Now, we talked about the energy flow diagram and we talked about the overall global energy use. We would like to see how does India compare with the world and what are the expected growth rates in the Indian context. So what I would, I suggested to you that you should actually look at different countries and try to do the energy balance. We can do the same thing for India. We have a table which gives you the indigenous, what is the amount of production of coal, oil, natural gas, what kind of, what are the imports, exports and the stock changes and then you can get the primary commodities. Some of them are being transformed into secondary commodities. For instance, coal is being transformed to electricity and even in electricity we are importing and exporting, we are importing electricity from Nepal and we may be exporting again to some of our neighbors, then may be stock changes and then there is a final use. So this is what is there, there is a, in the International Energy Agency there is a Energy Statistics Manual and with that you can look at the database and you can actually work out this for any country that you want and that will give you also a sense of the calculation, a sense of these energy flow diagrams and a relative sense of magnitude, which is how important is hydro, how important is coal, how much of the energy is imported for that country and I would encourage you to do this on your own so that you get a sense of the overall energy. So when we talk about the energy balance, you will find for instance if you are trying to do this for India we would like to see in a year how much coal are we using, how much oil, tons of oil, tons of coal or barrels of oil and then in the case of the natural gas it is often expressed as normal meter cube or standard meter cube, electricity will be in kilowatt hour or million units and then for a physical, for a certain amount of coal we will measure the energy content by either the gross calorific value or higher heating value or the net calorific value based on the fuel composition and then we can convert it also into coal equivalent, oil equivalent that kind of thing. So typically when you look at an Indian balance we take Indian coal has an average energy content which is lower than that of international South African or Australian coal and it is right now the average may be of the order of little less than 5000 kilocalories per kg, 4500 you multiply that by 4.18 kilojoules and you get 18.8 mega joules per kg and oil has a greater calorific value per kg, it is about 41.8 mega joules per kg and natural gas is of that same order of magnitude. In the case of nuclear and hydro it is very difficult to talk about the amount of flow of water but what we know is, we know the generation from hydro plants and we work backwards using the efficiency. So hydro efficiency, plant efficiencies of the order of 85 percent, nuclear of 25 percent and then you can get what is the energy content. So some of the terms that we may want to look at when we do these overall balances, one is the plant load factor. Plant load factor of a plant is the actual generation of a plant over a period which may be a day or a month or a year divided by the maximum possible generation if it is operated continuously at the rated or the design value. So typically what happens in these plants is that the plant would like to operate at high plant load factor. Why is that? That is because whatever investment you have you would like to recover it over a larger number of units. So your electricity would be cheaper if you have higher plant load factors but the plant load factor will be dictated by the fact that you know you cannot just supply electricity to the grid. There has to be a demand for that electricity. So that supply demand matching is one of the factors when you look at the electricity system but so plant load factor is one of the things. In every power plant there is an auxiliary consumption that means in a coal based power plant you will find that there are fans and there are pumps and these consume electricity. So of the electricity which is being generated some part is being used internally inside the plant itself that is the auxiliary consumption and so what we often do is we can specify the output of a power plant in terms of the gross power output or the net power output. In the Indian power system we specify it usually by the gross power output. In the Europeans and US often talk about it in terms of net power output and then the gross power output minus whatever is being used internally becomes the net power. So the auxiliary consumption percentage is the auxiliary consumption into 100 divided by the net power output. So if you look at these terms let us do a simple calculation. So if we look at a thermal power plant which is rated at 500 megawatt gross it has 9 percent auxiliary consumption and has an annual PLF of 80 percent. So we want to calculate the annual generation in megawatt hours and in million units and in gigajoules. And the next part of the question is if the plant has an efficiency of 38 percent calculate the input energy supplied to the plant we can do this in terms of megajoules, petajoules, terajoules in joules basically and if the input energy use this coal calculate the amount of coal used. So let us solve this problem. Let us look at this is a 500 megawatt plant and 500 megawatt this is a unit of power. So if we look at 500 megawatts in an hour the plant generates if it is operating at its rated load it will generate 500 megawatt hours. In a day it will generate 500 into 24 and in a year the maximum that it can generate if operating at its rated load is 500 into 24 into 365 megawatt hour. Now this turns out to be you can do the number you will find that this is 438 into 10 raise to 4 megawatt hour.  