I welcome you to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we shall study the Vidhi Sutras or the operation rules which is the core part of the system of Paninian Grammar. So the first question is what is a Vidhi? Generally it is understood as prescription. What it means is a direction to follow some procedure in order to achieve an intended or set end result or fruit. What it also means is that a statement, Vidhi is a statement that provides you with knowledge about something which is not obtainable through any other valid means of cognition. That statement is called Vidhi. These are the general ideas about Vidhi. The main Vidhi as far as the process of speech communication is concerned and the Vyakarana is concerned is the Kriya. So Kriya Bodhakashraddha Vidhi, this seems to be the first sutra. The statement which directs a speaker to select a word indicating an action is this Vidhi and also the statement which directs a hearer to identify a word indicating an action in the audible speech is also main Vidhi as far as the process of communication is concerned and the Vyakarana grammar is concerned. This rule is not stated in the Ashtadhyayi but this is definitely part of the Arthakasha and the Shaptakasha. The main Vidhi which is stated in the Ashtadhyayi is the Pratyaya Vidhi which is defined in the following manner Pratyaya Dnyapakam Vachanam Vidhi. This sutra is also not part of the Ashtadhyayi. This is part of the current tradition of Padmian grammar. The text called Shabdasutra, Pratyaya Dnyapakam Vachanam Vidhi which can be explained further as Pratyaksha Anumanadi Pramana Adnyaya Pratyaya Dnyapakam Vachanam Vidhi which means that the statement which lets know the Pratyaya which is not known by any valid means of cognition namely perception or inference and the statement tells us about the Pratyaya that statement becomes the Vidhi. All the sutras stated in the 3 chapters 3 to 5 are precisely these Vidhis. Chapter 3 has sutras prescribing the Pratyayas to be added to the verbal root that is Dhatu and chapter 4 and 5 have sutras prescribing the Pratyayas to be added to the nominal root known as Pratipadika. This is the main Vidhi stated in the Ashtadhyayi. What do these Vidhis do? The main Vidhi. The main Vidhi informed the reader about the possible suffix to be added if the intention of the speaker is to express a particular meaning and to keep doing it recurringly until the string of words intended to convey the meaning thought about is generated in the form of a sentence and also words thus derived are considered as grammatical and sentences thus derived from these words are also considered as grammatical. That is the main function of the Vidhi sutras. So here are some important examples of the Pratyaya Vidhi. The first one is Tadbhavita Pratyaya Vidhi. So there is a suffix L which is an abstract Pratyaya and the sutra Lakkarmani Chabhava Chakarma ke bhaya states the meaning 3469. What it states is that when an agent or an object or just the state is to be denoted at the Pratyaya suffix L after a verbal root. Of course if the verbal root is transitive then this L is to be added to denote the karta or karma if the verbal root is intransitive then the L is to be added to denote the karta as well as state only and not the karma. Now L is an abstract Pratyaya or a suffix in whose place actual verbal elements are stated as substitutes and therefore this is called Tadbhavita Pratyaya. Now if we look at another sutra Bhava Karma Noha 1314 which states that when object or the state is to be denoted only the Atmaniva the substitutes in place of L are to be added after a verbal root. So these are the Tadbhavita Pratyaya Vidhis. L is a Tadbhavita Pratyaya and therefore the Vidhi which describes this L is called Tadbhavita Pratyaya Vidhi. Then we have Vibhakti Pratyaya Vidhi. We have already seen this in detail when we studied the Karaka notion and the Vibhakti. So the first one is Anarvitha 231, Karmani Gvithiya 232, Karaturu Karanayostritya 2318, Chaturthi Sampradane 2312, Apadane Panchami 2328 and Saptam Yadhi Karanayostra 2335. These are the sutras which prescribe the Vibhakti Pratyaya to be added in order to express particular Karaka. Therefore these sutras they are known as Vibhakti Pratyaya Vidhi. So these are the main Vidhis remaining are the other Vidhis which are also known as Vidhi Shesha. They are of the following kind. The first one is Prakriti Sadhaka Pratyaya Vidhi. So the Praktyaya Vidhi which generates a Prakriti. These are the following ones prescription of those suffixes which are added to a type of root and which generate another root of the same type or of another type. This is what is a Prakriti Sadhaka Pratyaya Vidhi. So there are three scenarios here. From the verbal root we add a suffix and you generate either a Dhatu or a Pratipadika. From the Pratipadika you generate Pratipadika by adding a Pratyaya. So such a statement is called Pratipadika Sadhaka Pratyaya Vidhi. And from the verbal root that is Dhatu when Dhatu is derived then that statement is called Dhatu Sadhaka Pratyaya Vidhi and Pratipadika Sadhaka Pratyaya Vidhi. From the padas by adding certain suffixes Dhatu is generated Pratipadika is also generated. So those Pratyayas and the statements stating those Pratyayas are considered as Prakriti Sadhaka Pratyaya Vidhis. Let us look at the examples. Let us look at first how Dhatu is generated from the verbal root Dhatu. So we have a section 315 to 31 consists of a list of Pratyayas which take the verbal root as an input and prescribe a suffix to be added in a particular additional meaning and the output generated is a verbal root as per 3132. So that the Dhatavaha we have already studied this. So for example, we have 317 which adds the suffix sir to a verbal root dhnya here. So we have the meaning to know and we add the meaning desire to it. So now the meaning is desire to know. To express this we have the verbal root dhnya Dhatu to which we add the suffix sir in accordance with 317 and so we apply the other rules which apply over here and we derive the form jidnya sir now. Now this jidnya sir is considered as a dhatu by 3132. So from dhnya, jidnya sir is derived, jidnya sir is a dhatu, dhnya is a dhatu. Sir is the suffix which derives this dhatu. However the statement 317 is called prakriti sadhaka prakteyaviti and this prakriti is dhatu. So dhatu sadhaka prakteyaviti that is what it is called. So then we get jidnya sir termed as dhatu by 3132 and then we get the forms jidnya sathe as well as jidnya san chakre and so on and so forth. The other example is we take the meaning to know and then we add the meaning inspire. So