So, we're going to start this talk with a short outline, so we're going to have a biology review to make sure everyone's on the same page, don't want to leave anybody behind, followed by what the hell is the second gener code, a little bit of tutorial on information theory, how we use information theory to hack the second gener code, and then some potential applications. So since this talk's a little biology heavy, maybe for a biohiking village, we'll have this review. So I'm guessing most people here know that cells have a genome which contain genes on chromosomes, and these genes are made out of A, T, Cs and Gs. And this is essentially the gener code for all the proteins encoded in the cell and all functions encoded in the cell. So how do they actually, you know, read this and go through it? We have transcription which reads a gene from the DNA strand and makes a copy of it in RNA, mainly messenger RNA. And this messenger RNA goes to the ribosome, and the ribosome is actually the transfer point between the nucleotides, the genome, and actual proteins. So the ribosome will read the mRNA and bring in tRNAs, and the tRNAs recognize the mRNA through complementary triplets, so A to U, G to C, and each one of those tRNAs carry an amino acid and add it to the growing enzyme chain. So that's our basic review. And then most people from high school biology remember something like a translation table, right, the genetic code table. And what's interesting to focus here is that over about, what, 3 billion years of evolution, there might be four changes to this genetic code table. So this table is pretty static, and static is pretty boring, at least for biologists. So we're going to ignore that, and we're actually going to focus on what we call the second genetic code, all right? And the second genetic code is essentially using tRNAs. So tRNAs are just RNA molecules, they're genes that are transcribed in the same exact way as any other gene, but they don't get translated into proteins, they stay as RNA. And these tRNAs are essentially the, what is it, the link between the genome and proteins. So the tRNAs have this tertiary 3D structure that we see right here. All tRNAs have this structure, and they have this secondary structure, which is base pairing. So the tRNA recognizes the mRNA with this codon sequencer, and they actually have an amino acid attached right here, all right? And this is going to become important later on. And for anyone who is not that great at protein chemistry, we have about 20 amino acids that make up all our proteins. So the big question, again, with the genetic code, the second genetic code, is how do tRNAs get charged with certain amino acids, right? So these tRNAs are encoded and they don't actually carry an amino acid at first. So in red is the actual tRNA. And then the other color is the protein that charges the tRNA with the correct amino acid. So if we get charged with an incorrect amino acid, things go wrong, you probably die, right? So tRNAs contain a set of positive features which help the right interaction. So they get charged with the right amino acid. And they also have a set of negative correlations or negative identity features which help them not get charged with inappropriate. So what we end up with is what we've termed this tRNA interaction network.  And the easiest thing in the cell to do, if you don't want to get charged wrong or have the wrong interaction, you just change shape. Well, tRNAs can't change shape, otherwise they don't work in translation. So we have what we call essentially this drive to conformity to maintain this shape right here. But at the same time, they have to be charged with the correct amino acid and there's 20 different amino acids. So they have to have some kind of identity feature that diverges from each other. And this is that interaction network that dictates the second gen of code. What features a lot of tRNAs get charged with the correct amino acid? So when we're talking about these certain features, what we have here is the secondary structure of a tRNA, which maybe if you've taken college intro biology, you've seen something like this. But this is essentially just a base pairing of a tRNA. And features we're talking about are having an A, T, C, or U at certain structural positions within the tRNA. So having an A at position one or G at position one give us a little clue about the function of that tRNA, actually. What amino acid it carries. So an example here is having, they say having an A at this position right here gives us this kind of little bit of a probability distribution. And here we can see pretty clearly that most of the probability goes into an amino acid that we labeled as D. So if you have an A at this position, you most likely carry the amino acid D. And that's a pretty clear pattern. But at the same time, we have more convoluted patterns. We're having an A at this position. Again, most of the probability is in having an amino acid A. But there's a non-zero probability of having other amino acids charged there. So the view is a little more convoluted and hard to understand. And then when we incorporate the fact that you can have different nucleotides in different positions that give us different information about what amino acid you carry. Again, having a G at the same position here actually gives us information that you're going to probably carry an E amino acid.  And this is going to be difficult for us just to look at because there's about 73 nucleotides in a tRNA with four possible states. So we have four to 73 possible combinations, which is not something we can actually interpret very easily, right? So how do we go about making sense of this? Well, in about the 80s we hadn't looked at information theory, which helped us deal with this. And it would strive from regular information theory. So anyone that deals with encoding or cryptography is probably pretty familiar with information theory, right? Proposed by Shannon in 1948, he defined a measure which he called entropy, and the actual equation for entropy is this lovely equation, which most people don't enjoy looking at to begin with. So the best way to think about entropy and actually using entropy is going through a simulation. So we run through a simulation, one that we've seen beginning programming classes all the time, teaching random number generators. We roll a fair six-sided die 24 times, and we're going to pretend that we don't know how to calculate the probability of a die. We want to do a simulation to figure it out.  And the next thing we do is count up the number of times each number occurs. So we do that very quickly. We get essentially four, we count them up. We have almost equal probability represented by this bar here. But since it's a small simulation, it's not perfect, right? Reality is one-sixth for each side if it's a fair die. If we could just run this simulation to infinity, we get that proper probability, right? The question is, how do we describe the uncertainty we have in the outcome of this dice roll, right? And entropy allows us to do something like that. So we have our fair distribution here, and we actually go through the entropy calculation, which I've done for you so no one has to do logs in their head. So we run this real fast, and we get what's called 2.58 bits, is our entropy. And if you think about it, if we need six unique combinations, we need three bits to encode that, right? So we can think about bringing it right back to computer science and coding the same ideas, right? So that allows us what kind of uncertainty we have in this outcome of this die roll is measured as 2.58 bits. So how does this quantity change when we change the uncertainty? So if we roll a bias die, where 40% of the probability is actually sitting inside rolling a one, what does that do to our entropy calculation? Most cryptographers, anyone familiar, entropy is gonna go down, right? So we run our calculation again real fast. We go down to 2.36 bits, and the old number's 2.5 bits. So rolling a bias die, we're a little less shocked by the outcome, right? So we're a little less uncertain about the outcome. Big question is how do we actually apply this to biology and extract information from genetic sequences? So we do that with what we call molecular information theory. We assume a lot of times that the background distribution of nucleotides in the genome are even, so there's an even amount of T's, A's, C's, and G's, which gives us what we call maximum entropy. We calculate that, it's two bits. Again, if we think about that, if we need to encode four unique states, we need two bits to do that, right? So it's running back to the same encoding theory. So how do we apply this idea besides just calculating it? Is what we usually do is take portions of the genome, let's say a gene or a promoter that we're interested in, and we ask how variable are the positions, or how informative are the positions in that gene? So we have an example here where I've made a fake alignment of maybe four organisms for a promoter, and we actually start calculating the entropy per position. So down here are the probability distributions that we actually observed, and we go step by step to this. So the H here is just our maximum entropy, assuming the background is equal frequency, minus the entropy of this actual