Million units is million kilowatt hour. One megawatt hour is 10 raise to 3 kilowatt hour. So we are talking of million units means 10 raise to 6. So then this is going to be equal to 438 0 into 10 raise to 6 million kilowatt hour also known as an MU and you will find in many of the reports all the electricity data is given in MUs which is this. Sometimes you will find in the larger scale reports that instead of million units we also talk in terms of billion units. So if this was billion units this would be 4.38 billion kilowatt hour. So we did that first part. Now we want to see you see we have 9% auxiliary consumption. So this is the gross power output. If it is operating continuously it is the maximum. We have a plant load factor of 80%. So the plant load factor PLF is 0.8. This will be the actual generation by maximum possible generation. So the actual generation is sorry this should be 438 0 million kilowatt hour 438 0 MU. This is 438 0 MUs. And so the actual generation is 0.8 into 438 0 million units which is you can multiply it and you will get 3504 MUs. Now this is the gross generation, gross actual generation. If you want to convert this into gigajoules this will be now 1. If we look at this, this is 3504 into 10 raise to 6 kilowatt hours. 1 kilowatt hour is 3600 kilojoules. This is in kilojoules. And if we are multiplying getting this in gigajoules we have to divide this by remember gigajoules 10 raise to 9. So it is this is so many gigajoules. And so that is this is the kind of calculation actually we can even the number is quite high. And instead of gigajoules we can put this in terms of terajoules divided by another 10 raise to 6 and you will see that you get an answer of 12600 sorry 126144 terajoules, can check this number, okay. Now let us look at this was the gross generation. We were talking in terms of the auxiliary consumption. So if we look at a power plant we have an input and we have a gross generation. This gross generation is 3504 mUs out of which we have an auxiliary consumption a being used and this net which we get is 3504 minus a. So let us calculate we are told that 9% is the auxiliary consumption which means a divided by the net output which is 3504 minus a is equal to 9 by 100. And when you calculate this you will find that 8 turns out to be 346.5 mUs. So the other thing that we have to calculate we have to calculate the energy input in terms of input energy and the annual amount of coal used. So if you look at the input energy we already calculated that the output is 126144 into 10 raise to 12 joules or 10 raise to 9 kilojoules and the energy input will be this. This is the total output. This has to be divided by the efficiency. So when you calculate this you will find that this comes to 33196 terajoules it is a large number. 500 megawatt plant almost operating at its full load continuously for a year. So let us see now what does this mean in terms of the amount of coal used. So this energy is supplied by the coal. So we will need to know how much is the amount of energy per unit of coal and if you see we are talking of a calorific value of 4500 kilocalories per kg into 4.18. So this is so many kilojoules per kg of coal which is 18810 kilojoules per kg. So what we need to do is we take this number that we have, the energy input that we are providing 31, 300196 into 10 raise to 9 kilojoules divided by 18810. This is per, this is now kg of coal per year that is a very, kg is a small unit. So let us make it into tons so we divide it by 10 raise to 3 and let us see how many million tons. So we will divide it again by 10 raise to 6. So this is now million tons of coal per year. So then when you look at this if you divide this you will get 1.76 million tons of coal per year. We could also divide the amount of coal per unit of electricity that we are generating. Again we can decide whether it is for gross or net and when you do that you find that we are using about 0.5 kg of coal per kilowatt hour. We will come back to this when we talk about the environment and other things. But here this was to just show you one simple calculation when we think in terms of energy and power and we look at a power plant. Let us go back to our main topic and using this we can actually build up a total energy balance equation. Remember we were talking in terms of, in extra joules for India you will find that the largest chunk of our energy supply comes from coal and we get a reasonable amount of coal in terms of imports. In terms of oil also is a major chunk of our energy supply. In the oil the bulk of the oil is coming from imports. So if you look at the total primary energy supply of 47 extra joules you will find that this then goes and we can see a large chunk of the energy is going to the power sector. And then in the power sector there are conversion losses and transmission and distribution and auxiliary losses and then you have the electricity which is going to different sectors. One of the major sectors is the industrial sector for electricity and then is the residential