Hello and welcome to CMC Markets on Friday the 9th of April and this quick look at the week ahead beginning the 12th of April and we're coming off the back of another record week for global stock markets. We've seen record highs not only in the S&P 500, that just turns to be a fairly regular affair, but we've also seen more record highs in the German DAX. We've seen record highs in the stocks 600 and we've also seen record highs in the FTSE 250 as UK stocks finally start to get a little bit of love from investors and the markets more broadly. So you know what does that mean for markets in general? Well ultimately we're coming off the back of a fairly benign backdrop when it comes to central banks. There's been an awful lot of concerns in the past few days and weeks about rising inflation risk. Those risks haven't gone away and obviously last week's bumper payrolls report 916,000 new jobs with an upward revision to the previous month's number was very well received. More importantly the unemployment rate fell back as did the under-employment rate and both ISM reports for March were also broadly very very positive indeed. That being said this week's weekly jobless claims numbers appear to be going in the wrong direction. So what does that tell us about the overall risk profile of the markets? Well I think investors are fairly sanguine about inflation risks and while Fed officials notably Jay Powell after this week's Fed Minutes have gone on the record as saying that they're going to be very much focusing on the data as it happens and not what they expect to happen and I think that's very important. They're going to be evidence-based so they're going to wait for the data to improve, see that it's improved before acting on inflationary risk and as a result of that we've seen US Treasury yields, 10-year yields fall back down to around about 1.62%. However despite all of these warm words these dovish the dovish rhetoric and what have you I think one thing we can take away from the past week or so is that US economic data as we head into April is going to continue to be patchy it's going to continue to be lumpy and while the markets will eventually start to price in the possibility of a tapering of asset purchases we're not there yet. Having said that where we are a week from now could be a particularly different place to where we are as I'm talking to you this moment because in next week or so we're going to have a whole host of important economic data not only from the US but also from China and I think you know inflation risk invites an awful lot of debate it invites an awful lot of toying and frying as to whether or not it'll be transitory which I always find a rather confusing term because ultimately you know once prices go up they're not transitory they're permanent because unless consumers get a pay rise to offset the rise of inflationary pressures you generally don't find those prices come back down and if they do they take an awful lot longer to come down than they do in going up so is there an inflation risk out there absolutely there is you're seeing in supply chains higher costs there so companies have a choice as to whether or not they choose to absorb that increase in prices and narrow their profit margins or pass it on to the consumer and that's something that we may get a nice little insight in over the course of the next week because we've got US retail sales for March which are due on the 15th of April and we've also got the latest US CPI numbers now inflation expectations are rising Chinese PPI came in 4.4% in March up from 1.7% on an annualised basis in February that's a big jump and if there was a ripple effect in the global economy from that Chinese factory gate data then you could well see it in US inflation data over the course of the next few months so US CPI data will be particularly important as will US retail sales data we've also got the latest China trade China GDP first quarter GDP and Chinese retail sales numbers in the coming week as well as well as the latest UK monthly GDP numbers from February now in terms of the UK GDP numbers there's not really that much to see the UK economy has been locked down we saw a 2.9% contraction in January the number which was better than expected which means that the hope of a slowdown in Q1 is likely to be much less than the minus 4% which the Bank of England originally penciled in at the beginning of the year now obviously since then the Bank of England has revised its assessments of the UK economy slightly higher and with the with the with the recent PMI data that we've seen in the past couple of months there is certainly very much evidence of a sign of a recovery in the UK economy and you certainly seen that born out in the PMI data for March obviously this GDP number will not reflect that it is due out on the on the Monday nonetheless we've seen the pound start to exhibit a little bit of weakness in the past few days on the back of recent events well of what some people have been saying has been as a result of the towing and frying over the AstraZeneca vaccine I myself think that is nonsense I think the fact that we've seen the pound do so well over the course of the past few months we were well overdue about of profit taking and ultimately what we've seen here is a little bit of those longs basically scaling out of their long positions after the failure above 140 and the failure obviously to follow through on the downside on Euro sterling as well if you're seriously telling me that Europe is in a better state than the UK at the moment I'd ask you what you were smoking because you know for whatever faults the UK government has made with respect to the pandemic and there have been many the vaccine program the vaccination program hasn't been one of them and whatever your views on the AstraZeneca Rago whatever you want to call it ultimately there's probably more people alive now than would have been if the jab hadn't been administered and I think that's important to remember when people criticise the AstraZeneca vaccine of which I had my first jab on the 21st 24th of March so I'm looking in terms of where we are on the cable we finding a little bit of support and around 136 and a half and I think while we remain above 136 and a half then the upside remains intact and I think that's the important level to really keep an eye out for as we look towards next week this series of lows through here and a drawing a line along there there we go 136 70 136 and a half that's a really big level for the pound against the dollar now it is looking a little bit vulnerable at the moment and we really we really do need to see a move back above the 50 day moving average to stabilise the dollar does appear to be mounting a little bit of a comeback and that's one of the reasons why the pound has drifted lower the euro has also drifted lower as well and you can see that born out in the euro dollar chart as well if we look at euro dollar here we can see it's in a similar sort of down trend I put a nice little channel line in there we broke down below the bottom of that channel we've since moved back above it we've also moved back above the 200 day moving average that for me is probably less important now than it was so for example when we broke below it but what I would say is that with the 50 day rolling over the next big level on euro dollar at the moment is these two peaks here which is around about one nineteen eighty one eighteen one nineteen ninety so if we do squeeze up it's not going to be much above the 50 day moving average that's going to be a significant barrier in the shorts medium term so despite the fact that we've seen a little bit of dollar weakness particularly against the euro I think it's probably going to be fairly short lived and probably a direct consequence as well of a slight softening in US 10 years which is prompted a little bit of what I would call risk on which sometimes the euro tends to benefit from more than it usually does in a scenario such as again I think the rebound in the euro and the set off in the pound was a direct consequence of too many too many euro short positions in euro sterling because you can see this move play out in euro sterling right here very very strong rebound back above this breakout level of 85 40 we are we've we've we've risen three days in a row we really need to take out this peak here to signal that the short term base for euro sterling is in and at the moment that's my next key chart point on my on my written on my written notes of my daily notes which are which I send out every morning you can also look at it in the chart forum as well in terms of euro sterling when it comes to my daily musings on those currency pairs my daily musings can be found under forums on euro sterling euro dollar cable and dollar yen where I give daily updates along with my analysis and where I think these particular currency pairs might be going and where the key levels are so I mean that's basically that's basically what I'm looking at data wise over the course of the next week or so so we've got China trade let's have a quick look at the FTSE 100 we've seen finally finally I talked about it last week when is the FTSE gonna break higher and hey voila there we are we've broken higher we've made a new one year high highest levels since February last year still well below the previous peaks of 7689 which we saw in January last year in which I can basically take you back to their 17th of January 2020 so it's good news we've managed to push above the highs of this January a big question now is whether or not we can sustain these gains going forward so I think evidence of a decent first quarter Chinese GDP number could be the catalyst in terms of prompting a more robust rebound particularly in the FTSE 100 it's a big week for Chinese data I may have mentioned it before we got first quarter GDP from the Chinese economy and earlier this year there was a little bit of consternation about the fact that Chinese authorities set out their GDP target for this year around six percent now some people were arguing that's too optimistic I would argue it's too pessimistic I think if anything given the challenges faced by the global economy over the last 12 months one could argue it's a little on the conservative side and we with respect to a strong rebound in the US economy the huge amounts of fiscal stimulus that's likely to hit that economy we could get a much stronger economic rebound not only in the US economy but more broadly in Europe and in Asia as well so I think for me I would suggest that there's a good chance that this GDP number could actually come in slightly better than expected you know setting aside Chinese US trade tensions and the amount of stimulus the wall of stimulus that's about to ripple out across the global economy is likely to manifest itself and hopefully a big jump in the first half of this year the bigger question is whether or not sustainable over the second half and I think a lot of that will depend on progress in the vaccination program and obviously variants and the evolution of variants we also have Chinese retail sales and again here we've seen fairly strong evidence of a rebound in the Chinese economy over the course of the past six to nine months and that is likely to continue there was no shutdown over Chinese New Year like there was in 2020 so you'd like to think the momentum gained in the first two months of this year is likely to be sustained in two March so 16th of April is likely to be a very key day for Chinese economic data in the outlook going forward we also have China trade data which should give us a decent indication of how good or bad the Friday data will be so that's on the Tuesday China trade the Chinese economy finished 2020 on a strong note got off to a fairly decent start at the beginning of this year and very strong imports in February as well we saw strong rises of exports and imports in February that's likely to be sustained in two March so FTSE 100 broken above 6900 I'm hoping for that to be sustained going forward and head back and head towards 7000 which remains still remains my interim target for the FTSE 100 in the short to medium term DAX again very positive week for the DAX new record highs earlier this week and not really doing an awful lot but the direction of travel is quite clear here higher lows higher highs if you want to basically draw in a line to plot the direction of travel when it comes to the lows I normally just draw in a little line like that just to give a nicer indication we've also got the 50-day moving average which could well act as a decent support level and obviously the initial breakout point of 14200 but again you know the trend is your friend and don't try and pick the top the the line of least resistance at the moment for equity markets is to buy the dip and we've got the FTSE the S&P 500 back above another record level 4100 at the moment NASDAQ is looking