Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this is Grau Show with me, Edimastore Tumeruli, this is Game Week 3 yag Grau Show, Hapa, SPM Buzz nalew ni kuna kijana wa Chelsea, the Blues Blues, Blues, ya, Blues Gita muli shei kwa watu wa jwe, wuna ito nani? Amindo, the Blues, Amin, it was Santos, the KAA Rhyme City ni kwa pa in full swing team ni Chelsea Hao ingi na chana naun, kele Haa chana naun, na kumbea saizia pa ni kibudu pro max Haa Chelsea vs Tottenham last week Tulio na buemboe Wa? Eh? Ako mechi li wakali Ekin na jyoma asidim nafraia Bro, what ever happened, mi mi kituni li kwa nataka, mi mi kama frotrana Asya nol, nambon fan The only thing I needed was a draw And guess what? I got it! And we name it by there Tulio na saka tu dro Inyamfraia ingi wengini wa kexel Bro, Tottenham wukiyon na biliu kwa nati zile game parle Ya? This Tottenham side ya uyuko chwa wana ito konte Ya Tumeo na this Tottenham side Is a Tottenham side that was fighting from behind Wali fungwa waka kambak Waka fungwa tena waka kambak Is it right to say that Tottenham decision there will be a threat? I think when you say a threat to the title I think there will be a problem with the choice of words I don't see them as a threat Ya ni siyo ni kama ntishiyo But what I know is that we can improve We can talk about improvement but maambia threat kwa maybe title contendance I don't think Mora na sema iwa nubiyangu Because let's to enter to UAKV So during the last time Tottenham milliona parle Stafford Bridge kata kana points I don't know when I don't know when I was in Stafford Bridge Ya it's been so many years I remember the year that Leicester won the league In fact Tottenham had to beat Chelsea If they had beaten Chelsea on that day wana wana wange dana league What happened? They scored two goals Chelsea through hazard waka kambak Almost in that game kila mta lepoa iwa lukad kila mta Tottenham From goalkeeper to kubira moja kila mta lepoa iwa lukad But this season they have a proven coach in Konte Master tactician He's been your coach at Chelsea Of course definitely Why are you ruling me out? But I'm not ruled out Okay it's not a matter of Konte You're talking about Tottenham as a team and the structure is so different Let's not to understand easy V2 wana jwa mneza kwa derim fit lakini na tegimi na gari gana in Desha Sindi yo Laki di gari sini gari Ah gari is called I'm not going to imagine it I don't know what you're talking about Gari is called gari Mambe kwaivi I think this season Kwanzea tu last season Tushna mambe kwa ki jari bukuru di kwa ele shape wa perform poor Na thanks to Godwampata kwa chumzuri kwa chwe tactician venyume sema kwa chana elewa futa kwa chana elewa how to win a match But problem ya Tushna mbado iko kwa I think kwa chizaji Noka yangalati logimi at Chelsea Tushna mambo nyesha They are able to score more goals They are able to score That strength force is very lethal in fact in son In fact Niki analize attacking the attacking primarily right now Onapura Tushna mwakuna ataka So I think they're the best in the primarily They're the best in the primarily given last season so onarikain will top the gold scored assists But don't forget now you can be scoring so many goals and also conceding so many goals at the same time And I think that's the problem We'll be suffering this season They'll be able to score so many goals and we have seen Gemi a soton wali fungabaw mingi But still Waliweinsha ability have conceded so many goals now onarikain So atu kwa yangalati logimi at Chelsea They are open to conceding goals and that will be their main and doing this season by the way and that's why I'm ruling them out kwa kwa serious contenders kwa serious contenders So Tushna this week they are playing against a wolves side When I talk about wolves I think it's a good idea for me to play against them Ah, I hope I won't be able to play against them It's a good idea It's a good idea for me to play against them It's a good idea Tottenham at their stadium they are taking on wolves and the wolves also the season blow when a bird want to blow it's hot and cold at the same time Is this a game that Tottenham to you they can win this game Yeah, when you along with some wolves game to lose by the way in the game they can grab 3 points because wolves so far they don't want to lose and the wolves record they have been a low scoring team but Tottenham now as per this season and they want to attack they will score so many goals I think wolves will be having so many problems trying to defend Tottenham strikers and the attackers So I want a lot they'll have to concede that game Tottenham is age over wolves and this is a work over This is a work over Tottenham Pali to Pyangaliya if you look at Tottenham they are playing right now and the court that they have if you ask me I think Tottenham they have a better score but we've always seen that Premier League has so many dynamics teams come with different tactics and how to age as in Sayi, akuna team in New England to be really honest Wolves Pali na mwa nami kwa strikamingi na mga dili kutoka Juventus Gwedes Gwedes na metoka Valencia na kujapale Wolves plus Ruben Neves I think that guy has an experience Pali kwa midfield but this game of Tottenham vs Wolves I think Tottenham can they can and think they have an experience court that can make them push through Let me ask you Tottenham Wolves what's your prediction my prediction just like I had said earlier it will be an easy game for Tottenham and I think any point it has to be so I think Tottenham can score 3 first goals so it will be 3 to nil 3 to nil? Tottenham Wolves my prediction is 2-1 Tottenham 2 another game of the week we have Bournemouth we have some promotives they are playing they are playing the mighty Arsenal team Yababa team Yababa team Yababa Arsenal have been performing amazingly precision amazing they have the Lord Jesus Christ Gabriel Jesus the team of team Yababa Bro this team has been blessed let me ask you Bournemouth Arsenal Bournemouth is a team that he made a promotion this team that has been promoted is a trick for Arsenal to hanga numa to li kwa na Brentford li kwa na promotio kwa kwa kwa kwa na Arsenal kwa kwa kwa na Arsenal there are a way Spook Stadium Bournemouth vs Arsenal do you think Bournemouth in Hazasubu Arsenal I don't think why don't you think Bournemouth in Hazasubu Arsenal Arsenal lost to a gold son he is a team that has been newly promoted but something we will not forget Bournemouth for me kwa kwa ligi true I will not consider Bournemouth as a newly promoted team he is a team that has been promoted he is a team that has been promoted and we will not forget because he has been a team for 77 years he has been promoted because he is a team that has been promoted we have to stay here so we will not be surprised because we don't know what time he is going to be here he is going to transition but at least we will not be in progress we will not forget we will not forget 2014-2015 we will not forget actually it is a season 10 games league issue who is the manager who is the manager you are asking me who is the manager I am just asking that was a professor that was then this is now this is now that was then this is now that was then this is now this is genius let me ask you look at how Asemili is playing right now what will you learn what will you learn after close to 3 games last season but if you let me ask you we will not forget we will not forget we will not forget we will not forget we will not forget this kind of music has been so boring but let's talk about this game we will not forget so ladies and gentlemen this is a jealousy fan that pre-season he suffered in the hands of Arsenal 4-0 they didn't even score a goal we are talking about pre-season don't forget Manchester beat Liverpool 4 goals to nil the same thing that considered again is Brentford 4 goals to nil the only problem is you are mentioning Arsenal and Manchester United in December Arsenal and Manchester United nikama juwan nikama usiku na mchana it's exactly the same thing you are doing bro they are not the same thing Arsenal is a way above Manchester United let's talk another thing Bournemouth vs Arsenal your prediction who is going to beat who Arsenal is going to crash Bournemouth by how many goals 4 goals to one very good and very bright Arsenal is going to beat Bournemouth let me tell you this game is 4-0 Gapil is on fire Gapil Jesus is 4-0 if they can't score Salimba is there to score for them you know what sometimes I love the way when Salimba scored the on-goal I love the reception wiliona watulim pikiama kofi waka muambia ni ni blando mefanya kipon nusuna hadis he scored the on-goal then we scored nuna right now they are playing as a unit they are playing as a team kupapi, mikopane kimbi iwi na kupata na bol na palu na geta and they are very young Averagely Arsenal is at 22 years wotni space Arsenal 4 Bournemouth 0 Arsenal 4 Bournemouth 1 Adapale Odebets weka betiako 2 kuna leads team kubua na semanga Chelsea na nama na bluz live wire show them the badge the blue army this is a lead side that has lost Rafinha Chelsea wade Rafinha Rafinha kawambia Chelsea na jokimi li chase ma muna Rafinha kata Rafinha li kataku kuja bro na li kataku na li adjinti li lalipiga na ibasila na adjinti li deko amechiza Chelsea na basila na kini katiakini watapi katiakini watapi na kutu na akademia that's why I keep telling you bro Chelsea bato team dog umi tanatiampi usili HR na ni amechiza team dog kiburiya wakwa hasi na kids ma, leads vs. Chelsea e game kubua palih leads is one of the best teams in England according to the way they played the game Kwa li po niya waka kinogo kwa nega relegationu pa li lakini, they pull through, they have a coach in a match, an American coach is really trying, na menu nuwa ma player sana kutoka