You know, sometimes in a typical week I'd have two to three practices, and that seems like a lot, but actually it's not really a lot because at those practices that's when I unwind and de-stress from all the stresses you often find in university life. You know, that's quite important to do in university.


You did it in me That's my girl. She's got bit by the fishing bug first fish ever was a crappie That was interesting That made daddy you want to catch a fish again, or you want to go fast?  Amy catching her first fish And it just so happens to be tasty Stephanie just captured it on her phone, but I got to tell you guys The way this went down the first time the first time we tried to get her on her fish. It was bad It was not a good Moment I got scolded. We were actually both in the kayak We ended up losing the fishing pole it anyway, just let's just roll it.   I Wondering if we need like a bobber and a hook situation You know or if I mean catching a fish on your lure for the first one is like Oh my gosh rolling rolling says the fish This is my best friend Craig and his son.  Look rolling says a crappie. That's awesome That's precious that was I was like no way give me a fist bump buddy. Good job Nice later crappie All right, all right, Amy, I think we need to put a rooster tail What's wrong? I mean what's wrong in order to catch when you got to reel it in? You got to keep casting and really Okay, I mean so This is your first snag That's awesome with a milestone first egg first snag.  He's just not doing it She's like this is all my fault and be a patient dad Amy wants to go for a boat ride so we put a live jacket on her. We're gonna hop in the yak. Amy. You ready to go? All right, okay, hang on tight Haha, daddy's trying to get you a fish That you got jerked into the water baby I'm sorry So anyway, we ended up having to order more fishing poles But Emmy has been just hanging out the house practicing or casting and not by me saying you know Giving it to her or anything like my mom actually got her these little fishing poles I thought it would be fun to try to get her on her first fish today Show you guys what what the deal is here we're just here on our on our local lake and Just island over some brush piles. I found a bunch of crappie. I knew they weren't very big But I thought probably the perfect size for any so I tied her on a little eighth ounce crappie jig and I threw it out there and I could see the fish on live scope and the first one that hooked up It was fighting pretty hard. I think it was like a 12-inch crappie and she said I can't do it I can't do it and anyway the fish ended up coming off and I said Amy We got to get re rigged so she picked out her own color Blue and chartreuse with the pink jig head and we threw it out there again, and she just caught her first one So Real real real come on come on Munkin around Daddy's gonna help you. No, you got it baby. You got it. Look look look look look look look. It was hard, wasn't it? Don't you mean do you want to catch another one or do you just want to cast it?  Yeah, as long as as long as they're having fun.  Well, we're on the fish right now, baby. We've been going fast all morning trying to find them Now it's time to slow down and catch him She's kind of like you just spends more than like five minutes on spot. She's ready to go. I gotta tell you what I'm gonna I'm gonna need to take that pole and I'm gonna need to cast it out there and get another fish on Do you want a real one in at least? You want to do it yourself? Yeah, she just fished me Daddy's gonna bring in a fish on the more on a pole. I'm sorry. This is frozen.  Well, I don't Watch out those are the spikes. Yeah You got anything you want to say to that fishy? You want to give it a hug?  Oh, I like that. Okay. Say bye-bye fishy There he goes That was cool. I saw the fish coming in on lives ago. I thought we might have a chance at one I think it was really tugging though. I might have pulled it out of her hand Okay, Amy You done fishing for the day one and done you're an easy customer You want mama real in the next one?  Do you want to reel it in? Yeah? Yeah, I don't want you really didn't either Daddy wants it Oh, you got one must be really tiny real real real You got a crappie Didn't even feel like it was all I saw the fish. That's the one Amy supposed to catch. Oh, Amy. This was your fish This was your film. He's getting dizzy Go the folks at home. Okay? Okay? Okay? He's that funny I Had that fish on didn't even know I didn't even know it's hard to feel Is I was like, I don't think I have anything on there. I watched the fish come off of the brush pile and And hit your bait and I was like, do you have them? No Go ahead smash that like button. I actually aren't looking massively pregnant You got you got the wind behind you though doing a flow if you stand the other way you still like stand into the wind Something went wrong Yeah, mama didn't catch one. That's it went wrong in me. My cast went wrong. You just want to dangle your feet You want to go fast? My gosh, look at all the white bass out here, holy moly, holy moly moly moly Hey, what are we doing guys? What are we doing? Finding these these stools of white bass because I caught my first fish when I was about three years old on the Tennessee River With white bass on a Snoopy ball and the reason I was able to catch them is because there were so many Yeah, yeah, I caught a white bass was my first fish And there were so many there. I just like plopped it in the water. Ooh won't hit it We literally have that right here. Like if you just take a look at the electronics here folks There's hundreds of fish down there My daughter is she just wants to go fast She's only interested in going fast and casting. She doesn't want to reel. She doesn't want to catch that honey I mean, I mean what in the doves look at them all I never want to force fishing on any of my children I want them to enjoy it and you know if I sat here got into fish mode for like an hour and she's baking and Disinterested even if they're jumping in the boat Ruins it for life.  So it's kind of nice, you know that way I get to drop them off right now.   So cool Sometimes when they get finicky if you do that lift and they just follow it right up and then you hold it That's when they bite it instead of just dead stick. Oh There's another one So we've activated the school now Yeah keepers Little keepers but keepers. Oh, that's what got him. Oh, I watched him on the life scope Just that hard pop Couldn't stand it. Oh, yeah, he's on it got him. Oh my gosh Just giving him that hard Torque on him. Well, I'm just out here learning some things right now y'all just working some things out on The dangle just appreciate you guys being here Back from our dangle and it's time to cook them up. Maybe you're ready to get in the pool Just having all sorts of fun in the water activities today When we go to Mimi's I need you to tell Big C That you caught a fish today.  It's a little confusing because there was also the first day today I I she helped me make coffee for the first time So I walked her through that and then and then we caught our first grubby And I also saw my dad LFD who she knows his big C on the water today He was in his kayak and he knew we were going out there. So He knows he knows that she was going fishing, but he does not know He's gonna be Did you get to drive the boat You did Family initiation She's one of us Good night girls Give me five eggs. Not bad. Well. Thank you guys for tuning in to a special day on the water For me and the whole family just getting to watch me catch her first fish on the lake and it was a crappie So pretty awesome. I think next time We'll have to get her a little bit a little bit better set up So that that little Snoopy pole call them Snoopy pole because they used to all be Snoopy I think was getting a little sticky little grindy When it had some some resistance on it, but anyway, just awesome getting to watch her catch Her first fish and have a good time on the lake. She absolutely loves the boat and here in a couple months We're gonna have to we're gonna have two kiddos here at the tree house So things are gonna get wild and it's so crazy to think about when I started this channel so many years ago I had no idea I'd be doing a video all these years later With my daughter catching her first fish so crazy just so many blessings. Thank you guys so much for being here all these years go ahead and smash that like button for family fishing and I will see you guys on the next one


Now quick backstory. Back in 2016, I had a 9-5 as a project manager. I was making about 75k a year, but I did not like the job. I hated going into work every day, and I just knew it wasn't a long-term thing. So while I was at that job, I would take a portion of my salary and use it to fund my online business. My first successful online business was actually an e-commerce business, where I was selling physical products. The first product I sold was an Amazon FBA product. I had to buy 10,000 units up front, it actually sold out. And it was a knockoff of a Yeti Tumblr. I have a couple of the products here. These are my first products I ever sold, and this was my first ever online business.


