Hello, thanks for the warm welcome. My name is Stefan Lennart. I'm from the University of Ringsburg in Germany. And the reason why we did something more special on the search is we wanted to pull out the complexity of full searches where the students and the teachers called us and said, oh, I don't find my course. I don't find my teacher. And I'm new here. I don't know what to do. The reason was make something more intuitive, right? And that was the reason why we adapted a little bit, Google the instant search, and make it more convenient for the people. So the integration itself, this is the start page of our eLearning system. And the integration itself is done in the header in the navbar. And it's basically two functions only. It's the quick search where you enter and you get instant results. And if you want to do more research on it, which many people do, but mostly they use the quick search, they can pull the full search button and they receive more insight in the courses. Let's go first to the quick search. It's functionalities. Like you see here, if you enter like a teacher's name, you get the course category. I, myself, have a course category. And although I'm a teacher, so I could click there. And you come to the, how to say, to the built-in Moodle page where you get the list of all the courses which is teach to have. Like I said, it's based on the Apache Slucin search engine. And we did the indexing over courses, respectively the long names, the short names, and the ID. So teachers and students can search for long name, short name, and ID. The trainers, it's first and last name. And the categories. Also, we are a long name, short name, and ID. That's for the quick search. The next thing is the full search if you take the class. This is how it looks like. I've made it green. I made a mistake on it. I wrote biology with three O's, meaning spelling error. But it's not a problem for a Lucine because it can guess and has phonetic search. If you would enter it in German, you would get an English result also. So its search characteristics are the phonetic search. You have search term highlighting, like you see in German biology, Unterricht in green. The weighting of search, which is more higher rated or lower rated. And a detailed listing of where is it, what is it, and when was it done. Is it an old course? Is it relevant? Is it not relevant? It helps a lot, I think. The key benefits, especially also on Lucine, because it's very powerful, you have more flexibility and reliability on the search. It's quite straightforward integration. The special features, like phonetic search, is on board already. And that was the main reason why we used Lucine, because first we started with basic database queries, and it's not performant. I would not recommend database queries on the fly. It pulls down the server, it's not good. So Lucine is very good on that. And because the Lucine index is always done one day per night, so if a course is created by day, and on the same time, the search would not find it. We did it hybrid, so everything's older than one day, goes over Lucine Apache indexing, and the rest is going via the basic database queries. It is like a compromise. We called it hybrid search. Somewhere it's about user satisfaction. Since we implemented it, we did not get any call about where is my course, where is my teacher. They found it directly. They use it almost every time. Just some small words on the implementation and the structure. On the back end, we have the Lucine indexing, directly in the root of Moodle data. We create, like I already said, a nightly cron job to rebuild the indexes. And search result preparation is done via JSON and the delivery via HX and PHP. The front end itself is encapsulated. All JavaScripts are encapsulated in ES6 modules within the structure of the applied theme, like in our case, Boost Union. And for the calls itself and the integration in a nav bar, we had to do some small code snippets. And the JS call itself in a nav bar. It's not a lot, but it has to be integrated like Hacked. Just some words on the outlook. If there is time, I would like to do a full integration as a full plug and play module to say, OK, download it. You get everything packaged, click a button, and you have it on your page. And what also would be great is further investigations on the Lucine's functionalities to make the search even smarter. It has more power than we use, maybe. OK, that's it. I just want to speak a little bit about a few ways that you can work to create an honest assessment environment in Moodle, and this is specifically with Moodle quiz. First, I want to mention the fraud triangle, which is a concept from financial fraud, but it can also apply to academic dishonesty. And that is that you have the greatest probability and occurrence of fraud when you have the most rationalization, motivation, and opportunity. That's the triangle in the middle. And motivation, you can't really address with Moodle quiz. You can use other aspects of course design to look at that. But with quiz, you can address rationalization a little bit and opportunity. So those are the two that you want to shrink. And those are the ones that we'll look at. To reduce rationalization, you can use an honor statement. Three question types you can use are description, true, false, and short answer. Excuse me. Research has shown that if you include an honor statement at the beginning of your quiz, which could be something like, I agree not to use outside materials. Maybe you explicitly say what they are allowed to use if it's open book or open note. Then students are less likely to cheat on that quiz. So for the rest of this, we'll be about reducing opportunity, which you can do with quiz settings, question types, and safe exam browser. Some of the quiz settings you can use are navigation options during quiz attempts. That includes shuffling. You can shuffle the order of the questions in the quiz and the order of the answer options within a question. You can also choose whether to use free or sequential navigation. This allows you to decide whether students can skip questions and return to them later, which is free navigation or sequential, which forces students to go through the quiz in order. And if they don't complete a question, they cannot return to it. Timing includes the open and closed dates of the quiz, which gives the window during which students can decide to take it, which you may want to make larger or smaller. And the time allowed, which is the time that they have once they begin the quiz to finish it. You may want to put some limitations on that just to reduce opportunities to share with other students. Review options can also be used. There are a couple of time frames, which are immediately after the quiz. And then after that, later, you may want to consider whether or not you want students to be able to still see the attempt, which is the quiz questions themselves. And whether you want them to be able to see what the right answers are. If those things are visible, it's easier for them to share with other students once they've completed the quiz and the other students may not have started yet. A couple of question types that are useful are random questions and calculated questions. Random questions can be used for any subject. The instructor creates a pool of questions in the question bank. And then in the quiz, you build the quiz by selecting the number of questions you want to grab from the pool, which is a category or subcategory in the question bank. And then when the student begins the quiz, Moodle will randomly select for that attempt which question they will get from that pool. Calculated questions are more suited to math and science subjects with numeric values. And here you create a question and provide parameters that Moodle uses to create numeric values for variables. So for an example, if you had a problem about the perimeter of a rectangle, you might have variables for length and width. And so you would use those variables in your question and then give Moodle some parameters for the kind of numbers that you would want to use. And Moodle will create a set of numbers. And you can specify how many. It could be 10 numbers. It could be 100. Then once those are created, when the student takes the quiz, Moodle will randomly select some numbers from the set that it has generated for the student when they take it so that you don't have each student getting the same numbers as every other student is drawing from a set of whatever size that you chose when you set it up. Safe Exam Browser is available in the Moodle settings. And it prevents students from opening