to the second lecture of the fifth module. So if you remember from the last lecture we were trying to understand more about what is passive microwave remote sensing and we are slowly beginning to understand what are the fundamentals of passive microwave remote sensing. So remember we discussed about the atmospheric windows and what is Planck's law, what is Rayleigh-Jeans approximation and then somewhere in between the lecture I mentioned three terminologies. So what are they, radiometer, radiative transfer model and attenuation. And that is when I said that over the course of upcoming lectures you will get more clarity on what these three terms mean that is radiometer, radiative transfer model and attenuation. So as part of today's lecture we shall try to understand more about these terminologies. Just a quick overview that forward model for passive sensors can be top of atmosphere brightness temperature that is what is recorded by a passive radiometer at the top of atmosphere that can be a sum of transmissivity of entire atmospheric path multiplied by downwelling radiations scattered by the surface plus surface brightness temperature plus upwelling radiation from the atmosphere. We discussed this in the last class but let me refresh your memory. If you have a surface which can be ocean or land there is going to be downwelling atmospheric TB, TB stands for microwave brightness temperature. So from the atmosphere there can be a contribution for downwelling atmospheric TB and this in turn can get scattered by the surface by ocean or land plus there is going to be some emission from the surface themselves and then there is going to be the upwelling atmospheric TB. So you see these four parts and a radiometer that is an instrument on board an aircraft or satellite that is operating in the passive microwave remote sensing a radiometer sees the upwelling radiation in the microwave region that is emanating from the surface. Now a part of this can be downwelling atmospheric TB that is further getting scattered a part of it can be upwelling atmospheric TB and it can also be the TB due to surface emission themselves and that is when in the last class we decided that we will try to develop a generic forward model for passive sensors which can be top of atmosphere brightness temperature that is nothing but transmissivity of entire atmospheric path. So let me write it down transmissivity of entire atmospheric path multiplied by downwelling radiation scattered by the surface so downwelling radiation scattered by the surface plus surface brightness temperature plus upwelling radiation from the atmosphere. So I have repeatedly been mentioning about something known as a radiometer is not it? Just like a radar we have repeatedly tried to understand about a radar in active microwave remote sensing radiometer we will try to understand in passive microwave remote sensing. So a radiometer is nothing but an instrument that produces an output voltage which is proportional to the amount of radiation collected at the antenna an instrument that produces an output voltage proportional to the amount of radiation collected at the antenna and there are different types of radiometers available we can have total power radiometer heterodyne radiometer system we can have decay radiometer and so on. So please note that when we use a total power radiometer it is going to measure the total energy that is incident on the antenna of course we can gain further information by designing a system which measures both the amplitude and phase information and such a system is known as coherent measuring system. Now shown here are the components of a heterodyne radiometer system wherein you can see a local oscillator, a mixer, an IF amplifier, detector and most of the instruments you know whether they are radar or a radiometer they record voltage as the raw output data voltage. But then the quantity which interests us is the backscattered power from a radar and from a radiometer it is the brightness temperature microwave brightness temperature which was abbreviated as TB in the last lecture. So we need to ultimately get or obtain the relationship of the recorded voltage with the physical property of interest. Let me re-hydrate our aim is when a radiometer is used for say atmospheric sounding we need to obtain a relationship between the recorded voltage with the physical property of interest and for a passive radiometer there are many means of calibration. So let us quickly discuss about a total power radiometer I hope you remember the importance of calibration that we covered as part of the last module. When it comes to a total power radiometer it is calibrated by observing black body emitters at two different temperatures. One is going to be a temperature of a hot target, high temperatures, temperature of a hot target and the second is going to be temperature of a cold target. So two extremes need to be observed for calibrating a total power radiometer. So if T hot refers to temperature of a hot target and T cold refers to the temperature of a cold target then the radiometer calibration constant needs to be calculated using this relationship. The antenna temperature further for an unknown target is usually estimated by using the relation calibration constant which was calculated over here multiplied by V minus V naught voltage. Please note that here I am not discussing about the calibration of the antenna because we are just focusing on the calibration of the radiometer and the antenna itself it needs to be calibrated at regular intervals for precise measurements. Now when you look at these relationships you know the calibration process might seem pretty straightforward to here isn't it? But then actually it is not that straightforward. So cold calibration is extremely crucial for us to interpret the physical properties of the object being observed and there may be measurements which are say taken over the same agricultural field that is recorded using an air bond sensor, a satellite bond sensor and a ground based sensor. The same agricultural field can be observed by different sensors on different platforms. It can be airborne, satellite bond or it can be in situ ground based sensors. Now when we try to calibrate it is the calibration that is allowing quantitative limits to be placed on the sensitivity of the instrument and it also allows one to inter compare the different measurements. You know it allows us to compare the measurements from a satellite bond sensor with an airborne sensor with a ground based sensor. So calibration basically it allows the quantitative limits to be placed on the sensitivity of the instrument. So let us move forward. So in this module that is in passive microwave remote sensing as part of this module we shall learn about radiometers which are onboard satellites which are used to measure precipitation and soil moisture in particular. Remember a downward viewing radiometer is going to vertically scan the atmosphere. And as mentioned in the last lecture the medium through which microwaves propagate is of high importance, is not it? And before we begin our focused discussion on the data products from different satellite missions, we should understand the earth's atmosphere as a medium, a medium through which microwaves propagate and we should also understand the effect that various constituents of the atmosphere has on microwaves. So this means that we will be discussing in detail about the earth's atmosphere. I hope you remember this slide which was shown as part of the earlier lecture when we were discussing about earth's atmosphere just to get an idea that how far microwaves have to travel so that it can register a detectable signal at the antenna. So just to refresh your memory the earth's atmosphere it can be described by the lower middle and upper regions of the atmosphere. Let me write that down, the lower region, the middle region as well as the upper regions of the atmosphere. Now when I say lower atmosphere troposphere is the region from the ground to an altitude of say about 15 kilometer troposphere and this is the region in which the maximum weather, most of the weather takes place in the troposphere and in fact the troposphere itself consists of about 90 percentage of the mass of atmosphere and we discussed last time that the top of troposphere is known as tropopause and for middle atmosphere it consists of stratosphere and mesosphere, stratosphere and mesosphere and it is between roughly 15 to 85 kilometers with stratopause the name given to the boundary between stratosphere and mesosphere. So we are talking about the different layers of the atmosphere. Now there is a decline in atmospheric temperature in mesosphere which is due to decreased ozone, increased cooling from carbon dioxide infrared radiation and it is mainly in the middle atmosphere that satellite remote sensing is of particular interest. So now I am going to slightly discuss off track about a related but a very, very important topic known as atmospheric sounding. The reason is because microwaves between 10 and 300 gigahertz are responsive to a number of atmospheric constituents and it is in these frequencies that many atmospheric constituents have rotational as well as vibrational spectral lines going to reiterate rotational and vibrational spectral lines. We will try to understand this further in detail but before that let me ask you a very simple question. Can you break glass with sound waves? There may be many images coming in your memory right now, is not it? With the answer a big yes. So say you are a singer and say you are singing a musical note which is matching with the resonant frequency of the glass giving you one new term resonant frequency.  