to retest its previous record highs on the NASDAQ 100 hasn't quite got there yet and the Dow is lagging behind this does worry me a bit the fact that not all US markets are making new record highs you would like to see all US markets doing exactly the same thing you want the averages the US averages to confirm each other now so I'm paying particular attention to this NASDAQ chart can we take out the previous record highs on the NASDAQ if we can then I think the S&P 500 rally has legs if it doesn't I'd be a little bit concerned about potentially a fake out and it's a similar sort of story I think when we look at the US 30 or the Dow again we've made new record highs so we're making new record highs on the Dow and the S&P but we're not really doing it at the moment on the NASDAQ and I would like to see that on the NASDAQ and the Russell 2000 as well particularly the Russell given the fact that it's probably the most it's the it's the index that's most closely attuned to the fortunes of the US economy and we can see that born out here there's a nice little sideways consolidation here and actually there is a risk here that we could be forming a little bit of a head and shoulders so I will be paying particular attention to that over the course of the next few days to make sure that we don't break this blue support and resistance line here on the Russell because if we do that could be an early warning that perhaps the upward momentum that we're seeing in US markets is starting to falter a little bit okay so that's so that's US markets so paying particular attention to US retail sales as well they're important and I'll tell you why the reason they're important is March is the month that the stimulus checks the new Biden stimulus checks will have hit the mats and consumer confidence or a big big jump in March and ISM reports were also very strong in March the payrolls report was very very strong in March so what we saw in February was a fall of 3% in US retail sales big fall so you would like to think that maybe that pairing back of spending in February could have been a little bit of uncertainty about what sort of stimulus package would hit the mat in March the fact that stimulus package has now been delivered could unlock quite a lot of US consumer spending so at the moment expectations around that US consumer spending that rebound could be anything in the region of 3, 4, 5 percent something like that we saw January retail sales rebound by 5.3 percent as a result of the 900 billion dollar stimulus that was passed at the beginning of January in the in the in the twilight zone or the closing the closing days of the Trump administration so if a 900 billion dollar stimulus package can prompt a 5.3 percent rise in January retail sales followed by a 3% slump in February so it stands to reason you'll probably get a fairly decent rebound in US retail sales in March and I think that's really the big question is how big a rebound can we expect to see in terms of US retail sales as we look ahead to the March numbers the estimates are anything in the region of 5.2 5.3 percent could come in higher than that we'll have to wait and see it's a much bigger stimulus package but that could certainly push up US yields particularly if CPI is a strong number and retail sales is a strong number so keep an eye on that it's also a big week for earnings we've got a we've got Tesco's full year numbers and they've done particularly well this year even though the shares are down one percent as I look at at the moment we've also got the beginning of earning season JP Morgan Chase Morgan Stanley Goldman Sachs are all posting their first quarter earnings for 2021 Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan on the 14th of April Morgan Stanley on the 16th of April and we've all heard about the fallout from the archegos capital and the fact that Morgan Stanley was front-running the sell-off in those particular positions so I'll be particularly interested in the Morgan Stanley numbers in light of the fact that they had such a really good Q4 and a fairly good 2020 a strong Q4 helped drive record numbers with revenues coming in at 13.64 billion as well but well you know nearly two billion dollars above estimates for Morgan Stanley the outperformance was driven by investment banking as well as the equities trading division now it's the equities trading division that caused all of these problems with archegos so the big question for me is how much did this archegos thing cost them and did it impact revenues in their equities trading division in Q1 how much does it cost a bank how much does it cost Goldman Sachs JP Morgan as far as I can see wasn't involved but an awful lot of the growth that we've seen in revenues over the course of the past 12 months has been as a result of an improvement in these US investment banks equities trading divisions so the recent turmoil could have impacted these first quarter numbers so certainly keeping an eye on the profit numbers and certainly the revenue numbers because the previous and the previous results for all of these banks revenues were very very strong pretty much across the board so be very interested to see JP Morgan and the 14th Goldman Sachs on the 14th and Morgan Stanley let's have a quick look at their respective charts we can see with JP Morgan we've had a nice little break to the upside breaking through 140 dollars um peaking out around about 160 direction of travel again looks fairly positive but it does feel a little bit overextended so maybe we do a little bit of a pull back there having said that if yields differential starts to widen out again then they can certainly continue to push ever higher same thing with Morgan Stanley here a nice little uptrend started to tick higher pretty much shrugged off any concerns that they may have had about the archegos capital so again similar story last but not least Goldman Sachs here we go you could argue there's potentially a little bit of a top forming here perhaps a potential top we won't know that until such times as we get a little bit of a break below that support level there so keeping an eye on that for any evidence of a weakening in the overall trend but overall bank earnings could be a fairly decent arbiter of how well this particular move higher in US stocks is likely to play out then of course we've got Tescos Tescos supermarkets in general have had a fairly decent pandemic though you wouldn't know it to look at their share prices and the reason for that has really predominantly been because of the higher costs um supermarkets have incurred as a result of employing extra staff and enforcing additional safety measures to safeguard their staff having said that they've returned all of the all of the government government help when it comes to job retention scheme and what have you and by and large they've pretty much outperformed particularly in the online space where online orders for Tescos have risen 80 percent over the 19-week period so seven million 19-week period over Christmas with seven million orders delivered over the Christmas period so it is still involved in a very much a price war with Aldi, Little, Sainsbury's, Waitrose, M&S Food, ASDA but nonetheless you know it's a it's a it's a supermarket titan and not only does it do well in terms of its online it's supermarket but also it's Booker it's Booker division as well its bank Tesco Bank is its main drag losses in the bank are expected to come in between 175 and 200 million but in terms of expectations for your profit management expect them to be around about the same level as a year ago pre-pandemic so that's not too shabby when you consider the associated extra costs of taking on new staff and implementing various COVID-19 mitigation measures to protect its staff so profit a year ago operating profit a year ago was 2.5 billion pounds which after operating cost came down to more modest just under a billion so the fact that they they're looking at profits around about a similar sort of amount that's pretty impressive I'm going to finish off now with Bitcoin it's not something that I normally cover but next week is not a normal week because when we look at Bitcoin and when we look at cryptos cryptos become ever more popular when it comes to trading in financial markets and next week on the 14th of April Coinbase is IPOing or not so much IPOing it's basically issuing shares it's it's it's it's instituting a direct listing and that is one particular IPO that's likely to generate an awful lot of interest given how much we've seen with respect to Bitcoin, Ethereum, but also decent growth in all of the other small cryptocurrencies like Stellalumans, Monero, Neo, Cardano, Dash you look at our all crypto index or emerging crypto index on CMC markets we can see that we've hit record highs on that index so crypto is becoming ever more popular you can either get exposure to it by way of the various crypto indexes the major crypto index is here on the front-end platform for professional clients only or by virtue of Bitcoin itself which appears to be looking for a move above $60,000 so in terms of Bitcoin base that's expecting to float on the NASDAQ 14th of April looking at the numbers it's got 56 million verified users its latest results showed the company turned over $1.8 billion in the first three months of its fiscal year that's more than the company generated over the whole of 2020 when it generated revenue of $1.3 billion in terms of trading volumes the last quarter saw turnover of $335 billion with assets on its platform rising to $223 billion with $122 billion of that coming from what they called institutional users now obviously there's an awful lot of hype when it comes to cryptos bitcoin and what have you there are significant risks when it comes to cryptocurrencies regulation being one of them so as a result of that coin base didn't provide any guidance when it came to its outlook for the year calling or citing the inherent unpredictability of its business and I think that's at the real core of it that's the real crux of it the company outlined three separate scenarios for the year for the year with the most optimistic scenario predicting around seven million monthly users it currently has around about 6.1 so that's a slight increase so as I say just to finish up Coinbase IPO on the 14th of April it's going to be a fairly busy day on the 14th of April because obviously we've also got um Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan's earnings um as well as a whole host of other interesting items to wade through for next week as well but that's it I think I've probably gone on for way too way longer than I expected to so I'd like to thank you very much for listening and wish you all a very pleasant weekend and I will speak to you all same time same place next week thanks a lot and have a nice weekend


Pre-season, a lot of these guys don't play a whole lot, plus the intensity and the speed really ratchets up on opening week. Let's go mate, first touch down, first touch down, Spiderman! He's through. Yes, maybe with that. Jared Hanes got a hat-trick to the eels. What a legend. Back themselves. Oh go, go son, go, go, go, you got the pace. Has he got the pace? Has he got the pace? Has he got the pace? He's got the pace, he's got the pace. Yes he does. Run past plays out of shotgun. Okay, but it gives them a little bit more room. Alright, I can just do this! Yes! Yeah man, alcohol, just not my choice. You know, I've had too many massive hangovers that have lasted for days, and eventually just get over it.  Oh yeah, keep going! Yeah, yeah with the pace! No, yes, yes, yes, yes. He's got the pace, thank you very much. Oh yeah, man that would feel good.  Imagine. Oh yeah, to the line and dive! How did I remember how to dive? I have no idea. But I did, yes, thank you. Strong toss. They're up against a third and one situation. Come on, block, block. Oh yes! Yes! Yes! Yes! Go, go, go, yeah boy! That's what I'm talking about. Yeah! Let's go McDonald's. Let's go buddy. I reckon we've got a better chance going right. Let's go. Oh yeah we do. Oh yeah we do. Glad I tuned in. Glad to have you here. And I am gonna go... Now. McDonald's! Yes! Man for a Titans touchdown. Okay, yeah, yeah, yeah. My route was to block. I can't catch it, gotcha. Should have known that. What's gonna happen here? Nothing. And first down. And he's got his man. Yes! Audible motherfucker! Yeah! Awards, go to stats. Which one am I in? AFC. AFC. AFC offense. Quarterback. Bell. Quarterback. Quarterback. Quarterback. Quarterback. Quarterback. Quarterback. Quarterback. Quarterback. Oh that was our quarterback that week. That's pretty good. 317 passing yards. Three passing touchdowns. Two sacks. No good. Yearly awards. MVP. Oh yeah. AFC. Oh there we go. What's that? Offensive player of the year. Second to Livion Bell. Would you look at that. Okay it's a rookie of the year. Boom! I got it. At least I got something.