Hello, my name is Rainie Girden and I'm a computation biologist who has been working with Galaxy Works since March of 2021. As we all know, Galaxy is a critical platform for bioinformatics analysis that has long supported workflow design, sharing, and reproducibility. With its growing community, Galaxy has seen an increase in the number of published workflows, not only on public galaxies, but also in papers. However, as the number of published workflows grows, so does the barrier of entry for users looking for the best workflow to perform a particular analysis. The recently formed workflows working group aims to address this with a set of vetted workflows. In this talk, the Galaxy workflow team aims to share our experience developing Galaxy Pro workflows, a set of Galaxy workflows that have been thoughtfully created, operationally validated, and seeded for user consumption on the Galaxy Pro platform. Each pro workflow is developed through a nine-stage process that ensures its quality. In this talk, we will cover each of the listed steps. Identifying the cornerstone tools of your workflow is the first step to take. Make a list of tools, ideally preferring those with published benchmarking data, then verify if the desired tools are available in the Galaxy tool shed. When a tool or version is not available, the latest tool version should be wrapped and then submitted to the tools intergalactic utilities commission GitHub repo. In our experience, this whole process generally takes about several weeks, and then workflow creation can begin. Here, all imported tools and or sub workflows are strung together. In our experience, sub workflows have been an important and intuitive organizational tool for our pro workflows. Their use allow for workflow and tool compartmentalization into smaller reasonable chunks and helps prevent main workflows from becoming overly complex spiderwebs. They are created in the same manner as main workflows, but are generally more limited in their scope. Next would be to identify sample data. It is extremely important to find good, recent publicly available test data for a workflow to allow for both robust and reproducible testing of the published workflow. Great resources for identifying testing data sets are the NCB ISRA and the European Nucleotide Archive. Metrics about the quality of the test data should be collected using quality control tools like VASQC, to ensure accurate and truthful benchmarking. All pro workflows must have a user manual, and this documentation must clearly include the required input files and parameters needed to run the workflow, the expected outputs from a successful run, a brief description of the workflow's logic and the tools used, and finally citations for the major tools. It is recommended that an example run of the workflow also be demonstrated in the workflow documentation. Alongside this is a quick start guide, a short document generally implemented as an interactive galaxy page that synthesizes the minimum requirements in a step-by-step list for running a pro workflow. This document includes instructions on data and reference data upload, on formatting this data, and on selection of the desired workflow along with the settings of any pertinent parameters in the workflow's tools. This document aims to provide users with a quick startup guide that allows them to set up a run of their data of interest through a workflow all in under 15 minutes. This will allow for easier testing of different pro workflows for compatibility with their desired analysis. At the end of a pro workflow, there is a report template that collects and displays data from the workflow in a standardized way. Apart from providing this data in a human-friendly and readable format, standardized reports facilitate an ecosystem of reproducibility and data accessibility. These report templates aim to help users get a high-level understanding of their results at a glance. Once a workflow is operational, datasets for quality benchmarking can be obtained. It is best practiced to evaluate analysis results versus a known truth so that the quality of the results can be assured. These datasets can be either found by identifying publicly available datasets with trustworthy published analysis results or made by simulating sequencing data from a pre-established ground truth and evaluating based on that. It is also important to conduct resource usage benchmarking on the workflow, notably in terms of runtime and CPU and memory usage. By running the workflow with different parameters and on different data and measuring their respective resource usage, this benchmarking aims to provide the user with a high-level insight on what their prospective analyses could need in terms of resources and runtime. The diverse runs during benchmarking are also a great occasion for gathering sample results from different combinations of inputs and parameters. Sample results are an important feature of the pro workflow. They provide an example of expected outputs allowing users to determine the compatibility of the workflow with their desired analysis without having to run the workflow themselves. The last steps in this process are then to ensure one, reference data availability and two, setup of automated testing. Just like the sample data, the reference data used in the published workflow must be accessible and readily available to the user for the sake of reproducibility and future workflow testing. And finally, while our confidence in our workflow is high at the moment, it is important to create automated workflow tests to ensure and facilitate its continued maintenance. These tests are generally run on a small subset of input data and they aim to determine if the component tools are installed correctly, working as expected and are producing the expected results. These testing data sets must be small enough to be distributed alongside the workflow through version control software such as on GitHub, wherever possible. Now, the Galaxyworks team would like to share the current pro workflows. Here are simple flow step representations of each workflow in a quick synopsis of the two sample RNA-seq differential expression workflow. RNA-seq reads are used to compare expression levels between samples to determine which genes are differentially expressed between tested conditions. RNA-seq reads are pre-processed by the tool FastP and then analyzed to produce quantitative estimates of transcript abundances using the tool Salmon. From there, the tool DE-seq2 compares expression levels between samples in different conditions. Finally, the differential expression tables produced here are used to generate both a filtered differential expression table of only significantly differentially expressed genes and a volcano plot illustrating the log-full change and corrected p-values. As a thank you to the Galaxy community, we'd like to contribute these three pro workflows to the IWC and the Workflows Working Group as a seed for the library to be developed there.


money follows confidence. So if you want to make more money, become more confident. Now, how do we become more confident? Most of the marketing that's out there, I find, teaches us a lot of fake confidence, doesn't it? Fake it till you make it. You know, use hype to get sales and then, you know, figure out how to serve them at that level later. It's not, eventually you'll burn out from that kind of fake confidence. Whether you make money or not, and a lot of fake confidence doesn't make money.   I'm holding this video, holding this phone by hand, so it's gonna be short video. So let's talk about how to generate authentic confidence. I feel like this is really what I take a stand for, that I really am trying to help all of you do. For example, I don't look like the typical Instagram influencer or YouTube influencer. Look at me. I'm dressed in this sweatshirt.  Got this at Goodwill for maybe $10. I wear really cheap shirts. I think I'm almost trying to, well, this is comfortable. That's why I wear it. And I don't really care how I look because I have found that even if I turn people off by how I look, okay, let's say I turn Joe off by how I look. And Joe says, oh, I looked at George's website. Doesn't look that great. I looked at his videos. He doesn't look very polished to put together. So Joe leaves. So Joe says, yeah, I checked out George and I don't think I can learn marketing from this guy who doesn't look so polished. But then Sarah, who might feel some energy signature with me, yeah, George doesn't look polished, but there's something about his stuff that makes me want to keep on watching or keep on reading. And Sarah reads my stuff and like, oh my gosh, gets a lot of benefit from it, continues to follow me. She meets Joe and says, Joe, you got to take another look at George. I know you looked at it before. It didn't look impressive to you. But please take another look. And then Joe is also going to hear about me from Mary and from Mike and from Susan and from Bill. Joe is going to hear about me from all these different people. And Joe is finally going to take another look and a third look and a fifth look. And that's when Joe says, okay, I get it now. I can overlook the non polish.  And I can get the benefit.  I have found that to be true for the last five years ever since I switched my marketing from Polish and looking persuasive and professional and all that stuff. Five years ago, I made a dramatic shift and I said, you know what? It's exhausting to, to, to pretend. And so I'm just going to be myself. I'm going to address, you know, whatever's comfortable. Some people might call this PJs or whatever. I'm going to address myself, be comfortable. And I'm going to win people over because I have good skills because I have good things to offer them aside from the polish. And yeah, even for a marketing teacher to, to purposely not be polished is like, is like, it's kind of dramatic. But I find that, you know, I'm trying to prove the point that if even a marketing expert, even if even me, a marketing expert can make more than a $100,000 a year consistently, right? I still do. I built my business one side restarted my business five years ago. I had a big drop and I made it. Now I make over a hundred grand a year.  If you like dressing up and putting makeup on, wonderful, then you have an advantage over other people. But if you don't like dressing up or putting makeup on or whatever, you don't have to. If you don't have a great looking website, you don't have to. Okay. You can win people over because of your authentic confidence and how do we develop authentic confidence? We practice. We practice our skills and we, and we serve as many people, whoever wants to be served by us in the beginning, it may be volunteer for other people. Okay. But we serve people, practice our skills until our skills get so good that we can clearly see the impact we're making on other people and that generates authentic confidence. This is why it's important when you're first starting out, don't get hung up, that you have to charge certain rates. You would rather be doing the work for free than to, because you want to generate authentic confidence and notice the impact you're making on other people. And the more confidence you have, the more you will be happy to speak a high rate with confidence because you know how damn good you are. Okay. And the other thing about authentic confidence is some kind of spiritual practice that helps you to ease up on yourself. Blame because especially spiritual people blame themselves more than just about any other people. Oh, I should, I should know better by now. Oh, I should have gotten all this together by now. How many years have I been working on this and I'm still like this? So much self blame and self blame is not actually spiritual, right?  You are no good for me. So I'm not going to blame myself. And instead, I'm just going to calmly say, What's the lesson I can learn here? Or the other the other reaction, which I've honed over the years is like, just ignoring self blame.  And I just say, Hey, what's the lesson I can learn from this? Okay, so that I can practice, hopefully practice a little bit better next time. Even if I don't practice better next time, it's okay. What can I learn? I might have to learn the same lesson 5000 times until I practice again better. It's okay how many I also think of to myself, I have the rest of my life took to practice. I have the rest of eternity to practice. So there's no rush. There's no rush. You can make as many mistakes as you want. You'll always be taken care of. And what I mean when I say that I don't mean you have to have a trust fund, I don't have a trust fund, I have to make all the money to survive, pay off my debts, live my all the money I live with, I have to make myself. But so most of us don't have a trust fund if you do congratulations. But if you don't, just know that you will be taken care of by spirit, no matter what, you're here to practice. And with practice comes authentic confidence. No need for self blame at all. Just keep practicing. I hope this is helpful. My arm is getting tired. So I'll let you go for today. But I wish for you authentic confidence. Take care.


