Hi everybody welcome back thank you so much for tuning in so it is a new week and I just want to say today is Tuesday and yesterday I was off yesterday was Monday I had the day off I had the dentist which I hate does anyone else here hate the dentist is it just me though I it really terrifies me I hate going I'm the worst patient ever actually this is what I've bought I just bought this at the weekend and if you follow me on Instagram Twitter Facebook you all have seen these already because I've already posted them on my Instagram story and things but I've bought these the little pulse point rollerballs try saying that when you're drunk pulse boy pulse point I can't say it now I said it right the first time just leave it at that okay so total stress mind clear and inner harmony so these are natural oils of Roma therapy oils that you rub on your pulse points and that's supposed to help relax and calm you down and I did actually use them yesterday when I went to the dentist I thought I need to try these out so I did use it when I was at the dentist and to be fair I felt I did feel a bit calmer than normal but whether it's just a coincidence I don't know but anyway I've bought those ready for the exam you know we've I've got the big exam in April and I am dreading it and I'm really stressed and I'm dreaming about it already and it's not even April yet so I have got some detox and unwind I'm gonna do some meditation I'm gonna relax actually I'm gonna do I think I'm gonna do a separate vlog on exam stress and things like that because it is a big one and I understand completely if you struggle with that I do too so I think it would be nice to do some tips on that a separate vlog and save you for listening to it all in this one vlog so it's not a sort of a mishmash vlog does that make sense I don't know anyway talking rubbish now so yesterday was Monday well in the evening when I got back from the dentist I decided to be a little bit proactive a little bit some might call weird but I am a little bit weird sometimes because I like to do things extra and give myself more work to do and do things that I don't really need to do right now I don't know why I do this but anyway as some of you may know if you don't know this this might be a new information to you but when we are qualified nurses it is a requirement of the NMC every three years you have to complete a revalidation and part of that three years you have to log do a continuing professional development CPD log of 35 hours of extra training that you've gone to so all of your like manual handling basic life support any extra training and the online training any courses you do anything extra you do to help keep your skills up to date and keep your knowledge up to date your whole policies procedures guidelines everything up to date every extra course that you do even tweet chats now or included I know social media included in CPD what even that is included in CPD now so you have to do 35 hours and prove that you're doing things to update your knowledge and keep on on the ball basically as well as that you have to write five reflections and you have to do so many hours things like that so last night I decided even though I'm not qualified nurse I'm a student nurse I thought I'm gonna give CPD ago and online I'll put the link below online there is an NMC template for you to do your CPD hours and keep a log so I sat and I did that last night I managed to do 41 hours on my log and that's not even included everything that I've done over the last three years that's just literally whatever I could find and remember because this is the struggle if you're not keeping track of what you're doing what training you've attended what dates times you know need specifics with everything if you don't keep track of that you're gonna find yourself going back through your calendar your timetable to try and find what you've done when you've done it what it was what it involved what it relates to and that is something I'm reflecting on right now because it took me a couple of hours scrolling through my timetable and through my pro portfolio online so I think going forward into the future I'm gonna keep a diary completely separate actually I've got a hundred and one notebooks in the cupboard that I don't use because I'm addicted to buying notebooks that have really nice quotes and things on because who doesn't do that so I've got loads of them and so now I'm gonna use one and every single time I do something I'm gonna log it in this book so when it comes to actually revalidating and I can just look and be like there you go I've got the date I've got the time I've got what I did what it relates to boom Bob your uncle two seconds this is gonna take actually that's not too bad it's not as hard as I thought it would be the only hard task is trying to remember everything you've done and trying to put it onto a log but I think if you keep on the ball with this in a notebook or something like that it's gonna be easy to revalidate every three years I think I thought if I if I get one now so that when I start applying for jobs it's gonna go in my favor hopefully because I don't think many student nurses actually do this I don't think people log all of the CPD and what they're doing so if you a student nurse out there you're not doing this download the template and start logging everything because when you come to that interview take it with you and show that you're actively already doing it and I think that's gonna give you the brownie points I think fingers crossed that's what I'm thinking so yeah sorry I've actually talked about that for ever I'm really sorry I'm gonna try and cut that down because I've spoke for about 20 minutes I think just on that so today we had policy and politics I feel like I'm just rambling on each week I can say the same thing policy and politics but today was all about short staffer years which is what I'm actually doing my Simon on which is really good and you know what actually everything they were talking about today in the lecture I was like I've already got an assignment I've got this assignment yes so I think I'm hitting the money with my Simon which is a really good sign I did pick up two points from today's session I thought oh maybe I should look into that and just link it into my Simon somewhere so I've made a note of those links and I'm gonna have a look but so far so good tomorrow is Wednesdays is always an all-day session for us so it's nine to five busy come on Betty I'm ready for you as you heard last week Betty was being troublesome and no doubt she's gonna be troublesome tomorrow for us so I'm looking forward to learning a bit more about Betty and her condition and how to manage her condition and how we can save Betty's life so yeah so I'm looking forward tomorrow I love the physiology sessions even if I don't understand it I really really love physiology and it's really good to build your knowledge so we'll see what tomorrow brings that's it from me for now and I shall see you tomorrow so today is Thursday yesterday we had lectures nine to five all day physiology our Betty it was the last of the sessions of Betty and tomorrow we actually move on to our new case study so yesterday was a really long day by the time I got home by the time at 8 I was exhausted and I fell asleep so yeah I didn't have a chance to vlog it so today I'm just gonna run through a few more things that we did on Betty so yesterday's sessions involved what we were gonna monitor on Betty what we were prioritizing the safety wise ABCDE structure what we're gonna prioritize and how we were gonna monitor it how we're gonna do it and the rationale why we're gonna do that the physiology behind it all and then we went into the interventions as well so okay so we know what's wrong with Betty we don't want it to get worse what we're gonna do about it so what we were gonna give Betty IV wise and cannulas catheters all of that jazz ECGs so we had to rationalize those interventions as well explain exactly why we were doing it and then to round the date off after all of that after the monitoring after the interventions we went into discharging so we're gonna discharge Betty because she appears fine and what we want to make sure is is she fine to be discharged so then we looked again at a set of observations which at a first glance you think actually yeah that's much better her blood pressure has come up her heart rates decreased so it's in range now her respiratory rates in range everything's great but then as you go down the list it's like okay the blood glucose now is gone from 10 to 4.5 her urine she's got oligurier I can't say the word really sorry I'll put it below it's spelt oligurier which means a really really minimal urine output so she's still not right her blood gases have come back and there although they're in range so at the lower 8 range or they're at the higher range so we're trying to monitor those and we're looking and we're thinking should she be discharged yet I'm not sure and so that was really really interesting that was our Betty she's finally gone she's discharged yay she'll be back I know it probably in the exam I'm hoping not but yeah so Betty's gone and tomorrow we have got our new case study which is Mary who's got a neurological injury I've no idea what yet what's happened to her we're gonna get it tomorrow tomorrow is the launch fingers crossed it's gonna be a good one I'm gonna understand it please so yeah so hopefully it's gonna be good so today today's Thursday I just said this at the start today we had our cardiology skills session let me tell you for the past two years of my nursing career journey university life whatever you want to call it I see ECGs all the time I look at them and I think it's just a squiggly line I've got no idea what that means and ECGs is something I do not understand and something I've never understood even when people on the wards and things have explained it to me I'm just like it's gone over my head cardiology is not my specialty I'm sorry it really isn't but today we had an ECG skills session and we had an amazing guy come in use of who's who works in cardiology so his knowledge is like bing amazing and he was really really educational and he was teaching us and I was thinking wow some of these words that don't understand but you know what wow you're really knowledgeable but as he explained and he made it really simple for us things did make sense and I was thinking okay so actually when I look at an ECG okay I might not know what the condition is or anything because I'm still trying to grasp that part of it but I can look at an ECG and go that looks kind of normal so yes I can kind of roughly see if it's normal or not I think I'm gonna have to get training and I think I'm gonna look at some YouTube videos and some online guides that's gonna help me with ECGs because even after that two-hour session of ECG training I'm still like I still I couldn't tell you what the problem is you're looking at sort of the rhythm if it's regular things like that but there's different types and there's different widths and there's different lengths and there's different everything and it was just like my mind has blown so yes so I'm probably never gonna be a cardiology nurse but I do know how to put on the leads set up an ECG I can do an ECG I know how to set it up and how to convert the patient and how to get the readings and how to do that is just the interpretation that I'm really struggling with and understanding the P, Q, R, S and the T they're the three points I haven't got a clue so roughly from what I understand today is the P value so you've got your line you've got your squiggly bit the first squiggly bit is the P which is just telling you what's happening in the SA node of the heart which is the the main electrical conductor of the heart then the Q, R, S value is the middle one's usually the long sort of one that is the Q, R, S and that's telling you what's going in the AV so it'll go the electrical impulse will go from the SA node to the AV node and that's going to tell you what's happening in AV node if there's a block or something like that complete block partial block and then in the T value that's going into the fibres of the heart you know so it goes SA node AV node down the fibres and spreads out and the T part tells you about that part but looking at it and seeing the widths and the limits and if it's dropping down if it's up it's no idea that's as much as I've got guys I'm sorry that's all I'm gonna teach you from today's session but I do have some really good pictures that I took from the session some really good photos of examples of what things mean and things like that so I'm gonna show you a whole wheel of them now have a look at them screenshot them save them see if you can see what I can't see I'm sorry there's only one I recognized which was the arterial fibrillation one and I looked at it as a arterial fibrillation good guess Claire and luckily it was right so yeah oh in the flat line obviously which is a systole a systole is flat line patient no through no electrical impulse at all flat line so there I know to go me so