other websites and applications on that device. This means it's suitable for proctored environments or a classroom or computer lab setting where you don't want to maybe have to watch every screen every moment to make sure that they're not accessing something else. But you can kind of see if they're pulling out a phone or another laptop. If the students are taking this elsewhere in their room, wherever you can't monitor that so they can easily access whatever they need on another device. There are three options for configuring Safe Exam Browser and your settings. The first two are within the quiz settings in the Moodle quiz. The ones to configure manually have a list of settings and you can choose yes or no or how you want to use those. You can use an existing template if one has been set up by your admin, which basically they have pre-selected some options in the settings and you can choose whatever template applies to your case. The other option is to upload my own config file which would create outside of Moodle. That's what the Safe Exam Browser config tool program that you have to use on a computer. That gives you some more options but it's also much more complicated and complex. Then that would have to be uploaded to Moodle. Whichever of these is available also depends on what your admin has decided so these may not all be available on all Moodle instances. So hi everyone, good afternoon. My name is Maxwell Fundy, co-founder and director of a company called EduTab Africa. EduTab Africa is a youth led company in Kenya with a small group of multidisciplinary people who work towards transforming education through use of technology. So I actually had prepared for 15 minutes but it's gonna be very very quick so I'm going to rush through the presentations. So where we work, we work mostly in Africa in different African countries but for this presentation I'm going to focus on two areas where we work. One is in the eastern side of Kenya in the refugee camp called EduTab which is near Somalia and on the western side of Kenya where our main office is in a town called Kitale. We work mostly with Moodle in these offline settings which are low resourced which do not have like super good computers, laptops, desktop and things like that and we find solutions that work well in those offline contexts. And that relates to the question I asked about simulations from Open University because part of what I'm going to talk about is how we use simulations in offline contexts for primary school kids. So some of the technology we use, we focus mostly on using portable single board computers like Raspberry Pi that we installed Moodle on them. Some of them have been inspired really a lot by Moodle Box for example. Moodle Box has really made this work very easy but initially we used to install these devices ourselves manually step by step, step by step to make this possible. But now with Moodle Box this is really, really possible and we also look at these devices are also cost effective because when you think about Raspberry Pi then it's really affordable. And then the other thing is trying to improve Raspberry Pi through some of our partners like inclusive education. For example, the box that's on there is a Raspberry Pi that has enhanced memory, a bit of Wi-Fi capabilities as well as a cooling module because it can get really, really hot. So first case study is Dadaab, a refugee camp in Eastern Kenya Somalia where we were running a pilot project with Save the Children. And this was looking at how can we use Moodle in offline contexts using the Moodle app. In this case we used Moodle app together with the Raspberry Pi that we set up together where we had to download content onto tablets, on the Moodle app on the tablets and this was used completely offline. And this was to be done in one school which reached about 320 students. And these contain two learning areas. One was mathematics and the other one was social emotional learning. These were very short five minutes videos that were localized to Somali language because the children at the refugee camp only speak Somali. They are still learning English and Swahili. So these were highly localized videos that were very short in social emotional learning and mathematics. Beyond the students we also had materials for teacher professional development and this included playful learning materials that introduced teachers on how to use tablets in groups and also in corporate playful learning. Second case study is near where our office is in western Kenya where we were using some device but using the government provided tablets. So in Kenya in the year 2016 they are about, the government rolled out what they call the digital literacy program where they were equipping primary schools or public primary schools with windows tablets. And now these are probably six, seven year old tablets and there wasn't enough capacity building for teachers to effectively use these devices. So edu-tub came in and worked with teachers to enable them use these tablets and part of what we did was including simulations from FET which are made by Colorado which are downloadable and you can put them onto the Raspberry Pi and then what happens is students can now access those simulations and other materials using the tablets at school. This was of course happening in groups because again enrollments are really really high so we have to put students into groups and things like that. So I already talked about teacher profession development and some of the things that we were talking about and some of the materials that we put in, videos, we had simulations, we also had podcasts that edu-tub produces on African children's storybooks which enables literacy education. So we had different learner experiences where some of them who are really passive became much more spoken due to the conference they get over time and we had lots of feedback based on what we did with teachers and students as well, seeing about improvement and how happy they were and things like that. So one of the things that we looked at also was how do we now quantify how these things were used and we had two problems. Number one, when using the Moodle offline app, it was really difficult to have actual data collected for how things are used but when using browsers we had this kind of data possible to be collected and yep, that was the main challenge and yeah, lots of lessons from a work. I think adaptations of content to local context is super important and also capacity building for teachers is really important. So moving forward, we are looking at how do we now use these offline technologies more and report better in ways that informs, for example, the entire Moodle community on how better can we develop solutions for offline context. So I leave it at that. Thank you so much for listening to me and I'm looking forward to questions and having conversations around our work in Africa. Thank you. All right, now we have time for questions so if we could call all of our lightening presenters back up to the stage. I know you just came down but come back up to answer questions, we're gonna have, yeah. So Anna has the microphone. Please raise your hand for questions for any of the three presentations we've just seen. I have a question from Sarah regarding assessment. We haven't used a safe exam browser so far because we had some challenges. What do you recommend as a best practices for safe exam browser? So in terms of the settings that you might use for it, I would say one thing to consider is if they have URL filtering, so if there are websites that an instructor might want students to be able to access, we have some that want students to be able to use a calculator. So we found a website that has online calculators and we found that you can allow that and if they put the link in either the quiz question or a description question at the beginning of the quiz then they can access that link and use a calculator that way. So think about something like that. A lot of them are ones that may or may not be useful but there are things like show wifi, audio enabled or disabled and I think those are useful. Like if you were doing something where students would need to listen, you would need audio but otherwise I don't think there would be a problem having enabled if they don't need audio because there's not gonna be anything for them to listen to and I think if you show them more things like the wifi control or whatever, they can tell if they're having a problem with wifi and then let you know that okay, that's why I'm having a problem with this quiz. I can see that it's a problem with the wifi. So I would recommend deciding