It's my great pleasure to be able to introduce you to a lecture which has been organised by the SOAS China Institute and the speaker tonight is actually a SOAS person, just on loan at other places, but Dr. Charles Manson is a librarian, works for the libraries of the Bodnian library in Oxford and also the British library a few steps away from here and is thoroughly familiar with our own library collection, not least the event materials which get me looking at. I'm extremely happy to be here this evening. I know that some of you have an interest in studies which refer to in Asia and then also the empires of surrounding China and China itself, so they'd say this is something that of course over time changes and those of you who have experience or have a professional interest in it will know that it changes also country over time, but I'm going to not say much more than this and I would like to remind you that any questions that you have, unless they're immediate questions concerning would be the deal or anything, we should discuss at the end and I am sure that there will be many questions. I already have a few just haven't looked at the book yet, of course I should say to a couple of words about the book as well, which is, it's been authored by Charles Manson, which is copies of which can be inspected here at the desk, which are probably available at our workshop too, if not I'm going to make sure that it will. I think you have to correct me if I'm mistaken, did you do an introduction to a Tibetan document which is available on YouTube or the British Library website? Yes. Yes, because I came across that some weeks ago, but I wasn't sure, I wasn't 100% sure about it. Okay, so do search the British Library website and you will find a wonderful introduction to have a Tibetan manuscript. So, having said this, I will say anything more until the end and I would like to pass the word to Charles Manson for the lecture. Good evening. Thank you for the invitation and for the introduction as well, for the current introduction. Yes, so the Genesis of the living Buddha tradition that I hope you know, and where it begins. And we're going to look at that today, because it's, although Kamapashi is often called the first reincarnation in terms of the reincarnate dramas. It's not entirely accurate, but it serves as a good marker. If you have to find somebody who you could say is the first reincarnation of the Tibetan tradition, then Kamapashi is as good as any of them. Yes, going to look a little bit at the context. The biography of Kamapashi, a little bit of his writings and his legacy. The biography, the writings and his legacy are in the book, some of the writings anyway, just extracted some and a bit about his significance as well. So firstly, the geographical context. He operated from this area initially for the first half of his life, went into central Tibet, then up here, right into, well, into West China, and then up to Mongolia, across to Almadik over here, and then right across again to Shandu or Sanadu. So, and then back to Tibet. So that was quite a lot of traveling and quite a lot happened in the time. It was born near Degi here, spent the first half of his life, went into Saupul, near Vasa, and then went to see why, shortly, went up to West China, northeast Tibet, and then went up to Karakoram, across to Almadik, I think sometime, and then back along the Silk Route, and then was imprisoned. Well captured, should we say, they tended to execute him before he worked, and then he was putting exile near Sanadu, Shandu, and then later was released and came back to his homeland, and then to Saupul, where he eventually died. So the historical context, just very briefly, some of you will know it very well, but you may not, some of you may not know. Tibet had an empire, began really in, this is just taking it as a sort of apogee in the 20th of the common era, began in the 7th century, 630 is a good enough date. So lasted for about 200 years, and then began to collapse with the assassination of Langdama in 842, and during that time of the Tibetan Empire, they became certainly from the first emperor, became interested in Buddhism. Buddhism had not come, as far as we know, to Tibet, until the 7th century. It got to China in the 2nd century, they went round the mountains, and round the Tibetan Plateau, came to China, but it didn't really get into Tibet until the 7th century, they had no writing until the 7th century. And some of the emperors were interested in Buddhism, and some weren't. So it's not all Buddhist situation in the empire all the time. But then in 842, Langdama was assassinated, and there was a collapse of central authority. And as far as we know, there wasn't nearly as much interest in Buddhism. It may have just gone down to the village level, perhaps being preserved that way, but certainly it wasn't a court religion anymore. And then there was a revival in the late 10th century, the rekindling of the embers, so to speak. So famous quote, where you get amongst other monks coming from northeast Tibet to revive the monastic tradition, would you get translators going south to India and then coming back with texts and teachings. It's a huge project that not very well organized. It was individual translators, but they were interested in transferring Buddhism at the time in India into Tibet. And a certain degree of what are called termos, rediscovered literature from the imperial period as well. Because you have between the decline of the empire, 842 until the late 10th century, got about 150 years period. It used to be called dark period, but it's now called the intermediary period. And then the monasteries start to be established in the 11th century. And in the meantime, so we go forward another 200 years to when Kamapakshi actually lived in 1204 to 1203, you've got the invasion of Northern India by Islam. So Buddhism rapidly declining in Northern India. So this transfer had occurred for about 200 years of Buddhism into Tibet just before it disappeared or almost disappeared from India. So it was quite fortuitous, but it was the particular type of Buddhism that existed in the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries. And we have in the 13th century the death of, for the north of Tibet, Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan. So you've got this sort of world and you've got the two Song empires as well, the two Song divisions, China. This is the world which Kamapakshi was born into. So here just a sample of some of the monasteries that start to be created in this rekindling period from 1000 until Kamapakshi's birth. So the rekindling probably, it is here, I guess. The other one that's very important to Kamapakshi's circle and kathol at some education. There are also some lesser monasteries in this area that were also important to him. This is the area, there's kathol again.  And these monasteries here, Karna Gern, Kapodinay now in Bangkok, were important to him much later on once he'd become established. He would have helped revive from his previous incarnation, which it had been quite a long time since the previous incarnation had died. And so the monasteries have become somewhat dilapidated. And Markong is put in there because it's important where his teacher died. And if you just remember that for that. And the Mount Kaur Kapo, that's as far south as he went this area. It's a sacred mountain. He did a circumambulation of pilgrimage there at one time. And we haven't got there yet. And I'm just giving the geography, so we get the idea of this is all huge mountains here. The main rivers of Asia, several of the main rivers of Asia. And then about time near there just northeast of it is where he spent many years in retreat as well. So if you just try to just geographically. So there is his dates 1204 to 1283. Sometimes his date is getting us 1206. This personally go for 1204. The person, the historical writer who gave 1206 tended to get his right dates. But that was in the 76. This is an idea of where he was born on the banks of the Yangtze River. And by the age of six, he was able to read without being taught. So unusual to be able to read in those times. One would imagine. And very shortly, he was able to read what is scriptures, not the easiest reading. And he actually became, he would be employed, so to speak, or there would be exchange of goods. He would go around houses and read scriptures. It was a virtuous activity to have scripture read in your house. And you'd then receive food. So he was part of that economy. But by the age of 11, he decided to go to Central Tibet to gain some learning. He didn't get very far. Just south of Chandor, if you remember where he was, and then you start going in towards Central Tibet. And then just south of Chandor, he met on a hillside, a person called Pondra, the teacher of the area. And they, for some reason, you know, he decided to, well, just met him. And then that evening, Pondra gave an initiation. And after the initiation, he called this child to him, 11-year-old, and said, during that initiation, I had several visions of you being surrounded by the figure of this painting, the figure of Dusan Kempa, who died quite some years earlier. We're in about 12, 10, sorry, 12, 15, because he's 11 years old. So he died 20 odd years ago. And he said, you must have some karmic connection. I didn't use the word karmic, but you had a karmic connection there. And he said, stay, can you stay with me? And so Karm actually decided to stay with him. And I take some teaching on meditation, so forth, rather than go into central Tibet. So this is a picture of Pondrakpa. Now, Pondrakpa, as far as I know, never actually met Dusan Kempa. But he was the disciple of Dragan Retchen, who was the disciple of Dusan Kempa. So you've got a sort of grandson deciding, saying to Karmapakshi, this child, you are the reincarnation, or you have a karmic connection to my sort of grandfather, Guru, in a way. So there's quite a distance in terms of time, anyway. And I think that... We can say that, well, I would say that this is the first stage of the reincarnation development within Karmapakshi's life. There are three stages. You will see them come up. And this is the recognition of the karmic connection to the predecessor. So Dusan Kempa is now called the first Karmapa. But he was never called Karmapa in his lifetime. Karmapakshi refers to himself as Karmapa quite a few times. And then later on, well, even the third Karmapa was not called Karmapa. It was only when the fourth came along that it became an institutionalized name. But they retrospectively assigned the name Karmapa to Dusan Kempa. So this is the first stage during his life when he was a child. Now, the teachings he received from Pabdrakpa were on Saraha is Doha, the Doha of the king, Doha of the queen, and the Doha of the people, which are basically songs of instruction. They were really quite popular in Tibet. And he also received the Mahamudra instruction of Gampopa. So this is in the Khakyum tradition, the oral lineage tradition. Gampopa, the student of Milarepa, some of you know Milarepa. And he also received a teaching on the introduction to the three kais, which does involve a certain amount of yoga as well, very little, but it's mostly a guru yoga. And this was the teaching that later Karmapakshi would use quite a lot. He taught both Kubla Karm and Mangan Karm this teaching. It was very popular. He was very keen on it. And he would give it publicly as well. One of his travels. It was his main teachings. It's really the only one that he mentions. I gave this teaching to people. He gave various initiations as well. So a bit later on, roughly when he was 20, 18 or 20, he went for, don't know the exact date, but he went for ordination and further training, more intellectual training in Kathak. Remember where Kathak was on the map. And this is not a Khakyum monastery. It's a Ningma monastery. So they have connections back to the Tibetan Empire time and it's actually the Great Kindling. And actually Karmapakshi was, seemed to be fairly easygoing about the differences between the two. He refers to Mahamudra and Dzogchen as being two different names, but