now we get the meaning to inspire to know. So we have dhnya as the verbal root denoting the meaning to know and we add a suffix e which means inspiration to inspire by application of some other rules. Now we get the verb form dhnya pi, dhnya pi and this is once again termed as dhatu by 3132. So this dhnya pi now is the form that is derived which is a verbal root, this is an output derived from the verbal root dhnya by adding the suffix e by 3122. So now we add this e here and so we get dhnya pi and then we get dhnya payati, dhnya payan chakar etc. These are the forms. These are the verbal forms that are derived from the verbal root dhnya pi and this is an example once again of a statement 3122 is an example of a statement which generates a prakriti dhatu from another dhatu. Then we have a prathipadika generated from a verbal root dhatu by adding the suffix. In the section from 3191 up to 3476 all the sutras take the verbal root as an input and add a suffix and return the output in the form of a prathipadika. These suffixes are termed krith, we have already studied this term. So we have patha as the verbal root to which is added the suffix th, which is a krith and the output is patha, which is now a prathipadika. So from the verbal root patha, the sutras which prescribe this suffix th which is 3212 we derive the prathipadika patha. So 3212 is the prakriti sadhaka praktyaja vidhi, the prakriti that is generated is prathipadika. So it is a prathipadika sadhaka pratyaya vidhi. Similarly we have patha plus tavya. So the sutra tavyap tavyaani yaraha prescribes this tavya after patha and the form that we generate is pathitavya. So the sutra tavyap tavyaani yaraha is the prakriti sadhaka praktyaja vidhi. Similarly we add the suffix thwa, samanakartrakayo purva kaale after the verbal root patha. So this statement which prescribes the suffix thwa is the prakriti sadhaka praktyaja vidhi and we get the form pathitva. Similarly we get the suffix thum added after the verbal root patha and the sutra which prescribes this thum is the prakriti sadhaka pratyaya vidhi where pathitum is the prakriti that is generated. Pathitva means what was read, pathitavya means what should be read, pathitva means after having read and pathitum means in order to read. So pathitva, pathitavya, pathitva and pathitum are the prakritis, the prathipadika prakritis which are generated from the verbal root patha by adding the suffixes krt suffixes th, tavya, thwa and thum. So the sutras which prescribe the tavya, thwa and thum all of them they are called prakriti sadhaka pratyaya vidhi. Then we also generate a prathipadika from another prathipadika. In the section 4176 up to 54160 there are sutras which take a prathipadika as an input and add a suffix to it and return another prathipadika as an output. We should also say that it is not just a prathipadika but the prathipadika which takes a particular soap to which these suffixes are added. These suffixes are termed as tadhita suffixes. So the statements which add these tadhita suffixes they are called prakriti sadhaka pratyaya vidhi. So for example if we have to express the meaning descendant of garga we add the suffix yur stated by gargadibhyo yain the sutra after the prathipadika garga and we derive the verbal form gargir. Now gargir is a prathipadika and gargir is the derived form which is also a prathipadika by 1246 krt tadhita samasascha. Now this gargir as a prathipadika is derived from another prathipadika gargir by adding the suffix yur. So the sutra gargadibhyo yain is the sutra which is called prakriti sadhaka pratyaya vidhi because it generates another prakriti. Similarly if we have to mention a student of vyakarana as a meaning then we have the verbal form vyakarana which is a prathipadika to which we add the suffix an actually by the sutra tadadhi te tadved. Now we derive the form vyakarana. So vyakarana is a prathipadika derived from vyakarana which is another prathipadika by adding the suffix an by the sutra tadadhi te tadved. So tadadhi te tadved is the prakriti sadhaka pratyaya vidhi of this kind. Then we have another type of pratyaya vidhi where from the padas dhatu is derived. So there are some sutras in the section 315-31 which take the finished form namely a padha as an input and add a suffix to it and return a verbal root dhatu as an output. For example sun and to desire for self if these two meanings are put together then we get the meaning to desire sun for self and so we have putram plus year. Putram indicating sun and year indicating to desire for self oneself. Now putram is a padha to which is added year and so we get putri year as an output. Putri year is the verbal root stated by 3132 sanad dhanta dhatavaha. Year is a suffix stated in 318 and so this statement super atmanakya 318 is a prakriti sadhaka pratyaya vidhi. So this is the prakriti that it generates namely a dhatu and this is a padha from which it generates this that is very much peculiar and so we have putri year as the verbal root so putri year takes the functions of a verbal root and it generates forms like putri yati putri yad chakara etc. Similarly we have another type of prakriti sadhaka pratyaya vidhi namely from padhas pratipadikas are generated. The sutras in the section 211 to 2238 take padhas as input and generate an output in the form of a compound which is also a pratipadika. So we have radhnya purusha gacchati as a sentence in which radhnya and purushaha these two are connected words from which is generated raja purusha as a compound or a samasa and this raja purusha is now a pratipadika. So this is the output raja purusha and this is the input which is padha so from these two padhas raja purusha as a pratipadika is generated and this raja purusha is pratipadika so it gets the form raja purushaha etc. So this is a prakriti sadhaka vidhi whereby these two subantas pratyayas are stated sahasupa is that vidhi and the specific sutra sasthi 2.2.8 prescribes this specific process of compounding. Then we have prakriti aadesha vidhi is another type of vidhi which is a prescription where part of the root or prakriti or the whole root prakriti is substituted by a verbal element in the environment of a particular other verbal element and we have seen this example. So we have asa plus the in the environment of the suffix the astir bhuhu 2.452 prescribes the substitution of bhuh in place of asa. So we get asa plus the substituted by bhuh plus the and so we get bhut. So here the entire asa prakriti is substituted by bhuh. So astir bhuhu is a sutra which is prakriti aadesha vidhi similarly idam plus her and idam gets substituted by e we already studied this in the