what they do or don't need and then just maybe taking away whatever you want to be restricted instead of just allowing only certain things so that they've got the most visibility of what they can see as well. And I'd also say a practice quiz so that they can download the browser ahead of the actual quiz and they can see kind of how it works, what they'll need to do with their computer. Depending on how it's set up they might have to disconnect their laptop from any external monitors. Just so they can get familiar with that in a low stress environment. Thank you. One follow-up questions regarding downloading the browser for their students out. Have you had any issues from the student side that they're not able to connect or download that application? Thank you. Right. We've had a single student so far that has had an issue and that sounds like something with the install got corrupted on their computer. And that's apparently a very rare case that happens but all the other students either, they downloaded or if they ran into a little issue they just tried downloading it again and then got it running. Hi, I've also got a question for Sarah. First, thank you for a very good talk. It was a good rundown of the available options. And I thought introducing the fraud triangle was a good point of view. I want to say something that's probably going to sound very naive but I think it does is worth saying. When you're thinking about the fraud triangle and motivation I think we shouldn't overlook that when you're designing your assessment if the students think the assessment is a worthwhile use of their time that it's helping them learn that it's not just a box ticking exercise they're much more likely to engage with it honestly. So good assessment design is I think quite an important way to reduce students motivation to cheat if you can find ways to do it. It's certainly easier said than done. Sorry, that was a statement, not a question but you can respond. Right. I'll just say yeah, I think it's more of an instructional aspect of how do you create your quiz from a design perspective rather than what can I do with settings and everything, definitely. I have a question for Stefan. So you said that you would be scanning the whole Moodle data folder if I understand correctly. So I don't know how much space this takes and how long it takes to scan the whole thing into the search index. Could you give us some numbers? No, we did not make the indexing is not over the full content what Moodle has. We index over the categories, course categories, courses and the teachers. Everything together is 60 megabytes and it takes about half an hour in the night to create the index. So it's not over the full. I have a question for Stefan as well. Stefan, do you, how would one implement the search that you've built? Is there a repository for it or is it just something that you have? Yeah, that's the problem. Yeah, first you need the source code of Lucene itself. We put it on a root folder and from there we made on the Moodle source code also a root folder where everything happens like kicking off the cron job. That's quite, how to say, off site of the Moodle core. It's like, okay, you take the folder and put it there and it works. The only thing which has to be hacked with the Moodle core stuff is integration in the theme. So it's not a lot where you have to change this on Moodle core source or this and this. We created for Lucene and the indexing, one folder, only our stuff and a small snippet in the theme itself where you have to hack it in this way, right? So, but to make it more convenient, it would be better to package it completely and have it like a normal plug-in or module to say, okay, download, click install and you have it. Man, that is an outlook, right? Like many things. Hello, I have a question for Maxwell here. Yeah. Thank you. I'd like to congratulate for your amazing work. It's amazing how to see the data, how you can reach those communities. So I have two questions. The first one is if you have a sense or an estimation of how long does it take to implement a whole training framework or lessening framework in a new community. And the second, if you could share with us your lessons on how to overcome digital literacy in those communities. I'm talking from the UNESCO side, so it would be great to listen. Wow, those are two very good questions and quite deep as well. So in terms of training, I think this varies from context to context in terms of what's needed and level at which different people we are working in in the communities are, for example. In Kitale, the second case study, these are people we've worked with for at least three years, so we know them for quite a number of years. And therefore, when we started this, it was harder and took more time. But now it's much easier because they also recognize how helpful these technologies are. And also in Kenya, for example, there has been a very big drive even by the government to sort of encourage people to get more digital literacy skills from either training by the government or local partners and things like that. And teachers are not left out because even the teacher service commission has put a lot of their services online, so at least even the ones that were really technology-phobic are now trying. And so I would say for different communities, it takes different times based on the context. Now on the second question, please if you can ask the second question again. It's about digital literacy. You covered a little bit, but if you could explore more. Yeah, I think I sort of covered it a bit more broadly, but then there are some materials we have also developed. We also have our own eCampus, where Edutab Africa eCampus, where we also try to build some teachers who are able to get onto the platform. But sometimes we also have our team who do face-to-face training. But remember, we also have a small team, so we can only do so much, but then we also leverage a lot on open source OERs that we can also share with people to upscale themselves. Yeah, this is for Max, it's just a comment. I'd just like to appreciate the work of Edutab and your in Africa. And I think the work you do in Africa, what we do in India is highly underrepresented in model because we are working in completely different environments where quality education is not accessible. In our case, we even have data. It's not that we've also used the SPCs and so on. But I think that we need to see a lot more of the use of Moodle for the genuinely sort of deserving communities. And I'm really happy to have attended at least one lightning session on that, so great work. Thank you so much. I think that keeps our team going. And thank you so much. And we'll be looking forward to reporting more on part of the work we're doing because I think this is my second time in the Mood. I came last year and this year, and definitely there will be something next year because we're also growing. So thank you for that.


Daily Tech News show is made possible by its listeners, thanks to all of you, including Mike Aikens, Norm Fasikas, and Chris Allen. Coming up on DTNS, Sony sets a date for the PSVR 2. Who wants it? Plus, Google's AI event unleashes new algorithms for translation, wildfires, and writing fiction. And you can finally look for that thing on Etsy. Just take a picture of it. This is the Daily Tech News for Wednesday, November 2nd, Dia de los Muertos 2022 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt. In Salt Lake City, I'm Scott Johnson. And I'm the show's producer, Roger Chen. Sir Elaine's off today, but we are not, and we have very fun tech news for you today. I just want to put that right there out front. This is not, this is not, you're not going to get angry.  