the same meaning. Dzogchen relates to the Ningma. It's sort of the ultimate state of the Ningma. So Karmapakshi refers to Mahamudra for the Khakyum and he's saying that they're two different names, but the same meaning. And in fact, in one of his longer works, which details hundreds of, refers to hundreds of Tantras, roughly half of the Tantras would be Khakyum, half of the Tantras and half Ningma Tantras. So it doesn't seem to have made much distinction in those terms. He was very much a Khakyum later on when he took over the monasteries too. So he spent some time there and then see up in Kathak here and then he went back to his teacher in this area and they decided to go down to Marka. And it was because Mongols, they were escaping or avoiding, should we say, a Mongol invasion. Now it's not clear where the Mongols were, the Fossis, but they may have been coming down the east side of Tibet, west China, perhaps trying to get into China further down by going along the, where the mountains meet the plain. Anyway, they went down to Marka and unfortunately Pondrak, by his teacher, then died. And he seems come up actually to have been somewhat despondent at this time and a little bit unsure about what to do. And after a while, he had several visions at the time and one of them told him to go east. And much of his life was governed by visions. He would have a vision and tell him to go somewhere and do so. And he went actually up to near Batang here and found a spot just northeast of it. And this purports to be the ruins of the buildings that he initiated when he retreated there. And he spent some years there, 11 years there, and after a while, he began to collect students, as many as 500 people would of his miraculous powers. There was a great yogi living on the top of the hill. You can see here, it's up on top here, here's another angle of the ruins there. And this is where you see Batang there. And it's actually just up there. He turned over here. Now, while he was in retreat, he had a vision, a dream, well, a vision, a dream, and he, his Vakini's came to him. Vakini's are like female spiritual beings. And they sort of challenged him to say, can you sing the Mani mantra, the Om Manipemio, the mantra of Avalokiteshvara, which is the God of compassion, the love of compassion, to put it simply, Om Manipemio. And so he sang it to them, and they said, no, no, no, no, you're not singing it right. And so they actually sang it to him in a particular tune. And he apparently memorized it and then would tell people, they told the Vakini's told him that it would be very beneficial for people. And so he, it was another one of the things that he spread about. Now it did seem to, and we have references to it in the 16th century, that it was quite widespread amongst communities. People do communally sing this mantra. And he, but it doesn't seem to have made its way into modern times very well. But I found that there was a Lama Mola who said that he knew the tune. It was quite a good, quite a reputation for being a good Chantan. And he in the 2000s, 2007, I think, 2006, he sang it and I recorded it. And then our illustrious composer transcribed it for me. And then I asked a medieval musician, it's no connection, but he plays it on a Western instrument, but just to give you an idea of the tune. So we say, uncle. So he spent several years in Hungary up here. And then after retreat, he decides to leave retreat. He got all the students surrounding him, so to speak, engaged with him. He decided to start going around several of Dusim Kemper's monasteries, which had been, this is when they were founded. So it's quite a long time. It's 100 years later that he starts, 80 years in some cases, but he starts 120, sorry, or 80, starts going around and repairing. So it's almost as though he's taking on the responsibility of the, what Dusim Kemper had established in his lifetime. And the monasteries were, which we say ravaged during the Great Cultural Revolution and they've since been restored.  But, and he did do quite a lot of restoring monasteries. He didn't necessarily make new monasteries very much. He did few, but he was quite keen on restoring buildings. And also when he did his travels further into Mongolian areas, quite a few Buddhist thing, structures had been damaged as well, and he would repair, too. So while he was at Kama Gern here, which if you remember was sort of north-westish a bit of the earlier map, two young monks from the Shangxung area in west Tibet came to him and asked him to come to Serpu, which was the main monastery that Dusim Kemper had established in central Tibet near Lhasa. He'd established it in 1189 and then he died in 1193. And he agreed. So it's even further taking over in the mantle of the monastery. Now here we have a picture before destruction in the 60s by Hugh Richardson and the, it's not necessarily the size that it might have been but it gives you some idea of the building and actually as we'll see later Kama actually built a statue that was 60 feet high. That's six stories high. And it indoors. So it must have been quite a tall building already or perhaps he extended it to make it tall. So when he got to Serpu, he actually found it somewhat dilapidated. It had been quite a while since Dusim Kemper had died and not only that, but the Sangha had become somewhat loose. They'd started drinking and so he both revived the buildings and the Sangha and he was there for about six years. Meanwhile, over in China, Kubla Khan, North-West China, Kubla Khan had decided to lead an expedition down the east side of Tibet down into the Dali kingdom and it was quite a rapid expedition because he didn't meet much resistance. He got down to Dali, the king, the local ruler immediately, almost immediately surrendered and then Kama actually started going back up to his homeland, sorry, not Kama, Kubla Khan started going back up to his homeland. So in the journey down and up, somewhere along the way, he heard about this unusual, miraculous yogi and he issued, he sent a messenger right across into central Tibet who managed to find Kama actually and invited him to come to his court. Kubla Khan was not emperor then, he was the eldest brother of the ruling emperor at the time. It was Wangge Khan and the eldest brother, he was the second brother and when the messengers got to and invited him, Kama actually had severe doubts about going. Remember he'd run away, so to speak, from the models earlier in East Tibet and so should I go, should I not? He actually writes in his biography and then of course he has a vision and it tells him that if he does go, it will be beneficial. So he decides to go and you can imagine what the local sangha must have thought he'd come, he'd started to revive the monastery. It was quite a thing to have this very adept meditator and teacher with him and then he suddenly decides to go. Anyway, he did make his way and he met Kubla Khan, I think up in northwest Tibet, sort of western China, not in Tibet but just beyond there. And he was well received in the court initially and he gave Kubla Khan some instruction on the Bodhisattva, Bodhichitta, should we say, destruction and things really went quite well to start with. But he had a premonition that there was going to be trouble at the court at some point, there would be some degree of conflict. So he decided to leave which was quite a usual move, should we say and it upset Kubla Khan quite a bit as we'll see later. Sort of retaliated and he continued to spend time in that area up here. He established a monastery, it was built, apparently the building was built in 108 days somewhat miraculously and he gave teachings and he actually, he does mention a wall as well so he must have generally seen one of the great China wars and then it was near that's called Sokka which coincidentally is where the current Dalai Lama was born and he received messengers from Mongikhan who's up in Karakorov, he's the Khan of Khan's. Mongikhan had been a way of, he'd been in Kiev at one time and had been war right over probably as far as Hungary so he was quite a warrior but he was now the Emperor so to speak of the Mongolian Emperor and chief amongst the Khans and he issued this invitation to come up actually to come and visit him. Come up actually had no doubts and his memoirs anyway so he proceeded to cross the desert here and approached Karakorov and he met Mongikhan near Karakorov. Now as he was approaching Karakorov there's the second stage of as I would put it the reincarnation development within his lifetime and what happened was that Dusim Kemper the prior incarnation had spoken Dusim Kemper means knower of the three times so he had a reputation for knowing the past, the present and the future and he had a reputation for telling about his past lives as well and he'd spoken to disciples about this different disciples and there are at least three accounts of him speaking about this and at one point as disciples would they would say well when you're going to die where are you going to be reborn they want to know so he gave not entirely precisely but he gave some examples he gave three examples of where he would be reborn one down in India, one in the west and the third one was I will be reborn for the sake of one person which is very unusual for you've got the Buddhist idea that if you're going to influence your next birth then you would well all your Buddhist practice is in order to help enlighten all beings so to say that you are going to be reincarnated in order to help one being seems contradictory and the other incarnations obviously weren't going to come up actually so you can imagine this was a bit of a puzzle why he said this and yet it hasn't happened well as he approached Kharagpur it was then that he realised and I presume a little bit that he saw the sort of splendid nature of Mongid Khan's court he realised that oh I was actually Mongid Khan that I have been reborn for so to speak because if you convert an emperor then it has a huge influence of many other people that is the intimation that he had as he approached Kharagpur so his meeting with Mongid Khan was it was a bit unusual to start with but it was harmonious there was a bit of thunder and lightning and everybody saw what was going on and he just crossed the desert more or less well we don't know how many people with him but not many and he gets an audience with his grand emperor and once I'll read from the book here page 63 once Kamal Pakshi had gained his first audience with the earth protector king the emperor commanded I am the ruler of the world get rid of my obstacles Kamal Pakshi replied tonight I'll think about it a bit it's a somewhat brave reply to make in front of a warrior emperor in the morning of the next day Khan had access to emperor Mongid and gave his recommendations as recounted in verse indeed in this imperfect world never will there be a king like you whatever any astrologers have said I myself Kamal Pakshi seek to counteract your obstacles benefit the Buddha's teaching and all beings distribute food and wealth throughout the kingdom repair the residences of the lamas offerings with no sense of loss again and again I ask you to set free the prisoners kept in the prisons so he made several sort of social policy requests of Mongid Khan and according to Kamal Pakshi anyway Mongid Khan took them up he actually gave from the treasury distributed food and wealth he did repair monasteries but in the establishment of a temple in Karakoram make bantiful sky offerings it's the Tibetan reference to broken tradition and he said Mongid Khan sent three prisoners to many as 13 times it may not necessarily be criminals it may have been hostages from war he actually claims that he followed all of these things he also prohibited cat and slaughter and hunting on certain days of the month the 8th, the 10th, the 15th, the 23rd this we actually so it would seem that that indicates that Kamal Pakshi had some vegetarian leanings perhaps I don't know but you can imagine getting a Mongolian court not hunt and slaughter four days a month and there is some external evidence apart from Kamal Pakshi of this Cleves Francis Cleves although he was