post-structuralism post-modernism psychoanalytical criticism archetypal reader response feminism Marxism news daudicism cured theory eco criticism and psycho post-colonial criticism so if you see these are the major literary theories that you should be well acquainted with if you want to clear UGC net it's ke alawa kuch nahi hai most of the students struggle with this thing that they don't know that con con se literary theory padna hai because your books hai us me kaibar kuch hoti jade literary theory is missing hai let's let me give you a very simple example so most of the literary theory books have Marxism but new historicism missing hota hai ya boh kisi all literary theory apart hota hai jase cure jo hai cure theory jo hai it is now coming under gender studies so gender studies aaj ka liye kaya term find boh wai so rather than talking about feminism we are saying ke gender studies kar ke kambrela term hai jiske andar ke parts hai cure theory feminism in a lot of other literary theories that revolves around gender and gender fluidity and sex and all of that so ye jitne bhi concept is koi kambrela term ke andar mein daal diya gaya hai so isi leh what is very very important is that you know the names of the major literary theories which will serve as a blueprint for you to understand kya mein kya padna hai and kya skip karna hai okay so these are few important literary theories you can get the list free of cost on arpathakarwa.com just go there go to the full concealable section module number seven literary theory you not just get the names of the literary theories but also the names of all the authors that you should be studying under these literary theories okay so if you have 30 days in your hand from now in if you want to cover literary theory end to end so if i just calculate three three six seven eight nine twelve fourteen so approximately fifteen literary theories a man ke jalt hai two days per literary theory if you give so within 30 days you'll be able to cover all the literary theories and two days per literary theory means if you can just devote two hours every day studying one literary theory so four to five hours me you'll be able to finish one literary theory just as simple as that the reason why i was telling you this that this is a myth is because humne kabhi bhi apne aapko literary theory se expose nahi ki hai toh humne sochki wo terms bohati um you know bohati difficult lakta hai bohati alien lakta hai ish liye aame lakta hai toh boh difficult hai jay se let me tell you one one very simple example life me anything that you don't try you feel it is very very difficult so there was a time when i did not know how to cook so for me cooking was a rocket science then there was a time jay mainin doh ting mainin lakke cooking sikhi kya basics hai then mujhe teen mainin baat samajh baan gaya kya chha basic liye kya hai there is a set of masala leh which will go in any particular cuisine aap indian poche bhi khaana baan aare ho you are cooking any kind of vegetables to lag bhak sa vegetables ka tarika similar hai there are there are specific spices that you'll put in chinese food vinegar hai soya sauce hai um you know organo aap dalte ho italian mein italian mein aap alapinos and bell peppers use katta toh her cuisine ke kut specific wo hai aur her cheese ko banane kya a specific tarika hai but unless until you don't try it aap ko door se rikte lakta hai aar ye toh bohati zyada difficult hai once you start making it you've made five seven times the same dish you know ki aaps hai aar itna kuch nahi tha it is just in my head so you know very similar fashion aap japta literary theories ka book start nahi karoge padna aap ko yeh ek particular theory pad nahi loghe tab tak aap ko yeh lakta rahe ga it is very difficult lekin abhi jay sa hum nahi itki baat kari i give you some simple examples of movies and how you can look at the same movie from different different angles this is literary theory aur kuch nahi hai ya aapke demak mein hai ki it is very very difficult aisa kuch nahi hai just howa vana rakh hai aapne apne demak mein agar aap yeh samaj le ki basic kya hai matab haar cheese ka base jay wo bohat simple hai life ke sabse difficult problems ko ki solutions bohat simple hota hai hum usse complicate karte kya humi lakta hai jitna difficult problem hai utna hii difficult uska solution ho nahi jitna difficult literary theory yo utne hii difficulti se utte hii bade book se aum hai padna ho gana hai literary theory jo hai usko agar aap bohat simple way mein samaj na chahain toh what's tif yeh hai jo mein hain bhi aapko bataya aap ek movie ke andar ek book ke andar aap kitne aalag-alag tari ke interpretations derived kar karte ho is what literary theory is all about ok so these are literary theories i told you a very simple way to uh you know approach all of them is by looking at