Brindeslega. Ukengalei leads pa le na Chelsea, they play, they play very, very attacking football. Kwa midifilu, they have pa le ma loose Philips, Ahmed Aman City. Do you think leads, they have any way they can stop Chelsea? The only way I was stopping Chelsea is that leads have, I think according to their playing style, leads attack so much. They attack so much, I know and they run a lot. And teams like Chelsea, they are afraid of teams that attack them so much. So if leads want to beat or maybe try to get a point from Chelsea, they have to continue the trend, continue attacking. But again they should not forget because the problem of attacking football is that you lose shape. Sometimes you attack to an extent that you forget that you need to keep the shape. And the moment they will lose that shape, Chelsea will capitalize on it. So let me ask you, how can Chelsea capitalize on leads attacking them? Whereas 2 ma luka kwa menda Inter Milan, and within 2 minutes or 3 minutes of luka kwa kwenge pa le Inter Milan, na funga ba u, Chelsea ma kwa Timovana, muka 2 pa inje, no na. Timovana ma rudi pa le, nini pa le, daka kido ga kwa funga ba u, no na. Saizi Chelsea in short supply ya striker. Ata sai na skim na uge na Baselawna, mnata kwa mbewe striker. Mnata kwa obama ya ga kuji Chelsea. Who will provide the goals for Chelsea? You know, one thing that me as a Chelsea fan have to consider is that we lack creativity. We have creativity in abundance. Like I was trying to compare the Chelsea that you are having right now. Of course you are having a good team that you cannot predict who is going to score the goal. Do you think that's the best thing? It's the best thing. In fact, the best team is to have anybody who can score the goals. That's how the city operates. Exactly. But the problem with Chelsea, we don't have people that are creative enough. They pass and pass, pass too much, you know, without focus. They pass not to go forward, they pass just to contain the ball. They just pass to keep possession. And now football is all about scoring. Because at the end of the day, what would be the scoreboard saying? No, no, no. You said it was a transition. It will pass to be precise and to score. Chelsea, we are under transition and you guys must give us time and you have to accept. What type of transition is that? We are trying to change our style of football. You understand where Chelsea is coming from. Of course you understand how we used to play before. We really appreciate those times because Arsenal used to get no points from Chelsea. Let me tell you one thing. If there is one team that can't tell me that our transition is Chelsea, because you have never been in that period. Chelsea, you hire and fire coaches. You see, you've never heard that brand of football that somebody can associate Chelsea with. We had, we had. Which one? Which one? Which one? That you can say, for two years, this is how we've always been playing. Chelsea had, and I'm saying had because we are not playing that style anymore. Especially when we hire these coaches. You hire and fire? No, Roman Abramovich wanted the Barcelona style of play. Not forgetting, we don't have the Barcelona type of players. You cannot have the Barcelona style of play. Where you don't have the Barcelona type of players with the Barcelona type of coach. Leads, they play the position type of football and attacking football and they don't have the type of players Barcelona have. It's not about the players. Let me ask you about Barcelona. Because Leads have been playing that way. Do you think it has worked to their disadvantage or to their advantage? If you look at last season, let me tell you one thing. If you look at Leads the way they were under Biesla, you see, they attack. You see, they attack in a very nice sexy way. When that type of shit, okay? Guardiola. No one. One attack won't be enough. Umendapaliku tis a ball. No one. Chelsea, one on 80 million, 70 million, 60 million. You throw money in these talents. But then if you have a group of players, now how do you play them? How do you play them? Have you like umeshadis kukajua, mimi nita kuna chezaivi?  Kuna jwa isotamata close game, build it tattoo. Inata game yana objectives a team. Kuna teams, which is solo stream, kuna teams kuna long term projects. Asnolom kuna long term project. And that's why atata, atata kipafumpu aliaji. They'll still give him time. That's very true. Chelsea is not a matter of long term project. They want results. Right now. Want toka results. Na elewa. And because we invest in want toka result, yule jamana wulza coach unata kanani. The coach says, I need this, then this. Then I'm going to be a coach. Nyok patia. So that's how I'm going to let it result. Let it result. Na endemi kwa blender. Because I'm going to let it out, I'm going to let it out to help you. This poor bad boy lewani kimgun. Na elewa. But kumi kwa donkana itaji ni. Antakariza. The yumatwa. approaching slower delivery. Akuankia uspo deliver, the best thing that I want the. I'm young. xioka. laek nami ask you, Santos, kwa we will go to preliminary konama team hashtonwila egnya towa Pesa kupuwa. Ashtonwila isna need to come to kwa maki kitiniu. Ashtonwila isna need to come to kwa maki kitiniu. Ashant resona players should be played in that Il plaiso na mechesi nata on top. So, if you ask me now, it's about kuch, taktikiya kwa ona taktikiya. Matiad kwa mbi. Story, lazimu elewe. Oniza bisha na kwa market kusani player. Yes. Kitambili kwa na fanyika? Kitambili kwa na fanyika? Kitambili na jwe kwa na fanyika. Kitambili kwa na fanyika. Oniza wu player kwa kimpatata at 100 million, salariya keko aji. Aji, otawe za ku liopa. Kun Silence mwa player si big issue ni. Tunizam lipa. Koteinyu si na lipa ona mi. Ana lipa wa na Justinville. Bā tso alo ya kiki, mwaji ka maula jemwa man, se ti ya maula jemwa maula jemwa jelze. That's very true. Na ona na. So that's ona team, kama, Justinville la toak. We na yuhon financial muscle, baada wazy re sol. Yzi tiim skubo. But at the same time, look at it this way, there's some players also on your kuman city. Na na they are not even in big salaris. So it's not a matter of, that's why I want to say maga, ono kubalena player personal what? Personal terms Kama player kubalena personal terms, anapa ya ni? Kuna chana na eh? Kuna majento nge na juku negoshi e tizu e itu So igemiya Chelsea, wasemi kwa mbe play li? Leads Chelsea Leads watakujiya pwale kusaka point Watakujiya piya kutuwa mbeya boda ikitupu na elewa Ijali ishi Bata po Chelsea ono tuwa point start Ono tuwa point start, abot nabi batad Chelsea, their first game of the season was against Everton They struggled in that game, it was a battle against their old player in Frank Lampard Wakafunga bao Gemiya wa apili kakua paleo lukon na tizu na Tottenham It was also a battle, that game was full of It made me feel nice when I saw those two coaches Na juona enjoy As in, that's what football should be Of course na penda kontesana Na penda kontesana bring back memories The way Premier League used to be Tu me miss bade, tu me miss zile mind games Mourinho, Wenga, Fagasu Tu me miss, these are antiques Apu kwa dugout Wenga na Mourinho Fanya tuwa tizu ajiwa kwa na grau Kuchuangwa kuivi, we need to deliver But squeeze ma kuchuana kuja Kwanza ma players Oki toka apu na na kuchuana fiasu kwa ma nyu maza Imagine Kwa na kuchuana kusikuwa Those days when Premier League was Premier League you could see In the tunnel, Vera Roikin Washa za pili wa nuku kwa tunnel Exactly It's not football But they enjoy it because it's coming back to life again It's coming back And we appreciate it and we love it Like any What was it? Nipati e Leeds vs Chelsea Leeds vs Chelsea E game tumekuula Si kama na Chelsea E game tumekuula zini po instatu zimi Ingeya Akin sa blanda nilazimata kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa moja Kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa moja Jyotam na striker Leeds vs Nini Nipi ga po triwan Nipadi ga po triwan In favor of Chelsea Nakkawe na Chelsea Na nami mikidusa prediction ya wakwa mimi Iya, Maitea 1-1 That's the best Chelsea can get Wadap waspanye predixion na feelings It's not about feelings, it's about looking at how it is Coz it is what it is Chelsea right now are 2less dogs They don't have a recordman as a striker They only have best wingers The best midfield they do Khantel yu mija Kwa nafiyu na Sendio waluza lukaku, waka wuza timovana nanya tafunga Musikize, musikize wama gana asbana wajama wajama hita, soko bita for nothing We have Newcastle Man City the new rich kids in town They're rich and in fact they're richer than even Man City Cool kids So these are cool kids playing head to head If you want to know the most followed team kwa premiumi ligama England muzime ina koga Newcastle is the best team in England Ineto oil money derby Oil money derby Oil money derby Bro Eddie Ho He was formerly of Bournemouth This guy has transformed this team This team li kwa ali tukwa kama imeshinda like 2 games last season From relegation aka uchikwamba kata top 10 This game wuna yonaji because to me this is one of the best games of weekend as well This game is entertaining by the way It is entertaining so much Newcastle is pure and not wuna yonaji wana come through wakuna financial muscles They can buy whoever they want Of course Who are the star players if you look at this Newcastle side that you know they can cause harm at Man City Buddha Listen to Maxime Ninoma Hojama Nikitwana nbambana ni Akshikabol One, two, three defenders The moment we defend as kwa kama kretia kina Wilson chans kina Almiron If you look at this Newcastle side The first game wanshinda Tunil The second game against Brighton They drew 0-0 This one and some hero in this team They have Gwemeres and they have Joelton This guy is Stryker So