previous lecture when we looked at the parivashasutras and the place of substitution. Now this e replaces this idam and we get the form iher. So this sutra idama ish is called the prakriti aadesha vidhi. Then we have pratyaya aadesha vidhi. This is a prescription of the substitution in place of a pratyaya which comes immediately after a root or any other root. So for example if you have rama plus bhis this is 3 slash 3 rama is a pratyapadika a nominal root in this case ato bhisa aes sutra 719 substitutes aes in place of bhis when bhis comes immediately after an anger which ends in short a. So now we have rama plus aes where aes is the substituted in place of bhis. So this entire pratyaya bhis is substituted by aes. So we get the form ramais and the final derived form is ramaihi or ramaih. Now in this case ato bhisa aes is a sutra which prescribed the substitution in place of a pratyaya. So this is called pratyaya aadesha vidhi. This is an example of the pratyaya aadesha vidhi. Then we have agama vidhi a statement which prescribes an augment to another whole verbal element for example 61137 which is sam paribhyaam karotau bhushane. Now what this means is in the sense of decoration the augment sut which is sir is added to the verbal root kru when it is preceded by the preverbs sum and paribh. So we have sum plus kru plus t for example as the stage of derivation and here is the meaning decoration. So we add sir to this kru and because it is tith it has to be added before kru by adyantav takita 1146. So now we have sum plus sir kru and t and so we derived the word form samskruta. So 61137 can be called an agama vidhi. Then we have varna aadesha vidhi. This is a vidhi which is a prescription of substitution of one sound or many sounds by another sound in the environment of other sound or sounds. For example eco-yanaji 6177 what this means is that immediately before anachik is to be substituted by yand when they are uttered in close proximity samhita. So we have dhadi plus atra in which this e comes immediately before a that is ach and so eco-yanaji applies and this e is replaced by a when a follows and so we get the form dhadhyatra. Now this 6177 is a varna aadesha vidhi as it prescribes the substitution here in place of e in the environment of a immediately followed. So 6177 eco-yanaji is described as varna aadesha vidhi. Next we have chalasvara aadesha vidhi. This is a prescription of the dynamic accent generated from the constituent accents. We have seen this part when we studied the compositionality aspect in the system of paninyan grammar where we said that the compositionality as far as the system of paninyan grammar exists at three levels the meaning that is artha the word that is shabda and the accent namely the svara. Now here we have a sutra, 61161 which means that that anodhata vowel is substituted by an udhata vowel when the same anodhata causes the deletion of the previous udhata. So that is why this is the chalasvara the dynamic accent. So for example we have deva plus e deva is finally accented what is accented is not marked by any symbol they is anodhata vowel is udhata followed by this e which is anodhata. So we have deva plus e now this word deva is also formed from the verbal root diva by adding the suffix ach by the sutra nandhigrahi pachadi bhyaludin ne chaha. So because the pratyaya is this ach marked with ch and then chitaha the rule comes into play and marks this entire word as anodhata followed by this suffix e which is ni stated in the meta language of paniny for as a marker and therefore this is anodhata by the sutra anodhata usupritavu. Now because of this e this final a gets deleted by yasya teacher 64148 this a is a udhata vowel. So because of this anodhata vowel now this udhata gets deleted and so we get the form deva plus e. Now what happens is by this 61161 this anodhata gets transformed into udhata because this anodhata causes the deletion of this udhata. So this udhata gets shifted to this. So we have deva they as anodhata and this e now udhata without any marking of an accent. So now we have the form devi with final udhata e udhata which is caused by this sutra 61161 and therefore this is called chalasvara aadesha vidhi the dynamic accent prescribing sutra. To summarize we studied the notion of vidhi together with the dichotomy of main and subordinate aspects of it. This is also correlated to the concept of vidhi in the Purva Mimamsa school of thought which says vidhiratyantam aprapati aprapati means pramanantarena aprapati. These vidhis make the core of the system of the paninian grammar. The technical terms as well as the metarules the saudnyas and the paribhasas obtain their purposefulness only after becoming one with the statement of the vidhi vidhi vaktya ekavaktya tapanna is only when they become meaningful or purposeful. We shall study some more types of vidhis and then the niyama in the next lecture. Thank you for your attention.


I don't know about you, but I had absolutely no idea Game Boy had a Ninja Gaiden game. That's right, it's Ninja Gaiden Shadow, a game that takes place three years before the events of Ninja Gaiden for NES, or Ryu Hayabusa has to save the city from the clutches of some evil Emperor guy. Sadly though, the usual Ninja Gaiden gameplay is dialed back quite a bit, understandably so I guess considering it's Game Boy, but still it's pretty disappointing not being able to cling to walls or to collect the usual array of weapons. The jumping and falling also feels a bit floaty at times, which you have to get used to. You can hang from platforms, like you do in Ninja Gaiden 3, and they did a nice job recreating the range of motion as well for the Ryu sprite, but it still doesn't totally feel like a Ninja Gaiden game, it's still a good game, it just doesn't have that Ninja Gaiden vibe.  The game itself doesn't suffer for it, but as a Ninja Gaiden game it just feels off. Well I should probably stop talking about what this game isn't and talk about what's really here because what's really here is still pretty dang good. You may not have power ups, but you do get this firewall projectile thing that you can use whenever you want, and you can collect up the 5 of them. You also get equipped with a grappling hook, that's a pleasant surprise. The graphics really look sharp here, right from the get go the city skyline here really looks good.  So yeah Ninja Gaiden Shadow is worth checking out if you can find it, it's definitely a substantial game with a lot of polish, just don't go into it expecting the same functionality and the same feel as the NES games, but don't dismiss it offhand for that, it's a solid title.