I really if you are really good with these egs if you're good at cardiology let me know I'm struggling tell me come on tell me explain it to me in layman's terms so I understand so that's it so I had a really good session today and I've talked to you for way way too long about this so I'm really sorry I probably should have done a whole separate vlogs on ECGs probably but here it is so tomorrow we do have our case study I will let you know how that goes whether I'm gonna like Mary or not who knows is she gonna be as dramatic as Betty who knows but next week next Thursday next Sunday when I tell you all we will know what two case studies we're gonna have in the exam and then I can start really solid solid solid revising and then you can revise with me I'll do some revision sessions which I keep saying I'm gonna do some revision and vlogs so I'm gonna do that when I start my real revising my real flashcards are gonna be on point hopefully smash this exam fingers crossed so see you tomorrow so today is Saturday yesterday we had our launch of our new case study and let me tell you remember where at the start when I was struggling with Phil and I said I wanted anybody but Phil give me Phil do you know what give me Phil oh my god this case study ah it was a two hour lecture our case studies Mary she's got a sub-dura hematoma and or hematoma and which I understand I understand what that is but then when it goes into the more in-depth things because they were talking about intercranial pressure and then they were talking about calculations so maths equations of how to work out the mean arterial pressure and taking away the God I can't even remember the CPP and the cranial pressure and to get an overall an overall number of some sort so basically how you calculate the mean arterial pressure is you take the systolic pressure take away the dystolic divide that by three and then plus the dystolic I know my mind's blown please don't worry about this so yeah so once you've got the mean arterial pressure you take away the intercranial pressure and you've got that number they give you the number to take it away so you don't have to work out that part but you have to work out the blood pressure part and then you take away the cranial pressure and then that'll give you an overall pressure number and if it's lower it means there's an ischemic problem can't remember there's an ischemic problem if it's too high there's something else and all these different numbers and these maths equation is just blown my mind and I really really don't like Mary sorry Mary just for everybody's information this is not a real patient I would never say that about a patient this is a case to the patient but now she this this lecture every single student in that room was just like like this really blank expression and we were all like we literally have no idea what you've just said to us we have no idea what you've just told us and he had to run through it a few times for us to understand and we were all still like we give up we give up going back to work in a hotel I'm joking I'm really not but oh god it was so so tough it was the hardest lecture so far and I thought it was hard I really wanted to cry after that lecture and I just thought you know what I'm gonna fail if I've got Mary actually I've got a choice of Mary or Betty and I've got to do one of them I'm probably gonna fail this exam because the only one I can confidently say I can do is offer who had COPD and I really enjoyed that I understood it I got it I fully understood it then they throw this at us yeah so I'm not looking forward to it but I'm gonna keep some optimism because this is how we felt at the start of Phil so by the end of Mary's case study next week next Thursday so next Sunday you guys will find out what we've got please pray for me guys pray it's offer pray for offer pray for offer come on offer so next week is the end of Mary so they're cramming all of these lectures back to back and then we've got two weeks of free time where we can revise there's only a couple of sessions I think there's a Wednesday and a Thursday over the whole two weeks that we've got to go into university so we've got those two weeks free to get on it revise before our placement starts at the end of March oh my god my placement starts at the end of March guys my placement starts in like three weeks three weeks should I ring them oh my god no it's too soon I'll bring them next week I'll bring my placement next week and get my hours oh my god I'm not panicking I'm calm it's fine this exam's gonna be great but yeah so overall I can't even explain to you what that lecture was I'm really sorry because I still don't understand it I'm gonna have to revisit the PowerPoints I'm gonna do a lot of Google a lot of Khan Academy to work out what I've just been told I'm really scared for this exam now I was feeling confident now I'm scared I'm praying that one of the choices is offer and I'm praying the lecturers are gonna be kind to me or it was there's no point acts erase it there's no point in stressing right now because the exam's not here I can't change anything there's nothing I can do it's out of my control I just need to be the best I can be revise and know the stuff for the exam so that I don't fail come on change it around so today Saturday today we've got our Haas launch which I'm going to go and do and hopefully see some new students who are gonna sign up to Haas and take part in all of the workshops that Haas provides if you don't know what Haas is I'll put the link below so you can have a look at my vlogs that I did about Haas and yeah so that's that tomorrow I am off all day which I'm now probably gonna revise because I've panicked myself so probably gonna revise tomorrow guys I will spend the morning I'm gonna have a lion I'm gonna have breakfast in bed I'm gonna chill out and then I'm gonna revise in the afternoon gonna 50-50 you've got a balance these things work life balance so yeah so fingers crossed for me guys we can do this fingers crossed next week we've got some good news there should be a smile on my face in that vlog so thank you as ever for watching I'm gonna wrap this up because this vlog's been way too long and I shall see you all next week have a great week guys have a great Sunday pray for me pray for you if you've got exams and placements coming up and you're stressing let me know let's stress together and help each other out so yeah I'll see you all next week guys have a great week


Hi, my name is Russell. I'm a librarian at the University of Alabama. This video will explain how to use RefWorks, an online tool that manages and organizes the citations for your research. Let's start by going to the library's homepage and selecting the Research Tools tab. Look for the Citation Manager's icon and click on RefWorks. Then, select the button that says Access New RefWorks. On the login page, go to the dropdown arrow next to Use Login for My Institution and search for the University of Alabama. Clicking this will redirect you to your MyBama login. Sign in with your username and password and you'll enter RefWorks. In RefWorks, you have the ability to organize your research sources in a way that makes sense to you. Let's start by uploading a source. You can either click the plus icon or drag and drop a file directly into RefWorks. Another option for directly adding sources is through databases like Scout. In the record of an article, for instance, select the Export tool and choose Direct Export to RefWorks. Then, click Save. When choosing which version to export to, always pick the new RefWorks. Next, hit Continue and then the research article will be added to your library. Once you have a couple different sources uploaded, you can move them into folders so that they are arranged in a certain way, like by theme or date. If you want to be even more detailed in your organizing, you can also assign tags to specific sources. If you have a lot of sources uploaded and folders and tags aren't enough to keep everything organized, you can move sources to different projects instead. This is especially helpful for large writing assignments. Now that I've uploaded and organized my sources, it's time to generate citations. Instead of spending time meticulously crafting a bibliography, RefWorks automates that process for you within seconds. Select the sources you want to cite and choose Create Bibliography. You can customize which citation style you prefer to format that bibliography to. There's also a tool called Quick Site where you can copy and paste in-text citations as well. Lastly, you have the ability to export your references to different citation managers like Endknown or Mendeley. Select Share and then Export References. You can choose which sources you would like to export in addition to the file format. That's all for now. Thanks for watching! If you have further questions on using RefWorks, you can email me at rtpeterson1.ua.edu or visit ask.lib.ua.edu to ask a librarian.


Thank you very much, Secretary-General Houlin-Zao, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen. I'm very pleased to be with you today to mark World Telecommunication and Information Society Day, and it is my privilege to deliver the Secretary-General's message on this important occasion. The international community is now mobilized around the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which recognizes the great potential of information and communication technology to accelerate human progress, bridge the digital divide, and advance knowledge. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals specifically call for employing ICTs to realize the overall vision of a life of dignity for all people. These technologies provide smart solutions to address climate change, hunger, poverty, and other global challenges. They are key instruments for providing mobile health care and access to education, empowering women, improving efficiencies in industrial and agricultural production, and safeguarding the environment. Startups and technology hubs in the ICT sector are the drivers of innovative and practical solutions that can contribute to inclusive growth. Small to medium-sized enterprises make up more than 90 percent of all business worldwide and represent a path out of poverty for many developing countries. Young people are especially fluent in the use of ICTs, and leaders should invest in young innovators who are part of the largest generation of youth in history. As entrepreneurs, they can pioneer transformative technology, create jobs, and benefit whole economies. I call upon governments, business, and civil society leaders to develop new technologies that have a lasting social impact. ICTs can create more inclusive societies for persons with disabilities. They can help children to learn and the elderly to stay active, and ICTs can connect people around the world in common cause. On this World Telecommunication and Information Society Day, let us resolve to harness the power of technology to create a better future for all. That was the Secretary General's message. Allow me to add a few personal reflections on the great potential of ICTs that have to shape the impact of the important work done here in International Geneva. The topic of this year's World Telecommunication and Information Society Day to use ICT entrepreneurship for social impact captures the spirit of what is needed for the international community to achieve the milestone goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. We need to find new ways of working and new innovative solutions. And here in Geneva, we are starting to see a shift in mindsets in that direction. With unparalleled expertise on ICTs and other areas at the intersection of science, technology, and governance, International Geneva has established itself as a key hub for innovative development. Technological progress has brought about transformations and challenges for multilateralism that many of us have not fully grasped yet. If we encourage entrepreneurship, particularly among the younger generations who have grown up with the technologies and often have fascinating and innovative ideas of how they can be used, we can turn the tide. With new governance frameworks, we have a powerful opportunity not only to catch up but to shape the future of development by maximizing the social impact of ICTs. ICTU as well as many of the other organizations represented here today are playing a key role in helping to get us there. To achieve these goals, we need to make sure that ICTs are incorporated across the works of the different entities in Geneva and beyond. We need to be open to new ideas that will enable us to harness the power of connectivity. With around 7 billion mobile phones globally, there is a direct line from the conference halls in Geneva to the corners of the world. If we build on these new realities, we can create the kind of inclusive development models that will be necessary to achieve the sustainable development goals and all the other agendas that we have set for ourselves last year. I thank you very much and I wish you a very productive session. Thank you.