sector and then the rest the commercial. And we have a reasonable amount of biomass which is being used in our energy supply. Most of it is being used in the traditionally in the residential sector for cooking with very low efficiency. So this is like a psyche diagram which gives you an sort of overall idea of the energy situation in the country. Let us also do a simple calculation of India versus the world. We are a population we have a population of about 1.3 billion as compared to the world 7.4 billion and we are one of the largest countries in the world. You will see that on a per person basis the GDP is about a little less than half of the world average and this is done on a per chasing power parity basis later on in this course we will talk about market exchange rate and purchasing power parity. If we look at the energy inputs we can see the primary energy used is 36 exajoules and for the world it is about 576 exajoules and the energy used per person again we on an average the energy used per person is significantly lower than the world average may be about a third of that. And similarly if you look at the electricity used 920 kilowatt per person per year as compared to 3000. This obviously means that on a per capita basis are CO2 emissions are significantly lower than the world average CO2 per unit of GDP is of course slightly higher and we will come back to this when we talk about the kaya identity and other factors. So when we look at different energy systems there are many different pathways for end users. So we you can look at we talked about the energy flow diagram and when we talk about the energy flow diagram we are looking at different primary energy sources whether it is solar, biomass, wind, small hydro, geothermal, grid electricity and this many of these can come into creating electricity and then that goes into the different kinds of end users like space cooling, space heating, water heating, cooking, lighting and there are many different ways in which we can configure energy systems. So with this if we look at the overall summing up of what we have discussed today we talked about an energy flow diagram and we saw how we move from primary to secondary and to the final energy to the energy end use. We then took that concept to create an energy balance diagram for a region. We looked at what factors affect the overall energy use. We looked at different units of power and energy and their conversion we talked about a 500 megawatt power plant and did a simple calculation. If you look at the energy use pattern we are talking of exponential unbounded growth and that itself may not be sustainable and that is the issue that we will talk about when we talk about energy and environment. There is a disparity between developed and developing countries and this again is something which we will touch upon in the course when we talk in terms of inequality, measures of inequality and see how to aggregate and look at inequality and their impacts both in terms of income as well as in terms of energy. Drawing up aggregate energy balances we talked about level of aggregation which is basically for the country as a whole or the world as a whole and we were talking of physical and energy units. The goal with what we have done today and with the references you can develop an energy balance for a region and we would encourage you to look at one country and look at an energy balance and look at the trends of that energy balance in that country and this will help you get some insights on the energy systems for that country. So the question that I leave you with is what are the drivers for energy systems? So we saw that population is a driver, the income and the increase, the affluence is a driver for energy systems and in addition to this there are other drivers and we will see that the environment is one of the major drivers for energy systems and that will be the next theme that we talk about. In this course we will look at the energy systems, we will look at the resources for energy supply, we will look at how to allocate and them optimally and we will look at economics and we will look at environment. So we will basically blend energy, resources, economics and environment to get a complete perspective and give you the tools and techniques for you to be able to analyze different decisions in the energy sector. These are some of the references which we have used and I would encourage you to look at the global energy assessment. The first chapter provides the basics and that will be, those will give you a lot of the inputs that will be required later on in the course. There are also many different sources and that is the International Energy Agency and the World Energy Outlook where you will have a large number of numbers and scenarios but we would like you to be able to go behind these numbers and to be able to do the analysis so that you can understand what is happening in the system. So with this we will conclude this lecture. Thank you.


High school softball action section 7 3 8 quarters with Hermantown hosting Grand Rapids tied at two in the second Alana Mary of Hermantown puts it through the left side two runs come in four two Hermantown Grand Rapids trying to come back in the fourth inning Emily Watchnick hard chopper to the pitcher out at first for the Thunderhawk run scores that was as close as they would get Grand Rapids falls by a score of five to four they'll take on Princeton on Saturday to try and remain alive if you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS


