Hello students, myself Siddhasher B. Thurzapure, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walsh and Institute of Technology, Solapur. So, today we are going to deal with the topic Introduction to Turning Moment Diagram. The learning outcome of this session. At the end of this session, students will be able to interpret the turning moment diagram. The contents are definition of turning moment diagram, plotting turning moment diagram, areas or fields requiring consideration of turning moment diagram, cause of variation of output torque, terminologies in turning moment diagram and references. First of all, definition of turning moment diagram. Turning moment diagram, also known as crank effort diagram, is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various angular positions of the crank. Now, the definition we can observe, it is nothing but it is graphical representation and that representation is between two parameters, one it is the turning moment or the crank effort or it is also called as torque and the second parameter is the angular position of the crank. So, between these two, what relation is there that will be represented on the graph and that graph it will be called as turning moment diagram. Plotting the turning moment diagram. So, it is plotted on the Cartesian coordinates and in the Cartesian coordinates, we are having that x axis and y axis and the x axis or the abscissa, we can take the crank angle and on the ordinate or y axis, we have to take the turning moment. Now, this is an example of a turning moment diagram. Now, in case of this one, we can observe that we are having the x axis here and the x axis it is representing the crank angle that is various angular positions of the crank and it is represented as theta. So, it will be in terms of radiance and we are having on the y axis the torque or the turning moment or crank effort it is. Now, in case of this diagram, you might observe that we are having this blue colored line. So, this blue colored curved line, it is indicating the torque or the turning moment at various positions of the crank it is. So, now, we can take some say crank angle it is say theta 1 and you can vertically upwards you will get the corresponding torque here. So, you can go for another angle crank angle it is theta 2 and you will get the corresponding torque here like this with the help of this graph what we can observe is there is variation of torque with reference to the crank angle that is the torque is not remaining constant. So, it is now in case of this one, there is no blue colored straight line which is horizontal which is representing the constant torque with reference to the crank angle that is there is variation of the torque with reference to the crank angle. Now, in case of this one, you can observe on the lower side it is done as one cycle. So, one cycle refers to the say the crank angle rotation. So, it is from 0 to we have taken here up to say it is theta 1 etcetera. So, here after this part we are if we are plotting the again the values of the torque against the crank angle we are going to have the repetition of the same curve it is that is the repetition of the torque and crank angle curve it is going to take place after this one. So, here up to this one we are going to call it as one cycle. This one cycle is representing nothing but it is crank angle rotation only, but it might vary with reference to the different types of the machines which we are using. So, it might be say 180 degree, it might be 360 degree or even it might be 720 degree etcetera. Areas or fields requiring the consideration of turning movement diagram. Turning movement diagram needs to be considered when there is variation of the output torque in a cycle that is the power source cannot provide the constant torque or the turning movement. Now, think of which are the power sources that cannot give the constant output torque throughout a cycle. You can think of the different power sources like the internal combustion engines are there like petrol engine, diesel engine etcetera. You can think of the external combustion engines having the reciprocating motion like say reciprocating steam engine. Then you can think of electric motor etcetera. So, out of this which is the power source which cannot provide the constant output torque throughout the cycle. So, the answer is these power sources are internal combustion engines like say petrol and diesel engines and also the external combustion engines like steam engines. So, in case of this one it is reciprocating steam engine and in both these cases you can see that we are having one power stroke at regular interval. Now, see the cause of variation of the output torque. The diagram it is now representing internal combustion engine. In case of this one on the top side we can see that we are having the spark plug or it is fuel injector is there. So, in case of internal combustion engine we are having different strokes as say it is initially suction stroke, then it is compression, then it is ignition and then it is lastly the exhaust stroke is there. So, in case of the ignition stroke we are going to have the ignition of the fuel inside this cylinder and then we are going to have the power stroke the piston it will be pushed vertically downward in the present case and we are going to have the crank rotation. So, this power stroke is not continuous. So, suction then compression then power stroke and then lastly we are coming to the exhaust stroke. So, the power is available only during the power stroke or the ignition stroke it is. So, that is the cause of variation of the output torque. We can think of the say reciprocating steam engine. In case of the reciprocating steam engine now here it is the cylinder is there. So, now the steam is generated outside and say the expansion of the steam it is taking place and the piston it will be moved towards the right hand side and then the rotation of the crank it is going to take place and based on whether it is double acting or single acting etcetera the backward motion of the piston it will be dependent. On this side also if the expansion of steam is taking place the piston will be pushed due to the pressure of the steam towards the left hand side it is. So, like this in this case also we are now having the intermittent say the power stroke will be there. So, not continuous one and even during the power stroke the say the speed it is going to vary because the pressure it is going to vary. Terminology is in turning movement diagram. In case of the turning movement diagram the present one it is say turning movement diagram for a 4 stroke cycle internal combustion engine and as told to you earlier you can see that here it is suction stroke compression stroke working stroke and the exhaust stroke is there and this one it is turning movement diagram is there. So, here the first term it is mean resisting torque. Now, suppose the IC engine it is connected to a vehicle and that vehicle is carrying a constant load from one place to another place that vehicle it has to move and that load is to be displaced from one place to another place. So, the corresponding to that constant load we are having this one as T mean it is say it is torque mean, mean resisting torque we are going to call this much it is constant requirement then energy or it is the work done. So, you can see that this say we are going to have these different say areas which are representing the energies and now we are having say the excess energy or the shortage of energy. Now, in case of this one the T mean line we observed above this one whatever portion of that turning movement diagram it is lying it is representing the excess energy. So, this triangle is there which is representing excess energy and on the lower side you can observe that sometimes there is say energy generation and if it is falling below 0. So, it is called as negative look energy will be consumed here. So, either say we are going to have the shortage or we are going to have the excess of the energy and whereas the requirement it is constant. You can see that the turning movement diagram for a single cylinder steam engine which is double acting. So, in case of the double acting steam engine so 0 to 180 will be one cycle and after this one you can see that the curve has been repeated from 182 to 360 degree. Then it is turning movement diagram for multi cylinder IC engine. So, in case of the crank is driven by number of cylinders like in case of the four wheelers or say the trucks and say buses etc. Number of cylinders we might have. So, cylinder number 1 corresponding to this one the turning movement diagram is there corresponding to cylinder number 2 and 3 also the turning movement diagram is there. So, in case of this one the resultant turning movement diagram is shown on the upper side and then the mean corresponding to the load which is going to be constant the mean torque line it has been shown here. These are the references which are used for this session. Thank you.


