If you have understood octahedral you know octahedral splitting, you should be able to understand tetrahedral. But of course, the problem being it is tetrahedral the angles are different. Octahedral good thing it was on d z square you have one orbital clearly and the ligands are coming from there d x y x and y direction ligands are coming directly. In tetrahedral you see the orbitals in somewhere the ligands are coming from somewhere it is not like head on collision, it is not exactly direct approach of the ligand I mean direct overlap of the ligand and orbital are not happening. That is where of course, you should be able to understand the destabilization will not be that much. So, the splitting of course, there will be splitting also in the d orbital splitting extend to which the splitting will occur will not be too much, because in octahedral it is a head on collision. Then in tetrahedral it is going to be side on just touching and going almost kissing and running away right. So, that is where that is where you will see in tetrahedral you will never have any low spin configuration means the extend of separation between t and e or in this case we do not say t 2 g and e g we say t 2 and e ok same d x y d y z d x z it is t 2 e not e g e is d x 2 y 2 d z 2 ok will come. Since octahedral we are saying that of course, 6 of the ligands are approaching in tetrahedral only 4 of them are approaching. In octahedral it is a head on collision in tetrahedral it is you know just side wise you can say or very little collision very little good evaluator. The repulsion from the ligand or ligand electron will not be able to repeal the metal electron that efficiently as you see in the octahedral case. So, the splitting the repulsion is the splitting is nothing, but difference between e and t 2 whatever we were saying these 3 orbital versus 2 orbital splitting the distance. So, that is never going to be too high if it is not too high if it is always like this at let us say room temperature the electron can access all of them. So, it is always going to be high spin we do not have to worry about low spin in tetrahedral case only in octahedral case we have to think about low spin and high spin clear. The reason is very simple number of ligands are less. So, repulsion is less 4 versus 6 4 ligands versus 6 ligand tetrahedral means 4 ligands and also the approach of the ligand with respect to the orbital is not going to be direct it is almost a side approach ok. Now, so the ligands as you can see occupying alternate orbital over here alternate sorry occupy alternate corner 1 2 3 and 1 in the back 4 ligands right. You imagine just methane CH 4 how the hydrogens are with respect to carbon. Imagine carbon is your metal center and 4 hydrogens are your 4 ligand that is how it is right it is not octahedral it is tetrahedral. So, E orbitals we will be calling E orbitals and T 2 orbitals ok. So, here they are in this case actually I will say you why it will be in this case it is the reverse of octahedral these are going to be stabilized d g 2 and d x 2 y 2 are going to be stabilized because these orbitals are the ones which will be facing this ligand least. So, ligand is here ligand is there ligand is there and ligand is there can you see the 4 ligands 4 black dots strong dots 1 2 3 4 see the d z square orbital and d x 2 orbital y 2 orbital these 2 orbitals are facing the ligand least they are farthest from the ligand that means, the repulsion will be less or they are the one which is going to be stabilized. If you think about the octahedral of course, from the 3 metal ion everything destabilized and from there further stabilized and further destabilized right over here the pattern is just opposite 3 2 was for octahedral it will be 2 3 T 2 sorry E will be the stabilized one T 2 not T 2 g mind you not E g again E and T 2 these are coming from symmetry elements which will not be taught. So, it is like this. So, these 2 orbitals are stabilized these 3 are destabilized relatively destabilized see once again these are the 4 ligands 1 2 3 4 these 4 ligands are with respect to these it is more close to the orbitals these ligands are close to these orbitals more compared to these you just see look at the angle how far they are you will be able to see it ok. It is going to be little bit twisted from octahedral because octahedral it was clear cut tetrahedral you have to see that 109 angle 109 angle right that is the angle between the 2 you know 2 ligands going to be right. Now, these are the one these d orbitals are the one which is going to be destabilized compared to these 2 that is because they are facing the ligand more efficiently or their ligand electrons and metal electrons are going to repeal each other more strongly because they are coming too close to each other compared to that we see in here clear you see it should be fine. Now, also just numerically speaking you can see that the e orbitals are of course 109 angle total if you see the geometry and it is 2 of them. So, it is 54 degree with respect to the center you can look at if it is not clear you can come back I will just t 2 is nearer to the ligand hence higher energy e is further from ligand then thereby lesser energy I think this picture gives you the clear idea where the ligands are and where the orbitals are it is a 3D view no amount of explanation will not be good enough you have to look at I cannot explain perfectly you have to look at ok. Now, so if you look at delta G and delta T in delta 0 delta 0 it I meant actually delta octahedral delta T means delta tetrahedral this is the splitting ok. Now, this splitting delta 0 will be very high that is what we are saying compared to delta T what is the reason once again 4 ligand versus 6 ligands you have 6 ligands for octahedral you have 4 ligands for tetrahedral thereby the delta T will be less delta 0 or delta octahedral is always going to be more ok. Now, what is the extent and also you have seen e below T 2 up. Now, overall this is the one you have to kind of remember it is like 2 third and 2 third why 2 third and 2 third. So, 4 9 where is that coming from. So, 4 ligands versus 6 ligands 6 times 2 third is going to be 4 ligands 6 ligands was for octahedral 4 ligand is for tetrahedral. So, 2 third number of ligands 2 third times 6 is 4 there is a component of 2 third and there is this roughly due to the angle since they were colliding head on and here it is a 109 degree angle is there and thereby how the orbitals are oriented towards the ligand that gives you another 2 third means what I am saying is the extent to which ligand in octahedral case is interacting versus extent to which tetrahedral is interacting overall that is going to be 4 9 of delta 0. Delta octahedral is always going to be higher compared to delta tetrahedral for a let us say given metal complex. You have ML 4 ML 6 same metal same ligand everything else oxidation states same. So, tetrahedral that destabilization or the splitting is always going to be less how less it is 4 9 times delta 0 where the 4 9 is coming from 2 third times 2 third 2 third times 2 third 2 third due to the number of ligands 6 times 2 third is 4 another 2 third due to the angle of approach how it is coming ok. Anyway that is what I was trying to tell all tetrahedral complexes are high spin because the splitting is less understood octahedral and tetrahedral completely different scenario T 2 G lower E G up here E not E G ok E lower T 2 up that is all you need to know now let us go. So, as you see now you look at these values we were saying 20,000 25,000 so on for this delta delta octahedral delta tetrahedral is always very small in number. If you now go back and look at the corresponding let us say octahedral complex you will be able to see that these are lower in number 5 10 minutes 5 minutes. So, if you now compare the stability or overall between octahedral and tetrahedral if it is 0 electron no stability let us say we are not talking if it is 1 electron in the octahedral case the blue line is for octahedral ligand field stabilization energy plot versus number of electrons plot. So, if you have 1 electron it is going to be in T 2 G 1 for octahedral case it is going to be 0.4 if you have 2 unfair electron it is going to be 0.8 or 8 d Q or 0.8 delta 0 we are talking 4 d Q then 8 d Q if it is 3 it is 12 or 1.2 delta 0. Similarly, you can start putting for tetrahedral tetrahedral it is E 1 not T E 1 E 2 E 1 is going to be 6 6 delta T if that 6 delta T you multiply by 4 9 of delta 0 which that 4 9 term you will be able to see that this is the actual difference. This plot actually makes complete sense 5 unfair electron we are talking all high spin versus high spin octahedral high spin tetrahedral high spin we are comparing 5 unfair electron high spin in octahedral means T 2 G 3 E G 2 0 total 0 3 of them are in here 2 of them are in here. So, 0 in octahedral in tetrahedral it is always high spin E 2 T 2 3 right. So, it is once again going to be 0 that is how for as the number of electron increases how the high spin case ligand field stabilization energy is varying you will be able to understand. I think we are losing the concentration I am with you just 1 or 2 minutes I will not take too much. Now, so let us look at this one if you understand little bit of this one I think I will let you go today ok. Taking you pick up 3 3 unpaired electron number of electrons is 3 number of 3 unpaired electrons or 3 electrons d 3 configuration for octahedral case it is what T 2 G and E G it is going to be 1 2 3 T 2 G 3 and E G 0. T 2 G 3 means each of them are having 4 d Q stabilization. So, it is going to be minus 12 d Q or minus 1.2 delta 0 or delta octahedral that is the stabilization energy that is over there. Now, you talk about tetrahedral case 3 electron it is going to be E and T 2 E 2 T 2 1 E 2 T 2 1 E 2 means 6 plus 6 12 12 d Q stabilization. If it is 3 electrons 1 2 3 it is never going to pair up unless there is no option then it will pair up it is never high spin low spin situation it is always high spin situation 1 2 3 each of them are 6 delta T not delta O delta T. So, 2 of them are 12 delta T 1 of them is 4 delta T minus 12 plus 4 minus 8 minus 8 delta T. Now, that is tetrahedral how much it is in terms of octahedral multiplied by 4 9. So, apparent close to 4 4 delta O right yeah most of you got it. So, minus 6 times 2 plus 4 delta T that is going to be for E 2 T 2 1 this is going to be for tetrahedral E 2 T 2 1 electronic configuration overall how much it is? It is going to be minus 8 delta T. Now, as you know minus 8 delta T means minus 8 delta T means this is time 4 by 9 for overall this is going to be in delta 0 right. So, it is nearly going to be let us say 3.8 or 3.9 whatever it is 9 and 8 console out whatever it is 32 divided by 9 right.  So, that is how each of the electronic configuration once again mind you this is high spin tetrahedral is always high spin tetrahedral high spin versus octahedral high spin we are trying to compare you should be able to do this plot by yourself ok. If you think you have understood this class or if you after studying 10 minutes 15 minutes whatever it takes you or 1 hour whatever it takes you after studying it if you can plot this one I think that will reflect that you have understood the delta 0 and delta T business ok. Now, there is another term which is called octahedral site stabilization energy. What is that? That is nothing, but the same electronic configuration or same electron number if it is given for octahedral versus it is given for tetrahedral what is the stabilization net stabilization let us say net stabilization. This is 2 electron stabilization for octahedral this is 2 electron stabilization for tetrahedral what is the difference between the 2? You will never see that octahedral is less stable compared to tetrahedral it is always octahedral is more stable how much stable that is what is usually called octahedral site stabilization energy OSSE it is perhaps not discussed in the class. So, you can understand the difference for the same type of electron or same electronic configuration how much stability octahedral is going to get compared to tetrahedral ok, but mind you again this is the comparison between the high spin high spin tetrahedral high spin octahedral is always high spin octahedral high spin, but sometime this octahedral site stabilization energy can differ sometime tetrahedral is more stable if octahedral stabilized I mean octahedral that crystal field stabilization energy becomes less that can happen if it is let us say I mean scenarios will be there where you can have such thing we will discuss those ok. So, those next topic will be spinel normal spinel spinels are what spinels are nothing but the gems what you see these are different metal oxides with the form AB2O4 magnesium aluminum 1 magnesium 2 aluminum and 4 oxygen different of these you know the jewels that you see different rocks these are nothing but spinel. Spinels are of 2 types normal spinel and inverse spinel this is the only topic that is left for this chapter coordination complex. So, the class is over.


