Okay, welcome back. I think we'll get started as some people trickle in. So my name is Diane Archer. I'm a senior research fellow at SEI here in Bangkok. And I'm delighted to lead today a session looking at urban futures in a changing climate, focusing on the Mekong region. Today's session we'll start with a brief recorded presentation from a participant who unfortunately couldn't join us in person. And then we'll have a dialogue with our three in-person panelists and then some time for questions. So I'm sure you're very aware that the Mekong region is becoming increasingly urban over the coming decades. And so we need to prepare our towns and cities for both slow and rapid onset climate impacts. This has implications for things like provision of affordable housing, infrastructure, services, as well as health and well-being in cities. So we'll try and consider some of these issues to see how we can achieve more resilient cities that are also inclusive of everyone in the city. So to kick off our session, we have a recorded presentation from Dr. Jan Bin Wang who's based in Australia. He's a chief innovation officer at Water Sensitive Cities at Monash University where he is promoting multifunctional infrastructure and applies circular economy approaches to deliver water sensitive city visions. So let's start with that presentation. Thank you. The opportunity for me to share some of the climate resilient perspective in urban contexts. One other key message I'm trying to deliver today is that we all have to integrate social inclusion into the climatic response so that we can build a foundation for shared prosperity and leave no one behind. And one of the ways that we can go about doing that is to develop multifunctional public open space. And because it's multifunctional, it can deal with multiple climate scenarios and therefore deliver multiple benefits to the community. And why I made that point is because the climate change, it doesn't mean the old problems will simply go away. We still have to deal with water pollution, drought, scarcity, urban floods, river degradation and urban heat. And we don't want to create a one-dimensional solution because that will just shift the problems from one to another. For example, in the old days, the engineers tried to conquer lines, rivers, to improve the drainage efficiency but at a cost of looting biodiversity. So what we want to do is develop a holistic approach to deal with all these challenges because they all somehow relate to how we manage water in a city. And of course, with the introduction of climate change, things are going to exacerbate. For example, the high intensity rainfall will lead to more severe urban flooding. And we also can get company events. For example, in a sea level rise, could be coupled with coastal flooding and extended drought could be coupled with urban heat. On top of all of that, we have to deal with uncertainty because both drought and floods could occur in the same city and sometimes in the same year. So all of that is pointing towards a direction that is calling for a multifunctional infrastructure that is embedded in the public open space. So for the rest of this presentation, I'll simply refer that as a multifunctional public open space. You may wonder why a multifunctional public space will helplessly take social inclusion into the climate response. I'd like to draw your attention to this diagram proposed by Workman. He says that the most relevant stack of social inclusion can be clustered under three domains, the market, services, and a space. So if you think about our proposition of developing multifunctional public open space, well, it means that the multifunctionality will deliver a multiple ecosystem services and therefore benefits. And because it is within the public open space, it can ensure the services and the benefits will reach all communities. So all we need to do is to make sure the social inclusion is well-implemented through better design so that everyone can take part and participate in the society. So let me give you an example of what we mean by a multifunctional public open space. Here is a minimal version of that, which is an urban tripe heat in Melbourne. So how this work is that the tripe heat is actually suckin' down from the road surfaces and there's a cut opening down the side so that every time it rains, the stormwater generated from the road surface will flow into the tripe heat fit. The water get attenuated on the surface before the water slowly percolate downwards through the soil, through the root systems, before the clean water get picked up by the stormwater pipe. So in the process that basically we get a better and healthier tree roots, why it becomes every time it rains, the tree will get a drink, which we refer as a passive irrigation. And also the nutrients that is contained in the stormwater is going to be retained and recycled for the tree grows, nitrogen, phosphor, and so on. And once we get a better root system, we're going to get a much better canal piece. And if you line up the whole strip, which is such a tripe heat, we'll get a much better canopy shading and therefore micro-climate improvement in a series scale, that also improve anonymity. And basically, you know, those multiple benefits which is mentioned about is going to benefit all the communities live along the street or anyone walked along the street. And that was a simple example from Australia. So for the rest of this presentation, I'm going to walk you through a number of case studies in the developing country context. For example, China and Thailand to give you the confidence that the multifunctional part of my space can be built, it can be built really well. Here you'll see a civic plaza with constructed wetlands in the city of Kunjai in China. So what we have done in this project is to incorporate a range of constructed wetlands within this public plaza so that every time it rains, the plaza runoff actually flow into the wetland fist. Water get attenuated, water get treated before the clean water discharge in the nearby canal. And in the dry days, those wetlands is used to maintain a large ornamental pool, which you'll see on the top right to maintain water quality through recirculation, very much like a dialysis system so that there's no portable water required to support this water feature. Everything's done through service water. A really interesting in this project is that we have not developed an engineering solution, but rather we have created a very unique ecological landscape that blend well from the rest of the public space. As you can see here, the wetland turned out to be a mini-aquatic botanical garden and we're able to bring the biodiversity back into the city. So all the communities who access to this public plaza will benefit from a range of ecosystem services provided by this wetland. So there's an important message I'd like to pause and highlight, which is the climate resilience do not just focus on buildings. In fact, you should go beyond the buildings and look into the public open space because that's where the investment is gonna benefit the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in the society. And the beauty of this is the public space when it's contained in multifunctionalities they actually become completely scalable. We can do this from streetscape to the precinct scale and all the way to the city scale. So let me walk you through a third of your case study to demonstrate this point. So what you'll see here is Cunishon Forest Park. It's a 200 hectare park that used to be just a forest park with a large lakes in it. And the lakes used to be isolated from the rest of the city because they worried about pollution and contamination. What we have done to the project is to introduce a range of constructed wetlands into the park so that the wetland will be used to maintain the water quality in those lakes such that the lake can be reconnect back to the city river network. So it can participate in the large flood mitigation schemes because we know the water quality of the lake can be restored upon the dams. And the beauty of this is that we also work with the local landscape architects to introduce a very sophisticated network of pedestrian systems so that we bring people back to the nature capitals and everyone can get access to this beautiful forest and wetland park and enjoy their day-to-day lives. And a recent study by the Work Bank shows the benefit-cause ratio for the forest park is 2.7, which means that every dollar invested by the Cunishon Gama into the park can generate a $2.7 back in terms of economic benefits to the whole society. And what you'll see here is a multifunctional city corridor in the same city as Cunishon along a 40-kilometer-long elevated rain drop. We call this a gray, green and blue corridor where grades for traffic and grains for ecology in the landscape and blues for water. So how this work is that every time it rains, the water generated from the gray corridor will discharge into the wetlands within the green corridor first. The water get attenuated and treated before the clean water discharge into the blue corridor, which is the river. And during extreme flood events, the water level in the blue corridor start to rise. Now, in and out part of the green corridors to increase the flood attenuation capacity will also increase the flood-convince capacity of the city. And because the green corridor and the blue corridor is a linear, so every community is living in the vicinity. They can benefit from it either through a commute or through recreational use. So under the auspicious Austrian government, we have been applying the learnings that we gained in China and applied that to the Nikon regions. For example, this is one of the efforts we're trying to build climate resilience for the city of Ryan. As you can see, there's a