What's going on guys, welcome to a new video. So in this one then we're gonna be going through five different things you need to be doing before you actually start drop shipping. We're gonna be covering the kind of topics you don't really hear many people talking about such as whether you need to set up a new company or not and the different taxes and kind of financial things behind a drop shipping business. I feel like, or certainly a lot of people I talk to on Instagram because drop shipping is pretty much one of the easiest businesses you can start. If you know what you're doing, like within the space of two to three hours you can have a Shopify store created, you can have products on that store and you can be running Facebook ads to sell those products. So a lot of people jump into drop shipping trying to make some money really quickly but they don't kind of take care of the fundamentals or the kind of natural things that come to mind that you actually need to be doing before you actually start drop shipping.  So before we jump into it I just wanna quickly say that I do read every single comment. So if there is a question you wanna ask me feel free, make sure you post it down below. I will read it and I will answer it. And of course, if you enjoyed the video please do make sure you let me know by hitting that like button. And finally my aim in 2020 actually on my YouTube channel is to upload four videos every single week. So if you do want regular consistent content on this sort of stuff, just make sure you hit that subscribe button too. So that being said then let's jump into point number one which is setting up a company slash a separate bank account. One of the most common questions I get asked is do I need to set up a limited company? Do I need to be a sole trader? What do I need to do? So what I recommend then in the beginning is when you're getting started is at the very minimum at least set up a separate bank account just for accounting reasons just to kind of keep your personal finances separated to your company or to your business. And then depending on your own personal circumstances will depend on whether you need to set up a limited business. And the reason for this then is pretty much tax so financial reasons. If you don't set up a company depending on what your circumstances are the number one is you may end up paying too much taxed. So to give you an example then if we have a look at this image here the top one these are the different taxable branded incomes for the UK whilst I'm recording this video. So these are accurate today. The basic rate so let's say for example you're earning 25 grand a year which is the average wage in the UK you would be in this basic rate here you'd get 12 and a half grand completely tax free and then anything between 12 and a half grand and 50 grand you would pay 20% on. So let's say you're earning 25 grand a year you start a drop shipping business and that drop shipping business makes 50 grand. What would happen if you wasn't set up as a limited company you were running as a sole trader then essentially what would happen is that 50 grand profit you make from your drop shipping business the first 25 grand of that you would pay 25 you would pay 20% sorry because you've already got your previous 25 grand from your job. And then the next 25 grand would be in this higher rate which you'd pay 40% on. So you'd pay 25 grand at 20% 25 grand at 40% which probably roughly averages out about 30% overall. Whereas if you separated yourself from the limited company and registered as a limited company corporation tax as according to the screenshot here it's just a flat 19%. So instead of paying 30% on that 50 grand you would only pay 19%. Plus there's tons of other benefits through having a different company. So for example you can put some expenses through your business like wifi different kind of accessories for your office or whatever it is there's just so many different kind of other ways in which you can put things through your business as an expense. The second reason then which is the main reason why all businesses I start I will set up as a limited company from day one with a separate business bank account is because it protects any assets that you personally own. So essentially what that means then is that when you create a limited company that becomes a separate financial entity if that's the right word to yourself. So what that means then is if you're running as a sole trader and for whatever reason you get sued or you become liable for a payment of let's say 200,000 pounds if you don't have the cash or other means to pay that and you have a mortgage that your wife and kids are living in that house that has a mortgage on it then essentially that house can potentially be at risk for footing the bill for that payment. Whereas if you set up your job shipping business through a limited company it's a separate entity a separate financial entity to yourself. So if it then becomes liable for that 200 grand payment for whatever reason then essentially your personal assets are protected. And because I own a few different properties then that is the main specific reason why I set everything up from the beginning in a separate limited company. The third and final point then which is just straightforward is it makes accounting so much easier. Trust me, take from me. It was the biggest mistake I made in the beginning. I ran my job shipping business from my personal bank account and basically what I did when it started to make some decent money and I knew this was gonna be a long term thing I registered it as a limited bank as a limited business and then I had to back date everything from my own personal accounts and their headaches, their hours it was an absolutely just awful job of having to do, of literally go through every single transaction in my personal bank account. So I'd have AliExpress, Facebook, AliExpress, AliExpress, AliExpress and it would just be random ones like fuel or some sort of restaurant or electricity bill that just weren't relevant to my business so it just took hours and hours. So to avoid that and make it easier to kind of keep track of whether you're actually making money or not I just before you do anything just make sure you set up a separate bank account. So my advice then to kind of summarize these points is number one, speak to an accountant. They will within a space of a few minutes they'll ask you a couple of questions and then they'll be able to give you a definite answer of what the most tax and financially efficient thing is to do for you. Everything is gonna be personal to your current circumstances and then number two is just have a separate bank account from day one. This will also make budgeting so much easier if you just keep putting more and more money into your business from your personal account it'll be difficult to keep track of how much money you've actually spent whereas if you have a separate bank account and your staff will say a thousand pounds then it's quite clear in terms of budgeting it's just a whole lot easier. So yeah, at the very minimum then make sure you set up a separate bank account. Moving on to point number two then this is a biggie as well. There's a few different kind of life hacks you can do to make the most of the money you're spending and one of those ways then is to have a rewards credit card for order fulfillment and Facebook ad costs because these are two kind of direct costs of your business that you won't be able to avoid spending then you might as well get something back for that money that you're spending.  So for an example then these are what these screenshots are relevant to if I just show you my British Airways account you can see that I've got 50,000 Avios points I can just refresh that very quickly too so you can see it's legit.  Every single pound I spend I'll get at least one Avios back and then with these Avios points I can use them for certain perks. One of those perks for example is plane flights. So to give you an example then of how much money I can save then this is an example flight. So one way London to Los Angeles Friday the 17th of Jan 2020 so this is in a few days time. If I was to take the 1040 flight and fly premium economy economy it's gonna cost me 32,500 Avios which you've seen I have plus 340 pounds. Now if I was going to book that flight and pay for absolutely everything in cash for the exact same flight so London to LAX in Los Angeles 1040 flight premium economy I can't say that word today it's gonna cost me 2,621 pounds. So as you can see I'm saving over two grand simply by paying for my Facebook ad costs and my order fulfillment using a certain credit card. And then to kind of summarize another reason and why you could have a credit card or why it's beneficial. Again another common question I get is that people will start a drop shipping business and they won't have the money to pay for order fulfillment. So they'll have to wait for that payout from Shopify or Stripe or whoever they're using which can sometimes take a week so it's a week on top of drop shipping delivery times which is not a good thing. So by having a credit card you can make sure you fulfill the orders the same day and which in return is gonna be faster order processing, faster delivery times which in return is gonna be less refunds and complaints from customers. Moving on to point number three then we have increased professionalism of your store. So basically increase how trustworthy your store comes across. As a new business the number one thing that's gonna stop somebody from spending their money with you is whether they trust you or not to hand over their credit card details to hand over their PayPal details to hand over their money. So make sure that your store is really professional and more professional and trustworthy than the next one. Then you have the best chance of converting that customer. Less than 1% of all the Shopify stores I've ever looked at have the following three things which in my eyes any decent and creditable business should have these things. Number one is an email address to match the domain. So for example if your website is called bluecrate.com you should have an email address that is sales at bluecrate.com or info at bluecrate.com. It should match because it's professional. Number two is a contact telephone number. Again something that in my mind should just always be included. People want to know they can ring somebody and sort out a problem if they have one. Now if you're scared or you don't want customers ringing your personal phone and you don't want to talk to customers it's fine I'm gonna show your work around in a second. Number three again is a business address.  Again so they can contact you or get hold of you if they need to. So it's given you example then this screenshot here it's not just a random office building. This is where some of my stores were registered with a, it's called a virtual office. So if anybody ever Googled my address this is what they would see. It would look so much more professional than just a random street address and a picture of your house or God knows what address. Some addresses honestly that I've seen people give their customers and they just have just fake addresses basically and it's just not a good idea. So the cost of these then number one an email address to match your domain is gonna cost you three pounds per month per email and that is where the G Suite account I use it for all of my accounts and it lets you use a custom domain for your email address. Number two a contact telephone number is gonna on roughly it's gonna well basically there's two ways in which you can pay for this. Number one is approximately 20 pound per month which gets you unlimited calls or you can pay one pound per call and you can use a website called takemycalls.co.uk Basically what this does is it's an answer in phone service for you so you don't actually have to directly speak to your customers. They will take the information from your customer take the question and the query and then pass it on to you so you can then respond to them however you decide to. Number three a business address you can go with real amount and get a PO box this is gonna cost you the cheapest option is 26 pounds 25 per month or you can get a virtual office which is what I do which is approximately 30 pounds per month. Now all three of these things I would say they're optional in the beginning but they will help your business they will help your conversion rate so if you've got a decent budget to play with then I recommend getting all three of these things. Why like I mentioned in the intro to this point is that it increases the trustworthiness of your store and this is the number one factor of why customers will not buy from you.  Moving on to point number four then which is build social proof of pages and posts. So if you're advertising on a social media platform then social proof is absolutely everything. If you have zero engagements, zero likes, zero views, zero comments, et cetera again you don't come across as trustworthy and as I've already mentioned trustworthiness is like the number one factor of whether people will decide to spend their money with you.  