And today's topic is Trump dumps on the prestige of the Oval Office. You know how many times in our youth, which was a long time ago, where we told you could do anything you want by your parents or grandparents, your friends, family, you could do anything you want. You could even be president of the United States. I'm not sure parents or friends, teachers. I'm not sure they say that anymore. And why is that? Well, it seems to me that the luster of the Oval Office, President of the United States, has been worn off a bit. Now, we can look to where we are today, and we are going to do that. We're going to take a deep look at where we are today, and some of the actions and words of former president that has tarnished the luster of the Office of President of the United States. But, you know, let's go back a little bit in time. It would be fair to have a deeper perspective. And, you know, we could look at President Wilson. He had the Espionage and Sedition Act of 1917. Basically, it was the cast, you know, doubt and negative attitudes about those of different races and or political beliefs. We could look to the FDR Administration and Executive Act 9066, which detains 110,000 Japanese Americans. Just because they're Japanese. We could look at Ronald Reagan and the Iran Contra, arms for sale deal. That was in a bright moment for his administration. That took off some of the luster of the Oval Office. We could look at the, of course, the Richard Nixon Watergate scandal. Certainly put a deep, deep hole in the office of President of the United States. Bill Clinton and the Monica Lewinsky affair scandal. Not good for the luster of the office. President Bush Jr. was accredited with the torture of prisoners in Guantanamo. And, but let's fast forward to Donald Trump. We have a president, had a president that was two times impeached. One for trying to hold back funds because he was trying to do a quid pro quo with Ukraine to get dirt on Joe Biden. And certainly the other one is his involvement with January 6th attack on the Capitol. So there's a lot more things that we're going to look at. And I'm going to go to my guests. With me today is my co-host Jay Fidel and our special esteemed guests, instead of my, that's plural. With me is our longtime host and participant and guest. Welcome back Cynthia Lee Sinclair. And of course, our ever famous special esteemed guests, Chuck Crumpton. Wow, it's a reunion. I'm happy. Good morning. Good morning. Jay, I'm going to go to you. I rattled off a whole bunch of things that presidents did, but I'm going to focus a little bit on really is the question valid. Has the Oval Office lost its luster due to the direct or indirect acts of either current presidents or former president? Let me tell you a story. It was 2016 and Trump was running for the first time. And there was a big State Department foreign policy meeting like he and the speaker was a guy from the State Department, very senior, very senior in government. And he talked about some of the things that Trump had promised in his campaign and Trump's history. And he was not particularly complimentary. And somebody asked him the question as well, suppose Trump is elected, how is it going to change things? And he said, don't worry. Trump will be impeached within six months. And then somebody said, why do you say that? He said, because Trump is a boor. That's why among all the other things, all the other crazy things in his number one first campaign, he's a boor and that overrides in all people will not tolerate a boor. And of course, he was right in the impeachment. He was wrong in the timing. And he was wrong in the thought that people will not tolerate a boor. They are tolerating a boor. Can you imagine George Washington making fun of somebody who is disabled with talking down heroes of the country? Can you imagine that? I mean, we've had 230 years of presidents that we admire, even if they were bad presidents, even if they were evil, even if they did wrong things and had bad policies, at least they were not boors. And now, with Trump in the first term and possibly in the second, we have a boor. And the question is, don't you have to measure a country who would elect and permit a boor to be president? Is that part of the office? There has to be a certain amount of class to a national leader. There has to be a certain amount of class, some discipline, some gentrimentliness about the leader of the free world. And for some reason, this country, at least a lot of people in this country, will tolerate a boor at every level, aside from his policies, aside from his craziness, aside from his racism and destruction of the democracy and all that. Aside from that, he's a boor. And that's where we have come to. And it's hard to understand, but the guy who spoke at this diplomatic meeting in 2016, he knew. You know, before I go to Cynthia for the next question, I'm thinking of the chief of staff, his first chief of staff, General John Kelly, who was the actual source of the Atlantic article and actually has confirmed that he was the source and confirming the statements that Donald Trump made about our heroes, our veterans that were killed in World War I and II.  