They're asking for cocaine, they're asking for marijuana, like essentially from the drugs because it acts on the same receptors.   It's Donna. Welcome back to my channel. So for those of you who are new, I do YouTube content that has videos about everything PA related and just being a mom and student and just kind of going through that journey of PA school. So if you are very new to this channel, this is the first video that you're seeing, go take a look at my channel, see if you like what you see. And if you do go ahead and subscribe. So this video is going to be the juicy details of everything that I did on my behavioral health or psych rotation. Psych has by far been my easiest, I guess you could say rotation. Like I don't even want to say easy. Like it's heavy topics that I was dealing with or, you know, when I did my initial intake of the patients, it was very heavy stories. And so like it was the easiest in terms of my day, like I would go to work from like nine to six or something along those lines nine to five, depending on which actual facility we were at. Apart from that, like it was emotionally draining. But let me just talk to you about that. So depending on the day, I worked on it at a different facility on Monday and Wednesday than I did on Tuesday and Thursday and Friday. So we had like every other Thursday off, I believe it was, but I would, you know, you're trying to get like your 10 hours, 40 hour week. That's what we're required to get for our rotations. We have to get at minimum 40 hours a week, but I would always like surpass that. So depending on the facility, I may have had to go in at eight or I may have had to go in at nine or at 10. It also depended on when our first actual client was scheduled. We don't really call them patients in behavioral health because I was outpatient. So they were all like clients. So I would get in there, you know, I'd go to the front desk, I would see ask the receptionist like, you know, for the schedule, she'd already have it printed out for me. I had an NP student with me as well. And for the majority of my rotation. So we would split initial intakes. And then literally my second day, the psychiatrist had me doing like follow ups as well. The initial intakes would essentially, I have to get like a full history, you know, their past medical histories as needed. What's bringing them in today, you know, had they been on any psych medication before? If so, what were they, did they work? Did you like, essentially like what was the trial of their medications and which, which ones work at what dosage and which ones didn't work? So we would do that. I would go through, you know, like abuse history, any substance abuse as well.  So any type of alcohol or other illicit drugs, I would have to ask them about that because those play like they change the landscape of the treatment completely. If your patient used to have a substance abuse issue, then we have to make sure that that is teased out, that they're not dealing with that still, that they are going to therapy and dealing with their issues. And then that we're not giving them drugs that could kind of also act as a substance that they would be potentially abusing, like, you know, Adderall or Ritalin. So we did that. We would run through the whole thing. I would go obviously patient by patient there. They had to be evaluated every year. So if there was a patient that was not evaluated in like three years and sometimes that happens, then we have to do a whole new like initial eval just to make sure that nothing has changed, that they're still going to therapy that everything is still working fine for them. We always asked about like getting sleep disturbances or GI issues because that those are common things that happen with respect to like mental illness, but not just mental illness. A lot of the medications that they use for that can either be, you know, make them super sleepy or agitated to where they have insomnia. So we would always address those things as well. After I went through the schedule, be it a follow-up or initial eval, like, you know, we'd break for lunch at around 12 or one, depending on how busy the day was. Lunch would be an hour. And again, this is all outpatient, which is completely different than inpatient, but lunch would be an hour.    So it's like where you can look up all the prescription drugs, you can see like where, you know, they got prescribed something in the past and where they felt it. And, you know, if they went to another physician that prescribed them something and where they felt that, how many were they prescribed that kind of stuff. So you can see if these clients have been abusing drugs. I didn't have access to that, right? So I'm just the student coming in. I have access to like what they're telling me, especially if it's an initial eval. Like we rarely get any of their like past records from any past like mental health areas that they had seen in the past before, like clinics or, you know, sites. So what it was like completely, completely just out of the blue, you're trying to figure out what's going on.   And this guy is like super brilliant because like he'll be like, what did you think of that patient? It was like, well, you know, like she's in there crying or he's in there. No, we didn't really have men that cried a little, but it was like, oh, she's crying and she's like, you know, searching for all this stuff. She said she's been abused and so it seems like she's had a rough life and these are the drugs that worked for her before she doesn't really want to try anything else. And he was like, exactly. He's like, those are like your red flags that you have to look at because a lot of times patients will come in and they'll tell you one thing. They'll tell me something different. But when you look at the drugs, like they're on a stimulant and you know, they're on an antidepressant. So he's like essentially breaking it down. Like, oh, they're asking for alcohol. They're asking for cocaine. They're asking for marijuana, like essentially from the drugs because it acts on the same receptors.  So I would do that. We would do that. I mean, we got a little bit better at it as we went on in the weeks, but those initial evals were really, really tough. And so we would do that. We'd go through that day and then my day ended at either five or six p.m. at night, sometimes a little bit later, but it all depended on again, like the client. And after I would do that, like every, you know, every day, I'd have to drive to different centers.  And so it's like really tough stores. And you're just trying to figure out like, what's the best way to help this person out? So that's one aspect that I really liked about it because you, you can really like see like, all right, you know, like I'm, I'm making a difference. And although it was a lot of like medication management, like these clients, like they really connect with you, you know, like I would see, I saw some of them because I was only on this rotation for four weeks.  And I'm like, how are you doing? You know, how's things going at home? So you can build that relationship. And like, if you know me, you know, like I'm super like heavy on building relationships. So that was cool to see one thing I didn't necessarily like as much as just that this, the psych NP and the psychiatrist and I would imagine the psych PA would be like heavily involved in just medication management. You don't really do that much like kind of talking, that's more so the realm of the therapist. So if you were thinking of going into psych, that would be something that you might want to look into unless you are in inpatient psych, which we did a little bit more talking in that setting. I saw some inpatient psych when I was doing my emergency medicine rotation, but still it was still more so like heavy medication management. But that is it. I mean, that's everything that I did. It was literally a straightforward day. I'm telling you guys, it was like my easiest rotation because it was pretty much like nine to five, you know, for the most part, just four days a week type of thing. But it was cool. And I learned a lot. I got really, really good at the drugs, you know, understanding like what receptors they act on and how that would affect, you know, the client. So I think that it's a great rotation to have, especially since like the you there are people that are walking around, you have no idea, you know, what the issues that they're going through are. But like there are the majority of the patients that I saw were like major depressive disorder or, you know, like ADHD in the kids. So or depression with psychotic features. So those are things that you're like, okay, I want to make sure that I'm able to recognize these if I'm in primary care or emergency medicine or whatever the case may be, whatever specialty you're in, you're always going to get some bit of sight because patients that are coming into that specialty, they may have mental health issues that you just don't know about. They may be taking medications that you're kind of familiar with, but you're not truly familiar with. So understanding like how these medications will interact with medications that you may be trying to prescribe are important. But that is it, you guys. That is everything that I did on my psych rotation.  I have a couple more left. So I'm excited to share them with you. If you have any comments or questions for me, please leave them in the comment section below. And if you haven't already done so, go on to Instagram and follow me on Instagram at AdanaThePA. Thank you guys so much for watching and I will talk to you guys next time. Bye.