I've seen the lineup and I'm not irritated about any of it. Not one little bit. Let's start with the quick hits. Here's what'll make somebody happy. Tumblr updated its community guidelines to allow nudity, mature subject matter, or sexual themes when using the appropriate community label on posts. Very sex-positive. Visual depictions of sexually explicit acts, however, remain prohibited. The platform previously had banned all adult content back in 2018 when it was owned by Verizon, but it is now owned by Automatic, Matt Mullenweg's company. Can you hear them now? Facebook will end its practice of using humans to curate the Facebook news section and go back to relying on algorithms. Back to the robots. Facebook news is a section, or sorry, in a section in some markets will show notable local and international news. Most of it is already generated by algorithm, but the top story is selected. Selection has been selected by journalists at Axel Springer's Upday. The change will begin in early 2023. I think they're just moving away from news because nobody reads that part of Facebook. Over the coming weeks, Google will roll out new parental controls for Google Assistant, Google Home, and FamilyLink apps on both Android and iOS. That'll let parents add a kid's dictionary for age-appropriate answers to questions, kid-friendly voices with slower, more expressive responses. Seems patronizing, but all right. Disable Assistant features and services that they don't want the kids to be able to use, as well as establishing downtime hours, where it's like, Matt, you should be brushing your teeth and going to bed. Don't use Google Assistant. These will be available in Assistant settings for a child's account. Also, Google expanded its beta test of Google Play for Windows that started this past January. It's now available in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, and the United States. Adding to the places it was already available, which were Hong Kong, South Korea, Australia, and Thailand. Very nice. DJI announced the Mavic 3 classic drone, which starts at $1599. That's $1,599. $450 less than the standard Mavic 3. So, you know, a little better price entry. It drops the original telephoto lens, but uses the same 20 megapixel 24 millimeter equivalent main camera. Its flight time safety features and transmission systems are otherwise the same, and it's available right this second. You say Mavic, I say Mavic. Let's just call the whole thing more money than I'll pay. Sure. It's cheaper, though, so that's good. With the phasing out of 3G service by U.S. mobile networks, Lexus vehicles have largely lost access, at least the ones that relied on 3G, to convenience and safety features as part of its Inform service as of October 31st. So, that's going to impact your Lexus vehicles that were made between 2010 and 2018. So, not even that long ago. Vehicles will lose things like remote locking, remote start, collision notification, virtual assistant, and stolen vehicle tracking. It does not impact navigation. Lexus said it didn't plan to retrofit vehicles with new radio, so you're not going to get LTE or 5G in there unless you pay for somehow doing it yourself. But Lexus will give pro-rated refunds to subscribers with active subscriptions. All right, let's talk about the dates for the PSVR 2. Me and the PSVR 2, we got a date. I have two of them. Sony announced its next-gen VR headset will go up for pre-order on November 15th, the Ides of November in markets including the US, UK, France, and Germany. Game pre-orders are going to open later in the month, so you'll be able to get the games and the headset at the same time when it ships in February. PSVR 2 costs $550 US, €600, £530, or $74,980, ships on February 22nd. So, you can order it November 15th. You're going to have to wait until after Valentine's Day to get it. If you want a charging station for the controllers, instead of just plugging them in by a wire, that's going to cost you a separate $50. Now, if you're vague on the details, Sony's previously announced because they have been kind of drip-feeding us for a while now on what the PSVR 2 was going to be all about. The headset has OLED screens, 110-degree field of view, up to 120 Hz refresh rate, and 4K HDR support. It has four outward-facing cameras and connects with just a single USB-C wire to your PS5. So, no more external camera or maze of cables. It is quite the setup with the previous unit. Also, those move controllers were garbage, and these new controllers seem pretty great. It is not backwards-compatible, though, with games from the original PSVR. It's got a lot of people, a little upset. But a few dozen games will be available at the ship date, including the much-ballehood Horizon Call of the Mountain, which a lot of people have had hands-on with at these events and really like it. Yeah, a lot of ballehood. I've noticed all that. I haven't had a chance to use the word ballehood in a long time, so that's why I used it. There's a few dozen games coming, so it's not like you won't be able to get games, but you will have to order new ones if you want this. So, it starts when you do the like, okay, who's this for? Well, if you want the cheapest VR headset, well, you're going to get the Quest, so it's not for you. If you want a powerful headset, maybe, but it's still going to require you to get a PS5. So, if you don't want to get a PS5, then you're out. If you're like, okay, I have a PS5, and I want a headset to play with that, and I've got all these games from my PSVR one that might dissuade you, because you're not going to be able to play those old games and you're just going to have to keep your PSVR original, so maybe you'll do that. It's really for somebody who doesn't play VR games or is looking forward to these improvements, and there are significant improvements over the original PSVR. It's a slice, Scott. It's a slice of people who are already in the PS5 or want to be in the PS5 universe and want to play improved virtual reality games. That's probably enough to make it worth being a product, but it's certainly not going to make Sony a leader in the space. Probably not. It would also follow that I think Sony is probably going to end up putting out or at least publishing or making available to third parties, publishing games that were previously on the previous gen or sold as new PS5 games. I hope they do something for previous owners. They can. They'd be tied to an account and they'd be able to say, oh, you've bought this before. So this new, up-res version that runs on the PS5, we're going to give you a $20 discount. That would be good. That would be good. None of this has been talked about, so who the heck knows, but I kind of hope they do that. I think that would go a long way to soothe the Savage Beast that is players who are annoyed by Sony's inability, it seems, to care much about backwards compatibility and sort of across the board, not just exclusive to PlayStation VR, it's exclusive to Sony in general. And I don't think this helps that. Even though I know from a technical standpoint, this is a generational leap in technology. This is a far superior headset with far superior controls and way better rendering system, faster refresh rate, inside-outside tracking, like all these cool features that this device includes, I think make it worth the price upgrade and also the sad news that it doesn't play your previous games. I just don't think that's good from the current sort of PR river Sony finds themselves in with having bad relationship with backwards compatibility. All of that being said, the one part people make sure to point out about this, this officially makes the device, the actual add-on device of a VR headset more expensive than the PlayStation 5 you're connecting it to. That's unusual and compared to the previous gen, it's also unusual. That thing debuted for less than the PlayStation 4 was at launch anyway. That may have tipped the scales later on during the lifecycle of the console. So that's a little, not weird, but a little bit like you need to know that going in. You're going to spend 12 to $1,500 potentially on this combination. If you've already got the PS5, then I guess you're ready. It's still hard to get PS5s. That may change around the holidays. I don't know. So I don't know. I find all this kind of interesting also that this isn't a holiday release is a little bit weird. Yeah. It must be a surprise. That's all I can figure. Yeah. Yeah. Let's see what happens. We want to get people to put a slip of paper in a wrapped box in December that says in February you're getting a PSVR for Christmas. There must be why they're taking the orders now is they think they can get a lot of orders, but they can't build them until February. I don't think we made it clear about Horizon Call of the Mountain. This is in the Horizon Zero Dawn series of games. It's a standalone VR game and they're giving you a voucher with this thing that will give you a code and download it and it's yours. So they are giving something away with this otherwise a little bit expensive expansion to your living room experience. Good point. Yeah. Well, check this out. Are we in the cusp of a visual search trend? I don't know. Google just added a lens button to the Google.com homepage in the search bar. This lets users upload an image to access visual matches, text, translate tools, all that sort of stuff. Google rarely changes at home page. So it's a big vote of confidence in the lens, but Google is not the only one. Yeah. Etsy. One of crafty things and fan art and more is testing visual search and it ain't bad. If you're in Etsy's iOS app, they say it's coming soon to Android, but it's in iOS right now. You can tap the camera icon in the search bar and either take a photo or upload one. And Etsy will use that to return a search of items with a similar look. Engadget's Igor Bonifacek pointed it at his keyboard and it gave him similar replacement keycaps in the right colors for his color scheme of his keyboard. I pointed it at a black mug I have that says good vibes only on it in yellow. And I didn't get the exact matchback, but I got a bunch of similar black mugs with yellow script writing on them that kind of fit the profile. If I was looking for, you know, something to match the style. I went in and I asked Eileen like, what's something you bought on Etsy? And she pointed to this BT 21 notepad. So I took a picture of it. It didn't show me that one again, but it did show me a lot of similar kinds of items on Etsy. So yeah, it's not going to help you find exactly the thing it doesn't feel like, but it's certainly good at like, oh, you want stuff like that. Here you go. Right. And it feels like magic a little bit when you get a good result. I scanned in this for audio listeners at home.  