The United States is advocating press freedom and access to factual and accurate information by independent media. Speaking at an event to mark World Press Freedom Day, the public affairs officer of the U.S. consulate Stephen Ibelli explained that the United States considers a free press to be a foundation of democratic governance. A correspondent Uyume Afia reports. It's a gathering of media professionals and students. The U.S. consulates in collaboration with Media Career Development Network, put together this event to mark this year's World Press Freedom Day. The discussion panel focuses more on the important role that free and responsible media plays in shaping and maintaining a democracy. And immigrants who became more American than the native-born American. What I found very touching about or very instructive about the documentary is understanding of what needs to be in a newspaper or a magazine. At the reach and the powerful, he also made sure that he paid a lot of attention to the everyday people. Beyond all of that, he understood that mass media meant to be something that people can use. He said that he was a man who could not be bribed or bullied. How many publishers or CEOs of media houses in our contemporary world can actually be that strong enough if something is wrong is wrong, he was actually looking for wrongdoing. If there was a wrongdoing somewhere, if there was corruption anywhere, he was happy to expose it. We are present in very harsh environment and that is why I tell people, if you complain that the journalists are not doing much, you probably are not feeling the heat as much as they do. People who sacrifice their time, their family, and take their life for others, when you say because you believe that if both the society saw you, and what is the society that decides using your craft to better that society? The practice of the job that got into my subconscious, there are times when we get information. We have, let me give an example, you have state house corresponded and something happens, the state house corresponded calls to say, this has happened. You still cannot use until you get the official statement because you work for government. If you find something you think is looking like the truth, I have a few people who I know are very good at jettas, no matter how truthful it looks, it should learn how to match it. And then, like he said, take away emotions, when to emotional. In all, the access to honest information and the dissimulation of same without prejudice, no doubts remain the strength of a democratic setting. We may have your plus TV news.


Thank you all three of you for your excellent work and let's jump right into the discussion of like all the many challenges and exciting opportunities we have in India. And one thing that I really stood out to me in like Sima's talk in the closing remarks is like the diversity in the uptake of ecosystem service-based approaches or natural based approaches throughout India is really huge, right? So we have like some places that are really champions and that have like a long lasting tradition of applying such reasoning. But we have also these huge environmental challenges that the country faces and often in the West we mainly think about a series of like problems and like huge catastrophes and so on. But we don't really see so much of the opportunities. And I think my first question to all of three of you would be what are really the causes that lie behind this diversity that some places do so well and have like a century-long history of like working with nature to provide services to people. And in other places you see these like massive environmental degradation. What do you think are really the enabling factors and the causes for this diversity? I'll start. It's a difficult one because I think what I was trying to allude to in my presentation was even where there is a long history and I quite deliberately chose examples through my presentation from the same state, Himachal Pradesh, which has also worked very closely with Madhu in terms of sort of some of the quantification of these values. But equally when we kind of come towards the end of my presentation you can see that even in a state which has this long history, which has got this high-level policy commitment, they even have a policy on payments for ecosystem services, in a practical grounded example of a small town which is getting water from a wildlife sanctuary, there's absolutely no connection. So actually the top-down commitment doesn't often connect with what's happening at the bottom up. So let me broaden to respond to your question. I think the real challenge is that we've got pockets of really exciting good practice, but those are not scaling and in some senses the sort of initiatives that Sima ended with which are about connecting and bringing actors together so that the collective voice becomes stronger is really important because what you have is really interesting examples of good practice but I don't think they're operating in a connected enough way to make the kind of overall conversation shift. So the compass hasn't shifted. I mean I look forward to the manifestos of the political parties in the upcoming elections but I would be surprised if they have any serious concern over the issues we've just been talking about on this panel today. So you know and that's just a reflection of the things that matter. I mean the state of Madhya Pradesh just had its election six months ago and this was not salient to the debate even though it's taking huge strides in this direction. So that's the big challenge and I think the efforts to connect the conversations so that the good practice that we're hearing from can actually reinforce each other and amplify the voice is really I think the way to take it forward. So I welcome what you're leading. Bhaskar also mentioned the institutional challenges right. So I think that's also one of the reasons that where an individual leader is you know interested and is good you get some success but then the person gets transferred and it's not sustained and the institutions are not thinking holistically not coming together. So there are all these governance barriers as well. So one approach that we plan to pursue to bring together the stakeholders is what is probably well known in this room and what NATCAP has already also been working with which is the water funds. So water funds is a mechanism I mean watershed interventions in India have been going on for times immemorial. What the water fund approach that TNC and NATCAP have been pursuing in many locations brings to the table is a governance structure where you bring representatives of different departments and communities upstream and downstream together. We are at a very early journey in it. It's a very sensitive environment where even the term payment for ecosystem services is controversial. So you have so many you know it's like walking it through a land mine. You have to be careful every step of the way. We are hoping that somehow we can make that breakthrough with the water fund to demonstrate how you know environmental goods need to be governed and how we need to work across the silos within the government and outside the government. Well I think in India it's so happening that states where there's a huge dependency of people and natural resources and they also bear the brunt of degradation. You know we always work in reactionary mode than the precautionary mode or proactive mode. So like for example Himachal Pradesh people had such strong dependence on natural resources that they have no other option than to conserve the resources for perpetuity for the use in the future. It happened in Uttarakhand you might have heard about a great disaster happen because of the cloud burst a couple of years ago and the state becomes so proactive now that it is immediately a huge study for them to accomplish the work on doing accounting of forest resources there and also developing a sustainable environmental performance index. How well you're able to manage your resources. Same thing you're able to develop the state also. Similarly the recent experience of tsunami in coastal India I think Nailanjan will be discussing it works a lot on coastal you know ecosystems. How the regions where you had very well built protected mangroves which are very resilient ecosystems and able to absorb these shocks and able to you know withstand these storms were able to you know support save themselves very well then the ones where you have artificial decks constructed and they all collapsed and water gushed inside and huge you know devastation happened the result. So I've been watching over the years especially the states that the huge dependence are you know doing much better. The people are well informed the departments have got good information systems good databases and are able to do work much more intensively able to you know project these values quite close to you know the real values then the ones which I yet to actually face you know this kind of a brunt and then they will come forward but it is high time that we should go into more in a proactive mode and understand the importance of connect between conserving natural capital and then going for development. So I think things are changing at my own experience you know I was just mentioning in my initial I mean introductory talk that I need to go to these people policy makers the finance persons the technocrats used to be you know snapped by these people it is rubbed off you know but now get invited to do this work. So this is a changing paradigm changing mindset they realize the importance of conserving natural capital understanding the value and why it makes sense to invest in natural capital. Example of tiger conservation which is a charismatic species and well as species but when a tiger it's not just kind of conserving tigers conserving the entire habitat of tiger however it made huge difference in the you know areas joining to tiger reserves and also not just it gives sort of regional benefits but a lot of global benefits as well. Things are changing considerably but yes I understand I agree with other two speakers it has to enter into a mission mode because it is high time for India to save itself otherwise you cannot imagine it is only when you visit India realize the you know the importance of taking this approach and priority basis a huge population huge diversity huge heterogeneity as well so things have to be brought in together and definitely that approach will be a very very rewarding and useful approach in the future. Thank you for your reflection on that and the important point for sure is like being like proactive about like planning right and not only reacting to degradation and one topic that really seems to pop out there is like the massive investment into infrastructure that will happen in the very near future in India right and road infrastructure and water infrastructure and energy infrastructure and so on and there it seems to be really important to be proactive and that use that same to support