I don't know about you guys, but I can't stand these condescending pseudo-intellectuals that think they know everything because they well informed, they're educated, they've done their research, they read up on the latest and greatest information. Adam Ragusea just seeds that type of energy. I cannot stand it. And recently he did a video trash talking, raw food diets, paleo diets, and keto diets. Basically appealing to authority, talking to experts, and really what the average person wants to hear. And his audience is a bunch of normies, but this video was so painfully incorrect that, I mean, not painfully incorrect, not one thing he said was correct. So let's take a look before I lose my mind. Of all the fad diets that have come and gone through the years, the raw and paleo diets might just be the stupidest. Don't get me started on keto, that we will get back to that. I'd call raw and paleo the stupidest because they are predicated on some very suspect notions of how our bodies work and how they evolve to work that way. We'll start with the raw diet. Certainly you can live a long, healthy life eating all kinds of diets. And any diet that restricts refined carbohydrates and other processed foods will probably do some good for people like me living overfed lives. So whatever works for you works. Just don't let anyone tell you that a raw foods diet is more natural because we humans have been cooking our food since before we were homo sapiens. In fact, cooking might be part of why we are homo sapiens. What I just said is known in the field of anthropology as the cooking hypothesis. And while the lifestyles of our paleolithic ancestors may differ quite a bit from our own, the reasons why cooking was advantageous to them still apply to us. Scholars believe the human ancestor Homo erectus started eating meat about two and a half million years ago. They invented cooking about a million years ago. Cooking became a widespread practice around 250,000 years ago, and that's about when the first anatomically modern humans appeared, the first Homo sapiens. These are all interrelated events, or so goes the hypothesis. I think most of us would be in agreeance that he's oversimplifying this substantially. He's turning it into a raw versus cooked discussion as opposed to mentioning specific foods, the properties of those foods, the nutrients contained in those foods, how they applied to cooking, which would be a brief explanation, not just like, oh well, we started cooking food 250,000 years ago. And noticed how he said we started cooking food as if he was implying that we were only eating cooked food from that point on, which is absolutely not true. Every single indigenous group of people has a variety of cooked and raw foods, both plant and animal in their diets. The hypothesis being that once we started cooking, we were able to extract a lot more energy, and that really helped further push us into sort of being the human entities that we now understand ourselves to be. This is Dr. Jessica Han, an anthropology professor at Oxford College of Emory University. When we shifted from eating a fully raw foods diet into a diet in which meat would have been part of the diet and cooking of foods would have been part of the diet, we're extracting more energy, our guts are shrinking, sort of the shape and size of our teeth is also changing, because we're not, you know, having to grind away at raw things. Indeed, compare yourself to this cow or this buffalo or this goat. Your digestive system is way smaller proportional to your body. This goat needs major internal hardware to break raw greenery down into nutrition its body can actually use. Unlike goatee there, I don't need to spend literally my entire day chewing my cud, and my body hardware doesn't need to be monopolized with the constant work of breaking it down. Cooking allows us to take more nutrient dense foods and to pre-digest them outside our body, to break them down in the pot so that our bodies will have less work to do once we actually eat. As the hypothesis goes, this innovation was so powerful that it allowed our anatomy to evolve.  Less body mass and time dedicated to digestion means more can be dedicated to other activities, like designing ziggurats or new and terrible ways to kill each other. All hallmarks of the civilizations cooking allowed us to build. Increased energy from cooked foods grind away at raw things, entire day chewing cud.  The most calorically dense food, the highest energy food is animal fat. Nothing is going to give you more pure fat, caloric energy than raw butter, raw cream, bone marrow, foods that don't have to be cooked to offer high caloric intakes, honey. Plus, raw foods aren't hard to eat. Our teeth wouldn't have been grinding away at raw things, raw fruits, raw meat. All those foods are easy to chew and you could even swallow them whole because we have the proper stomach acidity and digestive enzymes to break those down. Cooking doesn't break down nutrients like vitamins and minerals to make them more available. It breaks down macronutrients protein and carbohydrates into forms that are more absorbed, especially turning indigestible starches into sugars and stuff that can be eaten by our gut bacteria. Nothing about what him and this expert is saying is correct. When we jump from physical anthropology to cultural anthropology, there's a whole other argument that says cooking allowed communities to extract more from their shared food supply. Thus freeing up some members of that society to be architects and soldiers and stone masons and priests and blacksmiths instead of everybody just being a farmer. Dr. Ham herself is a cultural anthropologist and while she's actually a little skeptical that cooking played such a direct role in our physical evolution, she's absolutely convinced it was huge in our social evolution. Cooking is an inherently social act, so to what degree should we also be thinking about how the socialness of cooking was also part of helping us to become human, helping us to sort of work with an inherent ability to be cooperative and social with one another. You look at cultures around the world and all cultures are cooking their food. There are many food cultures, I would say perhaps contemporary North American food culture being one of them, where you see a combination of cooked and raw eating. In many cultures, raw foods are not a thing. For example, where I do field work in Ghana, you would not be considered to have eaten a meal if you ate raw food. Food there is considered to be cooked. For those times where I was craving a salad, I would kind of secretly go to the market to buy vegetables and then hide out in my room and eat my salad by myself because I knew that it would be mocked. Cooking has little to do with giving humans more free time in comparison to things like animal husbandry and agriculture, especially on a larger scale. That is how long it takes to procure your food. You can spend all day hunting and foraging or just a small amount of time throughout the day going to the market to buy your food. The reason they eat a lot of cooked food in Ghana is because they don't grow fresh fruits or vegetables in that region. It's mostly starches, tubers, and animal-based foods. And if you look across most indigenous groups of people, the reason they eat animal foods and starches is because they are calorically dense. The goal of humans is to survive and reproduce. We need calories to do that. Fruits and vegetables aren't really good sources of calories and salads didn't exist until this century. We can get all of the vitamins, minerals, fatty acids we need from animal foods, grains, and you don't even need a small amount of fruits or vegetables. And making coffee is, by the way, an example of the extractive powers of cooking in water specifically. The advent of things like stone basins and later water-safe pottery really would have allowed humans to get more from their food by boiling it. In our romantic imaginations, ancient humans are roasting meat on a stick over an open flame. But with a tough piece of wild animal, it's amazing how little you can get off the bone this way. But cook the same chunk in water for a few hours and everything literally falls off the bone. Plus, tons of proteins and other nutrients lost in cooking are conveniently dissolved in the broth which you can drink. I mean, yeah, when you boil or poach foods, the nutrients from those foods goes into the cooking liquid, but if you just eat the food lightly cooked or raw, you don't leach out the nutrients. The problem with his theory is that a large percentage of indigenous people did not use cooking methods that required pottery and boiling water. I would say this is one of the weakest arguments there is as there are dozens of different cooking and preparation methods indigenous people use for their foods. But boiling is not a popular one until recently. And we're talking literally dozens and dozens and dozens of different ways they cook their food. Maybe only one or two things might have been boiled just for preference. From a nutrient perspective, from a caloric energy perspective, boiling isn't significant. Slow cooking, whether it's on a fire, any sort of heat source, even fermentation, makes calories more available. Cooking in general, not specifically boiling. And this is the moment when a raw foods advocate would say, hey, but wait a minute, cooking destroys some nutrients. Well, that's true. You lose some nutrients every time you cook food, but the losses are very small, but the benefits of cooking far outweigh any negatives. That's Dr. Tim Crowe, a longtime nutrition researcher and host of the Thinking Nutrition podcast. And the benefits are you actually make some nutrients more available, you make some food more easily digestible, and you actually make it safer as well because you kill off a lot of the bacteria that causes food poisoning, which is a major cause of illness and sickness in the world. I don't mean to be insulting here, but how you look is generally an indicator of your health knowledge. If you know so much about nutrition, shouldn't you look like a Roman statue? You know, this guy is losing half his hair, the other half is gray, and he doesn't exactly look healthy. Neither do any of these experts or Adam himself. Indeed, the latter benefit might be part of why cooking is particularly important in Ghana and other developing countries, where food and water supplies might not always be so sterile. But Lorne knows we have our own food safety issues here in the United States, the land of factory farmed everything. Let's get back, though, to the first benefit Dr. Crowe mentioned, bioavailability. Just because you cram food down your gullet doesn't mean your body is able to actually use it. So when you cook food, there's some nutrients you do maybe absorb less of, but there's others that you absorb more of. So it's a case of swings and roundabouts. And I'll use a good example. There's one of the vitamin A family members called lycopene. It's a vitamin A pigment. It gives foods their red color, particularly tomatoes. They are high on lycopene. When you cook tomatoes, you actually absorb more of this vitamin A antioxidant into your bloodstream. So that's a nice example. That's because when you cook tomatoes, it's generally with fat, and you need fat to absorb plant-based carotenoids. It's these people look at studies and say, oh, well, this study says this without understanding actual mechanisms of what happens in the body, what physically happens when you consume a certain nutrient. Another example is legumes. It's virtually impossible to digest beans and lentils and such without cooking them first. Now, there are some people who say they like the raw foods diet precisely because of reduced bioavailability. They're hoping that it'll help them make some reductions of their own. You actually do absorb some of the nutrients less because you don't break down the cell walls. And interesting, it's actually thought that the potential calories in some of these food, you don't absorb them all. So a lot of people, when they go on a raw food diet, they can lose weight. Number one, because it limits their food choices, they stop eating a lot of junk food, and maybe they actually absorb a few less calories, which in the Western world is a good thing. So they seem to be mostly referencing a raw vegan diet, some type of raw food diet, and not even acknowledging the cooked versus raw properties of meat. We're almost done with this video, and they haven't even mentioned the most important aspect of nutrient absorption, which is the body's ability to produce certain enzymes. And that is greatly impacted by how much you cook the food. The more you cook the food, the more enzymes you need to break it down. And to not mention that in a cooked versus raw video, that's like step one. That's the first thing you should be talking about. But come on, please don't follow a diet plan that depends upon you simply passing perfectly good food without actually using it. That's just dumb. Speaking of dumb, the paleo diet. The diet that issues grains and legumes and dairy on the basis that these foods were supposedly not consumed by our Stone Age ancestors. We're not meant to eat them, these people say. But there is archaeological evidence of humans eating grains, for example, deep in the Paleolithic era, long before the First Agricultural Revolution. And of course, many of the vegetables that paleo dieters do eat did not exist at all in the Stone Age. They're modern creations, the product of millennia of selective breeding by humans. Okay, our ancestors consumed grains. Why aren't you mentioning that our current foods applied the current grains we're eating are sprayed with agrochemicals and are basically GMO poison? Oh, that's right.  Which brings us finally to the fad diet du jour, the ketogenic diet, keto. Another low-carb diet like Atkins and Paleo that restricts starch and sugar. The modern ketogenic diet was invented in the early 20th century, not as a treatment for obesity, but as a preventive treatment for seizures.  And this, for science reasons, helps to prevent epileptic seizures. And people have now seized on keto as a fad diet to lose weight. The issue is very few people who think they're doing keto are actually eating the extreme fat to carb ratio needed to put your body into ketosis. Here's an example of an actual keto diet designed for a five-year-old kid with epilepsy. These poor kids literally have to have heavy whipping cream with every meal. And unless you are a hardcore athlete, particularly maybe an elite athlete who's really focused on eating that way, you have a very obsessive compulsive personality, few people stick to a true ketogenic diet for more than three to six months. They start introducing carbohydrates back into their diet because let's face it, bread and pasta is pretty awesome. So if keto works for you, by all means do it, but few people actually do keto as it's designed and that's to get into your ketosis, which is about 50 grams of carbohydrates per day. And that's not much carbohydrates.   This is some type of defeatist pessimistic mentality to get you to not even try any of these diets. God forbid you feel better. And that's really the whole point of this video. Yeah, don't try those diets. Do what you want so you can remain part of the sheeple. Dr. Crow is one of like a hundred nutrition experts I've talked to at this point in my life who all say different shades of the same thing. The problem in your diet probably isn't the bread you're baking at home or the fresh pastas you're making at home. It's the processed food. It's the sugary junk you buy off the shelf, fast food, burgers and fries. So any diet plan that knocks most of that out of your diet is probably going to do you a world of good. And that is the only fad diet you need to know about. So you've talked to hundreds of nutrition experts and your overall understanding of nutrition is that of a brainwashed monkey? Okay, hundreds. I think even dozens would be a gross exaggeration. How can you even try to pull off that lie? I've talked to hundreds of nutrition experts.  You have this clown who has a large YouTube following throws in a bunch of experts to repeat what you've heard over and over again.  So it's very obvious that Adam Ragusea was paid to make this video and push these specific ideas. It's really sad. Not only are these people not talking about what's going on in the world, how malignant and tyrannical our government is, they're going along with the agenda. They're helping them. They're helping them. It's ridiculous. But thank you guys for joining me today. A lot of you guys asked me to critique this and I mean I could talk for 10 to 15 minutes on every single one of these topics and explain what's correct, what's not correct. Definitely check out a video I did I think over a year ago now, Raw vs. Cooked Foods and Fresh vs. Frozen. I have a bunch of different videos on all of these topics. You guys can go look through my channel. Thanks again for joining me guys. If you want to support me further, all the stuff is down in the description below. Leave Frankie Boy a comment for later.