position in the alignment, and that is what molecular information theory people term information actually. So we go through our calculation. So the first position, we have equal distribution again, so we have, again, maximum entropy, two bits. So we have two bits for maximum, minus two bits equals zero bits, and we form these little figures, which we call sequence logos, where at position one we have zero bits of information, so we have nothing appearing. We essentially go and do this again for each position of the alignment that we have. So we go here, we have all As, so we're not concerned about that position at all, so we have zero entropy in that position actually, and we go two minus zero equals two bits, so our figure reflects that. We have position two, going to two bits, and because it's only an A, we push an A, and we can go through this calculation through all of it, but that's something most people can probably do at home at this point. So how do we actually use information theory to hack the genetic code? So just a quick review, remember, so we have these features or states around the tRNA that dictate function, and these are probability distributions. Now we know how to deal with probability distributions and calculate uncertainty based on certain features or states, right, before we do it with positions. Here we're doing it with sequence alignments of tRNAs, so what we do is align tRNAs altogether here, and we label the tRNAs with what amino acid they carry. So these carry alanine, these carry valine, it doesn't really matter that much, except that we label them correctly, we produce the alignments, and we're doing the same exact calculation. So maximum entropy, which in this case, we have 26, so the number of amino acids, minus the entropy for a certain state and position. So if we go through the calculation really quickly, if we look at position one, and position one having an A, we realize that if you have an A in position one, you're only an alanine. So here that's about four bits of information, which we reflected in this graph. So we're not inserting at all if we know that you have an A in position one, you're an alanine. Same game with the C, if you have a C in position one, only valine tRNAs have a C in position one, so we essentially have maximum information at position one if there's a C. So we essentially start to be able to decode the second generative code. What features dictate what amino acids you get charged with? So eventually, when we actually run the program that I've created, you get these maps, which look confusing, but are a little better than just looking at four to the 73 possible combinations where most of them don't matter. And we produce one for A, C, G, and U, which are working with RNA. And this essentially produces our structure function map. So your structural position one having an A, we know what function that gives us, oh how confident we are about what function that gives us. So we can actually use these function maps to do applications. So before moving on, we'll go over the software real quick, if anyone else actually do this at home. So the first step you have to do in the genome is identify tRNA genes, which we use a program called tRNA scan SE, which will mine the genome for tRNA genes. Then we do a secondary alignment, essentially mapping to that clover leaf shape that I showed previously, and we use a program called Cove. And if anyone's done any kind of natural language processing, it uses a context free grammar model to do that. And then for the information statistics and the graphics, we use a program which I've termed name BP Logo Fund, but it needs a brand new name and hopefully recursive acronym so I can stay with the new idea. This is not peer review yet, but it's available on my GitHub and will probably be published in a scientific journal within the end of the year. But we know that it's, we're pretty sure it's correct. So now we actually move on to the potential of hacking the secondary code. Why do this besides just figuring out how things work, right? So the big one that we actually have information from and data showing that it can happen and works, which we've developed in the lab I'm working in, is combating parasite infections. So approximately 20 million people have a parasite infection across the world at any given time, which is a lot of people, more than a million die annually from parasite infections, which is terrible. And this mainly happens in poor nations that have, don't have public health districts to clean up water and food sources. So Africa, Asia, Latin America, they already have limited access to medical care and they also have a lot of parasites. The big issue is developing effective treatments for parasites has been difficult. The previous talk with the cancer that was up here, whereas essentially trying to kill the cancer before it kills you are pretty similar to the same treatments for parasites.  And they haven't been able to develop any new ones and it's different than antibiotics or antibiotics attack a certain future in bacteria that we don't have. Parasites have really similar biology and there's not many target or surface area to attack a parasite that doesn't harm us. So we wanted to ask, do these tRNA action networks look different between the parasite and the human? And this graph looks a little complicated and we use this to apply for a grant, but any of these colored circles are areas where the tRNA interaction network in the parasite significantly differs from the tRNA interaction in the network and the human. And these are possible areas to attack the parasite will not affect in the human. And you go, well, that's cool, but we've actually teamed up with some chemists in Ohio State and they ran small molecule analysis and we found about five potential drugs that affect the tRNA interaction network within the parasite and do not interfere with the tRNA interaction network of the humans. And if you interrupt that tRNA interaction network in the parasite, it can't create proteins properly and then pretty much eventually it dies immediately. So this is where we ran the grant will probably move to animal phases eventually, but that's a real world application that we actually have real data for. So moving on to something that we think might be another potential application but we don't have real data for yet is invasive species. As a biologist, we think about this all the time. In the US it costs us more than $120 billion a year. We're lost mainly from insect pests and fungal pathogens attacking our crop species. And again, a lot of these insects and fungal pathogens are very similar to the plants and very similar to us. So things that kill them can be bad for us or bad for the plants. So we're looking at if we can take a pest and if it's tRNA interaction network, again, it's significantly different from closely related animals in the area that we don't wanna kill. We can engineer possibly a pesticide that can target specifically a certain species of organism and only kill that and actually have no harm to any other closely related species or humans. And this map is just color coded to the actual potential harm of invasive species across the world where we have kelp, we have the United States with the most money lost if this happens. So this is another potential application that we're excited about and haven't fully explored yet. And the last one is essentially expanding the generic code. So a lot of people have thought, they add nucleotides and try to expand the generic code, give more combinations, because you get a triplet, you have 64 combinations, but if you add two more nucleotides, you're gonna bump up those combinations right and increase coding capacity. But to take advantage of that coding capacity, you essentially have to create new tRNAs that get charged with those exotic amino acids or it can recognize the new nucleotides that have been inserted into the genome. And this process is actually really slow. So they take a tRNA and approaching the charges it from outside, from a different organism and essentially randomly mutate it. Under the random mutation, they reinsert it back into the host cell and see if it interacts with that tRNA interaction network, and then if it can still charge the amino acid properly. So creating these things can take a year or two years and a couple million dollars worth of equipment and resources. But with our interaction network, we can actually view where a tRNA interaction network within a human or whatever cell we want, those areas are not being used and can actually be exploited and mutated to quicken the process. So we can actually direct it instead of doing random mutations and it essentially drives down the cost pretty fast in the time. So it's on that. Talk's over. Here's my Twitter, email, GitHub, if you want any of the code. I'll be pushing the presentation up to the GitHub and to my webpage. So there's a lot of information, if anyone wants to get told of it and actually go through it slower. I'm willing to talk to anybody, I'm academic so that's my job, is to help people. And I want to thank everyone for showing up to a talk that's relatively early for DefCon with all the drinking every night. And thank the biohacking team for putting this together. So, questions? Thank you.