Hello everybody, welcome back to my V-LOG. Sorry it's been a while, I just have loads of bits and pieces to do. Look, I thought this might be quite interesting because, I mean, one of us are familiar with the Highland power supply. The 0-30 volts, 0-3 amps power supply boards. And how so many of them are fake. Well, not so much fake, but the layout's different. You've got a 90 degree layout positioning of the voltage regulator, the 24 volt regulator and the high pass filter. Well, I was looking across the internet and I noticed this one being sold in the UK. I'll stick it up on the screen here. And if we just go through here, you can see that it has what seems to be the correct layout. And there's no other boards here depicting the 90 degree layout with the voltage regulator and the pass filter, the pass transistor. So, I ordered one. It's a little bit more expensive than if you order from, you know, vendors in other places. And this has come through pretty quickly. And we're going to take a quick peek in there now and see if it is actually the board that I ordered, which is the one with the regulator and the pass transistor in the face in the same direction. So, let me just get rid of that. Oh, yes.  I can see straight away. I don't know if you can see that so well. But I can see straight away that there is. Okay, so we're going to get the instructions here. Please install the resistance diodes according to PC. Oh, yeah, of course. The resistances and diodes. Well, the resistors are all right anyway. But the diodes, yes, of course. High quality DC regulated power supply whose output voltage is continuously adjustable from 0 to 30 volt includes a current limiting circuit, which enables output current to be continuously adjustable from 2 millionth to 3 amp, which is brilliant. Provide current limiting LED display overload short circuit protection easy to install and maintain, which is absolutely right. If you've got one of these that is not automatically goes in the rubbish list. Now, let's pull these out and have a quick look. I'm not going to do the build now and test it. These are the op-humps. There's a standard input filter. Sorry about the audio quality as well. I quite got everything up and running. Oh yeah, that's nice. You don't normally get this sort of thing in with these kits. That's just a nice little DIY maker series. I'm not sure who that's. I wonder if you could go there because this was actually from a vendor. I'm going to save the vendor first. I'm quite pleased. It seems like it's a good one. From violin hysteria? Bulinisteria? Bulinisteria? Oh, every good pronounce. Off eBay. They got back to me straight away when I asked them. Is it not the genuine but is the layout? Is the layout the way I'd want it? Which is this way.  It covers the entire back area and then just do some leads off to here with some cable. But yeah, there it is. So that seems quite promising.  Not in this video. This is just a quick look at it. I don't want to see if there's anything really that stands out on the board that may make it look like it doesn't say Highland on here anywhere. So it's not actually a genuine Highland. They tend to put that on all their things. I've got another little power supply here from Highland. I do have another one here and it just shows that on their things they actually, they put their name. But that looks like it's in the correct place, which is really helpful because when the power supply, when the heatsink sat here, it means that back can go against the heatsink as well, which is quite nice. All right, well, everything else in there looks fine on it, the way it would normally be with these things. It's our voltage regulator. There's our pass transistor. Now, let's have a look at this. Now, this is interesting. On the other pass transistors. Let's just make sure you can see that. What I noticed was on all the dodgy ones. Let me just find one along the shape. Okay, so here's one that hasn't even been opened yet. Okay, so let's just shift this stuff out of the way. This hasn't even been opened. I didn't see the point that opened it. I could see just by looking in there that it was a dodgy. So let's just pull this out. And you can see first of all what I mean about the board. You see the voltage regulator is on the 90 degree to the pass transistor. These have all been problem boards to me. There's a slight shade difference, which is nice. There are differences in the way that the silt screen has been done. As you can see, these are easier to see than what these are. But the main difference is that I'm interested in is that the pass transistor here and this regulator are facing the same way. Because on all those boards that are like that, I've not had a problem with all the boards like this I've had a problem with. Now, what I was saying about the pass transistor here. Let me take a peek at that one. And then you look at this one. With that you're in taking it out.  And here's the difference. Do you see the difference? Is this is almost like it's been cut in to this. But it's just different. This is how the original ones look. Now I'm not saying that one of these won't work because I actually tried one of these on a genuine board, a working board and it worked. I'm not saying if it will be as robust as one of these, but all these ones I've had have been fine. They've been fine. There's a little bit more to these as well. They've had these dimple parts cut into them. So it looks like there's been more work done. But apart from that they look pretty similar, don't they? But yeah, that one seems to be a good one. Hopefully that's going to be the way it is. We'll keep those at the way of that because that's just going to be the start of the way now. And yeah, we'll get this again. We'll get this again or we'll get back to you when I've done it. All right, that goes with that. This one's a bad one. We'll give this a go. And I'll get back to you when I've done it. We'll just make sure it's all up and running and doing what it's supposed to do. All right, we've got this far guys. Thanks for watching. Again, if you want to know who that was, it's by Linus Terrier. You can get them from the UK to you guys in the UK and they're easy for you. But it's just nice to know that there are some of these now out there on the market. And like I say, I'll let you know. I'll get it done over the next couple of days, this particular thing. And I'll let you know if everything's working okay or not. The proof is in the pudding when I come back and we'll see whether it's a work or not. Thanks for watching. Bye-bye for now.


Bajama, reaksini, karei tu visuuli, I'm watching you. Lakinista muncho, this na takayemu niya dintro, visuemu niya kabisa, sosa sa fanyi kila, kitubu liya na ipeenda. Hello ma'am, karei buta na sano kali, I love your entire outfit. I already said it off camera, but the boots, we can talk in your match. This is my lawyer, he can negotiate on my behalf. Buta niyo na kando. So I'm telling you my sense. Karei buta na you look very lovely, karei buta no kali. Thank you, thank you. Please, by all means, without shortlisting anything and second guessing anything, introduce yourself, Miss Kay. Hi everyone, of course, welcome to Tano Kali. My name is Helena Kay, I'm a singer-songwriter. I'm a lover of music and love of life and I'm a doctor. A doctor or a doctor? A doctor. Oh, okay ma'am. Okay, let's just start there. Let me just... Tell me, tell me when medicine and music met and we had you. I really don't. I think I just love both of them equally. Maybe one is a passion, one is more of a practice. But I love both equally because I practice and I sing. What kind of medicine do you practice? I'm actually a pharmacist. Ah, wow. So in short, if I need anything, I just... Is it critical on the queen of medicine? As long as you're a kulebia. No. Yeah, a lot of people... I don't know what to say when I do this idea. Yeah, a lot of people work with your pharmacist. They're like, okay, so out of plug-on... So one of the magazines is Quick Conductor. Quick Conductor. So you guys consider the zoom, singizi and fortea. You see? No. That was too fast. Too fast. But it's okay. Yeah, but I know it happened. I don't know what to say in voice too. Once in a while. You got it covered for both of us. I'm moved. All right, so yes, now that we went straight into it. I'd like to know, so I understand from your... You say that you learn music. I believe music is a passion of the practice. Yes. Yes, I believe you've come from a music, a music called background. What was that, like your parents, your grandparents who in your family practice music and to what extent? Was it professional? Or kani sani, ama nyumbani, wa piapo? Yeah, of course kani sani. My mum was... My mum and dad both were Sunday school teachers. My mum was a choir mistress. In her young years, and I said, Manga Kiyom's channel, she used to sing a lot. So of course, they nurtured me a lot. I joined a primary school. I was always in choir. I was always in kwaia. So it was always like that. So the nurturing came from the family. But again, everyone in my family can sing. Maybe I'm just the courageous one who decided to sing professionally. Yeah, but it's in the family. Yeah. Okay, and then... So you're producing it from your childhood. Then fast forward you find yourself in high school, your teenager, your match grown. Kuna opportunities kuhimba maybe in school. Did you ever practice in school? Or it's something that came much later? Of course, in school, I used to do a lot of... You see those entertainments. I used to perform. But it was low budget. I used to do a lot of that. I remember I went to the camp. I did one. I asked for it. I hope it's okay. I asked for it. Why? It's okay. Well, a few of my friends took those videos and I requested was a takedown. But the will was there. The courage was there. You didn't know how to go about it. But I was always there. Kukiwa na... You see the modeling. What were they called? Cultural day. Cultural day. I always used to perform. So sorry. That's really cool. Yeah. So it was always like that. Covers. But I never got to do YouTube. But I have a lot of covers. Zenye nili waifanya. I know. I am not even proud. But again, that is how it started. Yeah. So anyway. Long story short, I started doing it professionally. Yeah. That's actually my next thing. So at one point now, they did now completely become on a professional level. When it's up to you. He stopped just entertaining people within your premises. I want to make money out of this. I want to reach out to people through the kind of music I write and create. Yeah. Of course. The first time I went, I decided I want to go to studios. Okay. Anyway. These things you just start kimangoto. I don't know how to put it. It's just like, okay, I need to start. If I don't start now, I'll never start. Because it's something I always wanted to do. Of course, I went to studio. Nili kwa naile. Vibe to pole pole. And then I started learning new styles of music. So nika diverse kidogo. But I was always that person Benzol type. See what happens when you're on my side. You see what happens? Yes. Next time, I'll make a ceremony All I'm saying is that when you say on this side things are lying well. The universe is on our side. Good things happen. Good people. Just in case you're floating head to head today was between Vi and Benzol. So can be a socialist when they're hosting you on. You can see our guest today Helen K is on Benzol side. The cool side of life. All right. And then what are some of your inspirations at that point when you're starting out? Also in addition to that I want to know what was your first studio experience like finding a producer, finding someone to tell you how these beats are made.  