White dwarfs are slowly cooling stars which have cast off their outer layers during the last stages of their fusion burning phase. Roughly 98% of all the stars in the universe will ultimately end up as white dwarfs, including our own sun. To investigate the physics underpinning white dwarf evolution, astronomers compared cooling white dwarfs into massive collections of stars. The globular clusters M3 with roughly half a million stars and M13 with several hundred thousand stars. Interestingly, their star populations which will eventually give rise to white dwarfs are different. In particular, the overall color of stars at the end of their red giant phase are bluer in M13 and blue stars are hotter because they are burning hydrogen on their surfaces. This slows down their cooling rate. The evolution of white dwarfs has previously been modeled as a predictable cooling process leaving astronomers use them as a natural clock to determine the age of star clusters. However, white dwarfs burning hydrogen could cause these age estimates to be inaccurate by as much as a billion years.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here today I bring you another fortnight video and today I'm going to be showing you guys the location of these secret hidden battle stars Fanned on a map and also what you need to do in order to obtain these But before we go any further guys to win some vbox All you need to do is make sure you're subscribed to this channel and have that bow button ticked Hit that like button on this video and leave a comment down below I give away 2800 vbox per week and contact winners via direct message here on YouTube. So good luck Everybody, okay So if you didn't know there are hidden secret battle stars on the map to get them You need to do a set number of things now It's week two of season four and before you can actually obtain these battle stars You need to complete all of this week's challenges and they consist of search chests in greasy grove, consume hot rocks, deal damage with suppressed weapons to opponents Dance in front of different cameras, search between a scarecrow, pink hot rod and big screen Explosive weapon eliminations and eliminate opponents into a martel town Now I've already put a guide up for the search between a scarecrow, pink hot rod and big screen And also dance in front of different cameras and you'll find them linked at the top of the video description if you need them still Now once you've completed all of these challenges this week You are rewarded a new wallpaper loading screen which features omega and it looks so epic Now within this lies a few secrets We can see in the background it states A4, B4, A3 and B3 Well within these four squares on a fortnight map lies a secret and they are secret battle stars Simply go here and grab these 10 battle stars. It's as easy as that people I will say though you do have to complete all of these week's challenges to be able to actually grab these battle stars If you haven't you will not be able to do so I haven't done these as of yet as I still have a few challenges to go But it has been confirmed via numerous sources that the battle star is right here once you complete these week's challenges of week 2 Season 4 and there you have it guys another blockbuster battle star challenge reward guys I hope the video helped you out if it did leave me a like really helped me out if you're new around here and enjoy daily Fortnight videos be sure to subscribe and hopefully guys. I will see you on that next video


I hope they both lose, I have no idea who's going to win. Prediction for the Super Bowl. I don't really know what's going on, I just hope for a good competitive game. Super Bowl Prediction, I like... You can't go against Tom Brady and the Patriots, but I am. Because I'm going to go with Leib and Todd Gurley and all my buddies. I know how it feels to win Super Bowl and I know how life changing and magical that is. So I wanted those guys to experience that. MVP, I'm going with Gerald Everett, number 81, tight end. So I'm going to say, Patriots are going to win. I'm going to go with 3124, Tom Brady cross MVP. Whoever wins is either going to be Tom Brady's MVP or I think Todd Gurley the MVP. I can't pick a winner, it's just going to be a good game. I just hope it's a competitive game and we get to see some good football. MVP, I'll go with Tom Brady. Or my guy, Jared Goff, man. He's a heck of a player and shines in big games. So it would be fun to watch two great teams compete. Rams 31, the Patriots 28. I'll probably say Gurley the MVP. Rams office doesn't play good, Tom Brady wins. The Patriots win. Super Bowl MVP, I would say if it was for the Rams, I would say if it doesn't go to the quarterback golf, it goes to Robert Woods. I feel like he's a sleeper that will make the difference, that will change everything for him. Offensively, if I had to pick for the Patriots, it would be Tom Brady. This year, man, I'm going for the Rams. I'm an LA native. I got the Rams winning the 30 to 27. And also the MVP, I'm going to go with Jared Goff. Aaron Donald, MVP. Score, it's going to be a low scoring game. 17, 23. Rams win. I have a bunch of buddies on the Rams. So in the Rudolph house, we'll be rooting for the Rams. But if I'm picking one person to be a Super Bowl MVP and Tom Brady's playing in the game, it's hard for me not to pick Tom Brady. I don't know the score. I don't know who will be the MVP. I just hope they have a good game. This is how I hope that both sides of the balls, all the guys come out healthier. Just have a good game. But football here, Tom Brady is really good. But I want my boy, LaMarket, to join in the win. So let's split up.