very classic image of Ryan that's looking into a secondary street, very harsh and all concrete, no trees. And the city suffer from a combination of urban heat and flooding because of lack of drainage and then combined sewer or flows. So what we're proposed to do is to transform this harsh urban environment into a green Kenya, by popular lighting the streetscape with trade pays and storm water planted books. The hardest work is that the roof runoff will travel down through the downpipe but intercepted by the storm water planted books where water get attenuated, treated and harvest, recycle and to support the planters, which as part of the streetscape and many things. And then the street runoff will flow into the tripe, very much functioned as the Melbourne tripe that mentioned earlier. So the combination of this initiative will start to help reduce the combined sewer flows because we start to effectively separate storm water from the wastewater. And in doing so, the trees and the water box are passively regating and they start to dramatically influence the microclimate in this urban environment. And if we're smart enough, we can start to integrate a range of urban furnitures into the tripe and the water box, such as dining tables, chairs and benches to improve the amenities for the communities living in the vicinity. And then hopefully, you know, the government will build it one day. All right, so this is my last slide, which we're back to the city of Cunzhan looking at the Spam City demonstration park. So what the government have done is to transform what used to be underutilized a rubbish dumping ground underneath this electricity corridor into a very nice park. The park is designed to be floodable and there was a lot of water quality improvement systems in the park. More importantly, integrate a lot of interactive water features so that it starts to bring the amenities back to the nearby community. And what we see in this project is that it gives us a lot to think about when we talk about building urban resilience. We do not just focusing on the beautiful city centers but also looking into the marginal areas, those vulnerable groups, and give us a lot to think about where to start this process and how social inclusion play a role in the process so that we leave no one behind in this journey. So with that, I thank you very much for your time. And I wish you all the best in the panel discussion and the rest of the conference. Coburn Crop. Great. It was lovely to have that introduction and the city of Kunshan certainly looks like it's got some lovely parks and I think we can always do with more green space in our cities. So now we will shift to our panelists here. So I will first introduce them and then we'll work our way through a round of questions. So we have Mr Anuksai Pomalad, who is a freelance consultant on environment and social safeguarding, gender, climate change and DRR, and land management. And he currently works on regional land use planning, spatial analysis, and is the Lao PDR focal person with Rumble as an environmental specialist for the second strengthening higher education project at Savanaket University, new campus construction funded by the ADB. Beside him, we have Kun Somsook Buñabancar, chairperson of the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights or ACHR, an organization working on urban poor housing development in Asia. Kun Somsook, it was actually my first boss. I worked at ACHR after my PhD. So it's great to have her back. And Kun Somsook was also the director of Community Organizations Development Institute, or CODY, from 2000 to 2008 here in Thailand, and is still the chairperson on CODY's National Slum Upgrading Committee. And finally, we have Ms Shom Tio, who is program manager of the ASEAN SDGs front runner cities program, which is one of ASEAN's flagship regional platforms supporting innovative bottom-up actions by green cities, reporting annually to ASEAN environmental ministers. Shom has spent over a decade managing grants, technical assistance and networking services for ASEAN's front runner cities. So we have a nice mixed panel here today. So I'll get us started. Firstly, with Kun Somsook. So Kun Somsook, you have spent many decades working with urban low-income community groups in the Mekong region, who are trying to improve their housing and access to services using their own funds and resources. How can governments continue to work with them better in this process? And is there a role for the private sector, do you think? Okay. Well, I will speak from my experience as the person who actually supports the work in Asia and in Thailand. In Asia, we use to support this urban community development process from the ground up, from the bottom up to link with the city and the other agency and to develop a citywide approach in the Asia countries as well as in Thailand. Thailand now we support the community, urban poor community or even rural community to work with the city and the world, the provincial government and so on. So to answer that question, I would say that in the process in which I work in the region as well as in the country, we look at the people as the center, the community as active actor. You see so many countries in the world where they have housing policy, but the housing policy from top down may lead up to a certain level, except when we start looking at the poor people themselves and trying to see how to make them visible group in the society and they are active and they are part of the changemaking. So people center and find a way that people become the active actor. People become the focus of whatever assistance and find a way to link them together into a network and from the network you link with the other support organization, the civil society, the institution in the city and also the city government. Building a coalition, a coalition of community support organization and the city government and to make them visible, to make them active, to find a way that community themselves have the information and they are the one who have active action, they have the passion to lead the physical change. If people become active actors and they make the move together at scale, we support the people to make a change from them at the city scale in which we call city wide, city wide upgrading and city wide change. When it is the city wide, which is a scale of the poor, so many community or the poor in the city get together with sitting with the government, sitting with the other, it becomes a system change. It becomes a system change. It's not just a welfare approach, a very sporadic welfare activity, a little bit here, a little bit there, no relationship and then it dies. So it's very important that it continue, it link and people also learn and they make the move with the support of the maybe civil society or the organization. We have the institution here in Thailand called CODI, Community Organization Development Institute, in which we institutionalize the people driven approach. Yeah, start from the people, start the survey, how many of them get them to sit together to understand the situation, their condition, make a plan, start the saving, mapping and start the work and then when they are a little stronger, we start linking with the government, city government and many other and at the end of the day, it become sort of a joint mechanism between the city, between the development institution and the people at the scale of the city to sit together. So once we ever to bridge the people process and the government system to be more collaborative, you have a new kind of politics, you enter in new kind of politics where the people power, the government power, the knowledge power are able to come together and then the realistic problem of the people like bad housing situation, eviction, no money for this and that will be brought into the platform. And little by little, when they talk together, people will develop the knowledge and the negotiation power and the government will also learn because if we start the approach by just asking the government in Asia, in the Mac home region to be more inclusive, which is something that we commonly understood. I think that from all the government I know, the city government I know in Mac home region, they would simply not understanding how to do it, or they are not interested to do it, sorry to say. Vietnam also, Laos also. Sometimes they have good intention but they don't know how to do it and they're a little afraid of the poor community. They don't know what's inside and they're afraid of the demand from the people.  