The sound waves will vibrate the air particles that are around the glass at its resonant frequency and when the pitch is high that is when the singer sings loudly these vibrations cause the glass to vibrate so hard that the glass gets shattered. So here I have used the term resonant frequency, resonant frequency why am I discussing this? You will get to know shortly. So when it comes to the choice of microwave frequencies in satellites it is not chosen randomly. There is a reason why measurement is preferred in particular frequency regions within the microwave region and that is what we are going to understand now. You may have heard about spectroscopy which is an age old science that is explained by quantum mechanics. During the first half of 20th century involving the study of absorption and emission by gases absorption and emission by gases. So according to this there are 5 possible ways in which radiation can interact with atmospheric gases. Remember we are trying to understand about how microwaves propagate in the atmosphere. We had a quick idea about the different layers of the atmosphere and now we are trying to understand why certain frequencies are preferred for atmospheric sounding. And that is when I introduced spectroscopy to you and I am mentioning that there are 5 possible ways in which radiation can interact with atmospheric gases. So let us see what they are. They can be ionization, dissociation interaction, electronic transition, vibrational transition, rotational transition and forbidden transition. Among these say you are a satellite meteorologist then vibrational and rotational transition are going to be more of interest to you. Vibrational transition and rotational transition are going to be of more interest to you because they occur in the infrared and microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Now resonant frequency as such the term means the natural frequency of an object at which it starts vibrating. Now when it comes to a water vapor and say oxygen, water vapor has a weak absorption line at 22.235 GHz and a very strong line at 183 GHz whereas oxygen has 2 major peaks one is near 60 GHz and another at 118.75 GHz. Why am I telling you these because whenever there is a satellite mission whose aim is to measure the atmospheric water vapor it will certainly have a channel that is sensitive to 22.235 GHz or it will have a channel that is operating in either 183 GHz or 22.235 GHz because these are the frequencies at which water vapor has a weak absorption line resonant frequency. Similarly, say you want to launch a satellite to study more about the oxygen in the atmosphere. So then the channels of 60 GHz and 118.75 GHz is going to be preferred. So my whole point in explaining these is that the choice of frequencies in a satellite it is not random okay, there is a reason why certain frequency channels are more preferred when it comes to atmospheric sounding okay. So now let us try to understand atmospheric attenuation due to cloud liquid water, gaseous atmosphere, ice and finally precipitation. See an extensive study of microwave absorption of atmospheric gases both theoretically as well as experimentally has shown that emission or absorption in gaseous atmosphere is dominated by the presence of oxygen and water vapor. And within the microwave region these molecules of oxygen and water vapor they are subjected to rotational transition, now what is meant by rotational transition wherein a molecule changes the rotational energy states. What happens? Because when a molecule changes the rotational energy states it causes a peak in the microwave to brightness temperature that is measured by a radiometer, Tb measured by a radiometer. So to quantify the magnitude of increase in Tb one needs to estimate the total number of water vapor or oxygen molecules along the propagation path through the atmosphere which means at higher altitudes of the atmosphere there is obviously going to be a decrease in the amount of water vapor or oxygen molecules per unit volume and this in turn is going to reduce the bandwidth of water vapor or oxygen emission or absorption leading to an increase in absorption of the peak of resonance. I am using the term again resonance, resonant frequency and as mentioned earlier the atmosphere itself it can act like a source or a sink of microwave radiation. See in an atmosphere with predominantly cloud water droplets what happens is the prominent sources and sink of microwave energy are going to be local emission and absorption. And whenever the cloud liquid particles are less than 100 mu meter in diameter scattering is negligible. Scattering is negligible and when the microwaves they interact with the rain clouds the phenomenon it is very much similar to an ensemble of drops wherein there is no coherence from drop to drop in the phase of scattered light. Let me repeat I am trying to discuss what happens when there is rain clouds and when microwaves are trying to propagate through the atmosphere which is having rain clouds and I am telling you that this phenomenon is very similar to an ensemble of drops wherein there is no coherence from drop to drop in the phase of scattered light. Now the usual practice is to calculate the scattering and absorption for a single drop assuming it to be spherical dielectric. You are assuming a spherical shape for the drops and then you are calculating the scattering and absorption for a single drop and then you assume that rainfall laden cloud that is rain cloud is nothing but an ensemble of drops which means you can integrate the value obtained for a single drop of spherical dielectric and by integration the scattering and absorption for a rain cloud can be estimated because you are estimating it for a one spherical dielectric and assuming a rain cloud to be a conglomeration of several spherical dielectrics. Here there is a need of course to define something known as a drop size distribution which is abbreviated as DSD which defines the concentration of rain particles per unit volume per unit increment of drop radius. Now whatever I say the important points are written on the screen. So I just want you to listen to me rather than read what is already present in the screen. So the aim of me discussing all these is to understand more about atmospheric sounding in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. I mentioned that unlike oceans which provide a cold background to a radiometer the land modelling a land it is very very complicated because owing to the spatiotemporal variations of soil features like roughness, like vegetation cover, soil moisture contained etc. So it is very very complicated to model the land surface properties in the microwave region whereas oceans they provide a stable and uniformly cold background for a radiometer and if the surface is no covered the emissivity values tend to depend on the dielectric constant of frozen soil, thickness, water equivalent and liquid water distribution. Now at this juncture let me try to also mention that there are different shapes possible for ice particles and the ice particle shapes they are crucial to understand in the scattering regimes because crystals of ice can exhibit different shapes and different modes and the usual practice is to adopt a Marshall Palmer size distribution. See sensitivity to TB values to the integrated ice or rain it is going to depend on frequency until the optical depth reaches the saturation level. Now there are studies in literature that suggest that even the lowest microwave frequency of say 18 gigahertz even that is significantly affected by deep convective ice mass and generally when the microwave frequency increases say about 60 gigahertz the scattering signatures become more pronounced and at higher frequencies scattering dominates and microwave radiation is seen as relatively transparent to the rain below the freezing level. Okay when it comes to precipitation sized drops or hydrometeors how do they interact with microwave radiation. Now whenever a spherical dielectric interacts with electromagnetic waves it causes scattering or absorption I am going to define scattering as redirection scattering redirection and absorption as conversion to mechanical energy scattering and absorption redirection and conversion to mechanical energy. Whenever a spherical dielectric interacts with electromagnetic waves it causes scattering and absorption depending of course on the size of precipitation particles. Alright so let me re-itrate a few points in surface emission because in the microwave spectrum gray body is emitting surface with emissivity value less than 1 and as we discussed earlier unlike oceans it is very very complicated for us to model land surface properties in the microwave region. And why so? Because owing to the spatio-temporal variations variability of soil features like roughness, like vegetation cover, moisture content etc. So in the screen in front of you you see land region as well as oceans so just to re-itrate for a radiometer that is looking down at the earth oceans they provide a stable and uniformly cold background whereas say the surface is covered with snow then of course the emissivity values are going to depend on the dielectric constant of the frozen soil and the water equivalent and liquid water distribution etc. So while you hold that thought let me also try to discuss about ice particle shapes. So the crystals of ice they can exhibit different shapes and modes and the usual practice is to adopt a Marshall Palmer size distribution because the sensitivity to microwave brightness temperature values their sensitivity to integrated ice or rain depends on frequency until the optical depth reaches the saturation