Okay, welcome to the Bookmap Platform Details webinar. This is Bruce at Bookmap, a risk disclaimer, trading equities and futures involves substantial risk of loss and is not suitable for all investors. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. More information go to bookmap.com. There is a free 14-day trial. It comes with education. We have this educational course with four parts to it that goes through just basic market mechanics, and then it gets into the structure and those basic market mechanics, and then we start to look at opportunities within that structure, and then we look at the, that's part three, so those are setups and strategies. And then part four is more advanced looking for confluence at some of those areas, okay? And so let me go to bookmap.com and show you a little bit about it. The up here, okay, we'll start at the top of the page and just scroll down. There is the intro video here, some information about Bookmap. I'll update this link here for next week's free webinars so that you'll have that. And let me cover this here, actually, it's part of the education. There's one part one through four for the course, but then in trial, you also get access to the live market order flow advanced webinars, and those start in about a half hour. I gave you guys a link to it yesterday. I'll give it to you today as well so that you can access today's webinar, but usually this comes with the trial. So the idea here is you ask the platform questions here, and then in the other webinar we dive right into the details of the order flow, and then you can ask questions about order flow there, okay? So it's much more engaging on the order flow and trading side, okay? This webinar here is about the basics and understanding some of the details of the platform, all right? So someone yesterday asked a question about the platform, and I said, well, please ask, you know, respect the people in the room and ask it here during this webinar, okay? So that's the deal. You can reach out to us at support at bookmap.com. Let's go back to that website. So I'll change this link here shortly, and you'll have access to that and sign up for it for next week's webinars, okay? More information here on the website, and then scroll down a little bit further. Bookmap can connect to equities, so you can get bookmap DX feed here, and then a little bit further down, other ways to connect, okay? So this includes everything, this is the DX feed down here, and that's to the NASDAQ, or it's all U.S. equities basically. But bookmap is a true platform. So we're just like Ninja Trader or TT, X-Trader Pro or Interactive Brokers Trader Workstation. These three are platforms as well, and we connect via the API into those trading platforms, but we are a trading platform as well. So if you power your Ninja with CQG or Rhythmic, well, you can power your bookmap equally, just like any other platform using CQG or Rhythmic, all right? Good morning, Edson. So let's see, these are the different ways to connect bookmap. Let's take a look at the trial. There's the basic, advanced, and quant. If you want to understand the differences between these three, you can click here for the complete list and compare in a chart. But really what's going on here is there's bookmap basic, and then there's more advanced features, and that's what comes with the advanced, okay? So 49 per month for bookmap basic, it's billed quarterly. 99 per month for the advance, and that also is billed quarterly. You get the 14-day trial, and the difference between these two are the add-ons here, these features, okay? One is to be able to click, the one-click trading right from the chart. Some of these other proprietary indicators that we developed are for understanding very specific things in the order flow. For example, a large lot tracker, we can identify larger players in the order book, and that's going to give us some insight to how price might behave at those levels, okay? There's some order book and volume and balance indicators. There's an iceberg detector. The way that this works here is we read the order book and we read the transactions that take place, and a lot of times there'll be more transactions that take place than what was in the order book, and that's not possible, but if you use a hidden order type or an iceberg, that's what happens. Trades take place that are above and beyond what was in that limit order book, and we can identify those larger players using these iceberg orders. There's also a correlation tracker here. Quants, you can reach out to us for more information. You'll have your specific needs for connecting to your own data and your own indicators, et cetera. If you need a data feed, we offer, well, we don't offer, we have a link here. You can click here, and that'll take you to this page, and you can give a trial of these four different data feeds here, okay? All right. So you can get your data, and then you can connect book map, both using a 14-day trial if you want, okay? You can follow us here on social media, on Twitter, at bookmap underscore pro, and then our YouTube page here as well. There's some intro videos you might want to check out, features and components, and these video snippets here, order flow video snippets. These go through the order flow that we go through in detail in the advanced webinar, okay? So let me give you that link to the advanced webinar, and then let's start to look at book map here in just a moment, okay? Great. That link isn't working at the moment. Kidding me. All right, then this is, hold on just a moment. I'm sorry about this. Okay. All right, looks like I got it now. Okay. All right, so I'm going to place this into the chat. There you go. So look there, you can click on that and you can register for the 11 o'clock advanced order flow analysis webinar that comes with the trial or if you're a subscriber, okay? So you get a taste for what that is like. Let's see, Edson, you have a question. When you open a position, does the book map show the result in progress? Yeah, absolutely. So let's do that. I'll just open a quick position here and I'll demo this for you. And let's, we'll go short here. Okay, you know, I'm just jumping in here, okay, using the one-click trading here, all right? And so here's my position. Here's where I clicked, okay, and I am short. And we'll add another one up here before in front, run this high liquidity here. So this was a market sell and then this is a limit sell up here, all right? So the, let's see, so you can see that when I clicked, this is where I clicked, right? Using this one-click trading. And this is how long my book map is recording everything with your orders, which is fantastic because you can see where I clicked and where my order is. Now if I want to move this, you can just left-click, hold and drag here to just to the left of the vertical white line. And now it's recording everything that I did here. So you note how it records, you know, that I moved it and I can see all my actions here, okay? And, or if I cancel it, etc. So if I move it back up here, you know, it's all recorded here in book map. And yeah, if you want to see it in the chart, there's a P&L end position down here, okay? And it's, this is all recorded as well, all right? So really good stuff here, it's a good question. But, you know, for example, for your trade management and also for debriefing, it's, this is great to see because this is where I entered. Here's the zero line, okay? And you can see it moved immediately against me, but just starting to inch into profit here right now, okay? And so you can see how much risk I had against me. And then you can start to, you know, play around with that, okay? It's a great debriefing tool as well to be able to use this for your trading. You can use this in replay mode as well and see exactly, you know, how you manage your position and why you took these positions. Yeah, I really like it, especially if you have like a mentor or a coach and you want to share your trades or just with other people and learn from each other, etc., or just debrief your own trading. It's all, you can do it here, okay? All right, let's see the, what else, okay? Yeah, there's some bracketed orders and some OCO orders here as well. So you can also utilize that information and let's place some OCO orders here. I'll cancel this one. Hey, I'll just use my center mouse wheel and click on it and I'll cancel that. And I can place an OCO order. Okay, so basically I'm short down here at 66, right? And let's place some targets. So I'll place my limit by order down here. Okay, now this is going to be an OCO, so order cancels order. And then up here, I'm going to have my sell stop, okay? Or I'm going to buy stop. So I'm going to hold down shift and I'm going to left click. And then you can see the distinction in the line types here, okay? So this is my stop up here and this is my limit take profit down here, okay? All right, and you can, yeah, I move those around and let's see. I'll just, well, let's see if we get some price moving. I'll try to get stopped out here. There we go, okay? So I just got stopped out up here and you can see that it, as soon as I got stopped out up here, it's moving my direction. The other order over here canceled, okay? In fact, I can look at all of that trade data as well if I show all of my orders here, okay? And so this is a great debriefing tool, okay? So this is where I originally placed my market buy, I clicked here, or market sell. And I got filled here and then I placed another one up here and you can see my actions. And then I placed my OCOs up here, then I moved it down and it got filled and it canceled the other one here, all right? Okay, you want to look at some iceberg orders? Absolutely, okay? So let's turn on the indicators and there's some icebergs down here, 26, 26 contracts. See, that would have given me some good insight if I had that on. But you can see that they're absorbing in these areas right here, 20, 23, 26, so 71, okay? 15, this is all on buy