from Stryker he has been performing externally well If you look at the way I think this game Newcastle vs Man City I think one of them is Wanshinda Last season when they met Asenon This was one of those games that Asenon struggled in fact they won't pick Asenon Kafanya Asenon to be in the Champions League So against Man City side that also has been a perennial loser to them Do you think Newcastle can upset Man City in this game? The chances are Newcastle could upset Man City but it is possible we are not ruling them out but we can we can see that Man City is a level in this game The way you want to choose a ball and you want to motivate You saw the kind of goals I see you came all the way about the brain That gives you a world class Like when you are strong when you walk then you score In football this is not happening it is normal so at least an alliance player We are just saying this because these are players that if you are a diho team like Newcastle you have to watch out for these such players because if you don't watch them or if you don't have let's say a strategy of kwa shika then you will be in problem I think and if you are in the same system then you lose big time because if you want to let's say somebody has been assigned so if you want to mark somebody you can mark them you can create a chance but these people are dangerous mahariz then they brought in new energy how long when you are working and you are in trouble so I think I think I think we are in trouble but the best thing of beating a strong team is by attacking them kwa shituwa we are going to win this then we are going to kido kido go kwa shituwa mwa piga bao kido mwa bao 2nd is set piece kwa piga team kali kwa pata set piece that's very true if you look at this Newcastle side the way you can beat Man City Man City it's proven attack them if you attack them you will score look at those channels because Man City when you press so high in the field if you attack them you will score and you are evil and that's why we are here exactly Wilson kimbe kati kati toa cross so in this game kimi na icheiki kwa kifanyaibu yun na seima kwa kipata baol wana nga liya long passes apakati kati kina almiron waka waka puwa na baole kwa kumgu and they can run kina maksim they can dribble past defenders so inafa wana chikwa baol wana supply kina almiron na kina maksim then they join and they also must be quick to cover wana kiyendam dele wama eka spaces up on yuma was pukwa quick Man City pia niwa dangerous kwa counter attack kina maharisim chizo but if you take this formation kuna formation moja nomasana ni na sumbo gamu chizo na utata yuma then wale mawingbacks wakiyenda nika mawingas then sa zili muna wana defend wana defend kama kama defend kama defend kama power turn mese sabga diola he doesn't like it but as much as long as a team like Newcastle can be there first half was considered a goal baka daka 70 they have a chance to hurt Man City because Man City anything that na win to them ita kwa normal but Newcastle anything draw kwa o isa win na pichunga pia pika ambaya pia pia na kufunga wakuna habili ita kufunga na they do they have the personnel tesa blanda ni i game we need to na approach yama Man City na rana setile tempo so i game as much as Newcastle wakuna hiu habili ita kubit Man City na pia wakuna hiu power yaku score goals I don't see them prediction 4-1 in favor of Man City 4-1 bro hiu ni kichapu oba hala we have our new kid Harland Harland Straggold again is a very young team in bone mouth watch him how it is going to score alicheza daka 70 akat fshikabol mara 8 touches who does that in Man City 8 touches 70 min akatolewa inje you understand Lukaku's plight again is a Newcastle outside but one thing I know for sure that Harland is a beast if you give him a chance he will cause damage 5 4 5 4 5


So this topic, we're going to get to very, cover very briefly stream ciphers and related to that. And a very important part of many security algorithms is random numbers. Okay, so we'll talk first about random numbers and then some quick examples of stream ciphers and then return and look at brute force and other attacks on ciphers in general. With our block cipher, with AES for example, it operates on a block of 128 bits at a time and one mode of AES I use a 128 bit key. And to use a block cipher, a symmetric cipher, the encryptor and decryptor must know the same key. Okay, so we encrypt with one key, we decrypt with the same key. That's the idea of a symmetric cipher. How do we choose a key? Choose a 128 bit value, 128 bit key. Anyone? How are you going to choose one? What about, and I will not write all 128 bits, but what about this as a key? If I choose a key, I want it to be secret, but I'll tell you. Okay, all zeros, 128 bits and maybe a one at the end, decimal one. I chose that as my key and I tell you the person I want to send a message to and what I do is I take my data, my file, I encrypt using AES using this 128 bit key. You know the key so you can decrypt. Is that okay? Secure? Why? Why is it? What's wrong? Alright, everyone knows, but let's say I trust you and we don't want someone from IT section to know. So what can an attacker do to try and decrypt the ciphertext that we get? So I take some plaintext, encrypt using this key and I get some ciphertext. The attacker has the ciphertext. Assuming we have a strong cipher, there are no known attacks against the cipher, what can the attacker do to try and break the ciphertext to get the plaintext? What can they do? They don't know the key. What can the attacker do?  I know. Brute force, generally brute force or try and guess keys. Brute force means guess a key, that is take the ciphertext, let's as an attacker guess, choose some random key, decrypt, and see if the plaintext we get from decryption makes sense. If it does, we've found the key. If it doesn't, we try a different key. We guess a different key and we keep guessing keys until we get one that decrypts successfully. Now, maybe as an attacker instead of guessing random keys, maybe you would start with some structured keys. Maybe I'll try all zeros as a key, as the attacker. Guess that one first and maybe try this key second. Yes, it can be a random value but the attacker, if they have some knowledge about how you may choose the keys, they can use that to try and try those keys first, which gives them much more chance of finding the plaintext. Brute force is going to take too long but if they can try the keys all zeros, all ones, 127 zeros and one one, then immediately they've found the plaintext. The point is, if you want to prevent a brute force attack, when you choose a key, you should choose random keys. If you choose a key, let's just use all ones because it's easy to write down, then it's not random and the attacker can take that knowledge. Steve's lazy, he just chooses keys which are easy to write down and try them first and find the plaintext. So when you choose a key, it should be a random value. Similar, when you choose a password for your login for Moodle, it should be a random password, a random set of characters. Everyone chooses random passwords for your bank account, your hotmail, no one chooses random passwords. We'll come to that in another topic because random passwords for humans are hard to remember but for computers, because usually the user doesn't have to remember the key, we'll see that it's usually software choosing the key. So they can choose a random value and store it in memory or on disk and encrypt using the random key. So we need to use random numbers to generate keys for encryption. Many other aspects of security, network and security protocols make use of random numbers and that's why we're talking about random numbers now because they are in fact used in many parts of security. One of them is choosing keys but there are other parts where we use random numbers. How do you choose a random number? Come on, you've all had almost two weeks holiday or maybe holiday. So your brains are refreshed. Use the current time. Choose a random number. Use the current time. Okay, is the time random? Sorry, use the time to generate a fake random number. The time is predictable, it's not random. The time now and the time in one second time, I can predict what that is. The time is not random. What can we do with it? Throw a dice. Okay. So every time I want to choose a 128 bit key. So what do I do?  