Good morning, you fine person sitting right there in that fine seat In this fine world Today is another day Thursday for me I'm in Winnipeg right now. They sent me into the city. We're trying to grab some stuff put it in our trailer And bring us where it needs to be so let's get this day started. I hope you guys are all having a good day I am it's going to be a good day right this Thursday, and we have gathered ourselves some goodies Little goodies and some big goodies and some rubber goodies tires 4,000 pounds of tires apparently apparently Sounds like a lot. What did they fill them up with water? You imagine heavy tires. Maybe they're like solid. They don't look solid I don't know what the paperwork said. So those are all the goodies I have accumulated. Let's Bring them to where they're supposed to be shall we? They're not gonna deliver themselves No, don't say it They will not deliver themselves That's what I do. So aside from those tires and some boxes of goodies We got one more package of goodies to pick up and then I believe we're gonna head out and bring them to the people who need them Karen we talked about this yesterday, didn't we? Was it the day before? This way I choose this way because this way is paved and I always gravel Let's take the pavement Got to go around the perimeter of Winnipeg. I wanted to pick up on the west side We're on the north side right now You want a trucker selfie? I have to actually see myself Well, that a trucker selfie is the little goodie that I had to pick up. It's gonna ride shotgun with me Almost needed a forklift for this one Good thing I'm still young and strong It's got to be at least five pounds Let's go hilarious that I was delivering to here Takes his skid steer out of the garage. He's doing doughnuts. It starts drifting around the parking lot Drifts around the trucks comes around. He's obviously done this before it comes around is perfectly it Lines up with the pallet grabs the pallet backs up does a doughnut with it and drifts back into the garage Well, you got to have fun at work you got to have fun at work that was some skill Hashtag impressed It's like one fluid motion to he didn't even really stop Drifting around to the back of the trailer came in gently picked up his skid back depth started doing it's like he was dancing It was it was art. It was skid steer art Awesome All right Stein back Let's not drive behind people that are backing up. Most got rid of all my goodies These are the only things left pretty sure they are giant go-kart wheels But I might be wrong Whatever go-kart that would go on I would want to take it for a spin How many tires we got here eight on here age 16 24 24 tires on there. So I just want to figure out How they're gonna get them off I have a an outdoor dock that I'm backed up to here But the trailer is about four inches higher than their dock. So they're trying to find blocks so they can drive in here and just Pick them up and go And get them off my back. I don't want them anymore. They're weighing me down Like pushing around 3,000 pound the tires to make you sweat whoo this jacket is way too warm and I forgot my Sweater my lighter sweater for these warmer days at home today I thought about it as I was walking to the door and it was kind of cold in the morning Like you know what? I'm not gonna need it today You know what? Morning Josh needs a smack in the back of the head morning Josh forgot that it gets warmer during the day Because now afternoon Josh sweating like a pig Because morning Josh, I don't need to sweat it. I don't need to go back inside.  I already locked the door Seriously, that's why I didn't go back and get it. I'm like I already locked the door I won't need it today. Whatever and that's that She's all tucked in. Time to go home On the video I released yesterday I had quite a few comments saying that they weren't notified of that upload when they usually are If you want to do me a favor Just make sure that you're still subscribed to my channel and make sure that the notification bell is still checked and Let me know Today and then the next couple of days if you're still not receiving notifications like you should be when my video is uploaded I'm just curious to see if that feature is working I've heard from many people on many other channels that have had the same problems with it So just go and double-check that if you can and let me know if those notifications are actually working And we made it home. Britt is working this evening and I'm gonna keep this video a little shorter I got to do some work on my last video that was released today It was released yesterday. It was the one that I had to upload like three times Because I guess the YouTube people kept thinking I was saying something that I wasn't So I had to go back and edit out that little piece and we're hoping fingers crossed I just released for the third time now. Hopefully they'll leave us alone and leave it up there And I'm not sure if that has anything to do with what I was talking about before Why you guys aren't getting notified of my videos. Maybe that was just a random thing that'll be fixed today But I'll look down below in the comments section and and see what you guys are saying if you got notified or not If you haven't already do hit that bell see if it works. I don't know some say it does some say it doesn't And we'll see you tomorrow Take care everybody. We kept today a little bit short


The CBS Radio Workshop dedicated to man's imagination, the theater of the mind. According to Fonkin Wagner's Desk Standard Dictionary of about 83,000 words and phrases and 1,200 pictorial illustrations, a mystery is something unknown, unexplained, or incomprehensible in its nature. The definition could add that nobody likes a mysterious situation indefinitely, including the police whose job it is to make the unknown known and to apprehend the incomprehensible. And so it is tonight that we present George H. Faulkner's story of a mystery. If now can be told, the case of the White Kitten are seen, a police station in the suburbs of a large city, possibly the city of New York. Now my name is McGonagall. I ain't a cop. I'm a police officer. Duly sworn to uphold the laws of this state, be they good or be they lousy, such as they may be. Once upon a time there was a small white cat or kitten which he got lost. Said small white kitten or cat which he got lost. Hey, McGonagall, what is this? Who are you talking to?  Now, once upon a time there was a small white cat or kitten named Blanche, which means white in French, Brennan. How would you know talking to yourself? According to secret but recently declassified files of the Shawfield Township Police Department 3rd Precinct, this here in our small white cat or kitten was three months old when first apprehended in 1954, two years ago. Previous record, none. Occupation, cat, color, white, all white, including the ears. Sergeant McGonagall, you are positively nuts. Brennan, I am not nuts. Not whatever. I am testing. Just testing. You know, one, two, three, four, woof, testing. Testing what? And don't woof at me. I scare easy. I'm trying out the new tape recorder, this thing. Oh, another gadget. What's it for? For the convenience of duly elected public officials and for the confusion of the criminal classes, especially drunken drivers. How so, for instance? Well, for instance, suppose you pull in a drunk and a brand new Farrer makes sports car for speeding down 25A under the influence of intoxicating libations. Oh, no, not me. Not no Farrer makes sports cars. Right, you are. Make it a 1938 Rio. All right. So you drag some poor, square type drunk in here, falling over your feet as usual. We invite this lush to read the Gettysburg address into the gadget here. And, brother, it tells Arnhem. Oh, suppose, for instance, the honorable Charles A. Peabody, justice of the peace. Supposing he wants to record one of his bad jokes for posterity. Yeah. He just presses a button. He talks into this. And then press another button, and I'll listen. Hey, what in the world is that? And it's you going backwards, which is what you are usually doing. Now, wait a minute. And you see, we've got to go backwards before we can go forwards again. All right. Here we go. Now, listen, listen, boy, just listen.  He said, small white kitten or cat, which he got lost. That's you. You know, maybe I don't talk so good after all. Well, how would you know talking to yourself? According to secret, but recently de-classified. Yeah, but I've got a very nice, deep voice. This here, our small white cat or kitten, was three months old when first apprehended in 1954. That ain't so bad, isn't it? Previous record, none. Occupation. Sergeant McGonigal, you are positively nuts. Trit, big pal. Do I sound like that? Boy, your sins Patrick Brennan, you too. Oh, no, no. And so do I. And all at the taxpayer's expense. Yeah, but what's all that stuff about a cat? I'm telling a story, Pat, into the machine. On account I've got to learn how to operate the thing. A story? Yeah, yeah. I'm telling a story, Pat, into the machine. On account I've got to learn how to operate the thing. A story? Yeah, yeah. A mystery story. Oh, like in the movies. Movies. The movies wouldn't touch it. This story probes too deep, Pat. It lays bare to human heart. Honest? Really bare? I don't know. I haven't sold it yet. Now, let me see. Let me see. Where was I? Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Once upon a time, there were three small trees. A, B, and C. All three trees aforementioned are guaranteed to contain chlorophyll, sap, bark, and buds, which are waiting for the springtime. And behind the three trees, let me tell you, there are three houses. A, B, and C. Said three houses are all alike, but said three houses are not altogether in a row. Scattered they are all over hillside manner, which it ain't got no hill and not so much manners, but it is now in precinct three for better or worse. On paper, hillside manner looks like this on a map here behind my desk where I'm pointing to. See? Police think... Get that, Brennan. Police think that the cat or kitten in question came from approximately here for an open kitchen door. And it is surmised by police that at on or about this point, the poor little feline was scared stiff by a large airdale terrier known to frequent the neighborhood after dark with evil companions. So what does she do? She hightails it out of there to about here, approximately, where she sits down to sort of think, near house A here. Our reconstruction of the circumstances can now proceed only by way of conjecture. And you, Officer Brennan, will kindly note that beautiful expression. Police think the youthful cat may have been alarmed once again by this. Which has been known to scare the pants off anybody since they give up steam whistles on a railroad. She couldn't know it's just the commuters getting home worried like her. So she winds up here at house C all tucking out. The back porch looks familiar, very familiar. And inside, inside house C, there's the Curtis family, just Joe and Louise, very nice people at Curtis. They're sort of educated. Dear. Yeah, it's just a second, darling. Oh, what is it, Joe? First sign of spring in newsletter, believe it or not. You ever hear tell about skunk cabbage? No, I haven't, and I don't think I want to. First sign of spring out here says so. Oh, spring. Why, it's only February... Oh, February what? February 21st. Spring. Would you listen to this? Up and down the northern shore, our first harbinger of spring, now visible, is simple carpus fitidus, the common skunk cabbage, which, as Thoreau put it, sees over the brow of Winter's Hill. Thoreau said everything. Just about. Well, the editorial goes on. This lowly, rank and stinking member of the Lily family possesses, in lieu of beauty or pleasant scent, a remarkable hardiness and the property of increasing its interior temperature as it forces its bud through the window. Like a species of green fire, it literally burns its way up out of snow and ice to find the sunlight. Atta boy, cabbage. Find me some sunlight. Oh, continue, Joe, don't mind me. Yes, well, with the air at 59 degrees Fahrenheit, the temperature in the interior of a... nascent? I don't know. I'm not a skunk cabbage. Well, where was I? With the air at 59 degrees Fahrenheit, the temperature in the interior of a... budding skunk cabbage has been found to be as high as 123 degrees, 25 degrees above blood heat and 64 degrees higher than the surrounding atmosphere. Well, now, what do you know, hot diggity? There's more, I hope. Yes, it ends with a poem in praise of the skunk cabbage. What? Yep, I'm not kidding. This is in the newspaper. It's a good newspaper. Intelligent. Oh, silly. All hailed a simple corpus, the harbinger of spring. Inside his leafy carcass, he boils like anything. Although he doesn't smell so sweet, this fenside fellow yearns to break the ice and be complete, and as he yearns, he burns. Not snow nor rain nor gloom of night can stay his hot desire. Let's learn from him and warmly fight to lift ourselves up higher. For we are... Louise? Yes. Louise, you're not listening. No, I was listening to something else. Well, what? Joe, be quiet. Listen. Oh? Cat. The neighborhood is cat full. Oh, it's right outside our door, I'm sure. I'm gonna see. Louise, I don't like cats. I know you don't. Just skunk cabbages.  