So how do you actually fix this then? Number one is you can run page like campaigns you can get some pretty decent results for quite cheap. As you can see here this is like a screenshot from my ad manager account you can see that a cost per engagement is gonna cost you about two pence depending on what kind of campaign you're running. In terms of page likes then you're looking at about 10 pence per page like so if you can dedicate say 50 pounds to that if I've done my maths correctly then that's 500 page likes so you don't have to spend that much money to increase your social proof quite dramatically. Number two is you can run post engagement campaigns again these are specific campaigns you can run and you can go really broad on the audience here because it doesn't matter who likes it essentially all people care about when they see your ad is how many people have engaged how many people have commented it doesn't really matter who it is plus the broader you go the cheaper results you're gonna get. Number three this is kind of like a way of compounding the engagement on your ads so just make sure that you run ads to the same posts on your page make sure you use the same post ID that way all the engagement is gonna compound onto that one post and it's gonna build up faster essentially. So make sure then that you don't try and compound the engagement onto one ad that's a poor ad that's never gonna perform very well in the beginning then what I recommend doing is testing multiple creatives in the beginning and then the one that performs the best then start to compound all your engagement onto that one ad creative. And then number four finally is regular posting on pages for example then if your last post on Facebook was nine months ago and it's you changing your cover photo when somebody comes onto your page and that's what they see you don't come across as very active or very current so people might start to doubt whether you're still in business and again they won't trust you it all comes down to trustworthiness. Let's give you an example then here's like a quick study I found online of the different reasons of what makes people trust you versus not trusting you. The biggest thing was customer reviews it goes without saying it's a fact by the way that people follow people so if the more reviews and more engagement you have then basically then the better. Number two is easy to contact the company which we've already spoken about. Number three is secure browsing so it says there in brackets the presence of HTTPS with Shopify then you'll automatically have that. Number four is a clean website design layout and navigation and number five is accurate and up-to-date content so just make sure you post regular content every single day and it's gonna be beneficial. To give you another example as well is these two ads here again screenshots from certain ads I found on Facebook and therefore the exactly the same product except this one here at the bottom has 10,000 comments and 43,000 reactions and this one here has three as you can see if I could just move this out of the way this one only has three. So if somebody sees this bottom one versus the top one which one are they gonna trust more and actually buy through? It's gonna be this one here because it has significantly more engagement and comes across as more trustworthy. Moving on to the fifth and final point then which is keep things simple in the beginning. So this is quite a big and important one to be honest the amount of people I talk to on Instagram beginners and they just try and do the most complex and ridiculous things like they try and run before they can walk and they're just setting themselves up for failure. It's like before you learn to ride a bike you wouldn't try and learn to ride a motorbike it just wouldn't make sense it's like it's a bike with an engine you'd start with a normal push bike that you pedal and then you progress onto a motorbike you wouldn't just go straight to a motorbike it's kind of like a metaphor that just comes to my head I don't know whether it really makes sense but what I'm trying to say then is just keep things simple in the beginning don't over complicate it give yourself the best chance of success by keeping things simple and avoiding the following so here's just kind of like a few general tips to make sure you run the right path so things to avoid the number one is dangerous, fake, consumable or trademarked products all of these will either get held up at customs and will never get into the country you're shipping to or they'll end up with you getting your Facebook ad account banned your Shopify store banned your payment provided banned and you'll fail before you've even started number two is complex store design I've seen people with bright pink backgrounds or black backgrounds or yellow backgrounds and white fonts and it's just difficult to read it's off-putting just stick to the basics a white background, black test a serif or sans serif font and that's gonna put you in good stead we saw in the previous point in this study that one of the biggest reasons that puts people off by not trusting you was where is it clean website design layout and navigation so just make sure you stick to the basics get some feedback on your store and make sure it looks professional number three is selling globally in the beginning there's no need to try and target the whole world stick to one country at a time even today I still focus on the UK when I'm testing a new product if I can sell a product well and profitably in the UK only then will I start to scare that into bigger countries different markets will react to different products in a different way so if you try and take on the whole world all in one go then it's gonna be really difficult to find something that sticks and something that does well so focus on one country at a time then to give yourself the best chance and success number four is copying content the amount of people I see that copy content from other job shipping stores other Facebook pages especially products product images with models then now if the Asian models from AliExpress then you might get away with it because it's probably supplier content make sure you always check by the way but if you go into Instagram and find some influencer and take content from their page then again it's gonna end up with you receiving complaints it's gonna end up with Facebook getting in contact with you and putting a strike against your account it's gonna end up maybe even with your ad account getting banned there and then or perhaps your company or you even getting sued so just produce your own content buy the product as a sample so you can test it yourself make sure it's decent quality and take your own pictures or videos or whatever you wanna do with it and with that being said guys there's one more thing to do and that is to say thank you very much for watching I really do appreciate everybody who watches these videos by the way it's still crazy to think that I've got over 10,000 subscribers on my channel so thanks very much if you enjoyed the video please do make sure you hit the like button I've said it in the intro but if there is a question you wanna ask me I read every single comment it might take me a couple of days to be honest to get back to you but I will read it I will answer it and if you want more content then on Shopify and Facebook ads off of YouTube, hence Instagram and then head over that's my username go over there follow me check out my free e-box too in the description below there's five different ones people I've had some really good feedback on them as well actually so make sure you check them out 100% free won't cost you any money and then finally if you want like a proven step-by-step program that includes my full support and then you can check out my e-com academy too again there will be a link in the video description below finally then thanks again for watching and I'll see you in the next one


Hey folks, it's Hari Swaminathan. It's Tuesday, December 11th and I haven't had any update on the swing trades because I've not done anything. The market's just been volatile and I think I'm going to close these out today given that the futures are up 20 points, but I also want to take a look at the charts. Now if you recall we had laid out some cluster areas. These are basically areas where there were lots of volume and so you can see that that still holds and if you were to just draw a trend line so if I do a trend line, plain trend line right here, you can see from this point onwards you have that's the top part of the trend line and if you see the bottom part then this was the 2603 which we've discussed before and ultimately it did test that level yesterday, but as you know yesterday was a crazy day and that was Monday, December 10th and the markets went down quite a bit and then it rebounded by 60 points but you can see that this is a flat trend line and so going into the new years I'm suspecting that there's going to be quite a bit of volatility because there are lots of open issues as far as the swing trade is concerned, Google should be about break-even now and given that today Amazon is going to go up by 30 bucks I think this one also should be close to break-even so anyway the swing trading class is over so I'm going to close out these two positions as well, but just looking at the chart I think we are looking at a very range bound market and this has just come off the bottom part of the range so I would expect over the next couple of weeks because December's anyway seasonally a good time for the markets except for this time there's been quite a bit of volatility, but I would still expect it to go into the Christmas season moving up past the 2700 perhaps towards the 2800 but we are running into a cluster area here but I would still expect the SMP to move from the bottom part of the range to the top part of the range so that's it for the swing trading service as well as the chart analysis on the SMP now I do want to point out that in December there's a big special going on and I'll talk about that in the next couple of slides so as I mentioned all the regular courses on Udemy are 50 to 80% off you can use the coupon code Tiger10UD and this will give you every course out there for $10 so all these are all the public courses the courses that are visible and you can get them for $10 apiece but you have to use the coupon code Tiger10UD but the big specials are the MAC systems now these are private courses they are elite intellectual property methods and there are MAC systems for spreads for swing trading day trading as well as calendars and butterflies and things like that so this is very advanced it's beyond the advanced courses now all of these courses the password is MACspass and the coupon code is MACs for $49 and so this is 50% off and the cost will be $49 per course and on the next slide I'm going to show you all the URLs all the Bitly URLs where you can simply type in the URL and that will take you to this course so these are the Bitly URLs and the URLs have been shortened to keep it convenient in case you wanted to remember them so the calendar MACs is Bitly, UD-CalMAX, weekly MACs is an advanced product on weekly options AdjustMAX is a generic adjustment for options course and CondorMAX is very elite for iron condors and credit spreads Earnings report is all about tackling the earnings cycle and ETFMAX is a slightly more longer term trading environment IncomeMAX you have IncomeMAX spreads as well as straddles and then you have the technical base systems the swing trade MACs and the day trade MACs so you should just be able to go to this Bitly link and that Bitly link already has the coupon code in it sorry you'll still have to give the password that is MACspass so that's what you have to remember on these Bitly links and finally there's the thinkorswim tutorial course itself this is a continuous course and it doesn't end and so I'm going to be adding a couple of more tutorials on to this course this month also now the password for this course is TOS 2018 and then the coupon code is TOS for 99 but if you use this Bitly link you should directly have the coupon code already in it so all you would need to do is put in this password and that should take you into the course this is for $99 it's also 50% off and that is the special for December so these are the specials for December and coming back to the S&P I think you need to be careful it is going to be a range bound and a volatile market but I wish everyone the best and we'll see you soon in the new year thank you


As we know, Tiktok CEO had five hours testimony recently and we believe the future of Tiktok is very dangerous in the US. However, here's my take on it. Number one, Tiktok will continue to be a major social media platform in the US, but the ownership will be transferred and also be sold to one of the big tech giants in the US, such as Metta. It's very likely or any other competitors out there. So what does it mean to Tiktok employees? It's a good news. We'll be working for Metta or one of those fan companies. Congratulations. And right now, Tiktok is still hiring product managers. For example, one of our student manager offered in Tiktok and currently Tiktok is still processing her work visa to move to the US. And our Tiktok is the recruiter, also known as drop openings for TPM position for us to hire for her. Their team is still growing. So there's opportunities for you not only to join Tiktok, but join a fan company. How do you know all of this? I follow Dr. Nancy Lee for product management tips and tricks. She's a direct product and featuring force. You should follow her too.