each literary theories for two days doh doh gante apros deejay within two days you'll be able to finish one literary theory her literary theory ke andar kya padna hai is the next topic that we are going to touch upon so don't panic agar aapko lag rai ki achha structuralism doh din mein padna hai lakkin padna kya structuralism hai i'll tell you that as well ok now this is how you have to approach any literary theory ok so aapko koi di literary theory yo let's take the example of new criticism agar main aapko bohlu ke aapko four hours mein literary new criticism complete karna hai so what all things you have to study so the first thing is the name of the theory ye aapko pataon aachiye which is new criticism now the next topic is basic concepts pataon aachiye ki new criticism aakhe hai kya ok so new criticism aapko kuch aise concepts nikal kyaayenge intentional fallacy effective fallacy is type of concepts aapko pataon aachiye the third thing is name of the theorist so jitne bhi theorist hai new criticism kya andar boh aapko pataon aachiye and in theorist ke jo famous works ke naam hai boh aapko pataon aachiye ye poore ke poori cheez ko mein aapko dikhaon ghi mere khutke notes in order to tell you exactly ki aapko notes banane kais hai literary theory pe you can refer to any book you can refer to any youtube video you can even join any coaching class jaha pe aapko ye cheez ko boh simplified way mein bataya jata hai and then you can prepare your own notes ok so sabse bhi lai main dekha name of the theory jo aapko yaha se mil jayega new criticism is the name of the theory next is basic concepts boh kya hai boh main aapko pataon ghi then the name of the theorist yeh sare theorist hai William M. S. I. Richard's clean it brook f.r. livers will whimsat and beard slay R. P. Blackmore, Alan Tate, John Corransum and New York Aristotelian yeh isi theori ka ek subtheori hai ok so yeh sare jitne bhi important critics hai unke naam hai ye aapko mere website pe pre of cost mil jayega you will get all the names of the theory along with all the important writers associated to it so yeh doona cheez jata aapko mil ghi basic concepts and name of work jo hai yeh todah deeper cheez hai so when you study all these theorists individually aapko bataya churata hiin subtheorist ne koi na koi important theories bataya hai which forms the part of the basic structure of this literary theory and in theories ko inon yeh jin books me bataya hai doos books ka name aapko aapko alak se yad rafna zeroori hai jyese William M. S. ki do famous books hai seven types of ambiguity and Milton's god this have been asked multiple times in the exam now let us look at this part ki aapko examin questions kaha se aate so literary theory ke jo questions aapko basically three kinds ke hota first is either they'll ask you ki yeh chaar writers ke naam hai inne se kyon se writers kes theory ko bilong karthe so they'll give you one writer from let's say new criticism one writer from feminism one from Marxism and one from psycho analytical school of criticism and then they'll tell you ki now match the theorist with the with the theory okay so William M. sin belongs to new criticism this is how you have to match the following this is first set second set is they give you names of these theorists and the names of the book and they ask you to match the following ki yeh chaar writers hai alag alag literary theory ko bilong karthe and they tell you the names of their work for example they give you claudie livis straws they give you sigmond Freud they give you uh will gang eyes sir and they give you louis ultrusan and they ask you in chaar ke chaar books ke naam dedengan you have to match the following this is the second kind of question and the third kind of question is basically where they give you uh you know give you a assertion reason question or maybe a concept based question jaa pe wo kuch ek theory samjhainge and then on based of that concept based on that uh theory they ask you a question ki inme se konsa statement true hai ya konsa false so aapko understanding bhi ho na chahiye tabhi aap understanding base question solv kar paoge aapko kuch rattafication wale jo point sedge se names of these theorists and the names of their work yeh bhi pata ho na chahiye aapko suppose literary theory meh new criticism pata hai but aapke agar question mein aata hai ki militants god is a work written by whom aapko new criticism kya hai yeh pata hai but since you have not mugged up this information you will not be able to answer it so u gc net exam is not just a conceptual exam it is also an exam which caters to aapko kitne facts pata hai to aapko facts bhi pata ho na chahiye aapko understanding bhi ho na chahiye o spatula tabhi aap solve kar paoge so kisiye literary theory meh these are few things that you should understand name of the theory name of the