An Okara State High Court sitting in the lowering has sacked the Transitional Implementation Committee, TIC Chairman, Chairman appointed by the state government in the 16 local government councils of the state. The state governor, Abdul Rahman Abdul-Razak had sacked the elected local government council chairman in the state and replaced them with the transitional chairman. In his verdict, the presiding judge Justice Ali Ugegele described the state governor s action as executive rascality and abuse of power. According to the judge, the suspension of a democratically elected local government council and their replacement, which was determined by an illegal transitional committee are not known to any law. Special assistant to the governor on political communications, Bashir Adi Goon said that state government lawyers were already studying the judgment. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


All right. Hello, everyone. We're having some problems with the projector. The thingamajigs aren't working, so we have no video. So I guess I'm just going to talk through my slides, and they're going to get a new thingamajig, and hopefully we'll be able to see a little bit later on. So welcome, everyone. Thanks for coming. I'm sorry we don't have anything to look at. You're just going to have to listen to me. Today I was going to talk about Ceph data services in a multi- and hybrid cloud world. Talking really about two things. First, what the multi-cluster and multi-site capabilities are that exist in Ceph today, and then also paint a picture of where we're going in the future, and try to sort of put it all in context. So I was going to talk a little bit about Ceph itself, talk about what I mean by data services, and then go through File, Block, and Object, and then talk a little bit about the future roadmap. So as most of you probably know, Ceph is a unified storage platform. It's a single system that takes over all your storage devices and can store File, Object, and Block all within the same system. All of that's handled on the lower, on the bottom of the stack by something called Rados, which runs OSDs that manage all of your storage devices and handle replication, failover, high availability, and so forth, so that you have a single system managing all of your storage. Ceph is obviously an open-source project, it's completely free to use, lots of different vendors offer Ceph solutions. We do upstream releases every nine months, so the last release was Mimic, which was out in May. The next release is going to be called Nautilus and is out in February in another couple months, so we're sort of just coming up on the end here. We release every nine months, and we maintain stable backports for the last two releases, so that you can stay on the stable release for up to 18 months, and then you can upgrade up to two releases at a time, so you can go Mimic to Nautilus, or you can go Mimic all the way to the next one, which is going to be Octopus. At a high level, the four key priorities that I have been talking about for the last couple of years in Ceph Project, the key things that we focus on are usability and management, making Ceph easier to use, understand, and consume, performance, because the storage landscape is changing, people are increasingly using SSDs and very, very fast NVMe drives, and Ceph can use all these devices, but in order to capture the full capabilities of these devices, there's more work that we need to do, so there's a lot of work on performance, and then the last two are container platforms, making sure that Ceph works well with platforms like Kubernetes, and making Ceph work in sort of the new world, the hybrid and multi-cloud world, and that's really what the focus of this talk is about. And the motivation here is that IT organizations today aren't managing computers in a single data center. They usually have multiple private data centers, and increasingly, they also have part of their IT footprint that's living in the public cloud, and so they're managing multiple sites, multiple clouds, lots of data spread around these different pieces of infrastructure, and they need, ideally, some way to make it all work together and keep a handle on it, and as we sort of look into the future, it's increasingly becoming more cloudy, so when we previously would talk about on-premise infrastructure, those infrastructures are increasingly running private cloud platforms like OpenStack, and developers, when they build applications, are increasingly making use of self-service APIs in order to provision all their applications, so they're using provisioning virtual machines in a programmatic way. And finally, the next generation of applications that people build and deploy are going to be, these next generation of cloud-native applications are increasingly going to span clouds so that they'll have, they're not just going to live in one data center, but they're going to live in multiple data centers and multiple cloud footprints, and so despite all the talk about new application architectures using stateless micro-services, all of these services actually have lots of state, they're just sort of trying to put it in one part of the stack, and when you have lots of state managing that state across multiple data centers and multiple clouds becomes a challenge, so that's really what data services is in this context, so hopefully we're going to get some slides here soon. I apologize about that, so when I talk about data services, there are really three things that that means. The first component is about data placement and portability. Where am I storing my data and how can I move it between different sites and locations, and how do I do that in a seamless way without interrupting applications so that I can move my data between data centers and the application is still up and available and users don't notice. The second component is introspection. I have lots of data stored across lots of different sites. What am I storing? For whom? How much? Why? Can I get rid of it? How much does it cost? Things like search and indexing and giving metrics and insights into what you're storing. That's sort of the second component, that's sort of, again, a layer. Abstracting up a level above blocks on the hard disk, what am I storing? And then the last piece of data services is around policy-driven data management. So what are the policies I need to enforce as far as all that data? Life cycle management, do I need to store it for a certain number of years to comply with conformance and so on? Automation as far as automatically tearing it to slower, more cheaper storage after it's certain age, that sort of thing. So these three components, data placement, introspection and policy management are sort of the three main things in the context of data services. But I think the... Oh, that's encouraging. We'll see if that works. The key thing to keep in mind is that data service is about more than just data. You can't just add a bunch of features to your storage system and expect everything to work. What really is about how those data sets are tied to the applications that consume them. For example, if I'm going to magically move my data between data centers, I also have to move the application that's consuming that data in a way that doesn't compromise availability and so on form. And for this reason, container platforms and application provisioning platforms are key. When we move things between data centers, we also need to reprevision the applications on top of them. And this is why for the first... We hear a lot about new platforms like Kubernetes because they allow you to programmatically declare what your application should look like and what data it consumed. And so a lot of this work is not just features in the storage layer, but also features within an application orchestration layer like Kubernetes. So I'll mention that several times. So when we talk about features in the storage layer, things that Seth can do, there's sort of five key scenarios that we talk about in terms of data use scenarios. The first one is multiple tiers. We have different kinds of storage that are appropriate for different applications, fast storage, slow storage and so on. People are pretty comfortable with that generally. The second is mobility. So we want to be able to have data sets that are active in one tier and move them to another, or that are being used in one site and move them to another site. The third is disaster recovery.  Does this kind of work? Hopefully. All right. Cross your fingers. Almost there. Maybe. I'll keep going. So multiple tiers. This first scenario, second scenario would be mobility, being able to move your data between sites. The third would be disaster recovery. So you're using it in one site, but if it fails, you need to fail over to another. The fourth would be what I call a stretch use case, where your data coexists in multiple sites at the same time, and you want to be able to consume it from applications in both sites at the same time. And the fifth is what I call edge, which is sort of a bundle of scenarios where you have smaller disconnected sites that have a subset of your data and are operating on it. So how do we actually make use of this storage? We'll talk a little bit more about specifics. So starting with block storage. As we know, block storage devices, they emulate a virtual disk. They're exclusive access by nature. You usually have a, aha, that's looking better. You usually have, what's that? Can I use your laptop? I guess I'll do the sitting down. All right. These are all the slides that you missed. Five ways to do it. All right. We're going to talk about block storage. So we can probably even skip this. All right. So the first thing that you can do with RBD is what we call tiering. So you can have multiple RADOS pools in your stuff cluster. They're backed by different storage. You can have images that are backed by those. So different applications at different requirements. Most of you are probably familiar with this. One of the new features that's coming in Nautilus is live migration. So if you have an application whose needs change, while that VM or client is in use and using the storage, you can live migrate it between different storage pools within the same cluster. So moving it from slower storage to fast storage, or back again. This is new in the Nautilus release coming up in the next month. Another scenario that you can do is stretch. So you can take a single stuff cluster and span it across multiple geographic sites. That means that all of your data, assuming you set this up properly, is going to actually exist in both sites. If one of those sites goes down, your cluster is still available if you have a third monitor. So this satisfies both the disaster recovery case and the stretch case where your data is available in two locations at the same time. The challenge is that there are some sort of tricky restrictions because performance is going to be limited because of the latency of the links between those two sites. But if you add in tiers, you have a lot of possibilities. So you might have RATOS pools that are localized to a single data center, one pool that spans multiple data centers, and then you'd have the ability to live migrate between those pools to move an application from site A to the stretch pool then to site B, giving you the sort of app portability. You might even be able to migrate the VM depending on what your sort of upper layer application infrastructure layer can do. So several more possibilities. The challenge is that building stretch clusters isn't necessarily a good idea. So the network latency, as I mentioned, is critical. You need very low latency links to get performance. And you also need bandwidth because you need to be able to sustain high IO throughput when you have failure and stuff is doing recovery and repair. It's also pretty inflexible because you have a single cluster spanning all locations, you can't join existing clusters, and you have this high level of coupling. And it's only going to work in certain