side. So they're absorbing here with their iceberg orders at these levels and they are positioning themselves long, all right? So yeah, based on that, based on the movement up here and a nice little breakout here to the upside here, I'm actually, I'm glad you brought up the icebergs because based on what we see here in the chart, I'm looking for an extension to the upside, okay? We just broke above the little swing here, so we may get a little pullback to right around here where we are right now, okay? And let's see those buyers step in here, okay? Okay, let's turn our CVD back on, all right? Okay, anyway, I'll get to your any more questions about the iceberg orders here in a minute, but let me go through the basics because we do have some new traders in here and I just want to show you what book map is displaying here, okay? So that you have a good understanding of what this, what all this is here because it's a pretty unique software platform that visualizes all of this data in a really nice, insightful way here. So what is it? What are we looking at here? I mean, you saw me moving around orders, et cetera, within this heat map and so what is the heat map? This is a recording of the limit order book, okay? So we're looking here at the limit order book, look up here at 63.75, we see very high liquidity, okay? 159 contracts, 66 contracts, 77 contracts, okay? So it's bright white up in this area here and it's being recorded, okay? Over time. So when you see these numbers change here, you'll see the change happen in the heat map and then that is recorded and then transposed onto the chart. So these areas here is the adding and pulling of liquidity, okay? Here at 72.5, this is where it gets darker, they pulled liquidity, where it gets brighter, they added it back in. That's all it is. So there's basically three components to this chart and let me hide all of the orders here so it doesn't confuse and we're going to take off the indicators for now. Edson, you can ask me later if you like, but let's just take a look here at the three components that book map is displaying. It's very simple data, it is historical best bid and offer, the volume that traded on that historical best bid and offer and then heat map that I just described, okay? Or the historical limit order book. The current limit order book is here, the historical one is here on the chart, okay? That's it, there's only three elements here being displayed, okay? So let's start off one by one and go through all of these elements, okay? And I want to show the candlestick chart here because there's a lot of obscurity here in this candlestick chart. We really, you know, we've been looking at candlestick charts for years, but it's not giving us much insight at all.  But there's all sorts of little microstructural areas within here that we want insight to, okay? And we're not seeing it because it's aggregated within five minutes. So all of this data here is aggregated and we lose all sorts of details, okay? Another one is the volume, okay? Where the volume trade? This is really, really important to understand where the larger players are positioning themselves or the large transactions are taking place when and where and also in relation to that microstructure, okay? So let's turn on the Vespid and Offer and now we're starting to see the microstructure, okay? It's a really simple thing, but it's really insightful, all right? So for example, looking at this little area up here, you can see this candle here, we broke to the high, right? And a nice little flurry of activity we're going to see up here, but then it broke really hard, okay? So you're going to see a lot of selling here, all right? And we return back to where we broke from right here, all right? And we just returned again there just a couple of minutes ago, all right? And then we actually, I was looking for, based on those icebergs, I was looking for a continuation. We still may get it here, but we're back down into the range here at the moment, all right? Anyway, this microstructure here, we don't see in the candle, all right? So that's what Bookmap can help you with, is to understand the details here, but then let's turn on the volume and we'll really get a feel for what's going on, okay? Here's that aggressive selling, driving that price lower, here's that flurry of activity up here, and then you can see the retest up here, all right? Right back to where we broke from here, and it does not extend further and basically we rotate back down into the range here, all right? Okay, let's see. So that's the traded volume here with the dots. Let me show you exactly what comprises these dots, if I zoom in. And so this is that, you know, really, really simple data. Simple best bid and offer, offer is red, the bid is green, and these dots here are the volume that transacted on the best bid or offer, okay? So what we're displaying here in terms of volume is the aggressor, okay? So a dot here that is red is an aggressive market sell order, someone hit the market sell button. They took liquidity off of the best bid, okay? They paid up the spread here, and they took liquidity who was providing it on the bid here, and the transaction is recorded here in book map. Now I'm going to zoom into this little dot here, and I'm going to show you that the details of that transaction wasn't one transaction, it was actually several, okay? So we're down at microsecond level here, and we can continue on to nanosecond level, okay? We don't need to look at billions of seconds, but what we need to understand here is how book map is displaying every single event in the market that took place. And as I zoom out now, note that we are just going to graphically and visually consolidate all of that trade action into a bigger dot, okay? And I'll continue on, and it'll be a bigger dot yet, okay? So if I continue to zoom out, and finally, you can see that this is a dot here. So many transactions took place down here that the dot shows a pie display, that there's some buying, but mostly selling down here, okay? So that's what the pie display shows, if you want the exact numbers, you can hover over using this data tip tool, and it gives you the date, the time, what was on the bid here, and then the volume that traded, okay? And if you want the details, you can get that too, just zoom in, break apart all that trading activity, okay? And then you can hover over each transaction or each dot here, okay? So this looks like it was one trade for Volume 16, all right? Okay, so that's the volume, and then finally, let's get to the heat map here, okay? Let's zoom out, okay, and we can take the candlestick chart off, all right? So that's all we're showing, there's two elements here, the traded volume, exactly where, when, and how much, and what type, and even on a footprint chart, if you guys are accessing a footprint chart, you're not going to see the details here that you can see in book map. The reason being is that footprint chart, although, you know, I really like footprint charts, they don't give you the microstructure, though. It's still aggregated within a bar. So some of this price action and, you know, structure is going back and forth, where you're just going to see it aggregate within one big bar, and you're not going to get a real good feel for exactly how price is behaving within the microstructure. Understanding the microstructure leads to understanding the bigger move in the macro structure, all right? Okay, let's see a couple of questions here. Well, let me just go through the heat map quickly, and then we'll, I'll get to your questions, Edson, okay? So the heat map now, let's turn that on, okay? And I'm going to turn the indicators on, too, okay? So we've got the volume and we've got the historical best bid and offer. Now we have the historical auction, okay? So the current auction is over here, the current order book, all right? The COB column, this is your dome in book map. Best bid and offer here, this is my liquidity here on the offer, my liquidity here on the bid, and it's the same in this window here, okay? This is the best bid and offer in the last traded volume. And then note the heat map here is the reflection, a graphical reflection of the numeric values here in the limit order book. So when these numbers change, the heat map changes. And then that's recorded and transposed on to the chart. What this allows you to do is not only access the current order book, but the historical one, too. So as I zoom out, I get an understanding of where the buyers and sellers are and how they behaved in these areas, okay? So that's the third element that we're showing here on the chart, and that's basically it, okay? And we can adjust that heat map to look at just larger size liquidity and simplify it if that helps you as a trader. All right, Edson, your question's here. The heat map takes into account quantities of the book of offers and proportional AS&P supply and demand. Okay, the way the heat map works is calculating it, based on the zoom here. So within this range and the current book as well, right? Now, if someone jumps in here, let's say 3,000 contracts, okay? That'll be bright white. Everything else is gonna be in relationship to those 3,000 contracts. Well, let's say 300 for the NASDAQ. And that's the way that it works. So this is all historical. You can't change it, but the heat map will change if you zoom in and out of those areas, okay? So it's in reference to starting at the top and then working its way down, all right? Does that answer your question, Edson? Okay, all right, well, let's wrap it up. You guys have the link to the advanced order flow webinar. That starts in just a minute here. So let me give it to you again if you arrived a little bit later. There you go, 41 out of 5,000, okay? Not sure what you mean there, Edson, but anyway, yeah. Let me know, you can always follow up with me, bruceatbookmap.com. If you want to further this conversation, or you can also ask in the next webinar, okay? All right, we'll see you there.