theorist name of the works and basic concepts notes kese main aane aale tell you so this is a sample of my notes okay so new criticism hai i use ever notes as a software you can just go and type yaaphe main sabde krakh rahe par example formalism if you are a type so this is the second so what i have done is i have made these notes so introduction to feminism mein kya hai formalism kya hai wo main baata hai roman jacobson jo hai inke concept books important i have written those names of the book concepts in oni kya kya baata hai wo main likha hai and then i have also written this roman jacobson jo writer hai ya theorist hai ispe kisi type of questions jese victor shivoski hai so books kya hai ino ne concepts kya diye hai and pick this type of question aane okay similarly if i go to let's say marxism so marxism mein antonio gramski ka work concept important hai ino ne jo concept di it is hegemony aap baata important concept hai what is hegemony and then questions related to you know antonio gramski so aap deke ye jo ek question hai this was december 2013 mein puchagala question tha jis mein kya hai they have given identify the group of critical concepts that parenthically aligns with the concept is respective theorist so ino ne ek ek naam de diye there are so many theorists aur unke saath mein ino ne jo concepts ino ne diye wo de diye for example agar aap baat kare antonio gramski ka concept so yaha pe aapko dikhega they have written antonio gramski yaha pe ino ne antonio gramski ke saam ne ek galat concept ka naam diye correct concept kya aayin ye okay kyun kyun ki yaha pe hegemony is related to antonio gramski so these are the kind of questions that you get similarly louis ultruzer another theorist inke books kya hai concepts ino ne kya diya hai interpolation ka ek concept hai state apparatus ka concept hai and these are the questions so iss tarikeke notes mein mehne banaye thi jab mehne literary theory parna chalu kiya tha and this is how i also teach it in my course so if you go to my website courses dot arpat akarwa dot com flash learn you will find ki aam loka jo online course hai uske under there is a separate module that we teach in literary theory so this is module number 7 literary theory is mein jo aapko yaha pe list bhi gai hai same issi list se aapko her lecture pe her topic pe lectures milte and sixteen minutes twelve minutes ke lectures hai thirteen minutes eight minutes iss tarike lectures iss kya under haam ne ye puri cheese jo maini yaha pe banaye isko main aapko samchaya hai because aap jab iss ko mein padte hai to aapko koi baith samaj nahi aayega literary theory ka ek bohati you know ek bohati demerit mein jo bolu ye hai ki unless and until you don't understand it aapko koi bohat simple bhaasha mein nahi samjaya bhaith jaisi ki mein aabhi aapko yaha pe by giving the example of movies mein aapko literary theory kya hoti batane ki koshish kari agar aapko ye samaj aa gaya to aap ek bohat bada you know literary theory ke upar aap ek as aise padhoge to aapko samaj aa jayega because now you know the basic concept similarly koi bhi literary theory usko agar boh simple way mein simple examples ke through agar aapko samjaya jata hai to then it becomes a cake walk for you to understand jo bohati complicated language mein kisi book mein likha hai so that is what i try to do in my online course that i try to simplify it to a point ki aapko badi theory ko bohati simple way mein aapki life ke examples dete baapko samaj aa jayega ki actual mein hai kya ok now that we know ki hame how literary theory ko kaise approach kanna hai now this is something that you have to follow in case of any literary theory so be it formalism structuralism post structuralism now so this is the literary theory ka cause that we are offering so literary theory and criticism is a part of our online course for UGC night English literature so if you go to my website and you just go through the modulite syllabus se ye poora syllabus hai English literature UGC night English literature ka which is also valid for gate exam if you are planning to give gate exam so once you do this entire course then there is nothing else that you have to study because we have covered each and every topic in detail American literature ke saare poets, dramatists, essays, novelists sab ko chham padhate so ishi paree kya sa aapko har ek topic ko padhaya jaata hai so if you want to enrol in the course there is a specific discount which is going on which i am going to talk about towards the end of this video so you can definitely you know go and check out that now let us look at the difference between theory and criticism literary theory and literary criticism mein kya difference hai so literary criticism kya hu criticism examines a particular literary work or may look at an author's writing as a whole so if you remember all the critics