Not if you put a bell on them. Skunk cabbages? No, nature boy, the cats. Beat up on your own head, Louise. Just a little stray kitten, but white. White all over. Well, kittens I can take, but they grow up into cats. Any color, they get to be cats.  She must be starved, wandering around in the snow. Here, Joe, you hold her a minute. I'll heat some milk. Me, hold her. Yes, yes.  Oh, listen to her purr. Nice kitty. Nice kitty. Maybe you are. Where are you from, Miss Cat? Catalina? Catalonia? Cat skills? Kitty Hawk maybe, huh? You left your motor running, Miss Cat.  All right, all right, Joe. Here, here's the milk. Now, here, here, put her down. I sit here where she is on my shoulder. She's a happy cat. All right, but she must be hungry. We'll see. Nope, Miss Cat. I'll tell you. She's hungry, all right. What are we going to do with her? That is indeed the question. Seeing that we already have one cocker spaniel, one parakeet, 24 tropical fish, and 15 dependent chickadees outside the window. Louise? Yes, Joe. Could we keep her? No. No, we couldn't. No, I guess we couldn't. Lonely as we are. What I want to know is where did she come from? She's lonely, too. Like the tree out in front. Watch for House C, the courtesies, which are stuck with the cat. At this point, where the police were baffled. Police ain't even ever heard of this here, Cat, yet, George. That's why we have the police were baffled, Brennan. I am telling the story in introspect. What does that mean? It happened two years ago. Do I hold your interest, Brennan? Do you wish to know more about this cat or kitten? Uh-uh, no. But I like to watch the recording machine go around. It fascinates me in a mild way. So don't ask questions. We proceed now to House B, 62 Habadash Lane, people name a Benson. The Benson's are just moving in. There's White D. Benson, aged 10 months, wet or dry. Clark Benson 10 and Gregory Peck Benson 8 are upstairs in the expansion attic, which is not finished, walking the open floor beams, which we have to warn kids around here not to do all the time, unless they should maybe fall through the ceiling. Downstairs unpacking are Miss Gloria Benson 12, Mrs. Greta Benson, Housewife. Here comes Mr. Benson, Woodrow W. Benson, Woody. Woody is carrying in a bed. He is very large. Greta! Where do you want the youth bed? Upstairs. There ain't no upstairs, only the attic. Up there, just beams. Expansion, it says. I keep forgetting. No cellar either. I tell you, Woody, tote it upstairs to the expansion attic and put it down crosswise on the floor beams. We'll figure it all out later. Okay. Okay, manager, up we go! Evil! What is it, child? Oh, good heavens, did we bring her? Sure we did. I helped her myself. Well, sort of lonely. So many houses. Like one big apartment house, only spread out all over the land. With one tree in front of each house. Homesick for the Brooklyn flat already, huh? Oh, no, no, but... we don't know anyone around here. I feel lonely, Woody. Well, in two weeks we'll know twenty people, sure thing. I hope so, Woody. I hope so. And so we pass by logical deference to house A, the home of Mr. and Mrs. Richard Andrews with tree. I guess we'd have to say there is a much hope here, not just now. There's Mr. Andrews and a doctor. Doc? She may have waited too long, Mr. Andrews. But I told her, I kept telling her, if she got one of them spells, she should call you. Well, your wife probably will recover. Tomorrow we'll tell, by tomorrow evening. Can I see your doctor? No, no, the nurse is in there. It's lucky I sent for her. Now, you just take it easy. Easy. Easy. Andrew and me, we've been married twenty-five years. The kids are all gone away. We're alone now. I know. Well, I'll be here at ten o'clock tomorrow morning. I advise you to go to work as usual. There's nothing you can do. Now, where can I call you, if necessary? The pet haven over on the turnpike, stray dogs and cats. It's the animal shelter. I run it for the kennel club. Well, I'll phone you there tomorrow. And, uh, Mr. Andrews. Hey, yes, Doc. That whiskey bottle, put it away. It can't help you. Or your wife. You know that. Yeah, yeah. Don't disturb your wife. Please. The nurse knows what to do. Good night. Night, Doc. If Angela were to... No, I won't think about it. I must not think about it. What do you want? We lost our kitten, Mr. Over back there. A white kitten. Did you see a white kitten, Mr? No, no, I didn't.  Live all alone. Leaving the three houses A, B, and C. Yes, Sergeant. Wake up. Did you ever try to get any person to adopt a stray kitten? Don't answer her, because take her from me. It can't be done. Either person's got a cat, or they wouldn't have a cat not at no price. And so kittens is a drudge on the market. In hillside manner, we got definitely a surplus of cats. Of course, there is only one sensible thing to do which people should learn, but since when did people learn? Since when? They didn't. Except the courtesers. They fooled me. And I entered one loss and found white kitten right in the blotter. And when we changed shifts on the desk, I handed the blotter over. Over to you, Brennan. Remember, only two years ago? I refuse to answer on advice, unless somebody should kick me out of my job. Don't worry, Brennan. With you gone, who would listen to me? Nonetheless, the courtesers called me up like good citizens about to see a homeless cat. And not five minutes after I had wended my homework way, there were you reading a comic book where Mrs. Benson comes in here to the station house as I reconstruct the conversation. Ma'am. We just moved in on Habadash or Lane, and our phone isn't connected yet. So, ma'am? Well, has anybody called up about finding a stray white kitten? It's my daughter's kitten. We like her very much. No, ma'am. Not tonight. Not yet. If you'd leave your name and address, we'd get an awful lot of kitten trade. Which is habitual? Next afternoon, in front of the courtes' residence. Sure, I know it's sensible, but since when have we been sensible people? Now, Joe, we've got to think of the kitten. What's best for her? The police have had no calls. I phoned the pet place on the turnpike early this morning, and the man said he knew a photographer who wanted two white kittens for an advertising picture. Yeah? What happens then? Does Miss Cat here get to go to Hollywood, maybe? Or stand in for Marilyn Monroe? Oh, I don't know. All I know is we can't keep her, and this is the best thing to do. Well, it's a good thing it's Saturday. I just couldn't take her myself. Okay, let's go. Poor Miss Cat. Over the hill. Come in, come in. Mr. Andrews? Mm-hmm. Yeah? Yeah, what you got? This little white kitten. I gave you my address and phone number this morning. I told you... Oh, yes, yes, I remember. Hey, Elwin! How do you want to leave this? You're going to leave the cat. Elwin, come in here and bring the cat box. Hey, what is this? You want to have to get rid of the cat? You give him to Elwin here with the box. But this box... When you sign the papers, you pay me a dollar, and that's all there is to it. Now, I find him a nice home and take care of the cat and I'll get him a best home and the crazy man who'll photography... Louise, yes, Joe. We are not putting this cat in that box. Besides, this man is drunk. Let's get out of here. Let's go. Now, just a minute, please. In spite of the pursuit of police duty, it became necessary for me to take a personal interest in the case of the White Kitten as follows. Mrs. and Mr. Curtis? Yes. Won't you come in, officer? Oh, Joe, this is Mr. Curtis. Evening, sir. Pleasure indeed. Evening, officer. What can we do for you? P.B.A., tickets for the ball? No, no, no. Well, due to the inefficiency of a subordinate on my staff... What was that? That's Roman Brennan. He's so dumb. Well, uh... Well, I see Mr. Curtis has got a White Kitten on his shoulder. Yes. Anything wrong with that? No, but according to information, we have the police have recently received... I'll get it, dear. Joe, it's that awful Andrews man. Oh, no. Andrews? Joe! Joe! Mr. Curtis, please, let me explain. I'm sorry I was drunk, sir. You sure were. What are you doing here now? I'm doing my job. I can't afford to lose my job. You must listen. Well, we're listening, people. Come in.  She's terrible sick. I couldn't take it. I was waiting for the... for the doctor to call, and there wasn't anything I could do at home. So I went to work. The doctor said I should die. I couldn't sit still, not, you know, waiting. I had to, oh, please. I had to... Here, officer, you take the cash. Come here, kiddie. Mr. Andrews, my wife and I have discussed reporting your conduct to the people you work for. We don't like to do things like that, but in this case... I know, Mr. Andrews. Curtis, he's all right. He may be all right in your book, sir. Please, that call may be for me. I had to come here, but I left word with Dr. Walton. You don't mind if I answer the phone. No, no. Go ahead. You might as well. Yes. Yeah, this is Andrews. Doctor... Oh, thank God. Yeah. Yeah, I'll be right back. Angela, she's my wife. She's better. Much better. She's not going to die. She's not... Angela... Good heavens. More people? This is my husband. And this is my wife. Pleasure, Missy. If you will kindly take chairs, I think we can clear up this case in an inimical fashion. Hey, who are you? I'm a police officer, sir. So I notice. We'll go on. Don't let me stop you. I don't think you could, sir, if you wish to do so. Would you wish to try, pal? I might, pal. I might. This here's our cat. The cat my daughter's got. That's our cat, that there. That there, sir, is your cat if and when I choose to say so and not before. How come you can say whose cat is whose cat around here? Because I represent the law in hillside. I think I'd precinct. This, sir, is my life work. Wait a minute, wait a minute, Tutu. Officer, it seems clear that the cat must belong to... I'm sorry, what was your name? Benson. Benson? Yes. The cat must belong to the Benson because you can see she knows there, little girl. The cat does not as yet have an owner. Not officially, Mr. Case. Not until I say so officially. Why don't you say so? Because this... citizen has chosen to make an issue with my authority. I do not permit my authority to be questioned. Or fluted. Greta, would you mind if I sock this copper in the jaw? He won't be the first one. Wait a minute! I said, nobody is going to sock nobody in the jaw in my living room. The living rooms are four. Not primarily. This little girl has the cat in