So, we discuss these aspects in the series of these particular lectures which will be in this 14 to 15 sessions. Now, in this I have just summarized what it is going to be like in this series of non-classical MOSFETs. I have put 14 to 15s having a one buffer lecture if necessary. Module 1 which we start today will have transport in nano MOSFETs and of course, when we do not get down into the transport straightaway, we will first discuss the first order MOSFET model and go through some of the effects of interface states in sub-threshold slope. Highlight some of the short channel effects which have already been discussed hot electron, LDD, light due to drain, extended source in all that has been discussed. So, I will not I will just rush through them. Velocity saturation, ballistic transport, injection velocity, these are the things which one has to see particularly because you will see that ultimately the performance of the classical MOSFETs is decided by the injection velocity rather than any other parameters. And the injection velocity you will see that it is controlled by the low field electric low field mobility of electrons or holes. So, the goal in all these devices non-classical devices will be to realize devices which will result in high carrier mobility, which automatically will give you high injection velocity. You can also switch to devices like LM arsenide, where you can get velocity overshoot effects. You can have velocities in addition over and above the velocity saturation that is the module 1. Once we see what are the problems and what is required for high performance, we get down to these will cover about 2, 3 lectures. Then we go down to module 2, which is a special device which is very popular today even in industry like IBM they regularly use SOI MOSFETs for their integrated circuits as and when it is required. Silicon on insulator MOSFET, SOI MOSFET and here we discuss very different versions of this type of MOSFETs including the FinFET and also discuss the quantization effects on threshold voltage mobility and ultimately we also get down to discuss the latest version of these devices called junctionless transistor. Then we have the module 3 in which the focus is on metal source, source strain junction MOSFETs. Instead of PN junction, we will have metal junction, Schottky barrier junctions or ohmic contacts that type of thing. Here we will have to focus quite a bit on the properties of Schottky junctions on silicon, germanium, compound semiconductors etcetera, because we will be discussing about the non-silicon based MOSFETs, FETs in the next section that is the module 4. So, there we take on germanium. So, in order to improve the mobility of the carriers, one way of doing is use silicon itself and ensure that doping levels are very low. You know in conventional devices you have to go to very high doping levels 10 to power 15, 17 percentimeter cube, so that the Schottky channel effects are reduced. Now that is achieved by the SOI MOSFET. Now further if you want to improve the mobility, you have to change the material. Materials like germanium, materials like gallium arsenide, those are the two major contenders for high performance devices, germanium devices PMOS, NMOS. That is what we discussed, germanium MOSFETs, then compounds semiconductors based on gallium arsenide, aluminium gallium arsenide and hetero junction devices. We will try to cover all that. So, this is where I kept option of going 4 or 5 sessions. So, depending upon that, depending upon the availability of slots, we will put 14 or 15 lectures. So, now we take the module 1. The module 1, we begin with some sort of a review, so that you are focused on this topic. So, we will talk, take the conventional MOSFET and conventional analysis long channel model and substrate short swing and the effect of interface state density on the substrate short swing. I was informed that DIT effect on substrate short slope was not covered in the previous presentation, though the DIT is discussed in the great detail. Then short channel effects mainly on substrate short swing and current, very big field touch up on this. Then we will go on to the velocity saturation, ballistic transport and velocity overshoot effect, injection velocity and need for high value of low field mobility, those are the things which we will cover. So, you see that there is bit of overlap in this particular module, but when we go to next, these are required. So, I just quickly running through this thing. Today it will be mostly some of these things. I will not be able to cover the entire thing today. This will be covered in two, three lectures. So, this is the diagram which you will see everywhere in text books, all text books. We can see that you have got the substrate which is made up of silicon in the conventional MOSFET and you have got the red color is the oxide. Then this is the polysilicon gate.  And when you analyze this, you will actually not bother about the entire region. Your focus will be only on this portion because that is the portion which gives you the MOSFET action. And these are the thick oxides which allow you to isolate one device from the other device in the integrated circuit. So, if it is N channel device, you use beta substrates. And while analyzing, you have some simplifications done. The most important simplification which is done in the Shockley analysis is GCA. That is, gradual channel approximation. What is the meaning of that? The electric field GCA, gradual gradual channel approximation says or considers or assumes that the electric field along the channel, I marked it as y direction, along the channel is much smaller compared to the electric field along the vertical direction. That is, x is marked as vertical which would mean that you can ignore the two dimensional effects while you solve for the carrier concentration in this direction. You solve the Poisson's equation along the x direction, that is top to bottom. I am marking it non-conventional, y is in the horizontal direction, x is in the vertical direction. So, you can solve Poisson's equation in one dimensional direction because you consider the electric field only in the E x because E y field is small. This assumption will fail when you go to high fields in the y direction. That is where you have to think other methods of solving it. Then also you assume that Ohm's law holds good. When you say Ohm's law holds good, what is the meaning? Immediately you say v is equal to i into r. When you say v is equal to i into r, what you assume is that the velocity of electrons or carriers is proportional to the electric field. That is the meaning of Ohm's law holds good. So, if you know the mobility and the electric field, I can straight away say the velocity is equal to mobility into electric field. Velocity is proportional to electric field. That is Ohm's law. Now, other assumptions in this analysis is channel doping is uniform. There are minor modifications on this if you have the non-informed doping concentration. That I do not get down to discussion. I just took this up for continuity sake. So, here these portion I have shown that is where the channel is present. You can see that when the voltage is applied here, the or when you apply voltage to the gate, the p channel p region gets inverted and becomes n type. So, I would say electrons are collected here. That is the inversion layer is present here. If there is a voltage drop along this direction by means of applied voltage, you will see that or you know that the potential available for inverting is less than p g s. So, we will see what it is. Now, quickly notice we have taken only this portion of that because that is where the transistor action is. And what does this portion do? The bottom portion is only mechanical support. When you have a after all this region will be as thin as point 1 point 2 microns. But this whole thing is a wafer which will be 300 microns, 400 microns depending upon the wafer thickness. If you have a 4 inch wafer, if I can say so, that is 100 millimeter diameter wafer that will be about 400 micrometers thickness. So, that is to give an idea. So, that is why this portion is a mechanical support. Since the entire action is on the top portion, I put only that layer. Source, drain that is the region between is p type, the gate oxide which is very thin, whole transistor side about 100 nanometers. Today you go down to 1 nanometer to avoid the short channel effects. And this is a gate. The gate can be metal, but usually it is polysilicon doped very heavily. Now, you can see if there is no voltage applied between the source and drain, V d s equal to 0, the voltage applied between the gate and the substrate. I have shown the contact here, but it is far away from that. Then plus voltage will apply, the field lines terminate on this semiconductor here. It will initially deplete and then finally, when the voltage is large enough, there will be electron accumulated. This has been elucidated in detail in the last series of lectures, your electron which is known as the inversion layer. So, you say that it is inverted when the gate voltage is threshold voltage that is v threshold voltage. So, once see till you till the channel is inverted, the voltage applied voltage to the gate is shared between this oxide and the top depletion layer. V oxide V g is equal to V oxide plus V silicon, V silicon is depletion layer voltage, but once this there is there are enough electrons accumulated in the channel device. Then the plus charges which are generated here due to the applied plus voltage require negative charges, they come from this channel itself. That means the voltage over and above the threshold voltage appears totally across the oxide. So, the charge in the inversion layer here will be V g minus V threshold that is the voltage that appears across this oxide. So, V g minus V threshold into the capacitance of the oxide. So, that is what is written here. V g minus V threshold into C oxide, C oxide is the oxide capacitance per unit area. So, what we say if this is unit area, the q n that is the inversion layer charge will be charge per unit area. Unit