that were there very very famous critics Samuel Johnson let's say so Samuel Johnson ne kya kya Samuel Johnson jab jab likh rahe the time when he was writing he tried to look at all the other literature important authors who wrote before him and he tried to analyze their works so he looked at their particular works or he looked at the author as a whole jesus Samuel Johnson has extensively read Shakespeare and he tried to find out that what was so good about what was so good about Shakespeare and what wasn't good about Shakespeare so he also looked at the concept of the Greek theater concept that unity of time space ho na chahiye okay so wo jo unitis hai jo three unitis ke baare mein Aristotle and Plato ne extensively baat kariye kya mo Shakespeare ke dramas mein thi ya nahi thi so what he did he looked at a particular work maybe one particular play of Shakespeare or he looked at Shakespeare as a writer and tried to see what are the merits and demerits of his work so criticism is about critiquing a piece of work uske pros and cons nikal na if i say i'm a movie critic whatever i do so suppose there is this movie so i'm going to look at that movie and i'm going to see it from different angles like let's say deduction kaisa hai production kaisa raha how are the how was the storyline what about the songs what about the makeup what about other elements of the movie themes kya the symbols kya use kare gaye hai what worked in the movie what did not work in the movie was there a character who did not play the role rightly or was there an episode or a piece of a movie which was stretched too much or was there something about the ending which was very very enlightening or very nicely done or very nicely written so i look at the entire movie and i try to see what was good and what was bad about the movie and that is how all the movie reviews work right so friday ko ja movie aati hai to saturday what happens is that there are movie critics who are going to throw the reviews out in the market that okay we give this movie four out of five stars why because these these were the things which were extremely well but then this this this is something where the movie could have could have performed better but could not right so that was that is literary criticism now how is it different from literary theory so literary theory helps in bringing multiple interpretations of the same text and they are trying to come up with different interpretations that is what literary theory is all about literary theory is not about critiquing that okay that is what literary criticism is all about literary theory is okay so is about is about three different individuals who come from different social backgrounds and how are their lives very different so we can use Marxism as a literary theory and try to see that class conflict ke baare mein ye movie kya caring or is the movie saying that power is always in the hands of the rich people and the poor people are very marginalized in the society on the other hand i might look at the character of kalki and Katrina kaff and i try to see how these two females are a representation of a modern day woman so i try to look at it from a feminism point of view then there might be another literary theory where i try to look at Farhan Akhtar's childhood and the trauma he went through because of his father and mother's equation and try to see that how father and mother's equation affects a child's psychology and can also kind of affect his lifestyle in the later stage and that is where psychoanalytical school of criticism comes into picture because then you have you have books like what was that book sons in lover by d.h. Lawrence which talks about it is complex and electro complex and how a very not so good equation between the parents kinds of affects the life of the child so i try to see how a movie or a book is a perfect representation of a society right so that is how it is done so i i kind of like this example and i kind of quote it a lot that then you look at let's say movies like three idiots or taris amitha so for a foreign student maybe somebody who is who is in london or new york and who is trying to see these movies for him in order to mix these movies i would not say the movies will not appear sense very very sensible to them for to these kids who are in new york and london but then in order to understand the movie very well they need to know the condition of the indian education system only by knowing the condition of the indian education system they know and they can understand these movies in a better light okay why so because movies or your books or your songs or it is a perfect interpretation of the society that is the reason why what that is the purpose of arts the purpose of art is to show society that see this is your society wasteland why is it so dark why is it so