So it was very awkward. I had like nimandika a lot of songs. I wouldn't have confidence you don't even know if it's you don't even know what you're doing really. You just know you can sing. So I reached out to a lot of producers. But the producer who got back to me was Alexis on the beat. So I booked a session with him. Went to the studio. Let me tell you nearly so it. Kibibi sasa. That was my longest session since I ever started. Nizuna kwa charge pa hour? Not really. I think but I I it was really tough. I didn't know if I was doing the right thing. I kept looking your a new artist you don't expect to be working with someone like that. So unangale atu nime ko se. So you just do something and just sing. In fact ali toka tu and then you was like just sing. Relax and do your thing. And that's how I recorded Leo. That was my first project. But honestly it was so hard to to be in a new environment and do something that you've you know you've always imagined but you've never actualized it. I love you. You know you don't want to mess up your first project but it ended up sound very nice. So at that point who are some of your inspirations when you are now deciding and pursuing this professionally. So for me I always looked up to see her. Internationally. Even if we can't see her. Ya. So I love her. I love her music. Her vocals. Ya okay get that. Ya I know my producer was like I see what you got. Hone I was waiting. Okay so. Alright. So Sia Ya she's her vocals are on point. Her writing skills are on point. Because I love quality music. Ya it's not just you don't have to do music for the fame part of it. You need to do timeless music. Ya niski za muziki ya ko. Oh. Una jami ni baby ganezan za kumgai. It's a crumpling on stage. Ya so Sia Alain and I don't know I can't even exhaust them but I was willing to say I used to listen to and then kuna zile bongo zenya tuliko.  Ya know those days sanna ni wana jo ni this show wana siki za. You know when radio used to be radio. Ya. Ya that's that's how I'm usually something it's day I'm going to yote hizosku niki siki za ngezo bongo ibo. Hizyo aneza kumam sani nani kandika angoma. No it's such a twist. Really? That's good. No. Hizongoma zi gena pahani. Maybe I'll be a ribo. And maybe I'll collab with them. No. No just in the head I still be a kid. Ya. So that was it by the way I need to look I come from Mahali kushago. So we used to go kuchunga gompe. So to look up to nask kiza radio tikiwa wukwa nani. Takatus kumo jango wukwa radio na. Ya. I think inspiration to me search places very weird places but good places. Ya. Okay. So let me ask so far have you had your music played on any radio station so far? And what are some what's the one place that you dream of having your music played? I've heard my music being played. Okay currently at least in me pata good air play initially nikianzana okay leo actually didn't get even one air play. Oh yo. Hey hey hey hey. Okay okay. Sorry. Sawa. Back then my bad back then when you released leo your time you're not even sure kabisa kama waka kekele angoma bad dota wuna iskizu wuko wuna ugopa then but from her baby moving forward it has been very good initially the feeling was good kwa tunda adina skiza tunikwa hyped up okay the feeling never goes or you always feel good and maybe the place I'd love to hear my music being played or okay me performing is maybe at like perform in a met gala awad. Wow. The rich side that we don't get to see after the red carpet the other side that we don't see we know more people. This is other side. Maybe kujia minia. Amen as it should be. Yeah but that's the kind of place I'd love to or say it's not more of the festival the kochela or the elegan charity events actually I'm more of I'm more of a person who like play and sing so of course that's a very good vibe for that type of music okay um dream collab as we refer to your dream collab someone you hope even if they're watching right now get to see this video that you want to for collaborate with them Kenyan and international alright even if it's a Kenyan who's international but like Kenyan then okay so Kenyan bien Ben ame many new up no let's see what I can do I'll talk to my people ama see who you talk to your people no one has no idea what to say talk to your people no let's see what I can do we'll see Ben ame itwa sana ben if you ever get to watch this video I'm coming to you personally I'm coming to you as a woman I need you I need you so bien and internationally okay I don't know if it makes sense but I really love that woman it does make sense we dream big and we make it happen of course and God makes it happen okay before I let you go I'm just gonna let you go like that before we get to here mingeta ka lewicheza ya because mese ma lewahi kui pata radio nini so we can get the content we'll see what we can do we'll see what we can do we will not add a performance but I'll make sure you make it somewhere alright thank you maybe you should just take the studio and then you guys can just do your collab that's the hidden music the hidden covers I'm very safe in the doctor I'm very safe you're safe I can't guarantee alright so I have like three questions three riddles it's for fun it's really just for fun you just might surprise us and get something let me tell you in the history of having guests on this show kuna moja lewahi pata bani jupo kuna amtukwa studio audience that I'm not going to point fingers at Alissa Manga the answer and then that was you okay so I'm hoping today that we'll stay disciplined and not say a single thing okay can I just say I'm really poor very poor with this honey you're a doctor I know where this is okay so I should okay think completely out of the box okay what goes up but never comes down not what I'm going to do I'll give you a clue your clue is back days okay what goes up but never comes down age hey okay that was too close yeah I should take it back take it back yes you're right I thought I was it's fine we got it I'm glad I'm glad so this time I'm giving in too much but let me just let me tell you now okay what can this one is a very common one and I've asked it on this show before okay and I'm hoping maybe you heard it somewhere okay so what is it that what can you break but you can't even if you didn't pick it up or touch it but you can break it what can be broken can't be touched can be picked up but can be broken okay I want to say heart but I also know you can touch it okay medically speaking but according to a riddle maybe okay what can be broken yes but it can be touched or picked up but it can be broken hope and not lean on that line you have two more guesses some other you broke it like why did you break it trust or love ay ay I don't believe it okay is it something related with emotions one more guess oh my God yes it's related but not in those emotions for sake okay like some other emotions are actually broken apoto but some other what can be touched what can't be touched or picked up picked up but can be broken yes okay I am lost I don't know tumami it's a promise a promise a promise ya a promise can be broken it's okay you can fast on okay the last one maybe this one you can redeem yourself okay what is always in front of you but cannot be seen okay love it's as easy as the rest thinking completely out of the box it's in front of you but you can't see it but it's there whether you like it or not it's there there's nothing you can do about it future ay come back wait what okay okay okay what would you like as a prize at this point I'll see what I can do I'll talk to my people for real I'll talk to my producer you're the one guess who's actually gotten more than two correct I give people after five to six questions ay okay what I'd like yes what would you like as a gift give me ten to think about it so this offer expires in the next ten oh wait what ten seconds with this economy money you know we are always told in church do not be too shy to dream so this is my private jet shh shh ya thank you so much for coming on tenokali I hope you had a good time honestly the next time we can if it's something within my budget so I can see what I can do alright please budget ya go neshi ya please budget ya go neshi ya najo inezakwa ten ah so lakini mbaba kingia sotko sa ay I'm telling ya I should probably leave this studio I should probably just exit producer should I exit or right I'm both excited okay before we listen to your music please let us know where you can find your music and plug your socials as well na api ya kukona salamu zaku tuma that's your karma tuma salamu and tell us your music alright so all my socials are helena underscore k Instagram Facebook Twitter YouTube ah you'll ah TikTok and also YouTube will find me as helena k I want to shout out to my manager my favorite person Joy Kirugumi and my very very amazing friend KB the dancer and my fans at home thank you so much for tuning in and me want at home can you Lisa what time what time I hope you've enjoyed the show and kai shoei jaisha and next time always come back and I'm looking forward to you supporting me money follow money skiza in every platform including Spotify Spotify Diza Boom Play my music is everywhere and I'm sorry I have not released any music lately but I'll be back with more energy and I love you


For 2008, the Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement honors the high level of reclamation achieved at America's coal mines where our energy needs are met and land is returned to enduring use. Before a nomination is considered for an award, it has been reviewed by state and OSM officials. All of the entries show dedication to community and a commitment to excellence based on sound science and best practices. All are exemplary. These are the winners. The National Awards for Excellence in Surface Mining. Rio Tento Energy America, Jacob's Ranch Mine, Wyoming for enduring conservation of wildlife. Partnering with the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Rio Tento created the 1,000 acre Rochelle Hills Conservation Easement where Reclaimed Mines Land supports a herd of 400 elk. Above and beyond regulatory requirements, this company has established and maintains a high level of forage for area ranches, deer and antelope while recreating ephemeral streams and building natural reservoirs supporting cattle and wildlife. The rigorous environmental standards Rio Tento requires covers air and water quality, water quantity, mineral and non-mineral waste management, hazardous material and contamination control, land use stewardship and environmental management systems. Peabody Energy, Black Beauty Coal Company, Miller Creek Mine, Sugar Ridge Pit, Indiana for prime farmland restoration enhanced with forest, wildlife and water and being a good neighbor. Careful soil analysis and handling close cooperation with Midwestern universities and soil fertility management planning had made this mine land into prime farmland. When soils are returned to mine land, they are layered and lightly compacted, enabling high yields. The reclamation included water impoundments as large as 26 acres on the permit area that are stocked with fish and that enhance farming land use supporting corn, soybeans, wheat and alfalfa. Peabody involved the neighboring community early on in the planning for agricultural use of the land after reclamation. Massey Energy, Road Fork Development, Superior Surface Mines, West Virginia for mining previously mined sites for reclamation and safety. As an integral part of the mine plan at an area with 50 acres of pre-smackra mined land, Superior Surface Mines took an approach that would strengthen a pre-law slurry pond, one of the largest and oldest in the world. Their innovative and practical approach demonstrates that good engineering and a commitment to the environment can go together with efficient mining. Where once refuse material had caught fire and seepage occurred at the pond toe, Superior's efforts have buttressed the pond walls with alkaline material ensuring safety and environmental protection for the heavy populated Main Island Creek watershed. ICG Eastern LLC, Birch River Complex, West Virginia for extensive reforestation and reclamation of a previously mined site. Pre-smackra mining at this