possession of nine points of the law. Not in the third precinct. And besides, in addition, a cat has nine lives, and that makes everything extremely legal. Can't we settle this without any... without any right hooks? How about it, officer? I do not actually wish to engage a fisticuffs over and above a cat, no kidding? How about you, Mr. Benson? Woody? Well, all right. All right. So it's okay, officer. You win. Very well. Officially, the cat is yours, ex post facto, or from here on in. Oh, look at it. What, officer, what I don't understand is, how did you happen to come here to our house? On account of blinds. On account of that flatfoot Brennan, my colleague, ladies and gentlemen, what he ain't got hardly any little gray cells. Otherwise, okay. Had Pot Brennan been able to put so-and-so behind each other last night, police would have thrown out a... What are you calling? A dragnet? No! Spectacle of Dick Andrews' distress. Oh, I'm all right now, Fred. And it is thanks to Mr. Andrews that police were able to solve this case. Having sobered up somewhat late this afternoon, Mr. Andrews called me, which is always a sensible thing to do in these parts. So all to look up the white kitten or cat in the headquarters blotter was but the work of an instant. Well, all's well that ends well. Could I offer you people some coffee? Mr. Andrews? Oh, I'm so sorry about this afternoon. I can't say... Not as sorry as me, ma'am. It was the first time. But I think I better go home now than Doctor said I could see Angela. She's gonna get well. Oh, well, we're glad for you. Poor little guy. They're very lonely people, folks. The Andrews is awful only. They're sort of left over. Well, not anymore, they won't be. Will you see to that? How about it, Mrs. Curtis? You bet, Mr. Benson. But now, will you folks have some coffee? Oh, so you must have... It's hard to know somebody. You're out here. Things are going to go. In the meanwhile, nature has happened like always, and the French has blossomed out into glorious feline womenshood, providing further kittens for the pensons, the courtesies, the Andrews' and each and sundry throughout our charming community. And so, we leave to three families. A. B. And C. And that's the end of the story, Brennan, end of the tape. That's a mystery story. When nobody got sapped or knifed or shot up or even kicked in the stomach, what's the mystery? Everybody lives somewhat happily ever after. That's the mystery, Pat. That's always a mystery. Yeah. Yes, ma'am. Right away, ma'am. Hey, Brennan. Yeah, Fred. 94 candlestick makers laying dog. It's got a white kitten up the tree. Get down there on a double, Pat. Life continues, which is also habitual. It's a B.S. radio workshop and the case of the white kitten written by George H. Faulkner. Music by Charles Paul and directed by Ira Ashley. Featured in the cast were Audrey Christie, Kenny Delmar, Barry Kroger, Ed Latimer, Arlene Blackburn, Don Briggs, Lynn Loring, Bill Smith, Frank Milano and Mason Adams as McGonigal. This is Bob Hyde inviting you to join us again next week when Hollywood will present Sarah Churchill in Portrait of London, a personal recollection. The CBS Radio Workshop is produced in New York by Paul Roberts. America listens most to the CBS Radio Network.


So we are delighted to share our Hyperledger in-depth webinar with you today. It's the webinar will be run by BTP on building provenance solutions using open source technologies. We're very excited about today's presentation. My name is Tomás Sedej, and I'm an ecosystem manager at the Hyperledger Foundation. Today, I will get the chance to introduce you to our panelists, and also take you to some housekeeping as well. Today, as usual, if you attended any other Hyperledger in-depth webinars, we have some housekeeping. So first of all, we would like to emphasize that all are welcome in our Hyperledger community, and we are committed to creating a safe and welcoming environment for all. And so please follow our Code of Conduct when interacting with one another on this webinar and also when interacting with other people in our community as well. You can find our Code of Conduct on our website and on our Viki as well. All the Hyperledger webinars are held under the Linux Foundation and the Trust Policy, which you can also find on our Viki and on our web page. And we are recording this webinar, and the recording will be available on the webinar library along with the slides, which you can also download and revisit later. It's also being livestreamed on YouTube, so hello everybody joining us live from there. Now, we encourage these sessions to be as interactive as possible, so please stay active and get the most out of this session. So the more questions and interactions, we will have the better session it will be for everybody. Feel free to use the Q&A box or type your answers in a chat and those of us joining us from YouTube. Also just use the YouTube comments and we will relate them to our panelists here today. You are also very welcome to raise your hand and I will unmute you, and then you are very welcome to speak up as well. Now, without further ado, let me introduce Cila and Duncan. Cila is a Chief Strategy Officer at BTP, and Duncan is a CEO and co-founder of BTP. And we're looking forward to the session. So Cila and Duncan, over to you. Thank you so much, Thomas, and hello everyone. Thanks so much for joining this webinar from all parts of the world. We are a company called BTP. We've been members of the High Pledge of Foundation for years. Some of you might know us as a blockchain DevOps company, which we were. But we decided last year to move, obviously, using everything that we got, that we did develop, but also building new things and decided to move up the stack and become a digital provenance company. Obviously, blockchain is a huge part of it. But that's what we want to talk to you about today. And this presentation, well, this session is going to include a demo as well. So first of all, OK, I'm going to share my screen. Sorry I haven't done that. This is OK. Yeah, OK. So first of all, I always think I need to share this one. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. Just give me a few seconds. Sure, take your time, Sila. Yeah, I'm sorry. OK, there you go. OK, OK. Can you see my screen now? Yes, looks good. OK, perfect. So I always like to, when we start talking about provenance, I always I know it might not be necessary, but I always like to set the language, like what we mean by provenance, what we are talking about. And again, the term provenance for many people, it's often associated with the art world, but that's maybe that's where it sort of originated. But we believe that recording and sharing provenance information can provide significant value across many, many industries. And you can talk about different assets. It doesn't have to be artworks. It can be diamond. It can be a medical implant. It can be commodities, money, whatever. So a wide range of assets. And in essence, and very simply put, provenance captures the origin and the life journey, including the ownership history of any physical or digital asset. And why we think it matters? I guess this is not a surprise, but first and foremost, it can provide transparency and trust across a wide range of markets. It can help us to fight fraud, counterfeiting. It can ultimately, it does result in improving consumer safety. Also, businesses can use provenance information to show or demonstrate that their products are environmentally friendly, that they have been produced in a socially and ethically responsible way. And also, it helps to make supply chains more resilient. So this is why it's sort of bad on Chronicle. Chronicle is our answer to provenance. We have, I guess, we believe in the strength of provenance. We believe that it is a force for good. We believe that it can provide significant value for many organizations, also consumers. And our sort of high level of value proposition would be that it does bring transparency and trust that I think many markets lack of. And what we are trying to do here with Chronicle is that just to make it easy for all types of organizations to record and query immutable provenance information. And that's done on a distributed ledger. It can be about any asset, as we discussed before, physical or digital, in any domain, any market, and across multiple parties, which is also important. And so we did launch a product which is open source. It is backed by a blockchain, and it is domain agnostic. So a little bit about this history or about the story of Chronicle. A while ago, we sort of identified that this was a really powerful area. Maybe the first evidence when we sort of created the Chronicle project, or CPTO, created the Chronicle project was at the beginning of, well, it was in 2021, beginning of 2022. And then we started to investigate about provenance, about its importance, about the value that the income provides, but also talking to our industry peers, talking to potential clients about their needs, requirements. And we started to talk about provenance more and more at the Hyperledger Global Forum in 2021. I did publish a post on whether provenance might be a killer application for blockchain technology. And then last year at the European Blockchain Convention, which was held in Barcelona, we launched our product called Chronicle. We made that product generally available a little bit later at the Hyperledger Global Forum in Dublin in September. And our latest news that we've always built Chronicle on open standards, open source technologies, but we finally open sourced the whole product. And that was announced early this year, this month. So again, Chronicle, it is open source. It is backed by blockchain. It is domain agnostic. It's built on a number of open standards and open source technologies. Just to mention a few, it's the Worldwide Work Consortium Prove Ontology specification. We also use the JSONL-dealing data format. We also make extensive use of GraphQL, which is our data query language. And in terms of the ledger that backs Chronicle, it's for now it's Hyperledger SolTooth, which we know very well, but we are also looking into using other distributed ledgers, both permissioned and permissionless. Something to know about Chronicle, it is domain agnostic, but it is easily configurable. So we basically enable organizations to capture and record and query all this provenance information for their specific applications. So we do deliver this by, as mentioned before, we used to be more of a company on the DevOps side of blockchain. We have this powerful management and operations platform, Sexton. So Chronicle is then delivered by this platform. And this platform basically facilitates the deployment of Chronicle, its management, and also the integration with enterprise systems. So this is how it looks like. This is the stack. And just a little bit, just talk about why we think open source is so important in terms of Chronicle and why we basically put our money where our mouth is. So we do believe that proprietary code just doesn't have to do anything with the blockchain stack. So I personally believe that when it comes to blockchain, it's not just the use that is multiparty, but also its development. So we do practice what we preach, and it's not just like building Chronicle on top of open source technologies, but also making Chronicle open source itself. So as you can see, just from the computing infrastructure where we make extensive use of Kubernetes, for now, the backing ledger for Chronicle is Hyperledger Soutooth, as I mentioned, also looking at other open source distributed ledgers. And then as you can see, Chronicle has these two layers, because Chronicle is a domain acoustic platform. But then you can develop domain-specific applications on top of that using the tooling that we provide. So you can do it yourself. We can do it with you, or we can