negative because it was written during a time when the world was going through world war one and the entire nation the entire world was shattered and that is when t s illiot wrote wasteland because it kind of showcases the ugly ugly picture of the society similarly when you look at three idiots or taris amitha and when you compare it with the the indian education system as of now you kind of see the lekyunas that indian education system has the kind of improvements that the education system demands and by putting a work like that in front of the audience the directors or the movie writers are trying to just you know shake people I shake the ground beneath them and try to tell them that okay we need change and it is you the audience who can make that change happen so that is the purpose of any book any movie that is coming in this society right so literally theory by looking at by looking at a book or a movie from different angles helps you bring those underlying meanings which were kind of hidden by the director and the author so that you know when you find out those meanings it is another level of happiness that you feel that Oh Mirko abhi dekha ki shit is movie mein itti badi baat boli gayi thi and it was left kind of unsaid and unnoticed by a lot of people okay now towards the end of this you know youtube live I would want to talk about two literary theories and I'll tell you how these literary theories can be applied into a text okay though it is not a very very important from net point of view because at times you know such kind of analysis is not asked in the exam but still in order to understand what literary theory is it is very important to understand how to use a literary theory in any work okay but before I move ahead just want to know from you guys if you've understood whatever I have shared so far if yes please put that in the comment section below only I only after I get a response from you I would want to take this ahead else I would want to shed light on things which weren't clear to the students okay mega says actually I don't want I don't know what I just want to crack not only net even upcoming gate to is it impossible for remote area but I just want to do that see mega net and gate syllabus is very very similar like there is no change as far as the English curriculum is concerned so if you are preparing yourself well for UGC net English then you can very well sit for the gate exam as well you don't have to study anything else for gate because the syllabus in the curriculum remains the same UGC net syllabus for English literature is basically anything that is written or translated in English so there is nothing beyond the UGC net syllabus that can be asked in gate exam okay great Manali Ash says yes ma'am Zubina says yes Simran says yes okay so now that everything is clear let's move into the next topic that is formalism so formalism ka basic concept kya formalism says rather than worrying let me just put the pointer ahead okay so rather than worrying about the author's background or our own reactions to a book we should evaluate work based only on the text itself we are only dealing with the text we we would be doing what's called a closed reading no value to chronology biography intertextual references so formalism kya kethain ki hame author ka background yaa hamara khuda ka personal reaction ko side me akte hame just evaluate karna hai text ko jo words apke saamne likhe hain for example this is the famous balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet so yeh jo words likhe gaye hain hame saamne solpeen words ko parna hain aur hame bilkul nahi sochna ki yeh Shakespeare ne rikha hain Shakespeare ka childhood yeh tha Shakespeare ka time pe henry the eighth and henry does eighth and the sixth wives ka conflict tha war of roses uai tha reformation ka time tha yeh sab kuch nahi rikna hain hame sth tarf yeh words parna hain aur hame is words se meaning derive karne ki koshish karne kyaise karenge vo me abhi aapko batati hu but formalism kind of ask us to keep the author's background away from the textual readings so abhi tath kya tha before formalism came into the picture jitne bhi writers the Samuel Johnson critics jo the Alexander Pope Samuel Johnson uh words worth in sabne hame isha kisi bhi writer ke words ko agar padha hain to unki biography ko bhi bohot zyada padha hain aur hame bhi akarte hain for example if we are reading let's say Alexander Pope or let's say we are reading words worth ka poems so hame pata hain ki words worth was very connected to nature wo lake poet tha we also know ki wo apni sister se bohot connected tha to hame autobiographical instances bhi leki aajate hain pope ko agar hame padte to hame pata zilta ayaar pope ki height na bohot kum thi so pope ko apni height ka complex tha he was also very very political uh he was living in a