And I thought, well, let's just take a front shot of that real quick with my phone and see how this Etsy app did. And it did really well. It didn't give me this. This isn't where I got it, of course, but it gave me a ton of arcade and retro suggestions and results. A lot of them were arcade cabinets, homemade stuff, stickers to put on your existing ones, replacement control stuff from 3D printers. Like that category was definitely resulted to me based on this original image, but it wasn't exactly like, oh, they've given me another version of joust. I can also hang on my tree. Like I didn't get the exact thing I was looking for, but maybe that's not what this is ever going to really be for. Maybe the point will be with visual search depends on how we all use it. But maybe the point will be to give me all the stuff around what I took a picture of, not necessarily the exact result of, hey, there's that thing again. I already own. Yeah, yeah. You know, I think the ultimate aim of like, I want to find this exact thing is there and people still want it. But I found this useful.  But I don't know how to describe it. It wasn't necessary if I've got this or I want to find something like this. I would like it, you know, if I'm looking for those red cups you used to find at Pizza Hut back in the day. You know, I want to be able to find a picture of that and upload it and find somebody selling a used version of those cups. But this is pretty useful. And it's a thing that I remember reporting on Google, even adding image search like back in the buzz out loud days, you know, 15 years ago. So it feels like it's a long time coming for this to finally start breaking the mainstream and going back to what you said about Google adding it to the homepage. That's that's a big vote of confidence that it's good enough. Yeah. And there's also this, I do have a question about a language of use thing and briefly explain this, but people are very used to pulling up there. Etsy app or any other app they search with and putting in the cursor, typing the thing and hitting go. And I wonder how many of them will even notice the little camera over there. It that may take some time for people to go, oh, there's this alternate way and it was and it was more convenient than me just typing in joust arcade cabinet. Maybe maybe this is the better way to search for things. I think that's a little bit of a hill to get over, but if they can do that with good UI and I don't know, encouraging messages on their sites and so on. Google Etsy and everybody else who may be trying this out might, you know, might be onto the way we do things.   Then you're just looking at stuff. And yeah, the search results are happening. I want that. Well, folks, if what you want is less complicated, like our holiday card, time to get our list in order. Each year we send every patron who wants one a holiday gift card with exclusive art from Len Peralta. I think this year is his most beautiful yet. If you'd like the card, make sure you're a patron. Patreon.com slash DTS and check Patreon.com slash pledges to make sure we have your proper mailing address. Do that by November 15 and we will attempt to send you the exclusive DTS holiday card right here from us to you. Thank you. Lots of stuff announced at Google's AI at event. So let's break it down or at least talk about a few of these. Google's letting its imagine text to speech, image or excuse me, generator out into the public. I'm so excited about this. All right, I don't know why I'm just excited to get it from Google because I know they have a lot of data already. You'll be able to make two types of limited requests in Google's private AI test kitchen app. One call or one type rather called city dreamer. And this lets you ask image and to make a city around. Sorry. Excuse me, a city theme around you that you would choose. So that's pretty cool. Like a city of pie. All right. So think that way. Think weird. Tom, you want the city of pie? That's my example. I wrote that example. I had a feeling and it outputs isometric designs think SimCity. So, you know, three dimensional isometric SimCity style results, except in this case, pies. The other type of request is called a wobble, which sounds like a word will rip off, but it's not. Let you make a small monster out of material you choose and then tell it what to wear. They can then bounce around and you can poke it. So a little bit of, a little bit of good fun there, I suppose. So I don't know. Go ahead. Oh, the one that you have, what's the one that's just out there open source that anybody can use? Well, there's Dali mini, which is, oh, you mean the. Yeah. I know what you're talking about. I'm blanking on the one, but it's like open and people are like, that's irresponsible. You shouldn't just let everyone. And then the other end you have Google like, we'll let you do two really limited things that are not exactly useful. But at least they show you what we're capable of. Right. And I think that's stable diffusion. Thank you, John. There it is. Yeah. I'm, you know, I'm for, I don't know why I say this because I don't actually believe this. I want to run a really mess with this, but giving me only two is probably smart for now. Let, let us see what it's capable of. We don't need a thing flooding my feeds again about all the junk people like to make with these, with these AI generators just yet. Also, it's, it's, it's behind the AI test kitchen app, which you have to be approved to use. I'm not, I can't use this. So it's really them just collecting feedback. It's not meant to get you to do anything at this point. Yeah. It's interesting to see, to just follow this race though of trying to be the next thing we all make stupid stuff with. It's pretty exciting. Weebles wobble, but they're not AI. Next, Google's Lambda engine. That's, that's the one that the guy was like, I think it's sentient, but it's not. Google's Lambda engine is powering something called Wordcraft, not Warcraft. Wordcraft. It's a tool to help writers, but it goes beyond what stuff like Grammarly can already do.  For example, you can ask the tool to describe an object like I want to, I want some eggs and it'll like describe them like the white pearly eggs sat on the bench or whatever. It can, you can also do things like make the sentence funnier and it'll attempt to like, you know, turn it into a joke. It can suggest writing prompts like give me a story idea. Google tested it with 13 writers who all said they appreciated its help as a tool, but it didn't seem to be able to replace their work. Wordcraft's writing didn't stick to a consistent style. It played its safe using a lot of cliches, avoiding mean characters, probably because there's so many safeguards on it. It's not available for the general public anyway, but, but an interesting tool and I could see using this of like, not even if I'm kind of stuck, but just sort of like, all right, I don't want to do the work to describe this thing. Describe it for me, you know, or, or punch it up and then I'll probably tweak it, but give me an idea of how to make this funnier. I like this. Yeah, it's not bad. I had an author tell me a couple of days ago because there's other competing things that tried to do this. They're not as high profile as Google, but he was trying to convince me that there may be a future for authors working with AI as partners. And the way he described it was you do a very brief kind of outline of your book, your characters, your overarching story, the world it's set in the year, whatever, whatever these bits of information you can feed it. And then it pushes out essentially a rough draft, very rough, but all the pieces and parts and it kind of does it in the acts you need them to be in and all of that. And then your job as an author is to say, all right, I've got my skeleton. I'm going to go put some flesh on this thing. That's a really interesting concept. And I think our authors already do this themselves, right? They do their own quote unquote sketch, but it reminds me of art and also artists who are talking about doing this with AI as well, visual artists.  