site had left miles of dangerous high walls and poorly placed acid-producing spoil leaving tributaries of the upper Birch River incapable of supporting aquatic life. ICG has pioneered the development on bench refuse disposal avoiding hollow fill impoundments and using material handling methods to prevent acid mine discharges. Careful use of innovative practices analyzed and evaluated in partnership with West Virginia University were used resulting in exemplary post-mining water quality, soil suitable to support 750,000 trees and vegetation and forage for a wide variety of wildlife. Whether they are in ranching communities of the West, in mid-continent farmland or the steep terrain of Appalachia Modern coal mining is not only an important contributor to the economy but can also be an enduring partner in the life of the community. The Bronze Award for Good Neighbor goes to Arch Coal, Thunder Basin Coal Company, LLC, Black Thunder Mine, Wyoming for partnering for raptors and reclamation. Located within the boundaries of the U.S. Forest Service Thunder Basin National Grassland, Black Thunder Mine has long-lasting partnerships with its neighbors and community projects. They came to the rescue of a nearby town when a tornado struck, offered guided mine tours on their reclamation process, a yearly picnic meeting with their neighbors and cooperates with national and international wildlife groups to study and improve habitat. Black Thunder also works extensively to involve area students in wildlife studies. These efforts are making a major contribution to our knowledge of several migratory bird species including the Phrygianus hawk. The Silver Award goes to Rio Tento Energy America, Antelope Mine, Cordero Rojo Mine, Jacobs Ranch Mine, Wyoming for sustainable environmental partnerships and community services. Rio Tento's strong commitment to environmental excellence and reclamation extends to developing self-sustaining organizations and projects appropriate to area economies. Assessing community needs during mining and looking to the future after mining and reclamation are complete, Rio Tento contributes time, expertise and funding to advisory boards and planning teams. The company is actively involved in ecosystem and wildlife education as well as preservation, merging their efforts with local schools. They're most admirably involved with organizations to guide young people to productive lives. And finally, the Gold Award goes to Arch Cole, Colmack, Inc., West Virginia for extensive employee involvement in community service. Earth Day celebrations, partnerships with area schools, partnering with the Army Corps of Engineers and West Virginia DEQ to save more than one million in constructing a community baseball field. It's a long list. This award honors the company's involvement in the community with special emphasis on its educational efforts. Mining and reclamation are demonstrated and explained as educational excellence and effort are encouraged. From kindergarten through high school and into college, the personal involvement of managers, executives and employees is both extensive and exemplary. The final award is called the Director's Award. Each year, OSM's director chooses a category of reclamation to honor a mining operation for specific accomplishments. This year, the category is Reforestation. And the award goes to Energy Future Holdings Corporation, Luminant Mining Company, LLC. Big Brown Mine, Martin Lake Mine, Monticello Mine, Oak Hill Mine, Thermal Mine in East Texas for its extensive commitment to reforestation. Since 1975, more than 26 million trees, including 32 species, have been planted on 30,000 acres at Luminant Reclaimed Sites. Nearly one half of reforested areas at Luminant Mines are dedicated to high-quality wildlife habitat and the remainder to commercial forests. Large areas have been dedicated to wetlands and forested areas are both stable and supporting natural regeneration. These impressive results require long-term dedication, careful planning, years of research, field trials and testing improved techniques.


Individualism, a Reader, edited by George H. Smith and Marilyn Moore, narrated by James Foster. 24. A Catechism of Individualism, Henry Wilson A Catechism of Individualism, London, the Liberty Review Publishing Company, 1902 Henry Wilson, a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army, was a frequent contributor to the Liberty Review published by the Liberty and Property Defense League until he was killed in a bicycle accident on January 8, 1907. He was Secretary of the Individualist Club, Treasurer of the Personal Rights Association, and a contributor to Oberon Herbert's periodical Free Life. In the booklet reprinted here in its entirety, Wilson responds to a new Catechism of Socialism, which was written by the English journalist and philosopher Belfort Bax in collaboration with his friend Henry Quelch. What do you understand by individualism? It is the opposite of socialism. Why do you give this negative definition? Because individualism is the natural system and would never have got a distinctive name nor have had to search for its principles and the reasons on which they are founded but for the rise of the artificial system of socialism. Am I to understand, then, that individualism is the earlier of the two systems? No. Modern socialism is an attempt to give a scientific justification for a barbarous stage through which men passed in their upward struggle to their present happier state. Why do you call socialism artificial? Because man always, if left free, passes from socialism to individualism, at least in the more advanced races. His happiness and prosperity are in proportion to the completeness of the change. Socialism is an attempt to set back the clock and forcibly to reintroduce barbarism. What, then, are these two opposite systems? They are systems for the arrangement of society wholly in the field of economics. Why do you lay stress on the word economics? Because there is a very common error among inaccurate thinkers seen even in so eminent a writer as Ruskin that these systems have something to do with ethics. Mr. Bax, in his Catechism of Socialism, devotes a chapter to the ethics of socialism. But socialism has no ethics. A socialist may have, he may be an intuitionist or a utilitarian, just as he might be an allopathist or a homeopathist, but he might as well talk of the ethics of astronomy or chemistry as of the ethics of socialism. What, then, is the distinction between ethics on the one hand and economics, chemistry, physics, etc. on the other? Ethics gives orders. The other sciences state facts. How has the confusion arisen in the case of ethics and economics? Probably in this way. They both deal with human motives and actions. What is the difference in their treatment? Ethics tells me what ought to be my motives and my actions. Economics tells me what are other men's motives and what will be their actions. Can you give an example of this confusion from a well-known writer? Ruskin quotes a saying of Adam Smith that the real check on a tradesman is his customer. He characterizes this as the most bestial utterance he ever heard. It is plain, then, that when Adam Smith made the economic statement that a tradesman was induced to sell goodwares for fear of losing customers, Ruskin took him to make the ethical statement that his sole reason for being honest ought to be the fear of losing customers. And when Ruskin goes on to say that in his ideal state every baker should belong to a guild which should sternly punish him if he sold short-weight, he furnishes a delightful instance of inconsistency. Then ethics cannot move till these other sciences have had their say? Exactly. When chemistry has told me that nitric acid thrown in a person's face will cause great agony, when physics has told me that throwing a person out of a window will tend to cause broken bones or death, when economics has told me that promising to keep a person in old age will make him idle and improvident, then, and not till then, can ethics step in and forbid me to commit those actions. Can you give a definition of socialism? This is the definition given by Mr. Belfort-Bax in his Catechism of Socialism. The system of society, the material basis of which is social production for social use. Have you any objection to make to this definition? The coat I wear and the beefsteak I eat are used by me individually, not socially. Supposing the definition were altered to social production for individual use, would you still object? Yes, men have produced socially for individual use ever since civilization began. In fact, that is civilization. If twenty men agree to form a society, community or tribe, Brown agrees to make all the shoes for the community, Jones all the coats and so on, that, if a voluntary arrangement, is individualistic. Where, then, does the difference between socialism and individualism come in? Chiefly in the distribution, though I believe socialism would control the number of shoes Brown produces instead of leaving it to Brown to estimate the demand. Then there are two questions involved. There are production and distribution. First, how many shoes and coats Brown and Jones shall make, and secondly, how many shoes Brown the shoemaker shall give Jones the tailor for a coat. How is this settled under the system of individualism? By leaving Brown and Jones to gauge the demand for their respective goods under the stimulus of self-interest, their living depending on a right estimate, and by assuming that every man is the best judge of what he wants and its value to him and leaving the matter to be settled by bargaining. What are the advantages of this system? The question is settled automatically and without expense. Both parties gain and both are satisfied. Are there any drawbacks? No human institution is perfect. Brown or Jones may overestimate or underestimate the demand so that there will be some loss to one of the parties. How is it settled under the system of socialism? It could only be settled by appointing some central authority to tell Brown first how many shoes he is to make and secondly how many he is to give Jones for a coat. What are the drawbacks to this plan? It shifts the duty of estimating the needs of the community from a responsible person who would suffer if he judged wrongly to an irresponsible person who would not suffer. Also, this person would have to be paid which burden would fall on all the other members. Also, as he could not possibly gauge the value of anything he would certainly not satisfy one of the exchangers and probably would satisfy neither. Moreover, as production would be limited to supposed needs the power of choice would be much curtailed for the consumer. Would the system have any advantages? It is claimed for it that it would save the expenses of advertising commercial travelers and such like. Also, that things would be produced which are not now because they afford no profit, that is, are so little desired that people will not give enough for them to afford a profit. You used the word value. What meaning do you attach to that word? The power of satisfying man's desires. Is there a quality inherent in things and constant? Certainly not. It varies with each individual man with the same man from year to year and from hour to hour. A man of sixty does not value a top as he did when he was six nor does a man who has just dined value a loaf of bread as much as one does who has fasted for twelve hours. How is value measured? By the pain or annoyance that would be caused by the absence of the last increment of the thing in question. Give an example. A man at dinner values a morsel of food by the annoyance he would feel if he had not got it, not by his wish for the next morsel for if he has had enough he attaches no value to the next morsel. What is this called? The marginal value of a thing, that is, a man's estimate of its marginal utility. But is not this difficult to express definitely? It is. In