time jaha pe vegan tories ka bohot conflict tha and pope was always like very very um ambitious in putting forward his points so boh sari cheezo ko dhyaan me rakhi hain pope ki works ko analyze karte hain okay formalism kaite sab kuch ko mahar mein jaane do aapke saamne jo text hain aap bool jao ye text kisne likha hain aap se reza to cho ki ye poem ka ek piece aapko kahi se mila hain aur aap aap iss ko interpret kar rahe hu it's like if I share a poetry what's aapka ko forwarded poetry me aapke saap me share kar hu you don't know who the author is and I tell you ke aap analyze karo iss poem ko that is what formalism is okay so let us just read these beautiful lines Juliet says oh Romeo Romeo whereof art thou Romeo deny that father and refuse thy name or if thou wills not but be but swan by love and I'll no longer be a capulet okay capulet I hope you guys know that Juliet ka jo surname tha that was capulet okay so Romeo Juliet and these lines are saying ki Romeo kaha the dome chika hai and me apne pyaar ki saugand kaha ke kaiti ho ki agar tum mujhe nahi milte hai tum nahi tum mere saath ho to I shall no longer be capulet I want to be married to you so basically iss type by conversation aur hai bada romantic balcony okay aap iss ka interpretation kya hai let us look at it from the angle of formalism where we don't know it was written by Shakespeare we're keeping all that information aside so if we look at a new critic's look at this passage the first element we'll probably notice will be the worst form worst form as in the way it is written versus jo jitnihi drama sthe they were written in a very song jese likha jaath hai us tarike sa you must be aware of the format of I am big pentameter and blank words to us tarike se likha jaath hai very rhythmic because it had to be said in front of an audience so it must sound musical to the years okay so you will notice the worst form although it doesn't follow a simple rhyme scheme the majority of its lines are in I am big pentameter meaning they contain 10 syllables of alternating stresses if you don't know what this I am big pentameter is all about let me just tell you there's a very nice video that I have uploaded on youtube so let me just I am big I hope I get it by this name yes so this is the literary terms ka poetry meter and rhythm kar ke ek video hai you can watch this video it will help you understand what this I am big pentameter and you know blank verses all about because a lot of students have this problem kya mein samaj nahi aata so put this video you can check this out this structure gives a text give the text a natural rhythm which makes sense since romeo and juliet is meant to be performed so jo baat main abhi aapko boli ke ek rdm mein performance hoti hai to ek rdm lagni chhi aapko aapko aapko aapko lagna because oh this is sounding very rhythmic natural and kaafi achha lag raya aapko padke so dialogues ki jage does more like a poetry okay throughout the balcony scene romeo's lines are shot so the attention is on juliet and her yearning for this new forbidden suitor so if you look at the lines you find ki juliet ki jo lines hai bo baat I have not I've just put a clipping of this particular example agar aap ish mein romeo ki all lines padoge aapko dike kya romeo ki lines boh choti hai choti in the sense not this choti romeo is not saying a lot of lines juliet ki agar aap lines she's saying four lines your then she's saying eight lines your romeo ne ek line boliye itne bade interaction why because they are trying to focus the attention on juliet and her yearning for this new forbidden suitor forbidden why because romeo and juliet ki family mein baat zarao disturbance hai and they cannot be together so she knows that I have so much love for romeo but I cannot marry her because my family is going to be extremely against this marriage this attention on juliet also fleshes out her character since the play begins with romeo and his friends this is a chance for the reader to hear her voice and get a taste of her finding so basically if you remember romeo and juliet are starting so it starts on starts when romeo is on the street and he is with two three friends of his and they are having a conversation and time kak romeo and romeo ke baare mein romeo ka interactions with other people ke baare mein chal main it is in the balcony scene for the first time that juliet as a character gets to speak some lines on stage and that is why she has been given so many lines so that people can know her character she people can know from what she's saying that what kind of characteristics she has what kind of person is she so abhi dekhiye main kaghi pe bhi throughout this interpretation I'm not talked about I have kept everything aside I am reading this as if it is a piece that is written in today's world aur isko main kaise interpret karun bhi so