hose they'll continue to serve out of europe. So you have all the connectivity Following on with that and diversifying all that connectivity as well finding you still have the traditional hubs But you sort of have you want some diversification around those Moving to some other ones as well. So lots of things going on europe center And that really takes us to the another hot topic Network advancement we're talking these into connections global growth expansions So network advancement absolutely on the minds of many of course jezebel You will be a featured speaker on day one at capacity europe on a panel That's really exploring the potential of fully automated networks as you mentioned earlier And of course, you'll be enjoyed you will be joined by executives from equinex uber Deutsche telecom talk talk wholesale service palo alto innovation advisors. So Quite the lineup of thought leaders there. Can you give us a preview of some of the potential key takeaways? You may think will come from this panel Absolutely as you know that there are many in the industry leaders on the panel Who have built fully automated networks, you know in In their region or their footprint, right, but is there a Key focus area for anyone who's interested in building automation into their network And what's the benefit, you know from having Someone like uber on the panel. That's really the consumer the customer's perspective, right in saying, hey We are the consumer of this types of service. What's important to us? You know, what does it matter? Why does it matter and what is important for you to build that would attract us to come To consume in the fully automated fashion and um, and are we interested in particular type of sl a You know a quality of service or what are the drivers the motivation for us? Um, what are the Challenges that one had gone through in building a fully automated network Um, but lastly, you know, what really near and dear to my heart is how do we bring everyone into the platform where Um a fully automated session can happen across the world So there's ubiquitous access through this type of automation for everyone because it's It's if it only reaches part of the world that you're trying to get to having it fully automated. It's not enough Are you seeing improvements in cost and performance? That this automation can achieve now and in the near future What are those improvements if you are yeah, they're well, there's there's certainly a motivation for that I mean, you'd like to think you could take for granted, you know basic You know inventory management and service delivery, but in this business That can be really hard to do and to be fair that's hard to do because some of these networks are Sort of have legacies extending Alexander Graham Bell I mean, there's a lot going on there and it's a lot to manage And then you want to try and modernize all that while taking all that with you So there's a lot of work to be done there But but certainly you know in parts of this business where you know There's not a lot of margin to provide some basic connectivity services You'd like to do that as efficiently as as automated as possible But as the technical challenges weren't hard enough you also have all the commercial arrangements that You have to bring along with that, you know Everybody wants to be special and get the best deal and you know, this is capacity Europe It's a big part of what goes on there is is so can you automate, you know a protracted negotiation for connectivity and extend that as Jezebel was alluding to across networks across borders And assure that you know service from end to end and these aren't new issues. You know, this is a big deal, but automation can certainly be And we're hinting about it. So let's go ahead and talk about it Jezebel Let's talk a bit about interoperability How do network operators ensure those network advancements across country borders and through partner network interfaces? well, there's Lots of different types of interoperability as networks We've always had interoperability because you have to be able to pass packets from one place to another, right? so The technologies already exist on the physical layer. We do pack packets easily But when it comes to interoperability Eric said it well Beyond technology. There's a ton of complexities, right? There's commercial relationships There's a software if you're actually doing automation How are you moving packets in the software layer from one place to another? You need to have some sort of standardization translation To be able to move to speak everybody have to speak the same language To be able to move things from one place to another and to have a ubiquitous environment and Beyond the technology right beyond the software technologies of the infrastructure technology And the software technology. There's also the business terms Right, we need to align the business terms for the different service providers So that their customer who used to be consuming service in a particular fashion can continue to consume that service in a particular fashion, but in a different area where The network that they're working with does not have current coverage No network can have a global ubiquitous coverage in their own network There's just not enough capital to invest in that. So All of the networks really need to work together And collaborate to bring a ubiquitous smooth And pleasant experience to the enterprise customer base and that is what the enterprise customers Are looking for That's right. So right well said. All right. So Eric with everything we just discussed. How do you see the service mix evolving? Well, there's you know, there's a lot of different services kind of up and down the the value chain And we covered a good portion of that you can start at the very at the very core I mean again, it's a big wholesale event So you're always going to have your bread and butter transport and transit services And I guess you know part of what's going on there They're they're getting you know less granular, you know 10 g is becoming 100 g 100 g is becoming 400 g And then in some really big time transactions, you've got more fractions of a five I don't mean tire fiber or even building up new fiber But then you go the other way down the value chain or in the enterprise side Or or you know, this whole wholesale ecosystem again in the gel Jezebel was alluding to of you know, you have maybe 80 of the customer's locations you can service with your own network But nobody has a ubiquitous network that other 20 or whatever it is you have to go elsewhere To with partner networks to achieve that and a lot of the way that works now by default is with you know kind of a VPN and using a local access from some other carrier and And kind of terminated the VPN service on a partner network But that's no longer the default option with new technologies that are available that there's more internet involved And in some cases even private lines, you know for you know, say for for example directly to cloud providers Are in the mix as well. So that service mix is is really evolving and it creates some really interesting opportunities for automation and and and I guess expedited delivery Of those services since these you know VPN defaults, you know are no longer Well, the VPNs are no longer the default option, you know, so we we have some Uh, the market's kind of influx, you know with those choices, but uh, but you still have that fundamental, you know Need to to partner with other networks So it'll be really interesting to see how that involves as the service mix involves as the as a technology available changes and Yeah, to ultimately accomplish the the same goal, which is to interconnect all the users seamlessly over global network Yeah, absolutely. We all need each other That is definitely one of the core messages here and one of the reasons why capacity europe is happening at a very critical time What do you see as a digital hub for europe? And where do you see hyperscalers fitting into this? Yeah, well, Europe. I mean first of all, this capacity europe in europe is one of the biggest bandwidth markets in the world It's actually the biggest in terms of just you know, primary regions and several reasons for that Um, one of which is certainly the hyperscalers But part of it's just lots of borders in terms of international, uh bandwidth But it also serves as a hub for itself as well as other regions particularly africa and Middle east that are quite dependent on europe for exchanging traffic and that role Continues for all network operators hyperscalers included But also you also have this you know massive connection with north america a lot of it through the united states to Interconnect all the huge facilities in europe and Canada So it all adds up to a huge market that is still growing even though it's a very mature market It's growing up in the last year was about 35 percent You know only 35 percent if you take that back about four years compounded annually. It's about 41 percent So still at that moors law kind of doubling every year type of growth So that's a lot of growth and that aligns pretty well with the global global growth in international bandwidth Yeah, in terms of the the hyperscaler portion of that. I mean they're doing a couple things they have some of their Their biggest facilities are in europe and they're kind of Augmenting that they're kind of doubling down on that, but they're also Augmenting that to expand to other regions some of that they will go to other regions Some of those will continue sir out of europe. So you have all the connectivity Following on with that and diversify Hi everyone and welcome back to jsa tv and jsa podcasts Where we are talking to leaders from across our industry on the latest trends news and Innovation and joining me right now is john bruner co of ages mobile Thank you for joining us. This is our first time chatting on jsa tv. This is thank you for having me Absolutely. We were excited to chat with you and And want to start I think if we could by telling our viewers because it's our first time With this with our jsa tv audience talking to you directly Would love to hear a little