And I don't know that I'm as back and forth as I am on this AI assisted stuff. I think I'm kind of for the idea that the AI helped me get there, but I did the big meaty part of it. Yeah, I agree. To me, it's just a supercharged version of the spell check, right? It's like it's suggesting things that I could take or not. And if they're good suggestions, that'll help me along my way. My writing process is generally I come up with an idea, sketch it out. And then during November right now during National Novel Writing Month, I do the AI part. I do the like, let me just push out a rough draft that's super rough. And then after that is when I go and I do all the polishing. So essentially this replaces nano-rimo. It says instead of forcing yourself to write the 50,000 words, have the machine do it. And then you get to do the fun parts, which are coming up with the idea and polishing it up and making the idea perfect. Yeah. And then there's the, you know, I still have questions about a possible future where the AI gets so good at this that it can write an entire Stephen King length novel based on you giving it five or six prompts of things you like. And now you've got a finished, readable, well-written book. That may be the future. Yeah. Far-flung maybe. Or even I don't know. Five years. I don't know. Then human written novels become a thing that people sell like, like handcrafted chairs. Sure.  See, I like that. I like that. I hope that that value remains right where he said. So Google also announced a large language model trained on more than 400 spoken languages with a goal of eventually including a thousand languages. That is a lot of languages. The model can generate language and translate. One of the advantages of using such a large model is it can do something called zero shot learning where it knows enough about similar languages to translate a new one, which is pretty crazy. Google said it's already begun integrating the model into search and plans to use it for Google translate and YouTube captions, which I think is a perfect place for that. Yeah, this is going to really be good for helping underserved languages. Google also demonstrated a project called code as policies or CAP to let robots write their own code. It's not as bad. It's not as bad. It's not as wild as it sound. It uses language models and a few shot prompting to write the code, letting a robot perform a variety of complex tasks without having to be specifically trained for those tasks. But it can't program just anything. It's not general purpose. It's not creative. The system is limited by which third party libraries and APIs it has access to. Google released the open source code on GitHub, though, if you want to try it out. Yeah, go check it out. Finally, Google said it's bringing its wildlife detection, wildlife wildfire detection system to the US, Canada, Mexico and parts of Australia. Might be some wildlife in there. I don't know. Machine learning models are trained to predict where fires will spread to help first responders take measures to control that fire. Google has a similar flood forecasting system to the announced back in 2018. That's also being expanded. I really like that initiative. I think that's cool. Yeah, it's very helpful for places where Scott and I live. That's right.  Absolutely. All right. CNET's Bridget Carey recently reviewed something called Hollow Ride. It's a VR platform for playing games in a moving car. I know we should probably have a trigger warning on this for those who get motion sick. But Carey tested a version running on an HTC Vive flow and said she didn't throw up once. She played a game called Cloud Breaker where you fly around shooting enemy spaceships. And what Hollow Ride does is it connects by Bluetooth to the car to get real-time data on acceleration, braking, steering and location. It can match the landscape in the game to your location too. So like a building, your driving pass could be a mountain in the game, stuff like that. Of course, it matches the motion. So when the car turns, your ship turns.  As long as she looks straight ahead. She said it got a little thicky if she was looking right or left. She also demoed watching Netflix with a screen that stood stable and that definitely made her queasy. Hollow Ride includes the HTC Vive headset, a controller and a one-year subscription to the Hollow Ride platform for games. It only works with Audi cars for now. They want to expand that, though. If you're in Germany, you can buy it right now. Go and order it for 699 euros and they plan to bring it to the U.S. next year for 699 dollars. Hollow Ride also told Carey more news would be announced at CES in January. So we might get details on that. I'd be really curious about what other experiences they might offer with that thing. It just seems like such a very limited use case. Not that there aren't a lot of people with this that would benefit them, but it just seems like how are you going to build a library of games that aren't necessarily mainstream? They only work in this situation? I have a lot of questions about it, but it's a fascinating application of VR for sure. Yeah, it's a game design challenge.  Carey just reported on the Cloudbreaker one, but I'm curious about that as well. Little gimmicky, you know? But kind of interesting, kind of fun. There's a lot of technology for rides as well. So there's some some amusement parks that use it. I think it was Universal City Walk uses it right over here in Burbank. So cool. Interesting stuff. I try it. My wife gets very ill inside of these headsets. Anything would be better for her. So we'd look at it. All right. Let's check out the mail bag. Bodie from the kilowatt podcast. Hi, Bodie wrote in and said, dearest to DTNS, I enjoyed the segment on electric vehicles with Tim saying, hey, I have some things to add. It is very much okay. It's welcome. Thank you, Bodie. Tim mentioned an FDNY captain saying that if there's an emergency involving an EV, firefighters often don't know where to cut when performing an extrication to avoid the high-voltage lines. Most auto manufacturers have emergency response guides for their EVs. These guides give firefighters direction on how to mitigate an emergency involving the vehicle. For example, how to disable the high-voltage lines. The FDNY captain also offers a free ebook, which is essentially a collection of the auto manufacturer's emergency response guides. Another thing to mention is that these guides feature alternative fuel vehicles which include compressed natural gas, hydrogen, EV, ethanol, propane and more. The NFPA website features emergency response guides for more than 35 auto manufacturers who produce alternative fuel vehicles. Bodie says over the last six years I've developed and taught several classes on this subject, so I have much more to add. But I want to keep the email short. If you'd like additional information, let me know. We're going to have to get Bodie on the show and talk about this. This is really cool. No, you should totally have him as a guest. I think this does fascinating fact and tell this email. I didn't know. Think about it. Of course, these EVs have a different everything. So if you don't want to hit high-voltage lines while trying to save somebody's life, how do you know what to do? Is there a disparity between manufacturers that need to really study up on this? And is that a whole new mess for emergency responders here on an Audi, but cut there on a Tesla? Yeah, that's fascinating. Like what standards are there? He should come on and I'd make it Wednesday. Roger, make a note. Let's get Bodie on a Wednesday. All right. Tim said yesterday during the extended show we were talking about streaming sports and Rich talked about moving to YouTube TV and how that meant he wouldn't be able to watch Cleveland Guardians baseball games when they come back next spring, so he'd have to find another solution then. Tim to the rescue. Tim wrote Bali Sports launched at the end of September a