writing about an inscription in 1240 towards the end of the article he refers to the secret if they are a judge to the nation they shouldn't kill them as well there we go, the 8th, the 15th, the 23rd the first day slightly different and the Mongid Khan as well a few months later included it referred to this inscription the Mongid court well not a court but it had Europeans as well famous William Boucher Parisian jeweler made this is just there's no an example of it but this is somebody's imagination in the 18th century but this for many people talked about it wrote about it a fountain that had four districts Kamal Pakshi refers one point to being in the court with Mongid and Adik Burki who was the youngest and they were drinking and Kamal Pakshi was invited to join in and he says that he drank and he drank and drank drank the whole court drank so maybe it was one of these I don't know maybe one of the fountain he drank he said that it didn't affect him at all it was like water into water and he then proceeded to they all thought this was slightly miraculous that he wasn't drunk and he then gave the Chakra Savara initiation to the Mongol court and he also gave Mahmudra instruction to Mongid apparently he was a good meditator going to Kamal Pakshi and several other initiations and instructions detailed in the book but of course Mongid is still a warrior even though he's a warrior with his Buddhist teacher and he was setting in motion the idea of conquering China his grandfather Chinggis Khan had attempted it had died in the attempt in 1227 so now we're into 1257 30 years later Mongid is gathering forces to go south Kamal Pakshi decides to leave and he goes across to the Chagatai capital over at Almaneg to see the Khan there it was a region secret it was the mother that was more in charge and they were more interested in Islam actually so he doesn't mention much of what goes on there and he doesn't seem to have had much success he didn't as a teacher he didn't stay very long and then he proceeded he went to possibly Kucha, possibly Tufan I think I personally think it was the teacher and he spent eight months there he began writing there as well and mine was there he had an important dream important for him anyway but a huge footer spoke to him and said you must build a statue same size as me 60 foot statue and it seemed to have affected him quite strongly because several and many years later when he eventually got back to the actual set about doing this even though he was quite involved by that so he proceeded along the silk route and then he met up with Mongid Khan in the Lhupan Chang excuse my pronunciation mountains again and then a harmonious meeting and he asked that he could leave to go to Tibet by now he'd been given quite a lot of silver by Mongid and he must have got quite a big sort of entourage just for the animals to carry it I suppose and he wanted to go and use it in the monasteries in his home land in Tibet to make them even grander and Mongid was quite willing to let him get more he was engaged in about to start fighting a lot and they parted and Khan actually spent some time in this area again reaching and so forth and in meanwhile Mongid went further south in 1259 in summer from disease so being reincarnated for the second one thus didn't fortunately be too much effect in terms of the influence with Mongid but it may have planted the seeds later for the way that Mongodian went with the religion but anyway there was competition between the youngest brother Arik Boke up in Karakoram and Kublik Khan here in Northern China and something of a civil war started in 1260 and because Khan actually had been up in Karakoram being popular at the court of Mongid and Arik Boke Kublik Khan took up against him he thought for some reason that he was on the side of Arik Boke and also there was the fact that he left and annoyed him very greatly something like 10 years earlier not 10, 5 years earlier so he had well he had him arrested and attempted to have him killed and for some reason I mean it becomes quite legendary but he escaped being killed kept on being they would try various different ways of killing him and each time it didn't work to the extent that eventually the executioner committed suicide so much so and so Kublik Khan decided to punish him or restrict him should we say by sending him into what internal exam here and it could be on this coastline here it's certainly on the edge of either a lake or a sea it's hard to tell and there are islands and there are some islands here but there is a Khan actually does mention quite specifically it's a very barren area so there is a big lake up near Shandu and Zandu that I know which is a very this picture of Zandu drone picture which is surrounding the lake is volcanic rock and it's very barren and desolate so he spent there in this area and spent some time on islands there as well and no trees he said as well I mean this is a modern bit does seem to be quite barren he spent two years there but he didn't waste his time he did quite a bit of writing a bit more than two years by the time the civil war was over then Kublik Khan then had him released and he came oops he came down near well what was eventually built as a Beijing Beijing there were buildings there but what we know as Beijing is near Beijing and he had him imprisoned there in a temple and the doors bolted nails in the doors put a guard on in shifts this is actually detailed but he still managed to get out and he was then brought before Kublik Khan and because of this somewhat frankness event he Kublik Khan then completely relented and asked him to be his teacher it looks like I've actually had enough because he said no thanks I want to go home and Kublik Khan again changed a part he said to go and wherever you go pray for me so it was like a complete change after all this trouble so Kublik Khan actually set off and it took him quite a while doing a sort of missionary tour I should say he came down to Bege area helped some of the monasteries here he's quite a wealthy man goes back to Serpult and starts to build this 60 foot statue which technically must have been quite difficult in that area it got destroyed in the cultural revolution Richardson saw it but he didn't photograph the 1240s so then we get to the really the third stage of the reincarnation points in his lifetime the preparation for both the child the child is to come so to speak and the continuity of the lineage teaching aside from building this statue when the statue got built it almost immediately one would assume became quite well known where are you going to find in the medieval world 60 foot statue it was once in China Japan they're about half night they still exist this is 60 feet so fairly quickly seems to have become a pilgrimage you would go and see it now a party from southern Tibet near the north side of the English came on pilgrimage and amongst them was a potter and his wife a itinerant potter and they came they wished to see the statue came blessings so forth from the teacher and at one point come up actually called aside this potter it actually mentions on the path outside so it really was quite a sign and he said to them I'd like to ask you to loan me your house sometime and the potter thought this is very strange this great teacher coming to me and said what's the problem with this so he went back to his party and said to them this great teacher he's lost a potter in my house and they burst out laughing because he's my itinerant potter he has no house so it was a great puzzle and actually the next year a child was born too his wife potter's wife and that was the child that the person who was looking for the next incarnation said that it was the next incarnation so it seems that he was setting it up in a way that she was pregnant or that it was intimating that she would become pregnant in that way the other the teacher who found the next child was Ugyempa and he spent he came it was a great yogi he came to visit and spent just three days there and he received transmission what they call the mind-to-mind transmission and it was taught the tune the mani tune that we heard and also received an Avalokiteshva initiation as well and during that this mind-to-mind transmission which would help preserve the tradition as general a little while later Kamala actually seems to have had a stroke couldn't talk he had to be helped and then he recovered somewhat as far as we can tell and then eventually he died in so called so the next Kamala is actually there is a book about him in the same series you can see the same kind of design and I think she's talking in London but it's on Zoom, she's in Australia but with the Shangjong either later this month I think it's later this month so you might wish to catch that she has translated she found and translated but it was in plain sight she wanted to attention the the third Kamala was writing about his transition in the intermediary period between death and his next life so it's quite interesting it's quite unusual so yeah not more has been made that's quite interesting so in the book, this book about the second Kamala you'll see the various chapters what he is talking about his previous incarnations his presentation some examples of his verse and his prose his conversations with Mainjusri like a vision his reflections on Pantra his musings on Consecration he was very keen on Consecration and gave his reasons why it's important as well and then some verse about for a decided woman an account of his death based on what by him actually comes from much later but I included it because it's quite useful an account of his verse autobiography we don't have the original but it's contained within a later history so I thought that would be worthwhile his own autobiography written in verse and this is an example this is the memoirs manuscript that I mostly worked from on this you can see it's here this is where it now is you can't get access to it there's a bit of difficulty and but it was sort of copied in 1978 and the issue has been available as a copy of the actual manuscript this black here is the black part of the text and then the writing which comes out white here is actually in silver found somebody who had seen it before and said it was silver and it's in three main parts there some in verse part A has several sections as well each part has certain characters illustrated and yeah it's a bit I call it memoir rather than autobiography because it goes around quite a bit it's not like a linear description so it's quite complicated I also found in 2010 a text which has it's not directed by him but apparently he spoke about his previous incarnations he does in these memoirs as well but not so much in here there's quite a few previous incarnations talked about and this we had this page here we heard this from the precious lord Jetsonsmouth so the person who wrote it apparently heard it directly from him it's a report basically and I found this in Harpoon on a stream actually it was in a kitchen there's a fridge I was at a lamb's kitchen and I was sleeping in the kitchen and I thought I'll have a look through those books and there it was part of, it's quite short it was part of this so that was quite fortunate that's just the details there he was a student on the third come up but apparently he knew the second famous to have heard it directly from him another work that was quite useful and I'm currently working on as well is the songs have come which I didn't know about at all and in the process of writing and publication and so forth we had the pandemic so everything slowly slows down goes on hold and I was tweaking around the internet as you do and I found that actually in Oxford they have a reproduction of this, it's a reproduction from 2015 the original is somewhere either in Chengdu or in Chengdu and I've never heard of this before and so I was able to include perhaps a dozen of the poems in the book so in a way it was quite a fortuitous delay and they're not yeah it doesn't there's songs and library not this building where it is it was quite fortuitous they're known as Vajra songs and there's 59 songs and if they often refer, they