And he was Commander-in-Chief at that time when he made those comments. So I don't know what adjective I could use other than the word boor. I'm sure there are probably adjectives I can't say here on the air, but as Commander-in-Chief, I have never forgotten that. I have never let that go from my memory of the horrible insults that he said about our veterans. And also, he's at the grave site of his son, John Kelly's son, and he said, and I quote, I don't see what they got out of it. At the grave site of his son. I mean, if I was kept General John Kelly, I don't know what I would have said or done. I'm sure I would have been arrested for striking the president in the mouth. But that's just me. So, Cynthia, this topic, I'm sure you did some research and I'm dying to hear kind of what your thoughts are about Donald Trump and what your thoughts are about the prestige of the Oval Office and what Donald Trump has contributed to the lack of the luster.  Immigration bills, zero. He did border closed, zero. Wall money, zero. And I could go on and on and on and on and on structure week, all of those things. What I really want to start with though is a quote from one of the best American novels I've written, Catch 22, Joseph Heller. It was miraculous. It was almost no trick at all. He sought to turn vice into virtue, slander into truth, impotence into abstinence, arrogance into humility, plunder into philanthropy, thievery into honor, blasphemy into wisdom, brutality into patriotism and sadism into justice. Anybody could do it. It requires no brains at all. It merely requires no character. And I love that, that it's so exactly what Trump did and how long ago was this written? We've got all these wonderful quotes that we can pull up, you know. I guess one of the things that strikes me to answer this question is in all of this legal stuff that he's going through, he doesn't want to try to claim his innocence. All he does is try to claim that it's okay for him to do it. And I think that says a lot. He's not trying to say, oh, I'm innocent. He's just trying to say I have the right to do it. You know, that's a great point. I remember early on this show months ago, we had Governor John Wahey on. And the comment he made that has also stuck with me is that Donald Trump has given permission for many Americans to say bad things and act badly. And it was a permission from the highest office in the land. So my question, my follow-up question is this, Cynthia. What harm to our democracy takes place if the highest office in the land is no longer viewed with respect or prestige? Oh, and it trickles down to every single agency, the military, and everybody else. It doesn't just stay there in the presidency. It trickles down to every American. And the biggest thing is that truth has been devolved into opinion. And there's no longer a fact that we can look at because everybody has their own perception of what that fact is now. And I think the fact that we don't have a definition of truth that we can all agree on anymore. And that is going to just not just to the agencies and the military and everybody else, devolve it going down and trickling down into all of society. People don't respect each other anymore. People don't respect anything anymore, but their own, excuse the lie, trumped up opinion. And so that's where I think it really is damaging for all of us. Okay, thanks for that perspective. It's a good one. Chuck, do you agree that the office of President of the United States has diminished in its prestige and or credibility or respect? Or do you think it's just a sign of the times? I want to thank Cynthia for both returning and for one of her always memorable quotes. And in honor of Cynthia's return, I have a spur-of-the-moment haiku on the theme of this show. The office has been tarnished. The truth has been varnished. What's next for us? Wonderful. Love that. Don't throw that away. Keep that. Well, it's recorded, right? So second, this is Vietnam Veterans Day. If ever there were a time to remember that the transition between the internal and the external destruction, both individual and collective of war and violence and the ability to bring people together that we last saw in Bobby Kennedy, Martin Luther King, and people now 50, 60 years ago, if ever there were a time where the need for that is greater, it's not been in my 77 years. And Trump offers none of that. You're going to invite someone into your home and you look at the qualities that this person manifests on a daily basis. You look at the way he treats others, the way he talks to and about others. Not just immigrants, judges, families of judges, senators, national leaders in other countries, international leaders. He has absolutely no restraint because the characteristic of narcissism is all of your gain must be at the expense of others. And the others he chooses to inflict his gain at their expense upon are the people who most deserve to be honored, respected, valued and served. What's next for us? What's next for us? Great. But if you want to know what I really think I'll tell you later. Okay. Let it fly. So hang on to that thought and let it fly later on this show. Jay, you know, recently Donald Trump has been saying, and he's had a history of saying this, is that I'm not elected. This will be the last election probably for the United States. Or if I'm not elected, there'll be a bloodbath. He's the only president I'm aware of that actually has tried to overthrow an election, the 2020 election. I'm not sure other presidents have actually tried to