And then the urban poor housing condition could be better, climate resilience could be better, but only we center the people as the answer and bring the people into an active actor of the process. So people are the answer, but we need to know how to work on that. It's not just people, just a few persons who come into the process and participate with the government program. It needs to be organized as a group of community. It needs to have a continued process. It needs to be inclusive, even in any given community that everybody is a part of that. And have confidence, have plan, have information to move forward. So we need professional, we need professional and knowledge how to support this change process. I work with the government, I know the government way of doing, in most of the Macaulay region in Thailand also. We develop the institution that we are top down. We have the culture of rules, regulation and you got to follow rules and regulation. Society have changed. Society have changed. We need a little more understanding how to open up and how to build the possibility and the process in which people become a part of the change mechanism. And in doing so, they are growing, they are stronger. And they are a part of the whatever mechanism the government may develop about. And we develop the citywide where we map all the slum communities and they build a network and they propose which community would go first. And then we support the budget. Support the budget. This is very important. Most of the budget in our society are top down budget. Budget to the government organization is the resource in which the people have to follow the government instruction. We need the kind of budget that would allow more participation, more collaboration so that everybody have a role to be a part of. In the CODI process and the ACHR we pass the budget to community and let them be the owner of the project. We send architects to work with the community to make change with them and with the city as well. And now we have all the city committee where the city authority, community network, civil society, the architect, the professor are all sitting together. I think that is the kind of direction that we should look and we can find several possible answers for housing, for climate change, for environmental development or even quality of life. Great. Thank you, Khun Somsok. I think I have seen for myself the possibilities that is offered by this sort of people driven approach that isn't just top down but is networked as well. And it's about engaging all the relevant stakeholders at city level. So now I will move on to Mr Anuxai. From your experience working in Laos on the new town development, can you explain some of your experiences of successes and challenges in terms of trying to ensure a more inclusive urban governance approach? Thank you. Good afternoon. I'm really great to be here and also to discuss and share what I have done regarding for urban development, particular for the urban town in the small town and poor town like in Laopida. Some of us here might have a chance to visit in Laos. You will see that it's in Laos for the small town. It's very limited. We call it the public space. So even there was no walkway. You will use just only the luxury car to go everywhere and motorbikes. So that is one of things. And the another is also the environmental issue in the urban town. There are so many that just happened. So I was one of the team who support for the urban town. I will give you some example that what we did to provide the better urban environment to the town. So the project that support this, we also include that to improve for the urban infrastructure like roads, increase more space for the park and as the space for the community, for the citizenship in the town. And we also include as much as possible for the space for the park in the urban area. And we also include to solve the issue of the wastewater from the household level. This one that we use the decentralized wastewater treatment system. However, even when we call it decentralized, but actually it's not decentralized because just only the one location that is made for the wastewater treatment for the town. So basically if decentralized should be, it's coming from each of the households. So this one we also try to solve. However, it's not really solved at the root cause of the wastewater but we solved the root cause of the problem before release this wastewater to the make home. And we also to support for the waste management but therefore the sewage waste and including for the flood protection. In previous section also discuss what exactly they try to make fast protection or to avoid or mitigate from the flooding because in this area what we call is like a prolonged flooding. So it's like the seasonal flooding every year is flooding but a person who live in those areas is quite poor because they don't have enough investment to buy land where it's quite high price and also good condition. So this area is liquid first. So that's why project to introduce the concept that to make a watergate and also pumping the water out during the rainy season and also to stock the water from the treatment and for the farmer that they can do agriculture in the right season. And for the waste management we also support and provide the complexity as the landfill construction and also including for the rigid treatment system and also have a compost and recyclable. However all of this as I already mentioned previously we not really solve at the root cost we solve at the end of the problem it's not exactly that we go and to solve where is originates of this issue. And together on this that is quite a challenge that how to engage people who participate in the project and to be to benefit of this. People here who have a chance to visit Sawanaket you may find that Sawanaket is one of the area of the city in Lapida have quite a beautiful embankment park compared to like the other because this design is not originally from just only environmental perspective but it's coming from the consultation with the community in the area they strongly recommend if need to make the park or embankment it must be that is multiple benefits to the community because not only just only this is for protect of the flooding during the extremely event like the water high but it should be more at the function for the community make it more beautiful so you can see the previous photo that is the location where is space for the community for the children that they can play together and we also provide some exercise equipment for the public that they can use they can play and then people can run around there and for one of the key challenge of this that I found that we try to so far is just only so at not exactly like the root cause of the problem as I already mentioned for example like the waste management wastewater waste management but however that what we can do right now just only try to make it the best as possible that's what we can do so far and basically we also integrate the other dimension into this support for example awareness raising to try to integrate more people to understand about the waste and to understand the root cause of this and how to solve it but sometimes it's not an easy to start with it but for the polluted it's happened right now how to stop some certain issue that we have to decide to solve even it's not exactly the right point but we have to do it so for the other challenge for operation and maintenance one thing that is also related to the government who make a decision to operate on infrastructure that project provide that one also still lack of encourage the society how to integrate and cooperate for the operation and maintenance as well so this is also one of the key challenge how to sustain up the urban town and how to ensure that urban town is sustainable and to to facilitate this we also found that right now we also faced some issue for the waste management in La Vida as well so I just stop this point Thank you and thank you for sharing the photos as well and for highlighting that whilst some solutions are being implemented there's still a way to go to really address some of the challenges right at their root cause to help the urban development so another key challenge that we find in urban context is how to get climate finance down to the ground level like Kunsumsuk mentioned as well how can we get local governments and local communities to access the funds when they're a best place to identify and implement necessary interventions Miss Chum could you maybe speak to this yes I don't have slides so again like Miss Chum I'll just share what my observations are so I think the fundamental problem here is I don't know how long this has been going on basically there's a mismatch between what we say it's important to support and how much of the funds and financing actually go to where it matters the most which is to the local level the local authorities, the communities the civil society and at the moment it remains that for all of these important high level talks related to climate non-state actors including the city governments themselves they are not part of the national government so they basically do not have a voice or any official decision making or contribution to all these negotiations as well as in the let's say right now the world is talking about we need to mobilise 10 trillion or billions of funds to the global funds the UN agencies to the multilateral development banks so where are the non-state and the local level actors in all of these funds governing mechanisms does not seem to exist so I guess I'm not sure it seems obvious because in my position I am dealing directly with the city governments as well as the national agencies which they are more open and more receptive to bringing the resources down to the local level in fact they advocate to that however it still remains so if there's anyone in the audience from that level of decision making maybe you can share so why is it that 90% I think some literature suggests that 5% or at least not more than 15% of the total public climate finance development finance in general only 5% to 10% will flow to the local level so there's a lot of complaints actually in the ASEAN community which I work with that there's too much events too much workshops too much on writing reports and research of course these are very important right but they are also we need to balance that we need to balance that part of the work with the actual actions taken in fact we may need to prioritize actions and what we need to achieve now for the transformation and for the challenge that we are going to face we need to have actually many many many many cases of local actions slowly and in the long term developing the capacity and basically just doing what the theories and the reports are telling us to do so this is one thing that I want to share in response to your questions great thank you so much and maybe that now we can move on to thinking about climate resilience specifically so if we're looking at urban climate resilience, how can we try and be more