practice we estimate the value of a thing by the amount of something else which a man has and will give up rather than forgo the thing in question. Would not this amount vary with the nature of the something else he gives up? It would. Men usually fix on some one thing in which to estimate the value of all others. This one thing is called a medium of exchange and value as expressed in it is called price. Do not some writers like Ruskin say that value is inherent in a thing? They do. Ruskin says that a picture by Botticelli has inherent value while a cask of whiskey has not only no value but has, so to speak, a minus value. What is your comment on this? On analyzing this statement I find that value is still a matter of opinion. Only it is Ruskin's opinion of what satisfies his desires instead of the opinion of those concerned of what satisfies their desires. Then it is not an economic utterance? No. It confuses economics which investigates what men do like with Ruskin's sociology which lays down what he thinks they ought to like. Had Ruskin an amusing proof of this in his own experience? He had. He wrote a number of works eloquently laying down what he thought right conduct which works he thought valuable but twice the editor of a magazine had to refuse his articles for fear of their ruining the magazine. Then what would have been Ruskin's position under the system of state regulation which he advocated? He would have been utterly refused a hearing. Is then the value of anything never constant? If the demand for anything is very great and it is either very durable or can be produced in great quantities its value tends to be constant. Can you give examples? Gold is an instance of the first and bread of the second. Bread is perishable but the ratio between the number of loaves on sale and the number of men who want to buy remains without change over considerable periods. Then there seems to be a connection between the number and frequency of exchange of a thing and the steadiness of its value. A direct connection as Mr. Cree has shown. A loaf of bread in which thousands of exchanges take place every day remains very constant in value. A picture by an old master changes hands once in twenty years and its price cannot be guessed by many thousand pounds. To what do socialists attribute value? To the amount of labour a thing has cost. Does this agree with facts? A thing that is valuable has generally cost labour which is the result of value not the cause of it. How do you know that? A thing men do not wish for has no value however much labour it has cost. A thing men desire intensely has much value however little labour it has cost. Give an example. Two men shall spend the same number of years learning to paint and then spend the same number of hours in painting a picture. One picture is worth five pounds, the other five thousand. Do not people speak of different kinds of value? Economists have sometimes spoken of value in use as different from value in exchange speaking of iron as being useful and gold as being useless. Is this an error? It springs from two errors. One is confusing like Ruskin what you think people ought to value with what they do value. Men all the world over are prone to value things which minister to show like gold more than things that minister to bodily needs like iron. Again much confusion arises from speaking of the value of gold or iron. Gold, iron and bread have no value in the abstract. A particular piece of one of them may have value according to the circumstances. In the Sahara a loaf of bread might be worth many times its weight in gold and Robinson Crusoe might have been glad to give a large lump of gold for an iron knife. How do you sum up the difference between the two systems of individualism and socialism? Individualism throws on each man the responsibility of choosing a calling fixing on the number of hours he shall work the price of his goods and the provisions he shall make for the future of himself and his family. Socialism has all these fixed by government. Is a socialist state possible? In a community like a monastery where food and clothing are coarse and uniform above all where all are unmarried socialism may be successfully practiced. The difference then between the two systems seems to turn on the amount of government interference with individuals. It does. Individualism limits the action of government to repressing violence and fraud and doing those things which, being everybody's business are nobody's business. How then are all social wants provided for under this system? By making the doer of a service earn his living by whatever the receiver gives him freely. It is each man's interest to find out who wants a service and to supply it well. This system then throws the maximum of responsibility on individuals. It does. It appears then to be the same thing as freedom. It is. Socialism then must be the same thing as slavery. Just so. The essence of slavery is absence of responsibility. But do socialists acknowledge this? Clearheaded ones like Ruskin do. A socialist writer, Mr. J. A. Hobson remarks that Ruskin often turns aside to praise slavery. Would not government acting like a providence have a tendency to make men thoughtless and leave everything to it? It would, as we had a striking example in Paris not long ago. A fire broke out in a crowded bazaar and many persons were burnt to death. One of the managers publicly repudiated all responsibility and said that it was the fault of government for not compelling them to provide means of rapid and orderly exit. Is the system of socialism well-named? Quite the contrary. It is a system of anti-social conduct and individualism contributes just as much to the welfare of society as to that of the individual. But ought not the majority to rule the minority? Only with regard to conduct hurtful to the majority. If two men are in a boat it cannot sail both east and west at once. It must do one or the other. Now if one of the two wants to put out to see in a storm the other whose life would be endangered has a right to resist. But that does not give him a right to interfere with the first man's religion or dress or the way he spends his time so long as it is not spent in hindering the second. Then if ninety-nine others like minded with the second enter the boat that gives them no right to interfere with the first man that the second did not possess when alone. That is the ABC of liberty. But do not socialists complain that society now is unorganized? They do but it is a pure delusion. Organized means arranged like an organism. The human body is an organism in its digestion assimilation nutrition and expulsion of waste processes which corresponding to the feeding clothing traveling and other activities of society go on normally not only without the interference of the brain which is the government but without its knowledge. If then the five millions in London get without fail daily their milk, bread, papers and everything they want without interference of government society in London is organized. Also in a free society government is carried on by certain units elected by the others for a definite and limited purpose. The cells of the brain are not elected by the cells of the bones and muscles. In a society the life of the units is higher and more varied than that of the whole. In an organism it is just the reverse. But socialists say that production is now carried on in the interest and for the profit of the class owns the means of production. Anyone can see the falsity of that statement. There are producers in my village who own neither land, house nor factory nor anything but such tools as they have bought with their savings as wage earners. The mightiest businesses have all had a similar origin. Then there is no such class as the socialists speak of bound together by a common interest against the rest of society. Certainly not. Every member of the supposed class produces one thing but consumes a thousand. Even if his interest in the one thing were opposed to that of the rest of society, his interest in the other thousand is at one with that of the rest of society. What is the socialist definition of capital? This is a summary of Mr. Bax's definition, a good example of the way in which socialists mix morals with economics. A considerable concentration of the means of production in the hands of one or a few persons who employ others to produce and keep the product paying only a small proportion to the producers. What strikes you in this definition? The appeals to prejudice. Capital is not recognized as such unless it is large and in the hands of a few who treat their workmen unjustly. What is capital really? Produce saved whether little or much and used to produce more wealth whether by the owner or by others. What is wealth? Anything that has value. You said value was the power of satisfying human desire. I did. That implies that a valuable thing is limited in quantity for no one would desire a particular mouthful of air if he could get another as good for nothing. Can air ever have value? Yes, in the black hole of Calcutta, as a draft of water is valuable in the desert or in a large town. Socialists attribute value to the average labor which a thing has cost, do they not? Yes, following an unfortunate mistake of Adam Smith and Ricardo, they deify labor and think, like Charles Lamb's friend, that they could write as good plays as Shakespeare's if they had a mind. What example does Mr. Bax give? He supposes a man wishing to exchange a pair of boots for a quarter of wheat and assumes that his anxiety is to get the same amount of labor in return that the boots cost him. Why is this not so? The wheat would cost the bootmaker much more labor than the boots have and he has no means of knowing how much it costs the farmer. A great many things derive their excellence from inborn qualities without labor which no labor can give like a singer's voice. So it is not even true that, as Mr. Bax says, the labor spent on each side take all bargains together, balances. No, and even if it were, the labor would be the result of the value, not the cause of it. But the voice and ear of a singer, the touch of a player, the eye of a painter, the imagination of a poet, even the taste of a tailor or milliner are not and cannot be the result of labor. Does not Mr. Bax complain that things are made now for exchange, not for use? He does, but that is only the result of the division of labor whereby men get many more satisfactions by each making one thing and exchanging. How would socialists manage it? They would have everything sent into a government warehouse and served out in return for tickets or orders. That would only shift the estimate of value from the party's concerned to a government official. How much bread would he value Mr. Bax's catechism at? How does Mr. Bax explain profit? In the queerest way. He says profit cannot be made on the market, for as the sum of satisfactions or profits on each side must in the long run balance, there can be no profit. As profit is what every producer for exchange lives on, everyone must be dead. That sounds singular reasoning. It is quite normal socialist reasoning, a bootmaker having provided for his own where exchanges the other boots he makes for wheat, mutton, coats and everything necessary to support life and the farmer does the same with his spare wheat and this goes on for seventy years, yet according to Mr. Bax, they are dead all the time. How has the error arisen? Mr. Bax says that it is impossible to make a profit by exchange, for to do that you must sell above the cost of production and that is impossible if the accounts balance. He does not see that we measure our profits, not in sovereigns but in the satisfaction of our desires. If I get a pound of tea from a Chinaman in return for a yard of cotton, the tea I had not gives me more pleasure than the cotton of which I had enough already. So I sell at a profit. In the same way the Chinaman values the