area not looking into the plane of this like this, it is a charge looking from the top per unit area looking from the top. So, we compute the area of the gate region that is the channel length or the gate length into the depth of the gate w that will be the total area. So, this is when a V d equal to 0. Now, you can see when V d equal to V d is equal to 0 there is no drop across the channel. So, whatever voltage you apply V g minus V threshold is available for creating these charges. Suppose you apply V d is positive what happens? Immediately, you have got plus voltage here and this is connected to the drain all through there is inversion layer. Therefore, depending upon the voltage that you apply there is current flow from the drain to the source due to flow of electrons from source to drain. So, source is the supplier of the electrons. When the source is obtained the supplier of electrons is the p type region minority carriers. They will not be able to respond high frequencies, but when you have the source here supplying the carriers they may be minority carrier here, but they are majority carrier here there is a large reservoir of electrons present in the n plus region. So, that can supply this and this drain collects those electrons here. So, this is the source channel and the drain. Now, notice the difference between the previous diagram and this diagram. I have drawn the channel charge maximum here tapering down to close to 0 here. How much close to 0 it is here depends upon the voltage drop across the channel. Why? At this end the voltage is 0. There is a voltage is 0 from here to here if you go V d s is 0 here maximum here. So, if this is 0, but even though this is 0 due to the gate voltage there is a potential which you call it as some psi of s. So, there are some there is some potential due to that, but that potential is used for creating this inversion here. What I am talking of is applied V d s is 0 here. Therefore, voltage available for this inversion is here is equal to V g minus V 3. If you move in this direction from here to here there is a voltage rise equal to V d s. If I take the any point y here there is a potential rise from here to here equal to V y. So, if this was 0 this was V y. At this point the charge the voltage available for creating the inversion layer was equal to V g s minus V threshold, but out of that voltage V y has gone to this. So, the voltage available here is equal to V g s minus V threshold minus V y. So, charge at any point y is equal to C oxide into instead of V g s minus V threshold you have got minus V y because the part of the voltage is gone into this portion.  So, that is the charge. Now, what is the velocity at any point velocity at any point is equal to mobility into electric field that is Ohm's law. So, I can write electric field magnitude as d V by d y y is in the direction. So, mobility into electric field mobility into d V by d y that is equation number 3. Why are we looking at this q n velocity? The current drain current is given by this expression because q n is a charge per centimeter square here at any y and that that is actually charge sheet. If I multiply by w and d x that is the total charge available in the d of x q n is per unit area into w depth into d of x d of y that gives the area. Now, I have w into q n into d y by d t. What is that? So, q n into w into d y by d t is equal to that velocity w into q n into V is q n into w I am sorry q n into V, V is d y by d t. W into d y is the total charge by d t is the current. So, in time d t charge moves by the density of y. So, whatever was present in the depth d y is collected in the depth d t. So, this is the standard equation. I am sure you have discussed this in the previous presentation. It is a whatever transport phenomena mechanism you talk of. You can write this equation. Suppose in the velocity is saturated velocity, then you can write this as w into charge into saturation velocity. Now, we are talking of a case where velocity is proportional to electric field. Therefore, we find out q n multiplied by this velocity. So, putting these two together, I will not go through the simplification you can just work it out very easily. Substitute these two here that is w into q n is this quantity into V into d V by d y. And integrate that from y is equal to 0 to l and V is equal to 0 to V d s. You get this equation. Let me not go through that spending time. You can sit down and work it out. It is substituted from these two. Integrate from y is equal to 0 to l and V d equals from 0 to V d s. So, this is the equation for the drain current. So long as this path is there right through this region. So, whatever V d s you apply appears between this. I have shown a small opening here. Actually, there is not been opening. It will be continuous there. So, it is a continuous path. It is equivalent of putting a resistor between this point and that. That is implication of this law. You have put a resistor here. If the V d s equals to 0, the channel charge is constant. It is equivalent of a resistance which is of uniform depth. Now, when you apply voltage, the charge concentration here keeps on reducing because of voltage drop, which you can look into it as a resistor whose area of cross section decreases. So, as you apply the voltage V d s, the area of cross section of this resistor keeps on falling. What happens to the resistance value? It increases. Rho L by A. Rho is the same. Rho L by A, the area of cross section decreases. So, that means as you increase the V d s, the resistance does not remain constant, but the resistance keeps on increasing. It would mean that if I keep on increasing the V d s, the current will not be linearly increasing the V d s. It is reflected from this equation. In this equation, you can see if the second term is not present, the I d and V d, that is linear. So, that is the point at which the voltage drop is small. V d s is very, very small. So, as the V d s becomes more and more, this portion takes care of the varying cross section to say. It is not really cross section. It is a charge that is varying. So, if you see the characteristic now. So, this is linear. You can see initially it is linear. Then, as I increase the V d s, the current does not increase linearly because the resistance does not remain constant. The resistance keeps on increasing. So, current does not increase correspondingly. Now, at a particular V d s, when the V d s becomes equal to V g s minus V threshold voltage, the current saturates. What happens is, you go back to the slide. What happens is, when that happens, when the V d s is equal to V g s minus V threshold, the voltage drop from here to here is equal to V g s minus V threshold. When V g s is equal to V d s equal to V g s minus V threshold, what is the meaning? The voltage drop across the channel is V g s minus V threshold. What is the voltage drop across the gate and the channel at that point? V threshold itself because this is V g s. Out of that, V g s minus V threshold is there. So, subtract that, you get this voltage V threshold. That means, the channel is just about to be formed there. If I apply more voltage, there is no channel there, but there is a depletion layer. So, you can see now, when the channel has just opened, it is a very interesting phenomenon. I have oversimplifying it and telling you, when the channel is just opened, the voltage drop across the channel is V g s minus V threshold. This is the channel potential. If I increase the V d s beyond that point, this voltage drop, where the channel is opened up remains the same thing, V g s minus V threshold. What about the resistance value between this point? Where it is opened at this point? That is the same because this is C oxide into V g s minus V threshold. This is just equal to V g s minus V threshold is a drop there. So, the charge here remains the same as when it has just opened. If there is a light lead out region on the drain region, depletion layer will move into the drain region, but this opening will be remaining there. How does the current flow from this to this one, when there is opening? That is because this is N plus. There is a depletion layer here. The electric field is actually from the drain to the channel, depletion layer. So, as a result, the electric field is from the N plus to the channel depletion layer. So, electrons reaching this edge of the depletion layer will be collected there, like in the bipolar transistor. See, it is almost like a bipolar transistor. The difference is here the electrons are injected and they flow by drift and they are collected by this collector. Here, we call it as drain. In the bipolar transistor, there is no field in this region. Electrons are injected from the N plus region to the P region. There is no immersion layer because there is no gate. They move through this region by diffusion and they are collected here. That is the difference, the transport mechanism. In fact, you will see if the carrier concentration is very, very low as it happens in the sub threshold region, you will see that the current flow is by diffusion. So, there is a difference in the mechanism of transport when there is inverted and just below the inversion layer. Now, coming back to this point, why does it saturate? When this has just opened and beyond that point, if you consider this as resistance, that resistance value remains the same thing because charge distributions remain the same thing because this voltage at this edge is with threshold, voltage at this edge is V G minus with threshold, which is available for charge. So, total charge is the same thing and the voltage drop from here to here is remaining the same thing. So, what would you say? That means, drop across this region is the same thing, the resistance is the same thing, current is the same thing because rest of the voltage that you apply to the gate does not go into this channel. It goes into the diffusion layer. So, therefore, you get beyond that point current saturates and flat. It is the over simplification, but that is the first order theory. So, that is happening when V D S equal to V G S with threshold. So, current