bit of the story of ages mobile. I know it was founded in 2006 You came to to take the helm in 2012. Can you talk a little bit about what's happened since? Sure. Thank you very much. And thank you again for having me So ages was founded in 2006 working in an industry called premium sms Which was the ability to buy ringtones and wallpaper with your cell phone and bill it to your cell phone bill During those early years fraught emerged in many different ways False advertising false opt-in processes where you would actually make the purchases And so ages came along to create innovative ways to identify and shut down those bad actors And developed a number of products in that space over the period of years And it was a great industry that ultimately grew to about three billion in the u.s market total revenue It's a lot of wallpaper ringtones. Yeah, right. Yeah, think about it Yeah, so I think I understand that one of the areas that you have a special focus on is the business to consumer Market specifically messaging and and creating a trusted source for that messaging. Can you talk about that? sure, uh, it's very interesting because when premium sms was actually stopped in 2014 in the u.s market and eventually fell in most markets other than the africa and south america and Anyway, so what wound up emerging are things like direct carrier billing location services identity platforms, which are value-added services the carriers offered and ages jumped into those spaces and began providing compliance services but one of the things that emerged was Knowing who the software companies are that are actually engaging the carriers customers And so ages early on developed vetting and verification services to look at the history and legitimacy Of companies and their backgrounds to determine would they potentially harm consumers? Before allowing them to enter the network Now about two years ago the united states was looking to launch something called 10 dlc Which is text enabling your 10 digit log code So companies that have a phone number that everybody knows Can now register and get this phone number Text enabled because consumers love texting far more than they love voice conversations or even emails And so this has emerged uh to a Historic level in that nowhere else in the world have we actually completed the largest registry Process that exists. So what is this? This is about a known sender So that consumers can know that they're safe engaging a text message from a business And what a just did two years ago was took our vetting capabilities, which we've been doing for a dozen plus years And transform those into an automated api based Verification and vetting platform. So today we receive anywhere from five to 10 000 companies every day That are coming through a group called the campaign registry to register and get their phone number enabled And ages in three seconds is verifying the identity of the company And in 10 to 15 seconds can do a complete behavioral background check on that company to determine Is there anything in their history that would indicate that they're going to harm a consumer? And so this you know has created we've now passed over 2 million transactions within the platform over the last 14 months And to our knowledge there is no larger implementation in the world And the ultimate objective is that if we can get to a place where it's low friction low cost high volume capability There's no reason that any company in america or actually there's 180 countries participating in this platform, but Every company can register and become a known sender No matter their size or the industry that they're in because it's low friction low cost and fast Oh, wow Yeah, huge volumes you're talking about and and it's such a secure source for that And so that makes me think you're you and I understand that you I mean obviously you're experts in the management of this data The protection of it, but also that leads to the ability for you to gather large amounts of intelligence Right and and so how do you how do you use that? What value does that bring? To your system your ecosystem. So it's it's actually uh interesting one of the things that we learned from a data perspective Is that obviously this is you know data about companies, but it's not necessarily pii data It's not necessarily data that has problems with gdpr These are businesses that are registering So they're essentially doing a contract to be on a channel to do messaging and supply chains are always doing Verifications just not at this scale and this speed and this uh this accuracy if you will Um a couple of different things though We have to employ a lot of artificial intelligence and machine learning to ensure that all the data We're gathering on a company is in fact on that company All right, and we have processes that identify data quality coming back and does it truly belong to the company that we're looking at And if not then you have people that can intercept and look at it and verify or change the data to be sure that we're accurate um But uh on the on the flip side as well retaining this data As long as you're on the network when we find bad actors And they get shut down by their carriers that they're operating on They often can create another company and come back very quickly Or they've created hundreds of companies to stable low thresholds and you know Do a lot of behavior against consumers that's not good But they stable or thresholds because it's spread across many many different companies So with our verification embedding capabilities, we can actually relate companies to each other And so not only can we identify that there's 300 companies associated to this bad actor And we then discover they're all doing bad things. We can also when they come back as a new entity we're able to match on Dozens of data fields And something is going to match that's going to trigger it to be looked at to say Have we seen this company have they've been shut down? And then we can notify the carriers so that they can make decisions Yeah So it's not only about you know knowing who's sending but it's also about you know people will come in They will do bad things but once we identify them and they and we know who they are It's very hard for them to come back Or spread across other companies within the existing portfolio. Well, that's Powerful and and fantastic and one of the things that you mentioned was around AI and machine learning I think that that's interesting as we think about, you know, where we're sitting right now at capacity in europe Um halfway through the show. I think I don't know about you but a lot of the things that we hear about That I've been hearing about anyway this week Different from years past years past. We've been hearing about how AI has been driving Demand and and the supply to support it But but people now are talking about like you are about how to really use those tools to for the benefit of businesses And ultimately our customers and and the end user that it may impact So that's really interesting to hear how you're able to The big beauty about AI too is that it's and machine learning because it's there it's both about Learning, you know algorithms and technology that's learning And the reality is is that having been in fraud protection services for telecommunications for 16 years 17 years now Um, we have seen continuous evolution. I mean when we started it was flip phones today It's you know small handheld held computers, but the methodologies by which Uh bad actors go after consumers Continues to evolve because they're very smart. They're very well funded. Yeah, and uh, so these these types of technologies actually Are agile and they learn and so it's perfect. It's perfect fit. Yeah Fantastic. It's been great chatting with you. Well, thank you. I hope you have a great rest of the show The rest of the week that you're here and and so for folks that want to connect with you And your company how how can they do so? Uh, well, uh, I guess they can contact me via the email. I don't know if we can post it or Yeah, we'll put up on screen your website for sure people can go go there and and learn more about you Okay, well, thank you very much and thank you to jsa for posting me. This is a wonderful experience We look forward to many many more conversations. Thank you shows like this and otherwise And so thank you again. Thank you and thank you viewers for tuning in here again to jsa tv and jsa podcast Happy networking What do you see as a digital hub for europe and where do you see hyperscalers fitting into this? Yeah, well, Europe. I mean, first of all, this capacity europe in europe is one of the biggest bandwidth markets in the world It's actually the biggest in terms of just you know, primary regions and several reasons for that One of which is certainly the hyperscalers but part of it's just lots of borders in terms of international bandwidth that it also serves as a hub for itself as well as other regions particularly africa and Middle east that are quite dependent on europe for exchanging traffic and that role Continues for all network operators hyperscalers included But also you also have this you know massive connection with north america a lot of it through the united states to Interconnect all the huge facilities in europe So it all adds up to a huge market that is still growing even though it's a very mature market It's growing up in the last year. It was about 35 percent You know only 35 percent if you take that back about four years compounded annually It's about 41 percent. So still at that moor's law kind of doubling every year type of growth so that's a lot of growth and that aligns pretty well with the global global growth in international bandwidth Yeah, in terms of the the hyperscaler portion of that. I mean they're doing a couple things they have some of their their biggest facilities are in europe and they're kind of Augmenting that they're kind of doubling down on that but they're also Augmenting that to expand to other regions some of that they will they will go to other regions Some of those will continue sir out of europe. So do you have all the connectivity? Following on with