strategic planning in order to avoid damages to ecosystems that might not be reversible actually and the I mean the interesting thing about like infrastructure is really that it can both deteriorate natural capital right let's think about the road for example that can destroy a forest or a hydropower dam that can disconnect the river right but that it also benefits from natural capital so for example natural forests around the road might reduce the risk of like landslides or interruption of that road or the catchment of a hydropower facility might provide services such as like more steady base flow to that facility that this is like really interesting link basically between infrastructure and natural capital both in like a positive and a negative sense and the need to really bring like or consider these two aspects together in my opinion I was wondering Sima you said it's like of course a very difficult topic to address because there's just such an urgent need for for development so I was wondering if you could probably reflect or if you could all a little bit reflect a little bit more on like also if you see any opportunities from this like infrastructure development that's going on for uptaking natural capital approaches I think I referenced this earlier as well the situation is such that the NGO community is almost sidelined in India civil society is sidelined and it's sidelined because I I've been part of the community so I'm not criticizing I I take the blame that we have not been solution providers to the government so the situation is that the government doesn't want to deal with civil society at the center at least very much so how do you change that dynamic is very important and I think that dynamic can only be shifted by becoming solution providers so I think there is and it's a tough journey it's a tough journey for TNC it's going to be a tough journey for NATCAP and if we partner together it becomes a little bit tougher because we are two foreign entities on this journey the only way to do it is by working with local actors and really trying to build a middle ground in India which is more solution oriented the middle in India is we talk about the political middle in the US in India I talk about the civil society middle it is non-existent we have two extremes of human rights and trick NGOs and you know wildlife centric NGOs we need solution providers in the middle and there are a few and we have to just keep them together and amplify you know their engagement with the government and we have made a breakthrough with respect to the 15th finance commission we've joined hands with about five Indian organizations to provide support to the finance commission on that seven and a half percent formula but this is just one you know effort so the other the other approach I think which is also fraught with some dangers but is probably a more immediate approach that can be taken is to work with businesses because businesses understand the challenge is much better that they themselves will face if they don't take care of the natural capital and the government is willing to talk to businesses and so partnering with businesses especially Indian businesses is very important and then I think a third approach is to really focus at the state level civil society spends far too much time talking to the government of India and the capacity at the state level is very weak I think donors need to come together with Indian civil society and really help focus their efforts at state levels where infrastructure actually gets built and then that's the right intervention point and the state governments are much more open to taking help I'll pick up at that last concluding comment of Sima's which is which is about the different scales at which these interventions can happen so I think I try to say that I also see the opportunities at the subnational scale as being potentially much more exciting even the current government talks about a spirit of I think they use the phrase competitive federalism they're trying to get the states to see their kind of achievements in a competitive spirit but they've also done that at subnational scales there's a sort of there's a smart cities initiative which has been launched I tried my best when they were trying to launch it to say smartness is not just technological smartness which is what the focus is but wouldn't it be good to have ecologically smart cities and actually the sort of slogan we should all collectively be talking about is ecologically smart infrastructure you know I mean if you're talking about this is not an anti infrastructure or an anti urbanization message but smartness needs to be ecologically smart decision making and I think we've missed a trick because the smart cities initiative I've looked at the plans submitted by all hundred cities not one of them has taken into account any of these ecological functions it's all about transport apps which are going to help people to have you know smoother flows of traffic through the city and it's nothing to do with the ecological smartness that we could we could take forward so I think there are these opportunities at subnational scale and then at district scale as well the the the successor to India's planning commission which is called the Niti Ayog has launched something called the hundred aspirational districts program so even in the rural sector they're trying to get districts to compete with each other in terms of developmental indicators and if those development indicators could reflect ecologically smart outcomes then I think there's a real opportunity so I do agree with that final point I have to gently disagree on the civil society stuff because partly governments which are solution oriented have rejected solutions which have been put forward so it's not that civil society actors haven't necessarily put forward solutions but they're often solutions that are not compatible with the current developmental mindset of the of the rural ruling dispensation so there is a difference we do have to recognize that it's not just about there are alternative pathways and there is a mindset which is prevalent at the moment which isn't necessarily willing to listen to solution oriented alternative pathways and that makes the conversation a bit more difficult so I'd I'd be a bit more cautious about suggesting that civil society has not been solution oriented enough there have been solutions but they don't necessarily match with the political leanings of of particular governments very complimenting what Seema and Bhaskar have said the end user experience in India has been you know I would say very challenging very interesting the same time it's been so happening that different actors are working in their own worlds they never try to you know go beyond their own boundaries to interact and then provide very holistic solutions but I think things are changing nowadays we are much more open we work in a landscape mode then in the mode of our own you know boundaries and then then go back to each other and then try to interact so that's what's happening in India things are changing changing for good definitely uh I also uh for the substitute Bhaskar has said uh we we talk a lot about ecological we talk a lot about so what physical infrastructure we never talk much about ecological infrastructure which plays such an important role in the Indian context I think we rightly said that the smart city is no longer it's not a smart city it's I would say it's a very unsmart way of you know developing a smart city you talk about all the gadgets all the you know hi-fi high-flung you know uh sort of equipments and uh apps to actually facilitate your living at the same time the base from where actually you derive your living is totally not taken into consideration so I think it's a need to merge ecological infrastructure with the physical infrastructure to develop a real kind of a smart city thirdly uh the work that we have been doing at anybody or like at emissions NGO civil society a lot of technical work also happens but doesn't translate into very simple kind of expression but how society can understand the technical work be done by all of us it's very very important to also convert because you're doing work for them but they're not aware of what work has been done how they can also participate contribute and the whole process becomes much more easier I think science would convert into a simple expression simple information sheets some kind of you know information uh ways can be given to the larger community and they become very responsive they could participate in the whole process and the solutions can be definitely very very easily forthcoming thank you all so much there would be a million more questions I would like to ask you but I would like also to give the audience the opportunity to ask some questions and first of all if you have a special guest here Nila and Jan gosh from WWF who uh India who's their senior economic advisor and also the director of the observer research foundation and um given his knowledge and experience you would like to first give him like the opportunity for a short reflection on the things we've heard so far is it working okay first of all I take the last point of Professor Varma I presume that one of the biggest challenges that we are facing in WWF India uh is with the communication element and that to in fact uh as far as the landscape coordinators are concerned in fact we have been conducting a host of studies in the context of natural capital assessment and valuation of ecosystem services ever since this entire program of ecological economics started in WWF India with me joining them as an advisor uh we intervened uh by uh valuing ecosystem services at a landscape level we developed an index known as the ecosystem dependency index so that it reflects on the amount of dependency that the local community essentially has on the ecosystem it's a simple ratio ratio in the sense uh the valuation of the ecosystem services concern primarily with the provisioning and the regulating ones divided by the income of the local community in most cases what we found that it was that as far as the rural communities are concerned the rural poor they are this ratio was turning out to be more than one that means they earning much more from the ecosystem services than from the incomes uh generated through their employment in other uh sectors now this essentially builds the case that ecosystem services is the GDP of the poor which essentially teed actually put across then in fact we tried to factor in uh ecosystem services and values in fact in uh project appraisals as well and also in the context of climate change uh where we found that in the delta regions of the Indian Sundarbans where uh essentially there was a large component of the vulnerable population which couldn't essentially stay there because of sea level rise and global warming and eventually they needed to be moved to the safer zones and the recommendation was that by 2050 this should happen and the ecosystem should be allowed to regenerate and when