Or two side and roll it 128 times. Flip the coin. Okay, not very convenient. How do you get a computer to generate random numbers? Use a function. What function? When you're a computer scientist, give me an example. RAND, use the RAND function. Okay, great. Now, your task is to implement a new RAND function. How are you going to implement it? What does a RAND function do? It's not magic. It follows some steps. You can't just rely on that all the time. How would the RAND function in your programming language be implemented? How do you think a computer can generate random numbers? Anyone? Use the ID of the CPU of the software process. Usually not random. Usually limited between 0 and 65,000 or so. There's not many values to choose from. I suspect it's not very random. I want to choose a value of 128 bits length. I think there will be some structure in the processes. The first process will always be process ID 1, say on a unique system. How do you generate random numbers? Okay, let's try easily. How do you generate random numbers? I ask you, choose a random number between 1 and 1 million. Too slow for my software. Anyone else? How do you generate random numbers? It's hard to describe, isn't it? Remember, a computer just does what we program it to do. We program a computer from the very basics. The assembly language to program the operations. To implement that RAND function in C or in whatever language you use, we must program some function. In most cases, we actually don't create real random numbers or true random numbers. We use some function that approximates random numbers. And we'll go through some functions. Some are very simple. Some are more complex. But it's really just a function that takes some input and produces, hopefully, some numbers which look random. So it's not easy to create random numbers. In many cases with our computers, we generate what we'll call pseudo-random numbers. Pseudo means not quite. Not really random, but approximately. So we often call them pseudo-random numbers, not true random numbers. So let's explore that a bit further and see how computers may generate random numbers. Why do we need random numbers in security? Select keys. We need a random number. And we need to do it fast. And so we can't just roll a dice manually. We need software to implement to choose a random number and be able to do it quite quickly and repeatedly. And there is a number other places. So generating keys. We'll use them in stream ciphers. Authentication. We'll see these concepts or technologies later. They all make use of random numbers. So we need random numbers. What do we mean by randomness? A uniform distribution is one measure. There are others. It's not the only one. But think of a sequence of numbers. Then we'd expect if it's a binary value, we'd expect on average for a long sequence we'd have the same number of zeros and ones. So a long sequence, say if we consider many, many random numbers, binary, say, millions of bits, we'd expect not all of those bits to be zero. If all of those one million bits were zero, I would guess that that's not a random number. So we'll have to expect the same frequency of ones as zeros if we consider a binary value. But not necessarily 500,000 ones, followed by 500,000 zeros. Same number of ones and zeros. But we'd look at sub-sequences. Instead of looking at all one million, look at 500,000, we'd expect approximately half of them to be zeros and ones as well. So of different sub-sequences, we'd expect a uniform distribution of our zeros and ones. That's one measure or one way that we try and interpret randomness. Another one is independence. Take a sequence of numbers. The next number in the sequence should not depend upon the previous numbers. Or at least it should be very hard to see the relationship. We'll see with pseudo-random numbers. Let me generate a random sequence of numbers. I'm going to write some numbers. Let's say I have a random number generator. And I call it many times. My code calls the RAND function many times, and it returns these values. The first value it returns is 10. That's working decimal. The second value it returns is 20. The third value is 30. And then 40. What do you think this value is going to be? We'd say that this value is not independent of the previous values. It's actually dependent on the previous value. We see there's a pattern here. Is this a random sequence? No. There's some structuring. The next value in our sequence was dependent on the previous values. Here it's quite obvious it was dependent. What about this? What's the next value? Again, a sequence of numbers generated by the RAND function. The first time I call it 17, then 26, then 93, 1, 52. What's the next value? What's the next value? What do you think? And I'll give you a hint. It's between 0 and 100. I don't know. That is, there's no pattern in this case. I tried to choose them randomly in my head in this case. So we'd say that we have a sequence, and we cannot see any dependence between the numbers. Whereas in the first sequence, we could see the dependence that they're increasing by 10. In this case, we cannot see the dependence between the numbers. Hopefully, this next one is independent of the previous ones. It doesn't depend upon the previous values. If so, then we'd generate a random sequence of numbers. So we'd like independence of our numbers. So that given one value, we cannot infer what the next value would be. So you couldn't guess what this would be. Well, you couldn't correctly guess because there's no dependence between those numbers. So that's what we'd like in a random number generator. And another way to interpret that is it's hard to predict the next value. And that's an important property for security. We'll see why soon. So we distinguish between true random number generators and pseudo random number generators. Sometimes shortened as PRNG. Pseudo random functions, let's ignore that. We'll not talk about that. Keep it simple. A true random number generator uses some physical source, some non-deterministic source to generate random numbers. Non-deterministic means it's not predetermined. We do not have some algorithm for generating them. Some examples of such sources, something that measures radiation events. In the physical environment, measurements of radiation from some source is considered to be random, or as close as random as we know in physics. Similarly, if we have capacitors on some electronic set of... on a motherboard, for example, or on a circuit board, the measurements from those capacitors usually exhibits randomness. Some noise from different electronic components is considered that the noise is not predictable. It's random. Or some noise from some audio system. The noise that comes out of the speakers through the audio system is often considered random, truly random. So yes, we can use in computers some of these sources. We'll talk about that. Okay. And then, maybe a little bit less so, but still often considered true random is different physical activities if we think about a computer. Measuring the difference between the times of I.O., input-output operations on a hard disk, the writes and the reads on the hard disk, over different periods of time, in some cases exhibits true randomness. Or interrupts. In fact, usually combining these together, not just one, but looking at the time in which software or interrupts occur from a piece of hardware, disk read-write operations, activity on a keyboard, even on a mouse, can start to exhibit true randomness. All of these true random number generators usually require some physical device to measure them. How do I get random numbers out of some radiation or leaky capacitors? I need some special device to measure the input and then convert it into binary for our random numbers. And usually they generate just a small number of values over a period of time. So because they need physical devices, to implement random number generators using true sources on computers is usually costly or inconvenient. So it's not so common. Who has a radiation measuring device on their laptop? No one, okay? So how do you get random numbers on your laptop? How does the RAND function work? Well, we use what's called pseudo-random number generators. We use some algorithm or function to calculate numbers and output a sequence of numbers such that hopefully, if it's a good algorithm, that sequence of numbers appears to be random. It's not truly random, but for most practical purposes it's random enough. A relatively random sequence. But note it's a deterministic algorithm. The algorithm is implemented follows some steps. So in theory you can determine the next value. You can determine what the values are going to be in the sequence. In practice it just needs to be hard to predict the next value. So in practice most computers use pseudo-random number generators. Some special cases may use true random number generators. For example, you buy CPUs now, like an Intel or an AMD CPU, and they have inbuilt their own operations to generate random numbers. And it's thought that they take some measurements of what the CPU is doing to get some input of randomness. And that can be used as a true random number generator. So to use in a computer system where we need a generator random number or a sequence of bits, if we have a source of true randomness, we can measure that and then convert it into binary and we get our random stream of bits. But that requires some physical measurements usually. It is inconvenient. So in a pseudo-random number generator what we do is we just have some algorithm that takes some initial input, some initial value. And with random numbers it's called the seed value. And that algorithm takes that seed, produces an output and usually has some feedback. The next value is fed back and produces the next value. So we generate a stream of bits if we look in binary. And that's a pseudo-random number generator. Let's go straight to an example. We'll come back to some of the things we skipped. The linear congruential generator, LCG. An example of a simple pseudo-random number generator. Simple to explain and go through a few examples. Here it is. The idea of random number generators is they generate a sequence of numbers where that sequence should appear random. So this function or algorithm is defined here where it takes several parameters. The idea is that we have three constants. A, C and M. A is a multiplier. C is just some value that we add. And we take the current value of our random... our current random value and multiply by A, add C and mod by M, the modulus. And that produces our next random value in the sequence. And to generate the next value then we use the previous one again and use the same function and generate hopefully a random sequence. So just let's see how that works in practice. And then we'll come and discuss some of the design issues. So what we need to do is choose values of these constants A, C and M. So the constants for this algorithm. And we have an initial value, X, 0. We need to start with some value. That's called our seed value. So we choose a seed value. So I'll give you some parameters and you'll calculate some of the values in the sequence. Let's say