Tastes kind of like a generic action shooter and a lot of hair product Hey guys, this is my review for 12 Strong. I know I'm very late for this review but just felt like seeing a movie on Tuesday for cheap prices, so I went and saw 12 Strong and The film it has an interesting concept it talks about the first engagement the first insertion of American soldiers into Afghanistan after the attack of 9-11 and That is a cool idea.  There's two guys in this And their squad they've supposedly been here for 21 days And one of them has so much goddamn moose in his hair. It's ridiculous It is absurd like he's the guy on the radio and he's just like you think he's doing this He's like we need an airdrop guys Chris Hemsworth to swear never not any moose in his hair Yeah, I only bring it up because of how obvious it was a movie that I kept on bringing up and comparing to in terms of Current-day military shooter sort of film was blackock down Not anyone really has hair in that some of the special forces guys do have hair But it's short cropped hair no one has like except maybe Eric Banna But otherwise everyone looks normal or doesn't have any hair product this movie It's so obvious that people have hair product in it. Just yeah, and the second is how Generic it is. There are so many cliches from other military shooters in this movie Soldier who makes a friend with the local boy who is in the conflict generals have Disagreements and at the last second they come together and they even have a bro moment guys getting blown up But then having these shell shock moments shell shock moments are just a given ever since saving Private Ryan the movie isn't bad It's just not good either. I would say that's just my thing. It's a very generic sort of film The performances in this film are Chris Hemsworth is always Honestly when he's not playing Thor Michael Shannon's in this and Michael Shannon isn't creepy at all It's actually kind of unsettling that he's not creepy He doesn't do much Slips a disc Michael Pena is a great actor and he's kind of there just for jokes There are some decent action scenes, but they are so Repetitive in terms of how they are executed the end scene is pretty interesting There's this big cavalry charge, but I almost couldn't take it seriously because I don't know how any of these guys are getting popped out However, I do not know the full extent of the actual battle. It's kind of the same situation when I went and saw lone survivor I really enjoyed loads survivor, and I wondered if half of that was true To an extent most of it was the jumping down the mountain was definitely true them getting a shot as much as they did not entirely true, but Sort of similar to the situation I'd have to do the same thing for 12 strong here, but just the ending was just so Hollywood it just made me kind of it took me out of it in terms of like I said a realistic movie about a combat event It's not a bad movie. People will probably enjoy it. The action itself is not too bad It's not PG, but it's not are either. It's kind of this weird in between I don't even know how to describe it because there's blood But if most of it's fake blood, but then there's a guy who blows himself up And there's all the gore on a tire at one point and this is a what? What so yeah, it's not an R rated movie, but it's not a PG 13 movie either. It's Well for Canadians it's 14 a Wow actually like fell on that perfectly in the end 12 strong is a watchable movie It's a generic popcorn flick military movie, but there are many other films that do The service much better than this film and the end 12 strong will most likely be forgotten and It is a January release mainly just for for how bland it is So in the end I'm gonna give 12 strong a 3 out of 7 you guys will maybe enjoy it But you really won't remember it after you've seen it. I saw it yesterday. I'm already forgetting things Anyways guys, that's all for me if you like this video leave a like down below and if you're interested maybe subscribe Anyways guys, that's all for me. I'll see you guys next time


Well, two people suffered life-threatening injuries when their motorcycle collided with a deer in northern Minnesota. The state patrol says the crash happened south of Lower Red Lake. The two were westbound on Highway 1 when they struck the deer around 3 p.m. 74-year-old Billy Airey and his passenger 72-year-old Rebecca Airey were taken to essential hospital in Fargo with serious injuries. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Horses with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a ha-hee-hio silver! The Lone Ranger! Before this exciting adventure, a word from our sponsor. General Mills, makers of Cheerios, the ready-to-eat oat cereal that gives you go-power, and Wheaties, the breakfast of champions, present by special recording, the Lone Ranger! You bet we're eating our Wheaties out west, including the champs. Take Eddie Matthews, born in Texarkana, Texas, and a great slugger for the Milwaukee Braves. He got a Texas start and a Wheaties start. Then eatin' him for years. And there's Gene Littler from California, one of the best pro golfers in the game. Listen. How he socks him off the tee. You bet, Gene's a Wheaties champ. Then eatin' him since he was seven. A he-man breakfast for champs and gonna-be champs. Why, there's a whole kernel of wheat in every Wheaties' flake. Keep on eatin' your Wheaties, and you, we do, do, do, and okay, okay. With his faithful Indian companion, Toto, the daring and resourceful mask rider of the plains let the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse, Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again. Come on, Silver. Let's go, we call him Silver. It was time for the daily stagecoach to arrive in El Sabre, Texas, and a fair-sized crowd waited in front of the station, located next door to the general store. As the stage approached, Toto, the friend of the Lone Ranger, finished packing recently purchased supplies into his saddlebag. Leaving his horse at the hitch rail, Toto joined the crowd and saw two young men stepping from the stage. Their clothes marked them as Easterners. One called to the driver. Hey, driver, will you help us get our luggage out of the boat? All right, but I see the mail's taken care of and the horses are changed. Me help you. What, huh? It's an Indian. He's all right, Bob. You'll be grateful for your help, Indian. What's your name? Me, Toto. Well, look. Three hard-faced men watched Toto climb to the boot on the back of the Concorde coach and hand down the young men's gear, which consisted mainly of new and expensive camping equipment and digging tools. Their names were Stubb Evans, Pony Parker, and Slime Sanford. Stubb said, Those tender feet look gross. Do you think it would be worthwhile trying to rub them? It might be, Pony. I'll move closer and size up the situation. Go to Stubb. Ah, there. Everything unloaded from the stagecoach. We're much obliged to you, Tano. I'm Larry Gaines, and my friend is Bob Cass. We're from New York. How'd you like to be our guide? Oh, me, sorry. Me got other things to do. Did I hear you say you want a guide? Well, yeah. My name's Evans. Stubb Evans. I know the country here, Bob. Maybe you're the man for it. We'll pay a dollar a day in expenses. It's a deal. What brought you to Al Sabre? We're going to hunt for Santa Ana's treasure. It's supposed to be in the Brazos River. We need horses and saddles. I'll arrange for them at the livery stable. Just leave everything to me. All right. Stubb winked at his hard-faced friends, Pony and Slam. Lens entered across the street to the corral adjoining the livery stable. He leaned against the fence and pretended to inspect the horses until his companions joined him. What did you learn, Stubb? The Easterners are going to search for the Santa Ana treasure. I got a job as their guide. There's lots of people who look for their treasure. Those two will never find it. I don't expect them to, but I'll be in a position to find out how much cash they're carrying. If it's worthwhile, we'll rob them and throw them into the quicksand. Good idea, Stubb. That engine over there looks familiar. You know who he is? Ah, his name's Tonto. It's all I know. Tonto? No wonder he looks familiar. He's a lone ranger's pal. Hey, Pony, are you sure? Yes, sure. Those two smashed the gang I used to work with. I was lucky enough to escape. I got a score to settle with them. And I've got a score to settle with that lone ranger. He helped the law catch me and San Antonio. Hey, Stubb, you think he followed you here after you got out of here? I don't know, Slam. We can't take chances. You and Pony follow Tonto.  As soon as I rent horses, I'll take the tender feed to the Brazos River. We'll camp on the yeast bank near Santa Ana's Forge. Hey, I know the place. About eight miles east of here. Right.  With habitual caution, Tonto took pains to conceal his trail. He rode in a devious route and finally reached the lone ranger's camp a few miles north of town. He told about the Easterners, then said, Where do you think them look for treasure? They'll likely search along the east bank of the Brazos River, Tonto, near Santa Ana's Forge. That's where most treasure seekers go. Where's Santa Ana's Forge? About five miles south of Comanche's Forge. That's where Santa Ana, the Mexican revolutionist, has said to have put $100,000 in gold into cannon barrels and rolled them into the Brazos River. Many people look for gold. Yes, and the quicksands swallowed many of them, just as they may have swallowed the gold. Those young Easterners might be in danger from quicksands. Them? Higher guys. The older guy probably knows the river. Do you know his name? Ah, him, Stubb Evans. Stubb Evans? That's right. A short, stocky man with a scar across his nose. That's right. What matters? Stubb Evans is a crook. He just finished a jail term for armed robbery. He's got two friends in town. He'll talk with them. Then the Easterners are in danger. We better warn them. Then maybe they'll leave town by now. We'll ride east to the river, cross it at Comanche's Forge, and ride down the east bank towards Santa Ana's Forge. Somewhere along the east bank, we'll find those Easterners. They look like clouds.  