thwart a political process during an election. Where do we go with this? Are we going to expect this for 2024? It looks like he's not doing well in the polls or do we get an advanced warning of his planned activities for November 2024? Let me answer that in two ways. Number one is he's been perfecting his January 6th technique for the last couple of years, and he is unlikely to allow Biden to win. Even if Biden wins, Trump will do another insurrection. And it may not look like the same kind of insurrection in January 6th, some other kind of insurrection. And he's gearing up to that. He's getting his MAGA Republicans to prepare for it, to suppress voting, to ask crazy legislation, to aid in his argument that he's going to make if he loses. So I think the answer is he's planning one way or the other to be the president again. And he's going to make great efforts and do great lying and disinformation and violence to bring people together. It's all very clear. This is not an empty thread. We've seen him do it before, but it'll be worse. The second part is to go to answer a question you posed earlier, and that is what can we do about it? And can we come back from where Trump is? And the answer is in a system I often comment on where the stock market is concerned. It's the fatigue system. So the stock market goes up until it gets tired of going up, and then it goes down. And then when it's down, at some point, it gets tired of going down. So then it comes up again. Oh, if that could happen here, more likely we are, we, meaning the country, and especially his acolytes and his base, are really tired of democracy, like Timothy McVeigh in the Oklahoma bombing years ago, tired of the country, tired of democracy, tired of the Constitution, tired of other people controlling things. And what you do is you destroy it. And Trump is a destroyer, and he is appealing, he is giving license to those in the country who are, likewise, tired of government, tired of patriotism, tired of respect. And so that is the more difficult problem. Does the fatigue theory apply to them? And when it hits bottom, can we ever recover? And I'm not sure we can. I think that's probably a one-way street because the destruction of the democracy, the destruction of civil society is hard to recover from. We've seen that in other places and other parts of our global history. So I'm very worried that, as I said before, if he's a boar, and he's a liar, and he's a misogynist, and a destroyer of democracy, and there are people who take license from that, who follow him, who believe, and I quote, he is the best president that we have ever had, and quote, heard that many times, you know, that it's really kind of too late. He has unleashed the genie, the evil genie out of the bottle. And although my fatigue theory applies on the top end to go down, it doesn't necessarily apply at the bottom end to return. I don't think it's recoverable. Sorry. Okay, as a follow-up, you know, in many shows we've talked about, the American public has what is known as Trump fatigue to use your stock market analogy. Are we still in the days of Trump fatigue, or has that now changed? Has Trump re-energized a new following, or are Americans fatigued with Donald Trump? We've seen the many polls that Americans don't want to see Trump or Biden run as presidents and see a repeat match-up. Where are we on that point? Well, that's such a good question. Really, it's important that we talk about it here now, because there is a certain amount of fatigue, and it's not necessarily on the MAGA GOP side of the equation. It's on the other side, or maybe it's for the independence, or for those who are uncommitted. But I think people are really getting tired of him. And part of it is, you know, the borer and the lack of respect and the clear threats to democracy and to civil society and to the global order. These are obvious things, and there hopefully are a lot of people who recognize those signals and who are getting tired of him, and hopefully who will vote for Biden, or, well, hopefully Biden, somebody other than Trump. And so that is something we should watch. We should watch it here on American issues. We should all be watching the signs of fatigue about Trump. And I think I would add one other thing, and that is there have been a number of articles and videos on YouTube lately by psychologists and psychiatrists, you know, who have been tracking his mental state. And it goes to dementia, it goes to a lack of mental acuity, all his mistakes that he makes, factual mistakes, and judgment mistakes.  And the general contention among them, of course they're all anti-Trump anyway, the general contention among them is that it's getting worse. Okay, so the question is whether it's visible that it's getting worse. And whether it's visible ultimately to more people inside the Trump baseway, because if they start recognizing this, they're not going to go along with him, they're going to say, well, you know, we like some of the things he has said, and we think he's a great guy, but he's not fit to run the country. The problem is those people are not necessarily educated, they're not necessarily Akamai about the country, the history, and what it takes to be president, because they've gone along with him so far. But I suggest that as he gets worse, they may reconsider. Okay. Cynthia, you know, we recently have seen Donald Trump sell his tennis shoes, the gold-sprayed