inclusive of low income communities and support them in integrating climate resilience into their housing developments infrastructure developments you already touched a bit on this but maybe very briefly is there anything else you would like to add we're running out of time so we'll be quick on this round I think it's very important to be more earlier based which is definitely right to focus on city based city based, ward based community based, community maybe neighborhood based you know because when we focus on the earlier base we include everything we include every element we include the poor we include the leach we include the business sector we include the environment we include everything yeah so the key point is to be more earlier based and get everybody to be involved and change the manner in which when we in our society we have the system like this government, central government local government private sector and things like that you only have to change it into like this that everybody could sit together and see the reality of things on the ground and chair and then find the answer and let the people let the development sector the private sector whoever to take part and put together the effort of managing everything I mean selecting something easier to achieve and go more and more to more difficult so in this way it's like we try to equip the neighborhood, the community the poor as part of the the city development process when we develop the citywide approach we start by surveying all the community in the city either it's a squatter either it's the rental communities the rental room whatever and then invite them into a process to see how we could plan and link with the city link with the land authority whatever and see how we little by little would find a way to collaborate and to develop the solution in which people have to do a lot of homework you have to do a saving so your finance will start moving you got to have information they need to check what are the other social issues all kinds of work community have to do something the city have to do something the different organization have to do something so it's a challenge work a challenge work and a challenge development process in which if you have some success or a good project happen everybody will be a part of that success it's not scattered as one project there one activity over there and no relationship earlier base will be able to link up things together link up the actor together and try to see how every party could be a part of the possible development process in a more holistic picture I think it sounds so simple but in most of the city it's not this picture so the point is that we link this into a more communal process a more holistic process this is a chair power and I say that chair power because in the existing system of any city any Macaulayian country or whatever it's not the right kind of chair power to make things happen if things going to happen it happens because of some kind of power you either have financial power or you have the authoritative power but the authoritative power is stopped down money power is come from the private sector to invest this and that and make a lot of scatter development so if we link people to be in the same picture and chair and everybody know what going to happen and how to replant, how to rethink how to get everybody involved it's a chair power once a chair power is possible then a chair development will be possible and everybody will be inclusive in different manner thank you yes I think the area based approach is really a great concept for trying to get a really inclusive approach to urban development Miss Chum could we maybe think about this kind of inclusive approach to a transition to low carbon cities do you have any suggestions well yeah so low carbon development and low carbon cities usually they are they are dealt as a different stream from resilient city or adaptation or others so well let's say if low carbon city is realised there are potential for the society, the marginalised group to have better quality of life and wellbeing let's say if we change the infrastructure the buildings, the transport the industrial process to be cleaner and to be based on clean fields then air pollution will reduce there will be also much more greening kinds of projects so that benefits everyone then there's also the lifestyle and value change that is happening in low carbon cities so it means closing the material loops meaning changing the food production system which currently is very very wasteful for example dealing with the waste and then separating it at source turning it into compost as we heard from the session about food security that will generate new jobs and usually these jobs can benefit the lower income groups because usually these jobs are seen as not classy not prestigious so these are some of the examples that it will benefit but then I think there's not enough discussion about the upstream and downstream effects of low carbon cities because if we really have that carbon model implemented it means we will have a lot more demand for metals and resources to have the solar panels wind turbines and the batteries so these actually have terrible effects on wherever the mining is going on so by some estimates by 2050 let's say we electrify the energy systems, the transport I think I've read estimates that we need five times more metals than what is the currently available amount from the current level of mining operations and also we have not talked about the impact of all these disposal of these solar panels and other all these electronic and hazardous waste this is a long-term issue we need to pay attention more thank you and I think often those who are most exposed to the hazardous impacts of waste products are low-income groups who are working in waste sorting jobs speaking of health Mr Anuk Sai could you briefly talk about any work you have done around the health impacts of climate change in cities in Laos thank you, yes basically this health we look in a different way what we are looking because if we look the health as the hospital service so that another dimension that absolutely that is not the health of what the perception I'm looking because the health of the people and society in the context of the climate change you know to make the city become more quick green space and then space must be available inclusive for all everyone that people can do exercise and then when there is a space can generate more about the social space people gathering, people joining exercise together and then mental health also be good and the dimension of the environmental health in the city must be as the priority that to how to solve the water, how to solve the solace and also solve the problem issue that what are the projects that I already introduced for example occur the flooding always this is generate the issue to the health of the community and effective person so if we can do this and improve the urban city more environmentally and more space for the people so the health of the people and communities will be better then just focus on hospital yes I think environmental health is very much linked to the health of urban residents so we have about 6 minutes left so I would like to open it up to the floor if anyone has any points they would like to add or questions for our speakers I know we have some urban climate resilience specialists in the room do you have a microphone? maybe it is a question more to show because you work with ASEAN I know ASEAN has so many city projects or initiatives ASEAN Smart Cities Network ASEAN Sustainable Urban Strategy and you know all these but then in your experience and exposure to them to respond to let's say the needs on the ground after all ASEAN always talks about oh we are covering 650 million people, poor or rich or whatever and urban area is another important area and so forth or maybe any of the other speakers who may wish to chip in thank you Kun Apichai can you clarify a bit more how effective or how beneficial have they been basically ASEAN was created to help develop the whole region the 10 countries and also to address any of the problems including urban problems and now with urban intersecting with climate, intersecting with air pollution or water pollution and they give out awards every year they give out awards and how do they help them or is there some incentives or what in other words I want to know what is the scorecard of ASEAN on this I am not aware of any scorecard but the funds that actually flow to the ASEAN cities I don't have the figures but my observation it's not 50% it's not 40% so very minority of the projects actually provide the grants or project funds to the city level and sometimes these funds also flow to the communities with the city government so I would say yes I cannot say how beneficial but they are beneficial and I think the strategy is like we don't realistically expect regional organisation like ASEAN to be able to help all the cities so we need to strategise, we need to target the top 10 of the frontrunner cities and we need to give the scarce resources that we have already to them so I think more and more we see greater recognition of the need to have projects for the cities but what is still not moving is that the funding sources and the funders they have not yet translated into the supply I'm not sure I think you have a longer perspective than me but ever since I have been involved it has almost been the same 90% of the funding and technical assistance is not in the form of ground projects so if we want to solve this problem we really need to know why this happens and if we accept that this will never change then we need to think about where are the alternative sources of funding it cannot come from public climate finance it must be from private sources philanthropy or crowdfunding