Yeah, we better break camp at once. Long Ranger and Toto quickly packed their gear and started east toward the river. In the meantime, Slam and Pony had lost the trail of Toto, and in trying to find it, rode northeast to the top of the hill. There they drew rain, while Slam looked through binoculars. Pony studied the black clouds in the sky. Yeah, it's getting mighty dark. It's a big storm, bro. Hey, Pony, I see that engine. Yeah? I see two horses here once a ton. Riding this way with a man on a white horse. The Lone Ranger rides a white horse. You tell if that horseman's wearing a mask? No, he's too far away. How better use a Lone Ranger? Why do you think they're coming this way? Following the trail that leads to the old Comanche Ford. What's the intent of crossing the river? What'll we do? Plug them? No, it's getting too dark. We might miss them. Then they'd get us. Here's the rain. The regular clouds burst. I know how to get rid of the Lone Ranger in his partner and with no risk. The Comanche Ford is marked by two buffalo skulls on post. What of it? It's safe to cross the river between the post. But above and below the Ford, our beds are quicksand. Still don't savvy. All we have to do is move the post. And it's down for the Lone Ranger and Tana won't notice a change. They'll ride into the quicksand. Good. Let's get the Comanche Ford. Get it! Get it! Unaware that they headed toward a death trap, the Lone Ranger and Tana followed the trail to the river, then rode a short distance downstream before finding the walker post. Looking toward the opposite shore, they grew rain. Move it! Move it! See post and far side river? I can barely see them. We cross river now? Yes, the sooner we... What matter? Tato, where's the buffalo skulls on the post? Ah, meet them. Comanche Indian put them there. Indians always point buffalo skulls toward the east, toward the rising sun. That's right. And them skulls point south. The skulls are fast and solidly to the post. I wonder... What do you think? The post may have been moved. Easy said, big fella. We'll examine them closely. Easy, big fella. Maybe post moves south. That's possible, but... Tato, here are boot marks of two men. Ah, I'm hearing marks of horses. The marks must have been made recently, or the rain would have washed them away. You think men move posts? I think so. We'll make certain of it. A short distance upstream, the masked man and Tato found the holes where the posts had been. The storm is partially filled in the holes, Tato. I'm sure this is where the posts belong. We move them back here. I don't know. The men who move them will have to answer that. We look for those men after we warn the east, and it's about Stubb Evans. We'll continue our lone ranger adventure in just a moment. Diving Doris is 13, and she is a diving queen. She can do a flip because she knows. She's got go-power from Cheerios. Yes, she's got go-power. There she goes. She's feeling her Cheerios. Cheerios. Cheerios. That's a mighty good idea for you. Just make sure you eat a big bowl of Cheerios and milk, every breakfast, and you'll get go-power too. Because a Cheerios breakfast is loaded with proteins, vitamins, and minerals. The very things that help build healthy bodies, strong bones, good red blood, and muscles. Why they'd be the sort of breakfast you'd go for, even if they didn't taste so good, and they do taste delicious.  So that's for you. Swell-tasting Cheerios and milk for go-power. Eat them every morning, and you'll hear... She's feeling her Cheerios. Now to continue. By the time the posts were in their proper places, the rain had stopped and the sky was clear. The Easterners and their guide had reached the east bank near Santa Anaford in time to pitch a tent before the storm began. After the downpour, stuff remained in camp, while Bob and Larry set out on foot to explore the river bank. Wait, Bob. Look ahead. Something moving through the underbrush. Of course. And a mask, man. There's an Indian following him out of the thicket. Bob, that's the Indian we saw in town. Hello, sir. Hello, town. Don't be alarmed because of my mask. This man won't help you. Him, Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger? Maybe you'll hear of him. Oh, yes. Even in New York, we've heard of the Lone Ranger. My name's Bob Cass. And you must be Larry Gaines. Yes.  In camp near Santa Anaford. Is his name still Evans? Yes. Why? He's a cook. A cook? I've never known him to work for an honest living. For us, for a dollar a day. Probably in the hope of getting a chance to rob you. Oh. Now I see why Evans asks so many questions. Questions? Yes. Well, we were in our tent during the storm. He seemed very interested in our plans. He probably was trying to find out how much cash we had. Did you tell him? Yes. He told him we had only a couple of hundred dollars between us. Larry. He also told him about our clue to the hiding place of the treasure. You might as well forget the treasure. You'll probably write unless that tree is farther north. What tree? We're looking for a big cottonwood tree along the east bank of the river. There's no growth larger than brushwood between here and Comanche Ford. That settles it. We'll dismiss our guide. Wait a minute. What does a tree do with your treasure hunt? Tell him, Bob. Well, you see my grandfather was an officer on Santa Ana's staff. He saw the gold-filled cannon barrels rolled into the river. At that point, there was a big cottonwood. Grandfather cut his initials into the trunk. He came back three years later to look for the treasure, but he couldn't find the tree. He made it in weeds. The only big trees we've seen are over there on the far side of that ravine. Some of those are cottonwoods. Yes, but they're too far away. We're looking for one on the river bank. Oh, I'm curious about that ravine. It might once have been the bed of the Brazos River. Do you think so? It's possible. Rivers have often taken a new course after a flood. The river went through that ravine at the time the gold was hidden. If it did, that's the place where your grandfather carved his initials in the trunk of a cottonwood. That's where Santa Ana hid the gold. Let's look for that tree. If we find it, we need picks and shovels. You bet we will. I'll go back to camp and get them while you're looking for the tree. Good idea. Bring back the horse. Right. I'll meet you in the ravine. We'll be there. Meanwhile, Slam and Pony had crossed the Santa Ana forward and joined Stoveven. The three crooks moved a short distance away from the tent to a place where they'd be concealed by brushwood while they compared notes. Pony told about moving the guidepost after he and Slam had sighted the Lone Ranger and Potto. As far as we know, the Lone Ranger and his pal are dead. Did you see them right into the quicksand? No, no. We didn't stay around. I'm glad they're out of our way. What about the tinderfeet? They got cash enough to make it wood while robbing them? Only a couple of hundred, but I found out something else. What? They've got a real clue to the location of the buried treasure. Huh? Yeah. They got it straight from one of Santa Ana's men. He was a grandfather, one of the Easterners. I think those green horns are going to find that treasure. And if they do... We take it. What about the Easterners? They'll have a bad accident and get swallowed by quicksand. That's the way that I've... Yeah, it sounds like one of the horses in the camp. I'll look through the brushwood, see what's going on. I know that! That's one of the Easterners. He saddled the horses, now he's tying picks and shovels behind the saddle. That means something. It must mean the boys have found a place to dig. Get ready to go. We'll follow him. Leading Bob's horse, Larry rode along the top of the sloping bank of the ravine until he reached his partner, who stood with a lone ranger and puddle near an old cottonwood tree. Oh, oh, oh. As Larry dismounted, Bob said, Larry, we've examined over a dozen trees so far. Well, if we do find the right one, we have the tools to dig. Did you see your guide? No. The horse and deer were in camp, but I didn't see him. Hey, McCobby. Yes, puddle? The deer rolled cut some pumpkin trees. The bark healed over. Look. Larry, the initials are C. Grandfather's initials. This is the tree. The tree stood at the top of the former river bank, which was a steep slope about 15 feet in height. Bob and Larry hurried down the slope and went to work on the river bed with pick and shovel. The lone ranger and puddle were standing on the top of the bank near Scout and Silver, watched with interest, and without suspecting that three killers were approaching. Stubbs, Slam and Pony had left their horses well back and made a stealthy approach on foot to a point from which they could peer through the brushwood and see the lone ranger and puddle near the big tree. Stubbs growled. You lied to me.  We thought we're sure they'd ride into the question.  Stubbs. And wait and see if we're good at finding treasure. Sure I am. But when they find it, or decide they're not going to find it, we'll open fire and dub. They're going to the bottom of the ravine. We'll move right over close to the horses with a lone ranger and puddle were standing. And when we open fire, we'll be within 20 feet of them. Quietly, the three cooks moved ahead until they were on the bank almost directly above the treasure hunters. It's low, so they can't see a thing. The lone ranger and puddle widened and deepened the hole in the ground. Then the masked man spade struck metal. I struck something big here, puddle. It sounded like metal. I see something. It could be the barrel of a cannon. We'll soon know. It is a cannon barrel. Here's the front end. Clear away that dirt, puddle. The other cannon must be here, too. That's right. They were all rolled into the river at the same place. There, that's enough, puddle. We see a golden cannon. The conversation was followed closely by Stubb and his companions on the bank near the horses. Slam whispered.  Get ready. Yeah, the cannon was plugged with wood. It's all rotted. Can you get it out? Yes, I have most of it out. Guns ready. All set. None of the outlaws noticed that silver was increasingly uneasy and watching them closely. Now I can reach in with a barrel. What's that? Yeah. Look at this. Gold. We found it. Let them have it. As the outlaws rose, silver chard plunging against all three before they could fight their guns and their shots went wild. Come on, put over there. As the loon ranger and puddle ran up the bank, their guns were fighting. Stubb's gun arm was smashed by a bullet.  Slam, threw aside his weapon, raised his hands and shot it. Now shoot at the rangers. Oh, you plan to ambush us? Now wait, listen. This wasn't my idea. Was it your idea to move the guide post to Comanche Ford? No, no. Tony thought of that. He thought you two would ride in a quicksand.  Heaven, you'll pay for trying to kill us. My arm is broke. You're lucky to be alive. If I'd had a gun, you could use it like that masked man I'd have put a bullet through your head. Let's kill these crooks right here. You don't mean that, Bob. Right. No, I suppose I don't. We'll tie these men and breast their wounds. Then stand guard here while Tuttle rides the town to the sheriff. It was after dark when Tuttle returned from town, and bonfires lighted the area where the treasure had been found. The sheriff was with Tuttle. Also several deputies and a heavy wagon. After the prisoners were handcuffed and placed on the wagon, the sheriff said, These crooks will be in jail for a long time for a tempered murder. That's where they belong, Sheriff. What about the gold? Well, son, the men and I'll help you dig it up and we'll take it into town for safety. You found it on government land, and I'm not up on the laws about buried treasure. But I'm sure you four gents will get a big share of it. Tuttle and I are not the sheriff. Well, why not? If it hadn't been for you, we'd never have found it. Bob, I'm glad we were able to help you. Gold buried in the ground is of no use to anyone. But circulated, it will be a benefit to many people. Come on, Tuttle, our work is finished. Adios. Come on, Tuttle. Come on, Tuttle. Now, boys, whether it's the capturing of crooks or the finding of buried treasure, the best man to have on your side is the Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger, a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated, is produced by Kendall Campbell Muir Incorporated. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer, your announcer, Fred Boyd. Listen to the Lone Ranger brought to you by special recording Mondays through Fridays at this same time.