ones for $299. We've seen him hock some Bibles for $59.99. Of the things that the last seven years, what comes to your mind as to some of the most significant things that have brought disrespect or lack of prestige to the office of President of the States, did you think of a couple of things that stand out in your mind? Yeah, I can think of a lot of things, and the thing that... Just a couple. We only have so much time left. I really love that. But the thing that gets me about that is he is still degrading the office now, even though he's out of the office. And I think that is a really important thing to think about and realize. This is before he even declared that he was going to be president. I wanted to be president again, was going to run. So this started the minute he left. You know, what was the very first thing he did?  Well, he sold his mugshot, too. He's trying to sell his mugshot. Yes, those things like that, there's two things right there. So I won't go on with that. I have a quote from a bunch of people, but I'm going to read this one from John Adams, because you know me and my quotes, and I got a bunch of good ones. So we thought... We love your quotes. The most important... This is John Adams, okay? The most important thing to bear in mind is this. You must not give power to a man unless above everything else he has character. So I'll back the character. You know, Peggy Noonan has this great quote, and since we're running out of time, I won't read the whole quote. I'll just tell you basically what it says. That same thing. Character.  You can hire smart people to do stuff if you're not smart.  If you need that, if you're not really smart, like look what Bush did, the second Bush did, you know? Okay, you can hire people that can do that stuff for you, but if you have no character, none of it matters. And that's what Trump had none of. And that's what he brought to the presidency, was this awful, I can do anything I want. It doesn't matter if it's against the law. You know, I have a quote from John Quincy Adams that says you must never, never accept a president that does things that you would not be able to do. You would, that would be unlawful for you to do. I don't want to mess up the quotes and call them quotes because I'm kind of quickly, you know, doing them. But I think that's so important that we realize that every Republican that still supports Trump has given up their integrity in order to get what they want. And anyone that will give up their integrity to get what they want, they have no character in my mind. And so I would say that it ruins the character of the country and that's where unfortunately, this, you know, doomsday projection or prediction or things we have no hope. And that would be why, because the people are no longer, not just tired, but their integrity has been attacked and assailed and no longer exists. And that's where we're in big trouble. Okay, Chuck, Cynthia raises a great point about the highest office in the land and that the occupant of that office should have character. What did this say to you about Donald Trump posting on Truth Social, his website, that is showed our current President of the United States, Joe Biden, hogtied, and in the back of a pickup truck.  It could get dirty. But once again, Donald Trump posted that. What's your thoughts about the character of Donald Trump and what is he thinking when he just goes to his Truth Social at three in the morning and starts posting things like that? Is he sleepwalking or is this part of the political campaign or is it just being mean-spirited? It's well beyond mean-spirited. The image it calls to mind for me is, if you saw the movie Easy Rider with Peter Fonda, the last scene when they're in the truck and the truck of the rednecks goes by and it literally blows them away. Trump would not only do that, he would brag about it in advance that he could do it and get away with it. So the image that comes to my mind in response is the image of an American person, for me female because they seem to exercise better judgment more than the men do, but who knows. In the voting booth, in the privacy and the sanctity of the voting booth and something coming to their mind, some little Jiminy Cricket force that says, make a responsible, humane choice. That's our role. Does that occur before the voting booth? Does that occur now as we're watching Donald Trump post photos of Joe Biden hobtied? Does that come now when he calls immigrant subhuman? Does it come now where there's comments about if I'm not elected, there's a bloodbath? Does it happen just before the voting booth or do we see it in the polls months before the voting? No, none of that. What I'm thinking about is that moment in the voting booth, that moment when the person either chooses the unvarnished truth or the varnish lie. Okay, that's very powerful. Hey, thank you, Jay. Thank you, Chuck. Jay, we're out of time, but I guess I want to ask you your final thoughts about where we are with the prestige of the Oval Office and how far does it go? Does it go down even further than where we're at? Like you had suggested about the stock market, where's the bottom of the troth? Where's the lowest of the lowest part of the floor? We've talked for seven years saying, how low can we go and we can't get any lower, yet we continue to go lower with Donald Trump's antics. What are your thoughts on that? His pathology or psychopathology really depends on having acolytes around him. And he achieved that to some extent in his first term. In his second term, the acolytes will be perfect. 