this is what formalism and new criticism is all about okay so I have a detailed video lecture series available on my youtube channel which is property which is on literary theory and criticism it's a crash course in two parts 22 and 20 minutes ke doh videos hai where I have kind of summarized her literary theory ko ki kya hai what is structuralism what is post structuralism what is modernism psychological theory kya hai and then there are some you know some videos on different literary theories also you can find this very simply by going on my channel so if you go to artatakarwa.com and you go to the playlist section there is this this ugc net english literary theory simplified crash course ek moori playlist hai if you click on this playlist you will get this entire video so there are these six videos I would really want if you are struggling with literary theory please do watch this video series it's going to be very very helpful I've tried to like decode bohot easy terms mein by giving the easy examples that how this can be done so that is one way you can you know go and check out these lectures another way is by reading a book or you can join our online course where you get detailed lectures on each of the topics konkonsi important books ke naam aapko pata ho nahi chahiye jo exam bhi puche jaate important literary theorist ke kya concept hai wo sab puch mein batatiye okay so we have looked at formalism now I'm giving again a simple example of what is deconstruction as a literary theory now before deconstruction came along there were the guys called the structuralist so ame pata structuralism pehle aaya po structuralism aur deconstruction okay do naam hai ekhi theory ko who believe that everything is defined by what is not it's opposite so hot is not cold good is not evil man is not moment so structuralist kya kteate hain ki haame agar samajna hai kuch bhi cheez duniya mein to haame usko opposite pata ho nahi chahiye se if I tell you that let's say okay so I have this thing so if I tell you that this is filled with water so what it is not it is not empty that is how you know it is filled with water that is why it's not empty koi bhi cheez abhi kya hain abhi din hain so abhi mein kya yeh bol sati ho abhi din hain aam hai yeh bhi bol sati ho abhi ratna nahin hain so by understanding the opposite you kind of understand the other side of the story as well so koi cheez agar garam hain to wo kya nahin hain wo thandi nahin so thanda garam good evil if that person is evil that means he's not good so but in order to understand evil you must understand what is good only by understanding what is good you can tell achha what is what is not good is evil okay so you've given the words light dark many of us associate light with the goodness and other positive qualities the same is with up and down with up we have more positive connotation so kotha hain hain opposites ki jab bhi baat hutiye to we always have one opposite which is good which is nice and one which is not nice there's light dark what is better light what up and down what is better up because profits go up margins go up relationship is going up up kinds of creates a feeling in our mind that it is positive heaven is up hell is down so iss tari kise aap dekhenge okay hot and cold so aap dekhenge koi bhi cheez joh hai ek cheez achhi hai ek cheez buriye day and night what is better day obviously people se hard day din aur hai sa vera hua hai to maare jeevan ka andkar chala gaya chha andkar darkness associated with evil okay so structuralist kya ketein ki aapko kisi bhi cheese ko define karna hai to aapko pata ho na chi ho se opposites ke rupne define kya ja sakta hot is not cold good is not evil man is not for me now deconstructionist jo theo kisi problem thano nika kya hote hai jab hum koi bhi cheez ko opposites me dikta hai to hum ek ke saath mein kuch positive we associate it with quality in light dark, many of us associate light with goodness in up and down, many of us associate up with goodness there is a reason why wealth and education are associated with upper class and how about being centre versus margin we want to stay in centre, obviously centre no one likes to be marginalised so without even thinking about it we tend to favour one term out of the pair so what we are saying without even thinking about it we tend to favour one term these unequal pairs are binaries binary has two things unequal pairs, hot and cold is an unequal pair which gives more weight and what deconstructionist would call violent hierarchies in other words, they are a fourth situation in which one term or one person that term applies to is automatically downgraded without any real reason like if we say upper class versus lower class then we automatically associate wealth, education, fare all these terms with upper class anybody who is fair we believe that this