do it for you. So there are different options. And then as you can see, GraphQL is super important to us. That's the interface that we use when you have to capture that data for your application as well as querying it. So this is Chronicle. And then we have prepared a demo for you. And I will let Duncan talk a little bit more about some of the components that we're using, and also talking about how do you model a specific domain and how you can use some of the tooling that we've provided. So I don't know, over to you, Duncan. Thank you. Thank you very much, Chilla. Hopefully you can see my screen now. Yes. So yes. So in terms of the demo, I think a couple of things that Chilla said that are extremely important here. One is, obviously, we've built everything on open standards, open source software, and we ourselves are contributing Chronicle as an open source project, because there is no room, in our view, for proprietary code in the DLT stack, in any DLT stack. In terms of the way Chronicle itself breaks out, exactly as Chilla said, the platform itself, if I step on, is built using the PROV-HO, the Providence Ontology from W3C, which if you're a computer scientist, you're totally at home with this, you happily chat all day to your family about entities, about activities and agents. When you get up in the morning, you don't make a piece of toast, you actually get an entity, which is a loaf of bread, and you put the slice in the, no, of course you don't. You talk about loaves, you talk about toast. So one of the important things that the engineering team realized very early on was that in order to tackle specific problems, you needed to adopt the vocabulary, the language of the domain that you were interested in, whether that was the world of art, the world of corporate actions in the financial services, or the example we're gonna look at in a bit more detail today, the world of manufacturing. So the key here is to move from the abstract notion of entities or assets, agents and activities. So essentially, what are the assets or entities that you're concerned with? Who are those agents and what are those activities? So if we move from the sort of abstract into a more concrete world, then we can look at the domain specific ontology, in this case, manufacturing. So in our world of manufacturing, what are the things that matter? The things that matter in this example are the items being manufactured. So the assets or entities in Provo speak will be items, but also we're gonna show you how you can also model the certification of those items and this is an important sort of real world use case that we're working on, looking at the certification of aircraft parts to ensure that throughout their lifetime, because they may have been manufactured decades ago, put in a warehouse, you can't rely on them being fit for purpose unless you routinely test them, retest them, validate they're okay and issue certificates accordingly. So it's not just the initial manufacturer of an item that we're concerned with, it's actually the ongoing activity of certifying it. And so this is the language we will be talking about. So instead of talking abstractly about assets or entities, agents and activities, we're gonna talk about items that we're manufacturing, certificates that we're issuing, contractors, the people that are actually or the entities that are actually manufacturing these or certifying these. And there's an example which we would commend to you because everything we're doing here not only is Chronicle itself open source, but these examples are open source as well. So what I'm going to do at this point is just briefly look at how one actually sort of graphically, so to speak, starts to sketch out the relationships between these various things. And then what we'll do is actually run a concrete example of this. So if I just, so in terms of the manufacturing, so this is one of those provo diagrams, but what we're doing now is we're saying, you know, an item manufactured, if we look on the right hand side has a batch ID, it is derived from the abstract notion of an activity, an item, this is the item being generated, has a part ID, it is derived from the entity. And of course the contractor, contractor in this case has a company name and a location, but it is derived from the agent. And the contractor in the role of manufacturer is then associated with, in this case, a specific activity, the item manufactured activity. Similarly, and obviously these slides would be available afterwards as well, so you can sort of look into this in more detail. Similarly, when you look at certification, you'll start to see a pattern emerging here where now the activity is item certified. The certificate is the entity that is being generated as a consequence of the certification process. The contractor is now involved again, but this time their role is the role of a certifier, not a manufacturer. And they're using, again, this is in the ontology, they're using or referencing an item. So the item now exists or will when we've walked through this in a second, but now you have to certify it. So whereas manufacturing is a process that can be operated in a batch context, so hence the notion of a batch ID. In the case of certification, each certification activity is certifying an individual item. So that's kind of motivating what we're doing. So now if I break out of here and actually go to the example guide, so what we have here, basically all of our examples, and we're gradually adding to these, some of the engineers are working on examples for us. Sorry, let me go to that. And we obviously welcome contributions from other people, but so far we've got five examples, worked examples, and the one we're looking at today is manufacturing. And we're gonna look at the guide but also look at the domain YAML. So what's interesting about this is the actual domain specification is really quite short in general. I mean, obviously, it can become more elaborate, but essentially what you're defining here are a set of attributes which you'll be referencing, then the agents, the entities and the activities. So that is literally what is fed into Chronicle. And essentially what we then do is we compile and create a Chronicle domain server. So in other words, this is a piece of technology that will then present a graph QO API that lets you interact either to write or store or record information or query information. And I'll get into what that means in a second, but all of that work is done in the background for you. And if you look at the Chronicle examples, the read me, and you can do, everything I'm showing you here, you can do yourselves. The read me will just describe a small number of prerequisites, prerequisites. Obviously you need to clone the repo and then literally just run through a simple make process which will build your, and typically we've run this standalone one with testing or experimenting, but of course in a real-world environment, it's running against hyperledger sawtooth. What it's giving you then is the ability to then interact with your domain. And this is quite important when you're developing it because you want to be able to experiment with it. And so in the true sense of here is something I made earlier, here is something I compiled earlier. At least I hope I compiled it earlier and I haven't broken it. Otherwise we'll be sitting here for a few minutes while it actually rebuilds. So this is running the manufacturing example and it's running it locally. So what does that mean? It means we're serving up the GraphQL playground. So if I move that out the way. So in terms of the playground, I'll just refresh this. The idea, and by the way, in addition to being members of the hyperledger foundation and the CNCF, the cloud native computing foundation, we've also joined the GraphQL foundation. Why? Because these are all key technologies, Kubernetes, hyperledger sortus and the hyperledger foundation family of projects more generally. And then GraphQL, these are very important to us. So of course we will support them and contribute to them where it is appropriate as well as developing software ourselves. So we're a contributor to the hyperledger sortus, distributed ledger within hyperledger and within the hyperledger foundation I beg your pardon. And of course, Chronicle itself is now something that we have open sourced ourselves. So the first thing you'll notice is you want to run, this is really just to see what's happening in the background. We're just gonna run a simple query that will allow us to just see what activities going on in the background. So the first thing I want to do is define a contractor on this, because I'm gonna define two. One is Helicopters PLC. We're very imaginative at BTP. And the other is ACME corp. An ACME corp of course is very, very famous. I'm sure you guys have seen many cartoons featuring that and it never goes well. So I'm probably attempting fate here. But if I run this, now important point, Chronicle is here to record provenance information and then allow you to store that and then query it. And you can query it in real time. You can also spin it out into reporting and analytics. And there's a whole roadmap for Chronicle that looks at sort of advanced features like that. What I would stress though is it's not manufacturing or certifying anything. So if you have an existing business process, the whole idea of Chronicle is to capture the key points along that process where you need to actually note that something has changed, the provenance of an asset or an entity has evolved in some way, shape or form. So what we're doing here is we're telling Chronicle, here are some key facts that you need to know about. And so we've now defined, we've now told Chronicle there is or there exists an agent which is the Chronicle colon, agent colon, helicopter, PLC and also for good measure ACME corp. And so we can just do a quick query here. Tanken, excuse me for interrupting, but we have some questions from participants asking that the text is too small and faint and if it's possible to increase the font size or maybe just maybe just zoom in the screen. Is that okay? That's great. Yeah, I think that's much better. Okay. Thank you very much, Tanken. Okay, so apologies. So we've just told Chronicle that there are these two contractor agents, helicopter's PLC and ACME corp. And the one we're gonna focus on is helicopter's PLC. But we can also just run a simple query that says, okay, Chronicle, what contractor agents do you know about? And the good news is it knows about the tool I've just defined. So I feel like the demo is going quite well at this point, but I don't wanna get too ahead of my skis. So we talked or I showed you a minute ago the diagram for an item manufactured activity. Again, we have to tell Chronicle that we are now going to define a specific instance of the item manufactured activity. So by specific instance, what I mean is we're gonna give it an actual batch ID attribute. So we'll have an external ID. So that's just the way it's referred to within the Chronicle system, but we'll also give it a batch ID. So this is run 001. And we're also gonna associate this activity with helicopter's PLC. So what we're doing is we're actually drawing that diagram effectively. But we're doing it by in this case, writing to Chronicle, GraphQL is this notion of a mutation which is essentially writing to Chronicle. And when we ran a query, a query is a query is a query. So now Chronicle knows about this activity. So if you imagine this in the context of a factory, you're about to embark on this batch manufacture process. So what we've done is record the fact that this is happening and it's associated with this contract to a helicopter's PLC. Then the next thing you do, and there are a variety of different ways that you can sort of batch these things up, but you then typically say, right, this activity is now going