100% they will agree with everything he says and it will give him further license to do anything he wants and to suggest that his base to do anything he asks them to do. So when these guys in Congress are fed up with what's going on with the MAG and GOP and fed up what's going on in the house and so forth, and Congress is completely dysfunctional, we'll see if there's any hope on that. But they're leaving, they're retiring at the end of the year or sooner. And the question is who is going to replace them? Well, even though he's not president, Cynthia points out he's in a position to primary those who disagree with him. And he's in a position to replace in the same way those who leave. And so we're not going to do any better for a congressman to leave as a matter of conscience. Doesn't really help. Because the system that Trump has designed will replace that congressman with someone who does not have a matter of conscience. And that's the sad part. The other thing is, you know, just take a look around the leaders of the world. Leaders we know from history. Just picking a few. American presidents, FDR. And, of course, Churchill. And look at today's leaders in Europe, Macron, the leader of Britain, the leader of Germany, even the leader of Italy. Those are respectable people. You may not agree with them. They may have policies that are going to get their countries in trouble. But they're not déclassé. They're not boors. So as and when Trump gets back into office and as Cynthia suggests, even before, he is, in a way, the face of the United States. What do you think they think about us? They know how important it is to respect other leaders, to be respectful, not to be a boor. He is a class of his own. Sui generous. And Chuck can help you with that term. He's all by himself. And everyone in the world knows he's a boor. So that means, and there are those in this country, support him, obviously. So that means this country is on a huge decline in the eyes of the world. And if we ever have respectable leaders, we don't have one in Trump. And they all know it. There was one guy wrote a few years ago when Trump was first elected. He was a journalist in the Irish Post. And he said, what the United States deserves from us now is pity. And I think that will be more and more the case. That's a sobering comment. Because that's the last thing the United States needs is pity. What we need is to be that shining city on the on the hill, as Ronald Reagan used to point out in his speeches. Cynthia, your last thoughts on this topic. And please take your time. Well, I know that we are over time. And I sort of said how I feel about stuff already. And we all know what Trump is. So I want to have as my last comment, a quote from Mahatma Gandhi, seven blunders of the world that lead to violence, wealth without work, pleasure without conscience, knowledge without character, commerce without morality, science without humanity, worship without sacrifice, and politics without principle. The seven blunders of the world that lead to violence. Thank you, Cynthia. Chuck, I'd like to get your final thoughts and any suggestions other than the good ones you've already made. I think I'd like to leave it where I did. Which is, when you go into that booth, you have one choice, you have one responsibility. Make it for the people you care about the most. Try to bequeath to them a choice in a world that will be humane and responsible to them going forward. And will treat people as they really deserve. There should be no question as to where that choice directs us. What about Suey Generous, Chuck? Suey is a phrase used in Arkansas and surrounding regions to call pigs. Generous is what the autolone billionaire, Hanky, was to come up with a $175 million bond for a guy who is facing 88 felony charges that wants to resume control of the free world in an unfree condition. You know, I appreciate that definition because it fits quite well. I'm just going to conclude before I thank my guests. And that is, there was a time where character did matter. There was a time when integrity mattered. I think it still does. I think somehow it's been buried, or it's not always to the top of our vision when we look at politics and when we look at leadership. Certainly it took a minor scandal back in the day to basically disqualify a candidate from president of the United States or any office. So I echo Chuck's last words in the, let integrity and character be on the forefront of your mind as you select the next president of the United States. And with that, I'd like to say thank you to my guests, my co-host Jay Fidel. Thank you Cynthia, Lisa, and Claire for joining us again. It's been a real pleasure. We hope to see you again. Thank you for attending. And of course, Chuck, where would we be without you and your sage-wise comments? And also, reminders. Reminders for all of us as we move forward, not only today, but on this special day of remembrance for Vietnam veterans, but also as we progress in the year and we get closer to Election Day.  And thank you for your participation in the show. I'm in debt to you. With that, I'm Tim Appichella for American Issues Take One. Join us next week. And until then, aloha. Please make a donation on thinktecaway.com. Thanks so much. Aloha.