Is an architectural engineering major or architectural engineering degree worth it? That's what we're going to be talking about today. Is it going to be worth going $40,000 in student loan debt and spending four years of your time grinding away studying? And the way to answer that question is to first ask what exactly is architectural engineering? Well, architectural engineering is going to focus on the construction of buildings with a focus on the technological aspects. It's very similar to architecture with more of a focus on the structural aspects. And there's also a lot of similarities between architectural engineering and structural engineering. And depending on the program you go to, there's going to be more or less differences. So for instance, with structural engineering, you might focus on designing bridges and skyscrapers, buildings that really have to be sturdy. Whereas with architectural engineering, you'll focus more on the design of the inner part of the building and maybe even focus on what happens after the building is built. But the truth is with both of these different types of degrees, you'll likely be going into the same career paths and competing for a lot of the same jobs. Now with these videos, I like to consider four important aspects that you should consider with any major. And those are going to be salary, satisfaction, demand, and then x factors. Now, when it comes to salary, you can expect to make around $62,000 a year starting out and $98,000 in mid-career pay. You can compare this to a really good one and a bad one. And you'll see that it's above average, but not that impressive when you compare it to a lot of other engineering degrees. However, generally speaking, of course, everybody's different. I usually recommend going for a career where you can make at least 70 to $80,000 a year, just because studies have shown that that is going to maximize your happiness. Now one career path you might go down is becoming an architectural or engineering manager, and they make around $144,000 a year or $69 an hour. Another one you might end up going down is becoming a construction manager, and they make $95,000 a year or $45 an hour. So as you can see, they all pay really well. And when you look at engineering degrees over a lifetime over their entire career, you see that they make more than any other type of major. So according to the latest US census, they make around 3.5 million over a lifetime versus all other degrees and all other types of careers making around 2.4. So engineering degrees in general make a good amount of money. And there's usually quite a few different options for you. So for instance, if you want to make a ton of money, you can go in more of a leadership direction and become a manager. They always make more. Or if you're someone who wants more of a chill type nine to five job, you want to enjoy the rest of your life, you can go for more of a chill job and make a little bit less. But overall, I'm going to give this one a score of nine out of 10 when it comes to salary. Next, we are going to be talking about satisfaction. And this is a very important one. But it's also extremely subjective. And by that, I mean, it could be different for everyone. For one person, this could be a 10 out of 10, maybe buildings, you just absolutely love them.  And for another person, it might be a one out of 10, it would bore you to death. However, with this one, I like to focus on two things. And the first one is going to be meaning or how much you think your career positively impacts the world. And with architectural engineering, you can see that it has a meaning score of 58%. You can compare that to a really high meaning score and a really low one. And you'll see that it's a little bit above average. If you go to a specific career, like construction manager, for instance, you'll see that it's around 58%, which again, a little bit above average. And if you look at the job satisfaction, it's 74%, which is well above average if you compare it to a really good one and a really bad one. So it doesn't really pop off the page, you know, the meaning score is just decent, slightly above average. But at the same time, it's not horrible either. Now, when you look at the percentage of people who regret getting their college degree, engineering also scores really well. So they're the third least regretted type of major, only about 15% of people regret it. And the main reason is because the best jobs require advanced degrees. So as long as you watch my videos and you do your research and you make sure that you're not getting into a career where you're going to have to get a master's or a doctorate, you should be okay. Now I will say here, it's extremely subjective. Like I said, it depends on all sorts of different factors, the company you work for, the career you're in, the industry you're in, etc, are all going to have an effect on your happiness or your job satisfaction. However, with that being said, I am going to give this one a 7.5 out of 10. Next, we're going to be talking about demand. And this is basically how much demand is going to be out there on the market for somebody who has the skill set that this particular major teaches. Now, if you look at architectural and engineering manager, there's 198,000 jobs right now, and it's growing at 3%, which is average, meaning over the next 10 years, 5100 new jobs will be created. If you look at construction manager, there's 476,000 jobs, and it's growing at 8%, which is much faster than average. However, I will say that this is a relatively new and rare degree. So there aren't that many people out there that you would specifically call an architectural engineer. There's architects, and then there's engineers, but there's not that many architectural engineers. And this is a relatively rare degree. And so most of the people who become architectural engineers are basically just going to be consultants. Now, when you look up architectural engineering degree on something like monster.com, you'll see that around 9500 jobs pop up. Now you can compare that to computer science, which is a great one in anthropology where there's not much demand. And you'll see that it's somewhere in the middle. However, this is not a very well established degree. And just because of the fact that a lot of business owners and hiring managers aren't going to know exactly what you do, they're probably going to give precedence to some more common degrees that learn skills that might not even be as good as the skills you've learned, but they're just more familiar with hopefully that changes in the near future. But at this point, a lot of the time, they're probably just going to hire somebody that they're much more familiar with to do the same types of jobs. So overall for demand, I'm going to give this one a score of 7.5 out of 10. Next, we're going to be talking about x factors. And this is anything that's important that I didn't already go over. So like I mentioned before, when it comes to engineering, you're going to make around 3.5 million over a lifetime, which is the best by far. And that's a really good sign, but it gets even better because there's something magical about engineering related degrees. Even if you go into a career that has nothing to do with engineering, like an artist, for instance, you're still going to make around 3 million over a lifetime. And that's higher than any other type of degree out there. Same if you go into community service and legal, you'll make 3.2 million over a lifetime. So there's something magical about engineering degrees where even if you don't become an engineer, you're still going to make really good money. And I think that has a lot of different things that go into it, but it's well respected for one. And it does teach you really important practical problem solving skills. But on top of that, people who go into engineering tend to be really smart. So there's probably a little bit of correlation and causation, but whatever caused it, you can't deny the fact that engineering is a very well respected degree. And a lot of the time people will end up just hiring engineers because they know what they're getting. They're getting somebody who's really smart and hardworking, or at least that's what they think. Now, when it comes to skills, zip recruiter has a skills index. And of course, architectural engineering wasn't on there because it's so rare, but civil engineering is somewhat similar and it scored 61 out of 100. You can compare that to a really good one like software engineering is 88 out of 100 or one that's not so good like industrial sewing at eight out of 100. And you see that it's definitely coming out on the higher side. Now another thing is very important to talk about is automation and engineering degrees are pretty much some of the most automation proof types of majors that you can go for. I'm not going to get too much into the details. But as an engineer, a lot of the time, you're going to be on site, you're going to be touching things, you're going to be helping people with things, you're going to be communicating with all kinds of different people within the company. And so for instance, architectural engineering manager has about a 1.7% chance of being automated construction manager is 7% chance that is very, very low. And when it comes to automation and outsourcing as well, I don't think you have too much to worry about when it comes to engineering degrees, even if that career for whatever reason was automated or outsourced, the skills that you learn are going to be easily applicable to all kinds of other careers out there. And one thing that's also amazing about engineering degrees is they tend to make great entrepreneurs and that's why engineering majors create the most millionaires and billionaires. Engineering is basically just practical problem solving. And that's kind of what entrepreneurship is as well. Now another thing you should consider here, and I don't want to scare you or anything, but engineering degrees tend to be very difficult and architectural engineering is one of the most difficult ones. So keep that in mind. I don't want to scare you by any means, sometimes being difficult is a good thing, but it also does have a very high dropout rate. But overall, when it comes to x factors, I'm going to give this one a score of 8.5 out of 10. So when you add everything up and divide by four, you're going to get a score of 8.125 out of 10. And that is excellent. Of course, this is extremely subjective. It depends on the person. For one person, it might be the greatest degree ever. And for another, it might be the definition of hell. So one thing that I have to assume with this video, this is an assumption that I make, is that you are going to do your due diligence and make sure that you research, contact people who are in the careers that you're trying to go for and ask them if you should get the degree and ask them other relevant questions. However, if you've done your research, you know what you're getting yourself into, this one can be really good. If you're not 100% sure what you're doing or you're kind of know what you want to go for, maybe you should consider getting a civil engineering degree or maybe a mechanical engineering degree and then just take extra classes. This isn't one of the more flexible degrees and it's also not that well known. And so there are some downsides to that. If you want help doing research on degrees and you don't want to wait for one of my videos to come out, check out my college degree ranker down in the description below in my Patreon. I created it to make your research as easy as possible. And right now it's on version 1.1. I'm waiting until all the craziness in the world is over with hopefully. And then I'm going to create version two, which will be even better. If you haven't done it already, go ahead and gently tap the like button, hit the subscribe button, ring the notification bell and comment down below any thoughts, comments, criticisms, et cetera that you have on the video. Share the video. That always helps quite a bit. And don't leave. Check out my other videos right here. I made them just for you.