so these days what is good is that we have new technologies and we have city governments now they have more experience about international cooperation and they know how to make themselves visible and stand out they can attract other supporters not only from funders alone so in that way I perceive this is a positive trend and I would like to ask everyone in the room if you have a chance to make any decisions regarding funding projects please consider ground projects and also consider inviting representatives who can understand the local level to join the decision making and governance mechanism that's very important thank you so much I hope I answered your question we have one more question hi it's here actually from the backstage from ASEI I would like to know about your experience because you have been working on the cities and many of the cities especially the support from ASEAN that you may experience some of the funding just goes to them I would like to know some of the cities for example that you can let us know that if there is any cities or town that they receive the fund and they become able to make it sustain for their projects and if they're still doing that is there any cities or any town that you have been working with and they're still continue doing these kinds of trends or these kinds of activities to make it sustainable thank you I'm not from this side could answer this question if we provide funds to the cities and they have a project to sustain it by themselves my experience is this is a very broad generalisation we don't expect 100% of the cities to sustain this is not realistic at all maybe I would say 30% success rate is realistic and what I see is the choking point is that now we have many many many pilot projects and they sort of let's say in terms of the coverage if we say we do waste separation at source or public participation kind of things kind of reaches at most 10% maximum of the total city population it cannot scale up beyond the pilot scale this is the challenge we are facing and my suspicion is there must be always if you have 100% in the room there will be 10% who are like extra passionate extra initiative to do so we have already not reached that level 10% how can we go beyond the 10% it's very important question for us to answer at some point working at the regional level international level in different capacity I think that the intervention of the international organisation either Asian, Asian or whatever is so important I mean intervention from the outside of the a certain power bodily is important but we have to do it in such a way that the intervention trigger a bigger change process so the activity is not an activity in itself but it trigger change it's an intervention to spark of a political process for instance if you going to develop we have the money to develop three cities how can we implement the three cities in such a way that there is a national committee setting up the city be select by the others the city by different institutions so the selection is a part of the selection of the country for instance and then what kind of policy we would like to make a change so it becomes more participatory more a trickling process to a bigger change a strategic intervention in a way so in this way it's not an isolated sovereign city in itself but it's sort of linked into a whole of something that they could see each other and the society see it as an opportunity to do a new interesting possibility because the government budget may be too restrictive but the support from outside open up new possibility and new possibility is new possible to make bigger change or linkages to a policy possible form of doing new things into a society I think for international support it's so important for Asia and it's sort of open new possible intervention into the existing source existing policies so what are that strategic process to be designed so the political process be changed by that intervention it could be small budget it could be big budget doesn't matter at all this is one answer the second answer is that there are a lot of good people in any given country good city, good intention people some not so good it's understandable but how to use the possible one to lead the new new possible process to lead the change and to show new example so the not so good or the very slow city can be a part of so make whatever intervention in the spotlight in the visible learning from the others definitely you find some good people on the ground and how we could be a part of their change and they also be a part of a good leading process in their country and in the region I think that is quite exciting and it's possible to do thank you I think we have to wrap up now but I would like to thank our panellists for your interventions and for sharing your cases I would like to give a nice note to end on like even if funding or resources are really limited you can scale up the experience and the lessons learned from implementation by networking with other cities, with other community groups with other local governments and NGOs and so on so that the small resources can have a broader impact on a larger scale to our panellists and let's give them a round of applause


Computer Museum in the heart of Silicon Valley, extracting the signal from the noise. It's theCUBE, covering OpenStack Silicon Valley 2015, brought to you by Morantis. Now your hosts, John Furrier and Jeff Frick. Okay, welcome back everyone. We are here live in Silicon Valley. This is Silicon Angle Media's theCUBE, our flagship program. We go out to the events and extract the signal from the noise. I'm John Furrier, my co-host Jeff Frick. Here at the Computer History Museum, we have for the first time on theCUBE, as an IBMer, Monty Taylor, who's now Director of OpenStack Innovation at IBM, formerly of HP, been on the board of directors for the OpenStack Foundation, technologists, great guy, CUBE alumni, again, formerly of HP. Welcome to theCUBE as an IBMer. And whilst we have all the IBM events, insight coming up, and obviously we do a lot of coverage of IBM. Welcome to theCUBE. Thank you. Thank you very much. Okay, so first question, why the change?  What's the deal? So, they're going to love this answer, but so all things start with going out for drinks with Jesse Proudman in New York City. We should, yes. And really from there everything is history. And so Jesse and I got to talk, and we chatted a few times before because he's an awesome guy, and he started letting me know that OpenStack, that IBM is going to be doing an OpenStack public cloud, like Amazon scale. They were going to go after the big guys, right? And actually do it. And that's a big proposition. That's a really big deal to do. And it's a thing that I think is important for OpenStack, important for all of the community. And I want to be involved with that. I want to make sure that- Is it a moonshot or is it realistic?  It's totally realistic. I mean, think about the companies that could do that, right? Like this isn't something, you're going to go get some VC to go chase that, right? This is the big players that already have the metal on the floor. So if you look at the software acquisition, we got a whole bunch of data centers out of that.  In fact, I'm pretty sure they got data centers in more locations than Amazon does, right? So once you get the hang of this, you got global reach, you've got all of those things. And you've got a company with the history and the heft to go and do something big. Like not to do it just a little bit, but to actually- And you got the announcement from IBM about getting 90 days blue box down to software 90 days, pretty big deal. That's exactly showing exactly how serious all this. We've got the software property, we've got that. And now we're delivering OpenSec into that for managed private. So even though I'm a bullish fan of IBM strategy, what they're doing, I got to put the skeptic hat on. Sure. Amazon has a history decade of trajectory in the economy of scale. If you try too fast to rush it, there's diseconomies of scale. Are you guys have a blind spot there? Do you see that? Are you aware of it? What are you guys doing to address that? I mean, so there's a few things there. First of all, they do have 10 years of experience at scale, but I'd argue that IBM has over a hundred years of experience in technological innovation and they've been doing this cloud thing in a thing called mainframes for much longer than Amazon has been a twinkle in anybody's eye. So that being said, you're exactly right. It's a big thing. They started off as an online services company and know how to run services architecture and know how to do those sorts of things. And that's not a thing that you should chase lightly. So there's a few different things. And the company's super behind it. We heard Ginny's been talking publicly, we're all in on cloud. Yeah, they're all in on cloud. Apacheano comes on the queues, like we're all in on all this. Yeah, totally driving that, totally driving that hard. It's a thing that they're into, but there's sort of a couple of things. One, bringing in me and some other folks, we just hired Jonas Chakobi, who's super exciting. I'm going to be working with him. So we're putting really smart people on a lot of the hard problems. And actually, this is what we're talking about just a little bit ago with the room of analysts. One of the reasons I'm excited about this for the OpenSat community is that we're going to be able to have a tight feedback loop. Me and the folks who are going to be on my team, we have history of knowing how to work inside the OpenSat community really well. So as we find the things that are the problems at 10,000, 100,000, a million nodes, we're going to work very well with the OpenSat community on solving those. Oh, and IBM, it may not get as much credit as it