to start. It's always a good idea to sort of bookend things. So we're gonna start it. We're then going to, in this example, run a very small batch of two rotor blades. One has the part ID run 001, 001. Again, this is pretty straightforward, but we're then gonna say it's generated by the activity, rotor blade make run 001. So we're sketching out this, you know, that ontology and we're then going to run a second define the fact that we're creating a whoops, that's a little bit extreme. Hang on, how do I get out of this? I know you said people are struggling to see it, but that was, there we go. So now if we do this and then we'll end the activity, what we've essentially said is that this instance of the item manufactured has created two or recorded the creation or manufacture of two rotor blades, each with its own unique part number and each associated with that specific instance of the item manufactured activity, okay? So now we're going to take one of those. So we've manufactured these now, I'm gonna come along and I'm gonna do a quality assurance or certification. So unlike the item manufactured, which is a batch activity, items certified as an activity always deals with a single item, in this case, rotor blade. So if I look at this, the first thing I'm gonna do is define the rotor blade certification activity. I'm giving this a number or an ID, I should say. I'm also associating it again with a contractor with the helicopter's PLC, this time in the role of a certifier. So I probably glossed over that when I was talking about defining the item manufactured activity where we defined the role of helicopter's PLC as the manufacturer. So here in the case of the certified activity, their role as a certifier. So you'll begin to see the pattern emerging here. And by the way, I hasten to add, in real life, you do not do all of this typing stuff in or cutting and pasting stuff into the GraphQL playground. A lot of this is done, obviously through APIs and a lot of it will be done automatically. So machine to machine. But having defined that activity, the next thing we need to do is actually, again, go through the process of certifying a single rotor blade. So here what we're gonna do is we're going to start the certification process for the first of our two rotor blades. We're gonna define the identity of the certificate. We're gonna explain that that was generated by this activity that it uses that it's using both the certificate and the blade. And finally, we're closing out that activity. So if I now run that, what we're essentially doing is we've now recorded the act of certifying one of those two manufactured rotor blades. So the interesting thing then is we can then query and say, and we can say to Chronicle, okay, so tell me about each of those rotor blades and tell me whether in fact, or indeed it has or hasn't been certified. And so if I run that, what you will see here is that the first rotor blade was both manufactured and certified. The second though was only manufactured but has yet to be certified. So essentially, the next time we run this another item certified activity and this time certified the second of these, of course that query will then be very different. So I'll stop there in terms of the interaction because it becomes somewhat repetitive. But just to explain what I've been doing, I've actually been working through the manufacturing example working through the guide. Oops, sorry, has it logged me out? Can't have done, hang on a second. All right, things were going far too well. Let me go back to here, hopefully this thing will work. Yes, okay. So what I've done is I've worked through here the recording of the creation of the contract, contractor, the item manufacturing, the item certification and so on. So essentially what I did earlier to prepare for this was just cut and paste these snippets into the playground. I think that's all, Chilla, that I wanted to demonstrate. And maybe it's a good time to sort of turn this over to questions that people may have. And of course, yeah, just in terms of where to go to find out all this good stuff, we've got links for that as well. So if I just step onto. Yeah, resources. By the way, this is a very simple example. I mean, this gets, this can get much complicated than this, right? So with more agents, more activities, more items and so on, so everything can be sort of recorded. This is just a very simple example of what can be done. But it's complicated enough for me, Chilla, trust me. For a demo perspective, definitely. So Thomas, that's the end of the presentation and demo. So we're very happy to sort of open out for questions if people have any, go over anything else that may or may not have been clear. Yeah, sure. Well, first of all, thank you, Chilla and Duncan. And yeah, so we do have a couple of questions already in the Q&A box and in the chat. So first of all, Arthur has raised his hand, so I'm just gonna unmute him.  You just need to unmute yourself now and you can ask your question. Okay, Arthur, are you still here? Yeah, we can hear you. He's on mute. He's on mute? Yes, he's on mute. Okay, Arthur, we can, you know, let's go with Jeff because he also had his hand up and we can try again later as well. So, Jeff, would you like to go ahead? Hi, Jeff. Hi, Jeff. Oh, can you hear me now? Yes. Actually, I put my question in the Q&A but I was interested in day and ownership and I remember exactly what I wrote back when we started but who owns the data in that case when using the tool or collecting the data entities start coming in? So in the case of a contractor that's been hired by a manufacturer and the contractor is generating data that goes in and then the manufacturer has their data. Who's the owner or can you set up, can a contractor set up themselves to only see certain data in here or does the manufacturer own everything in the data? Jilla, do you want to give us this? Yeah, I mean, in this specific case, I just, so the contractor is the manufacturer. So it's, yeah, we did that very simple. So it's just one agent. Yeah, that would be the owner of the data but you can preset who owns the data. So again, this is when it becomes like a really multipart scenario where more people can write as well as read the data you can preset who owns what. So if there's a manufacturer that's hired the contractor to be a manufacturer for a specific let's say a high tech item that's proprietary and they want to put their data into the system can they protect that from the manufacturer that's hired them? So yes, I mean, at the end of the day Chronicle is a piece of software. So what the engineering team is doing and obviously doing in the open is actually adding support for OPA for the Open Policy Agent technology. And so what that will allow for is very fine grained control over access to any aspect of the underlying Chronicle system. So the data itself of course is stored very securely on Hyperledge or Sawtooth but it's the ability to then actually interact with that and actually access some or all or none of that depending on your role. And that's very important in the context of a multiparty scenario. There's another project we're working on we can't go into too much detail but again, it's about sharing in a very carefully controlled way information about the safety critical aspects of energy and utility infrastructure. So clearly that's not something that should be just available to all and sundry. So and again, this is also where if a regulator is granted permission to see information that may also be filtered in various different ways. So the short answer Jeff is that is being built into Chronicle as a separate layer using OPA. Somebody just asked if we could post the Chronicle. I'm just about to do exactly that. So everything is under GitHub on B2P Works. So I'll just pop that in the chat for you. So under B2P Works, you can see Chronicle itself and you can see the Chronicle examples. So the examples James were under, sorry, the demo I picked up on the manufacturing example was under Chronicle examples and I happened to pick on the manufacturing one. So Jeff, if that answers your question we're happy to try and go back to Arthur. I guess the shorter answer would have been explain the data granularity and ownership but you did a good job. Thank you. Well, I'm always, why give a short answer when I can give you a long surrounding? But I wanted to make the point that OPA will feature very heavily. And again, it's building on an open OPA as itself an open schools project. Yes, that's good. Well, thank you, Jeff. And thank you Duncan. So let's see if Arthur is back. Yeah, we can see Arthur. Yeah, he's muted still. He's muted. Okay. Okay. Arthur, if you would like to ask a question later you can just pop it in the chat and I can unmute you again and then we can go from there. Because we do have a couple of more questions in our Q&A and also in our chat channel. So I'm looking at the questions. So Natish, hi Natish. Can we see the interplay between Chronicle and Hyperledger? I presume by Hyperledger, you mean Hyperledger sorties. So as I said at the beginning in this demo I was using the standalone in memory version or demo mode for Chronicle where it's actually running just on my laptop here. In practice, of course, you would then be talking through to, I don't know if you know the Hyperledger sorties architecture, but the core component that actually sits on the backend is a transaction processor, which loosely speaking of, you can think of as a very, very sophisticated smart contract, but it's far more than that. It's essentially captures the business logic. So that's the transaction processor is essentially what the Chronicle platform is talking to and that implements all of the logic in terms of then capturing the core information, storing it using JSON-LD as the format. Because one of the good things about Sawtooth is it lends itself to, depending on your transaction family, you can choose whatever format you want in order to store the data. Of course, ultimately it's stored on chain, but you have great flexibility in terms of the way in which you store it. And again, that's why we chose, the team chose JSON-LD as the correct format for what we're trying to do here. So I can't, in terms of seeing it, I'm hand waving, but please, I'd say do two things. Please join the Slack channel. We can put the invite to the Chronicle Slack channel in the chat here and it's also available as, it's one of the links, but let me just copy that now. And then you can chat to the people that really know what's going on, which is not me, or for that matter, Chila, although she has a pretty good idea of what's going on, but it's actually an opportunity to then talk to the engineering team that have actually sort of created this, led by our co-founder and chief product and technology officer, Kevin O'Donnell. So I've just put the link there to the Chronicle Works Slack. So please join and ask questions there. The link did not appear in the main chat. I will repost it. Just have two hosts and panelists up, you just need to change it to everyone. Sorry, sorry. Can you make sure that that happens with the... I did it. Yeah, I'll do it as well. There we go. My apologies for that. So do you have an example in the supply chain area? Was also a question from Nitesh. We're working on, we don't have a worked example available in the Chronicle examples, but we'd be very happy to talk to you about that. Again, remember, this is not replacing the existing business processes within a supply chain. It's actually reinforcing those processes by capturing the core information at key points in the sort of life story or life history or life cycle of an asset. And that life cycle, that life story, that could be because it's moving through time and space as in a supply chain or it could be that it's actually it's more a logical change, a change of ownership or something like that. But