level. Now without going too much into details let me mention that there are numerous studies which suggest that even the lowest microwave frequency of say 18 GHz is significantly affected by deep convective ice mass even the lowest microwave frequency of 18 GHz is significantly affected by deep convective ice mass and generally we say that when microwave frequency increases that is if it is more than 60 GHz the scattering signatures they tend to become more pronounced and at higher frequencies what happens is that scattering tends to dominate and the microwave radiation is seen as relatively transparent to the rain below freezing level. So at microwave frequencies the precipitation sized drops or the hydrometeors they interact strongly with microwave radiation and whenever a spherical dielectric interacts with electromagnetic waves it causes scattering that is redirection or absorption that is conversion to mechanical energy depending of course on the size of precipitation particles. So in this context the expression for my efficiency factors are given here okay here QEX denotes the extinction coefficient and QSC denotes the scattering coefficient and R is nothing but the radius of raindrop, lambda stands for the wavelength, NCE represents the complex index of refraction, symbols that is sigma EX and sigma SC they represent the effective cross sections for extinction and scattering alright. So with this background let us try to understand atmospheric sounding through a forward model. Remember in the last lecture we had discussed briefly about the generic form of forward model and please note that at the end of the day using remote sensing data our aim is to characterize the relationship between a remote physical attribute and a set of numbers. Now the set of numbers can be digital numbers, they can be radar backscatter or they can be microwave brightness temperature anything okay. So in the passive microwave remote sensing what the satellite gives us is the microwave brightness temperature or TB by now we know that is not it. And by a forward model our aim is to characterize accurately the relationship between a physical attribute and the measured TB. So given the physical variables of the atmosphere how do we simulate the measurements and for a forward model please note that a well calibrated measurement quantity like brightness temperature is going to be used and forward model or direct model is fundamental part of the measurement process and what you see in the screen in front of you is how to represent a forward model in atmospheric sounding. So here y refers to the set of measurement values, x refers to the physical attributes of the atmosphere and underlying surface, Pm P suffix m is nothing but the known physical parameters that are important to measurement, P suffix i is the instrument parameters which tend to influence the signal and epsilon is a vector that represents noise or random error. So this is the forward model written in a generic format and just to understand it further assume you have a satellite based radiometer which is measuring in multiple channels by channel I am referring to frequency. So assume that a satellite based radiometer is measuring in multiple channels say 12 channels by channel I am referring to frequency here and assume that this instrument this radiometer is capturing information in multiple view angles, say 20 view angles. So 12 channels, 20 view angles then y that is a set of measurement values is going to be 12 multiplied by 20, 12 channels, 20 view angles. Similarly x is a vector representing the state of atmosphere including the vertical profiles of temperature, pressure etc. And please note that when you look at the forward model like this it may seem straight forward but often it is non-linear with the function f often taking the form of an integral equation. I will not get too much into details of the forward model but this is just to give you an idea that how we can understand atmospheric sounding through a forward model. Now ideally we have different simulated observations and actual observations and what we need is the difference between actual observations and simulated observations that is what we need is not it? And in reality please note that these two values that is PM and PI that is the known physical parameters and the instrument parameters they also will have some amount of uncertainties associated with them, they are not error free ok. They are also going to have some amount of uncertainties associated with them and so this difference between the models and the real observations they are known as residuals ok. So once again for atmospheric sounding we can write a simple forward model as let me write that, write that down, top of atmosphere brightness equal to transmissivity of the entire atmosphere, transmissivity of the entire atmosphere into brightness temperature of the background, brightness temperature of the background plus contribution from atmosphere ok plus contribution from atmosphere. This means there is emission from all layers of atmosphere where each layer is getting attenuated by the layer above ok. So if there is a forward model there should also be an inverse model is not it? So now we are familiar with the forward model and let us try to understand if there is something known as an inverse model. Now through an inverse model we try to estimate the state of atmosphere given a set of satellite brightness temperatures. As we are talking about passive microwave remote sensing here that is why I am specifying passive microwave brightness temperatures. So once again when I talk about inverse model we try to estimate the state of atmosphere given a set of TB satellite brightness temperature and this is also known as retrieval or inversion and as we are speaking specifically to atmospheric sounding let me mention that inverse model for atmospheric sounding is it is not well established ok. And for the inverse model instead of trying to work with the complete radiative transfer equations it is convenient to work with the matrix equivalent wherein the dependences assume to be linear which means we can use something like y equals kx plus epsilon where y is the measurement values, x is the state of atmosphere, epsilon is the noise or error with each measurement of y and k is known as something like a kernel matrix ok kernel matrix and remember that k that is the kernel matrix needs to be known prior and the solution of this problem you know this problem of solving inverse model the solution of this problem can result in many answers which is why it is known as an ill posed problem because there are infinite number of possible solutions that can result in the same set of observations this is very similar to me asking you to solve an equation say I am going to write an equation 4x1 plus 3x2 equal to n ok say I am asking you to solve this equation and there are infinite number of values for x1 and x2 which can be solutions for this equation is not it. Now assume I am going to give you one more equation ok x1 plus x2 equals 3 and now I am asking you solve for x1 and x2 using equation 1 and equation 2. Now there are two equations and two unknowns x1 and x2 which means we have a solution which satisfies both the equations. Remember that in inverse model there is also the factor of noise here that is random error if so the solution will no longer be considered as unique but it will now comprise of a region of solutions and for an inverse model we need to estimate which among a set of solutions are ideal or appropriate to the particular problem and for constraining the solution there are empirical approaches that use regression analysis wherein you have many values of y that are measured by an instrument with simultaneous in situ measurements of x being made and both these values of x and y are being investigated for statistical relationship. Remember we try to get information here through a statistical relationship and not the physical means and the drawback of this method is that of course it cannot be used to simulate extreme cases of atmospheric state. So physics based modeling is ideal and inverse problem is being encountered in many branches of engineering not only in atmospheric sounding using passive microwave remote sensing. So this discussion today's lecture was to share a very small glimpse of what is forward model, what is inverse model when it comes to atmospheric sounding and I hope that you got the answers to the new terminologies that I had introduced as part of the previous lecture. Now we know what is a radiometer. Now we are slowly getting familiar with radiative transfer model. Now we are trying to understand about atmospheric attenuation. We briefly touched about how atmosphere can act as a source or a spink of microwave frequencies. Please remember that this is a vast area of research, active research in fact and there are a lot more to discuss. So through few lectures I shall try to simplify the few points as we try to understand the applications of passive microwave remote sensing through the next lecture. So let me see you in the next class and thank you.


How many sides does a triangle have? Damn, four. There's no sides.   They multiply. What is the Declaration of Independence? Good question. I don't even know. And the next thing you know, we're left with a brain dead society. In what war did the US gain its independence? I don't know. Um, the British Civil War? When I say being smart, that includes mental toughness.  Oh, why don't you become an entrepreneur?  Oh, well, you know, what if I quit my job, start something new, and it doesn't work? Well, they might get another job. You're not smart enough to figure that out?