scenarios where you have data centers that are geographically very close to each other, which is sort of a subset of what most users need. So for that reason, we have what we call async mirroring, which lets you make stuff clusters across data centers talk to each other. So this is the image exists in one stuff cluster and then has sort of a write journal. And then the Arbidy mirror demon will asynchronously mirror all the rights to a second data center where you have a backup image. And that you can set a configurable time delay, but usually it can be a few seconds behind perhaps. So if you lose the first cluster, you can fail over to the second cluster. You have a point in time consistent backup image, but it's only a little bit old. You've only lost the last few seconds of rights. That means that you can solve this disaster recovery use case so that if the primary site goes down, you fail over your VM to the second site. And there are options to re-synchronize. If the site comes back up, you can fail it back. So sort of the full feature set that you would expect there. Incender, this feature is enabled. Various parts of it have been added in Okada, Queens, and Rocky. At this point, all the machinery is there to drive it. The main gaps are around deployment and configuration tooling. It's hard to set up. You can't do this with multi-attached volumes, but that's generally not an issue because those are a pretty small subset of the overall images that you have in a cluster. The real limitation is that once this failover happens, all the images are there intact on the backup cluster, but you lost all your Nova attachments. You don't know what the images are or what they're for. And this really highlights sort of the key missing link in all of this. And that's you can't just solve these problems at the storage layer. You have to have some coordination with the tools and processes that are deploying your applications. It's impossible for an infrastructure as a layer, as a service layer, to reprovision in your application a new site. You need something that's sitting above that. You can't solve it all around. And that's, again, why there's a lot of talk about Kubernetes and why we're very interested in that space, because that's becoming sort of the de facto way that people manage and deploy these applications. So that's block. Let's talk a little bit about file. So just a quick status update. CephFS and Ceph has been stable since crack-in. The multi metadata servers have been stable since Luminus. Snapshots are stable since Mimic. You can support multiple Rados pools. So you have this basic tiering capability that you would come to expect. You have automated provisioning with OpenStack Manila. In fact, it's the most popular Manila driver by a lot right now. And in short, CephFS is fully awesome. So we can stretch a CephFS cluster the same way we can stretch an RBD cluster. It has all the same capabilities and all the same limitations. Again, latency is critical. You have this big failure domain across multiple sites. You've got to be pretty careful. Sort of the one kink is that CephFS has this additional metadata server daemon that you're communicating for file metadata operations. And it turns out that for file workloads, in general, in particular, metadata performance is critical. And those metadata servers are going to be running either in one data server or another. And so the applications, if you have an additional latency, that performance is going to suffer. So again, stretch clusters might solve some use cases, but they're really not a general-purpose solution. So what can we do with CephFS across multiple clusters? So one scenario or one strategy we can use is what we call snap mirroring. So in CephFS, we have snapshots on any arbitrary directory that give you point-in-time consistency and sort of arbitrary granularity. You can snap whatever part of the system that you want. CephFS also has this RStats capability that gives you a recursive roll-up of the most recent modification within the hierarchy or how much data is stored in the hierarchy. And RStats gives you sort of efficient data transfer.  The key gap in sort of putting the solution together is that there's one missing feature in CephFS that will flush those RStats after a snapshot so that they're the most consistent and most up-to-date view. And there's a patch in flight that should land before Nautilus, hopefully that will provide that missing link, and then we can sort of put this whole solution together. The second, once that's there, then we can patch our sync to use these special attributes on files and add some scripting and tooling around it. So this is coming hopefully soon, not exactly sure when. This is one way to deal with it. But it's very much the traditional disaster recovery case where your primary site is where all your applications are running and the backup site is really there for backup and you'll lose the last few minutes of changes if you fail over. One of the questions that comes up though is do we really need this point in time strong consistency in order to do a disaster recovery for file? The easy answer is yes, because just for the same reasons that file systems care about the consistency of the data on a disk, applications care about the ordering of their rights to files, especially if they're things like databases. But actually it isn't always the case. There are a lot of applications that don't care. They're not that particular. And in fact, the fact that some georeplication features in other file systems, notably Gluster, are actually just built on our sync. They're really sort of in a best effort, eventually consistent fashion syncing files across and not giving you a point in time consistent view of the entire file system. The fact that these solutions exist and they're used and they work in many scenarios tells you something about the applications that require them that sometimes the application consistency isn't such that you actually need this strong, strong consistency guarantee. I'm gonna skip that. So let's look a little bit about how we deal with migration in a couple of different ways that you can deal with application migration in general. So the simplest scenario, you might have an application consuming some files and storage on site A. You stop the application, copy all the data over to site B, and then you start the same application on site B. That's what anyone would do manually. It works. Application maintains exclusive access, but you have this long service disruption. So we can improve on that by copying most of the data over while the application is running and then stopping it for a shorter period of time and only doing sort of that last synchronization to get everything in sync. And then you take that availability gap and you make it much shorter. That's an improvement, but you still have an availability gap. What we really would like in an ideal world is to be able to have no availability gap. So you can seamlessly move an application from site A to site B without compromising availability. And in order to do that, you need to have this in-between period where the application is sort of running on both sites as available at both sites and you're bi-directionally replicating that data set across the link. That gives you no loss in availability, but it does mean that you have this concurrent access to the data and that somehow needs to work. And in fact, you might run that scenario indefinitely. It might be that's what you always want to do. You always want to have your application hosted in multiple clouds concurrently accessing the data and that's just your normal model, not just sort of a special case of migration. So can we achieve this bi-directional file of replication? We don't have it today, obviously, in CFFS. We don't have a general purpose solution here. And the reason why is it's hard to resolve conflicts for any POSIX operation. So for example, if you have an application in both sites that modify the same file in different ways, which version wins? How do you resolve that conflict? Maybe they overwrite data. Another one truncates the size. Can you sort of combine those two effects? Or are they orthogonal or are they not? But so it's hard to make a general purpose file solution that just works in all scenarios. But when we're talking about applications running in multiple sites, they only do this if they're already written to be cooperative in some way. They're written in a way that they avoid those scenarios where conflicts would arise in the first place. And the way that they do that is by using sort of usually a mostly static data structure. They're careful about how they modify files, and so that conflicts don't arise. Or if they do, they're resolved in a trivial way, like renaming over an existing file to replace it, that sort of thing. And so they have sort of a simplified data model. But if you think about it, that sounds a lot like another type of storage, object storage, that also has a simplified flat data model and a simplified conflict resolution. So let's talk about that for a minute. Object storage. Why is object storage so great, particularly in sort of a cloud era? It's based on HTTP, so you can insert caches in the middle, use traverses, proxies, and CDNs, all that sort of thing. In the terms of the context of this discussion, it's great because it gives you atomic object replacement. So if you upload a huge object, it's only when you finally finish that upload that it atomically replaces an old version of that object and becomes available and becomes the most recent version of the object. So you have sort of a trivial conflict resolution. The last writer wins. And the fact that you don't have sort of partial overwrites makes things like erasure coding easy, so you can efficiently store it. It has a flat name space. There's no rename. Rename is very complicated and can lead to all kinds of conflicts. It's sort of scalable, efficient, all that good stuff. And my conjecture is that the future is going to be very object-y for lack of another term. So file storage isn't going away. It's going to be a critical part of your infrastructure. Lots of applications use it, and it's actually useful. The things that the file systems provide are very useful. Similarly to block, block is a key part of your infrastructure. It's not going to go away. We can't ignore it. It's well suited for a lot of applications. But my conjecture is that most of the new data that's produced over the next decade is going to land in an object store. So all the videos that are being captured, all the images, all the telemetry, all the medical imaging, all the genome data, all that data when we talk about all the zettabytes or whatever, it's mostly going to land in object stores. And so the next generation of applications are going to be written around this data model, and this is where we should focus most of our efforts. So I'm going to talk a bit about RGW Federation and CEPF. So this is the object gateway, how we do federation in multiple clusters. So the base piece is a zone. This is sort of what you traditionally think of as an RGW cluster. It's some rados, pools, and a bunch of gateways that serve up its data. Zone groups are simply logical collections of those zones that have a replication relationship, either active active or active passive.   