should for the online properties that it does actually run. Like it's- Well, and also their history in open source. I mean, they took a bet on Linux when it was a second class citizen. Exactly. When IBM had a lot to lose betting on open source at the time. That's exactly right. And in fact, I'm going to get this wrong because I've only just did my IBM orientation yesterday. So I'm going to get all the dates and the tales wrong about this. But IBM's actually bet the entire company on entirely new technology before in its history. You mentioned Linux. Back in the, I think it was the 30s. Hang on, yeah, 30s was the depression, right? See, this is- Oh man, I'm in trouble. In the 30s, everybody else was having financial problems. IBM decided to double down and put all of its money into the tabulating machines for tabulating things. Right after that, coming out of the depression, the government had a giant need for number crunching. And the only company that was built up enough to be able to take to work was IBM. So they basically during the depression, doubled down bet all of their money on an entirely new technology front. And it kind of paid off for them in giant dividends. So this isn't a new thing for the company, they've done it before. Well, we've been covering IBM for a couple of years with theCUBE and we saw the initial announcement and you can see the messaging was tight. They've been executing on that. Bluemix is out there. They've still got some work to do. Amazon's got Beanstalk, Bluemix, I don't know if they have yet, but they'll get something going. It's clear that IBM wants to meet Amazon in the middle of the field. The question is whose terms is the battle going to be on? That's us to speculate with the media company. I think that's actually, I think that's exactly right on. And that's one of the things that I, I think I've said it here before on theCUBE. I want to make sure that what OpenStack, that OpenStack isn't playing the game of chasing Amazon because there's a lot of ways in which I don't think that Amazon's designed their thing in the way that I want as a user. Like they've got some, don't get me wrong. There's some great, obviously, you know, they're doing a great job in a lot of ways. But I want the cloud to serve my needs as a user. I don't want the cloud to be an emanation of what my already existing data structure, infrastructure needs allow me to produce, right? And this is, Amazon's design is there because Amazon has a particular economy of scale. And so what you get out of them product-wise is the thing that makes the most sense for them maximizing the investment of stuff that they've got. From the OpenStack perspective, I think we can do more than that. I think we can serve a wider range of users. And I think that when we do serve a wider range of users, and we actually are in service of what users need out of us, then I think that that's us setting the terms of the argument and putting things on the table that make absolutely no sense for Amazon to chase, right? Like things like the OpenStack's ability to have private cloud, you think about what's going on with BlueBox and actually getting on-demand private clouds in the same data centers that we're going to be rolling out, you know, a global public cloud in. Let me just think about the opportunities that provides for the users to define how they want to run their applications, not to have the cloud tell them how their applications have to be run, and now you've got to rewrite all your applications to fit our model, you know. So. Well, certainly pure-played public cloud Amazon does well. Again, a lot of holes to fill. In OpenStack, within the community, Jonathan was on stage, just wanted to talk about the Quadrant, Niche, Unicorns, I feel like the top left was, but then the Winners, and that's adoption, technology maturity. Yeah. Virtualization, no problem. Core, compute, get that. Sure. What's next? Because stuff's moving fast up. What's maturing the fastest? Can you handicap some of the things? So I'm still extremely bullish on bare metal, which is, maybe shows my, it may not look like I'm an old gray beard, but I'm an old Unix gray beard. So I'm still extremely excited about the fact that we're doing more and more in the bare metal space and enabling that in the same control plane and connected into the same networking infrastructure. Those are kind of big deals.  But what I think is actually interesting there from an OpenStack perspective, isn't let's go reinvent what's happening with containers. Guys are doing a great job, but if I can hook that in again into the networking fabric, if I can make those things run inside, but it turns out some of your applications might want to run in bare metal, some of them might run in VMs, some of them are great for things like Kubernetes and Docker and Cloud Foundry and things like that. Not all applications are made the same and most applications can't work in all three. You got to pick where they're going to go. And so I'm really excited about getting the integration between those things. So that if you go full on Kubernetes, but you've also got this, you know, Oracle database, you've got to run over on a piece of bare metal iron in the corner, why not? Why wouldn't you do that? And why wouldn't you want that to work seamlessly? So I got to ask you the question. I'm asking every guest. What is the deal with Hybrid Cloud? Does it exist? You get private in public. You get private in public. I mean, is that like a product? Is that like a category? Help us create this conversation there, because Hybrid Cloud seems to be the top conversation. It's an outcome. It's an environment. But is it actually a category? Is it a product? Is it a mindset, paradigm? I think it's a mindset and I think it's an opportunity. So I run with another team of people and actually let's give them more of the credit because I'm, you know, I'm talking with you fine folks while they're off actually running something. And you're working the job, so. Yeah, so we run all of the developer infrastructure for the OpenStack project on top of OpenStack. And when we say that, what we actually mean is that we're running it on top of right now two public OpenStack clouds and one private OpenStack cloud. And then in addition to that, we have another private OpenStack cloud and another public OpenStack cloud that are on deck to get added into that. We run the things that we're doing across those as if it's all one set of infrastructure. So if you sort of think about it about people in their enterprise maybe have three, four data centers. You've got some different locations. Some of those may have different kit in them, right? So you may have the one where you do your high throughput things. You may have different characteristics. And for us we get to choose what things we want to run where or there's some things that can run anywhere and our scheduler can just place those workloads anywhere we want to place them. So. So the key is moving workloads. But it's moving workloads. It is, but I want to be clear what I mean when I say moving loads. There's other people who mean different things. I don't mean I'm running an app here and all of a sudden it's in Texas in Rackspace's data center and I click a button and all of a sudden it's in Paris in OVH's data center. That's not what I mean by moving workloads. I mean that to me creating compute resources in any of those locations is all the same. I can create one here, I can create one there. The private cloud that we're spinning up inside of the OpenSec infrastructure project is a cloud that is explicitly tuned for our workload. Now it has the same UI, it has the same, it has all the same API calls as our other clouds but for it we've gone and said we have a particular workload that we know very well because it's been instrumented in our other ones and we're going to just run the services we need in this private cloud. We're not going to have any other tenants in it. So we're not fighting noisy neighbor. We get all of, so we get a really good environment but we manage all of our resources, all of our IT resources in the same way and we basically got a file that says this server goes in this cloud, this server goes in this cloud and these servers over here go across these clouds and that's really great. So if I understand you correctly and correct me wrong. So the hierarchy is private cloud and public cloud are subordinate to hybrid cloud because hybrid cloud is ultimately everything. Hybrid cloud is everything. You want the freedom as a person running an application, as a person running an IT organization to understand your workload, to understand your application, to understand its needs and to be able to utilize the resources that you've got in the way that makes the most sense for those things. Again, this is back to the other thing. I don't want to say I want to rewrite all of my things so they make sense on a public cloud. Some apps don't make any sense that way and you shouldn't need to rewrite your things. You should have the infrastructure should give you the freedom to run the apps you need to run. And we're asking this question because it's a conversation we want to have because the definition has been kicked around and it's been mangled all over the place and more importantly, it's like distributed computing. You can't, that's the concept. The outcome of that is deployed infrastructure, stuff was running, stuff's being managed. I went to the store the other day and I bought some distributed computing. It was fantastic. I'm the leader in distributed computing. But what, is that a category? Who's the vendor? So again, separate vendors and products and talk about environment. That seems to be what hybrids. That's what it is to me. And one of the promises that I see in OpenStack is that in addition to that mindset, it should be possible