don't refer to Kamar Pakshi so much as the Lama of Tupul it is a cool Pakshi and there's quite a lot of references to Saraha, the 8th century you'll remember that's who we see teaching they don't necessarily say where the songs were sung or created unfortunately so I've introduced them into the book if they're talking about something that seems to relate to a particular subject or a place then I've put them in there, I've taken a bit of license to associate particular songs I hope to get them all translated when they're done so the complete works of Kamar Pakshi at the moment we have something like 40 of them I'm not going to go into much detail but what he's famous for is a series, Limitless Ocean Jamsun Dahi series of works 19 half of them are part of this series and it was quite structured you can see very early on he's talking about this Jamsun Dahi this Limitless Ocean the writing from there this is quite early on so it wasn't so much that he just wrote a load of books and include Limitless Ocean in the title he actually got it sort of planned out from very early on and there's some examples of what Limitless Ocean are Limitless Ocean teaching of the excellence and so forth just to give you an idea there and further extracting the essence Limitless Ocean the writing involved with instructions on the subtle wins and this is the one where he had a debate with a magistrate in a vision eliminating a 21 point of views turns out to be 24 and I give the questions I don't give all the answers a very long text in the book of this debate and then Limitless Ocean of Realization the fruition of all these books so that's how he's working in his project so I think we go into more modern times there are two main Paraná traditions that are found to treasures some of you will know the word Paraná that are quite important even nowadays for Buddhist practitioners in the 17th century there was Yong-e Ming some of you will know there's a Yong-e Ming currently he's going to be in Edinburgh in June he's become very well known as a good teacher now but the first Yong-e Ming Yong-e Ming had a vision of Kung Paik-sheen and the instruction and then the whole practice involved with it has become a core practice for the New Kagyo tradition and in fact when the 16th Kung Paik-sheen arrived in the author he arrived in the west in the 70s everywhere he went he said do the Kung Paik-sheen practice it was particularly useful for Westerners so that derives from the 17th century and it's a sort of Kung Paik-sheen and then in 1968 the famous Kung Paik-sheen Kung Paik-sheen he was in Bhutan and he had a vision and out of his kind of practice on the subna of Mahamudra and this is what the Shambhala organization that he founded currently they don't use it nearly as much now but they did use it but I don't know much about it but this publisher Shambhala then there's a group they're different entities the same name and that was in 1968 he had a translator he came back to Scotland and he went to America and they started practicing as well so that's derived from a vision of Kung Paik-sheen as well so there's in 2022 it's giving the initiations of the Kung Paik-sheen practice it's been translated into Chinese and that's a tanker of what's involved in the meditation for it he's got a beard he's the only Kung Paik-sheen that had no Kung Paik-sheen after he had a beard apparently in terms of backgrounds but from the paintings this is the 1968 well this isn't it this is what was printed later I think there's the visualization derived from vision there we have it he had a life of very odd years met two emperors gave some Buddhist instruction to both of them well I suppose later he also could become also an instruction from Paik Paik-sheen and perhaps had more attention to him later on I think it seems like in the early days when it was harmonious between them and it was really interested in common action and that it was chubby his wife was more interested in Paik Paik-sheen it's hard to tell and there is also the so the whole you've got from the 13th century right up until modern times for 800 years this tradition has continued so they've been 17 come up as now if you look at the popes there's been over 2000 years there's been 200 odd but they they went for somebody to die and then they elect somebody inspired by prayers and so forth they elect somebody but it's always an old person much quicker repetition so to speak if you're looking at continuity of the tradition with the come up and then other reincarnations of the tradition it goes to a child and so when it was a child after come up action that was the first time that it was actually a very young child it wasn't really a thought of us being reincarnation until he was 11 and it's really I think by the time the fourth come up it's like beginning to really get established and it spread the idea spread right across to Med and eventually up into Mongolia as well this idea of transferring authority both of the monastery and the teaching to a child and then bringing up the child and then assuming the full authority there about 16 years so he was very influential on that and also this fact that he was both Nyingma and Agu so to speak that was quite it was then alleged later that he was very influential he was a source of inspiration should we say to the Rime movement of the 19th century because they were looking back to come and check me of the 16th century and he had written that the color pack she was the inspiration to him the fact of being non-sectarian so perhaps he had some influence in that way at a great distance and of course these two practices which nowadays all rounds I don't want to give an impression of huge numbers but there are what is the centers North America, Europe, Australia South America, Russia it has extraordinary spreading from him coming in the 70s the and this all derives from color pack she so it's quite an important person from this particular phenomenon of the reincarnated lamas because after him 1642 we always seem to get these 42 votes then 42 that's when the 5th Dalai Lama becomes the governor of Tibet 400 years later they ruled Tibet for 300 years that whole idea of reincarnation starts reincarnated lamas taking over authority that starts my point is you're in dry and I'd better stop it's inspiring and quite exhausting in both senses also because you have to speak against the population but in any case I have questions almost for every slide but I think I first pass the word to the audience so if you have questions maybe we can collect but what's to go first I don't have a question but I did look up the date that actually you referred to as this Saturday night which Ruth Gamble oh gosh is that soon so you can jump to third we it's on what's the structure of oh I'm sorry it was a Buddha Sakimuni Buddha in the dream he sees this Buddha speaks to him and says build something like me that is you think of the complications of doing the same it was so periscope I it had to get metal it had to get to a certain temperature and then to actually have that controlled to build something that big is really quite something gives a little bit of comparison to the Eiffel tower just to give some sort ofgymnastic that we are a special you know with the work I was well we don't know exactly but I suspect it may have been Nepalese and it may well have been reclusive not sure various bits of it that was exploded and destroyed. And they keep this relics. So I'd like to see, you could probably tell how it was made from that. But that would be quite interesting. The one they've then replaced, a smaller one, better again. And that's about 40 feet high. And I actually heard it being made. And that was done by Riverside. It's like risen down. But I didn't see it finish. You mean you have a, technically speaking, it's a slab of iron that's become a... Yes, sheet, sheet metal. And then it gets hammered. The technical ability must be fantastic. The key control of that size. Some of the workers, there was disputes, there were a lot of, of course, and lots of course. And apparently the disputes, you can spread them to the kitchen, so sort of. So it does refer to the obstacles and then eventually they do it. Then it was very much a lot of iron in the whole area. Yeah. There are a lot of collectors, a lot of collectors. I'm interested in two concepts you're just not used to. One is a Tibetan empire. I just wonder why you use the term empire instead of kingdom. Yeah, well, it started in the Yalong area, the sort of southeast of Lhasa. And if you've got one kingdom there and then they start taking over other kingdoms, that's how we think of as an empire. They start to take over, it's a unity of several different kingdoms. Well, since it is an empire, and you also use another term, East Tibet. Yes. But as the traditional name we call that area, Koms, you know, Koms. Yes, Koms. Great H-A-N-S instead of East Tibet because it is used in the modern times. And then it by Westerners. Yes, yes. Yes, I agree. I would refuse to come, but people don't necessarily know the geography of, so I think East Tibet is quite reasonable. It's easier to understand. Yes, yes. But there's Koms and there's Amdol as well, as well. Our speaker comes from Chengdu, by the way. Oh, it's so far away from here. There's some research about him. Oh, really? Just now. It's an interesting place. Very interesting. Yes, yes. Yes, well, next time you might find a moment. There's quite a climb up there. And also, Yes. Name of the place. Kvadak, K-A-T-O-K. Yes. I don't know what is the Chinese name for this place. Chinese. For example, I don't know. It's just a Chinese name. Chinese. Yeah. I notice just now, just between Degu and Dachan. Yes, yes. It's about halfway between. You know Chinese. We would call it Chinese. Chinese. Amstrad. I see. There's quite a few monasteries down there. Well, the river goes down between Degu and Dachan. and it is also called Queenwits, like turkeys. The catwalk is a question to the language. So when you read it, how much has it changed compared to today? Well, today I was working on, in the British Library, I've been looking at some manuscripts and I get a bit bloated, I don't tell anybody. But I mean, I'm careful, of course. But these are Dunhuang material. And so everything there is more than 1,000 years old. So you're just reading it. I couldn't even write to be able to, you know. And the, but that's written there is the same, very much the same. And I can read it. I haven't done any special study of ancient Tibetan or anything. It's just modern Tibetan and you can read it. It's more or less the same. It's not exactly the same. Modern Tibetan has changed a little bit since 1959, for office reasons. But before that, you can read 19th century, you can read 12th century. It's very easy. You try doing that in English, you can't read it. Shakespeare is hard. You go back to Chaucer, it's impossible unless you train. But this, you just get the training. I would take students themselves sometimes up to the British Library at one point and show them manuscripts there. And they would marvel at the fact that they could read something from that 9th century. And it would just, it would read the same. Not just the letters, but also the meaning as well. And the grammar is the same, more or less. The spelling is, there are a lot of variations, but nothing that's complicated. Very fortunately, quite conservative. It's being preserved in that way. And rather than, well, they were quite isolated. There's not this thing of other cultures coming in and changing the language that we had in Europe, for instance. My question is about how do they express, I mean, the leader of Tibet at that time, how do they express their repartement, diplomacy, relationship with, I think it's Yuan dynasty or some Mongolian pilot. How do they express it? Because I think it's an official teacher of the kind of Mongolian, but that kind of special diplomatic relationship or just a part of the whole Mongolian and pilot. Yeah, I'm not quite sure of question, but then... Did he act as an ambassador, more or less, of Tibet? I don't know the formal sense, no, because there was no formal government