cotton more than the tea of which he had enough and to spare. So he sells at a profit. The accounts balance and yet we are alive. How do socialists say profit is made? By a curious and fantastic thing called surplus value. This is very important for as Mr. Bax says, in this is the kernel of the whole capitalist system of production for profit with its exploitation and impoverishment of the proletariat. Socialists are very fond of these question begging words. I should say in this is the kernel of the whole socialist system of error. What is this surplus value? It is the difference between the cost of labour power to the capitalist and the amount of labour power he is able to extract from his work people. Give me an example. Mr. Bax would say that if John Smith works in a boot factory 8 hours a day with the produce of 4 hours work he provides his own sustenance, the other 4 hours he is working for his employer. That second 4 hours work is surplus value which is rung from him or in other words he is exploited by the employer who gets all that for nothing. Have you anything to say to that? I have several things to say. First, no account is taken of rent of factory, interest on cost of machinery, repairs, risk and so on. Secondly, if Smith did not work some time for his employer, how is the employer to live? As his whole time is taken up in superintending his men, how could he live if all the produce goes to those men? Can you give an argument to Mr. Bax? I can. Mr. Bax every day buys a loaf of bread for four pence, but the value of it to him is more than that, say five pence. How can you prove that? When flour rises in price the loaf goes up to five pence and Mr. Bax gives that rather than go without bread. So he rings from the baker a penny worth of bread which he has not paid for for nothing. Which, as he knows better, is very naughty of Mr. Bax. What is the baker's position? To him, again, the cost of producing the loaf is less than four pence, say three pence. So he rings from Mr. Bax a penny for which he has given nothing, that is, he exploits Mr. Bax. But as things have now got pretty mixed and there is an old saying, pull Bax, pull baker, we will leave them to settle it between them. Is that objection? I have a practical test. If John Smith is not satisfied let him leave the factory and work on his own account. The fact of his entering the factory shows that he feels he does better there. But do not the machinery, organization and division of labour in the factory enable him to produce much more than if he worked on his own account. They do, but the whole of that excess is created not by him but by the brains and labour of his employer. If the workman claims any of that he is exploiting his employer. If he is not satisfied still let him start as an employer. But how can he get the capital? In the same way as his employer did who probably began as a workman. The famous James Naesmith inventor of the steam hammer began business with sixty pounds. John Smith could save this in three years by putting off marriage. But do not workmen often do what you suggest? Very often and the results are instructive. In going about the smaller streets I have often been struck and saddened by noticing that a shop which two years ago bore the name of Brown Taylor and a year ago Jones Fishmonger is now Robinson Grocer. What does that mean? That in each case a hard working man has saved money, started in business, and failed. Why has he failed? For one or all of many reasons fixing on a bad situation want of judgment of the quality of goods want of a head for figures want of the gift of managing men many men are good servants but bad masters. What proportion of these ventures fail? An American economist puts it at nine tenths. Then it is not the fact as Mr. Bax and all socialists assume that the profits of capital are large. No, that is one of the delusions but for which socialism would not have arisen. If you divide the total profits of capital by the number of capitalists the quotient is small. Are the profits steady? Not at all. Many prosperous businesses have periods sometimes of several years when they make nothing or even a loss yet the workmen get their wages all the time. It is in the foundations then that socialism is so weak. Yes, an Irishman might describe it as an economic house of cards founded on mares' nests of sentiment. You spoke of wages. What is that? The share of the produce given to the workmen in lengthy processes this is advanced out of capital. How is the amount of wages fixed? Socialists consistently with their erroneous measuring of value by the amount of labor a thing has cost say that it is determined by the cost of subsistence of the laborer that is called the iron law of wages. Is this so? Of course, wages cannot fall below what will support life but as the subsistence of one man costs about as much as that of another and the wages of one man are often a hundred times as much as those of another there must be another determinant. What postulate lies at the root of the socialist definition? The assumption that workmen always multiply improvidently so that there are more workmen than there are places. Mr. Back says the laborer is not really free he must sell his labor power in order to live and having no control over the means of production cannot employ himself. All this implies a man who spends all his wages and goes into the labor market without a penny. Do you accept this? No, I have shown that if a man saves he can employ himself as happens every day. If in addition he has the gift of management he can employ others as well. What then do socialists want? They want a man who has not the gift of management and does not manage to be paid as if he did a man who has no risk to be paid compensation for risk and a man who contributes no capital to receive interest on capital. What really governs wages the ratio between the amount of capital available to pay them and the number of men seeking work but is not the idea of a wages fund abandoned it is by many but it is a quibble about words when capital is abundant and men few wages rise when the case is reversed an employer looks to recoup himself for his outings and get interest on his capital and return for his brains and risk then an employer does not object to high wages quite the contrary if he gets a proportionate return as seen in America what then is the way to raise wages to have increased production by increased talent in the employer devising improvements in machinery and processes and increased energy and industry in the workmen then wages cannot be raised by combination not permanently if there are more men than there is employment for they can only be prevented from competing and so lowering wages by devoting the extra wages those at work get to buying off the unemployed but do not socialists propose to abolish the wages system they do and that means that capital is to be provided and risk born by the whole community instead of by the persons who are interested in providing for the first and avoiding the second but do not socialists say that production would be increased under their system they do quintupled as success in production depends on abundance of capital and minute attention to details they expect an increase under a system where no one would feel any compulsion to produce capital that is to save no one would have the special knowledge or the time or the stimulus to supervise the details but would not public officials do that they could not provide capital which must come from the savings of private persons as for supervision they would require supervising and it is universal experience that public management is more costly than private owing to no one in particular to acquire the knowledge or to give the time then it all comes to this that socialism presupposes a radical change in human nature exactly but do not socialists expect also a great saving in consumption they do by cooperative housekeeping but this if voluntary has nothing socialistic about it it is largely practiced now by all classes of persons no people who are comfortably off and are either single or without young children often live in hotels or boarding houses and get more for their money than if they lived alone then are there two kinds of economy there are if a person has only 90 pounds a year it is no use telling him that for a payment of 100 pounds in a hotel he can get 120 pounds worth of comfort by living alone he might get 80 pounds worth of comfort for his 90 but could he not save proportionately by cooperatively living on the smaller some with difficulty for people shrink from practicing petty economies in public besides it would destroy the feeling of home compulsory cooperative living as in work houses and shelters is a miserable thing what does history say Mr. Bax gives an historical sketch beginning with the astonishing statement that the condition of the mass of the people is not improved and that the purchasing power of money has decreased he acknowledges that primitive society was communistic but calls the introduction of slavery a step towards individualism but is there not a difference between socialism and ancient slavery yes the chief or owner of old got a larger share of the produce than his slaves socialism proposes that he should still furnish the capital and management but share equally with the slaves do not socialists assert that the serfs had rights in the land of which they have been wrongfully deprived they do and attribute pauperism and the necessity for the poor lot that cause but have there not been and are there not now many small owners there are and always have been but their condition is not so superior to that of the wage laborer as to support the socialist contention the fact that most of the statesmen or small owners of Cumberland have sold their property shows that they cannot have been very flourishing do not socialists attribute much of present day evils to some ogre called the capitalist system which they assert to be a modern invention they do Mr. Bax defines it as large bodies of laborers working together for a single employer and for his profit this began about the middle of the 16th century is this historically correct it is not stonehenge, the coliseum, the pyramids the palaces of Babylon, the temples of India could not have been made without large bodies of men working together for a single man and for his profit certainly not for their own then was this system the same as the modern capitalist system by no means though it answers Mr. Bax's definition the ancient labor was wholly unproductive, was solely to gratify the vanity of a despot and was attended with frightful suffering in the modern system the workers unless they are redundant which is not the capitalist's fault always earn a comfortable subsistence for themselves and sometimes a profit for their employer then the difference between the ancient and modern capitalism is in favor of modern entirely as far as the workmen is concerned but do the workmen acknowledge this they do by their actions whatever their words may be in Australia where land may be had for the asking men prefer to stop in the towns and work for wages showing that they think themselves better off as wage earners to what do you attribute the socialist delusion that the workmen are exploited to their failure to understand the difference between productive and unproductive labor explain your meaning they argue that as a man now owing to machinery, division of labor and other improvements can produce many times more wealth than before his share ought to be proportionately greater is not that correct it is true that a man can produce much greater quantity of lace wallpaper and all the ornaments of life but he cannot produce much more food the purchasing power therefore of those who grow corn or meat that is the excess of wheat they produce over what they consume is not much greater than it was what is the effect on the producers of comforts and