to get started we choose... we're using LCG. And the parameters you can try. Let's keep it simple. A is 1, C is 1, M is 100. And we start with an initial value, a seed value, X, 0 of let's say 23. No significance of the seed. Generate the next few numbers in the sequence using the LCG function. See what happens. So use those three constants in that algorithm and that equation and the initial value X, 0 and see what X1 is and X2. And that will be our sequence generated by this pseudo random number generator. So find X1. When you have X1 you can find X2 and X3. Anyone have the values of the first 10? X1 through to X10? So simply look at that equation. Xn plus 1 equals AXn plus C mod M. You have the constants AC and M. You have X0. So from that you can calculate X1. N equals 0. So you'll get X1 as the output. Then do it for the first few values. What do you get? Keep going. Values? Come on, come on. Give me some random numbers. No need to use your computer to calculate. I think you can calculate addition and multiplication by yourself. But fine, use your computer. Let's see if this random number generator is as good as the one that the Mac OS uses. X1, 24. Keep going. X2, X3, X4. Let's see. So simply A times Xn, the current value, plus C mod M. M is 100. C is 1. A is 1. So in fact we forget about A because it's multiplied by 1. So it's the current value plus 1, mod 100. So the current value plus 1, mod 100, 24. X2, 24 plus 1, mod 100. So we say X, our sequence. We're starting with X0. Our C was 23. And if we write the sequence of numbers, I think you'll see 24, 25. We just add 1 all the time. Up to where? 99. What's after 99? 0. Mod 100. And eventually we'll get back to 23. That's a comma. Alright. Not a very good random sequence. So this is our random number generator, but with a set of parameters we've used, it's not very good. So we'll change the parameters in the moment. So we just increment by 1. So not a good random sequence. But the aim is to generate a sequence of numbers which appears random. This one doesn't appear random. It's obvious in this case. But some characteristics. Note that when we get back to 23, if we kept going we'd be back to 24, 25, and we just repeat all the time. We'd get back to 23 and repeat. We repeat. So the set of unique values is called the period. Or the length of those unique values is the period of this sequence. What's the period of this sequence? Or how many values? So the period in this case goes from here up to 22, in fact. So 23 all the way through to 22. And how many values there? 100. The period of this sequence, we have 100 different values generated here. We'll return to why that's significant after we see a few other sequences. Let's try again, but with some different parameters, and see if we can get a better random sequence. One that looks more random. Let's try our LCG same algorithm, but let's try A is 7, C is 0, and M is 32, and a seed of 1. Generate the set of sequence numbers with this configuration of the LCG. Easy task. Same algorithm, different parameters. A is 7, C is 0, M is 32, X1, what value do you get? Remember we have A times X0, 7 times 1 plus C, all mod M, 7. And X2, keep going. Just to keep your brains working. Some simple mathematics. X2, 17, someone's got 17, that sounds familiar. X2, 17, again. 7, A times our previous value, A times our previous value, which was 7 plus 0 mod 32. 49 mod 32, 17. X3, and you'll do the same. 7 times 17, which is 119 mod 32, 23, good. You can check. X4, 7 times 23, which is 161 mod 32, is 1. X5, it's 7 again. We're back, we're repeating again. Because if we have 1, we've already got to 1, so from 1 the input will be 7 again, we repeat. So we can say this sequence, in this case, X, we start at 1, 7, 17, 23. A period of 4. There are just 4 values generated with this sequence, and then we repeat. In the previous sequence, we had a period of 100. We'll see that longer the period, the better. But not necessarily the better random sequence. We have 23, 24, 25. Definitely not random. Looks a little bit more random. It's not 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, but can we do better? Well, if you change the parameters around, you can start to get more random looking sequences. So it's all about with this algorithm choosing the correct parameter values. We'll not go through it. I'll give you a one that you can check later. Another configuration, A is 5, C is 0 again, M is still 32. With the same seed of 1, we get, and I've calculated it before, 1, 5, 25, 29, 17, 21, 9, 13, and then we go back to 1. A period of... We have a very simple algorithm with several parameters, and it turns out with this algorithm, if we choose the parameters well, so some parameters are not good. The first set were terrible because we just got incrementing numbers. If we choose them well though, we can generate quite good random sequences. This sequence, 1, 5, 25, 29, 17, 21, 9, 13. Can you see any structure there? Nothing obvious. There is structure because it comes from an equation. But the sequence, this very simple example, it looks to have some randomness, especially compared to the first sequence, which was just incrementing numbers. The third one compared to the previous one, there's only four numbers there, in general, the longer the period, the better. We desire a long period. That is a large number of numbers before we repeat. With LCG, how do we make the period longer? In theory, what's the maximum period? It's m. This equation takes some value, mod m. The answers are always going to be between 0 and m-1. We can never have an answer which is larger or m or larger because we mod by m. The period is limited by m in this case. If you want a large period, make m large. Some recommended values for using LCG in practice is to make m as large as possible. It turns out it's good if it's a prime number. Modding by a prime number will give us more distinct values in the result. Choose a prime number as large as possible. That depends upon your computer. If you've got 32-bit numbers, a large prime number is 2 to the power of 31-1. People have found that before. Which means the maximum possible period if you use this value of m is about 2 to the power of 31. About 2 billion. You can have up to about 2 billion different values in your random sequence. Guaranteed you'll have to repeat. You need to choose values of a and c which are good. The first values we chose were not good. Some people have done analysis and found out if c is 0, there are several good values of a. 1 turns out 16,807. Try it. Set c to 0, a to 16,807, m to 2 to the power of 31-1. Choose a seed, choose x0 and start calculating the sequence of values and you'll see you'll get a very long sequence of different values before they repeat and they will look random. So there's the first example of a very simple algorithm to generate random numbers. So your random function in your programming language will use a pseudo-random number generator. Not necessarily this one, maybe a different one. You use a pseudo-random number generator to generate a sequence of numbers and they will always have a period, a finite period which means if you keep calling that random number generator eventually you'll get back to the first value and repeat the sequence unless you change the parameters and that's where the seed is important. By changing the seed you'll get a different sequence to start with. So if you're using the random function in your programming language then often there's a way to change the seed for that random number generator and that will produce a different sequence of random numbers. Let's go back and see some of the general concept we've missed. So what would we like with a pseudo-random number generator? We want to be able to generate a stream of numbers, a sequence of numbers. Usually we think about binary. Our examples we use decimal but usually we want binary values for security or for security applications. We generally like such that we can generate some stream of random numbers but if you don't know the seed at initial value it should be hard to determine the sequence. So if you don't know what the seed is an attacker even if they know that algorithm shouldn't be able to determine what the sequence is. It should be unpredictable. Forward and backward unpredictability means that given some value you cannot predict the next value. You cannot predict forward or given some values you cannot predict previous values. So given subsequent values you cannot predict what happened in the past. There are different tests. So we've just said this sequence looks random. There is a mathematical test to start to consider a sequence and give some measurements of how random it is. So there are different tests to be more scientific than just saying it looks random. Like looking at the frequency of numbers bits that occur in there and they occur the sub-sequences things like compressing if it compresses well it's not random if it doesn't compress well but it generally exhibits randomness. So what we would like is when we use random numbers for security purposes is a generator such that if the attacker doesn't know the seed they cannot predict other values in the sequence. And for that to work we normally need to keep the seed secret and often to choose a seed we don't just choose x0 equals 1 we choose a seed which is random. And a common way is then to use a true random number generator. Use a true random number generator to generate a seed and then use that seed in a pseudo random number generator to generate a larger sequence. It's more convenient because true random number generators generally just work or only produce a small sequence of values in a fixed period of time. So a common use of random numbers for security purposes you have an entropy source