that and diversifying all that connectivity as well finding you still have the traditional hubs But you sort of have you want some diversification around those you move into some other ones as well So lots of things going on at europe center And that really takes us to the another hot topic Network advancement. We're talking these interconnections global growth expansions So network advancement absolutely on the minds of many of course jezebel You will be a featured speaker on day one at capacity europe on a panel That's really exploring the potential of fully automated networks as you mentioned earlier And of course, you'll be enjoyed you'll be joined by executives from equinex uber Deutsche telecom talk talk wholesale service palo alto innovation advisors. So Quite the lineup of thought leaders there Can you give us a preview of some of the potential key takeaways you may think will come from this panel? Absolutely as you know that there are many in the industry leaders on the panel Who have built fully automated networks, you know in In their region or their footprint, right? But is there a Key focus area for anyone who's interested in building automation into their network And what's the benefit, you know from having Someone like uber on the panel. That's really the consumer the customer's perspective, right? In saying hey, we are the consumer of this types of service. What's important to us? You know, what does it matter? Why does it matter and what is important for you to build that would attract us to come To consume in the fully automated fashion and And are we interested in particular type of sla? You know a quality of service or what are the drivers the motivation for us? What are the Challenges that one had gone through in building a fully automated network But lastly, you know what really near and dear to my heart is how do we bring everyone into the platform where And a fully automated session Can happen across the world So there's ubiquitous access through this type of automation for everyone because it's If it only reaches part of the world that you're trying to get to having it fully automated, it's not enough Are you seeing improvements in cost and performance? Uh that this automation can achieve now and in the near future What are those improvements if you are? Yeah, there well, there's there's certainly a motivation for that I mean, I mean you'd like to think you could take for granted, you know basic You know inventory management and service delivery, but in this business That can be really hard to do and to be fair That's hard to do because some of these networks are sort of have legacies extending Alexander Graham Bell I mean there's a lot going on there and it's a lot to manage And then you want to try and modernize all that while taking all that with you So there's a lot of work to be done there But but certainly you know in parts of this business where you know There's not a lot of margin to provide some basic connectivity services You'd like to do that as efficiently and as as automated as possible But as if the technical challenges weren't hard enough You also have all the commercial arrangements that you have to bring along with that You know everybody wants to be special and get the best deal and you know This is capacity Europe. It's a big part of what goes on there is is So can you automate you know a protracted negotiation for connectivity and extend that as Jezebel was alluding to across networks across borders And assure that you know service from end to end and these aren't new issues You know this is a big deal, but automation could certainly be a big part of that And we're hinting about it. So let's go ahead and talk about it Jezebel. Let's talk a bit about interoperability How do network operators ensure those network advancements across country borders and through partner network interfaces? Well, there's Lots of different types of interoperability as networks We've always had interoperability because you have to be able to pass packets from one place to another, right? So The technologies already exist on the physical layer. We do pack packets easily But when when it comes to interoperability Eric said it well beyond technology There's a ton of complexities, right? There's commercial relationships There's software if you're actually doing automation How are you moving packets in the software layer from one place to another? You need to have some sort of standardization translation To be able to move to speak everybody have to speak the same language To be able to move the things from one place to another and to have a ubiquitous environment and Beyond the technology right beyond the software technologies of the infrastructure technology And the software technology. There's also the business terms, right? We need to align the business terms for the different service providers So that their customer who used to be consuming service in a particular fashion can continue to consume that service in a particular fashion, but in a different area where The network that they are working with does not have current coverage No network can have global ubiquitous coverage in their own network There's just not enough capital to invest in that so all of the networks really need to work together And collaborate to bring a ubiquitous smooth and pleasant experience to the enterprise customer base And that is what the enterprise customers are looking for That's right. That's so right. Well said. All right. So Eric with everything we just discussed How do you see the service mix evolving? Well, there's you know, there's a lot of different services kind of up and down the the value chain and we covered a good portion of that You can start at the very at the very core. I mean again, there's a big wholesale events So you're always going to have your bread and butter transport and transit services And I guess you know part of what's going on there. They're they're getting you're less granular You know 10 g is becoming 100 g 100 g is becoming 400 g and then in some really big time transactions You've got more fractions of a five of an entire fiber or even building up new fiber But then you go the other way down the value chain or in the enterprise side Or or, you know, this whole wholesale ecosystem again, and the gel gel was alluding to of You know, you have maybe 80 of the customer's locations You can service with your own network, but nobody has a ubiquitous network that other 20 or whatever it is You have to go elsewhere To with partner networks to achieve that and a lot of the way that works now by default is with, you know kind of a vpn and using local access from some other carrier and And kind of terminated the vpn service on a partner network But that's no longer the default option with new technologies that are available that there's more internet involved and in some cases even private lines You know for you know, say for for example directly to cloud providers Are in the mix as well So that service mix is is really evolving and it creates some really interesting opportunities For automation and and and I guess expedited delivery of those services since these, you know, the vpn defaults, you know Are no longer well the vpns are no longer the default option. You know, so we have some Uh, the market's kind of in flux, you know with those choices, but uh, but you still have that fundamental, you know Need to to partner with other networks. It'll be really interesting to see how that involves as the service mix evolves as the as a technology available changes and Yeah, to ultimately accomplish the same goal, which is to interconnect all the end users seamlessly overcourt the network Yeah, absolutely. We all need each other That is definitely one of the core messages here and one of the reasons why capacity europe is happening at a very critical time What do you see as a digital hub for europe? And where do you see hyperscalers fitting into this? Yeah, well, europe, I mean first of all this capacity europe in europe is one of the biggest bandwidth markets in the world It's actually the biggest in terms of just, you know, primary regions and several reasons for that One of which is certainly the hyperscalers, but part of it's just lots of borders in terms of international bandwidth, but it also serves as a hub for itself as well as other regions particularly africa and Middle east that are quite dependent on europe for exchanging traffic and that role Continues for all network operators hyperscalers Included, but also you also have this massive connection with north america a lot of it through the united states to Interconnect all the huge facilities in europe and Canada So it all adds up to a huge market that is still growing even though it's a very mature market It's growing up in the last year was about 35 percent You know only 35 percent if you take that back about four years compounded annually It's about 41 percent. So still at that moors law kind of doubling every year type of growth So that's a lot of growth and that aligns pretty well with the global global growth in international bandwidth And yeah in terms of the the hyperscaler portion of that. I mean they're doing a couple things they have some of their Their biggest facilities are in europe and they're kind of Augmenting that they're kind of doubling down on that, but they're also Augmenting that to expand to other regions some of that they will they will go to other regions But some of those will continue sir out of europe. So you have all the connectivity Following omelette that you diversify all that connectivity as well finding you still have the traditional hubs But you sort of have you want some diversification around those Moving to some other ones as well. So lots of things going on europe center And that really takes us to the another hot topic Network advancement. We're talking these into connections global growth expansions So Hello everyone welcome back to jsa tv and jsa podcast where we're covering the latest stories trends and innovations live here from capacity europe in london 2023 We are coming at you live from the peninsula ballroom And we are speaking with global leaders