yeah, please join the Chronicle Slack chat and we can talk about how one would go about doing that. Yeah, actually the manufacturing example can evolve to a supply chain use case when the actual item is procured, which is also data that we can capture and record and then query. Yeah. Do we have any more questions Thomas or... Okay, I think that's it. Alfonso asked about if we can share the chat links and I believe you did Duncan and we also have the links in the slides themselves, right? Yes. Yes, we did. So just to let you know that we will upload the slides as well in our webinar library so you can also download them later from there as well. And then we had another question from Kent in a chat and he was asking if these demos based on vanilla sorted plus LNDB plus vanilla smart contract and can you show the sorted block with this data? Where is that question? It's in the chat. It's not in the Q&A. Oh, I see. Yeah. The short answer is when you say vanilla sorted, absolutely everything we're doing here is in the open. The one thing to bear in mind as a company having worked with sort of the hyperledger sort of technology over a number of years if you want to look at the precise version of hyperledger sort of that we're using that is also available, it's not a fork but what we have done is we have done a number of quite significant improvements which allow us to then provide hyperledger sort of as a distro. So a distro, any of us not apologize you probably all know this but open source software on its own is not terribly useful to most consumers because it's very raw. It's great for developers but if you're an enterprise for example you want to consume a well-defined distribution of that software. And so hyperledger sort of is a great example of that. We build and package it and run a whole bunch of security audit and so on. So it's vanilla but with some hardening design for its use in production. But there's nothing hidden, there's nothing proprietary this is not open core, it's there for all to see. I'll come to the Q and A question in a second. And in terms of LMDB, one of the things that we've actually done to improve performance is actually provide support for ROXDB. But again, this is something that is completely open and transparent and will at some stage be contributed upstream to quote unquote the sort of the hyperledger project itself. Hyperledger sort of project itself. So let me just find a link to that for you while I'm here. So you can go and look at that. But it's very important that we made that change and added support for ROXDB because of performance issues that we were encountering. So just give me a second. So everything that we're doing with with Sawtooth and Damo on Sawtooth and a bunch of other things is in a GitHub. And this time I'll try and post it to everybody. But if you go to the blockchain TP GitHub org and you can browse to your heart's content you'll see Sawtooth core, et cetera, all there. So anything you're interested in knowing about in terms of what we've done to improve the performance and so on of Sawtooth is there. In terms of the transaction process or code that's within Chronicle, within the Chronicle code base which of course is again is open on the B2B works. So have you done any work where data has been transferred between Chronicle and other traceability platforms? No, we haven't. That is a very, very good question. So the short version is this is part of the reason why we chose GraphQL is that it facilitates integration at the level of very much a business to business. So we're not here to talk about interoperability and sort of classic sense of we're trying to wire up you know, hybridization Sawtooth to hybridization Bezu or something else. Remember this, the DLT's role here is to be the single source of truth storing that provenance data. But if you want to interact with Chronicle that's far better done by interacting through the GraphQL API which of course is bidirectional. And that's very much in the sort of mold or mindset of any kind of service bus architecture where the last thing you want to think about is the really low level bits and bytes. It's far more about being able to access the data both streaming and querying. So I would say going forward you'll see a roadmap being published publicly around our ideas around what Chronicle should or could or maybe should do next. And reporting and analytics is one of those areas that we think is very important as would be integration in terms of consuming data. So, you know, mutations basically the ability to again that the right way to do that is through GraphQL through the high level API. And then so that what's really important is getting the domain model right. So getting the Chronicle domain model right then allows you to interact. And one of the things that we generate automatically as part of the make is the GraphQL schema. So you've got that available as well. So hopefully, yeah, another long answer to a short question, sorry. But the great thing is the engineers have thought about this stuff in such a way that, you know you can get that information out very easily. Minimum specs, oh boy, for running Chronicle on top of Sawtooth, that's how long is a piece of string of, you know, at a minimum, well, let me step back. When we showed you that stat, we said we run everything on Kubernetes and that's, you know, that is fundamental. That's all of our DevOps experience was a company coming to the fore there. So the minimum you would require would be a four-node Kubernetes cluster. If you're running using EKS, AKS or GKE, you know, any of the cloud managed Kubernetes platforms, it's, and I can see our VP of DevOps is on the course. I'm probably gonna get this wrong, but maybe Eva, you can sort of post in the chat. You know, what is the minimum spec that we recommend for the machines, for the worker nodes themselves? Obviously, if you're working with one of the cloud service providers, they provide the control plane. But I wanna say it's M2, but yeah, that's really just, it's also about the storage and various other configuration items. So we can certainly share more information on that. So again, jump on the slack and ask those questions there and you'll get an informed answer from somebody who knows what they're talking about, as opposed to an educated guest from the CEO, which is a terrible thing. You don't want ever to listen to anything I say. So on which note, I should say, I hope you listen to Chila, something out of this. Not about the hardware specs. Yep. Things like that. Eva has published the answer. Recommend a minimum of four nodes. Thank you, Eva. Each is a two CPU, eight gig. Yep, fair. Where can we get to play with Chronicle? I can know. Just go to the, honestly, just go to Chronicle examples on the B2B Works and if you just follow the instructions, make sure you've got the right version of make, otherwise it won't work, but just make sure you've got the prereqs right and then you can make one of those examples and you can do what I did. Basically. And also join the Slack chat so you and we'll happily answer any questions if you need any help or guidance. Duncan and Chila, we also have one question from our LinkedIn live. And it says, hi there. I would love to hear if and how are you guys looking at the future quantum computing security risk? I think like everybody, we're very well aware of that, but that doesn't apply to Chronicle. That applies to the whole world of cryptography and so on. So I think join us in the Slack chat and we'll happily talk about that. But we face the same challenges that everybody does and that's really at that level, the DLT most importantly. So. But yeah, we have thought about that and possibly we're going to publish a blog post on it. So. Well, I know you're working on that. Yeah, yes, I talked about it with Kevin. So yeah, there's something in our pipeline. Excellent. Ken, welcome to the, Kent has joined our Slack. Thank you, Kent. We're almost at the top of the hour. So maybe we have a time for one more question if somebody would like to go ahead. Nothing for now. All right. Then I think we're going to wrap it up. Well, if any questions are still open, Duncan already mentioned it a couple of times and you are very welcome to join their Slack and ask your questions over there. You're also welcome to reach out to us and we can connect you with the BTP, with Duncan, Chila and their team as well. So first of all, thank you very much again, Chila and Duncan for this great presentation. Thank you for your time. And thank you everybody else for joining us. And again, if there is any question that remain unanswered, please let us know. Also, please follow us on the Discord. And here we have a lot of real time engagement and you can also continue your questions there. You can go on the SOTUDE channel, but also other channels like Fabrikwanner, Beisu, our special interest groups and much more. We also have some other upcoming hyperledger in-depth webinars, which you can find on our event page. An upcoming webinar is the one with Dian Pinto, a CEO and co-founder of IPV on maximizing the value of your intellectual property with a smart intangible asset management platform. So please join us there and go to hyperledger.org events to register for this upcoming webinar. Thank you again, everyone for joining us. Thank you to our panelists. Thank you for the people joining and hope to see you again soon. Thank you very much. Bye everyone, thank you. Thank you, bye.


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Dr. Ogan. In this video I want to cover a couple more terms that are very important to understanding where, when, and how diseases spread or the occurrence of disease. So we're going to talk about sporadic diseases, endemic diseases, epidemic diseases, and pandemic diseases. Let's start with sporadic diseases. These are ones that only occur occasionally. They kind of pop up. There's no geographical location associated with them. So I would say tetanus, rabies, even the plague are examples of sporadic diseases. So you might see just a handful of cases popping up, again, with no, like, geographical boundaries. So that's a sporadic disease. And endemic disease is a disease that's constantly present in the population. So sadly the first thing that comes to mind would be malaria in some parts of Africa. It is just endemic to those regions. It's always there. Same thing with HIV infection in, let's say, Sub-Saharan Africa. All right. So those are examples of endemic diseases that are constantly present in a population. Epidemic diseases are diseases that just explode in a given area in a short period of time. So it could be a very small area, like a single town having some sort of an outbreak, or it could be a much larger area, but those are epidemics. So diseases that explode and increase in number or incidence very quickly. So I think about maybe your flu seasons generally might be an epidemic, like I was just reading something about Australia's flu season ending. I'm recording this video and heading into winter where I live in South Dakota. And Australia's flu season is gone already. But then we'll take our turn and we'll have our flu season. So maybe we'll have an epidemic flu season here where I live. So that would be an epidemic disease. And then a pandemic disease would be a worldwide epidemic. So speaking of the flu, the flu pandemic of 1918 killed 30 to 50 million humans, 600,000 Americans. So that was a worldwide epidemic that was affecting everyone over a relatively short period of time. All right. So sporadic diseases, they just pop up sporadically like name implies. Endemic diseases are constantly present. Epidemic diseases, you see an explosion in number of a disease in a given area. And again, that could be a continent or a city. Epidemic diseases would be worldwide epidemics. All right. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.