new streaming product which lets you get your local market games without needing cable or direct TV, direct TV stream, anything like that. You can pay monthly or yearly and it works on all streaming devices. Currently this is for NHL and NBA games only. However, they plan on providing Major League Baseball next season. If you check their fact, they've already negotiated rights for a few teams and hope to have all the rights secured by the start of the 2023 season. Sadly, that will not work for me because I have spectrum. The Dodgers are on spectrum, but it'll work for Rich, so thank you, Tim. Appreciate that. That's awesome. Rich, I know Rich needs his Cleveland Guardians fix, so you did it. Congratulations, Tim. Well done, Tim. And well done, Scott Johnson. Thank you for being on the show. What do you got going on these days? Well, as usual, lots of content, but if you want to zero in on something that's a lot of fun right now, we just finished a whole month of what we call Sacktober on the podcast Film Sack which we have been running since October of 2009 and still going strong. We did, we do all Halloween movies in that month, so it's a great time to kind of catch up on maybe a few episodes and decide whether this shows for you or if you want to sit down and watch 1994's True Lies, which is a shock we haven't done this yet. So yeah, get your Schwarzenegger on this weekend on Film Sack. Film Sack.com for details or Film Sack wherever you get your shows. Big thanks to our brand new bosses, Jeff and Nick who just started backing us on Patreon. The more bosses, the better. Thank you, Jeff and Nick.  Support independent tech news. We are not under anyone's thumb, but yours including Jeff and Nick's thumbs. Thank you for adding your thumbs to the collection of thumbs under which we are. Jeff and Nick at patreon.com Jeff and Nick can get that extended show now, Good Day Internet stick around. That's starting right now. You can also catch the show live Monday through Friday 4 p.m. Eastern 200 UTC find out more at dailytechnewshow.com live back tomorrow with Justin Robert Young. Talk to you then. The show is part of the Frog Pants Network. Get more at frogpants.com Fireman Club, hope you've enjoyed this program.


Policies come from politics, and politics both shape the law and also are shaped by it, right? Think about the struggle for civil rights in this country, gender rights, labor rights. Those were, as you know, came from a long period of struggle against different legal frameworks over long periods of time. So this is not something that just happens cookbook manner, but it happens in a way that destabilize prevailing legal norms and legal institutions. My name is Jami Mauduth. I'm a professor of economics at Sarah Lawrence College, and I am also on the board of the Association for the Promotion of Political Economy and the Law, which is part of a broader ecosystem in the law and political economy tradition. There is an old debate in regards to the relationship between the public and the private, which others may sort of know as a relationship between state and the economy. And the legal realists and the original institutional economists in the early 20th century challenged the notion that the public politics and the law is separate from private. In other words, they challenged the claim that the economy is pre-political. And that was a pushback against the orthodox view that the economy is fundamentally pre-political and the law has to come in to make it efficient. So in other words, in that other framework, which becomes the basis of law and economics in the contemporary period, the claim was that the law is an apolitical technology, whereas the legal realists argued that in fact, the law is constitutive of the economy. So the foundational categories such as property and contracts, those are legal categories. And they arise through a wide range of political factors, struggles, court cases, the constitution, including. So the law and economics Chicago style separates out the two spheres, public and private, economy and politics. And so that's basically saying that in that framework is that the economy is pre-political, and then the law should come in to maximize efficiency and competitiveness as in perfect competition. The LPE, the law and political economy tradition, argues that in fact, that law and politics play constitutive roles in constructing the categories of the economy in terms of the structure of property rights, because property, for example, is fundamentally social. And so what I do and don't do with my property will impact you and others who may be property owners and who may not, in which case politics is going to structure our relationship with each other. So in that sense, the economy is fundamentally socially embedded. So another sort of way of thinking about law and political economy is that it situates law as a social and political category as opposed to something separate. So the background rules are exactly the basis of the action that happens in markets. So all the phenomena that we talk about as economists, supply and demand, profit-seeking behavior, the corporation, the costing and pricing and investment decisions of corporations, they rest on those background rules. And they historically, right from the beginning of capitalism, you've had this struggle between corporations and the larger society or businesses and the larger society and within businesses too. In terms of the shaping of those background rules, because businesses will seek to cut costs and sort of impose greater social costs on society. What it says is that first of all, there are two or three separate issues that are linked. One of which is that it says that there is no baseline economy from which to deviate from. So that's the conventional view that you've got this perfectly competitive market and then you've got market failure. And so even the sort of critics of neoliberalism amongst neoclassical economists would make that kind of an argument. They would talk about the need for institutions because of quote unquote market failure. That's actually the basis of the World Bank's programs internationally. This is arguing something totally different. They're saying that all markets are legally coded. All economies are legally coded. There's no benchmark. And so the issue implies that, in fact, the distribution of power relations, for example, is not due to some external factor. It's due to the rules of property rights and contracts and as they are legally and politically coded that distribute the power relations within society, which means that in order to understand inequality, one of the biggest issues of our times, and later on we'll talk about development, you need to sort of go break away from this idea of market failure as opposed to a perfect market and say, well, OK. If politics and the law play this constitutive role in the structuring of property contracts and the harms or torts that we do to each other or corporations and vis-à-vis society and so on, then that's where the action has to be and that's where the analytical focus has to be. That distribution of power relations as Robert Lee Hale, who was one of the great figures in this tradition, early 20th century, he was an economist at Columbia Economics Department, but he was also a law professor at the law school. So Hale's framework sort of informs a lot of this kind of thinking about the distribution of power relations and the political foundations of those. In the early 20th century until 1937 in the United States, the Supreme Court passed a series of pro-business rulings generally to the detrimental workers. The classic case was the Lochner v. New York, I think 1905, I believe it was, when the issue was about maximum hours of work and the Supreme Court ruled that it is an illegitimate state action to have maximum hours of work because there's freedom of contract. So no maximum hours of work. And if you don't like these long hours, go find yourself another job, freedom of contract, to which the legal realists argued that in fact, this was not the absence of law and regulation, it was regulating workers in a particular way. So in other words, there was no such thing as deregulation. Quite simply, all markets are deregulated, or are regulated, think of Carl Polani, I mean, he made this point very famously, right? That all markets are regulated. And so then the question arises, what's the form of the regulation and who benefits and who loses? Policies come from politics and politics both shape the law and also are shaped by it, right? I mean, think about the struggle for civil rights in this country, gender