we essentially did the entire cost benefit analysis of the entire scheme of things with service sector employment taking place and the ecosystem services thus generated we found that this movement essentially has 12.8 times more benefits than the business as the usual case and finally taking your case of uh the flow regime we also did a valuation on how essentially uh various flow regimes can have ecosystem various ecosystem services now the biggest problem that we found was that fine technically we are publishing them but how do we essentially communicate these well first of all at the very local level to our own landscape coordinators and they are the ones who are taking it across to essentially the local level policymakers and the decision makers so this is one of the biggest challenges that we are facing we are still now grouping with that uh some of these in fact are already there in fact in this booklet which I have with me some of the findings of I mean the policy briefs I can I can keep that these in the reception and people are free to collect them from me so thank you so much thank you Nilanjan and Nilanjan will also give a presentation tomorrow I believe where he will like outline more of the details now I would like to invite like everybody here in the audience um to please raise your hands if you have any questions to our panelists let's probably take like collect one or two questions and then answer them I'll I'll introduce myself Paavit Ramachandran from the Asian Development Bank and good to see you Seema after so many years uh no I think I pick up on the question that you know I think was just being discussed in terms of uh change on the ground right and and I was quite intrigued because I you know happened to come from Chennai and uh you know I know some of the issues in terms of encroachment of water spread areas you know optimizing land so what was really I'd like to hear I mean certainly from TNC's perspective what was the trigger the catalyst for the change finally um was it competitive federalism or was it uh some other kind of uh you know agency on the ground because that something changed obviously right the smart city plans are now much more reflective of these considerations so that would be quite interesting to look at what actually shifted the needle on that and and the other question I think I had was uh related to you know ecosystem service valuation now I think there's a lot of work that's been done over several years now and I you know there's we don't need to belabor that points anymore people understand the importance of that I think the challenge has been really to move that to fiscal transfers you know when you're trying to convince policy makers grappling with you know resource constraints and how best to make the argument in terms of jobs incomes you know all the fiscal arguments that need to be made and you know the GDP of the poor argument takes that step forward but I think that's really the the challenge if you like I think really to translate what are largely imputed values I mean ecosystem service values are still to that extent imputed and move that to fiscal arguments so I just two points I'd like to hear reflections from the Chennai and I think Madhu might speak to the second question it's good to meet you again the world is round and our community is very small so Chennai as I mentioned has become the poster child of climate change and the only silver lining of that is a high level of awareness that we are suffering as citizens of Chennai because we made some very big mistakes and the citizens of Chennai now understand that those mistakes have to do with the fact that they built the airport on what was the you know area for their flood waters they've built an IT corridor a whole IT corridor on their wetlands and so all of this has come to haunt the city they have 300 of the lakes are gone they've become real estate only 150 are left so no wonder they have challenges in terms of meeting their daily water needs they have floods and they have droughts so that it's that awareness among citizens and the bureaucrats that has led to the city finally recognizing that they must tackle the lakes issue as part of their smart city plan and you're right Bhaskar very few cities have tried to focus on green infrastructure when we were looking at you know through the smart city filter where we should go and work there were only like a couple of cities that really prioritized their water infrastructure Coimbatore was one of them and Chennai was another one of them I totally agree with you that we need to take forward the evaluation aspect in converting them into some kind of pavement mechanisms we'll experiment of course the Marshall study which I just mentioned which Bhaskar also quoted led to conversion of value into a charge compensation for the loss of ecological value further led to creation of net present value regime in the country but why was this watching that we do have a value for diversion of forest but there's no such value for conservation of forest that's how the whole you know study for finance commission came into being and the first study which we did for 13 finance commission were able to appreciate to some extent give some amount of grant money to the to the country to various states rather but then to realize and but we further demonstrated two very sophisticated formula considering not just you know the forest cover but the larger set of indicators like biodiversity richness the integrity of areas the compartmentalization all such things are considered then it it felt convinced and it had given huge amount of money 0.7 billion to the jump of almost 700 billion was a huge jump which happened in the in the country in terms of value which was given to these states with devolution of taxes it became to till date you know it was quoted in many platforms to be one of the largest p.s in the world in terms of compensating states for conserving their resource space but we had an experience of Himachal Pradesh and Bhaskar and couple of other organizations way back and you know again 2005 and six to set up a kind of a payment for ecosystem model on one-to-one basis of it is done in Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador like that but in India we realize the cost of transaction is huge it worked very well in project mode when you leave it aside and let other communities to come together and set up these models then don't work as such the populations are diverse located geographically very far off places and heterogeneous as well so this became a much more easier way of compensating states for conserving national resource base through the finance commission and on this finance commission we expanded our calculers for not just forest we talked about this this 7.5 percent retention we talked about further allocation of grant for cashment area treatment for couple of other interventions but also talk about this which Sima also brought in her study in a presentation achievement of NDC you know we have targets given to us from 2.5 to 3.5 billion tons of carbon so we are trying to achieve this for another sequestered grant regarding you know trees outside forest the forest area is not enough actually to address these issues so there we can also do that and also looking at the water quality you know waste management and the air quality aspect so this is how we are addressing the establishing the connect between value and the payment for ecosystems but through finance commission because it has at least transaction costs compared to one-to-one basis kind of okay thank you very much on this note I would like to close the session and I would like to invite you all to give a very warm applause to our speakers who came from so far and I think we can all be very excited at the natural capital project in the broader kind of conservation community towards the opportunities and changes that need to be addressed in India thank you so much again and


Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we have started studying the Hull Sandhi and we take it forward, the Consonant Sandhi. We have stated that Hull Sandhi can be described into two types, Ekasthanika Ekadesha where we have one Substitute which is replaced by one Substitute and also Ekasthanika Dvyadesha where one Substitute is replaced by two Substitudes. Here are the two instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha, one Substitute replaced by one Substitute. So we have Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and also Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha is explained diagrammatically on this slide where we have B plus A in close proximity in the Samhita mode and immediately before A there is B. So B is the Purvanimitta, A is Paranimitta and in the environment of this Purvanimitta B, A is substituted by C, A is the Stani, C is the Aadesha, B is the Purvanimitta. So B plus A is the input and B plus C is the output. Then we have Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha where we have A plus B in close proximity in the Samhita mode and in the environment of B which is Para, A is Purva over here, A is replaced by C, A is substituted by C, A is the Stani, C is the Aadesha, A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output. There are two instances of Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha, Shtutva Sandhi as well as Shtutva Sandhi and there are several of Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha namely Shtutva Sandhi and Shtutva Sandhi, Anusvara Sandhi, Parasavarna Sandhi, Purva Savarna Sandhi, Anunasika Sandhi, Chhatva Sandhi, Jivamuli Sandhi, Upadvani Sandhi, Kutva Sandhi, Jastva Sandhi, Shatva Sandhi and Natva Sandhi. So Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha is what we shall study in this particular lecture. First let us study Shtutva Sandhi, Shtutva Sandhi is stated by the Sutra, Stoha, Shtuna, and Shtuhu, 8, 4, 40. This Sutra has got three words, Stoha, Shtuna and Shtuhu. Stoha is 6 slash 1 of Stu. Stu is Sa and Tu. Tu means Tavarga that is the, the, the, the and Na. Stoha means in place of Stu, in place of these sounds. Shtuna is 3 slash 1 of Shtu. Shtu is Sha and Chu. Chu is Chavarga that is Ch, Ch, J, J and Y. So what Shtuna means is in association with Shtu or in combination of Shtu and once again we have Shtuhu 1 slash 1 of Shtu made up of Sha and Chu. Chu means Chavarga once again, Ch, Ch, J, J and Y. This means the substitute Shtu. All this put together the meaning of Stoha, Shtuna, Shtuhu can be stated in this manner. In the close proximity of sounds, Samhitayam in the combination of Shtu that is Sha and Chu that is Chavarga, Ch, Ch, J, J and Y. In place of Shtu namely Sa and Tu that is Tavarga, Th, Th, Th, D, D and Na substitute Sha and Chu that is Chavarga that is Ch, Ch, J, J and Y. I repeat in the close proximity of sounds in the combination of Shtu that is Sha and Chu in place of Shtu that is Sa and Tu substitute Sha and Chu. Now let us look at the meaning of the word Shtuna. This is a very peculiar usage of the instrumental case Trotiya. This