You can create multiple namespaces if you like. So today, you might have multiple CEPF clusters. Each cluster might have multiple zones. In this case, each one has two. And you would take some of those zones and you'd group them together logically into a zone group, and they would have a replication relationship, either active passive or active active. And you can have multiple zones. It's not just pairs, but you could have up to N zones in a single zone group replicating each other. The real gap in this scenario here is that currently, those replication relationships are managed on a per zone level. So it's sort of like a site-wide or zone-wide thing that the operator sets up. You can't say that this one bucket I want to replicate into another cluster. This is coming in the future. And so sort of going back to our active active use case, where we wanted to have two applications consuming file and have some bidirectional application, I think the way to actually think about this is the data consistency model that you actually want is object storage. Simplified namespace, simplified conflict resolution. And so the way to achieve this is to use the NFS gateway that's part of the RATOS gateway that gives you file protocol access to objects, as long as you don't get too ambitious with it and try overwriting existing files and such, and then use the object storage layer to do the replication and the conflict resolution and all that good stuff. The way that the Federation infrastructure is built in RGW, so you can have different replication plug-ins. The regular one just actually replicates all the objects and all the data. There's also one for Elasticsearch that will replicate only metadata. It'll put it all in Elasticsearch, and it has a whole API for querying and doing searches across metadata about objects and user-provided metadata. There's a Cloud Sync one for Mimic that will replicate buckets to an external object storage system, like S3. There's an Archive one coming in Nautilus that will keep all versions of all objects that you've uploaded, so you can go back and retain them all for backup or compliance purposes. And there's a new PubSub feature coming in Nautilus that you can wire into a serverless framework so that when you put an object in RGW, you get a serverless event, and you can trigger something using K event or whatever. There's a talk at KubeCon in Seattle talking about that. But when we think about the big picture again, we have IT organizations that span private clouds and public clouds. You can actually include the public cloud in this mesh as well. And so the idea here is that you'd have a minimal stuff cluster that's sitting in a public cloud that is acting as a gateway and storing just the metadata about replication and so on, but then storing all the actual object data in S3. So today, we can replicate data that's stored in the RGW buckets into S3, and you can get them either via RGW or by talking directly to the S3 bucket using Amazon CDN or whatever it is. In the future, we'll want to reverse that as well. So when you put an object into the linked S3 bucket, it would also replicate back in RGW. That doesn't exist yet, but it's coming in the future. What is coming in Nautilus is a new set of tiering capabilities for RATOS Gateway. So today, of course, we have all the intra cluster tiering. You can have multiple RATOS pools. A bucket can be backed by multiple pools that are linked to your RATOS Gateway zone when you set policies on buckets and so on. In Nautilus, the ability that's coming is to take individual objects that are put into an S3 bucket and push them out and tier them to an external object store, like another object storage cluster or something like S3 or some other public object storage service, a match or blob or whatever it is. That's sort of the first thing that's coming in Nautilus. Later, there'll be additional set of capabilities coming. Things like encrypting the data before you push it into the external cloud. So you might have gateways that hold all your encryption keys and all your data is actually stored in public cloud storage services, where the prices are really low, but it's encrypted. Yes. But stepping back, I just want to talk about the big picture of what we're looking at with RATOS Gateway. So today, we think of RATOS Gateway literally as a RATOS Gateway, a gateway to your RATOS cluster as a single-step cluster. And we sort of have some geo-replication features tacked on for disaster recovery and replication and so on. And when you sort of try to get an object out of a gateway, if it's not stored locally, if it's stored in another site, the Gateway gives you a location redirect and points you at the right gateway. So it's a seamless experience, but it's really about islands of storage and sort of bouncing you between them as necessary. In the future, we'd like to sort of turn that situation around. And so instead, we think of RATOS Gateway as a gateway to a whole mesh of sites. You have this whole network collection of object storage sites where all your infrastructure is placed. And the Gateway is really a gateway to all of that and encompasses all of these tiering capabilities, replication, policy, and placement, all those sorts of things. So the Gateway might redirect you. It might actually proxy you. It might be encrypting your access before it pushes you out to a different tier, all those sorts of things. So it's really just a different way of thinking about the Gateway. And again, today, we replicated zone granularity. So it's really targeting an operator who's running the entire cloud service. And in the future, we want to be able to set that policy at bucket granularity. So as a developer or an application owner, one tenant of a cloud service, I can say that I want this data set to be replicated across these sites. I want this data set to be encrypted. I want this data set to have the GDPR policies applied to it. It can only land in these data centers and those sorts of capabilities. So just briefly, I'm going to talk about how sort of edge computing fits into this picture. So when we talk about edge and set at the edge, examples might be a quarter rack or at a telco point of presence. You might have autonomous vehicles with their own little networks locally that are semi-attached to a central site. Lots of different edge scenarios come up. Several other talks about that at this conference. As far as set is concerned, there's sort of a number of things that we've been doing to make sure that set is suitable for these environments and we can tie them into the overall picture. We need to scale down set clusters so they run efficiently and small sizes. We need to support multiple architectures. We build releases for ARM today. Power is coming in the future. There are some builds that have been done at OSU that work, but they're not sort of integrated into our upstream processes. And we need to make set more hands off so the system is more self-managing and can run without anybody looking at it for longer periods of time and automate the management and enable the ability for someone to operate thousands of set clusters spread across all these edge sites in an efficient and manageable way. And when you think about what data is actually going to live at these edge sites, there are a couple of different scenarios. The simplest might just be that all the volumes in the edge sites would be replicated back to a central site. So if the edge site disappears, you sort of have a disaster recovery backup. That's something you can do today. In the context of objects, I think these sites kind of fall into two main categories. One would be data producers. So they might be gathering telemetry and gathering all of this data, staging it locally, maybe doing some processing. And then when they're connected to a central site, uploading it. So you can imagine an autonomous vehicle that's gathering all of this video and telemetry and then it's eventually sending it back to Waymo or whoever so that they can train their models to do self-driving cars. Or you might imagine sort of the other end where you have edge sites that are operating on a small piece of a very large data set. They might sort of come down and cache. They have access to the whole data set, but they cache the bits that they need locally. But the key thing in our minds is that we want to try to solve these problems in the context of object storage and in the context of this view as federated self-clusters and a mesh of object storage. Because the object storage paradigm and data model makes it much easier to think about these problems. So I'll finish by talking just a little bit about Kubernetes because everybody likes to talk about Kubernetes. So why? Why does everybody talk about Kubernetes? I think the key thing is that enabling true mobility of an application and data between sites is a partnership both between the tools that you use to orchestrate and deploy your applications and the storage system that's actually storing the data. The storage system can't solve those problems on its own. And if the orchestrator tries to solve us on its own, it's going to be slow and inefficient. So we need to work together. With CEP we're primarily focused on enabling those capabilities at the storage layer, but then working with Kubernetes teams to make sure that we can expose the higher level user experience. So right now, that data falls into two categories. We have persistent volumes. There are drivers in Kubernetes. Multiple sets of drivers, in fact, that let you use self-storage with your container platforms. We're very excited about the Rook project, which is a tool for automating the deployment and management of your self-cluster. So there's lots of work going there. And the future really is around automating the process of taking containers and pods that are consuming persistent volumes and moving them over to a different cloud site. So replicating the persistent volumes over, reprovisioning those applications in a way that they're all sort of linked together, and you have a coherent view of what happened. And then the second type of data, again, is object data. Today we have sort of trivial provisioning of RGW clusters with Rook. Super easy to do. But what we're working on today is the ability to sort of as not as a cluster operator, but as an application user, as a developer, the ability to on demand have dynamic provisioning of bucket storage resources. So you're saying, I'm deploying my application. I need these buckets to store data and automate that process of provisioning that storage, similar to how you do it with persistent volumes today, but using slightly different interfaces. And the goal then is to have a consistent sort of the next step goal is to have a consistent experience so that if I'm deploying my application on a Kubernetes cluster that's running on OpenStack or on-premise, those object storage resources will be provisioned from Ceph, but the application doesn't know or care. And if I happen to be provisioning in Kubernetes running in like GKE or some other on-cloud Kubernetes, those resources might be provisions using the cloud's native object storage service, like S3 or Google Storage or whatever. But again, having a consistent application experience is the goal so that you just specify what the storage class or policy for that object storage is and the platform takes care of the details of which cluster it ends up landing in, that sort of thing. So bringing it all together, when we talk about data services, we're talking about these three key things, mobility, moving our data, introspection, what have I stored, and automating policies for how we're going to do it with computers instead of people. But in order to solve these problems, particularly mobility, there needs to be a partnership between that storage layer and the application layer. Ceph already has many key multi-cluster capabilities. So we have mirroring for the block storage. In the object space, we have federation, replication, cloud sync, tiering and archiving are coming soon in the Nautilus release. And so the set of capabilities covers components of the tiering, disaster recovery, mobility, stretch use cases. And we also have some of the introspection covered as well with the RGW indexing of your object storage so you can do queries on what data you have. But our future investment, as we look forward, is primarily around the object storage services. How do we do this with object stores? And in that future, Kubernetes is going to play a key role. So expect to hear more about that from us soon. Thank you. And thank you for your patience. I'm really sorry about the whole projection situation. I'm not probably over time, but maybe we can take some questions. I'm not really sure.