rights, labor rights. Those were, as you know, came from a long period of struggle against different legal frameworks over long periods of time. So this is not something that just happens Cookbook Manor, but it happens in a way that destabilized prevailing legal norms and legal institutions. So this is very much an institutionally grounded analysis of economics as opposed to the law and economics, which also brings in institutions but as outside the economy. And those institutions then are supposed to make the economy more efficient. Here they're saying the economy, the institution, the legal institutions, as they're politically constructed, they actually are at the base of the economy and they're shaping the relations of power and so forth within that economy. So the legal and political economy framework is the one which says that law and politics are at the base and are at the foundation to the economy. They are actively involved in sort of hardwiring it in different ways in different contexts, right? Okay, we're talking within the context of capitalism. This is for sure. Law and economics would say that the institutional framework is outside the economy and though that institutional framework has to be set just right to make that economy efficient. So the economy is separate from the public. The constitutional theory of money begins from the same premise that all economic phenomena are fundamentally legal and political. So the constitutional theory of money essentially characterizes money as a legal institution, which has a public base. But what is important to understand is that the public does not mechanically determine the money supply and that's the neoclassical framework. The neoclassical framework as we know is that the central bank controls the money supply. So the constitutional theory of money is more in the tradition of the endogenous money school, which we're all familiar with. The problem with the endogenous money school is, I mean, traditionally as the story has been told is that there's no accounting for what determines the unit of account itself, right? So loans create deposits and then the central bank comes along and fills up the deposits created and money supply, which is fine. And that's exactly right. The thing is though that what makes money money, in other words, what makes those deposits currency? That's a legal category. Then when the central bank tops up the deposits created from a loan, that's a legal category right there. It's basically taking a private liability, which is the deposit of the bank and topping it up with a public liability, which is the high-powered money, right? So the public is at the base of that and the bank itself could be a private corporation. I mean, there's a whole issue about what we mean by that and we can talk about that if we have time. But it's a private corporation run by private, that has private investors, there's that and the other, but there is a public base to it. Now the bank does not have to be a commercial bank, it could be a public bank as we know, right? So the institutional feature of that doesn't take away from this sort of public foundation at its base, right? So some authors have, for example, argued that in fact, banks are a public franchise and so that's exactly the point here. So the constitution basically means not just the big constitution, but it means the socio-political and governance framework within which money arises. So indeterminacy points to the fact that if you take something like property rights, that property rights can take different forms. So for example, on my property, I have, let's say I have a grocery store. Now my grocery store gives me, I have a title to it, I gives me the right to prevent somebody else from coming into it after hours, right? So the rest of the society has a duty not to come in when the grocery store is closed. But then, when the grocery store is open, the question then becomes, does that right duty filter into my hiring decisions? And the answer is, yes, in the sense that it's not a right anymore, it's I have the liberty to hire whoever I want to within limits, right? I have a liberty to hire and to fire. That's a basic liberty of capitalism. But then the question is, do I have the right to hire people of particular ethnic backgrounds or gender backgrounds? And the answer that depends on the context. If that is ruled out, then I don't have the right. Society has a right to prevent me from discriminating and that's a duty on my part. So what this says is that the bundle of rights that determine property are enormously shaped by context. So we can take, for example, German corporations. German corporations with 2000 and more employees, they are legally required to have employee representation on the board up to 50%. That's the Co-Determination Act of 1976, challenged by the Supreme Court, challenged in the Supreme Court by employers in Germany and it was struck down on constitutional grounds. So essentially what this is saying is that if we agree that in fact money is endogenous but money has a public foundation in the same way that the economy is endogenous but has a public foundation, then of course the monetary hardwiring of the economy can take different forms. And so if you look at, for example, economic history, let's say in Europe, post-war, you had the mobilization of central banking to finance reindustrialization and development and social development. And that was a form by which public money but also private commercial banks were structured in a particular way to finance post-war reconstruction and development with the central bank at the heart of that. That was one form of monetary mobilization, for example, in France. France on the other hand, imposed a particular form of monetary control in its ex colonies in Africa. That was another form which basically prevented them from industrializing and developing. So this is the point that politics is playing a crucial role in the institutional design of money. So in terms of development and the implications of the LPE framework, I can focus on two things. One is in line with what I was just saying, which is that as you know, one of the sort of at the heart of the Washington Consensus is central bank independence, right? And what I said previously was that in fact, central banks could be mobilized in a different way to finance social and economic development without being a printing press as often is claimed, right? I mean, this was John Maynard Keynes's actually point that in fact, the Bank of England would be separate but it would maintain an accountability to legislatures. So this would say that in fact, one could think about reconceptualizing development by reconceptualizing central banking and the mobilization of money and credit, which is right at the heart of all of this. The other issue is in regards to foreign trade, right? And as you know, there's an extensive literature on export-oriented industrialization. What economists don't usually talk about is the fact that in order to have exports or promote exports a la South Korea, Brazil, Mexico and so on and so forth, you need to deal with intellectual property rights, right? So in other words, there's no question of competition if you cannot get access to a certain kind of technology or if you tweak it a little bit and the WTO or you're challenged by global corporations that are dominant. What this suggests is the building up of a domestic legal capacity that could potentially challenge this kind of thing. So for example, Brazil has gone much farther than Mexico has in actually having a pretty powerful domestic, very well-trained lawyers who can take on international challenges in its export promotion policies. So for example, the aircraft, the indigenous aircraft produced in Brazil, Embraer, I think it's called, it was challenged by a Canadian aircraft manufacturer and saying, well, you know, and it was challenged successfully or one can talk about other things in the area of medication and medicines and vaccines, right? So there again, you have intellectual property rights and that whole issue of the nature of property which I think economists should be absolutely and centrally dealing with. Otherwise, if you don't deal with that, no exports, no social development, right? That's the background. And finally, inequality, yeah, which is to say, I mean, that's a problem everywhere, but in particular in the developing countries, another major issue, inequality, as we all know, doesn't happen from anywhere. It comes from the way by which assets and the economies itself legally coded. So that puts the spotlight on that particular issue right there.