to mix and match vendors. Like this is one of the great things here. There's absolutely no reason. I mean, in fact, the public clouds that we're currently using on deck, there's rack spaces and HPs, which I don't know if you know, but those are two different companies. We have a team at Red Hat running one of the private clouds that we use. That's a different company. We have OVH spending up resources and we're going to be getting resources from IBM. So like, those are all, and we can still spread our apps across that. That's fantastic. So why can't Amazon just say, we have hybrid cloud and put Amazon inside the company? They can say anything they want to. And I challenge you to tell Jeff Bezos, no, on that subject. Well, the CIA is a private cloud in Amazon, so it's kind of like... But that is a, so two things. A, that is a private cloud in Amazon. I heard that the effort and financials on that didn't work out quite as well as the Amazon folks might have wanted for that effort. And of course, I don't actually know anything because it turns out I am neither in the CIA nor Amazon. But you're hearing rumblings. I'm hearing rumblings, and I didn't, as I understand it, that isn't really a, if you think about what their core competency is, right? Amazon makes a profit on the sale of a 25 cent, you know, used novel, right? They can turn profit on that. Doing lots of custom bespoke work for a large vendor, that's not their core competency. That's not what they do. That's not where their margins go. That's not where any of those things go. So they can chase that, but why? Why would they chase that? What possible good does it do them to do that? I mean, their customers are asking them. Maybe their customers are asking them. So we'll see. But the thing is, if their customers are asking them, and you want to talk about companies that can deliver large scale custom bespoke solutions for large enterprise customers, you might want to go to a vendor who's actually good at that. Monty, it's great to hear from you. Great to get the data and the insight, certainly as a technologist, great insight. And the competitive strategy and the landscape between the opportunities is, you know, like moving the goalposts in the game. So we'll see. It's fun to cover. I got to tell you, it's been great. Excellent. As long as we can provide you fun, this is basically what I'm in for. People are tooling up, people are changing. So this real work of being done, wealth is being created, customers deploying new solutions. So it's very relevant. So appreciate the insight. Monty Taylor now with IBM, CUBE alum, friend of ours, great to have you on theCUBE. We'll be back with more live in Silicon Valley after this short break.


My name is Mohamed Ali and I'm a professor at Athabasca University in Canada. Welcome to the Mobiles for Development course. Some of you will be completing the module overview of mobile learning and which will cover mobile learning and education. The objectives that you will cover in this module are define mobile learning, describe policies for mobile learning, identify mobile learning technologies, describe the benefits of mobile learning, describe mobile learning initiatives around the world, describe recent research in mobile learning, describe strategies for implementing successful mobile learning, describe the role of the teacher for successful mobile learning, describe the future of education with mobile learning, and describe your role as a teacher in the evolving nature of education in a mobile world. So here's a nice short definition of mobile learning. It's learning using information and communication technologies in mobile contexts and this is an international definition that will stand in the future because it's very general because technology will change in the future. So the question is why mobile learning? Many, many countries, many organizations are getting into mobile learning. So why mobile learning? Students can learn when they're alert, which means they can learn anytime of the day. Different students have different peak time for learning. So with mobile technology, they can use technology to access learning materials anywhere, anytime. It encourage lifelong learning, which means anyone regardless of age can access mobile learning materials using the technology. You can reach learners in remote locations who do not have access to schools or libraries. They can use the mobile technology to access information and access course materials. Students learn in context. So they learn in their own environment, which means they can apply what they learn right away. And different cultures have different values, different environment, so they can actually apply it in their own environment. They create the special needs, so people who are disabled, for example, have limited mobility. They can use the mobile technology in their own community to access information and learning materials. Educate females. Some females stay in their community to take care of families, other responsibilities. They can use the technology to access learning materials from their communities. So they don't have to leave the community to go to major cities. And be used to engage the lost youth. And these are the young students who drop out of schools. Either they're bored at schools and they're not motivated to continue, but they use mobile technology. So why not get them to use the technology to learn, to access information, to interact with each other? And very important, educate the displaced due to natural and human disaster. We have many natural disasters such as earthquake, tsunami, etc. When people are displaced, they can continue to learn if they have mobile technology, which means they can access learning materials from anywhere. Also, we have many human disasters, for example, wars. And when people are displaced because of wars, then they can access learning materials using mobile technology. So these are some very important reasons why we need to use mobile learning in education. In terms of accessing education, mobile learning improve access for new generation of students because the new generation of students, they're very comfortable using technology. And they expect learning materials to be delivered on mobile technology. So we have to make sure we prepare our courses for delivery in mobile technologies. There's increasing use of open education resources where resources are available for free or at minimum cost that people can access with their mobile devices. With the technology, students can talk to each other, peer-to-peer tutor in so they can help each other if they have problems. And again, they use the technology to communicate with each other. Also digitization of information and learning materials. What we are seeing today is materials are becoming electronic. So it's moving away from print to electronic. And who knows, eventually, all learning materials will be electronic. So if you have your learning, your courses in electronic format for delivery on mobile device, then students can access the materials using their mobile technology. So yes, we need to have policies for mobile learning so that we give access to everyone, make sure that everyone can download learning materials under mobile technology. So it's very important to set policies. We need to conduct research on mobile learning. Mobile learning is a pretty new field. And there are limited research conducted. So we need to conduct more research on mobile learning. And we need to get teachers involved in the research. We need to implement successful mobile learning. So whatever we develop and implement, we have to make sure it's successful. And this is one way to make sure that we motivate others to accept mobile learning. We have to show that it's successful. So it's very important to implement successful mobile learning. There are many, many mobile initiatives around the world. Countries are given students tablets so that they can use their tablet computers in the schools so that they can access the internet. They can access course materials while they're in school or while they're at home or while they travel. So what's the future of education in mobile learning? What will education look like if everyone has a mobile device? We have to make sure as educators that our courses are online. Our courses are available for students to access using the mobile technology. Here's some things that you should consider as you complete the module on mobile learning and education. Are we ready for education in the pocket? So other sectors of society, for example, the banking sector, people can use the mobile devices to do their banking. So we call it banking in your pocket. Are we ready to deliver education and mobile, education in the pocket? Teachers must be involved in developing and promoting mobile learning. Because of the flexibility, mobile learning can be used to educate all age groups. So it doesn't matter what age a person is, they can actually use the mobile device to access the information, the learning materials anywhere at any time. We need more research to allow teachers to implement mobile learning successfully. Mobile learning is new. So if we have research, which means we will find out what are the best practices, we can share that with teachers so that they can implement mobile learning. The teacher must be involved in mobile learning and the learning should be learner-centered in order for it to be successful. Because the teacher will be involved with the students when they learn with the technology, they will become a facilitator, a tutor for the students. And access to open education resources using mobile and ubiquitous technology will revolutionize education and change the world. And I think teachers, educators have a major role to play so that we have education for all around the world. Thank you.