at saturation is, I have just rewritten this equation here and at saturation, you substitute V D S equal to V G S mass with P T N. So, when you substitute that, you get this equation. The state substitution you do not, you can just sit down and work out that. So, substitute V D S equal to V G S mass with threshold, you get that. This standard is parallel. You can see this is independent of V D S because all that V D S does not go to the channel. It goes into the diffusion layer. So, from here you can see that we get better current, better performance if the mobility is high. So, from here you will say, I would choose a material which has got high electron mobility or high hole mobility. Very indicative of this is that. And of course, you want to have larger I D. Why do you want larger I D? Because trans conductance defined as delta I D S by delta V G S is proportional to C oxide and W. You would increase W. You get larger current and larger trans conductance, but you do not like that. Why do not you like it? Because it occupies a lot of space width and it will also give rise to larger capacitance. So, the way you do it is, you will see that you have seen it already that you increase the C oxide and maybe you can reduce W. Increase the C oxide and reduce the channel length. All these increase, give rise to better drain current and better trans conductance. That is delta I D S by delta V G S which is proportional to this quantity. So, the transfer characteristics is at any voltage here. If I go along this direction for a constant V D S, if I take I D S like that, for V D S less than V threshold voltage, current is practically 0. This is oversimplification telling that when V threshold, V G S equal to V threshold, current is 0. Strictly it is not true. It is finite there. That is sub threshold. We will discuss that later. Already some discussion has been done. And this is the curve which will tell you which gives V D S V G S minus V threshold. Because larger the V G S, larger will be the saturation voltage. That is what is projected here. In fact, this also will tell you that maybe I am not discuss that aspect. You can connect either drain and the gate to the together and you can get that characteristic, two dimensional characteristic and a drain and the gate. V D is equal to V G S practically. So, that is what I wanted to mention here. Now, above threshold voltage therefore, you have got in the saturation region. What do you mean by saturation? That region. V D S greater than V G S minus V threshold you get these characteristics. Now, in the same region, if I go down here at a particular point, you have got a threshold voltage. V G S equal to threshold voltage. In the previous diagram, we have put this as 0. But, if you plot it on a logarithmic scale, it is not equal to 0. It will be finite and go down to very low values like this. That is a sub threshold current and that is due to the transport of carriers from the source to drain when the carrier concentration is low. There are not sufficient carriers so that the drip current cannot hold good, cannot support that current. Drip current depends upon the carrier concentration and electric field and that carrier concentration goes down, drip current goes down. In fact, even when you take the previous scale, I will just go back quickly to the next slide here. Even in this case, the carrier concentration is high here and it is 0 there. There is concentration gradient, which would mean that there is diffusion current. But, the drip current is very high compared to the diffusion current because the current drip velocity is high compared to the way the carriers move by diffusion. That depends upon concentration gradient. That velocity is low. So, here the drip current is dominated. We can comfortably neglect diffusion current. But, when you go to this region where there is hardly very, I say I have removed that inversion layer there. I have removed the inversion layer here. But, there are carriers. They are still electrons. If you recall, when you keep on applying plus voltage to the gate, it becomes less p type. That means it is depleted on the surface and then more and more depleted, then becomes n type in electron attracted to the surface. So, when you go just below that threshold voltage, there are not enough electrons. The electron density is less compared to the whole density in the bulk. That is the threshold region. But, those electrons cannot move by drift. That means there is hardly any voltage drop across that. So, it is like a bipolar transistor.  So, you have got the source. You have got the drain. Instead, you can call it as this emitter. You have got the collector and emitter injects electrons to this region. And from here to here, the drip current is negligible. Therefore, current flow is by diffusion. Now, what is the state of affairs as far as this junction is concerned? See, when I apply voltage plus here and ground here or ground here, between the gate and this point, there is that V G S. You can see that at inversion, watch this carefully, at inversion, you apply plus voltage. The carrier concentration was equal to the electron concentration was equal to the whole concentration at this end. Now, what is the potential here? The surface potential, you call it as surface potential. That is the potential here at the top surface is twice phi f or twice phi b. You know what it is. When it is inverted, the potential is twice phi b. Phi b is k T by q, logarithm of doping by n i. So, you have got the potential plus minus plus minus. This is plus. So, with respect to this ground, the source here, the potential, there is a depletion layer across the source always. Even when it is inverted case, there is a barrier here. Carriers are injected across the barrier, because that is forward bias. See, when you go to this particular situation here, carriers are injected from the source to the channel across the barrier. And when the channel is not present, what is the barrier? Built-in potential. When a channel is present, if the potential is twice phi f, what is the barrier? Built-in potential minus twice phi f. So, barrier is reduced by twice phi f. So, carriers are injected across that. Same phenomenon is there, bipolar transistor. The difference is instead of that here is drift. When you go to this, the barrier is still present, but barrier is slightly more than b b i minus twice phi f. It is b b i minus phi s, surface potential. There is a barrier is reduced by phi f s. So, still, because it is forward bias by an amount equal to phi s, surface potential, there will be carrier injection. So, that is transported. What is the carrier concentration here? I call it as N p. N p 0. 0 is y equal to 0 here and y equal to l here. Both ends, you can see, they are a depletion layer. This is forward bias junction. This is reverse bias junction. This is the depletion layer width. If it is heavily doped, 0 l. The carrier concentration is N p 0 and this is a boundary condition of a junction. So, N p 0 will be related to the minority carrier concentration in the p region. That is the minority carrier concentration under thermal equilibrium condition into exponential whatever potential forward bias is there across the junction divided by K T by Q. V T is K T by Q thermal voltage. This is a standard boundary equation, boundary condition. Boundary condition for minority carriers here, because the electron transfer minority in the p region, the boundary condition is whatever thermal equilibrium boundary condition is there, that is N p 0, into exponential whatever voltage is there, forward voltage divided by K T. Powered voltage is psi of s. Is it all right? So, you can see that carrier concentration is that. What is the carrier concentration here? 0, because reverse bias is collecting whatever is reaching is collecting. In between, there is no base contact. Here I am showing the base contact, but there is no contact into this particular region there. So, there is no recombination. There is no base current and particularly when this length is small, there is no recombination. So, whatever carriers are injected here will be connected here. Carrier concentration is N p 0. Carrier concentration is 0 here. And the current flow from here to here if it is by diffusion, what is the current flow equation? Current flow is governed by Q d n N p 0 divided by L. What is N p 0 divided by L? That is a slope. So, the diffusion current is Q d n d n by d of x. That is the current density into area. I do not know what the area is. If the whole thing is injecting and current flow is there, then it will be entire depth. But in the case of bulk MOSFET, what we are talking of, it will be inverted only near the top. So, area will be actually w into the depth where the charges are present. So, this is the carrier distribution linear. It is linear because the slope here and slope here will be same thing. Wherever you take, the current is the same thing. There is a current continuity. That is the meaning of that. So, I can write it as Q d n N p 0 by L. That is Q d n d n by d of x everywhere into area. That is the current. I substitute for N p 0 with this quantity. What do you get? You get a term which depends upon the charge diffusion coefficient. What is N p 0? It depends upon doping level here. N i square divided by doping concentration. So, this is a doping independent quantity. So, some constant term into exponential e to the power of psi s by k d. You see that there. So, I have rewritten that equation. I d that is sub threshold current. I d, I am just rewriting that by substituting this there. Then, I naught can be written as I naught e to the power of psi s by s a d, where I naught actually depends upon Q d n by L and N p 0. N p 0 is dependent doping. Now, let us see how this would affect the sub threshold. I am sure this has been discussed in some detail, but I want to bring in that other factors. So, that is why I am going through it. So, this is the sub threshold current psi s by v t. Now, psi s is part of the V g s. V g s gets shared between the oxide and the silicon, the junction. So, I can call it