everybody back to the Independent Investor Channel. This will be an account of my site visit to Aduro Clean Technologies, which was one of the most enlightening experiences that I've ever had, not only in my life, but as it pertains to the investing opportunity. And I think where we are now in these current times, especially in the face of volatile markets and companies like Aduro and many others that we cover and we really try to comb over and a lot of companies can be discredited within the first couple of minutes of review. There's a lot of companies doing a lot of things out there. We try to identify those companies that have that special pedigree. And this video is aimed more toward education. For you guys that follow the Aduro story, you're gonna wanna listen to this, review it on the onset and re-review the content because in my Q and A with Anil Jawaar and a big thanks to him and the entire Aduro team for allowing me the opportunity to capture this footage, you are going to want to immerse yourself in the questions that I'm going to frame to you and then allow Anil to offer his response to the questions that I had when I was actually up there at the Aduro site and facility. I want you guys to get an understanding and a feel for what I felt when I was there. The vast majority of people who do their due diligence or at least are even introduced to this opportunity will never find the time that I did on a very unique opportunity to actually make a site visit. When you talk about due diligence, there is no better culmination of a deep dive on a company, their vision, what they're trying to do than getting in there and feeling the culture. And Anil was able to walk me through the inception of the technology, the equipment that is utilized, kind of give us some insights on the evolution of where we have been. There's some expectation of where we could potentially go. I just do want to give you guys a heads up at the onset to have some fair expectations that Anil used the term startup with me many, many times. I typically don't like to use that when I refer to a company like Aduro that's been around for going on 10 years, but not have stepped into the public limelight but just a couple of years ago to really immerse themselves into the public limelight and really look to tell the story, okay? So the intention of this is to engage in a Q&A with myself, the independent investor channel for the viewing and subscribership audience to the channel with the chief scientist, Anil Jauvar. And hopefully by the end of this you can have a better understanding of where Aduro has been, where they are currently. And more importantly, where could we could forecast to see where Aduro could go in the coming months in the short term? Yes, medium term out maybe to the end of 2023 here and especially where we could be ultra long here when we're talking about five to 10 years down the line in where we could potentially see this technology integrating in the commercial space in a full commercial capacity. Hopefully this allows you some insight to the baseline that exists and the insights that I was able to glean with my site visit here just recently of Aduro Clean Technologies. Please enjoy. Hi, I'm Anil Jauvar, chief scientist with Aduro Clean Technologies. We are just gonna go in our R&D lab where we do our basic understanding and testing of the raw materials before we actually move it to a continuous system. So this is where we start our basic testing for any material. So we start with a small reactor system which is 5 ml. It's just a batch reactor which is completely closed. What we can do is like we can do multiple of reactors like this and put it in this basket. This is a fluidized bed heated sand bath where we can maintain temperature, keep the mixing going so that we can do the reaction and at a certain residence time, we can take the reactor, we can take the open reactor, look at the products and find out like whether the conversion happened or not. So this system is just for testing whether the chemistry is happening or not. And once we figure out like it's working, what we can do is like we can try to scale up in a slightly larger reactor so that we can recover the product and analyze it. So once we are done with this reactor system, we actually transfer the data from here and do testing at our larger reactors. So this is how we started, right? Like we actually start testing with the virgin raw materials like PEPP, polystyrene. These are virgin materials. So we test the chemistry whether it's happening or not. And then these are reclaimed material basically after post-consumer for mechanical recycling. This is recycled polyethylene, polypropylene pellets. So we kind of expanded our test to this material. And then we also test what we call as this material from different farm or reject of recycling material. And what we typically do is with our chemistry we are able to produce in case of polyethylene, we get like a wax kind of material where the carbon number ranges from C8 to C100. This could be used for a variety of purposes. Actually we can tune the carbon number range so that it could be used for either as an aftercracker feed or we can tune it to produce high molecular weight waxes which could be used for lubrication purposes. So in case of polyethylene what you get is this vaccine material which melts about 60 degrees Celsius. In case of polypropylene because it's a branch molecule we get branching saturated hydrocarbon so which is more like a liquid at room temperature conditions. And we have also done testing by mixing polyethylene and polypropylene. You get like a nice flowable product when you mix both polyethylene and polypropylene. We have done some reactions and testing with polystyrene. So our chemistry basically work on chemical molecules like especially like the chain growth polymers from pure cycle right where they are using a solubilization technique. What we are doing is here we are taking this molecule apart like so our process is like a chemical scissors is chopping the molecules and what we are creating is like a feed for an aftercracker. So where we can actually use this material as a feedstock and what we get in the end is like a virgin material like brand new material. So what we are doing is replacing the fossil fuel instead of getting those feedstock from crude oil or other natural resources we are just creating that. So our product will be as new as like a virgin material like once we use that to create we can create virgin material. Now what Anil just said there about the ability to take what is typically waste and not only that but damaging waste that all too often ends up in the landfill over 80% is ending up in our landfill and I think a lot of people out there are not aware of this but his statement about covering the different types of virgin feedstock as well as some of the stuff that has been mixed product as well as some of the chemistry that they're looking to mix both back and forth really spoke to the ability to not rely on natural production through fossil fuels to provide us the necessary feedstock to produce more plastic. Plastic is not going away but to use the aduro clean technologies platform in an opportunity to take what would have ended up in the landfills and to use that material to produce a usable product on the back end whereas we would typically have to rely on our valued natural resource IE our fossil fuel to provide that feedstock in production of new plastics. So I found this segment intriguing when Anil was breaking down the thought processes that exist with aduro and the ability to take what would have just ended up as a detriment to both businesses because it's too expensive to recycle as well as an environmental detriment IE ending up in the landfill and actually taking that putting it to the rigor of the aduro chemistry and actually producing a more valuable resource on the back end by nature of either changing the chemistry or controlling and monitoring the chemistry in a way that produces a favorable outcome on the back end. So basically once you feed it in the NAFTA cracker like which typically ranges from C5 to C12 hydrocarbons and you can convert that into ethylene ethylene molecule could be used to convert into polyethylene which could be provided to the consumers for making like different products which could be used by common consumers. And once it's used like nowadays most of it is discarded which goes for recycle but typically only about 10 to 12% is recycled. Most of it is about 10 to 12% is incinerated and rest of like remaining 80 to 90% is on the sorry remaining 80% is in the landfill. So during the process of discussion with Anil I continually asked him about cross-comparing aduro the width some of the few technologies out there that of which I think all will have or find their potential place depending on the viability of each of those respective technologies. However, Anil was very clear in establishing aduros place in how they go about deconstructing the plastic molecule and even the potential of really tweaking the chemistry to ensure that they can in some cases provide if he's to provide a usable product on the back end to lend itself available to upcycling. He mentioned this a number of times during our discussion and he really wanted to separate what aduro is doing with regard to their surgical deconstruction the careful deconstruction of molecules and not necessarily the complete destruction of the molecule where as some of the pyrolysis, some of the known high heat input and high energy inputs which come with it a premium via cost cross compares to the aduro technology. So basically when you compare our technology with the different technologies like especially thermolytic approach. So they are using relatively high temperature like temperatures over 400 degrees Celsius and the product which they obtain is not like a saturated it's a mixed bag of stuff which contains some saturated hydrocarbons and some unsaturated hydrocarbons. Whereas with our process we do it at relatively milder conditions temperatures less than 400 degrees Celsius and the product which we get is like almost 97% of it is saturated hydrocarbons. So we don't need like significant post-processing whereas in case of pyrolytic product what we need is a hydrogenation process in order to make it usable and stable which is very expensive process. In the segment I asked Anil to discuss what I've heard floated when associated with the aduro clean technologies technology hydrochemolytic and I've heard the word novel in that in all of the years history of chemistry and evolution, et cetera. There are aspects about this chemistry that set itself above and beyond the rest. I've tried not to be as bias I'm trying to be as impartial as I can when I explain my interpretation of what I see through my lens when I look at aduro but let's hear from Anil on his answer to my question to him about the novelty of hydrochemolytic process as it pertains to the technology at aduro clean technologies. So a few things about novelty is like we operate at milder temperature conditions. We don't need