case indicates the environment for the substitution to take place but it does not indicate the left hand environment or only the right hand environment. Rather it indicates both left as well as right hand environments for the substitution to take place. Shtu will be both left hand as well as right hand environment for Shtutva Sandhi to take place. So we have Chu plus Shtu for example in this case Shtu is Purva and Shtu is Parha, Shtu is the Nimitta, Shtu is the Sthani or the Kargi and in this case Stho Shtuna Shtu applies. There is association of this Shtu the Sthani with the Nimitta and so now Stho Shtuna Shtu applies and substitutes this Shtu by Shtu. So the output we get is Shtu plus Shtu. This is called Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Similarly if we have Shtu plus Shtu this is Shtu and this is Shtu. Shtu is Purva Shtu is Parha. Now Shtu Shtu is Sthani or Kargi Shtu is Nimitta. In this case Shtu is substituted by Shtu and we have Shtu plus Shtu as the output. This is called Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Since we have Shtu and Shtu where we have Shtu as Sthani or Kargi and Shtu as Aadesha or Kargi and also as Nimitta. The natural question is about the correspondence between them and the answer given by the tradition about this correspondence is the following. In this case Yathasankhe relation exists between Sthani and Aadesha, Kargi and Kargi only. Yathasankhe does not exist between Nimitta and Sthani or Nimitta and Kargi as well as Nimitta and Aadesha. It exists only between Sthani or Kargi and Aadesha or Kargi. So, what it means is that if we have Shtu followed by Sthu in this case where this Sthu is Parha and this is Purva Nimittaka Ekadesha. So, this Sthu will be replaced by the first sound in Sthu that is Sthu. Similarly, if we have Sthu plus Na, Na appears at the fifth position of the Tavarga and so this input will be replaced by Sthu plus Yin which is the fifth letter in the Chavarga. There exists a correspondence relation Yathasankhe Nyaya here. This is the Sthani, this is the Aadesha, this is the Kargi, this is the Kargi. Nimitta and Aadesha, Nimitta and Sthani, there is no such correspondence that is stated. In case of the Parha Nimittaka Ekadesha, when we have Sir plus Shtu, once again Sir is substituted by Sir which appears in the first position in the set. Similarly, Tha followed by Sthu and Tha will be substituted by Chir which also appears at the initial position of Chavarga. Similarly, if we have Tha followed by Sthu, Tha will be substituted by Jir which is the third consonant in the Chavarga. So, there is correspondence between Tha which is at the third position and Jir which is also at the third position. Tha at the first position and Chir at the first position but this correspondence does not exist between the Sthani and the Nimitta and Aadesha and the Nimitta. So, let us now look at Sthutvasandhi with Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. So, we have template examples of this kind Sthu plus Sthu and Sthu will be replaced by Sthu. For example, we have Chir plus Na and 8 4 40 applies and returns the output in the form of Chir plus Nya. Similarly, you have Chir plus Na as the input and the output is Chir plus Nya. Let us take the examples of Chir plus Na as the input and Chir plus Nya as the output. We have the verbal root Yacha to which is added the suffix Nang by the Sutra 3 3 90. So, Yacha plus Nang and so this Na now coming in contact with this Chir, this is Sthu, this is Sthu. So, this Sthu is replaced is substituted by Sthu and the correspondence relation Yathasan Khyennyaya comes into play and Na which is the fifth sound in Tavarga is replaced by the fifth sound in Chavarga. So, we have Yach plus Nya and then we add the feminine suffix to it and we get the word Yachiyan. Similarly, we have Priyapanchan plus A deriving the instrumental singular of Priyapanchan. Now, 6 4 134 comes into play and replaces this A over here by 0. So, we get the output in the form of Priyapanchan, Na and A. So, now in the absence of this A, Chir comes into close contact with Na and now this is Sthu, this is Sthu and Stoschanasthu applies with the Purvani Mitra and therefore this Na is substituted by Yen which is the fifth sound in Chavarga. So, we have Priyapanchan and A, so Priyapanchan. This is the example set of Chir plus Na being the input and Chir plus Yen being the output. Now let us look at the examples where we have Chir plus Na as the input, 8 4 40 Stoschanasthu applies and Chir plus Yen is the returned output. So, once again we have the verbal root Yajur to which is added the suffix Nang by 3 3 90 and now this Na which is 2 which comes into close contact with J which is Sthu and now remember there is no correspondence between the Nimitta and the Sthani. J appears at the third position, Na appears at the fifth position in the Tabarga. But still this Na will be substituted by the corresponding fifth sound in the Chavarga that is Yen and so we get Yaj plus Yen, Yaj Yen that is this word Yaj Yen although it is pronounced in different ways in modern India in different places differently, Yaj Nya in Maharashtra, Yaj Nya in some other parts or Yaj Nya in some other parts. Then we have another example where we have Rajan plus A, once again we are deriving the instrumental singular form of Rajan and once again this A after consonant J this gets deleted by 6 4 1 3 4 and so we have Raj, Na and A and so this J and Na they are in Samhita mode now because this is one Pada and so now this is 2, this is Sthu, this is Purva Nimitta and now this Na will be replaced by Chu which is the fifth consonant of the Chavarga which is Yen, so we have Raj, Yen and A and that is Raj Nya and we get the final form Raj Nya this is how we write it, this is how we write J plus Yen over here also even in this case this is a Dhatu and Pratyayya so Samhita is obligatory similarly this is also Pratipadika plus Pratyayya so Samhita is obligatory these are within Pada Sandhis so we get the form Raj Nya once again this is pronounced differently Raj Nya, Raj Nya as well as Raghna in different parts of modern India this is J plus Yen always remember Raj Nya that seems to be the pronunciation so these are the other combinations, Sher plus Sir, Chir plus Sir, Chir plus Sir, J plus Sir and J plus Sir as well as Nya plus Sir on the left hand side and then on the right hand side you have Sher plus Tavarga, Chir plus Tavarga, Chir plus Tavarga, J plus Tavarga, J plus Tavarga and Nya plus Tavarga where as you notice the Nimitta is Purva and the Sthani occupies the Purva place amongst these there are some combinations which are already obviously omitted they are with some purpose and they are already taken care of and that is why they are not mentioned over here, Chir plus Nya was already mentioned in the previous slide and Chir plus Nya was also mentioned previously so they are not mentioned over here so these are the other combinations that are possible and there are several other combinations that can also be possible. Let us look at the combinations with Sher where we have Sher plus Sir in this environment 8236 applies and generates the output in the form of Sher Murdhanya plus Sir. Then this Sher is substituted by Ke by 8241 and then finally the Sher gets substituted by Sher by 8359 which is a conjunct consonant and even written as a conjunct consonant namely Sher so here is a concrete example we have this plus here plus T and there is Guna substitute which gives us Desha plus here plus T now this Sher is followed by this Sir over here so 8236 applies and substitutes this Sher by Murdhanya Sher so we have Desha plus here plus T now this Sher will be substituted by Ke so we have Desha plus here plus T and then this Sir will be substituted by Sher so we have Desha plus here plus T and Desha T so in the combination of Sher plus Sir the other rule is going to apply the Sutra 8 440 is a Siddha and therefore before it actually applies these rules get applied and then there is no more the scope of application of 8 440 and therefore 8 440 does not apply in this particular case we also have a Sutra Shaat which also negates the Sandhi in these combinations combinations with Sher Shaat is 8444 Shaat is 5 slash 1 of Sher which is consonant Sher Shaat means immediately after Sher consonant Stohu is continued 6 slash 1 of Stu in this case just the Tavarga is intended Shchuhu is also continued one one of Shchuhu and most importantly Nuh also continues from Napa Danta Toranam Nuh means not so this is a negation what this Sutra means is that immediately after Sher in the close proximity of sounds Sher and Chuh that is Chavarga do not get substituted in place of two that is Tavarga so if we have Sher followed by two this two is not replaced by Chuh it remains as it is this is the input and same is the output rather there is no output it is same so we have example Prathshah plus Nuh Nuh is added after the verbal root Prathshah by 3390 and so 6419 replaces this Chhah by Sher so we have Prathshah plus Nuh and there are some other complications which we do not need to go into the details of so we have Prathshah plus Nuh now this is Sher this is Stohu Stohu who should apply and then substitute this Nuh by Yam but Shaath 8444 negates this and so we get the form Prathsh Nuh as it is Prathshah which would be the form if we apply 8444 is negated by 8444 now let us look at the combinations with Chuh with the exception of Nuh any other sound from two appears immediately after Chuh then Chuh is substituted by Kuh this is by 8 230 Chhokuhu so for example if we have Vaj plus Tattva Chuh is replaced by Kuh so we have Vak and Tattva and we get the word Vak Tattva as a compound similarly Ruch plus Saar and Chuh is substituted by Kuh by Chhokuhu so we get Rukh Saar and Rukh Saar so in these combinations Chhokuhu will play an important role and remember Chhokuhu is 8 230 which comes earlier than 8 440 and 8 440 is Asiddha to 8 230 so these combinations will be taken care of by some other rules in the Ashtadhyay stated in the Asiddha Kanda to summarize what we have done we studied the basics of Halsandhi namely the consonant sandhi we studied the types of Halsandhi we also studied the first type namely we also studied the examples and we also noted the exceptions next we study the second type of Halsandhi or the consonant sandhi in the coming lecture thank you for your patience