in the digital infrastructure industry So we're actually closing out our coverage of the conference today with Diego tiata Of rate. Let's uh, did I say that? Yes, you said correctly. Thank you. Perfect He is the head of wholesale for the company. So we're really excited to chat with you today. Diego. Thank you for joining us Thank you. Yes, I'm Leading the wholesale in rate elite. We are in italian. I would say Uh, southern european based at the operator. Thanks to our infrastructure and network Connecting europe middle east africa and of course italy Excellent excellent. So and of course italy is one of the most important markets in western europe And so I was hoping that you could give our audience a bit of overview about what's driving the growth in italy What is uh, rate? Oh, it's a role really in driving that growth. They're helping to helping to accommodate that growth Okay, uh, if you look at the telecommunication growth, of course, that's our our business Telecommunication growths follow the ancient road of commerce and italy has been by its geographical position has been positioned as a connecting platform between north south and east and west in the middle of mediterranean Uh, so, uh, there are in fact italy is also the fifth or the sixth largest economy in the world So if you look at what is driving the growth in telecommunication We can see two main directions one is So the internal demand of enterprise consumers public administrations And the other direction is of course the role of italy as a platform for transit The telecommunication service is west north south Rate it in fact is addressing either these growth direction The internal the internal growth is addressed through our enterprise market So we have a large product portfolio going from the cloud To of course network and telecommunication services that is marketed to the enterprises In fact, what we call it we are we are leading a digital transformation of our Countries to Mirror the digital world and that's what we are doing day by day with the enterprise going to what I I like most That is the wholesale We are supporting the role of italy as a platform between east and west with the key Components or breaks that are needed. What are infrastructure? conduits fibers data center and the services connecting or making all these physical components marketable and ready to serve the wholesale market that in fact for us are the OTT's The national and international carriers and we are also our provider of us federal government As you know, italy has a large us presence again because of its geographical position Excellent. That's an excellent overview. Thank you so much. Just one point that I forgot rate elite as a group Is now the result of rate elite plus irideos that our asterion fund Purchased and are now in the process of creating a unique entity and the unique organization and one of the key asset that we gained from these merging is Avalon Avalon is the most interconnected campus in italy south europe and probably europe where We facilitate the interconnect of at least 180 networks And also the milan internet exchange that is the largest in traffic for the southern europe Is a collocated and connected. It's collocated. It's wrong. Sorry. It's in the same campus connected to our infrastructure Got it. That's really impressive. Yeah, that Avalon campus. So like you said one of the most interconnected in europe and and you've talked a lot about the rate to let the Network and so can you dive a little deeper into the backbone? Fully 400 g enabled. So how will the region really benefit from that investment that you all are making in your infrastructure? Okay, so When we talk about the backbone backbone is more than 400 g but given we are here at capacity europe And during this capacity europe, we launched the 400 g Product and services for for italy. I believe it's worthwhile to have a focus on the 400 g capability Of the network 400 g. We are not the first but we are In the pack of the first adopter of this technology 400 g Is enabling a more efficient transport Cost per bit. So this means that every bit of ip content television that you transport Cost i'm not saying one fourth but cost for sure less than 100 g because For each 100 g you have one card one port one cross connect So this is a for sure a large jump in Cost per bit reduction This means that having a 400 g platform within italy One of the first Helps and drives investment or presence For careers especially carriers that are not the number one of tt or the number one global carriers In our country because they find an environment where they can afford A large transport infrastructure Without bearing all the costs that are associated like ila lighting or or similar, right? Okay, excellent. Thank you. Um, and and your team also works with customers on really tailor-made Telco projects. I love that tailor-made telco. Um, so what do you have on the horizon in that regard? okay, uh yeah, we traditionally were Very tailor-made focus and uh, if I can if you beg me pardon, I would say that Now we are less tailor-made than in the past meaning that thanks to our experience We have transformed tailor-made project such spectrum that we have launched now with a retina to a standardized products Addresed to the carrier markets say that our capability of understanding the customer needs and designing tailor-made solutions Is a still one of our key asset? Uh, what we have on a rise on a on a rise on a our tailor-made Is applied to the key component of infrastructure. So we are Uh, trying to get the most of the existing infrastructure. Thanks to our Historical relationship with infrastructure carrier in Italy We are improving, uh, the resilience the overall resilience of the system Connecting the new data center that are Built in Italy. There are many now in Rome many in the outskirts of milano And this is one of our specialities. So creating a network infrastructure either high fiber count Conduit or capacity in order to enable the new data center to be connected to the fabric of the country um, we are working on identifying building and Supporting new landing point for cable system This is also thanks to our experience In the landing of uh, india europe express in savona That is an unusual point in italy and we were the first in general landing the to africa building and a dock large landing infrastructure in terms of transport because the Uh, data center is a clinics in this case. And uh, so we are using this experience And looking at different landing points on one side on the other side Uh, on the other side. Sorry. It's not the right word Uh, we are trying to market the body that is the landing station of the a1 that we overbuilt as Uh, ready made point for other cable system Uh, the other point that we are going to explore is, uh, the edge the edge data center We have a large number If i'm not wrong like 34 35 data center that are not hyperscale, but Safe nest, let's say for a carrier with a good air conditioning good power But for sure they are not the tier four equinex or hyperscaler and uh, with the correct connectivity and The proper positioning. I believe that this data center are very well Attractive for the new needs For of the markets sample is artificial intelligence and machine learning You need distributed power distributed computing Close to where the, uh, ai is consumed and this is one One of the point Yeah, you just said on a bunch of the the keywords edge ai and of course italy is such a critical market In europe and and you know, we've been hearing so much about it. Um, and the digital infrastructure industry and raita Letha is so so uh interconnected and and bringing so much critical infrastructure throughout the region So we're really happy to have the chance to chat with you today. Thank you so much Thank you. Thank you very much. Candice. Thank you and thank you to our viewers for hanging out with us here today on jsa tv Happy networking Thank you What do you see as a digital hub for europe? And where do you see hyperscalers fitting into this? Yeah, well europe, I mean first of all this capacity european europe is one of the biggest bandwidth markets in the world It's actually the biggest in terms of just you know, primary regions and several reasons for that One of which is certainly the hyperscalers, but part of it's just lots of borders in terms of international Bandwidth that it also serves as a hub for itself as well as other regions particularly africa and Middle east that are quite dependent on europe for exchanging traffic and that role Continues for all network operators hyperscalers included But also you also have this you know massive connection with north america a lot of it through the united states to Interconnect all the huge facilities in europe and Canada So it all adds up to a huge market that is still growing even though it's a very mature market It's growing up in the last year was about 35 percent only 35 percent if you take that back about four years compounded annually It's about 41 percent. So still at that moors law kind of doubling every year type of growth So that's a lot of growth and that aligns pretty well with the global global growth in international bandwidth Yeah, in terms of the the hyperscaler portion of that. I mean they're doing a couple things they have some of their Their biggest facilities are in europe and they're kind of Augmenting that they're kind of doubling down on that but they're also Augmenting that to expand to other regions some of that they will they will go to other regions But some of those will continue sir out of europe. So you have all the connectivity Following on with that and diversifying all that connectivity as well finding you still have the traditional hubs But you sort of have you want some diversification around those Moving to some other ones as well. So lots of things going on europe center And that really takes us to the another hot topic Network advancement. We're talking these into connections global growth expansions So network advancement absolutely on the minds of many of course jezebel You will be a featured speaker on day one at capacity europe on a panel