luxuries their produce is cheapened that is they have to give a greater amount of it for the same quantity of food then what is the difference between the state of the ancient and modern workmen the ancient workmen perhaps had as much but he did not eat it with a fork drink out of a glass, sleep in cotton sheets, have glazed windows wallpaper and pictures and a hundred such refinements but does not the employer make a large profit sometimes if he is clever and fortunate a small profit on each workman will amount to a large fortune in time but the average profit is not large do not large concerns tend to increase in number and size naturally with increased population capital and concentration men who have the gift of organization have a greater opportunity of forming what Mr. Bax calls giant octopus-like combinations which promise to bring all the businesses of the world under the control of a mere handful of wealthy capitalists are these great businesses likely to be permanent seeing that they are created by the talent of one man and that talent and energy are not always inherited they have a tendency to decline when the founder dies how do socialists propose to cure this evil as they consider of big concerns by making them bigger still that is handing them over to the government what effect would that have government would have to make the present employer's managers as no one else would have the talent if they were selfish before making them state officials would not make them less so and they would have larger opportunities of enriching themselves with less supervision if they died and there was no one to succeed them ruin would follow did you not say that Mr. Bax devotes a section of his work to socialist ethics he does asserting that socialism has a special code of ethics as each stage of society has he gives a history in which he strangely mixes up ethics and religion saying that ethics had first for its object the welfare of the tribe it then became introspective and the object was a divinity but ethics has always been rules of conduct the result of experience inherited and acquired of the conduct that promotes human welfare its object was always the community the Spartan cheerfully gave his life for the good of his tribe but that was because he found that if every Spartan bravely risked death his individual chance of life was better than if he ran away we find Englishmen today just as ready to sacrifice their lives when necessary as Spartans were only Spartans had to do it often or because of the savage manners of the time ethics therefore develops with the development of society and is not perfect yet for most people regard a wrong done to one of lower social position to themselves as less blame worthy than if done to their equal religion on the other hand has always been a personal affair men have pictured to themselves and invisible being like themselves but stronger whom they sought to propitiate at first they gave presence and sacrifices when they became ethical they imagined an ethical God who was pleased with virtuous conduct but the idea that he likes sacrifice and false imagination like an Eastern King still lingers does Mr. Bax tell us what individualist ethics is like he does it is the theory of the Manchester school of economics namely the individual scramble for wealth the cash nexus and purely material relations instead of sentiment between men that sounds very confused it is Cobden and Bright were not noted as ethical teachers though they were persons of eminently ethical conduct and when ethical questions were discussed advocated a pure and lofty morality but their fame rests on the economic doctrine they preached if each person or nation devoted his or its energies to those commodities which it could produce with least effort and exchanged with others all would enjoy the maximum of satisfaction with the minimum of exertion how does Mr. Bax sum up socialist ethics it is enlightened selfishness since in some unexplained way under socialism the good of all will be the good of each that is things will be made pleasant all round and duty never entail a sacrifice why then does not everyone become a socialist because we are told they are not class conscious that is they do not realize that their interests are opposed to those of the class above them then we have a direct confession that envy is the origin of socialism we have what are the political views of socialists they are Mr. Bax says little englanders they would gladly unite with foreign workmen to ruin their own country if they could thereby plunder their employers or upset the present arrangement of society what is their attitude towards cooperation and trade unionism they view them with favor so far as they may be a step in the same direction how do they view real improvements such as thrift, temperance and malthusianism they hate them as enabling workmen to live more cheaply and so more wages starting from the false assumption that wages never rise above the cost of maintenance then the way for workmen to raise their wages would be to drink champagne just so by similar reasoning but is the object of those who preach temperance, thrift and prudence in marriage to make workmen spend less not at all but to spend their income so as to have a greater amount of comfort and well-being and by having a reserve to be able to move to where wages are high and not have their efficiency impaired by sickness or loss of work having criticized the socialist view can you give a summary of the individualist doctrine I can individualism means enlisting the natural tendencies of human nature on behalf of well-being as we all do when we reward our children if they are good and punish them if disobedient and as a workman avails himself of the natural forces of gravitation etc. to do his work with the least effort it holds with Jesus that good and evil spring from the heart of man and thence affect his surroundings so that the way to improve him is to deal with the cause by persuasion and not with the effect by compulsion it holds that social progress like all natural healthy growths is slow and that no forced and artificial effect is permanent it holds that every action is indirect and remote effects as well as immediate ones and that the former are generally more important it holds that the state has no money but what it takes from the people it holds that denunciation of the idle rich who have earned or lawfully acquired their riches accords ill with the proposal to pension a man at his prime whether he has earned his pension or not it holds that imperfect instruments cannot turn out perfect work however good the scheme it holds that periodicity is the law of the universe so that the only way to prosperity is to work hard while we have the chance and make hay while the sun shines it points to the success of the Jews and of all brain workers who pursue this plan it points out that the time of England's prosperity coincides with the reign of laissez-faire and the complaints of German competition with the present system of socialist interference has been individualism a reader edited by George H. Smith and Marilyn Moore narrated by James Foster copyright 2015 by the Cato Institute production copyright 2015 by the Cato Institute


Let us now look at some examples of games and Nash equilibria in those games. So here's the first game, a familiar game. This is of course the prisoner's dilemma. If both prisoners cooperate and then they get a light punishment and if they do not cooperate, they get a more severe punishment. If the one cooperates and the others does not, then the cooperates a terrible punishment and the one that does not cooperate gets off scot-free. And of course this game has a dominant strategy to defect no matter what the other agent does, you're better off not cooperating. And so of course the only dominant strategy outcome is this one of both defecting. And indeed that is the only Nash equilibrium in this game. So it's a Nash equilibrium. It's a best response. If the other person defects, then it's a best response to defect. But in fact, it's much stronger than that. It's best to defect no matter what the other agent does. So this is an example of one unique Nash equilibrium that happened to be a very strong one, a dominant strategy Nash equilibrium. So, so here's another game. This is a game of pure coordination. I think of it as walking towards each other on the sidewalk and you both can decide whether to go to your respective lefts or your respective rights. In both cases you will do fine and you will not collide. And of course if you miscoordinate, if one goes to the left and the other to the right, you will collide. So this is a natural game. And in fact, you see that you have two Nash equilibria. The one that I wrote down here. If one of the players goes to the left, it's a best response to go to the left. And conversely, if the other player goes to the right, you're best off going to the right as well. And the others are not Nash equilibria. So here's an example of a game where there are two Nash equilibria or two specifically pure strategy Nash equilibria. Again, we'll discuss why we call these pure strategy later on. Here's a very different game. This is often called the game of battle of the sexes. Imagine a couple and they want to go together to a movie and they're considering two movies. One of them a very violent movie, Battle of the Titans and the other a very relaxed movie about flower growing called these B and F. The wife of course would prefer to go to Battle of the Titans and the husband would prefer to watch flower growing. But more than anything else, they would want to go together. And so here are the paths. If they both go to Battle of the Titans, then they're both part of the happy, the wife more than the husband. If they both go to the flower growing movie, then the husband is slightly happy and the wife. But if they go to different movies, neither of them is happy. That's the game. How many equilibria we have here? Well, again, we have two pure strategy Nash equilibria. Why is that? Well, if either of them goes to the Battle of the Titans, then the other one would want to go there too, because if they go to a different one, they would get zero rather than whatever they get here, one or two depending on whether their husband or the wife. And conversely on the flower watching movie, flower growing movie. And so in both cases, the best response is to go to the movie selected by the other party. So on the face of it, it looks very similar to the game of pure coordination that we have here, but we do see a slight difference here and it will revisit that later on when we speak about not pure strategies, but mixed strategies. Here's another example, the last one we'll look at, and this is the game called matching pennies. Imagine each of us, two players, needing to decide on some side of a coin, heads or tail. If we decide on the same side, heads or tail, but we decide on the same one, then I win. If we decide on different sides, you heads and me tails or vice versa, then you win. And so we see this here. If we both decide on heads, or we both decide on tails, I win and otherwise you win. By winning, I mean I get one, you get minus one. So this is a zero sum game. The sum of our payoffs is zero. What is a pure strategy in national equilibrium here? Well, let's think about it. Suppose I pick head. What is your best response? Well, your best response then is to pick tails because you get one rather than minus one. But if you pick a tail, then my best response is now to play tail because I want to coordinate with you because then I will get one rather than minus one that I would be getting here. But now if I play tails, you'd rather play heads because you'd get one rather than the minus one you're getting here.  So we have this cycle where the best responses are leading us in the cycle. And so there is no pure strategy in national equilibrium in this game of mashing pennies.