the external source of hydrogen like basically we don't need molecular hydrogen. Our process use bio-based substrate to produce in situ and saturators. It's a one step process compared to you pyrolyse, create a product and then hydrogenate it. We can do all in one step. And the other advantage is we can handle moisture and other contaminants, right? Whereas in case of pyrolysis, you will be limited to moisture because you are losing energy. In our process, we are able to handle moisture. I wanted to get Anil's impression on that the industry as a whole and whether or not other technologies would find its place in solving the plastic problem. We've discussed a lot and we've heard it thrown around that the plastic problem is so enormous even now as we speak, it's out of control and where we are looking to go into the future with the population growth and the expected expansion of plastic production that we're looking at insurmountable amounts of plastic produced every single year. Statistics upwards into the billions of tons of plastics produced annually and how is it that we deal with that? And my question to Anil was, will other technologies find their niche in solving the plastic problem? In other words, it's not gonna be a one solution or one size fits all to address the plastic problem. And I think there's room for multiple players in the space as applicable to the niche that they're looking to solve within each of the complex layers of addressing the plastic problem. So I would say that not a single company will be able to address all the plastic problem because there are so many different kinds of plastic like chain growth and step growth plastic. So what we need is like a combined solution. Like I envision like a analogous to refinery, petroleum refinery where you have like a sorting like a distillation column separating different fractions of material. So same thing I see with sorting of different plastic feedstock and basically whatever is mechanically recycled should be mechanically recycled and what is not we can actually use our technology. And I do know technology plays a nice role in bridging that like so we can take the material which is rejected, not suitable for mechanical recycling. We can take a mixed polymer feed like we can get polyethylene, polypropylene mixed together or even polystyrene. Again, it depends on the end application. If you are looking for NAFTA cracker feed we will limit to polyethylene, polypropylene and we can convert them into high value platform chemicals. I wanted to get a little bit better in touch with Anil and how long he had been with Aduro asked him and asked him where he thought here in 2023 where in his assessment he thought where we were with the technology, the hydrochymaletic technology. This is where he introduces the coin of being a platform technology and does discuss as the multi-use application here. So for my viewing audience to understand here how big that is in understanding that this is not a one use case. Anil doubled and tripled and quadrupled down many, many times in explaining Aduro's multiple use case here and Anil goes on to explain the three tier in their focused application here in 2023 on where they are placing the majority of the focus and use case over their hydrochymaletic technology in its use case and application. So I have been with Aduro for 10 years. So what we have developed is what we call is a platform technology. So hydrochymaletic technology is not just for plastic it's a platform technology and so far we have explored three areas of its application. One is heavy oil or asphalt in sub grading. The second area is renewable fuels using what we call is waste like yellow grease or brown grease from the restaurants or the grease straps and then the third technology is plastic upcycling. So in case of plastic upcycling what we have demonstrated is this technology works in the batch system we have proven the chemistry. We have found out the blanket conditions what we have also studied is like effect of different contaminants. So in case of contaminants what we are looking at is like whether the contaminants affects the process chemistry is it process design and where does it end up? So that's what we are looking at and we are making like a complete array of different contaminants because contaminants itself are very broad like they could be intrinsic which is means already present in the plastic while making different palliates or maybe products then extrinsic contaminants could be like ketchup bottles where you have like residual food oil or other materials. So what we are looking at is like taking each and every component and analyzing it how does it affect and we are looking at the three criteria as where does it fit? And once we have forehead along this path now what we are doing is taking this system and translating into a continuous process. So the burning question on every investor's mind and anybody who follows the Hedero technology story is we know that the technology has been bench tested where it was incepted and that was the time when they segwayed and got the third party verification to give everyone the assurance and double down that the technology works, it works. Now we take the follow on question and I questioned Anil on the ability of the technology to go from its current state and scale up. And I asked him, is it easy to scale up? And he offers the following comments. I wouldn't say it's easily scalable but we are pretty confident that we will be able to scale up because we do have experience with the heavy oil system. So where we were taking asphalt which are nothing but nature's polymer and we were able to take it apart, apart those molecules and upgrade the product so that we can make it pipelineable, reduce the metal content. So looking at that what we have done in that area and what we have found that when we translated our results from batch system to continuous we actually improved the process chemistry we had to use milder conditions and reduce the space time required for the process. So we are confident that same thing will be applied to this plastic project and we are moving forward with that. So what we have built so far is like a continuous system it can handle up to five kilogram of material for plastic. We will be, it's a mechanically complete electrical installation is done right now what we are doing is basically checking up troubleshooting like if there is any components which we need to kind of update it or even the heat trace we are doing the electrical checkups and once that is done we will have a team operating it very soon. Right now in what we are doing for the team preparation is we have done all the safety training team is well trained on the CPR first aid we are making them ready for the operations. Okay, so Anil gave us a little bit of foreshadowing with regard to the R2 reactor which is capable of handling the five kilograms of continuous flow, okay? So I wanted to demonstrate to the audience how we have progressed from the batch process going from the bench to the batch testing and even Anil alluded to having to scale back the technology, the chemistry because it worked so well and actually reduced the heat when we started to move toward the continuous flow in the evolution of the technology but you guys are gonna have to stay tuned I'm going to split this video and the coverage into probably a three or four part series you're just gonna have to follow it through I wanted to split it up into usable pieces so you can get the most value out of the information I'm very, very aggressive with making sure that the intent of the content that was captured up there really pays forward some of the amazing things that are going on with the internals of this company it is absolutely my intent to portray the feeling that I got when I left there about how devoted the Aduro team is to this cause and hopefully after reviewing this content you found as much value in it as I have in really understanding the internals of what goes on day to day at Aduro full well understanding that many of you will never have the chance to actually do a site visit as I have so I would invite you to stay tuned for follow on chronicling as we follow this story through we'll finish up at the lab and we will actually provide you the insights of the R2 reactor and the walkthrough of what has been mechanically complete and electrically complete my understanding is just here recently the electrical certification has just already come through and the training and the learnings that came out of the building of the R2 and putting the chemistry aligned with the continuous flow reactor is really starting to accelerate the excitement for Aduro and finally seeing this continuous flow in a capacity that is going to provide customer engagement to the extent that customers can actually see what is possible on yes, a small scale as Anil admitted to but my press to Aduro was to really suggest that we may be looking at the potential for that scale up and the potential for the R3 commissioning in much grander volumes taking the R2 learnings and actually evolving to the R3 here at some catalyst forming event here for Aduro here in the short term maybe even as early as monitoring the company through 2023. So it'll be very, very exciting. You're going to need to stay tuned for the opportunity for those follow on rollouts as I continue my chronicling of my site visit of Aduro clean technologies. If you guys enjoy the opportunity that is made possible through the independent investor channel I would invite you to subscribe to the channel. Aduro is one of the very, very few companies that I have on my very, very short list of companies that I'm absolutely convinced about the prospects of the future and you're going to have to subscribe to the message become part of the community. It'll cost you nothing. Cover the Aduro story, put it in your watch list. Start to stay tuned to the news releases as I and some of the few other channels are providing to you. If you have questions, leave them in the comments section of this video anything that was said during the totality of this video. Please leave those in the comments section below as that will strike up a dialogue on this topic. And I will just say this in closing, the plastic problem has never been so real but it is companies like Aduro that are making huge, huge waves in a capacity that I still consider undiscovered. And it's going to be amazing for me to pay the story forward as we evolve this story and I share with the grander audience the findings from my site visit on Aduro Clean Technology. Thank you so much for tuning in to this part one of the Aduro site visit chronicling and good luck in your investment future.


Boundaries create the possibility of continued connection with people. Walls don't. Walls cut off connection with people. And I think what I'm trying to say to you guys is, make sure that this year you are creating boundaries, not building walls. Don't get those two things confused as I have at times in my life. Boundaries are good and healthy. Walls, not so much. Love you guys. Cheers.