of Tibet. That came with Pakpa a little bit, and that was instigated by Kudakarn. Pakpa, there is a thesis on Pakpa in Australia, and he might be quite interested in finding it online. And how Kudakarn, when he became emperor, you see, most of the time, he became emperor in 1261, yes, emperor, I would call him, in 1264, but the Yuan dynasty wasn't really started till later because he hadn't unified China yet. He hadn't conquered China yet. They had the north part, but not the south. It took a huge effort, about 20-odd years or so, to get it unified, yeah, to complete the leading song, the southern song. And in Tibet, there was no formal government in that way. They were just beginning, they had 200 years of developing these monasteries on the way, but there wasn't, and there were satellite monasteries, like the main one, and so forth, and then the ones in the east bed, that was slightly unusual in itself. And it became part of the pattern, or, in fact, it didn't really, it wasn't until the next century that you could begin to say that there was a particular leader. Park Pa was posited as the leader. He was appointed by Kudakarn, but it would be hard, it's difficult to know in time, but it would be hard to say that he was a real government leader. It's not really until somebody may disagree, but until the 17th century, with the 5th Dalai Lama, did you get a more unified idea of Tibet, overall government? Mark the Purge, it does, you will find it on the internet. That's great bastion of truth, but no, that actually reaches some point in the south back in the 50s and 60s that the dates come back to the left and Markopoda arrived. Now, it's possibly, possibly, that his Markopoda's father and uncle may have seen of him and that they reported to Markopoda, but Markopoda does mention Tibetan almas at the court of Kudakarn, forming miracles. So, and then people assumed, oh, that's kind of action, but actually when you look into the dates, there's quite a discrepancy, it's not possible. He also just missed, so to speak, historically, rubric of the, we call it Belgian, really, French maybe. He'd been sent by the Pope, European, one thing, swearing, at Frisian Monk, and he'd been sent to a paracoral and he'd spent some time with Monk, rather unsuccessfully. And he wrote an account, as well, and you can read that. And then he, but he left just two years before he actually arrived. So, unfortunately, there wasn't a meeting there. Just a commentary on one of the places that he refers to, Markopoda, sounds like I say English. Yes, it's in Drostiger, no, no, it's Mark Kham. Yeah, Mark means lower, and Kham is Kham. So, it's lower Kham, it's a town in lower Kham, that's all. That's, you're not the first person who's brought you here. Norse has to be an English person, that means. No, I haven't done that today. For the first time, I know Monk Kham means lower Kham, because I was told for a long time, because, yeah, there's some 30 people who travel in the area around Bowsays, but I just don't know why, why is it called the area lower Kham, that's all here? Yes, the Tibetan names, they often have meaning. Deghe is a community of Warchief, so at some point, it must have got this name.  Of Kham. Yes, so, I mean, is this reconstructed from parts, or is this holding? Yes, it's, oh, I see. They're not the, in his original hand, there's not manuscripts in that way, it's, you know, transcribed copy, yes, I would say. And how far did they go back to the first extent? Is there some cortex, which, like the original? Yeah, I think this memoirs is probably the oldest. It hasn't been dated, because at the moment, I mean, it hasn't been seen since 1978. Okay. So it's been in this, in the monastery, and well, it was learned to be brought, there's no further collections. And I said, well, very few again, but not in India.  And I think it did come back, because the fellow who told me about the Selva writing, it was quite young time, I saw him in 1980. So, and he didn't tell me about it then, he was a young fellow then, he told me many 20 years later. And he, so I assume that he saw it, when it had come back, rather than it disappeared in transit. So I assume that it's still in Sikkim. And then it could be analyzed, but you can't get in, it's locked up. How did you, because you said that you were looking at the start and the end of the manuscripts, and the pictures, libraries, all the day, right?  Yeah, it was taken in the early 20th century by Europeans, those French, British, and German as well, they found them in the caves on the Silk Road, and they hadn't been opened, the caves hadn't been opened. And that's why they're so, so they're in really good condition, you know, I can handle them easily. Paper's good, and the ink is good as well. I think it deteriorates, so yes. I mean, it hasn't deteriorated, it's Chinese ink, it hasn't deteriorated. So it's quite extraordinary, but they were, they were taken. So they actually stealing ink into a cave? Yes, as you know, into a cave. Yes. In some container or? No, just piled up. You can see the picture. If you look up, Pereo is the French name, P-E-W-L-I-O-T. There's a famous picture of him sitting there, this mountain of scrolls, they were more than texts next to him. That's true. I think he was working by satellite, I'm not sure. But he didn't have much time, and you know, he's a little bit of a rush, but they, yeah. They were kind of just lying there, and he was, I mean, that's why a hundred years later, I'm still at, you know, there's been several generations of people trying to get someone to let it. Some present fish, I mean, in the British libraries, it must be activated in very special conditions, also with period, no? I can't tell you exactly where. And now I don't want to know some period and reasons, but yes, it's in a spectral room that has, it's made to be like a cave. And in fact, we have to be quite careful telling people that you're going to go down there, because if you happen to get locked in, it's a special contained room. If you happen to get locked in, you probably wouldn't survive. Because it would reduce the oxygen temperature a little bit, make it very dry. And it seems to be surprising, very likely. So Leon, visualize this. Yes, you can find it online. IDP, International Tomorrow Project. If you just, I just Google IDP-PM, it gets you down. And you can then, you have to, it's not a very, at the moment, it was an early website 20 years ago, sort of prehistoric. And then they're in the process of updating it now, you know, T-E-I. So, but that will take a little bit of time. There is constantly being done. And don't be frustrated if you do log on and it doesn't go through, because we refer to it as grandfather has fallen asleep. Because he does, and then somebody needs to do it and then it comes alive. So that's why they need to make a new one. But while it's working, it was working this afternoon, you can look at the actual text. It's quite interesting. Not all of them, they're still in the process. They're hoping to finish by the end of March. I'm not sure. Hi. Sorry, I have a question over here. My recent study where they were about multiple excavations, they were about the same size. Yes, the worst one. All of them. Spine, it's the name of the British one. It's T-E-I-H. What's the name of the area? Yes, I don't know the name of the area, but it's probably R-R-E-T-E-I-H. You mentioned just the T-F-E-L-T-E-N-E-V-E in Oxford. Is that the T-F-E-L-T-E-N-E-V-E in East River? Never, right? Yes. I've been there. I like it, okay. I want to... I didn't mention that just now. T-F-E-L-T-E-N-E-V-E. Oh, there was a picture. There was a picture from the Richardson picture, yes. That's all wrong. Everything that they have there is a fact, unless you wanted special permission. Can I go to the library in this research? Which library? Pissed River. Pissed River, yes. Yes, you have to write to them and ask if you want to see the Tibetan material that's back now, too. But it's been well digitised. I'm not sure whether you would see anything more by actually going there, but you are welcome. It exists for researchers. So it's in the pictures, on the pictures. Yes, the Tibetan album is pictures. In the Pit Rivers, they do have some Tibetan items, but they're not terribly interesting. It's a sort of eagle-dee-pickle-dee architecture. It's not a serious collection. The Ashmolean has quite nice species. Yes, Ashmolean. Yeah, if you go to the box room and they have some nice tankers and some statues and so forth. They also, if you find something online that's more on exhibition, you're going to ask to have it seen. I would ask to see it, but you have to make it look like it is. The Kababahat is the most prolific writer of all the Kababahic conditions. No, I'd say the eighth. The eighth. Yes. Well, as I said, we've got about 40 now. They did say, yeah, there was about at least 100 works at one time, there are references back in history. Oh, there's a hundred actually works, but either that was an exaggeration or disappeared. He did it mostly when he was in Iqsao, finishing that island. Yes. So it's with nothing, basically. Yes, well, in Kutcher as well, he started writing. That seems to be where he started writing. Then on the island, a good opportunity to write there. And then I think he also, he doesn't put where he was writing. So I remember in the Kodafone's portion, but also, well, certainly poems he wrote. So it started quite a few of them. And it may well have been in the final years and so forth. So he had about 10 years and so forth. Yeah, nobody's really saying the much, not everybody, but a lot of Tibetan writing refers to him. So it was sort of a miracle worker, I suppose. And that's where a lot of the respect comes from. But they say, oh, you know, it's fantastic, but I don't, that's Capstein remarked, the American scholar, they don't seem to actually read him. Yeah, it was considered more legendary. Yes. And it's a salad level than actually his works. Tell your point of view. Yes, well, that's true. There's nobody translated much. And I've, well, it's half the book. So perhaps. But it's, yeah, it's quite cuter stuff. He's more the practitioner, sort of putting it on there, not the intellectual great care. Although there was structure to the limit the social. From this book, this book comes and then out of that, this one and that one. So there's quite a structure. In a time period. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. And if it had been recorded, I would try to get it onto the SOAS YouTube channel in which case you would need to probably look at the SEI, SOAS China Institute website in order to find the address. Yes. If you registered through the, there was a registration function. Yes. Then we should be able to trace you. And you. Yes. And it was promised to us with no trial. Thank you. Thank you very much. And thank you. Thank you very much for a wonderful and very intellectual, very fertile lecture tonight. Thank you. Thank you.


For instance, we have compared Turks living in different countries and what we see is that we compared Australia, Germany, France and the Netherlands. That Turkish people in those four countries report different levels of well-being. They are happiest in Australia and they speak English most, the dominant language most in Australia. This is less the case in the Netherlands and least the case in France and Germany. In my view this is a classic example of a stick carrot story. Countries like Germany and France emphasize emulation. They use the stick method to adjust to the new country. In a country like the Netherlands and notably Australia, there is more to the carrot. People are encouraged to adopt the mainstream culture and are not necessarily encouraged to remove, to gather it, of their ethnic culture and this seems to work very well. First lecture for me before moving to the other side of the world. I would like to deal with a very specific topic, namely dealing with diversity. I would like to argue that migration and diversity are part and parcel of the human condition and essentially we are all migrants and if we think otherwise we have lack of historical insight.