would be of upper class why so? this is wrong, we automatically attach any term with any situation this is what deconstructionist were very opposed to now these violent hierarchies can be dangerous in real life think about racial profiling someone may be more easily suspected of a crime simply because he or she falls under a specific category that is assumed to be inferior okay just say if you can just imagine that if a person comes in Hindi and not in English then we consider him to be inferior many times this can happen that in a crime state if there is a crime and there is a person who comes in Hindi or not in English if there is someone who speaks in English then it is considered that he must have stolen money the person who comes in Hindi or not in English now that doesn't mean that he is not honest it is just that he comes in Hindi but some rich person seems like because he comes in English then he believes that he cannot steal the Hindi person comes in Hindi so just try to see how we have attached wrong things with wrong things now deconstructionist don't want to just reverse hierarchies they want to blow up binary thinking altogether they just don't want that if you are rich and poor then you are starting to consider rich as good then you start to consider poor as good then there will be the same problem like nowadays people say that patriarchy and feminism are two things so now feminists are more for their rights that they are saying that 50 years from now the male the male section of the society they need some help they need some upliftment they can't marginalize so that happens when you put one in power then the other will be marginalized so deconstructionist don't want to just reverse hierarchies they want to blow up binary thinking altogether so instead of thinking in terms of black and white we have to consider infinite shades of grey along with the other colors in existence this way of thinking makes literature and culture more inclusive suddenly no color is superior to the other deconstructionism has a whole lot of real world consequences think of how you judge people the first time you meet them we often resort to binaries to categorize those people they are unattractive exciting dull tall shot you are kind of restricting yourself and restricting your view of the world this binary formulation is human nature it makes a ton of information easier to process but if we never try to understand what is happening to us what is happening to us what is happening to us what is happening to us what is happening to us then there will be a crisis but if we never challenge these binaries we never give people a chance specially people who don't fit either part of a binary this is what deconstructionists say that binary formulation which is very natural that is something we cannot really do anything about it but if for once we learn to challenge these binaries we can search the world in a very different way So this is deconstructionism. Now you see, it is possible that when you read it in a book, you find it very difficult. You feel it is a very weird theory. But now when I gave you these simple examples of light, dark, I gave you this example that when you meet someone, we kind of categorize them into different categories. So when we connect the literary theory with real life, it becomes easier for us to understand the concept. And that is what is required. Okay. So with that note, I think I am towards the end of the video. Just want to share a very important news with all of you. We have this fabulous discount for people who want to register as of now, because we are targeting not just December 2020, three-car net exam where you get free mock test series with our course. So if you get a six months or 12 months course for UGC net, you get to prepare for three things. Number one, you get a free mock test series for December 2023. 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So this is the offer that is running and this is the only applicable to 31st of October 2020 because we want a lot of students to, you know, start preparing for the upcoming exam. That's why we are just running this offer. So if you're interested, you can contact my team. The number is your<PHONE_NUMBER> is the number you can drop them a WhatsApp number, WhatsApp message, or you can even call them, or you can go to the website courses.arpathakarva.com slash learn. Once you go here, you get these courses you can enroll in the, in any of the course and you can just apply the coupon and get the benefit. So with that note, let me end the video. It is 12 36 p.m. 29 October Sunday and I have exceeded the live by five minutes. So I'm so sorry for taking those extra time. That's it from my side for this lecture. I'll meet you very soon in the next lecture. Till the time we meet next. Happy learning. Keep loving.