as V g s by N times V t, where N is greater than 1 or equal to 1. It is greater than 1 usually, so that there is a, if it is equal to 1, whatever V g s is there goes to be psi of s. Thinner the oxide, more voltage will go to this junction. So, thinner the oxide, N will be closer to 1. That is the meaning of that. So, psi s is psi s by psi s I am writing it as V g s by N. What is N? N is delta V g s by d psi m s from here. I just assumed some factor. I do not know what it is right now. We will see what it is. So, I substitute here. N is equal to, is given by this equation, since it is logarithmic. So, we know that this is exponential. So, on the log scale I can put it as linear curve. That is what is the sub threshold. So, you saw, when you previous curve you saw it was like that after threshold. Below threshold it is linear in the logarithmic scale. Now, I take logarithm on both sides. Logrhythm of this current is equal to log i naught to the base 10, because it is easy to work out in the decades. Log 10 log i naught to the base 10 plus V g s by N V t. Since it is log 10, you have a dividing factor log 10 to the base e mathematics. So, you have got this term coming up, because it you are taking log 10. If you log to the base e, you would have had only V t by V g s by N V t. So, now, you define the term sub threshold slope, which is delta V g s divided by delta of this quantity. So, delta V g s divided by this quantity is, take this whole thing on to that side and bring this side, that is N V t log 10. So, from this equation today we can see that sub threshold slope or sub threshold swing is delta V g s divided by delta of logarithm of I d, that is N V t log 10. That is the sub threshold slope and from here you can see what is V t log 10? V t is k t by Q about 26 millivolts at room temperature, lower temperature of course, it will be reducing. So, and V t log 10, we will see what it is. So, sub threshold swing is N V t log 10, it is actually inverse slope that is delta V g s by that delta log I d. So, sub threshold swing or sub threshold slope is N into V t log 10 and V t log 10 26 millivolts into log 10 that is about 60 millivolts. So, sub threshold swing is 60 millivolts into N, what does it mean? Delta of log I d is equal to 1. When you take this slope log I d, when log I d is for example, delta log I d may be log 100 divided by log 10. So, log 10 that is log 10 that will be equal to 1. So, let us say when it is 1, you get 60 millivolts per decade. If you take this as 1 decade, how much is this? That is the sub threshold swing. So, the best value that you can get, why do you say best value? And N is equal to 1, sub threshold swing is 60 millivolts. That is the change in V g s for 1 decade change in I d, that is the meaning of that. 1 decade change in I d, how much is the V g s required? Now, this is a very important parameter in the MOSFETs, particularly when you go for low voltages. What you need is, when you want to go for low power devices and low voltages, you need to have this threshold voltage as low as possible. Now, if the swing is 60 millivolts per decade, I will give an example to understand this. If the swing is 60 millivolts per decade, that is if N is equal to 1, it is 60 millivolts per decade. What is the meaning of that? The current will for reduce by 1 decade, when the voltage is reduced by 60 millivolts, gate voltage is reduced 60 millivolts below the threshold voltage. So, for example, if the threshold voltage is 300 millivolts here, when you reduce the gate and if let us say current is 1 microampere, I am just for example, I am taking, if the current there is 1 microampere, it is not 0, it is finite, there is a catch here. So, it is at threshold voltage, let us say there was 1 microampere current flowing. Now, when you and if the N is equal to 1, how many decades must the current come down here? This is 300 millivolts. So, I have to reduce the gate voltage from by 300 millivolts. So, if the slope is equal to 60 millivolts per decade, it has to fall by 5 decades. 300 millivolts divided by 60 millivolts, that is when the voltage falls from 300 to 0, the current will fall by 5 decades. So, that is the ideal case. If N is equal to, let us say 2, that means the current will fall by 1 decade if it is 120 millivolts. So, let us say it is 0.362, to make it easy, let us say threshold is 360 millivolts and N is equal to 2. So, when 1 decade current falls, the voltage will fall 120 millivolts. So, if it is 360 millivolts, by the time you reduce the voltage to 0 volts, 360 by 120, current will fall down by 3 decades. So, from 1 microampere, 10 to the power of minus 6, it would have gone to 10 to the power of minus 9. But if the, in the previous case, it has fallen down by 5 decades, that it would have gone down to 10 to the power of minus 6. So, what we are telling is, if you want to reduce this threshold voltage down, it should be steeper. If it is not steeper, if it is falling down like that, current will be at 0 voltage, it will be finite, it will not be 0 actually, then there is a drain voltage. So, there is need for having sharp threshold voltage, sharp threshold swing. We will see how that works out here. By taking this example, this has been discussed in detail. So, I will quickly run through that. I will not discuss the, I will not be able to discuss the effect of DIT today, but still I will just see what we can discuss here. So, there is need to reduce the threshold voltage. Therefore, there is need to keep this threshold swing as sharp as possible. There is need to make N as close to 0, as close to 1 as possible. So, now, we will see what are the factors which effect is N. That can be done by doing, making this equivalent circuit. So, you see that below threshold voltage, applied voltage is get shared between the oxide and the depletion layer. And between the gate and the substrate, you can draw an equivalent circuit of C oxide in series of C depletion. Now, that is the, that is the equivalent circuit. Now, from here, what is that N? N was what we defined, if you recall back, we defined it as VGS by N, delta VGS by delta phi of s. N is that. Now, if you have this equivalent circuit like this, you can immediately see for, at a given VGS, if a change is by delta VGS, what we are interested in is in the slope. So, what we are interested in is actually the slope. That means, what we are interested in is delta VGS by delta phi of s, that is N. So, delta VGS, if I apply here, over and above that VGS, the voltage here is delta VGS into C oxide divided by some of these two. This is the basic voltage sharing between the capacitors. VGS divided by C oxide plus Cd into C oxide is the voltage here with respect to substrate. So, you know that delta VGS by delta phi of s is actually equal to delta VGS by delta phi of s is, take this R side, C oxide plus Cd by C oxide, which is that. So, immediately you can see that, the ideality factor, if you can call it N is delta VGS by delta phi of s equal to 1 plus Cd by C oxide. This is a very, very useful information, you know, without going into the device, we think people can understand this using this capacitor equivalent circuit. So, now, what will you say? What is Cd? Cd is the depletionary capacitance. Remember, all these are referred to per unit area, because both areas are same, this is per unit area. Therefore, per unit area Cd is epsilon silicon, epsilon 0 of course, I am assuming, absorbing that into that. Depletionary capacitance is epsilon silicon divided by Xt maximum. I call Xt maximum, because you find out that at this point, where depletionary is maximum. As you go to that side, it will be different. We take it very close to the, you can say Xt at the source end, and C oxide is epsilon oxide divided by T oxide. Remember, epsilon oxide includes is actually epsilon 0 into epsilon R. So, that is the thing. So, what would you do to improve the suppressor slope? That is what we are just want to see here. State of it is clear. Best that you can get is 60 millivolts, it is on 10. I have to make Cd very small compared to C oxide. One way of doing that is reduce the Cd. I can reduce the Cd. How can reduce the Cd? By reducing the doping here. If the doping here is reduced, depletionary width is larger, Cd will be smaller. But you cannot tolerate that in the short channel devices, because you look for reducing the effect of channel encroachment into the channel region. Therefore, you would keep doping concentration higher. So, what is alternate? Increase the C oxide. How can you increase the C oxide? By reducing the oxide. So, this actually goes along with your requirement of improvement of transconductance and the drain current, where you can increase the C oxide and increase the both transconductance and the drain current for a given device geometry. Subpressor slope also can be improved by that. Now, I just want to just begin with this thing, but I cannot go anywhere further. What you will see will be, I will just not go through that now. What you will be seeing will be, this is most ideal case. Only the doping effect is included in this capacitance. When you have interface state density, which you rise to the states at the interface, there you will see that an additional capacitance come into picture, that additional capacitance will actually appear across this. I will not discuss that in detail today, but you can take it as additional capacitance comes across this. And if you say additional capacitance comes across this due to D I T, interface state density, since you have discussed that, I can use the word D I T. If it comes in and across that, what would you say the effect of interface state density on suppressor slope, it will actually increase. Because instead of C D, you will have additional capacitance coming across the C D. So, you will have suppressor slope increasing with the D I T. We will see how it comes about in my next presentation. For today, I will close down with this. We will continue on the threshold effect of D I T on suppressor slope and continue on the transport mechanism in the next two sessions on this. So, thank you. We will see next time.