No place on earth harbors more species, more mysteries, more oddities than the Amazon jungle. Yet few species of plant or animal evoke the fascination of a common-looking leaf that grows at the jungle's edge. A leaf with extraordinary powers. Cross four millennia and the natives have chewed the leaf, warding it in their cheeks, unlocking a stimulant once treasured by the Incas. Today the leaf prized by Indians is turned by modern alchemy into a devilish, white gold, cocaine. Five times more valuable than gold itself. As in other ages, a source of riches begets violence, anguish, even desperate experiments. Led by Jean-Michel Cousteau, a calypso team sets out on a special mission for the source of a present-day calamity, a hidden jungle underworld obsessed not with gold or jewels, but leaves of the cocoa bush, leaves invested with a terrible magic. Once patrolled by Indian hunters, the Cousteau team watches police stalk a new quarry, a cocaine producer to study wildlife. Calypso teams discover a remote world in combat. Over a drug, calypso, on the main Amazon, the teams report their findings to Captain Cousteau. Cocaine problems confront them everywhere along the expedition route, Jean-Michel says. Ruthlessly, smugglers threaten even missionaries. Cousteau wonders if the cocaine is produced locally. The leaves are grown and the first processing step takes place in the jungle. The Peruvian newspapers reveal a preponderance of cocaine articles, a hundred million dollar deal, a trial killed and then stuffed with cocaine by smugglers. Proposing an unusual expedition into this dangerous underworld, Jean-Michel explains that all the world's cocaine comes from the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia, Peru and Colombia, then is smuggled to the United States and increasingly to Europe. Cousteau endorses the mission as a part of Calypso's overall study of Amazonia. Though forest is being cleared to grow coca, exacerbating erosion problems, the greater menace is to human ecology. We cannot be indifferent, he says, to the internal pollution of man. Yet there is a final caution. Take extreme care among traffickers who protect their anonymity with guns. We must do something about it. The coca has been chewed for thousands of years, but really these plants are cultivated to prepare the coca paste. The coca paste is an intermediate phase of the preparation of cocaine hydrochloride. Hydrochloride is the pure cocaine, it's the white powder. They prepare the coca paste using sulfuric acid, kerosene, sodium benzoate and other chemicals. The coca paste is used as smoking or it is the pure hydrochloride is sniffed or injected into the vein. Once it is developed it goes into the brain and it produces at first a very marked stimulation.  Cocaine has killed many people in South America and in North America. How many cigarettes a day? Eighty. Eighty? Eighty. Did some of his friends die? Yes, what if his friends died? They had spent three or four nights without sleeping as they smoked coca paste. His friend continued until he passed out and his heart stopped. Scientists have reported unusual cocaine addiction in animals when given the opportunity to self-administer the drug. How unusual is this and how does it compare to man? Monkeys given free access to cocaine will self-administer the drug until they die. This compulsive behavior is very similar to that of man self-administering cocaine. Yet in the Peruvian Andes the team learns that an entire culture has long chewed the same leaves that yield cocaine. Today some would ban coca chewing, others defend it. I consider that these are two different problems. The growing of coca leaves for human consumption as coca leaves is a different thing completely from cultivating coca leaves to produce cocaine or coca paste. We do need coca leaves because it's part of the culture. In other words, millions of people must have coca. Oh yes, yes, definitely thanks. For four thousand years they have been chewing it and enjoying it and using it as a part of their social customs and etiquette. In order to combat something that is bad for the United States we cannot step on the rights of our poor people. Do you consume coca leaves? Well, I don't belong to that culture. When I go to visit their homes or I go to the field with them, I chew coca. When the first pharaohs arose in Egypt, Indian natives were already chewing coca. Today three to four million descendants of the Inca Empire, the Quechua, still treasure coca is a mild stimulant. Chewing it, steeping it for tea or medicine. They believe it essential for heavy work at high altitudes and for relief from hunger and cold. Though some critics charge that coca chewing fosters a passive society doomed to poverty, governments still permit the cultivation and sale of coca for personal use. Among natives whose culture it permeates, to do otherwise would undoubtedly provoke widespread revolt. Coca leaves holder, mystical allure, are charged with the energy of life itself. In remote Colombian jungle, Yakuna Indians gather each year to pay homage to their gods with gifts of coca. Anthropologist Martin van Hildebrand and Cousteau team member Arturo Calvo will observe a ceremony seen by few outsiders. Like priests preparing wafers or communion, villagers first toast their sacred offering. Others fashion totem masks to incarnate the animal spirits they believe own the jungle's resources and share them with man. When dry, the coca leaves are reduced to powder. Next, sycropia leaves are burned to a limey ash that enhances the effects of coca. Now in the Maloka or central house, the liturgy begins. The ritual will last for 20 hours, a marathon of dance, food and coca. The Yakunas believe they briefly partake of the mind of the spirits, the vital energy of nature. Symbolically sharing it with the animal gods, they give thanks for the jungle's bounty. They give mystical societies only in ritual will the Yakunas consume large doses of their sacred drug. Yet the leaf that transports them to the world of the gods takes others far beyond their villages. On a passage into hell, it's isolation. Countless Indians today harvest coca, not for medicine men, but for drug merchants who invade the jungle like modern conquistadors. A teacher who turned cocaine dealer agrees to speak anonymously with the Cousteau team. For three years he has bought leaves from Indians producing coca paste. Even the police here are corrupt, he says, blackmailing Indians and small coca farmers. Perhaps the only authority who doesn't pay to be assigned here is the bishop. Where does the coca go? Carvaless. The United States consumes most of it. Organized crime families transported from hidden airstrips in the jungle. There's no mystery. Everyone knows that. They take it to the United States. Even though most cocaine moves in small planes or boats, smugglers use a thousand ploys. Narcotic squads learn that a clay souvenir plate can be 75% cocaine. As a drug can be pressed between the sides of a phonograph record, concealed in the heel of a shoe in a child's doll, in a pineapple, in a flashlight battery. To stop the ever greater northward flow of cocaine, the United States sends millions of dollars to outfit and train young narcotics police in South America. Yet that task is formidable in one of the world's most lawless towns, Tingo Maria, Peru, called by dealers, the white city. Despite threats from drug lords, Jean Michel and his team fly to the coca capital of Tingo Maria. Here 95% of the population is involved in the illicit coca trade. Once rich in food crops, the valley around Tingo Maria now grows little more than coca. We're making our mission by accompanying a narcotic squad as observers. An old farmer has been arrested for growing and selling coca illegally. His field will now be destroyed. Having at his farm, we find only a half acre of coca bushes, worth a few hundred dollars a year. In an experiment, agents will destroy the coca with herbicides, then we turn the farmer to jail. A great wealth from coca is in the hands of traffickers, but punishment falls to the poor who cannot buy freedom. Facing months or years in jail, he tells us that he grows coca only for chewing. I need it, he says. I was taught to chew it as a young boy. There seems a fine line between villain and victim. Police too fall victim to ambush or deadly surprise. In another farm, a common hazard, a tripwire, is sighted. Looks like it could be one of those booby traps. The type of booby traps they show us at their place. Yeah, look at that thing. I'm sure it's very nice. Yeah? Yeah. Did you see that? It came apart. Goodness. Think what that could do to your leg or... Pretty dangerous. Not to say the least. And it's a... That's what they always look like. A plumbing pipe. With some kind of wood. Yeah, a rat trap. With Cousteau expedition leader Dominic Soumian following, the team hurries to find what the booby trap protected. Behind a wall of trees, they find a primitive refinery, even now turning coca leaves to coca paste. In a plastic lined pit, the narcotic in coca leaves is leached out by kerosene treated with sulfuric acid. The residue is coca paste smuggled elsewhere and refined to cocaine. The tiny refinery is destroyed, but the pacemaker is escaped to quickly fashion another. The young captain has spotted two suspects at a roadside cantina. The clue of bag abandoned as the police cars approached, tuition or pure luck. The squad happens upon two possible couriers. Confiscates seven pounds of paste, merely a drop in the sea of cocaine. In the country, there are 50,000 hectares of illicit coca crops. The 125,000 acres of illicit coca in this country can produce 620,000 pounds of paste, yet relatively little is confiscated. So to think the police alone can solve the problem would be naive. At a bus stop in Tingo Maria, we witness another happenstance arrest. Two young mothers, 18 and 25 years old, were searched on the policeman's hunch. They were carrying coca paste for a stranger who hired them to deliver it to Lima. Like many here, they know little of the faraway effects of the drug. The younger girl now learns heartbreaking news. To this young lady, for example, I understand that she's going to be now in jail for 10 to 15 years. She tells us they would have been paid the equivalent of $75 to ride the bus with the paste. She needed the money to feed her baby. She has no husband. The other mother understood the risk, but she has five children and her husband left her for another woman. I think of the drug victims half the world away tormented as they try to escape reality. And the victims here trapped as they try to escape poverty. Neither knows the existence of the other, yet both are preyed upon by the drug mafia. Today, two young mothers are about to lose everything. Their freedom, their youth, and even the unimaginable, the babies they were desperate to feed. Somewhere a drug peddler lost two pounds of paste. Easily replaced. The price leads to the Tingle Maria prison, who are felons. Most are youths who simply struck a devil's bargain, carried a bag of cocoa paste to earn a few dollars, and were caught. Built for 60 inmates, the