Code of a Comics Magazine Association of America, Incorporated, adopted October 26, 1954, preamble. The comic book medium, having come of age of the American culture scene, must measure up to its responsibilities. Constantly improving techniques and higher standards go hand in hand with these responsibilities. To make a positive contribution to contemporary life, the industry must seek new areas for developing sound, wholesome entertainment. The people responsible for writing, drawing, printing, publishing, and selling comic books have done a commendable job in the past and have been striving towards this goal. Their record of progress and continuing improvement compares favourably with other media in the communications industry. An outstanding example is the development of comic books as a unique and effective tool for instruction and education. Comic books have also made their contribution in the field of letters and criticism of contemporary life. In keeping with the American tradition, the members of this industry will and must continue to work together in the future. In the same tradition, members of the industry must see to it that gains made in this medium are not lost and that violations of standards of good taste which might tend towards corruption of the comic book as an instructive and wholesome form of entertainment will be eliminated. Therefore, the Comics Magazine Association of America, Incorporated has adopted this code and placed strong powers of enforcement in the hands of an independent code authority. Further, members of the Association have endorsed the purpose and spirit of this code as a vital instrument to the growth of the industry. That this positive and forthright statement will provide an effective bulwark for the protection and enhancement of the American reading public and that it will become a landmark in the history of self-regulation for the entire communications industry. Code for editorial matters, general standards, part one. Number one, crime shall never be presented in such a way as to create sympathy for the criminal to promote distrust of the forces of law injustice or to inspire others with a desire to imitate criminals. Two, no comics shall explicitly present the unique details and methods of a crime. Three, policemen, judges, government officials and respected institutions shall never be presented in such a way as to create disrespect for established authority. Four, if crime is depicted, it shall be as a sordid and unpleasant activity. Five, criminals shall not be presented so as to be rendered glamorous or to occupy a position which creates a desire for emulation. Six, in every instance, good shall triumph over evil and the criminal punished for his misdeeds. Seven, scenes of excessive violence shall be prohibited, scenes of brutal torture, excessive and unnecessary knife and gunplay, physical agony, gory and gruesome crime shall be eliminated. Eight, no unique or unusual methods of concealing weapons shall be shown. Nine, instances of law enforcement officers dying as a result of a criminal's activities shall be discouraged. Ten, the crime of kidnapping shall never be portrayed in any detail nor shall any profit accrue to the doctor or kidnapper. The criminal or the kidnapper must be punished in every case. Eleven, the letters of the word crime on a comics magazine shall never be appreciably greater in dimensions than the words contained in the title. The word crime shall never appear alone on a cover. Twelve, restraint in the use of the word crime in titles or subtitles shall be exercised. General Standards, Part 2. Number one, no comics magazine shall use the word horror or terror in its title. Two, all scenes of horror, excessive bloodshed, gory or gruesome crimes, depravity, lust, sadism, misogynism shall not be permitted. Three, all lurid, unsavory gruesome illustrations shall be eliminated. Four, inclusion of stories dealing with evil shall be used or shall be published only where the intent is to illustrate a moral issue and in no case shall evil be presented alluringly nor so to injure the sensibilities of the reader. Five, scenes dealing with or instruments associated with walking dead, torture, vampires and vampirism, ghouls, cannibalism and werewolfism are prohibited. General Standards, Part C. All elements or techniques not specifically mentioned herein but which are contrary to the spirit and intent of the code and are considered violations of good taste or decency shall be prohibited. Dialogue. Number one, profanity, obscenity, smut, vulgarity or words or symbols which acquired undesirable meaning are forbidden. Two, special precautions to avoid references to physical affliction or deformalities shall be taken. Three, although slang and colloquialisms are acceptable, excessive use should be discouraged and wherever possible good grammar shall be employed. Religion. Number one, ridicule or attack on any religion or racial group is never permissible. Costume. Number one, nudity in any form is prohibited as is indecent or undue exposure. Two, suggestive and salacious illustrations or suggestive posture is unacceptable. Three, all characters shall be depicted in dress reasonably acceptable to society. Four, females shall be drawn realistically without exaggeration of any physical qualities. Note, it should be recognized that all prohibitions dealing with costume, dialogue or artwork apply as specifically to the cover of a comic magazine as they do to the contents. Marriage and sex. One, divorce shall not be treated humorously nor represented as desirable. Two, illicit sex relationships are neither to be hinted at nor portrayed.  Three, respect for parents, the moral code and for honorable behavior shall be fostered. A sympathetic understanding of the problems of love is not a license for morbid distortion. Four, the treatment of live romance stories shall emphasize the value of the home and the sanctity of marriage. Five, passion or romantic interest shall never be treated in such a way as to stimulate the lower and baser emotions. Six, seduction and rape shall never be shown or suggested.  Code for advertising matter. These regulations are acceptable to all magazines published by members of the Comics Magazine Association of America Incorporated. Good taste shall be the guiding principle in the acceptance of advertising. One, liquor and tobacco advertising is not acceptable.  Three, the sale of picture postcards, pinups, art studies or any other reproduction of nude or semi-nude figures is prohibited. Four, advertising for the sale of knives or realistic gun facsimiles is prohibited. Five, advertising for the sale of fireworks is prohibited. Six, advertising dealing with the sale of gambling equipment or printed matter dealing with gambling shall not be accepted. Nude with meretricious purpose and salacious postures shall not be permitted in the advertising of any product. Cloth figures shall never be presented in such a way as to be offensive or contrary to good taste or morals. Eight, to the best of his abilities, each publisher shall ascertain that all statements made in advertisements conform to fact and avoid misrepresentation. Nine, advertisement of medical health or tertiary products of questionable nature are to be rejected. Advertisements for medical health or tertiary products endorsed by the American Medical Association or the American Dental Association shall be deemed acceptable if they conform with all other conditions of the advertising code.


Remember, there's only two ways you learn. From somebody or from what somebody wrote down or recorded. That's it. You don't learn English on your own. You don't learn math just by laying in a bed and go, I'll learn this all on my own. Now, some people say, what, Ty, what if you only have books and mentors but you don't put in the work? Well, of course you got to put in the work. If you lock yourself in a basement and just read and just watch YouTube videos of mentors, that's not going to help you. But I'll tell you this, if you just work hard and forget to work smart, you're not going to accomplish much either. Who works harder? Day laborers or Steve Jobs or Elon Musk? Now we need day laborers. I'm not looking down on them, but I'm saying this, if you talk about who accomplishes more, it's not just the people who work hard, it's the people who work smart. If you get out of an airplane, you're at the airport and you're in a city you've never been in, use GPS. That navigation will shorten the time. Sure, you could just work hard and drive around and try to find it on your own, but why not use a GPS? Why not do it the short way? Science is based upon a body of knowledge passed on from scientist to scientist, mentors. Going on and on, it goes, the cycle goes, become part of that cycle.