Hello and welcome to the session on packet format of stream control transmission protocol sctp part 2. At the end of this session, students will be able to list and describe different packet types used in the sctp. Students will be able to discuss the purpose and of each field in each packet. In it, Chung that is initiation Chung is the first Chung sent by an endpoint to establish an association. The packet that carries this Chung cannot carry any other control or data chunks. The value of the verification tag for this packet is 0, which means no tag has yet been defined. The format is shown in the figure. The three common fields are type, flag and lengths are as before. The value of the type field is 1, the value of the flag field is 0 that is no flags and the value of the length field is minimum of 20. The other fields are initiation tag. This 32-bit field defines the value of the verification tag for packets travelling in opposite direction. All packets have a verification tag in the general header. This tag is the same as for all packets travelling in one direction in an association. The value of this tag is determined during association establishment. The endpoint that initiates the association defines the value of this tag in the initiation tag field. This value is used as the verification tag in the rest of the packets sent from the other direction. For example, when endpoint A starts an association with endpoint B, A defines an initiation tag value say X, which means that which is used as a verification tag for all packets sent from B to A. The initiation tag is a random number between 0 and 2 raise to 32 minus 1. The value of 0 defines no association and is permitted only by the general header of the init chunk. Advertise receiver window credit. This 32-bit field is used in flow control and defines the initial amount of data in bytes that the sender of the init chunk can allow. It is the receiver window value that will be used by the receiver to know how much data to send. Outbound stream. This 16-bit field defines the number of streams that the initiator of the association suggests for stream in the outbound direction. Maximum inbound stream. The 16-bit field defines the maximum number of streams that the initiator of the association can support in the inbound direction. Initial TSN. This 32-bit field initializes the transmission sequence number that is TSN in the outbound direction. Here note that each data chunk in an association has one TSN. The value of this field is also a random number less than 2 raise to 32. Variable length parameters. These optional parameters may be added to the init chunk to define the IP address of sending endpoint. The number of IP addresses, the endpoint can support multi-home. The preservation of the cookie state and the type of addresses and support of explicit congestion notification that is ECN. No other chunk can be carried in a packet that carries an init chunk. Init ACK chunk. The init ACK chunk initiation acknowledgement chunk is the second chunk sent during association establishment. The packet that carries this chunk cannot carry any other control or data chunks. The value of the verification tag for this packet is the value of the initiation tag defined in the received init chunk. The format is shown in this figure. The main part of the chunk are as same as those defined in the init chunk. However, a mandatory parameter is required for this chunk. The parameter of type 7 defines the state cookie sent by the sender of this chunk. Remember note that the initiation tag field in this chunk initiates the value of the verification tag for future packets traveling from the opposite direction. No other chunks can be carried in a packet that carries an init ACK chunk. Cookie echo. The cookie echo chunk is the third chunk sent during association establishment. It is sent by the endpoint that receives an init ACK chunk. The packet that carries this chunk can also carry user data. The format is shown in the figure. Here note that this is a very simple chunk of type 10. In the information section, it echoes the state cookie that the endpoint has previously received in the init ACK. The receiver of the init ACK cannot open the cookie. Cookie ACK. The cookie ACK chunk is the fourth and the last chunk sent during association establishment. It is sent by an endpoint that receives a cookie echo chunk. The packet that carries this chunk can also carry user data. The format is shown in the figure. Here note that this is a very simple chunk by type 11. The length of the chunk is exactly 4 bytes, sac that is selective acknowledgement chunk which acknowledges the receipt of the data packets. Figure shows the format of the sac chunk. The common fields are the same as discussed previously. The type of field that has value 3. The flag bits are all set to 0s. Cumulative TSN acknowledgement. This 32-bit field defines the TSN of the last data chunk received in sequence. Advertise Receiver window credit. This 32-bit field is the updated value for receiver window sites. Number of gap ACK blocks. This 16-bit field defines the number of gaps in the data chunk received after the cumulative TSN. Number of duplicates. This 16-bit field defines the number of duplicate chunks following the cumulative TSN. Gap ACK block start offset. For each gap block, this 16-bit field gives the starting TSN relative to cumulative TSN. Gap ACK block end offset. For each gap block, this 16-bit field defines the ending TSN relative to the cumulative TSN. Duplicate TSN. For each duplicate chunk, this 32-bit field gives the TSN of the duplicate chunk. Heartbit and Heartbit ACK. The Heartbit chunk and the Heartbit ACK chunk are similar except for the type field. The first has a type of 4 and the second a type of 5. Figure shows the format of these chunks. These two chunks are used to periodically probe the condition of an association. An endpoint sends the Heartbit chunk. The peer responds with the Heartbit ACK if it is alive. The format has common three fields and mandatory parameter fields that provide sender specific information. This information in the Heartbit chunk includes the local time and the address of the sender. It is copied without change into the Heartbit ACK chunk. Shutdown, shutdown ACK and shutdown complete. These three chunks are similar. The shutdown chunk type 7 is 8 bytes in length. The second 4 bytes define the cumulative TSN. The shutdown ACK chunk type 8 is 4 bytes in length. The shutdown complete chunk type 14 is also 4 bytes long and has a 1-bit flag, the T-flag. The T-flag shows that the sender does not have a TCB table. Figure shows the format error. The error chunk is sent when an endpoint finds some error in a received packet. Here note that the sending of an error chunk does not imply the aborting of the association. Figure shows the format of the error chunks. The errors are defined in the table abort. The abort chunk is sent when an endpoint finds a fertile error needs to abort the association. The error types are the same as those for the error chunk. The figure shows the format of an abort chunk. Forward TSN. This is a chunk recently added to the standard RFC 375 to inform the receiver to adjust its cumulative TSN. It provides partial reliable service. Here pause the video, think and answer. The answer is B, different chunks. Again pause the video, think and answer. The answer is C, no other chunks. Here is the reference. Thank you.