In just a moment suspense with Madeleine Carol Hello. Oh, hello Tom. Where are you? What you were driving over tonight? Couldn't get your car started. Well, what's wrong with it? Well sounds like ignition trouble to me Tom. Why don't you call Ed's auto electric best service station in town He's an auto light man really knows his stuff and believes in preventive service You know fixes things before they happen carries auto light parts Well, you know auto light spark plugs batteries complete ignition systems. Yeah, that's right the works Oh, oh by the way Tom auto light has that swell high-tension show on the air suspense ever hear of it Well, why don't you tune in? It's coming on right now? Suspense Auto light and its 60,000 dealers and service stations bring you Radio's outstanding theater of thrills starring tonight. Miss Madeleine Carol in Anton leaders production of the Morrison affair a Tale well-calculated to keep you in Lou there's a woman outside She doesn't have an appointment, but she must speak to mr. Belu privately. All right. I'll see her. I'll lay you six to five It's a divorce. She's got that nothing must get in the paper look. Thank you very much, mr. Please sit down Dottie buzz me when it's half past We can't be overheard here, can we? Now then mrs. I'd rather you didn't take notes. Oh, well, all right, but I do need your name. I'll tell you later Do lawyers have any kind of code or rule against revealing confidential information like priests? Yes However, you want me to promise before I hear your case. Yes, all right if it makes you feel better I've handled hundreds of divorces. Oh and never lost a patient. It is a divorce Yes in a way But he's dangerous and there's a child the courts usually lean toward giving the mother custody. I know but but mr. Baloo, I'm in desperate trouble. I'm afraid you can't understand till I tell you well then You see, I'm English My husband is American. He grew up here in Boston a very prominent family The Morrison's he's dr. Paul Morrison. Yes, I know dr. Morrison. Oh, that is I've heard of him Then you know, he's a surgeon. I Met Paul in London in 1939 We were married very soon after we met and then England went to war and Paul decided to stay in England to help out He was different then So deeply concerned over human suffering The war changed him changed him hideously But those first two years in London, we were happy almost completely happy Quite suddenly America was in the war and Paul had his orders to return to the American Army Medical Corps We spent the little time we had left at a cottage in the country And all the time I was trying to forget the one thing that had been preying on my mind ever since they told me at the hospital that That and so finally Even though it was our last day together. I went up to London to do what I had always known someday. I would have to do It was late afternoon when I return Who is it? Oh darling, where on earth have you been? I'm sorry. I'm so late poor never mind about being sorry Come over here this incident. Give me a kiss Want to know something what?  I look darling. I'm a doctor too. I Don't know what doctor you want to see this time, but none of us can perform miracles I don't believe in miracles Paul and I and I didn't go to London to see a doctor I went to find out if we could adopt a child Adopt a child. I know you've always been against the idea darling This is no time to go into a big complicated thing like that. I'm gonna be on my way home by this time tomorrow It's not this time tomorrow. I'm thinking about Paul It's all my life if I can't have a child of my own then I want to adopt but Sheila Sort of halfway picked out when at the orphanage today what his parents were killed in an air raid and I know Paul You've always wanted a boy. I wanted a son. Yes Adopting a child involves certain risks There are fundamental laws of heredity. Now you're being plain old-fashioned. You can call it anything you're like It's out of the question. Why give me one reason why you know the reasons as well as I do all I know is I'm a woman and I want a child Sheila come here Look at me Maybe I'm old-fashioned or over cautious But if we got a child that way picked him out like something on a grocery shelf You might feel he was your son, but he wouldn't be mine and the son has to be for both of us or not at all I stayed on in London for more than six months after Paul left It was ghastly there for everyone as for me. I lived in a fever of loneliness worse than loneliness Then my mother asked me down to the country to wait out the war with her It was a summer evening when I took a crowded train from Paris And I sat alone in the compartment numb with my hunger for Paul. You must understand that day. I wasn't myself I wasn't accountable. You see, I had a double kind of loneliness When the conductor opened my compartment door for other passengers. I didn't even look up at first Thank you I Recognize it's going to want some of their pressure for the little nipper You can have my seat if you like it doesn't make any difference to me. Oh, it's very kind of you miss. I'm sure Now Johnny This is all that you know when we're near Reading Junction. Oh, thank you. That's a little missus I hope Mary's not taking up too much room on the seat mess. Oh, no, not at all She's shoving in pushing me mom Stop rummaging in my carry-all. There's nothing in it to eat Children can be such a troll Yes, I know you're hungry can I hold him for a minute about what miss Too like to look at pictures. Here's a magazine with all sorts of pictures about America Oh, that's kind of you miss. I'm sure in effect a lady. Thank you Thank you My mother ought to be two people that she ought to hold the baby while you fill his bottle, but if it won't trouble you I don't mind I sat there scarcely breathing looking down at the baby in my lap It was as though I'd never felt warmth before He stopped whimpering and looked up at me with very big brown eyes that seemed to hold recognition He's taking a real fancy to you miss and now mistake. What's his name? Jamie? It was his father's name He was killed last week in a bomber over Germany. Oh, I'm terribly sorry But at least you have the children. Oh, yes miss But sometimes I don't know Sometimes I think it would be better if I didn't have this last one Oh, no, you can't mean that not easy miss with no man to provide You said you're married miss. Do you have any children? No, I have no children You'd know if you had one Now in all the things I won't be able to give him I Can't help thinking he'd be better off if I left him on someone's doorstep so to speak Someone well fixed like you you'd regret it all your life, but it's his life. I'm thinking about when I say it Of course, I'm not brave enough to do it But I wish I was if wishes were sources as they say We're just pulling into red injunction missus if you still want to get their cappuccino. Oh, thank you. Thank you Johnny Mary Come on Mary. I'm gonna get you something to eat. I want to see this pie first Well, you can look at the magazine when you come back now now run along bus. I'll be on wait for me outside All right, mum. Come on lazy. We'll wait till I get my coat. I'll take Jamie now miss I'm going to sit right here. Why don't I hold him till you come back? Oh, well, I wouldn't want to bother you It's no bother at all. Well You won't have any trouble with him. He's always been a good baby If you're sure miss quite sure Maybe you'll say what I did was wicked that she didn't tell me to take her child But I know she did she made her decision and I made mine After a few minutes I got up and carried the baby down the corridor. I was trembling so I was afraid I'd drop him I managed to get off the train and made my way across the crowded platform It was nearly time for the train to pull out Then I saw the woman had two older children coming toward me I stepped behind a post I stood there and watched the three climb on to the train He began to move and it was the brakes or a train whistle if only I hadn't imagined it was something else Above the racket of the train. It sounded like Screaming for suspense auto light is bringing you miss Madeleine Carroll in radio's outstanding theater of thrills suspense Swale program a what the name of that auto light service station Well, it's aint auto electric and just look for the big auto light sign down on Main Street Hey, but wait, here's more dope on auto light service. Listen to Frank Martin for expert ignition check-up and repair Stop at your nearest auto light service station Highly trained mechanics working with specialized machines are ready to give your car the best most complete most reliable Ignition service possible and when it comes to replacement parts why money can't buy finer ignition equipment than auto light Auto light is the world's largest independent Manufacturer of electrical equipment for automobiles and many of America's finest cars and trucks are equipped with auto light Distributors coils generators starting motors batteries and spark plugs ride on the assembly line So friends if you want truly reliable ignition parts and service Call on your nearest auto light service station or the car dealer who sells your make-of-car All right, all right service stations are listed in your classified telephone directory under automotive electrical service And now auto light brings back to our Hollywood soundstage Miss Madeline Carol as Sheila in the Morrison affair the tale well Calculated to keep you in suspense I Can't file for your divorce mrs. Morrison until you and your husband turn the child over to the British console My husband doesn't know he thinks it's his child. He suspects something's wrong. Well, then make a clean breast of it Tell him.  I figured it all out on the way to mothers I Took a bus at Reading Junction then another train. It was almost midnight when I got home and let myself in the front door Mother was waiting up Is that yes mother He's a fire still it in the kitchen mum Don't ask questions now, please. He's hungry. I'm gonna eat him up some milk He's mine now I don't know Baby I stole Sheila I don't ask you to understand mother I only asked you to help me because I'm your child and because I can't ever have a child of my own If he thinks it is only well It may be years before the war's over and I see Paul again He'll look forward to seeing his son. He's bound to ask where his son was born. He was born here What's that our records of such things Sheila the date the place the parents the doctor. I know Mother telephone dr. Lucas He's a charlatan. He's not even a red Oh, does that matter he's greedy and that's the kind of man I need tell him I want to see him tomorrow Because tomorrow my son Jamie will be born Right before I went to bed. I cabled Paul at his last APO address Why haven't you answered my letters or don't you like my news? His answering cable came in the morning. What letters what news will phone It was going to be easy Paul had traveled so much New York Baltimore three months in the Pacific It would be easy to make him believe that some of his mail had gone astray I waited all day for Paul's call and for dr. Lucas that miserable little man took his time about it Mrs. Madison, I'm late, but your mother assured me no one was ill. No, it's about my son Why I didn't hear that I'm having difficulties about his birth record I've lost the certificate and I need a duplicate. Why Mrs. Morrison. I'm sure if you write as a matter of fact I want the record change change. I want the certificate to say that he was born here today Mrs. Morrison It can be done. Can't it? It's Rather difficult you mean it's expensive. Yes very expensive. There's the risk to a doctor's reputation How much Thousand pounds All right No, I'm afraid it will have to be 1200 power. All right, but that's all I can pay here. You can write it out under this lamp one moment I'll find the form. Yes, here it is. He's the son of mr. And mrs. Paul Morrison Excuse me Yes, go ahead major Morrison. Hello. Hello Sheila Paul Paul darling Where are you India? I turned the whole army inside out to get a priority. Can can you hear me all right fine? But darling, why didn't you answer my letters? I answered everyone I got then the the important ones got lost or something You haven't heard the news what news you're you're going to be a father Paul Did you hear me Paul? Yes But Sheila that seems impossible, but it's happened all the same Any day now you'll have a son in there.  