Dear students, in this module, we are going to talk about the crimes in Pakistan. Crimes are major social problems in Pakistan with a range of different types of crimes occurring on a regular basis. The most common types of crimes in Pakistan include theft, burglary and robbery, as well as more serious crimes such as murder and terrorism. In the criminal justice system in Pakistan, the crime rate is increasing by the passage of time. Because there are many factors involved in this, such as the natural factor that increases our population. The crime rate also increases. Along with this, the lifestyle or living patterns are being overcrowded and the crime rate increases due to the overcrowdedness. Along with this, there are some factors that involve your political institutions or policies. For example, the crime rate increases due to poverty. Along with this, the direct impact of poverty is on your unemployment rate. Because unemployment is especially in the youth and youth are not available to access the goals which are given by the society. For example, if society requires from you that you should work hard to get high financial status, then the possibilities of hard work are particularly in the youth's significant number of population. So that would ultimately become a significant motive to engage yourself in different criminal activities. That is why we see that in Pakistan, the increase in street crime is increasing and especially in this, the youth are involved. Crime in Pakistan is influenced by a range of factors including poverty, unemployment, social inequality and political instability. So there are a range of formal and informal mechanisms of addressing crime in Pakistan, including the criminal justice system, community policing and traditional dispute resolution methods. So these are not only formal mechanisms of control in Pakistan. Fortunately, informal mechanisms of control are also present, such as your family, your socialization, your religious ideology, through which informal mechanisms of social control are active. And your conscience or your conscience is ingrained through the process of socialization that you should not be tempted towards the criminal activities. And also that must be a stronger motivating factor for you to live your life according to the normative patterns of the society. However, as in the society, opportunities are reduced, resources are limited and especially because of the media, the glamorization of your modern life which becomes a motivating factor for you that you should also achieve such a high status in society while you are not having the adequate resources or adequate means to access the possibilities. So the efforts are underway to address the problem of crime in Pakistan, including through the development of new laws and policies and strengthening of law enforcement and criminal justice institutions. And sustained effort by the government and civil society and other stakeholders. So there are many people who potentially become a part of the crime practices which may become a motivating factor due to the absence of awareness in the minds of people or people. For example, when we talk about road safety, road accidents, we talk about people's lackadexical behavior which is an attitude to their safety and needs to be worked on because of which there is a potential crime which involves your carelessness and we can tackle it. So awareness campaigns are run to stop potential crimes such as road accidents or drug abuse or other victimless crimes. So on the whole it's a food for thought for you What are the possible factors behind the increase in crime rate in Pakistan? What are the possible factors behind the increase in crime rate in Pakistan?


Hi, this is Mitch Mitchell and yes, I'm wearing my Cowboys hat because the Cowboys are actually tied for first place and I'm kind of surprised by that because You know, I'm a Cowboys fan. I've been a Cowboys fan since well, I guess 1969 1970 it was my dad's favorite team. It was my favorite team, you know America's team who didn't love the Cowboys At least back then and I'm still a Cowboys fan had some tough times But you know there it is but before I go on to my main topic I also want to kind of explain because sometimes I feel like I'm yelling at the camera the video camera And it's because I'm using this Logitech 310 camera, which is a wonderful webcam But every once in a while when I start these videos this box comes up and says it can't hear me speaking And I'm thinking what you can't hear me speaking. I mean I'm speaking direct I know how to project as a former singer. I was a train singer So I know how to project but it can't hear it. So then when I come out and I go louder Then it goes on and everything is fine. So in case you've ever wondered where if I sound like I'm yelling at the camera That's why I do it. So getting on with the topic, you know last week I put up a video and I called it take care of yourself first and that's supposed to be my mantra for how You know, I really want to take care of myself first. Yeah, see there's me go ahead and itch So I took care of myself first Anyway So I had talked about you know some problems I've been having Adjusting my numbers with diabetes and how I needed to try to take care of myself. So what happens last Friday.  And so we went to this other place where I tried something It's one of those vegan places and I'm not necessarily a vegan kind of guy I'm just not but I thought they would have fruit juice which they kind of did by that I mean the one that I end up deciding to try said it had apple carrots beats Lemon and ginger all this stuff was mixed in and I said how come I can't just have straight-up apple juice And the guy said because we make all of our stuff fresh and it takes 10 apples to make one glass of apple juice I I'd never heard of such a thing, but you know, this is what they tried So I actually bought this thing and it was this thick purple stuff that came out And he prefaced his earlier thing by saying everything we have here He said most of our juices tastes more like the fruit than anything else This one didn't do it And I asked you have equal. He says we have stevia and I said of course you do Because you know all the stuff out there about aspartame and what are you gonna do anyway? I had a little bit of that I put three stevias in this little glass trying to make it palatable that didn't work But still I at least had that little bit So anyway, I come home from meeting him and I actually actually had to go buy some other stuff first And so I come back home and I'm tired Because I tend to go to bed late in this case I went to bed on time But I couldn't get to sleep because it was earlier that I'm used to going to bed and I had to be up at 7 10 in the morning so I was tired and I was really really tired really really tired and You know, I started to notice that when I get really really tired, maybe that's a bad sign And I'll tell you why because I said you know what let me go and lay down here and take a nap So I laid down I took a nap and I ended up sleeping about you're almost close to an hour and a half And when I woke up I'm not necessarily feeling great. I feel rested, but I don't necessarily feel great so I come to the computer, you know sitting right here and In about five minutes. I start feeling really really shaky and I'm like, well, what's the deal with this? So I checked my glucose and it was at 39 39 Let's just say that that is uber dangerous. That is just scary I've never had a 39 before I had a 44 once which is really scary a couple of years ago heck actually maybe even last summer but 39 and I was going down now the best thing about it is that I was home I was not in the hotel room I wasn't anywhere else and I had bought some hard candies just in case this happened So I went I got some of these hard candies and I was able to eat some of these hard candies And then I was able to heat something up Really quick to eat it to try to get me to a place where I could actually make lunch That may sound weird, but in a weird way, that's kind of what a diabetic has to do sometimes You know, I have gained Immeasurable control over my high numbers ever since I started using the my fitness powl app and My Fitbit here that I showed yes, and it's now the red one last time It was the blue one, but I had ordered a red one because red is my color and I've gotten control over those high numbers.  You know, they're very knowledgeable about that But they have no real clue and truthfully I will tell you the truth until I got to my fitness pal thing I don't think I really had a clue because I would try to limit the number of carbs and I would say you know what I need to load myself up on protein and what This thing has shown me is that it's got to be a mix between some protein and some carbs because last week Well, yeah before I had this crash on Friday. I had a couple of numbers in the 60s And I had eaten but I had only eaten protein. I hadn't eaten any kind of carb whatsoever So it starts to tell you that you know protein by itself isn't enough to take care of this And this is one of the problems with diabetes is always this management between your medication and how you're eating and when you're eating and what you're eating and It's really not an easy thing and It brings on stuff for instance when my numbers were high I had this risk of these aneurysms in my eye Because it was eye problems back in 1997 which led me to go to a doctor. Okay, my wife led me to go to the doctor But still where it was diagnosed, you know, I was diagnosed as diabetics with 17 years ago But you know, I had this thing because the numbers were too high and the thing is what numbers are Relatively high and you know mine were in the mid-200s I didn't really feel anything different, but of course it does take a toll on your body when my numbers were higher sometimes I would feel a little logy and you know, whatever But it was a totally different feeling that when the numbers are low when the numbers are low They're shaky you are shaky your head hurts and it brings on other things It can bring on depression you get really depressed a lot of times when it's really high You you start getting depressed you can get surly and moody and and snap it people That can happen The depression it's a miserable thing and There's not a lot you can do with it and and I really chafe when I get people who aren't diabetic who will say Oh, you know what? You can eliminate diabetes by just doing this and just doing this.  