Hi folks, we're here today to talk about transitioning to modern JavaScript in order to get better value and performance out of every byte I'm Hussain and I'm Jason Hussain. Are you ready? Ready for what? Ready to play is it modern to show where I quiz contestants on whether a piece of JavaScript is modern or not? Modern Hussain your lucky contestant today. Let's begin for question one. We have these two lines of code What do you think Hussain modern or not modern? Hmm. I see months is declared using bar, and I'm pretty sure index of was introduced in ES5 So this is not modern Correct. There's no inherently new syntax being used here. So it's not modern on to question two Another two lines of code. Is this modern? Along the same lines object out of sign isn't a relatively new syntax or anything. So again, I'm going to go with not modern You're right not modern. All right, last question this piece of code is a little larger and I promise It's not a trick question. What do you think modern or not modern taking a look here I don't think there's anything modern regarding the promise syntax But I do see a variable being declared with const and constant let wasn't introduced until much later So this has to be modern code. Oh tricky block scoped let and const are actually supported in Internet Explorer 11 There's a few bugs to keep in mind We can run this code Wow, okay. I guess I learned something new today. Um, are you really gonna be doing this the whole time Jason? No, but that kind of begs the question. What exactly do we mean when we say modern code? Well for starters modern JavaScript is not ES 2015 syntax or ES 2017 or even ES 2020 It's code written syntax that is supported in all modern browsers Right now chrome edge Firefox and Safari make up 90% of the browser market And then another 5% of usage comes from browsers based on the same rendering engines which support roughly the same features That means 95% of visitors to your site are using a fast modern browser The browsers that make up majority market share are also evergreen Which means that they get new JavaScript features over time But how do we write or generate code for a moving target? The easiest way is to look to the features that are already widely supported First up classes which have over 95% browser support Arrow functions 96% Generators also have 96% browser support Probably the most underused JavaScript feature in particular this six line generator implements a lazy binary search over the DOM Yeah, to be honest, I can't think of ever having to write a generator by hand. This might have been my first Blockscoped constant let declaration save us from bar hoisting issues and have 95% browser support And like we mentioned earlier, this is actually partially supported in some older browsers So if we're careful, we could almost call this 97% support Destructuring has 94% support REST parameters and race spread also 94% Object shorthand which was easy to forget that this wasn't in the language before ES 2015 now has 95% browser support and Finally a single way, which even though is an ES 2017 feature has 95% browser support This is easily my favorite feature of the language. Oh really not a non generators We're using a term browser support quite often And it's worth clarifying what that means You can think of browser support as a percentage of global web traffic from browsers that support a given feature To get a full picture of modern JavaScript browser support We can take the lowest common denominator of the features we just saw And we can see that all these features are supported in 94% of browser traffic Now keep in mind. This is even higher for newer sites and apps as an example The total here would be 97% for visitors only from the US Yeah, so while it's actually pretty useful to have a rough idea of the browser support for language features You're going to use most of us aren't writing code that gets delivered totally unmodified to run in browsers We rely pretty heavily on Transpillation say I wanted to have a function that returns promises resolving to the number 42 I might write a little async error function like this one In order to have that code run in the last 5% of browsers that don't support async error functions I might transpile it to something like this Or at least I might try in reality Most current tools are going to take my 21 bytes of source code and transpile it to something like 583 bytes of source code Plus a runtime library that the generated code depends on which actually brings us up another six and a half kilobytes to 7,000 bytes Obviously the transpiled code will take longer to load than the original version. It's larger But the dramatically larger compiled code also runs significantly slower once downloaded JavaScript code gets compiled to instructions that are executed by a virtual machine And we can count those to estimate how much work is required to run a given program So our original async function compiles to 62 instructions, whereas the transpiled output compiles to over 1100 We can also benchmark these side-by-side and the transpiled version executes more than six times slower And this size increase is actually relatively consistent across modern features Pulling all of those earlier syntax examples into a single module is about 780 bytes when minified using tercer to remove white space If we then transpile that the generated code is six kilobytes that seven times more And the only benefit we got was that it could run in Internet Explorer 11 if we add another 10 kilobytes of polyfills that it depends on Theoretically, we also support Opera Mini's extreme rendering mode Although in reality most transpiled apps still won't work in that mode because of other limitations Now we know that the code in the left here works in 95% of browsers And a lot of us are already writing modern code like this So it's tempting to say well, that's fine. I'll just ship that modern code that I wrote to browsers Well, you can think that you can change all the code in your application But if we actually take a step back and look at what makes up our website code We'll find that the majority of our code base comes from third-party dependencies Data from HW archive shows that half of all websites ship almost 90% more third-party code than first-party Right, so I did some really rough napkin calculations, which is always dangerous But working back from global web traffic, we can estimate that the overhead of shipping legacy JavaScript accounts for around 80 petabytes per month of internet bandwidth That extra bandwidth shipping unnecessarily polyfilled and transpiled code Produces something like 54,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere We'd have to plant 30 million trees to offset that much carbon dioxide These are obviously super approximate numbers, but they kind of help paint a picture of the scale of the problem Yeah, and a big part of that scale comes from how prevalent this issue is on npm If we take a look at the top thousand frontend modules on the npm registry The median syntax version is es5. The average is also es5 In fact, less than 25% contain any syntax newer than es5 Only 11% of modules use the browser field and 90% of these point to es5 2% of modules have a js next main field and all but one are es5 And only 9% of modules use the module field So why is this? A big part of the reason is that package authors can't rely on application bundlers to transpile dependencies to ensure browser support We estimate that only half of build tools transpile dependencies at all Which means that modern code published to npm gets bundled as is by the remaining tools And that unexpectedly breaks browser support for those users Thing is package authors came by this honestly as modern javascript got popular packages still published in es5 because it could be hand tuned Where general purpose transpilers have to be spec compliant so they don't break valid code Package authors could transpile to more efficient output by making assumptions specific to their source Maybe i'm using classes, but I only use the bits that transpile to simple functions and prototypal inheritance As we found ourselves using more and more modern javascript syntax over time those possibilities for lossy transpilation faded away Thankfully, this is now a solvable problem Historically npm packages declared a main field pointing to some common js code, which as we know is generally assumed to be es5 Recently node and a number of bundlers have standardized a new field called exports It's great does a lot of things, but it has one very important attribute which is that it's ignored by older versions of node This means that modules referenced by the exports field Imply a node version of at least 12.8 and node 12.8 supports es 2019 That means that we have to assume modules referenced by the exports field are modern javascript Going forward. There's at least two types of npm packages. I expect to see We have modern only where there's just an exports field and that implies an es 2019 package And then packages with both exports and main fields where main provides an es5 and common js fallback for older environments What does this all mean? The bottom line is that soon if you don't transpile package exports There's a high likelihood that you'll ship modern code by accident And maybe shipping modern code is okay The key is that you define a version of modern that strikes the right balance between js features and browser support Our research has shown that es 2017 is a sweet spot here Since it has 95 browser support offers huge improvements over es5 and is still really close to what we all think of as modern syntax Yeah, we're not saying that you should only write es 2017 Much the opposite es 2017 is a great transpile target Transpiling the most recent es 2020 syntax features to es 2017 is generally extremely cost effective Transpiled outputs like this for a weight loop are the kind of thing we're looking for the overhead incurred here is only four bytes But maybe you do need to support internet explorer 11 or opera minis extreme mode Thankfully, there's a really solid way to support older browsers without impacting newer ones First generate es 2017 bundles for your application and serve those to modern browsers using script type module Then generate polyfill es5 bundles and serve those to legacy browsers using script no module There's no expensive server setup or user agent snapping required and it lines up really nicely with our es 2017 sweet spot There are two ways to generate these two sets of javascript files The first is to compile your application twice And the second is to compile your application for modern and then transpile the output With the first technique we run a build of the application as if we were only going to support modern browsers Each source module gets transpiled to es 2017 by something like babel or typescript then code is bundled Then we run a second full build of the application But this time with the transpiler configured to convert modules to es5 and add polyfills The results is independent sets of javascript bundles that we can load modern and legacy browsers The second approach flips things around a bit. We run a single build to generate es 2017 bundles for modern browsers Then we transpile those bundles down to es5 with polyfills One great advantage of this approach is that all code including any dependencies can be es 2017 Since the whole build assumes modern code all code can't be modern It'll all be transpiled when generating the legacy versions of bundles Now this is all really important because i11 is a tax we and our users don't have to pay Consider cost as you think about your site's performance If you need to support i11 be careful not to degrade the experience for the majority of visitors in order to get there We hope we've made the case for why modern javascript is so important We also want to make this as easy as possible to adopt So we've published a how-to article that provides configurations for popular build tools to get you started Yeah, and depending on your setup this can be as easy as installing a plugin If you're curious what kind of impact turning on modern javascript would have on your website today, we're launching a tool for that Load the tool enter the URL of a page and it will analyze the javascript of that page in order to calculate How much smaller and faster that page would be if it leveraged modern code Go check it out. Let us know what you think. We're also working on something similar for npm packages And any feedback for this version helps make that one better too Thank you, and we hope you enjoyed listening as much as we enjoyed giving this presentation. Thanks for watching