It's going to be a boy. That's what you want, isn't it? Yes, it's what I want But it seems like a miracle.   It was a call from India Didn't you hang up? Certainly not.  Well, I'll try to get your party back. Yes, try But it's all right if you don't Jamie Jamie Morrison You know mrs. Morrison heredity is tricky There's nothing wrong with my son's heredity and then there's always the danger of being found out as long as anyone knows beside yourself At first some nights I'd dreamed that Jamie's mother had come to fetch Jamie, but that was only at first. I buried my buried it deep For years went by then the war was over and Jamie and I sailed to join Paul in America The day I arrived in New York I may have been nervous, but I was sure at last of happiness as sure as I'd ever been in my life Paul darling my dear. Oh, I've never seen you look better darling motherhood suits you. Is that my daddy? Well, well, how do you do James? My name isn't James. It's Jamie. Jamie. Yes, I've always called him that I don't know why the kind of nickname I suppose well from now on we'd better settle for James We Morrison's never appreciated nicknames Funny about his eyes His eyes? I've got to look up my Mendel. Can two blue-eyed people have a brown-eyed child? They must we did no matter what Mendel says. Well, he's positively the first Morrison with brown eyes But why not? He's the miracle kid I roll the phrases around my mind hunting their real meaning. I was oversensitive, of course But but from the first day I felt that Paul was hostile to Jamie Where's my miracle kid? He's taking his nap. What do you want with him? I'm driving down to the rifle range with a friend. I thought I'd take James along But he's too young Paul too young for what to play with guns. Oh, it's just why I want to take him along Sooner he knows how to handle guns the better off. He'll be Hi, I'm Jamie. Oh, darling darling. What's happened? Scared than hurt. Oh, not I had I news peroxide. It won't sting I told you he was too young to ride. Oh, it was a gentle horse. Jamie lost the seat when it started the trot That's all we'll do better next time won't we kid. I guess so daddy. They won't be a next time Yes, there will be Sheila Jamie go up to mother's room. I'll be along in a minute to fix your knee. All right, mommy There's candy in my bureau, you know where yes, mom Paul. What are you trying to do? I'm trying to make my son Like my son. He's my son too, you know what you're doing to him. Sheila. He's not anybody son.  I Suppose it was then that I first realized what I would have to do But someday someday soon I'd have to get Jamie away from Paul. I was frightened I even began to carry a gun in my bag and I began to make plans I'd start again build a new life for myself and my son Then yesterday I knew that I'd have to hurry that I couldn't postpone my decision any longer I found out when Paul came home from the hospital. He came directly to my room What is it? What's happened big day at the conference? Oh You mean the medical conference a psychiatrist from Chicago named drag read a paper on psychosomatic medicine Terrific, and then there was a curious report on euthanasia, you know mercy killing interesting but extreme in what way Well, the doctor delivering the report favors not only the mercy killing of incurable's he Advocates weeding out and purifying the race by studying heredity and eliminating those whose heredity is questionable real crack butt Sheila Well, his report was going on though. I began to wonder about you and Jamie Me and Jamie. Yes. I wanted to ask you is there something about Jamie's heredity that you don't want me to know The danger was real and now for myself, but mostly for Jamie Paul was playing with me like a cat plays with a mouse this talk about mercy killing heredity this subtle cruel talk Threatening me with Jamie's death announcing in advance the mercy killing of a child who is inferior because he isn't a moron I can't risk Paul's getting custody I have to take Jamie away first far away where Paul can't reach him and then get a divorce Mm-hmm. I want you to tell me where it's safest for us to go and get the papers. I need Mrs. Morrison, I promised that whatever you told me would be confidential I'm sorry. I made that promise if I hadn't I'd go to dr. Morrison and tell him that his wife carries a heavy load of guilt a Very heavy load and it's coloring everything.  I think you have dangerous delusions and you won't help me. I can't Mrs. Morrison the psychiatrist might help you but only if you go to him now before it's too late To go to the hospital. Dr. Morrison said for you to come right away. What is it Elsa? What's happened? It's the little boy He got hold of his daddy's guns. He's done it. He's killed Jamie was playing with it And it went off when it was pointed right at himself. He's hurt bad Take my blood Paul take it. I'll do anything Sheila get hold of yourself. You're hysterical We have to know his blood type first. The lab should be calling back any minute Paul I'd rather you didn't operate ask Dr. McDonald. This isn't McDonald's kind of a case. I Don't you trust me Sheila? I thought you might be too nervous being his father. Am I Sheila? What am I his father Sheila? Dr. Morrison speaking. All right, it's the lab. Hello. Yes Brooks. It's what? You're absolutely sure you check you check twice. I see yes. Thank you You gave the results of the blood test we can't use your blood Sheila You know from the blood test Get the boy ready for operation I'll start immediately No, what Sheila no, don't tell me all I know is that your blood is type A and mine is type A and James's Type B wait here Sheila. Don't do it Paul Do what I won't let you operate.  You're out of your mind.  I saw him It's a proven medical fact two blue-eyed people cannot have a brown-eyed child and all your cruelty was deliberate first I thought you'd been unfaithful that Jamie was your son and another man was his father But the blood proves he's not yours either you adopted him. I stole him and I'm not going to lose him now Thank you wait here Sheila Paul.  Baloo who came to tell me that Paul was dead and That Jamie would live the operation was performed successfully by Dr. McDonald Mr. Baloo began to talk about how to defend me against the charge of murder Why not tell him the truth? Let me tell you the truth Mrs. Morrison After you shot dr. Morrison, he could have lived he had to choose between his life and Jamie What could he do for Jamie the bullet had lodged in Jamie's brain? It would take hours to find a brain specialist as good as dr. Morrison, but he didn't operate He ordered them to take him to the operating room Then for an hour and a half he stood at dr. McDonald's elbow directing every move of his scalpel when the operation was over Dr. Morrison was dying, but Jamie would live And so in my defense mr. Baloo intends to plead insanity But I wasn't insane then nor am I now I know that I'm nearly a selfish woman everything I did I did for myself not for Jamie I can see that now but Paul Gave his life for his son and No matter what happens to him now Jamie had a father Lynn curl for a splendid performance miss curl will return in just a moment Yeah, no Tom. Yeah, I know it was you what? You just called to say thanks for telling you about auto length Don't thank me Frank martins your man friends You'll thank and congratulate yourself for depending on your auto light service man because of the way your car will perform after it's had his expert care He's got the skill equipment and those great auto light parts to put your ignition system in top shape Look up your nearest auto light service station It's listed in your classified phone book under automotive electrical service and keep in mind wherever you go Auto light means spark plugs ignition engineered spark plugs Auto light means batteries stay full batteries Auto light means ignition system the lifeline of your car now here again as miss Madeline Carroll It's been a great pleasure to appear with this fine cast on suspense It's a program. I've always enjoyed hearing and I'm looking forward to next week's story in which that rising young star Bert Lancaster appears. It's another gripping study in Suspense Madeline Carroll appeared to the courtesy of 20th century Fox whose current production is the luck of the Irish starring Anne Baxter and her own power Tonight suspense play was written by Pamela Wilcox with music composed by Lucian Morrowick and conducted by Lud Bluskin The entire production was under the direction of Anton M. Lieder In the coming weeks suspense will present such stars as Gregory Peck, Edward G. Robinson, John Garfield and others Make it a point to listen each Thursday to suspense radio's outstanding theater of thrills and next Thursday same time here Bert Lancaster Switch to auto light This is CBS the Columbia Broadcasting System


So far we've looked at two themes in physiology, structure determines function, function is physio, and body systems work together to maintain homeostasis. That brings us like directly into our third theme, which is if you're going to work together to maintain homeostasis, you got to communicate. And this is, you can think about your anatomical experience, and you can come up with some very solid examples of how body systems might communicate with each other. The first communicating system that I think of is the nervous system, the second one is the endocrine system. And in fact, lecture number three in this series is all about how the body systems tools mechanisms that the body systems use to communicate with each other. So we're going to see it over and over again. There's all sorts of messages being sent, messages being received, action being carried out based on those messages, and all of it is coordinated, and it's pretty incredible when you think about it. I mean, it's a daily thing that I am going through human physiology just with my mind blown at how complex and coordinated and lovely the whole thing is. So let's talk about those organ systems because we know that they work together, we know they have to communicate with each other, we know they maintain homeostasis. Let's just do a brief overview of like how, how do they maintain homeostasis, what are they doing, what? This is like a fast, super fast like crazy speed through the course, but that doesn't mean that you don't finish the course, you have to finish the course. Can't be right back.