This is stock and we're 2-0 C-1-1. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used Chrysler and Minivan headquarters. Today we are checking out the brand-new 2020 Chrysler Voyager. We're going to do a walk around here of the entire vehicle. Not probably the best time of the day to do the video, but we're going to show you all the features that are on this Voyager. This is a brand-new vehicle for 2020. So, as you can see, it is very similar to the Chrysler Pacifica. This one comes with the 3.6 liter Pentastar V6 motor, which pumps out 287 horsepower, and which is exactly the same as the Chrysler Pacifica. Yokohama Avid Tires on here, and these are 17-inch painted alloy rims. These are 235-65, our 17 tires. Granite Chrysler is the color on this one. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So, if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, or smartphone device, turn them on right now because it is definitely the best way to check out the vehicle before seeing it in person. So, the attraction to this Voyager is going to be this buyer's guide here. So, as you can see, it's a starting MSRP of 297.95. This is the LX package, which is the entry-level package. This one does have the cold weather group, which gives you a couple nice features, such as the heated steering wheel and front heated seats and remote start. This one also has the enter-and-go system, the 7-inch touchscreen radio with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay capabilities, and 31785 is the MSRP on that. That's not including any discounts or rebates. You can see it gets 28 on the Highway 19 City for an average of 22, and look at that safety rating, 5-star all the way across the board, except the roll over there. But overall vehicle score of 5 stars, which is very, very good. Very safe vehicle.  The main thing to point out on these Voyagers is that they do not come with power sliding doors. But does that mean no future headaches with that door in the future, as far as the power mechanism going bad or anything? So those are just manual sliding doors. You can see just how nice and smooth that those open and close. So the other thing about the Voyager is that it does not have stow-and-go on the second row. But it does have the in-floor bins, which I'll show you on the other side. And I do have that driver's side seat removed on there, so that I can show you what the floor looks like with one of those seats out. I would have done it during the video, but it's a little hard with one hand to get that out of there and remove it. But you can see the styling is all the same as the Pacifica. These are all going to be manual rear gates on the Voyagers. And the storage area and back seats work exactly like the Pacifica, so you just follow the numbers. One, and then two, and then those will just fold down into the floor. So very nice and easy. Right there, and then to get those back up, you just grab that number two strap here and you give it a little flip. Then that seat will come right back up and then the headrests come up like so. It does have the tire inflator kit. You get grocery bag hooks right there, and the storage area is the same as the Pacifica. Everything dimension-wise is exactly the same. This does have a backup camera, which we'll check out in just a little bit. You do get the capitalist fuel fill, which is a really nice feature. And it does have that enter-and-go system. If it has the button there, it does have the enter-and-go, and it does have heated seats as well.  Same seat design as the Pacifica's. You get the auto headlamps, power windows, power locks, and power mirrors on there. This does have the Tilton telescopic steering wheel, as well as the heated steering wheel. The instrument cluster, very similar to the Pacifica. It is a leather-wrapped steering wheel in these LX models, cruise controls on the right, Bluetooth and Information Center controls on the left. And that's pretty common on the Chrysler vehicles, having all the same controls on the radio. This one does have AM, FM, and Serious XM radio capabilities, as well as the 7-inch radio, which gives you that Apple CarPlay and Android Auto capabilities. This is where your backup camera also shows up. Those are dynamic grid lines, which means that they do turn with the steering wheel. You also have your heated seats and heated steering wheel buttons. This one does have dual climate control. It does come with start-stop capabilities, stability control, electronic parking brake, and the nine-speed automatic transmission.  And they do come with factory floor mats. Here's what your keyless entry looks like, the normal big key fob with the remote start on there, part of that cold weather group. And we'll take a quick look at the back seats. So I can show you. I do get that second row back seat out. That's what it looks like when it comes out, so you can see it's got four brackets on the bottom.  But I wanted to have that out so I could show you how nice and flat that that goes. So if you are hauling sheets of plywood or whatever, you know, when you got all the seats down, it's not going to scrape on whatever you're sliding in there. You do still get the storage bins. It's just that you can't put the seats in there anymore. Those third row seats, you do get the two different latch positions back there as well. And these quad seats do have the latch child safety system in as well. You do get rear air controls back here. And that's pretty much it as far as the Voyager goes. We'll take one more walk around here. So basically the main thing to take away if you were a consumer looking at this video is definitely the price point on these Voyagers is going to be a lot lower than the Pacifica. You get the same engine, the same transmission, the same wheels, the same tires, basically all the same energy engineering and safety ratings on this vehicle. The only thing you're not getting is the second row stowing go and the power lift gate. You still can get the backup camera. You can still get the seven inch screen with the Android Auto and Apple CarPlay capabilities. So you could definitely hook up some ways maps or Google maps to that screen. And just basically the nice price point that you can have with this van. You can also remove those back, those second row seats completely so you get the flat floor and the storage underneath. And that's kind of a nice feature there. And this one does come with the heated seats, heated steering wheel and remote start. And I'd like to thank you for checking out the video and to see more pictures of this Chrysler Voyager or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, you name it, we got it. Go to our website www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto. Remember to like, subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more new inventory videos like this one on your right. If you haven't been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website, click those, check us out. And we're super excited to be offering the brand new 2020 Chrysler Voyager. Thanks for checking out the video and we hope to help you soon.


This video shows an alternate solution to Lesson 3, Practice Exercise A, which uses the Select Layer by Location Tools older syntax. The solution starts out much like the first one in terms of the variables defined at the beginning. Where it differs is that instead of specifying feature classes as inputs to Select Layer by Location, it specifies feature layer objects. These objects are created on lines 15 and 18 using the Make Feature Layer tool. So we make a feature layer that has all of the park and rides, and then another one that has all of the cities. And for both of these, the Make Feature Layer tool has two parameters that we supply. The name of the feature class that's going to act as the source of the features. And then the second parameter is the name that we want to use to refer to this feature layer throughout the rest of the script. That's one aspect of this that takes some getting used to, that the object you're creating gets referred to using a string. In this case, Park and Ride Layer and Cities Layer. Another thing to remember is that you're not creating a new dataset on disk with this tool. A feature layer exists only temporarily in memory while the script runs. So we've got these two feature layers that we can now perform selections on. And in line 25, we are using Select Layer by Location to select all the cities that contain features from the Park and Ride Layer. It's important to note that when using the tool with this approach, the Cities Layer comes into line 25 referring to all one underneath city features. After having the selection applied to it in line 25, it refers to just the 74 features that contain a Park and Ride. So I then go on to open an update cursor on that feature layer so that I can iterate over those 74 features. This new script is mostly the same as the first version, though there are a couple of differences. Number one, I'm not storing the result object returned by Select Layer by Location in this version. So I'm not able to retrieve the count of selected features from that object like we saw in the first solution. And I really do need to implement my counter variable this time. This version creates two feature layers. So in doing the cleanup, I wanted to leave both of these layers.


Narcissistic abuse can physically damage your brain, I am going to talk about how the narcissist can cause physical damage to your brain as well as the science behind why we become addicted to the narcissist, the oxytocin and cortisol hormones as well as the dopamine neurotransmitter. The dangers of being around narcissists goes far beyond the addiction and trauma bond which they can create. Narcissistic abuse is one of the worst types of abuse that one person can do to another and because of the addictive nature many people become stuck in these damaging relationships. Narcissistic abuse can leave much more than just emotional damage, what I am about to say might shock you and I almost feel sick saying this but according to recent studies neuroscientists have discovered that long term narcissistic abuse can lead to actual physical brain damage, damage which is even visible on brain scans. Narcissistic abuse victims may experience a shrinking of the hippocampus and a swelling of the amygdala, they are two of the most crucial parts of the brain when it comes to knowledge and function. Everything you do understand, read and learn rests solely on the hippocampus functioning properly, so narcissists are not just abusers they are also professional brain damages. Remember that anytime you feel like going back to them you can stop damaging neuronal pathways and create new connections that nurture healthier thoughts, emotions and behaviours. Psychotherapy and holistic therapies are effective at treating the damage caused by narcissistic abuse. Other healing methods include guided meditation, mindfulness, emotional freedom technique, aroma therapy and essential oils, physical activity, laughter, music and social connectivity. But the first priority before all of these therapies should be to leave the abusive environment as soon as you can. The longer you stay the greater your risk will be of developing physical brain damage, CPTSD and a long list of serious health issues. I understand that narcissistic abuse can create an addiction within its victims. This is the cause of oxytocin and cortisol hormones as well as the dopamine transmitter. Oxytocin is a hormone which is released during touching or sexual intercourse. This hormone promotes attachment and trust. It is the same hormone that enables bonding between mother and child. During the love bombing phase the narcissist will mirror you and appeal to your own ideals. They do this to create a bond, a connection and attachment. Even during the devaluation phase they will continue to reinforce these positive behaviors while they continue to abuse and manipulate you.  This will continue to release the oxytocin hormone even after experiencing incidents of abuse and it will feed the addiction which they have now created for you.  This creates a strong sexual bond which then releases oxytocin and promotes more trust and attachment. Meanwhile the narcissist has not allowed you to invest in their emotional and sexual desires. They have simply done whatever they can to appeal to your desires. The narcissist has no capability to experience an emotional connection or attachment because they are devoid of empathy.  But they are not emotionally connected to you at all. Which means they can move on to their next source of supply without any thought or empathy for you. This is why it's so easy for them to move on and in such a short space of time and they don't even have the capabilities to become emotionally connected to you. This is much worse for female victims of narcissistic abuse because estrogen promotes the effects of oxytocin while testosterone discourages it. Which means that it is far more difficult for females in any type of relationship to detach or move on as quickly as men. Narcissino hope in relationships. Their belief is that it's going to end some day so why not end it now? Of course if you're in a new relationship they will think that it's not like you're going to get married. So what's the point of putting in any effort? Of course this belief is then what sets up all their relationships to fail as it makes it impossible for them to ever become emotionally invested in their partner. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter which is responsible for addiction to narcissists. It is the same neurotransmitter which is responsible for cocaine addiction. According to Harvard Health both drugs and intense pleasurable memories will trigger dopamine and create reward circuits in the brain. This is essentially telling the brain to do it again or to go back to the narcissist. The narcissist abusive tactics work very well with dopamine because studies show that dopamine flows more readily when the rods are given out on an unpredictable or inconsistent schedule.  Cortisol is a stress hormone. It is released by the adrenaline glands in response to fear as part of our fight or flight mechanism. Abuse causes cortisol to be released from our adrenal glands. Increased levels of cortisol can lead to serious health issues. It can cause adrenal fatigue which can last for many years and cause even more health issues. It can interfere with learning, memory, your immune system, bone density, weight gain, blood pressure, cholesterol, heart disease and much more. Increased levels of cortisol can even increase your risk of developing a mental illness. It can increase your risk of depression and lower your life expectancy. Cortisol isn't just released during abusive incidents. It is also released when you are ruminating over any past traumatic events. I hope that this has helped you to understand what the narcissist is capable of doing to you. Narcissistic abuse creates an addiction within its victims and it can cause real physical brain damage. So remember that any time you are around them or feel like going back to them. This isn't just emotional abuse we are talking about.  Many victims of narcissistic abuse have been driven clinically insane or even nudged to suicide. Narcissists are not just playing with your emotions. They are playing with your lives. Thank you.