That's really exploring the potential of fully automated networks as you mentioned earlier And of course, you'll be enjoyed you'll be joined by executives from equinex uber Deutsch telecom talk talk wholesale service palo alto innovation advisors So quite the lineup of thought leaders there Can you give us a preview of some of the potential key takeaways you may think will come from this panel? Absolutely as you know that there are many in the industry leaders on the panel Who have built fully automated networks, you know in In their region or their footprint, right, but is there a Key focus area for anyone who's interested in building automation into their network And what's the benefit, you know from having Someone like uber on the panel. That's really the consumer the customer's perspective, right? In saying, hey, we are the consumer of this types of service. What's important to us You know, what does it matter? Why does it matter and what is important for you to build that would attract us to come To consume in the fully automated fashion and And are we interested in particular type of sla? You know a quality of service Or what are the drivers the motivation for us? What are the Challenges that one had gone through in building a fully automated network But lastly, you know what really near and dear to my heart is how do we bring everyone Into the platform where A fully automated session can happen across the world So there's ubiquitous access through this type of automation for everyone because it's If it only reaches part of the world that you're trying to get to having it Only on automated it's not enough Are you seeing improvements in cost and performance? That this automation can achieve now and in the near future What are those improvements if you are yeah, they're well, there's there's certainly Motivation for that. I mean you'd like to think you could take for granted. You know basic You know inventory management and service delivery, but in this business That can be really hard to do and to be fair That's hard to do because some of these networks are sort of have legacies extending Alexander Graham Bell I mean there's a lot going on there and it's a lot to manage And then you want to try and modernize all that while taking all that with you So there's a lot of work to be done there But but certainly you know in parts of this business where you know There's not a lot of margin to provide some basic connectivity services You'd like to do that as efficiently as as automated as possible But as if the technical challenges weren't hard enough You also have all the commercial arrangements that you have to bring along with that You know everybody wants to be special and get the best deal and you know This is capacity Europe. It's a big part of what goes on there is So can you automate you know a protracted negotiation for connectivity and extend that as Jezebel was alluding to across networks across borders and assure that you know service from end to end And these aren't new issues. You know, this is a big deal, but automation can certainly be And we're hinting about it. So let's go ahead and talk about it Jezebel Let's talk a bit about interoperability How do network operators ensure those network advancements across country borders and through partner network interfaces? Well, there's Lots of different types of interoperability as networks We've always had interoperability because you have to be able to pass packets from one place to another, right? so The technologies already exist on the physical layer. We do pack packets easily But when when it comes to interoperability Eric said it well beyond technology There's a ton of complexities, right? There's commercial relationships There's a software if you're actually doing automation How are you moving packets in the software layer from one place to another? You need to have some sort of standardization translation To be able to move to speak Everybody have to speak the same language To be able to move things from one place to another and to have a ubiquitous environment and Beyond the technology, right beyond the software technologies and the infrastructure technology And the software technology. There's also the business terms, right? We need to align the business terms for the different service providers So that their customer who used to be consuming service in a particular fashion can continue to consume that service in a particular fashion, but in a different area where The network that they're working with does not have current coverage No network can have global ubiquitous coverage in their own network. There's just not enough capital to invest in that so All of the networks really need to work together and collaborate to bring a ubiquitous smooth And pleasant experience to the enterprise customer base and that is what the enterprise customers Are looking for that's right. So right well said All right, so eric with everything we just discussed. How do you see the service mix evolving? Well, there's you know There's a lot of different services kind of up and down the the value chain and we covered a good portion of that You can start at the very at the very core. I mean again, it's a big wholesale event So you're always going to have your bread and butter transport Hi again, everyone. We are officially wrapping up day two of jsa tv and jsa podcast here at capacity europe 2023 We're on the floor. It's been busy. Candice. How have the interviews been going so far today? They've been going really good Really a great, you know vibes overall at the at the event today We've been blessed with beautiful weather today. Actually, I haven't been outside since I walked in That's true. I don't know you could ever be sure in london But so as far as content we've we've been hearing, you know, definitely some common themes that have come up over and over We've been hearing about bringing in new talent into the industry retaining existing and incredible talent Automation customer service, you know, how to generally how to keep up with the incredible demands And you know from all regions of the world to you That's one thing that I really love about capacity europe is it brings together not just european companies, but you know apac We've got, you know us in the house. We've got canada So we've even just here on jsa tv. I believe we did 20 interviews over the past two days and you know, we've we've we just had Radelet from italy talking about That region of the world and then we've had I think three african operators and infrastructure providers We've had companies from germany and amsterdam and london and us and so, you know I really love the diversity From a geographical perspective. Yeah, it continues to be a conversation around bringing The global community together to support global expansion and facilitating the increasing You know demand that that is has been the case for our industry for a long time driven by things like ai Which I don't I find interesting that the conversation has evolved a little bit, you know from You know a few years ago. We were really talking about we need to get ready for this You know the demand that's coming the infrastructure. We need to build to support it now I'm finding a lot more people talking about how they're utilizing ai in their In their organizations to support their customers and I feel like that's been an interesting conversation Yeah, I've been having with folks. Yeah, absolutely. That's right. That's a that's a huge one ai You know, everybody's basically talking about it. There's always going to be several panels At at these conferences and by the way, I did a sneak up in between interviews and and attend the the messaging platform Or the messaging panel A couple hours ago and that was very well attended, you know standing standing room only people were Definitely tuning in for that and it's really nice. It's on kind of on the left side of the big expo hall this year So it's kind of weaved in nicely with the rest of the event Yeah, and so we're not done. I mean we're done for jsa tv But tonight the awards are on the global carrier awards. Yes You're attending. It's exciting because in addition to many jsa clients greener data brought Which of course jsa has brought Together Collaborators from across the industry to talk about what we're doing to support sustainability and the future of our industry and the planet That's up for an award Yes, it is up for best marketing campaign. So I will be in the audience cheering it on Good luck to all of the other shortlisted companies and campaigns. Very exciting Evening and I'm just really excited to to spend another evening with the excellent folks of the digital infrastructure industry tonight Yeah So until we meet again, which will probably be soon That's a wrap for us today For this week for jsa tv here at capacity europe, but we'll we'll bring bringing to you Soon more news that will continue to come out over the course of the week and of course months ahead Yeah, we'll be at dcd virginia Shortly and we will be of course back at ptc We've been talking to folks about that already So we've got a lot of events coming your way a lot of great coverage with leaders in the industry And until then as we always say happy networking happy networking


Abstract colongeocarcinoma, CCA, is a rare but deadly form of cancer that is difficult to detect in its early stages. Current diagnostic methods are limited and do not offer reliable results. Researchers have developed a novel nanoplasmonic sensing technology called FLEX, fluorescence-amplified extracellular vesicle sensing technology, which can detect CCA with greater accuracy than existing methods. This technology uses gold nanowells to capture and amplify the fluorescent signal of extracellular vesicles, allowing researchers to detect even small amounts of these vesicles that would otherwise be undetected. The FLEX technology has been successfully tested on clinical bile samples and was able to accurately detect CCA with an area under the curve of 0.93, indicating a higher degree of accuracy than other existing methods. This article was authored by Miho Jong, Taewang Sun, Yukung Tae, and others.