and welcome to a bookshelf reorganization video so I have new shelves I've spoken about it a bit in videos already but I have brand new shelves I have two new billies like four size ones and I have one half size one and I'm so happy to have like all the matching bookshelves for the first time but as you can see they're a mess. I just don't know where to stop. When we moved all my books back into my room we just shoved them in there so it's a complete mix of red and unread genres who is she like it's genuinely a mess but we're gonna reorganize it today and we're gonna make it look cute. Now I do find it a bit like pressurized doing bookshelf reorganization because I want it to look amazing but I'm gonna try and and get rid of that pressure on myself and we're just gonna have fun and like reorganize my bookshelf I'm gonna listen to an audiobook as we're doing it and I'm really excited so I'm gonna step you back a bit so you can see a bit better okay these are my shelves but before we talk about those actually I want to thank the sponsor for today's video which is Hunt a Killer. You guys you are gonna scream you are gonna scream when I show you this you're gonna scream and cry I'm telling you right now so Hunt a Killer make these immersive murder mystery games oh my god and they're not just a board game they are these boxes full of evidence, trinkets, case files, witness statements or everything you can imagine it's so cool and they have tons of different games but the one that I think you guys would be super interested in and that I got sent is one that is inspired by Agatha Christie the mystery of Hunter's Lodge. Friends it is literally like you are you are Urquiporo in this game it is amazing it was so cool if you've watched my videos before you will know this is literally what I have always dreamed of like it's absolutely perfect for me basically is based off of an Agatha Christie true short story and it's set at this rich countryside state in England where the unpopular host is found murdered and since Urquiporo is ill we are helping Captain Hastings figure out who the murderer is. Me and my family had the best time playing this we had like a little family game night and in this box filled with secrets the quality of the items are just amazing the pieces of evidence like the flask, wristwatch and banner were all such high quality honestly the thought and attention to put into this game just made it such an amazing experience like I felt a little bit bad and bougie playing it I'm not gonna lie I had so much fun playing detective with my family it was such a cute night we all had such a great time together and we really didn't figure out who the murderer was until right at the end it doesn't look good there's a lot of language all right yeah so right now you can go to hunterkiller.com forward slash meg with berks and use the code MEG in capitals to get 10 dollars off your order of the collector's edition so let's find out do you have what it takes to solve the mystery of hunter's lodge okay back to the video I think because I organized my genre I think I want this shelf to be fantasy sci-fi magical realism that kind of thing I then want this next big one to be mystery thriller and then I'm gonna put all along this half one non-fiction contemporary romance that's basically it that's all my genres because I really want to make sure my fantasy and mystery thriller shelves have room to grow like I don't want this video to be me like filling the shelves and then I've got no room to put any more books that's not the point that would be like illegal I think I will have room to put more books because a lot of what you're seeing on here is unread they won't stay on this shelf I've got a book cart over there which fits most of them and then the ones that don't fit I may just put down the bottom if we have room or I don't know we'll figure that out that's the whole point of the video the only books that are unread that I'm gonna put on these shelves are my special editions of my Ike the Chrissy Mysteries they're really gorgeous so I just want to display them I mean why not also I want to put my book of the month books all together with the spine so I do want them to be on my shelves so first things first I'm going to take all these books off the shelves and I'm gonna make piles throughout the room by genre and I'm gonna like take away all the unread books and put them at the other end of the room so we can deal with them later we're gonna do all of the red stuff and then sort out the unread books last also in case anyone was wondering I'm currently listening to the audiobook for Last Time I Lied by Riley Sager I am enjoying it I've got five hours ish left of the speed I'm listening to so I'm hoping to get like a good amount listened to whilst we do this I'm coming in before I could protest she was in the stall okay let's go so the situation is we've got book of the month books there graphic novels Ike the Chrissy special editions magical realism romance this is all fantasy uh then we've got mystery thrown us down here nonfiction over here horror contemporary all that kind of stuff that over there was all unread books we're not looking at that right now okay I love this angle I am gonna do fantasy shelf first so all of these shelves I want this one to be my favorite shelf again before hello I had a favorite shelf with mysteries and fantasy on it like thriller and fantasies but I want a fantasy one and maybe a mystery one oh yeah I think I want a mystery one or I might just have my favorites on my mystery shelf face out but I definitely want to have like the shelf I had with three facing out in the center here I also want to try and keep hard covers that are the same size and paperbacks of the same size together so I am going to split up series so that it looks a bit neater I think and I'm just going to start and see what happens because I haven't really got a plan so we're just gonna we're just going to have a go this shelf is going to change a bit I already know by Christmas because I'm getting my special editions of my bear and the nightingale books so I think like Amar and the night brothers um these ones will go I'm just going to put them in there for now but for Christmas I'm getting those books a special fairytale editions I'll put a picture in so this will be subject to change in a few months but I'm just going to kind of do it for now with how these shelves are turning out so far so at the top here we have all these fantasy paperbacks that all match up with size which is just so I just love it um eventually this shelf will probably all be that this the house in syruz is a bit taller so that will go somewhere else and I I'll move this somewhere else and that will just be all paperbacks then we have this shelf which obviously shadow and bone isn't a favorite but I kind of want it to be with those just because I love how the editions look together then we have got some Sean McGuire books we've got some Catherine Arden there we've got three of my favorite fantasies ninth house the starless in the night circus and then some more of my favorite fantasies we've got adi the roux Amar and the night brothers and the girls of paper and fire series so that's kind of like my favorites fantasy shelf and then we have this shelf we just some more of my hardbacks kind of laid together some hardbacks that aren't this size hard back because they're like more awkwardly sized so then stacked and then we have my kind of like magical realism fabulism kind of stuff so that is oh shit I was about to say that that is all of the books I wanted to put on these shelves but I do have science fiction fantasy that I want to go on this shelf so hang on take these out but then will my sci-fi fit there can we squeeze it in it's gonna be tight oh my god yay okay great great great we've even got room for like one more book okay that's that shelf redone then so I fit all of my sci-fi in as well woohoo okay so I actually have two whole shelves free on these shelves so we may readjust things a bit but I'm really happy actually to have those two shelves like the stuff that I can use up that's space for me to read more fantasy which is amazing that makes me so happy because I had no space of fantasy so that's what those two shelves are going to be put up with eventually okay so now it's time for my mystery shelves and thinner shelves now the only problem with this shelf is is that if you're looking at the shelf space on you can't see anything behind this shelf obviously because it's like hiding the stuff in there so I think I need to strategically put the books I don't like as much in that corner but yeah we'll figure it out we're going to figure it out so I didn't end up separating mystery and drillard because it would have just been too complicated but look at these shelves I am so happy with how they have turned out and I actually decided to put my book of the month books here underneath the fantasy shelf so I'm going to step right back so you can see everything together okay so that is those shelves done I am actually so happy for her look I think it looks so nice I just put my candles there on that book of the month shelf just to fill it out but I love the like all the face out ones amongst all of the mysteries I love how the strange cases kind of raised up as a series together I am just so happy with how it looks I think it looks so cool beautiful I'm definitely so happy so we now have to just fill that entirety of that half shelf with all my other genres and now I'm actually a bit worried because I actually have quite a lot of books here left so I don't know what order I'm going to put the books on the shelves in I'm just going to go and go and try and ever it phase out for like forever because it's a bit of a weird cut well no it's not weird cover but like it doesn't really match with everything else I have phase out so that will change once this shelf fills out but then we have poetry next to it as well then we have my graphic novel shelf which I think looks so cute and then we have horror historical fiction and then right at the bottom is nonfiction now ignore these books in that shelf here that is all books that I am in the process of unhauling so that is other ones I have unhauled in previous videos and haven't passed on yet all ones I'm saving for an unhaul video that I'm going to do in the new year at some point so ignore that shelf that shelf will be by the new year cleared out I will leave the finished close-ups we'll do like a proper kind of close-up of everything at the end because I've got fairy lights coming tomorrow so I'm going to wait for them to arrive before we do like all the cute shots of everything together but now I am going to go start on the TBR cart um it's pretty self-explanatory I'm literally just gonna I don't really have any order to the TBR cart I'm just gonna put um the top shelf is always 2021 new releases and then after that it's literally just I put books whenever there's no order to it so I'm gonna go start on that now this time I am pretty sure moments passing away I've never seen before there's a chain there's a love to be with you with how they've turned out I love the