It turns out if you qualify for the the gastric bypass surgery Some of those people have actually been able to eliminate diabetes But it's not really eliminating diabetes as much as when you get to gastric bypass surgery You actually have to follow this regimen. You can only eat so much, but you have to do it multiple times And you have to it's a medical thing And and that actually starts to regulate everything. Well, that's different than just coming out and saying it here's diabetes No, it forces you into changing how you eat and how you manage it So it's not quite the same thing as totally eliminating, you know diabetes. You can't take a pill to eliminate it You know what? See this? This is my insulin. I Take two shots a day of that and I get this stuff here. It's called metformin and I take two of these big old pills If you can see that I take two of these every every day and This is actually a medication that's working because the doctor I had previously He had me on this other thing that never seemed to be working and I said, I don't think this stuff's working and Then when I got this other doctors she looked and said well, I think we need to put you on this and this stuff works It helps to control it. I found that out when I was in San Diego I was putting on a lot of steps a day I mean just just walking tons Actually in Orlando also, but I ran out of that medication. I had insulin but I ran out of that medication and the numbers went higher You know, it's proof that I actually do need both but I also then you know, like I said, I started having these lows and Since you know, I started using this other thing I've been able to drop how much medication or how much insulin I take I start to take the pills But you know, I'm doing this and I'm saying this because you know, there's a lot of people out there who are diabetic I mean, it's one of the fastest growing things in the world And there's a lot of people who think that it's all our fault because of What we ate and how we ate and did all this other kind of stuff You know what? I think I was the 17th or 18th person in my family on my dad's side Who ended up with diabetes, you know, it just there was a family history there. We predisposed toward it Are there things I could have done to maybe delay it? Yeah, but it was never gonna stop it. It was coming That's just how it is.   It turns out not all heavy people have diabetes True. I don't have high blood pressure Of all the weird things my blood pressure is perfect. It's always has been so, you know, it's not always about weight it's about a lot of other things and I'm just putting this out there because for the diabetics. So what you know, you know what? You're not alone. You know, you're not alone, but the new people don't and So I'm saying that for the new people saying that for people who are having problems You know what you really can find ways to at least gain some kind of control I did it by using my fitness pal and I followed that thing along because it helps me to count the calories You know putting it all there I'm a numbers kind of guy and I'm not doing it on my own I'm not guessing anymore and now I can pretty much eat anything I want to as long as I stay under my certain number of calories per day and Since my fitness fit bit and calories based on how many steps I get a day and how I get those steps It just opens up a whole new world It's a wonderful thing, but the lows are scary. I'm just saying it right now. The lows are scary and I've got to figure that part out and I have to tell myself You know what when you're that sleepy, maybe you should eat something first before you go take that nap go ahead and take the nap But you know it really is a freaky thing when you wake up crashing and that happened to me When I was in Memphis, I woke up crashing and then I was in a hotel I couldn't get to anything for a long time. It really took me a while here Luckily, I was able to just pretty much lay my hand on something. So, you know what right now I've got these cough drops no real sugar, but each one is 10 calories. It's it would be something to help So I'm just putting it out there because I just thought it was time to really talk more about diabetes I had another video talking about a long time ago. I think and I mentioned it in some other stuff I mentioned it when I first started talking about my fitness now and You know, it's just kind of a follow-up thing. It's the scary It really is a scary thing I wouldn't wish this upon a lot of people and I say that that way because you know There's those people who hear about something they say I wouldn't wish it up that upon my worst enemy Well, I don't have a worst I don't know but if I did I think I wouldn't be depressed I know you're not supposed to think that way, but let's be truthful, you know the people we really hate Do we really care? I don't but I don't really hate anyone. So there you go. I did In my past, but we won't go there. So anyway, this is all I had to say about it I'm Mitch Mitchell and let me know if you're diabetic if you have issues and If you have family members, you know, there's a lot of things I know like I said, I've been diabetic for 17 years I've read a ton and I know how to help bring it down Now I've got to control when I get those lows how to stop getting those lows because that's just miserable So y'all take care. Have a great What's to say? This is still Monday night. Have a great Tuesday. Bye


Welcome back to the 21st Convention 2017 of Rolando, Florida, 10-year anniversary special event. As I mentioned to you guys and told you very explicitly and clearly the beginning of this event, and when you guys are at your goody bags and throughout the event, this convention has been dedicated specifically to Andrew the Private Man, Andrew Hansen. He was an alumni speaker of the 21st Convention 2016, down in Miami, Florida. He was also a confirmed speaker for this event before he died. I thought very much about trying to push this event up throughout the year to actually have him speak again before he died, but I talked to him about that and decided he knew better than I did that was a bad idea. As it turned out he did die sooner than we thought earlier in this year. I believe in March 3rd when I'm mistaken. He was the first speaker to ever take this stage and contribute to the platform and then die. When I started this when I was 17, those kind of thoughts would have never and did not occur to me. It did occur to me years ago that at some point of the dozens and over 100 speakers we have that eventually one of them, actually all of them would die, of course. But having had it happen in our 10-year anniversary this year was pretty intense. On top of an already incredible year that were things have been changing at a pace that I don't even have words for in a very positive way, of course. With that said, Andrew Hansen, Andrew the Private Man was, before I even get into my own personal take on him, he was a Red Pill blogger and philosopher and author for those of you who are not specifically aware of him. That is a big deal in itself, but that is an understatement. The Red Pill community is not that big as a branch of the Manisphere.  This was a big loss for a community that really, really did not need that. And he is sorely missed, not just for his contributions and his theories and his thoughts, but his sense of life and who he was. He was a very positive person, he was very, I don't know if joyful is the word, but cheerful. Even considering dealing with the Red Pill, which is not usually associated with being cheery, he was an incredibly human being, top to bottom, an incredible man. Having made the Red Pill transition or taking the Red Pill very late in his life, I believe in his late 40s, about 47, 48, which is unusual. With that said, the last thing he ever said to me was at his girlfriend's house at the time of his death where he ended up dying earlier this year. Tracy, who was at this event, and she spoke yesterday about Andrew as well. The last thing he ever said to me was, make sure I live forever. He said this not only to me, but I believe Rolo as well. And with me specifically though, he made video, the videos from the convention that we filmed with him. His presentation, which you see up here, a picture of, as well as his interview with Socrates, as well as his contribution to the Q&A panel from last year at the convention in Miami. When I started this company, again, I could have never imagined that someone who was about to die would ask me very sincerely and very seriously to ensure he lives forever using the platform I built and that he contributed to massively and positively. To say I was honored is an understatement. I was nearly in tears.  I don't know if that was absolutely necessary, but I thought given how much of a badass this guy was facing down death, literally with one eye, staring death in the eye with one eye, remaining eye, he died of a rare form of eye cancer for those of you who are unaware. Yeah, it was just, it was incredibly intense. And I did, as you, that was in person down in Miami, Florida, or South Florida earlier this year. He was very generous with his time. I got to visit him quite a lot, not just through the convention, which happened a few months before that, but I had various knee issues, medical issues with the doctor down there, so I could see him pretty frequently. And I'm very annoying and very pestering.  