but think of some physical source some measurement of the CPU operations the disk operations the noise from circuits you have different sources you have some device that can measure those sources and generates some random number. We'll use that as a seed into our pseudo random number generator which generates a large sequence of random numbers. True random numbers are typically generated only a small sequence of values in some period of time pseudo random number generators can generate many random numbers so this is a common way to to use it. Often your operating system may try and implement this in that your operating system provides a facility for generating random numbers in that your computer measures different characteristics and you can use a combination of physical sources CPU operations hard disk operations keyboard input, mouse improvements different physical operations on your computer are measured and used to generate a true random number generator which is then used as a seed in a some function, our pseudo random number generator which is then made available to applications by your operating system. What's another random number generator? There are many others we've just gone through a simple one that we can demonstrate LCG so it's not commonly recommended for when you want strong security there are other algorithms which are better Blum Blum Shub developed by three people a different algorithm it's considered secure when we use it for cryptographic or security applications you can see the example on the next slide but we take some large prime numbers and this may not make sense to you yet but we'll in the next few topics such that those large numbers when we mod by 4 give 3 calculate some large n by multiplying those prime numbers and we take our initial value as some random s squared mod n and then go through a loop and generate xi based upon the previous value mod n and extract the last bit in that number to get the sequence of random numbers but not so important to go through that have a look if you want so an example of some initial parameters we go through and generate these values using the equation and we take the last bit from that and our random bit stream is 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 and keep going so that's the output in this case not these numbers but those bits of the output and we just keep running that loop it's a for loop it can run forever just keep running that and it keeps generating a stream of bits this is our random bit stream if we want to generate our 128 bit we run it 128 times iterations somewhere else but there are many other algorithms I think that will stop for us on random numbers there are different algorithms we can all use block ciphers like DES and AES to generate random numbers because encryption the idea of encryption takes some structured plain text produce some random looking cipher text so encrypting something is a random number so we can use encryption to generate random numbers so it works quite well the problem is often it's quite slow to encrypt something compared to using the algorithms we've seen so we can use encryption if needed let's have a look at an example or several examples let me just check say on a Unix operating system the operating system has its own generator so it measures and there are different implementations but it commonly measures different inputs from the hardware and think of that as the true random number generator and generates a sequence using some pseudo random number generator in Unix or Linux operating systems it's called a special device called random or u-random and it just keeps generating random numbers so if I look at the contents of u-random which is generated by my operating system I will see random bits but if I display it on the screen it will come out as garbage so I will just display a selection of it using this program XXD XXD takes the binary value and converts to hexadecimal so this displays the output of the operating system random number generator a sequence of bits head-1 just takes the first line of output because it keeps going and XXD takes that first line of output which is a sequence of bits and converts it to hexadecimal so I can show it on the screen 758B this is the random hexadecimal digits so this is used from the operating system just an example and other operating systems would have their own implementations of random number generators some are more secure than others in terms of the ability to predict the next value in the sequence if I want in binary it doesn't show you as well but we can convert instead of hexadecimal into binary and we get our binary sequence let's do it again let's zoom out a bit if I keep doing it you should see it's not easy to see but if you compare all those values you'll see that different there's no structure in there if you do tests on the randomness on those sequences of zeros and ones you should see that they exhibit those characteristics of unpredictability and distribution of zeros and ones the next part but let's let's finish with something else let's not cover stream ciphers today and go back and look at in the last 10 minutes something that we skipped is attacks on block ciphers the last slide one of the last slides returning the block ciphers des as, triple des how secure are they? well, there are two types of attacks brute force and crypt analysis brute force, trial keys so the security depends upon the length of the key so with des the keys space with the 56 bit keys, 2 to the power of 56 so an attack on des the time it takes if we measure in number of operations we need 2 to the power of 56 operations to find the key brute force, trial keys in the worst case so we talk about the time for a des attack the best known method is in fact brute force takes 2 to the power of 56 operations which is feasible today with the right hardware that's possible triple des if you use 3 different keys 3 different des keys of 56 bits gives us a key length of 168 bits so the key space is 2 to the power of 168 a brute force attack on triple des would require 2 to the power of 168 operations so if you do the calculations that's going to take forever but we can still use the man in the middle attack on triple des but we need to do it two times because we have two values in the middle, triple des had encrypt you get an x value encrypt again with triple des encrypt we get x1 encrypt get x2 and get our cipher text after the third encryption we can do a man in the middle but it takes much more effort because we need to do it two times effectively turns out the amount of effort required using a man in the middle attack on triple des requires 2 to the power of 111 operations brute force 2 to the power of 168 but with a man in the middle we cut it down to just 2 to the power of 111 there are other known attacks one of them by Lux who wrote a paper about it takes a little bit longer 2 to the power of 113 so we measure attacks based upon how many operations they would take we compare them to brute force if it's slower than brute force then it's not a good attack if it's faster than brute force then that's better how much faster we care about so brute force on triple des 2 to the power of 168 but there are better known attacks which bring it down to much less but still 2 to the power of 111 still would take a long time and we've got some slides earlier I think we've seen how long that would take but with these attacks the other thing to measure how good they are remember with double des we assume the attacker knew some plain text ciphertext pairs in advance to perform the attack the attacker needed to know something in the advance so we often measure how much data is known in advance the more you need to know the harder it is for the attacker so with a man in the middle attack you only need to know 4 different values that's nothing, that's easy but with this other attack you need to know about 4 billion different values which is much harder in practice to know those values so we can compare them based upon how much data they need to know and in memory they consume when we do the attack how much data we need to store so with a man in the middle attack we require to use memory of up to 2 to the 56 which is a lot of memory so if you do the calculation in bits or bytes or whatever it doesn't matter so in theory we can do these attacks but in practice well we can't because of the time but if we could because of time in practice the memory becomes a limitation we don't have enough memory to perform these attacks AES is recommended today and there are 3 modes with AES they have different key lengths 2 are listed here 128 bit key key space 2 to the 128 the best known attack at least in the last few years with this one called by clique attack and the amount of time it takes is 2 to the 126.1 so brute force 2 to the power of 128 this crypton analysis this other attack about 2 to the power of 126 about 4 times faster than brute force so not very effective because if brute force took a billion centuries then this attack would just take 250 million centuries still doesn't help us it doesn't require much memory but it requires a lot of known data I can't remember but billions of terabytes okay so again not practical from memory from data perspective or from time with a 256 bit key the same attack brings it from 256 down to 254 so there are different attacks this just lists some of the known attacks on the real ciphers the attacks we measure compared to brute force usually in terms of number of operations amount of memory needed amount of space to store the data and the amount of data you need in advance to perform the attack and they differ in each of those so today AES the advanced encryption standard even with 128 bit keys considered secure there