This paper presents a technique for geometric correction and mosaic of UAV photography using feature matching and structure for motion, SFM, photogrammetric techniques, which can provide high-resolution imagery at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The small footprint of UAV imagery requires automated techniques to rectify and mosaic the imagery for larger area monitoring. The technique involves creating three-dimensional point clouds, transforming them into a real-world coordinate system using either direct georferencing or ground control point, GCP, technique, generating a digital terrain model, DTM, and joining subsequent geo-referenced images to form a mosaic of the study area. The absolute spatial accuracy of the direct technique is 65-120 cm, while the GCP technique achieves an accuracy of approximately 10-15 cm. This article was authored by Christopher Watson, Arco Lucier, and Darren Turner. We are article.tv. Links in the description below.


Hi guys, I'm Brian Sakawa. You're watching He Spoke Style and today we're talking about five of the sexiest winter fragrances.  You guys know that this past year, I've partnered a lot with Scentbox for our fragrance videos. I've really enjoyed the service myself. It's a great way to kind of expand your horizons and try out different scents every month without having to commit to buying a full bottle. You get two per month. I enjoyed exploring the aqua department line in the summer and now with the seasons changing, I've been diving into some heavier fragrances. And one that I'm really digging from my December picks is this one right here. It's the John Barbados Oud. So we have some cool stuff coming up with Scentbox. Next week, we're going to be doing a giveaway. So stay tuned for that. And we've also been talking about doing a special He Spoke Style curated box for them. So my picks that would be available for you guys. Now, if that sounds cool to you, definitely let me know down in the comments and we'll try to get that going. All right, now jumping into my five picks for the sexiest winter fragrances. And I'm going to start things off with one of my absolute favorites for the season. I've been wearing it pretty much every day. And that is Danger Parfum Cologne from Raja Parfum. Now this is classified as an Oriental. Top notes are Lemon, Bergamot, Lavender, and Tarragon. Heart notes, Lily of the Valley, Jasmine de Grasse, and Violet. And base notes include rhubarb, clove, patchouli, oak moss, cedarwood, vanilla, tonka bean, leather, ambergris, and musk. Now personally, I feel the top notes and the heart notes are a little misleading. It kind of makes you think that it's going to be super fresh or flowery. And to me, Danger has none of those qualities. The base notes, I think, speak more to the fragrance itself. It's got a really deep kind of sexy scent. And although this is a modern fragrance, I feel like it has this really old school, sexy, elegant quality to it that makes it seem like it's been around forever. So this is a really interesting fragrance because I think it's really big, but it's also subtle at the same time, which I think really adds to the overall sexiness of this fragrance. It's perfect for every day. It's great for an event, an absolute gem of a winter fragrance. Next, we have Monsieur by Frédéric Mall. Now, this is the second fragrance I've owned by Frédéric Mall. I've talked about the Bigurade Concentré before, which I love for the fall. This one here is deeper. It's sexier. And you really have to love Patchouli to be a fan of this one. On the Frédéric Mall website, it says that this is veral with a twist. So obviously, it sounds sexy already. Also, according to the website description, it's for the man who wears a pinstripe suit with ease and self-assurance, whose highly sophisticated virility is tinged with artistic flair, and whose ruthless pursuit of seduction is somewhat of an aesthetic endeavor. I love a good fragrance description, and that one is super evocative. And I would say extremely accurate. As I mentioned, this is a big Patchouli fragrance. It's what hits you immediately. There is a little rum sweetness on the top. And then tempering the Patchouli in the base, you have some cedar, some suede, and some incense. This fragrance is definitely more of a statement-making fragrance. You will get noticed in a good way if you wear it. For me, it's a great evening fragrance, especially for evenings spent in dimly-lit, luxuriously elegant hotel cocktail bars. Next up, we have one by Parfum de Marley, and it's called Layton. Honestly, I've been a little late to the party with Parfum de Marley, but after seeing so many of you recommend it to me in the comments, I had to check it out for myself. So Layton is a classic. It's classified as an Oriental floral. Top notes of apple and bergamot. Heart notes of jasmine and violet. But what really shines through is the vanilla in the base and a little bit of pink pepper to balance that out. So whenever I smell this, it's like I just want to eat it. It has great projection. It's long lasting. It's very seductive. It's very sexy. And it's a very highly complimented fragrance. Here we have one that I've talked about before. It's Nanban by Arquist. It's a woody Oriental fragrance that is meant to evoke the exotic cargo in the hull of a 17th century ship. And that is honestly exactly how the notes for this one read. On the top, you've got Malabar black pepper, Persian saffron, black tea accord, and Chinese osmanthus. Heart notes, coffee absolute, Spanish leather, sandalwood, and myrrh. And base notes, we have frankincense, styrax, copaiba balsam, and cade. It has a very kind of churchy quality to it from the frankincense. But it's also interestingly sweet as well, but not to the point of being cloying. This is a very interesting sensual and seductive fragrance. It has a huge projection. It's very long lasting. Another sexy statement making fragrance. If you wear it, be prepared to talk about it. Finally, finishing things off with an all time favorite and that is Black Afghano by Nassamato. This one is absolutely intoxicating, ridiculously sexy, extremely masculine. It's smoky, it's woodsy. They say it's supposed to smell like an opium den or a hashish. You can be the judge of that. Now, like flattery, a little goes a long way here. One spray will definitely get you through an entire night and most likely, if you put it on in the morning, you'll still smell it the following morning. As you'd expect, it also has a huge projection. It's kind of like barrel proof bourbon or navy strength rum in terms of its intensity. So definitely apply sparingly and also know that it does stick to your clothes. It's an absolute powerhouse and one of the sexiest fragrances I've ever encountered. So those are five of my picks for some of the sexiest winter fragrances. Leave your favorites down below in the comments and remember to let me know if you would be interested in a he-spoke style curated box from Scentbox. Link to Scentbox is down below in the description. Thumbs up if you liked this video. Don't forget to subscribe to the channel and until next time, thanks for watching and stay tailored.


The Ruger Max 9 and the Masada Slim match up fairly well. Masada goes just a little bit longer. The grip goes a little bit longer as well. 9S carries 13 rounds. Max 9 carries 12 rounds. 5 pound Masada Slim, 5 ounces heavier. 3.4 inch barrel, nice forward serrations. The flat trigger breaks right around the same weight. Short of reset. 4.39 with the Max 9, 4.50 with the Masada Slim. Max 9 is a great gun. If I hadn't choose one, I'm going with the 9S.