Okay, I hope you're doing well. It is Sunday the 15th of May and as per usual Just going to take a look at what's expected for the week ahead because actual major weekend news flow has been particularly quiet There's only one story on Brexit to update you on ahead of talks with UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Belfast on Monday But otherwise, yeah very much a continuation of the general themes that have been playing out in markets Obviously quite a substantial rally seen in US equity markets on Friday Just looking at some of the percentage changes on Friday and as that 100 of course finished up around 3.65% but on the week finished down about two and a half percent all the three major indices again finishing lower across the board in the US as the world acclimatizes to this idea of Higher inflation slowing growth and interest rates rising which has been the main culprit for the sell-off across all asset classes of late Also, of course the the stable coin breakdown that we saw crypto bit of a bounce over the weekend Got the likes of Solano and Cardano up around eight to nine percent going Into Monday session Bitcoin as well is trading back to short of the 31,000 mark ether around 2100 At the moment, but yeah, just get straight into it and talk about some of the headlines for this week ahead And so as I said Prime Minister Johnson is going to be in Northern Lion and Belfast on Monday This is some of the headlines that you're seeing in the FT actually on Sunday Today I'm recording this and this comes as ministers are expected to meet in the UK as early as Tuesday to agree a plan and that plan is that Boris Johnson is expected to sign off on this idea for a plan for a law to unilaterally scrap parts of the UK's Brexit deal in spite of warnings that could collapse talks with Brussels and spark a further trade war with the EU This potentially could come a very particular bad time because as we're going to talk about shortly UK inflation It's expensive to jump to whole percentage points up to around nine percent Accounting for those uptick in energy bills that we've had and that's going to materialize in this week's data And so this cost of living crisis could obviously get exponentially worse if Europe were to retaliate on the trade front with the UK So a lot of this I think is we've just had elections obviously in Ireland. We've had a change of Kind of the most popular party or the leadership. I should say with Sinn Féin, of course And there are loggerheads as you would expect with the DUP on the splitting of powers in Stormant at the moment So Prime Minister Johnson going there and I think just trying to insert himself on those particular talks So yeah as aggressive as this headline sounds. I think it's probably just a lot of Political positioning going into those talks for this week. I would have it, I guess Otherwise, that's it really for the weekend news flow Because so gonna jump straight in and talk about the week ahead broken up by geographic region So I'll talk about the US then the UK Then we'll talk about mainland Europe and we'll talk about the G7 meeting as well happening this week And then we'll conclude with Asia. So starting with the US Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell to speak on Tuesday. He spoke last Thursday, of course and a lot of people Pinning that recovery at the end of last week on the fact that he reassured markets that look 75 is not really up for discussion at the moment so sticking with the Obviously tightening but as a slightly lesser pace of thought the markets were leaning towards only around a week ago or so When the Fed did come out with their their rate decisions so more of an affirmation of their stance than anything But given the fact he's going to be speaking on Tuesday, obviously a lot of people will be keeping a close eye on that for sure Other Fed speakers this week do include speaking on the economy and monetary policy The likes of James Bullard always want to watch being much more on the hawkish end of the spectrum You've also got the Chicago Fed president Charles Evans as well speaking this week, but on the data front This is the the chart I'm showing you At the moment this bar chart here is of US retail sales on a month-to-month basis They is expected to show consumer spending held up in the face of higher inflation in the reading that we'll get this week This being at the start of the second quarter Additionally as well, we do get production industrial production numbers coming out the US at the same time on the same day I should say slightly later time They should be okay as my analysts are saying with manufacturing surveys holding up reasonably well amid a long backlog of orders That remain on their books for the time being quite busy data slate actually for the US We've got building permits housing starts coming out on Wednesday You've got your regular weekly jobless claims of course on Thursday Fiddy Fed and existing home sales as well coming out Towards the back end of the week. Otherwise flipping our attention over to the UK It's going to be quite the fascinating one because just quickly here looking at the unemployment rate in the UK and as you can see here the tightness of the labor market in fact the the readings that we're tracking at the moment around 3.8% does do put us at the Lowest the unemployment rate has been since really 2019 era so well before the outbreak of the pandemic of course and It does go to really underscore the tightness of the jobs market and what that means really for added wage and subsequent price pressures and what that leads us into then is the UK Inflation reading. This is the last reading that we had coming in at 7% But the headline is expected to jump by two percentage points taking us to around the 9% marker This reflecting the 54% rise we've had in household energy bills The median actual outcome year-on-year is expected at 9.1% If that does materialize that would mark the fastest rate of inflation since 1982 for the UK Now what's going to be quite interesting of course is going to be how and what the the Bank of England members have to say about this We've already had a lot of communication Recently with their rate decision if you remember they said that basically inflation is going to go to double digits so the direction of travel is actually not that unexpected but the Heads the rate setters at the monetary policy committee. So Andrew Bailey the governor Dave Ramstein Jonathan Haskell Michael Saunders They're all going to be facing lawmakers of the Treasury Select Committee on Monday You've probably already seen lots of UK politicians It was Liam Fox was one the other day taking pop shots at the Bank of England saying what a bad job that they're doing looking to control inflation You could kind of expect that from politicians just looking to deflect a lot of that responsibility Obviously onto the hands of the Bank of England where of course a lot of that control albeit perhaps they could have done things differently Has been out of their control with these kind of supply side shocks that we've had namely out of Ukraine and Russia and the energy price Crisis, but nonetheless, I'm sure it would be much of the headlines dominating the beginning of the week and then taking us over to Kind of on the global stage But in Europe just given where the meeting is taking place G7 and central bank governors will convene for in person for days of talks Starting on Wednesday The meeting comes in the context of the EU cutting its prediction for 2022 You are area growth and almost doubled its estimate for inflation Of course the last time a lot of these heads of state would have met and we've always we've had the rate rise coming out The false consecutive one from the UK's perspective We've had this 50 basis point clip come out of the Fed and and so on and so forth With the market fallout that we've had as well So much to be heard of what they have to say from their discussions and deliberations Of course over the sanctions on Russia as well and then coming out of Europe Christine Lagarde the ESP president She's gonna be speaking and also separately the latest ESP minutes can be coming out on Thursday But given the number of ESP speakers We've probably had of late in the fact she's speaking on the same day probably her comments might well and her address Be more important than the actual dated minutes themselves Otherwise a quick jump over towards the Far East and China have had a couple of data points coming out China already over the weekend This kind of setting us up that China Will set its medium term lending facility rate on Monday Some economists are expecting a potential reduction there. I don't think that would be particularly surprising But otherwise for this week, we've got the minutes of the RBA You can see here the governor flip low their meeting Minutes are coming out on Tuesday while wages and jobs numbers in Australia We coming out and later on in the week and Thursday And if those numbers do come out higher than expectations then it could well further ratchet up Those expectations about faster rate increases to come from the Bank of Australia and then finally from Japan We've got some data there GDP numbers are coming out this week Expected to have shrunk their economy in Q1 When that knows data points hit the tape on Wednesday, so that is it Yeah, quite a busy week overall feel free to access my Twitter handle just down here. It's got all of the notes For what I've just discussed if it makes life a little bit easier to have a review Otherwise, yeah, pretty quiet on the actual overnight and weekend news flow I would say so still very much an overhang of the general broader global theme at the moment as discussed at the very beginning And then yeah, quite a busy week to go at for the couple of trading sessions ahead So yeah, best of luck and I'll see you for the next video. Take care


Hi You all might have suffered from complexity using boss as you might know I work on the open-sex CPI team and I'm going to share some a short story about How we have our share of suffering from the inside like developing boss Let me start with a really short Overview, it's not a complete overview and nothing really simplified of of boss And I'm concentrating on the registry here. It's like that's going to be used to Provide metadata that has to be updated during a lifetime of the VM think about mount points for persistent disks The flow is kind of the director tells the CPI to tell the registry to prepare some value that the agent will collect at some point in time and then do action on that as a context so I've Three features that we wanted to develop or have developed actually This one rather simple straightforward, we wanted to use domains of keystone v version 3 look rather simple some Some twiddling some if because we want to support v2 and v3 and their path for authentication changed but then just add Domain obviously and tenant is now called project again But some rather simple things the implementation was straightforward. We committed it. The pipeline was green It just didn't work I'll come to that later. I'll have another feature human readable VM names like in AWS on the console You see things like runner slash zero runner slash one On open stack that was VM dash some UU ID Not really helpful and we wanted to change that Unfortunately the agent on open sex themselves is configured to actually use the name to look up meta data in the registry So that was a bit harder, but we found some work around Pipeline went green. It just didn't work That's the last feature that we worked on that's about custom CA certs think about a private open-stack installation Using self-signed certificates. You might still want to really use SSL validation And that's a mechanism to actually provide your custom CA cert Yeah, that was pretty straightforward again like keystone v3 the pipeline was green. It just didn't work So it was this rather innocent looking line of code That is responsible for checking that the agents actually just able to get the settings for his VM And you know the CPI is the abstraction for I is right Hmm not quite the registry is actually calling open stack on its own so we had to Do the v3 stuff there for keystone the CA certs and there was some problem Finding finding a content for that for that VM Sadly this is only called if The call is made without authentication and guess how our pipeline was configured It was configured with basic authentication So it went green with that because the check was just see that if remote IP was just switched off So okay, maybe that was Humorous or not I'm coming to some seriousness Not not as good as you dr. Nick It's an it's an unnecessary layer of indirection And it's actually a single point of failure that wouldn't be necessary like the the director could just talk to the agent directly It's a major break of abstraction So you have actually subclasses of some Ruby class in there for AWS and for open stack and As you've seen in the presentation about the Google CPI New newly created CPIs are actually shying away from from using it and starting to use that Let me close with that Quotation of Cato the older that wanted to have cartago destroyed I'm aware of that this probably took Cato quite some time to get it through the through the Roman Senate He said it whenever he had a speech in there And then the third puny war took quite some time But on the other hand we have it actually on Bosch notes like plans for a for a Bosch CPI version 2 That would get rid of registry and that's so we should just do it That's all from me. Thanks for listening