are no known attacks that we are aware of that are practical and even in the future it's still considered secure with 128 bits but if you want to be safe use 192 bit keys or 256 bit keys so maybe in the future someone will come up with better attacks but frankly there will be a significant advance that reduces this to be manageable maybe down to 2 to the power of 100 or 2 to the power of 80 maybe possible in some cases the problem with longer keys is that it's slower to encrypt and we are going to introduce over the next few lectures some software to do the encryption called OpenSSL and I'll just give a quick demo now of the different ciphers and actually I will not do an encryption I'll just show a speed test it gives us how fast my computer is to encrypt using different ciphers if I use AES with a 256 bit key with a different mode of operation it does a speed test of takes many random inputs and encrypts them using AES with a 256 bit key performance benchmarks doesn't take long it tries different input sizes don't worry about all of this this is saying that it takes just focus on this number 60 million bytes per second it can encrypt 60 megabytes per second is the speed so if I have 60 megabytes of data I encrypt with AES in this configuration my computer can encrypt 60 megabytes per second about different computers will be at different speeds and different algorithms different speeds I think we have triple des different name desed3 so you can try different ciphers and see which ones are faster than others I made a mistake in the previous case desed3 really means triple des encrypt, decrypt, encrypt 20 million bytes per second AES was 60 million bytes per second triple des 20 million bytes per second it's triple des is three times slower than AES so there's the advantage of AES it performs much much better one last one by default they use software to encrypt the CPU just normal software I've set an option to tell my tell the program to use my special instructions on the CPU that does AES encryption before AES was 60 million bytes per second by using hardware encryption so the CPU has special operations to encrypt AES it's up to 176 million bytes per second so hardware encryption can be much faster than software based encryption we'll see some more examples of open SSL over the coming lectures let's stop there


Hey there lads and ladies, it is Petrifying Pumpkins here back with the firewall zero hour news update. So a new update is coming next week folks and we even know some of what's coming in the new updates thanks to a comment from Hess Barber himself over on Redis. So Hess posted in a thread that was lamenting first contact entertainment's lack of more open communication with the firewall players. So Hess responded with a long comment explaining why they are unable to tell us things unless they know for sure they can deliver. They do this in order to protect their reputation and to protect the reputation of their partner, in this case their partner being Sony themselves. Hess also mentioned that developing a multiplayer game for virtual reality is much more difficult than it is for a 2D game and this is partly due to the delicate balance between improving the game while maintaining the performance. So as you may have heard by now that VR games they need to run at a much higher frame-race and a much more consistent frame-race than your typical flat game and this is taxing on the PS4. Importantly, Hess also mentioned that the team are testing out multiple types of server configurations. Now this would be to deal with the biggest complaint about firewall which is the lack of host migration and matchmaking dropouts stuff like that. But the big takeaway from all this stuff that Hess is telling us here is that their hands are tight when it comes to being forthcoming with what they are working on and just because we don't hear them confirm certain things doesn't mean they aren't working on them. It just means that they can't 100% guarantee that whatever feature or improvement that they may be working on will make it into the game so they remain silent instead. Now on to the juicy biz. At the end of Hess's post he reveals that a new patch is coming next week and lists out what we can expect to see inside us so let's take a look at this. So number one the melee through the wall bug will be fixed I know some people were complaining about this it doesn't happen too often but on certain maps there are certain locations where you can stab someone through a wall. Very annoying I'm sure if you're on the receiving end of this but yeah that's going to be a thing of the past. Number two matchmaking bug fix and specifically this will improve level matchmaking. So with this fix this should in theory level you with people with a similar rank to you rather than having a full team of 50s going up against a full team of level 1s stuff like that so hopefully this will make them matches nice and balanced. So the third point then is that the red dot sight slash hollow sights accuracy will be improved. Now it's interesting that he lists both hollow sights from my understanding thanks to a video by Mizzou Madman go check him out by the way he tested both of those hollow sights or both of those sights I should say the red dot sight is actually fairly accurate it seems to bullets go where it's pointing to it's the hollow sight that isn't accurate so maybe Hess didn't mean to say red dot sight maybe it's just the hollow size but we'll see we'll see what changes with that hollow sights and the red dot size. Point number four then is that there's going to be revive system improvements now who knows what that could mean is that going to mean that when you're down you might be able to move around or something like that I can't really think of what that could be so if you have any ideas or suggestions let me know down in the comments below what you think that might be. Point number five then is other overall bug fixes and improvements that's always in the patch notes that's kind of very general there might be some very small things causing blue screen crashes or whatever finally he says that also various brand new surprises and then on brackets beside us who's been messing with the laptops in shoot house what the fuck so that last one might be the most interesting I've seen some people speculating already that he is hinting about laptop placements being altered in the shoot house map some other people seem to think it might even be a new game mode it's going to be very interesting to see what these other unlisted changes will be and luckily we won't have to wait long to find out when the patch drops I will of course be streaming us to see what changes that we can find and then I'll make an analysis video about it once we learn the concrete details and get more information that's it for this news update lads and ladies let me know what you think has might be teasing us with in the comments below I love to hear everyone's theories and speculations you know gets me wicked moist thanks for watching before I go let me give a quick thank you to my patreon supporters who are on the screen right now I really appreciate it thank you very much I would also appreciate it if you guys will consider doing all that usual shies with the likes and the shares and all that and I'll see you in the next one bye for now


He'll travel, playing Mr. John Daner as Paladin. San Francisco, 1875, The Carlton Hotel, headquarters of a man called Paladin. Hey boy. Oh, Mr. Paladin, better you go straight up to your room, not go farther into lobby. Oh, why not?  Ah, she looks quite angry. Oh, yes sir, that not all. Over there, other side, lady with black hair. I see. Hey boy, don't know which lady is most dangerous. I took the brunette out to dinner two nights ago and the red head tonight before that. Have they talked to each other? Oh, yes sir, that just a trouble, Mr. Paladin. They're talking much. They get mad. Oh, plenty mad. Maybe you best disappear for a few days. Yeah, well, perhaps you're right. This telegram may be reasoned. Oh, it's too bad. They're both so attractive. Now, let's see. Regarding your offer to find killer of local sheriff, you're welcome to try at your own risk. S.J. Lovett, Mayor, Silver, Flatten, Nevada. You go again? Well, yes, I might as well. What about a beautiful young lady? Did you talk to them? No, no, no. Not right now, hey boy. I'm going to take your advice and go up to my room. And you can bring me some whiskey. I can enjoy it while I do my packing.  I'd been there once before and hadn't changed much. A few buildings thrown up on either side of a rutted street, half of them saloons, the other's land offices. I picked the one that was labeled S.J. Lovett, real estate. There were a couple of men lounging near the doorway. What do you want here? Well, I'm not sure. It's your business. Never mind, bald. Yeah, sure. Now, who are you? My name is Paladin. Oh, I'm Lovett. You got here fast. Speed is part of my service, Mr. Lovett. It's Mayor Lovett, Mr. I'll try to remember that. Can we talk without him? Of course. Come in. Now, sit down. Thanks. Ben Tyler kills Sheriff Pratt. You've offered to bring Tyler back for trial. I've got men who could do that if they could find him. And I won't pay you unless you find him. That's the way I work. Killing Tyler won't be enough. I'll have to see his body for proof. His body? You'll never bring Ben Tyler back to Silver Flat alive.  That's the kind he is. Now, uh, what do you expect for this job? $2,000. That's a lot of money. But you've got a deal. I'll pay you when you deliver.  You can consider yourself sworn in. You use this badge. Well, how will I know this, Tyler? For one thing, he carries a small gun at 36 caliber star. And you might get a line on where he is through his lawyer. Who's that? Tom Nelson.  