Catholic bishops are working to ensure peace returns to emo state. This follows the many attacks on government facilities and they clamped down on separatists by the government, witnessed over the last few weeks. The bishops organise a special meeting on peace with two former governors and a senator in attendance. Afterwards, the chairman of the Special Bishops Committee on Peace, Archbishop Anthony Obina, said every indigent and resident need to get involved in ensuring peace returns. Dear people of emo state, thank you for your patience. Thank you for bearing with this very difficult situation. I urge you to continue to pray and to trust in God and trust that the process of peacemaking and getting ceasefire in emo state will, the tempo will increase. Yes, we have noticed that some quiet is returning to emo state, but we're not taking the similar apparent quiet as a final position. So that is why all hands have to be on deck to contribute to bringing peace back to emo state. What is happening in emo must not distract from the security challenge that is the bigger picture. And that's how we must be vigilant and organise ourselves to ensure that the headsmen and those issues are contained.


Hello everyone, welcome back to the course. We are discussing about the topic platforms used in remote sensing and in the last lecture we discussed about sun synchronous orbits basically or polar or near polar orbits in which a special type of orbit called sun synchronous orbit. So, in polar or near polar orbit essentially the satellite will be moving in an orbit that is oriented predominantly in the north south direction. So, whenever our orbit is like having any inclination other than like 0 or exactly 90 the orbit will undergo some sort of precession I have told you in the last class. So, precession means it will rotate around the earth's polar axis. This will happen because of earth's asymmetry and we take this to our advantage in launching satellites in orbits known as sun synchronous orbits. So, what are sun synchronous orbits? Sun synchronous orbits or those orbits in which if a satellite is placed it will come over a same place in a given direction at the same local mean solar time. Also the angle between the line joining earth and the sun and the orbital plane will remain constant throughout the year. So, we are like adjusting the precession such that the orbital plane completes one rotation around itself in one year. So, that it will always be the angle between earth, sun and the orbital plane will be maintained. We will continue further in today's lecture about further interesting topics which helps us to do repeated observations and global coverage. So, this slide actually gives you like a brief overview of like what are sun synchronous orbits this angle is what will be maintained. This is the major need and as I told you orbits will basically undergo precession and we are taking advantage of this naturally occurring precession and making the orbit to be sun synchronous. Also like I told you the orbit should complete one rotation around itself in one year which implies the angular velocity at which the orbital plane is processing will be having a value of something like this. A very small value, but still having such a value alone will make the orbit process in a definite rate. I actually told you that there are like I actually told you that for a satellite in sun synchronous orbit the local mean solar time at which the satellite overpasses will be the same irrespective of the launch due. Maybe we will see that with like a single diagram. Just see this particular figure this tells us like for a given latitude and for if a satellite is placed in sun synchronous orbit then the time or the local mean solar time at which the satellite overpasses a particular location and a particular direction whether it is in ascending or descending mode will be the same. So, here we have given an example of a satellite crossing the equator in descending mode at 10 am every day. So, I am just drawing this line. So, this tells us a particular satellite will cross 0 degree latitude every day at 10 am that is irrespective of longitude say 0 degree latitude means the equator surrounding the earth. So, whenever the satellite crosses the equator it will cross the equator in descending orbit like this from north to south in descending orbit whenever it crosses the local mean solar time at the place at 0 degree equator will be 10 am. This is like an example I am telling. The time period can be adjusted for different satellites but just as an example I am telling if a satellite overpasses at 10 am what will happen. Now, this overpass time normally what we call as equatorial overpass time will vary with latitude. Say here in this self for example this satellite will overpass the equator at 10 am but any other latitudes at higher than 0 degrees let us say 20 degree north latitude the time at which it will overpass will be slightly more than that that is maybe we will take 10 10 am for example I am telling. On the other hand if it is like 20 degrees south latitude then the time period may be around say 9 50 am at that particular location. So, this suggests the time period at which the satellite will overpass will vary with latitude but at the same time it will be more or less constant. So, normally if a satellite is launched in near polar sun synchronous orbits in the orbital parameters you will find a variable called or like a parameter called equatorial overpass time where the satellite team will mention and to what time the satellite will overpass the equator in which direction in ascending mode or in descending mode that they will give. Using that information and assuming like a circular orbit and like a spherical earth we will be able to calculate at what time the satellite will overpass in a given latitude like not all places on earth or in equator at each and every place on the earth the satellite will have one definite overpass time which we can calculate knowing this particular equatorial overpass time. So, this slide gives like a very simple formula for relating the equatorial overpass time with the time at any other latitude. Say that it is like a very simple one L is the latitude of the place, I is the orbital inclination, T is the equatorial overpass time and T L is the in any latitude in which we are interested upon. So, in this particular equation we have to use plus sign if the equatorial overpass happens in ascending mode or minus sign if it happens in descending mode. So, this is like a very simple formula that helps us to know how orbits or how satellite will overpass or at what time satellite will overpass over a given location. In order to achieve this sun synchronous orbit we need to adjust the precision rate, I have already told you. The precision rate should match with the earth's revolution time that is the orbit orbital plane should complete one full rotation around itself in one year. So, that precision rate can be changed by changing the orbital inclination and also the orbital height by playing with this parameters we can change the precision rate and we will adjust the precision rate such that it matches with earth's revolution speed. So, typically for earth observation satellites like we will launch remote sensing satellites normally in the range of 500 kilometers to 1000 kilometers altitude above the earth's surface. So, just see in this particular figure. So, the normal altitude will be 500 kilometers to 1000 kilometers for that particular altitude in order to achieve the precision rate that is required that 1.991 into 10 power minus 7 radians per second. In order to achieve this precision rate there is like a definite set of inclination that we should achieve in the orbit. So, this is