fairy lights long live I've never had that before and I just really love how it looks my TBR cart is all full up down here and I also also took up the two free shelves that I have but I'm not worried as the two shelves at the bottom that I currently filled with stuff won't be in the long run I should just sort shit out and that surprisingly surprisingly there is still a lot of like movement and a lot of places I can fit books in here I also think eventually once I need more room I'm gonna move my book of the month books up to the top of the bookshelf to sit on top of it because I think they'll look nice up there so they're gonna stay on that shelf for now but in the long run when I need more room I will move them up there I can always double stack so I'm not particularly worried about running out of space anytime soon but I really love how they look I'm so pleased with how they look I've also got a lot of front facing books out particularly on this mystery shelf so I can always get rid of that if needs must but I really like having a few so yeah I am so pleased with how my shelves look this is by far for me my favorite my shelves ever look because the first time I've had them all together in one place and I just really really love it so I hope you've enjoyed this video it was a bit different than usual a bit more chill a bit more cozy and relaxing so I hope you enjoyed it if you got into the end of this video comment the tired emoji because I'm very tired now it's hard work doing bookshelves again comment that if you've got into the end let me know how your bookshelves are set up for your favorite way to organize your bookshelves and I'll see you very very soon in another video bye


So before we move on to looking at regression problems, I want to just stop and give you a little bit of an insight as to how we calculate a loss function in a classification problem. Now, of course, with numbers, it's very easy to state what the difference is between numbers. I mean, there's a variety of ways that we can do this mean squared error, et cetera. Absolute mean squared error. Absolute mean error, I should say. But what do we do if something is either a nodule or not a nodule, a cancerous growth or not a cancerous growth? Or when it comes to imaging, when is it a bus, a stop sign, another car, how do you calculate that difference? If the target value, the actual value, was a bus and our model predicted that it was a stop sign, how do we calculate that loss? And of course, we do it through cross entropy, and we have the binary and the categorical cross entropy loss functions that you've seen before. So let's just peek a little bit behind. I just want to give you some intuition about this. So imagine I have these 12 elements. We're going to start off with this concept of entropy, really. Entropy just borrowed from physics, where it just means auto chaos as a system. It's just left to its own devices. There's no external energy input. We're going to increase the entropy. So the chaos is going to increase. And I use here, if I have a house, if I start with a heap of bricks and bags of cement just lying there, it's not going to build a house by itself. You have to put some energy into that system. But if you start with a house and you just leave it, it's slowly going to decay until you have just this rubble.  So the entropy increases. And we use that same concept here. We just borrow that concept about if we have information about something, how can we quantify that? So I imagine I have these 12 elements. I've just grouped them all together, but they need to be in a specific order. So I have car, car, car, car, car, six of them, bus, bus, bus, four of them, human, and a stop sign. So you can imagine this is some classification problem. And it is for self-driving cars. So it's these 12 elements in an image or different images. And I ask you to come up with a series of questions such that when I drew one of these at random, now you can see there are six out of the 12 are cars. So there's a high probability of being a car. Four out of six, four out of 12 are being a bus. One out of 12 me selecting the human at random and the stop sign at random, also only one. So there's a different probability of me drawing one of these at random. But if I did, you had to ask me questions. How can you structure those questions to get to what I do at random? So this is one way to go about it, a clever way. You can ask, is it a car? Now these are binary questions. Is it a car? And if it's yes, if the answer is yes, well, then it was a car. If it's no, of course it can be any one of the other three. It'll be better to ask the second question, is it a bus? Because if it's yes, then it is a bus. If it's no, I only need one more question. Just you can ask either human being or stop sign. If you ask human and it's yes, it is a human and no, it's a stop sign. So on average, you had to ask one question for this group that had the highest probability. You'd had to ask two questions to find out if it was a bus. And you would have to ask three questions before you found out whether it was a human or stop sign. So we can sort of put those two together. We can say, well, I had to ask one question for something that had a probability of 0.5. So I can say one times 0.5 plus. I had to ask two questions for that thing that had probability of a third. I had to ask three questions times the probability of one over 12 and another three times probability of one over 12. And that gives me this entropy value. And it comes from information theory. So it says that on average, if I did this many times over with that probability, you would have had to ask about one and two thirds questions to find out what I do at random. That is the information locked away in the set. Now we can look at it from a theoretical point of view where we can calculate the theoretical minimum number of questions. So if everything here as far as the probabilities were concerned were a power of two, then you're going to see that these two values for entropy and the theoretical entropy is going to work out exactly the same. But if not everything is a power of two, as far as the probabilities are concerned, you're going to get this theoretical minimum at the bottom. And here we can see 1.62, which is slightly less than the 1.66. And here's the equation for entropy. It says take the negative of the sum of all these products. And what you do is the probability of the first one that was a half times the log base two of that probability. So I would do half log base two half and then a third times log base two of a third and then a 12th times log base two of a 12th. And then another add to that another 12 times a one over 12 times the log base of one over 12. So just plugging those four probabilities there, multiply them, those two, the product of that, add all of those and put a negative sign at the front because we're going to end up here with a fraction and we want a positive value, so we're going to put the negative out there. So this vector D, that just refers to the fact that it's just a vector formed by these probabilities, half, a third, a 12th and a 12th. So let's build a little function here inside of R. I'm going to call my function entropy. I'm going to use this assignment operator and then I'm going to say I'm specifying a function. It's going to take a single argument D and what I want to do is I'm going to just create this internal variable called X started at zero and then for I in D, so in each of my elements in D that I pass to my function, I'm going to say take X, whatever it was now, we start at zero and I add to that, it's zero at the moment. I, so that's the first, that's one over two times log of one over two base two. Now if I run through it again, X now has a new value and I add the second element, the third element, the fourth element to that and I want to return negative X. It's minus the sum of all of these. So if I run entropy and I put my vector in there, it's going to come out to 1.652815, that's the entropy. So that's the theoretical minimum number of questions or bits required to answer this question. So from there, we go to this idea of cross entropy, cross because we are not comparing a single distribution of probabilities here, but two distributions. We're going to compare two of them. And remember multi-hot encoding, one hot encoding. So remember, let's suggest that one of my target values, the actual value is zero, one zero. So it had three elements in it. The target, the number of classes or the sample space of my target variable had three elements. And in this case, it was the second one. So maybe that was car, bus, and stop sign and this one was bus because the second one was one. So I'm taking an object, category, categorical variable and I'm changing it into a vector. And my predicted values might be something like this, 0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.1. So we've got to see this as a distribution and this is a distribution and we're just going to compare the difference between those two distributions. And the way that we do that is a very similar thing. So we're going to take each of the elements in my vector of the actual values times the natural log of the corresponding value in my predicted vector. Why natural log and not log base two? Well, we're not asking binary questions here and remember that if I asked for the log, say that A was two, log base two of something that will just be log B divided by log A. And if A was two, I'm just dividing by a constant. So it's kind of useless just to do what you are doing by asking for log base two is you really just dividing by this constant. So usually we just stick with the natural log and that's why I put L in there just to indicate natural log. So remember this is my target and this is my probability. Now it's very rare that one of these would be zero because you can't take the natural log of zero and they'll just be code inside of TensorFlow or whatever framework you're using to have a little escape should one of those be zero to still give you a return on that. So just to create that little cross entropy function you're going to take two vectors P and P hat I'll just name them P and P H A T and there is exactly the equation that we have up there and we're just going to return negative the sum of all of those and we do the sum by iterating over all of these. So that's one way to do it, there are many other ways to do it. So if I pass my two vectors here zero, one, zero and open one, open eight, open one we see a categorical cross entropy value of open two, two and hence we can do gradient descent we can do back propagation to do gradient descent to improve this error, this loss and that loss is categorical cross entropy and remember with the categorical cross entropy to get the derivative of the log function the derivative of the log of a values is one over that value. So the back propagation is definitely not that difficult. So that's it, I just wanted to give you some intuition some idea behind what do we do where do we get this difference between two categorical data point values and the easiest is to do it in this format of categorical cross entropy.