prison now holds 200. In a mere corral without cells, they will stay on average 10 years, dine on manioc soup and bread each day, and wait. As Dominic Sumian sees, young mothers serve time in a separate room. Their infants, when old enough, will be sent to the prison. Their infants, when old enough, will be sent to families outside. Sumian recognizes a baby, now two months older, and a girl still wearing the dress she put on for a bus ride to Lima. The cocoa paste that puts poor farmers and mothers behind bars now imprisons others in a grim addiction. Dr. Martin Nizama shows us what has become the worst drug problem in Peru, common cigarettes in which cocoa paste has replaced most of the tobacco. In an outlying area of Tingle Maria, called Little Chicago, an addict allows us to watch as he prepares one of a hundred paced cigarettes he may smoke in a day. Once merely an export, cocoa paste is boomerang-backed on South American society, spreading like an epidemic among an entire generation. Yet in smoking the unrefined paste, they consume as well the kerosene and the chemicals that still taint it. The result is often not only compulsive smoking, but brain damage. Once a college student, the young man before us now seems a lost soul. To tell the truth, he says, I don't even remember my age. I was born in January, but I don't remember the year. I studied to be an electronics engineer, but once people see you like this, they don't give you work. This vice, unfortunately, is easy to enter. It is hard to get out. In desperation or compelled by families, some paced addicts seek help at narcotic treatment centers. Why are you here? I'm here because consuming drugs. First, marijuana. I liked it very much. After I tried with cocoa paste, that is more dangerous. You were not scared? At the beginning, I was scared. But you did it again, huh? I did it again many times. Well, you've been having problems with drugs for 12 years, and you're trying. I know you're trying to get out of this.   Yet so few escape the addiction that parents in despair now turn to radical and experimental therapies. Obsessed with the need to buy cocoa paste, smokers often steal and sell the belongings of their families. To support his habit, one young man robbed taxis, brandishing a blank cartridge pistol. Using massive doses of tranquilizers for months at a time without his patient's knowledge, one lemur's psychiatrist reduces addicts to a near infantile state, then tries to restructure their attitudes, while depriving them of cocoa paste. Finally, the addict is reintegrated into his family. We have a family parents club here. We meet every Monday. There are more than 50 families. The problem is terrible, really, very terrible. Can I ask you a personal question? Yes, sir. You think that at the very beginning of the problem of your son, you did the right thing for your son? Well, I had to say the problem was three, four years ago. I talked with all several people, doctors, priors, religious for their church. And they said, well, the boy is 24 years old, who is a real man. You don't have much responsibility over him. But in that, I forced it to him. When I go out, I throw out for the house. You take out the house in order to force him to work for himself. But the problem was the medicine was worse than illness. So you agree you did the wrong thing? Yes. How come the patients are not aware of the fact that this medicine is put in their food? No, he's taking medicine. But he knows that as vitamins. Your child has been driving without him knowing about it? Sure, no, he knows nothing. We give him the medicine, vitamin from Houston. Astronaut, we call astronaut vitamins.  For those considered irrecoverable, surgery was begun. I accept it as an extreme method, he says. I prefer the classical methods. Those deemed irrecoverable are 16 years old.  To protect his identities, he speaks to Jean-Michel. A mask is fashioned. He is called simply patient 29. As Jean-Michel learns, in a matter of hours, the boy will undergo the 29th singulatomy performed in Peru. He and his family have chosen it as a last resort, fearful of the consequences, more afraid of the addiction that killed his brother. When was the decision made, when did he finally decide to go ahead with it? The idea is to alter behavior by altering the brain, deep in the core of the brain. Cocaine artificially stimulates the same mechanisms that provide us with a sense of pleasure as we satisfy hunger, thirst, or the sex drive. Yet cocaine induces a fierce craving. The theory is that to remove part of the singulum, containing transmission lines between the brain's center of pleasure and conscious behavior is to remove the craving. Few operations in the world provoke such vehement arguments. Night the radical surgery also eliminates life's other pleasurable sensations. It's a question not lost on the young patient. Telling that we are with him. Good luck. In a five hour operation never before documented on film, doctors now attempt to alter behavior mechanisms in the brain of our new friend. Learned man huddle over a living mind, preparing to tamper with emotional circuitry only dimly understood. I wonder at the audacity. Are we witnesses to human progress or recklessness? Right or wrong, the operation is a testament to cocaine's power. Desperate to loosen the drug's grip, a society is now willing even to enthrone dangerously into the sanctity of the brain. Five weeks later, I again visit patient number 29. I share an afternoon with him, playing innocent games, talking of jobs of his future, laughing. His personality senses and intellect appear sound. Yet a year later, we learn further proof of cocaine's insidiousness. Half of the single-otomy patients have relapsed into cocaine addiction. One of them is patient number 29. As the casualties mount among Peru's young people, authorities seek to convince the public that progress is being made. In Lima, police investigators display a stockpile of drugs seized in only a few months. As government representatives in the press watch, the bags are tested for the presence of cocaine. Each bag is tagged with a number. Each number corresponds to a suspect, now held in prison, whose future depends on a chemist's finding. Positive or negative, each bag is tagged with a number. Each number corresponds to a suspect, now held in prison, whose future depends on a chemist's finding. Positive or negative, loaded in an open truck, the bags amount to more than three tons of coca paste, with a street value estimated at $15 million. The truck now carries a contraband fortune through the streets of Lima, bound for an incinerator. Go up in smoke. Yet the ceremony is a measure of failure, as well as success. Despite the fanfare, this is merely three tons of illicit coca paste, out of the 300 tons produced annually in Peru alone. There is a haunting sense of futility to the scene before us. The people try to read themselves of a menace, bearing white bags, as their ancestors bore sacrificial offerings. Yet efforts to intercept the traffic may hold only 10% of the cocaine streaming into society, probably less, and each year production expands. We need radar, planes, helicopters and arms, says the Minister of Interior, so we can fight the drug traders. Frustrated by the endless flow of cocaine, undermanned, outspanned by rich drug cartels, some authorities would raise veritable armies to conquer cocaine. Yet some question whether such a valuable substance producing remote regions too large to police can ever be stopped. At the presidential palace in Lima, I talk with the President of Peru. What appears to be a real problem which has ramifications all the way out to other countries, particularly the United States? There are many things for which we are very grateful. Grateful for literature, art, technology, medicine, many things. But we are certainly not grateful for the manufacturing of cocaine, which is a foreign enterprise in Peru. And then the consumer countries are sent here with money and weapons. So, I believe this is a problem more of the consuming countries than of the producing countries. Which the consuming countries borders must be crossed. Major South American airports are today the scenes of a tense cat-and-mouse game with high stakes. Those of travelers, customs agents, try to detect a growing number of drug runners. Those believed to fit a smuggler's profile are subject to thorough searches. Could the powdered milk be cocaine? Or is it concealed in the stuffed alligator? The agents are lucky. And suddenly tension mounts as all await the tell-tale blue reaction of cocaine. Yet most cocaine escapes detection, reaches distribution centers like Miami and proliferates. 5,000 Americans try cocaine for the first time every day. Dr. Nass, the cocaine situation today brings to mind the opium world in the mid-19th century. Opium, in great quantities, was carried from India and dispersed into China by British traders. Though the Chinese tried to ban the opium, the traffic was protected by the British military. When Chinese commissioner Lin Zushu ordered 1,300 tons of opium dumped into the sea, it triggered a series of wars concluded by the Treaty of Tianjing, which legalized the opium trade in China. 75 million Chinese became addicted to the narcotic. A British civil servant claimed, China is now asleep for a century. The Western world may enter such a decline if we do not react against a major threat of what may be called someday the cocaine war. Perhaps such a war is underway already, deep in the Colombian Amazon in March 1984. An army video camera records the largest drug rate in history, nearly 14 tons of pure cocaine, worth well over a billion dollars, with planes that a cache of weapons believed imported for leftist guerrilla fighters. Cocaine now also supports insurgent armies and is sent northward to the United States by some jungle militants to poison the population of a perceived enemy. The Kusto team asks, are you worried about the effects of cocaine on other countries such as the United States? No, the trafficker says. Because a lot of us consider this is a way of responding to the attack of imperialism in South America. It's a cultural response. If a lot of people are going to die here because of imperialist policies from the United States, a lot of people there are going to die from cocaine. This is war. It is a sad irony that we too often misuse a gift of nature. Turn energy to explosive, turn medicine to menace. The alcaloid extracted from coca leaves is the only naturally occurring local anesthetic on earth. Yet from this potential blessing, we manufacture a misbegotten magic.  Those who turned to cocaine often seek the euphoric sense of success and power that eludes them in reality and find themselves in stated drift in oblivion. Yet man has survived the ages, conquered other agonies using a different source of magic ultimately greater than any other. It is the power to understand and to overcome. It is the hope of the hopeless. It is the human mind. The cocaine problem or for more information, please call any of the following toll-free numbers 1-800-241-7946 1-800-554-KIDS or 1-800-COCAIN