something like this. So, the inclination should be between say 90 degrees to 100 degrees range. Most likely it will be for most of the satellites it will be around say 98 degrees 99 degrees and so on. So, if the orbital height is between 500 to 1000 kilometers above the earth's surface then the inclination has to range between this 90 to 100 degrees in order to achieve sun synchronous orbit. Then only the orbital plane will press us with the definite rate at which we will match it with the earth's revolution. This signifies all sun synchronous orbits are near polar orbits. It cannot be polar it can only be near polar. The inclination will always be greater than 90 to 100 degrees for most of the earth remote sensing applications that is one thing. And also the satellite motion will be in retrograde direction that is say orbit will be like this let us say earth will be moving like this. Say orbit is here earth will be moving like this. So, the satellite will be moving in a net direction opposite to that of earth. If earth is rotating from west to east the satellite will appear to move from east to west in a retrograde direction then only this orbital precision will be achieved. But orbital plane itself will rotate in the same direction as that of earth like the plane in which the satellite is rotating that itself will rotate in the same direction as that of earth. But the direction in which the satellite is moving will be in a direction opposite to the tough earth. So, this is what we have to keep in mind when we learn about satellites that are in sun synchronous orbit all these things should be in our mind when we look at those satellite data and use it in our analysis. Coming back to this particular equation like the equation which relates the equator lower past time with the time taken at any latitude. Now I just I have told you like we will like further experiment with or analyze it little bit deeper let us say this is like the orbit. I told you now the orbital inclination always has to be more than 90 let us say this is now 98 degrees just for example I am telling and satellite is moving like this in ascending mode. So, this is like the normal convention for satellites in polar or near polar orbits the inclination of the orbital plane will always be measured when the satellite is in ascending mode or in the ascending mode of its overpass that is like the convention we follow. So, that is why I am marking it like this. So, here the orbital inclination is given like this. Now let us see how this particular time period will vary. So, satellite is moving in this direction from south to north let us say the equator lower past time here is for example again 10 a.m. So, on all the places in southern hemisphere the overpass time will be greater than 10 a.m maybe 10 5 10 10 and so on whereas on the other hand for places in the northern hemisphere the time of overpass will be less than 10 a.m. So, this is the case if the satellite is in ascending mode sun synchronous orbit. Let us consider about the descending mode. For satellite in descending mode orbit has to be drawn like this north south this is the equator lower past time again let us take the same example of 10 a.m. If the satellite is in descending mode then the overpass time for the places in northern hemisphere will be greater than 10 a.m and the overpass time for the places in southern hemisphere will be less than 10 a.m. So, based on this general overpass time or this general equation we can calculate at what time our or the satellite will overpass our given latitude the latitude at which we are interested upon. This will not change with longitude like whatever be the different different longitudes is there it will be constant for the time will vary only based on like a given latitude. So, for all the places present in a same latitude the overpass time will be the same that is the characteristics of sun synchronous orbit. But please remember one thing the time here we are talking about is mean solar time that is given by normally taken from the Greenwich meridian. So, we will measure it based on the longitude of the place in which we are located. So, roughly say India has like a standard longitude let us take an example of 82.5 degree east longitude. So, this is where this is a standard longitude for India. So, the time in our watches normally will represent the time taken at this particular longitude as this is like the standard longitude for Indian country. But this is like what we call the standard time. But the time what we are talking here is the local mean solar time that is we have to calculate or we need to know the longitude of our place. For that particular longitude what is like the difference in time between the Greenwich meridian and our place normally like one degree of longitude from Greenwich meridian will increment the time by 4 minutes that is our idea that is if time is say midnight 12 o'clock in Greenwich meridian at 1 degree east longitude the time will be 12 hours or 0 0 hours 4 minutes. At 2 degree east longitude it will be 0 0 hours 8 minutes and so on. So, that is like the general based on the average rotation of or average revolution average rotation speed of earth around the sun. So, this is local mean solar time we have to calculate it at all the longitudes on which we are located upon ok. We should not be seeing just the time in our watch, the time in our watch will give us like the standard time that is based on the standard meridian for each country. For example, as I already told you the standard meridian for India is 82.5 degree east. But when we want to calculate the time in which satellite will overpass first what we should do is we should first know the equatorial overpass time. From the equatorial overpass time we should adjust it to our latitude in which we are located or which we are interested upon. Then based on the longitude also like we have latitude now in order to locate a point we also need a longitude. At that longitude what will be the local mean solar time that will come to us. Let us say we are in India and I am interested in knowing the overpass time of a satellite in longitude something around say 75 degrees not in 82.5 degrees. So, the standard time which is shown in my watch I should adjust it. I should bring that to this 72 degrees or 75 degrees in which I am interested upon that time only I should take. So, there is always there may be a slight confusion between standard time and local mean solar time. Here all the time we are talking about is local mean solar time and not the time shown in our watches. The local mean solar time of a particular place should be calculated based on the longitude of the place at what time then only we will achieve that particular or we will be able to calculate the exact time in our watch at will the satellite will overpass. We always have to do this kind of minor adjustments. So, now what we have discussed is maintaining the same overpass time. But what are the main aim of launching a satellite in sun synchronous orbit? The main aim of launching a sun synchronous orbit is to get maximum coverage around the earth that is like one major goal that is from geosynchronous orbit we have already seen we will not be able to get maximum coverage around the earth. Geosynchronous orbit will be seeing only one particular area of the globe. In order to get like a global coverage naturally the satellite should rotate in the near polar orbit or polar orbit earth will be rotating based on which you will be able to cover the entire globe that is one thing. Second thing is periodic observations that is we will always want the same location on the earth to be imaged under same sensor object and sun illumination conditions that is let us say satellite is moving in one