Welcome to Monet Cafe. I'm artist Susan Jenkins and today I'm very happy to bring you this lesson where I will be featuring Mount Vision purple pastels to create these beautiful blue and purple flowers. This should be a lot of fun. If you haven't joined the family please subscribe to keep more video lessons coming your way. I chose with this painting to do a warm underpainting and here are some of the color choices I used kind of oranges, magintas, pinks, and you'll see in a minute I add a lavender bluish for the sky. I think it's a lavender for the sky. Yes and I'm working on a piece of watercolor paper. I've done four of these so far. This is the first video I'm uploading. I'm just speeding up this section here where I'm laying down the underpainting. Again this is just on watercolor paper and I have some neat new techniques I'm using that I'd like to share with you guys. So you see how pretty easy that is? We're just laying in some color. If you've seen many of my videos where I make my own homemade surface you know I often use clear gesso made by Liquitex and I will be using that but often I do like I'm doing now. I create an underpainting. Sometimes I'll use watercolor. I mean this is watercolor paper. Sometimes I'll use acrylic ink but this is a new technique. Actually I did use it quite a while ago and forgot about it using a product that I'm not going to go into that in this video but I will in one of these other videos with these long format paintings. I'm going to tell you all about how to do what I just did. Now here's the clear gesso and now I'm ready to make this where pastels can be applied to the surface. And you can of course use an already prepared pastel paper. You don't have to do it homemade like I am. You guys probably know I do this to share with you guys that you can save money by making your own pastel surfaces and this clear liquid gesso works great but you can do this lesson if you want to follow along on a regular piece of pastel paper if you want and use whatever blending method you would like to use whether it's a piece of pipe foam insulation or you know I've been using the chamois cloth lately. Now I did use a few, quite a few of the Terry Ludwig umber shadows and shades or shades and shadows set. You see those nice neutrals there. Aren't they beautiful? I just love these colors. So I liked the grasses that were deep down for some of these purple flowers and I thought those would work well. Now I'm just going to kind of reestablish some of the background colors here and applying this. Now the gesso has dried. I have a nice gritty surface. The pastels will hang on to it but I'm going to share in this video and all of the other three that I'll be doing with the same technique for all of them. Something that I do to perhaps help some of you guys who have expressed your challenges with using the clear gesso. Notice how when I'm laying down these colors it looks really, I don't know, kind of messy and real textural. You're seeing the strokes even though I used a foam brush to apply the gesso. You really see the strokes of the paper and I'm going to show you something in a minute that actually is a technique I'm doing all the time now when I use this clear gesso. I think it works really well. So now I'm just getting a background band of mountains and it's darker than it will be when it's finished but we often put the darks down first because we know we can layer. I'm also getting my darks. This is a, this one, the first one I put down was a dark purple, a Terry Ludwig purple I believe. This is probably the Terry Ludwig eggplant color. It looks black but it's actually not and I like to get the darks in first to establish that value and it's going to create that sense of depth and perspective of things receding into the distance. We know that values are typically darker in the foreground and get lighter in the distance and once again I am going to going to lighten up those mountains. Now here is what I was talking about before. To fix this rather messy, scratchy looking underpainting after the underpainting. This is like a second underpainting. I'm using my chamois cloth technique. You know these are the things that I remember when they first came out. Everybody was so amazed at how they dried your cars so great. It was way better than using a towel. I'm speeding up certain sections just not to make this video so monotonous. But when I use the chamois cloth I do it in sections. I'll use a corner for the dark areas and then so is by the way you can just tap your board. Pastel dust does fall off during this but you see how much stays on to. Now I turned my little chamois cloth to use a different corner of it. You've got eight corners really because you've got four on each side and when I'm going from a light area to a dark area I often don't turn it. I only turn it and get a new area if it's contaminated with dark and I want to keep the light. So now I'm going to go in with this pretty blue. This is going to be actually sort of like another band of mountains. Often I kind of veer away from what the reference photo is and kind of do my own thing. But I think it yeah this one did have a really pale distant band of mountains. I think later I kind of blend it in with the sky but you know all of this is up for your artistic interpretation and what you think would make a you know a more pleasing painting. This is kind of a lavender just pale and notice how it's just kind of blending in on top of that pinkish underpainting of the sky that I did. And now I'm lightening it up a bit. You see how the layers work quite well with this homemade surface on watercolor paper using clear gesso. Once again you can also do this clear gesso technique on watercolor paper and you don't have to use the first initial method I used. You could you know do whatever works for you, whatever you're used to or whatever you have. But again I'll be sharing more about the original technique I used at the beginning for the underpainting in a future video. That will be coming. So you see how this is all I'm using a little bit of a duller blue. That blue it's a neutral kind of a dull medium to dark blue and see how it just toned those mountains down in the distance and I even tone them down more later. But this pastel technique is all about this layering and working the whole painting. I love to work the whole painting. Oh by the way that bracelet of mine is the Monet Café bracelet. I had a lovely jewelry designer create. I saw these lava rocks that were kind of the colors of pastel. They looked like pastels and these lava rocks actually they hold essential oils. If you like essential oils like I do, I put drops of them on the lava rocks and they soak into them. And while you're painting you can smell the essential oil. It's just such a neat experience. So I forget to mention them but they have a little Monet Café charm on them as well. But there's a link in the description of this video I think for the Monet Café bracelets. And it really helps. I've been lately just allowing all the proceeds to go to this jewelry designer. She's had some life challenges and it really I think blesses her to be able to sell these bracelets. So anyway, enough about that. Now I'm reinforcing the dark areas of the painting where I think some of these little clusters of flowers will be. Now I don't always blend a second time. But I kind of wanted to get these dark areas a little softer. They were a little bit segmented I guess and I wanted to blend them together. So you know you can use this a few times. But I don't recommend overblending. Once you kind of get your base in and you feel like you've got a good underpainting with value and color to start with, then I wouldn't use the chamois cloth method anymore. I think we have a tendency especially when we're beginner artists to overblend. And one of the reasons is there I am tapping again. Try not to blow your pastel painting. But one of the reasons I think is because sometimes when we blend, we're trying to correct something that you know we didn't do right. And I'm talking to myself too because I've done this and probably still do it sometimes. But it will muddy your painting. The pastels can take a bit of blending. But when you overblend, they not only get blended together and muddied. You know when we mix a lot of colors that get dull and muddy. But it crushes the little particles. Pastels have like these little crystal color particles in them. And when they get contaminated with a lot of other colors or pressed a lot, you lose that little glistening glorious quality of pastels. Now here's where I was saying I'm going to layer again over these mountains. We know that things cool off in the distance. So I wanted to give it a little bit of a lighter value and a cooler blue. And the reference image had a feeling of fog. It actually had a feeling of fog, I think in the background field. And I sort of give that impression later in the painting. I'm just softening the edges with my fingers very likely here just to get that mountain so it doesn't have a harsh edge or stark edge from the next mountain. Now here is the reference image. It is from unsplash.com. You know I've been loving the site for free reference images. And I just loved these flowers. Now I'm not going to paint all this detail. They're really the little pods or buds that come out are really uniquely shaped. But notice how it's an interesting combination between purple and blue, kind of like my last little tiny painting I uploaded. And I decided I was going to use some of these Mount Vision purple pastels. Now I bought a set that had only the ones on the left, the 920 to the 924. They used to have a little five set of purples. And I bought them. And I'm not sure if they have them, but you could buy just the individual pastels if you wanted. That's what I'll be using for this lesson. But this new set is a set of purples and magentas that's on dakota pastels.com. It's a new set of purples and magentas. Notice those nice neutral purples in the middle, the 600 series there. Oh my goodness, I think I might have to get those two. So you could buy this whole set from Dakota or you could buy just the purples I used or pick and choose whichever ones you want. Now here they are on the Dakota Pastels website. You can see that's like almost a hundred dollars for this set. So if you want to get some of the oh it's called the Violet set 25. But you might want to just pick and choose a few of them. I don't I don't think I used the lighter ones. I think I used 922. Let's see, does it go down or up? Yeah, I used the ones that are lower than that might have used 23. Maybe not. But I think it was 22, 20, 22, 21 and 20. Now of course I'm going to need some pretty blues and see that dark purple there. That's a Terry Ludwig. I'm going to use that dark purple. You know I usually go dark to light with flowers and lots of things. So that will go down first with some of these blues on top, a little lighter colors and also the Mount Vision purples, violets, whatever you want to call them that I used. Now from here forward, I'm going to add some music and speed this up a bit. And as I mentioned before, my patrons on my Patreon page will get the real time footage. As you can see, most of this thus far has been real time with lots of content. So don't feel left out Monet cafe. I just have to give my patrons a little bit more and so they get a lot more real content. So I won't speed it up too much that you can't follow. And I hope you enjoyed this lovely original music by Hannah McFarland. She's a young lady who writes original music and she gave me permission to share this in some of my painting videos. It's beautiful. It's called Simple Devotion. Enjoy and you know I'll be back at the end. Now we're back to some real time footage. I am really enjoying these long format paintings of fields. I have two more on the way and like I said in each one, I'll give you a little bit more on some of the specifics about the techniques and I think you should learn a lot. So if you paint from my video or my tutorial, I don't have many rules. I do ask that you tag me somehow or mention me. I love to see what you do. Thank you so much to those of you who are tagging me on Instagram. If you have not followed me on Instagram, you can find me at Susan Jenkins Artist. So please follow me. I would love it because I really love to see what you do. And if you're on Facebook and you'd like to follow my Facebook page, it is The Art of Susan Jenkins. So you can follow me there and again, you can share your artwork in the Monet Cafe Art Group on Facebook. Oh my goodness. We're like, I don't even know how many thousand members we are. We're like maybe twelve thousand members there now all from this YouTube channel where people find the group on Facebook and I tell you what, if you want to learn more about pastel painting and really art in general, join that group. All you have to do is ask to join and answer a few questions. So there's so many resources for you to learn and most of all, I just love the camaraderie that we have and how even in our crazy COVID world, we can experience art together. You guys bless me. This channel blesses me and you know, I love bringing you these lessons so I hope you're enjoying and learning. Alright guys, until the next time, happy painting.