Hey, Sudama, great to see you. Welcome to the Data Cloud Summit. Super excited to have you. Welcome. Hey, Chris. Very nice to be there. Thank you for having me there. Tell us a little bit about Allianz Benelux. Tell us a little bit about yourself and your role at Allianz Benelux. Allianz Benelux is basically the Allianz business in the region of Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. We serve the needs of the customer here by securing the future. We actually do both PNC, as we call it, property and casualty in life, investment, management, and health. We do retail, small and medium enterprises. I am a regional chief data analytics officer for Allianz Benelux. I report directly to the regional CEO. My job here in Allianz is to basically drive the data and analytics agenda for Allianz Benelux. Sudamon, I understand you're getting your PhD in data science. It would be great for the audience to learn a little bit more about what's driving you to do that and what's most interesting to you about data science, AI, ML. The reason why I started to do this is because there is so much relevance push that which is basically driving the agenda. We need to really look at the theoretical part of it as well to kind of concretize and to bring in a certain level of dependency, consistency, timelessness, et cetera. And obviously, that which we are doing is very innovative here at Allianz Benelux, driven again by relevance, and which is very good for the business. But the timelessness needs to also be the sustainability. The scalability needs also has to be given to this particular Allianz-driven topic so that we don't just create a superficial impact, but we create a long-lasting and everlasting impact in our competitive intelligence that we build in Allianz Benelux. That's awesome. Thanks for sharing that. So I think, Sudamon, when you and I met back in March, one of the big things that you were considering is signing up with Snowflake and becoming a customer. But part of that journey was convincing Allianz Benelux to move to the cloud in your journey. So it would be great for you to explain to the audience what that journey has been like. Was it hard to convince your organization to move to the cloud? What hurdles might you have seen in your journey to the cloud? It was not very different to any kind of a change and the kind of effort that you need to put in a change for a normal status quo setup that which exists today. So of course, in any kind of a change or a status quo change or a challenge that which you bring in, there is a considerable effort that you need to put in. And it's also your responsibility to basically do that because if you don't have that energy or if you don't have that commitment and you are not able to sustain the energy or the commitment that you show in the new agenda that you bring in, then probably you're not gonna be there to see the change through. Of course, it was difficult obviously because there is already existing status quo and there we have a lot of benefits by moving to cloud and obviously the benefit seems very interesting but there is skepticism and we as Allianz from a group perspective and Benelux perspective as well are very, very clear on a point that we cannot take advantage of the data that which we have we want to ensure that privacy is by design, security is by design and we give utmost care to our customer data and all of this basically brings into the concept of, okay, what is it about moving to the cloud and where are we getting exposed? Where should we basically put together a security by design privacy but there's some kind of concepts before we do it and etc, are we ready? Can we ensure that we still keep the customer's data at a place where we basically can trust? Those are the things that which had to be explained. Certain level of sensitivization had to be created. Certain level of awareness, then the consideration part and yeah, all of this basically takes its own cycle. Awesome, thanks for sharing that. So we're super excited to call Allianz Benelux a customer now. What are you excited about with Snowflake and I know that you're looking at Snowflake as this kind of data cloud and data cloud transformation project. Tell us a little bit more about what excites you about Snowflake, how you think you might use Snowflake in this kind of transformation of Allianz Benelux. I know that Snowflake is brought to us as a product by you guys but we look at Snowflake as a kind of a message. We are breaking down the silos literally and we look at Snowflake as a kind of an agent to do this. This is something that which is very important to understand that whatever you do with the organizational level, you still end up with a situation where you kind of reinforce the silos. With Snowflake, we have an opportunity here to even challenge that and break the data silos. Once the data silos is broke, you basically improve the findability of data. You basically improve the understandability of the data, accessibility of the data, interpretability and everyone sees pretty much the same truth and that's how the silos disappear. We're very, very excited about the journey that which we have in front of us. Of course we have pretty new in it in the sense that we are going to have a very exciting journey as we progress. We are also looking forward to see how Snowflake's road map is going to take us to the point of arrival as I would call it in our own data driven journey. Today we live in this kind of multi-cloud, multi-cloud application world. What are some of the concerns you have as you transition from having stuff in a data center to using multiple clouds, to using multiple tools? What's some of the challenges you foresee having? What are the things that you're looking for from Snowflake to help you in that journey? There is always a reason why we basically make a change and the reason is always mostly towards more efficiency, effectiveness and so on and so forth. Basically we have CAPEX challenges and this CAPEX challenges can also be addressed with this move to the cloud example. But what we should be careful and should avoid is that the cost that which we have in terms of CAPEX is just does not get reattributed into another cost called articulation cost or arbitration cost. So having a multi-cloud is definitely a challenge until you have a kind of a orchestrator because we are doing a business here and we don't want to care about pretty much the orchestration, the part of it and this needs to be taken into account. And of course there is this application cloud and there is this infrastructure cloud. You can have as many clouds as you want and whatever function that which it is supporting you but that has to be encapsulated or abstracted away from us so that we are able to focus on the business that we are here to do. And these are certain constraints that I really had as I was thinking about multi-cloud or hybrid cloud and I was even focusing on how am I going to orchestrate all of these different things so that you know you kind of feel abstracted from those things. So those are the constraints that I think we still have to conquer as we progress. I think we are evolving very fastly in that area and you are the experts in that area and you know exactly what you're doing there. But for me what is very important is that yeah it gets abstracted away from us and we just get the scalability that we need, the elasticity that which we need, the security by design, the privacy by design and then I think this is perfect for us. Awesome. So I think a lot of customers that are listening to this are about to jump on the same journey that you're embarking on. Is there a specific use case that you decide to kind of go you know all in on Snowflake? What was the kind of the initial driver for you to say hey then the business driver on you saying hey I'm going to use this use case to drive transformation within Ali on Spenelux? I think virtualization is the key point that comes up at the top of my head the moment you speak about what even did drive me to think about Snowflake as an option. Why virtualization? Because obviously I don't want to move huge amount of data from left, right and center because you know that when you start optimizing such a kind of an architecture you end up creating pockets silos which is totally against what we want to do. We want to break silos but in the end just because of the infrastructure needs and the computational needs et cetera and the response rates and stuff like that you start to create silos. I think with virtualization and especially with the performance that which Snowflake can provide us in that area now it seems like a possibility that we will be able to do that. I mean it was not something that we just thought about let's say a few years back but now it's definitely possible. Virtualization is one of the key points but when you talk in the terms of use cases we at Ali on Spenelux do not look at use cases actually we look at business initiatives. So the reason why we don't look at it as use cases is because use cases we use a kind of a start and a stop but we're not in the game of use cases. We are in the game of delivering a future that which our customer really wants to be secured and that's what the business we are in and that there are no use cases there are initiatives there that which matches to the agenda of our customer. So when you start thinking about like that one of the most important things that Snowflake offers us as an opportunity is to obviously create an environment so to say on elastic scalable situation with the compute that which we need that which basically matches one on one with the agenda of our customer. So what I mean is the data warehousing on the cloud through data warehousing on the cloud is what was one of our driving thought processes for. We did not want to go and say that we will just do data lake, we will just do data hub and we don't belong to a religion so to say we basically are very opportunistic in this approach where we say we will have a data lake, we will have a data warehouse, we will have a data hub and we will integrate it in a very semantic way that which will match to the agenda of the customer and treat the customer as a sort of a centric point. That's great, I appreciate that. So Sudaman, thank you so much for joining us today. And again, thank you for your partnership. We, Snowflake is super excited and I'm super excited to participate in this journey with you. Is there anything that you'd kind of like to let the audience know before we wrap up? Very happy about the way we started to talk, converse. I think the proof of value as we did was a very good engagement with you guys. I mean, you guys were really there. I really appreciate the way that you took the proof of the network with many other vendors in terms of proof of value, but I think you had a marked difference in the way you brought Snowflake to us. Thank you so much and keep doing the good work. Thanks so much, Sudaman, for the partnership and we're super pumped on making you very successful in your project. So thank you so much. Thank you.