particular orbit there is a place underneath it some city or someone. We will want the place to be imaged with the same orbital parameters same look angle and everything in a repeated manner maybe once every two weeks once every one month and so on. This is to achieve like periodic observations under same conditions of achieving same geometry between satellite the target even like the sun even the sun synchronous orbit will achieve this more or less like the same conditions of solar illumination more or less it will vary with season but we will try to achieve as close as constant solar illumination condition. But this satellite overpass will vary safe example that is a place here a satellite can see this particular place from Nader or from any other orbit by treating its camera or by like having like a very wide scan angle anything is possible. Say take an example for like a satellite called MODIS which has like a very wide scanning angle of around like 2300 kilometers. So, same place can be imaged from multiple orbits when it is directly over at the place when it is in an orbit away from it by the scan or when the orbit is placed like here again by the scan. So, by increasing the scan angle also the same place can be imaged continuously from adjacent orbits that is possible. But scientist will always aim for achieving repeated orbits after every certain number of days that is the concept of getting repeated orbits. Repeated orbits means the satellite track or the ground track say the satellite is rotating in its orbital plane whenever a satellite is moving on in the space we can always create like a Nader track. Nader track means we can draw like a straight line connecting the satellite and the point on the earth surface. That will create like a Nader track. What we want is after certain number of days the Nader track should repeat say once every 16 days the satellite should exactly come to the same overhead the same ground point maybe once every 16 days once every 24 days and so on. Different different satellites have different different characteristic parameter and as I told you the main aim of doing this is to get like a repeated observations of the same place with same geometry between the satellite and the point on the earth surface. This is one of the periodic repeated coverages one of like the major aim of launching a satellite in sun synchronous orbit. So, launching a satellite in sun synchronous orbit will give us a near global coverage more or less and then it will help us to achieve like a higher spatial resolution than what is achieved by geostationary orbit that is also there definitely because of the lower altitude then it will help us to make periodic coverage in a repeated manner of the same place with same geometrical conditions. But how to achieve this repeated orbits first before going to see that we will understand how the satellite will trace the ground track. This is equator the earth is moving in this particular direction north south this is the orbit satellite is in descending mode. Let us say the satellite is starting from here it is moving in descending mode it is come going to complete one rotation when it is going to complete one orbit the earth would have moved a certain distance let us say this is point A when the satellite started. So, by the time the satellite completes one full orbit the ground point A would have moved certain distance to its east and a new point from west like the ground point B would have come here. So, the ground track of the satellite is changing because of earth's rotation underneath it orbit is there but due to earth's rotation the ground track will be keep on changing. So, by the time the satellite completes one orbit around the earth the ground track would have changed it would have come to like a new location like now the satellite will be overhead a place that is west to the to its starting location. Other than this orbit is also processing like orbit will process in this particular direction like it will process in the same direction of the earth ok. So, the net effect will be more like one due to earth rotation and the other due to orbit's precision. The net effect will be still the satellite will be now in the spot that is normally to the west of its starting location. So, between the first orbit and the second orbit the satellite would have come to the point that is to the west of its starting point. Similarly, third orbit again the new point where it is starting its new orbit will be further west of its second point and so on. It will always be proceeding like this not naturally when you look for like many satellites in sun synchronous orbits you will you can sense this particular pattern. Then let us assume it completed one full day normally a satellite will have 14 to 16 orbits normally per day ok. This will be not like integer every day the number will be 14 point some orbit 15 point some orbit it is not a integer it will vary it will have like some fraction I will tell you why later. So, let us say one full day has elapsed earth has completed one full rotation. Now normally what will happen is now the satellite is going to start its first orbit in day 2. The first orbit in day 2 will most likely will not be in the same ground point a say same ground point a is where the satellite started its first orbit in day 1. It it made like several orbits with different different starting points for each orbit. Now when comes the second day second day the first orbit it will not start with the same ground point a normally scientists will not launch a satellite in such an orbit it is possible to achieve that but normally they will not do. It will start again at some other point most likely to the west again to the west of this starting point ok. So, what they will do is every day say this is day 1 orbit 1 then on day 2 the orbit 1 orbit 1 we may be like this ok. So, day 3 orbit 1 something like this. So, every day the new starting point or the starting point of the first orbit will always be different than the starting point of the previous day this will always be proceeding like this. This is to get like a global coverage with high spatial resolution and smaller swath width maybe I will explain all these later. So, normally satellites in sun synchronous orbit the orbits will be designed in such a manner the ground coverage happens like this. So, after every time the satellite completes 1-1 rotation it will move to the west and after 1 full day also when it starts a new like orbit number 1 in day 2 also the starting point will be different than the starting point on the day 1. After a certain number of days say 16 days the satellite will start its first orbit exactly over at the point a this is what is called repeated orbits ok. So, again the entire cycle will go on again after 16 days satellite will come over at the exactly the same point a when it is starting the first orbit in day 1. So, there is like a definite number of cycles say 16 days once 24 days once even some satellite has like 90 days once when the orbit track will repeat this is this kind of orbit is being like designed or placed in order to achieve like a global coverage ok. So, in this lecture we have discussed about like again we discussed about orbital procession we also discussed about like for near polar sun synchronous orbits the inclination angles we have discussed about like the over past time conditions at different different latitude and so on. In the next lecture we will continue with this topic and finish this particular topic. Thank you very much.


आब जो लोग Hopefully they recognise that animals are also suffering like us उJessica from injury or qued अप आप आप अपने खाने किक् цент जणवरो कोर than only animal's stomach copper has install heart नहीं toolbar