Then Tyler went out and killed Sheriff Pratt. He's a fancy talker, this Nelson. You be careful of him. I will. Who are the witnesses who saw Tyler shoot Sheriff Pratt? No witnesses. Well, you seem pretty sure he did it. Why? That 36 star he carries, we dug three 36 caliber slugs out of Pratt before we buried him. That's better than witnesses. I just thought you might be able to help me find Ben Tyler, Mr. Nelson. Love, it's already asked me to do that. I won't help anyone take that man's life. I just want to find him, not kill him. I have nothing more to say to you. And you can report that to his honor, the mayor. Well, why is this squeamish? You defended Tyler for shooting a man named Bristol and apparently he went right out and killed the sheriff. The last part is here, say, pal. Then we'll set it straight. Nelson, if you know, tell me where he is.  I can't do anything for you. Tyler's my client. He was your client. You don't know him anything now, Mr. Nelson, but he's charged with murder.  Now, look, don't preach to me about... I'm not preaching at you. I'm telling you. Tyler has to be brought back. If he's innocent, he should be cleared. If he's a murderer, he's got to be stopped.  Now, where is he? Will you give me a word you'll take him alive? I can only promise to try. He was in Prado the last time I heard from him. You taught territory? I tried. I'll bring Tyler back in one piece if he lets me. Tyler was the first man I ever defended in a criminal action. He's also the last. I'm finished with this whole rotten business. What rotten business? I'm trying to bring law to this miserable town. Tyler's trail from Prado wasn't hard to follow. He liked gambling, and he liked whiskey. And he didn't seem to care who knew his name. As a matter of fact, he didn't seem like a man on the run at all. I caught up with him in a town called Hayes. He was in the middle of a card game, and things were going his way. Just what I need, boys. A whole blue. Nobody holds cards like that. Nothing can stop me tonight. Ben Tyler? Yeah? Do I know you? You will. You left something unfinished back in the silver flat. Oh? Like what? Like a murder charge.  You can try your gun, but I'd advise against it. Love it must want me real bad if he'd pay the price for somebody like you to get me.  I could say the same to you. That's right. You want to see which way it works out? All right, mister. I'll go back with you. Make any difference if I told you I didn't kill Sheriff Pratt? He was shot at Clifton Wells, and I wasn't within 50 miles of the place, and I can prove it. You'll have your chance. I was with a girl. She went to Carson City, but I can get her down to Silver Flat to say what's right. I think- Save it for the jury, Tyler. Oh, no. I'll leave the horses here. Like coming home. Has no lawman been appointed yet? Just me for the moment. Paladin, you've got any idea why Lovett wants to get his hands on me? Because there's evidence you murdered Sheriff Pratt. I told you I can prove I didn't. But I got an idea. I was squeezed between Lovett and the sheriff. You see, they hated each other politically in every other way. His honor wants to move up and run this state. Pratt had something on him, something about fraud and his election. Well, I see you brought him in. Any trouble? No, no trouble. No, I'll take my money, Lovett. All right. I'll take my money, $2,000. I don't carry that kind of money around with me. I didn't expect you would. But your office is right next door. Well, yes. Then we'll walk to it now. What about me, Paladin? You gonna leave me here or what? I don't know yet, Tyler. Come on, Lovett. Money. Just get it. I'll be back if it isn't right. All over this state? Yes, why? This map on the wall. Very interesting. We got anything else to talk about? I want to know if Ben Tyler will get a trial. Of course he'll get a trial. First thing tomorrow. I haven't seen the circuit judge around. He's busy. I'm empowered to sit on the bench in an emergency in the absence of the sheriff and with the temper of this town. I'd call this an emergency. I'll take that badge back if you don't mind. No. No, I think I'll keep it. What? I didn't bring Tyler back here to get murdered. You watch yourself around here, Paladin. You watch yourself real close. This is my town. Lock, stock and barrel. The coming trial of Ben Tyler was talked about in the hotel, in the saloons, in the general store, in the livery stables. It was talked about, and it was conceded that Ben Tyler would be convicted and hung for murdering Sheriff Pratt. Hardly anyone seemed to care whether or not the prisoner was defended. Nelson? What do you want, Paladin? I want you to defend Ben Tyler. I'm not going to get involved in a criminal case again. I got him off once and that's enough. Besides, I told him through this whole rotten business. You're the only lawyer in town. What if I am? That trial is set for tomorrow morning. I love it's going to act as judge. Now, Tyler claims there's a girl in Carson City who can clear them, but that won't give us time to bring her here. It's no concern of mine. It is your concern, but there's more. Love it, and Sheriff Pratt were enemies. And with the Sheriff gone, Love it's the big man around here. Are you suggesting Love it had the Sheriff murdered? Love it's an ambitious man. There's a map in his office showing the number of voters in every county. Now, I'm suggesting that Sheriff Pratt might have been in his way. And I'm also suggesting that people might overlook all the facts that Ben Tyler is tried, convicted, and hung tomorrow morning. Now, you've got to act in his behalf. You have to do anything. If you don't act soon, all you'll be able to do is cut Tyler down from the gallows. Look, will you take the case for $500? No, not at any price. Why should I in this desert where justice is a mockery and let you carry a gun? Let's just say it's not a matter of money. It's a matter of principle. Principle? Why did you study law at all if you don't have the stomach for it? You'd like it, wouldn't you, if only nice people were arrested, if trials were dainty and sweet-smelling and polite. Is that it? Well, it's too bad. But justice can be dirty sometimes, Mr. Nelson. Thieves and cutthroats have to be defended because somewhere among a thousand thieves and cutthroats, there just might be one who isn't guilty. But maybe you don't care about that, a man's freedom or his life. Heard you was throwing up some trouble, Mr. Pellett. Where did you hear that? Mayor Leavitt, as a matter of fact, he asked me to get back that badge you're wearing and send you on your way, so I'll just... I wouldn't try it. Before you pull the hammer back on that gun, I'll have three bullets in you you want to try. All right, then, you go back to Mayor Leavitt. You tell him I'm keeping this star. And you tell him... You tell him that I'm defending Ben Tyler. That's all. I'll get out. Thanks for making up my mind, Pellett. What's the first step? Change a venue to get Tyler out of Leavitt's hands and take a writ. All right. What else? But even if I do get the writ, they still took bullets from Tyler's gun out of Pratt's body. Nelson, how hard would it be for anyone to get hold of a 36-caliber star? None too hard? We'd better move fast. I was beginning to give up on you, Pallett. It was my fault, Ben. Mr. Pallett had to convince me of what I should have seen myself. What's this? You're being released for trial in another court, Ben. Before an impartial judging, Jerry. Will I be able to get that gal in Carson City? You'll be able to defend yourself with every bit of evidence you can gather. And I'll see to it.  Just stand where you are. Shotgun, Mr. Mayor. That's right. Don't nobody move around. With a shotgun, you're holding the best card, is Leavitt. And you're helping a man break jail, Pellett. I brought an order for his release, Leavitt. There's to be a change of venue in this case. Pellett's only doing his job. I haven't seen any release order. I've got it. And I take the responsibility for releasing the prisoner. Let's see it. Of course. You take this outside and burn it. Glad to, Mayor. That won't do any good. Pallett and I will tell Judge Lehman that we delivered it. I don't think Mayor Lovitt intends for us to tell anything to anybody. That's the way it'll be, won't it, Lovitt? You'll be shot. Helping a prisoner escape along with his lawyer. Bolt, get his gun. Sure. Get in around. Okay. And one more shot for you, Lovitt. If I have to use it... No, no, no. Take a shot, Gun Tyler. Take a shot. I sure will. And here's your star, Mayor. Ah, Mr. Nelson. The case is all yours. Good to see you back, Mr. Pallett. Good trip to Silver Flat? Good as can be expected.  Oh, ladies. Oh, they have big fight over you. Policemen come and take them away. You're smart, Mr. Pallett. Go away, I'm in trouble. When it comes to being caught between two women, I'll run every time, hey, boy. Well, now for a quiet evening of poker with... What is it, Mr. Pallett? Good, good, good. Uh, on second thought, hey, boy, since I'm dressed for the evening, I might as well go out for the evening. Mr. Pallett, you're not tired for a long trip? If I were, I'm not anymore, hey, boy.  Good night, hey, boy. Good night, Mr. Pallett. By Herb Meadow and Sam Rolf is produced and directed in Hollywood by Norman McDonnell as well as John Daner as Paladin with Ben Wright as Hey Boy. Tonight's story was written by Buckley Angel and adapted for radio by John Dawson. Featured in the cast were Dick Crenna, Harry Bartell, Bart Robinson, and James Westerfield. Hugh Douglas speaking. Join us again next week when CBS Radio presents Have Gun Will Travel. U.S. Marshal Matt Dillon is a vicious killer into a desperate move as gun smoke follows next on the CBS Radio Network.