It was awesome. I loved when he said that. And we had a, for the, about one year I knew him, not even I think. I got to call him a friend. And that was a very rapidly deformed friendship in part because I knew he was going to die. And I really, really put the effort in. And he reciprocated in kind. We had a lot of jokes.  I would, like, try to bring it over.   He said my one redeeming quality with that call is that I like whiskey. Because again, he hated gluten-free beer. I do have to make one final comment before passing it on to those speakers here who knew him. I had my best friend. I watched him die of cancer as well. He died at 22 years old when I was 19. That was 2008, August 1st.   I fully respected and understood Andrew's choices that he did not pursue chemotherapy and all these different crazy therapies. Like, people would email him like, started drinking like cannabis oil and stuff, like all this stuff.  The courage he had to remain psychologically intact, and I have no doubt this is a terrifying beyond belief. I don't think he was absolutely fearless. It's that he continued his psychological framework, so to speak, for lack of a better word, all the way to his death. He was not afraid to the point that he would surrender who he was or submit.  I'll never forget having lunch with him. There's a picture of us outside of the restaurant where he ended up buying it for me, too.  It was really expensive, too. Just staring at this guy across the table, having a connormal conversation. He was totally engaged.  He was not unaware of this. He was totally aware of it. 100% aware of his own mortality. And, yeah, just faced down death of one eye. I think it's very rare that men can do that, or it's unusual.  I love this guy. All that said, Rolo. If you have my third book, the forward of that book, and the dedication of Positive Masculinity, I dedicated that to Andrew's memory. All I can really do is just sort of give you the stories that I remember of him. I knew him a little bit longer than you. I can remember when I had made the move from Orlando, Florida, and I was moving back to Nevada, and I was really kind of rebuilding my life at that time. I was still in the process of writing the first book, and I hadn't quite finished it. I knew I was getting pretty close, but at the same time I had a lot of stress in my life because I moved from one job into another job. At the time I felt like I was kind of making a move backwards, and I'm just basically zeroing my life out and then rebuilding myself at the same time. I knew that there was some potential there, and I knew that the first book was going to be something special, but this is a time before all of that. I think it was like in July of 2013, and I was listening to a podcast, and I think it was just like Manisphere Podcast or Manisphere Radio or something like that, and it was him, and he was on there, and I bumped into him a couple of times just online in virtual worlds, and I had a conversation with him back and forth, and this is the first time I think I had really experienced someone who I only knew digitally in a personal way. I listened to him, and like I said, I was going through a bad time, but I listened to him on this radio or this podcast, and he just sounded so real and so authentic, and it wasn't just this sales pitch.  So we had some personal emails going on back and forth for a while, and then we started, he started calling me, and he wanted a few people that I almost instinctively trust with my personal phone number, and so I started talking to him, and every once in a while we would talk and he would tell me what was going on, and in one of those conversations, he says, you know, I could tell you something was wrong with him, he says I got cancer, and it was right before he got the eye patch he had his eye removed, and he says I think I'm going to lose my eye, and he was really upset about having, you know, he was going to lose his eye, he was going to have to, you know, kind of have that depth perception problem, and so we started talking about that, and I could tell it was really emotionally, you know, bothering him at that time, but so, you know, we were talking about Red Pill stuff, and then he just kind of gets real personal, and he gets real, you know, like he's known me for forever, and I think if he had a talent, it's like, you know, even if you just know him for a year, it feels like you've known the guy for a long time, and a lot of people want it, I'm not going to get all, you know, fortune cookie on you, but I think he was an old soul, and you know, going out as early as he did, and he also makes that seem a little bit more concrete, and so he tells me, you know, I'm going to lose my eye, and you know, here I'm trying to joke, I said, well, you're going to look cool, because you're going to get to wear eye patch legitimately, you know, without having to make up some story about it, and so he was laughing, and we're just going to cheer him up, and then he lost his eye, and then we thought it was a remission, and you know, so we're talking back and forth, and he asked me, he asked me if I could, if I could front him some money for his cell phone, because he was, he wasn't able to make his cell phone bills, and so I gave him the money, and like trying to, you know, okay, 800 bucks no problem, you're good, and I just did it with, just instinctively, because the guy was just a really cool guy, and I don't know, then it was just sort of an off and on thing that we had between the time you lost his eye, and then the time you died, and most of the time it was about, our conversations were really about red pill stuff, but then we would start out that way, but then they get a lot deeper than that, and then that's why, you know, I wanted to dedicate the book to him, and I really wanted to have, you know, some sort of memorial like you were saying, you know, don't let my spirit die, and I wanted to, you know, make a mark on the world, and I really, I quoted this before, but, you know, Steve Jobs always said, I want to make a dent in the universe, and I really think that Andrew made a dent in the universe in sort of an unorthodox way, but just was, like I said, an old soul, and I think really a great soul, and so when he finally got back to me and says, yeah, the cancer's back, I tried to slide it, and I was like, oh, God, you know, it's just that pit, you know, when you know somebody's going to go, and just like you were saying, I mean, the way we go out as men, the way that we die, is, I think, just as significant as how we live, so, I mean, that sounds real brave heart and very, you know, Hollywood-y, and it's really, it's really easy to build ourselves up and like, watch a movie, and, you know, watch, you know, William Wallace, you know, Die at the Infrareda, and that kind of stuff, or, you know, these really Hollywood romanticized endings to, you know, great men, but I don't think what we really appreciate is staring death down in such a way, and accepting it, and I think that the stages of death, when we're talking about the acceptance of grief and going through these different cycles, you know, acceptance, and I think he didn't even have a problem with that. I think he just went straight from like, you know, maybe he was a little bit angry, maybe he was a little bit sad, but he went straight to just accepting it, says, you know, this is the way it is. So, I think if I remember him as one thing, I think he was very much a great soul, and I am honored to have known the guy. So, before you take that, I just want to make it something I don't think I ever told Rollo, I don't think anyone else. The singular primary reason I got Andrew to speak at the convention last year in Miami is because of Rollo linking his blog on the Rational Mail. Had I not seen that, I would have never found the private ban. So, it was all thanks to this guy. Yeah, I think the other one thing I left out is I had asked him to actually write the foreword to the third book, and I, you know, I asked him to do that, you know, because I knew that if anybody could do that before they went out, he could do it, but it was just so aggressive and it took him so quick. So, I ended up having to write, you know, his own memorial and if you have the third book, just understand that that book is dedicated to him, and I wanted that to be his memorial because if anybody believed in positive masculinity, it was Andrew. I met Andrew on a blog. I had been basically kind of scrolling through a couple of things. I didn't quite understand the technology. The digital age was fairly new. The method of communication I didn't quite get.  And so, it was kind of a realization that, you know, the average man may have something to say and that kind of changed the reality and it was interesting kind of reading the content and the connection and the flair that he had and then he did a really kind of odd thing. I knew he was in Florida. I knew I was in Florida and I knew that he lived in a particular area in one town and frequently I'd go back and forth between here in Miami and I'd pass by it and you'd kind of relatively think somebody I know is in that town that I've never met and I was always kind of fascinated by knowing people virtually and at some point he decided to host just a meet up nothing major, no fee just, hey, let's meet in this kind of beach side town and share a beer and have a connection and he literally sat down and he goes, I want to know my readers and he goes, I want to meet the people who are reading this and I was terribly moved by that. I thought it was rather remarkable and so everyone's kind of posting in the comment sections that are going to show up and next thing you know people are coming in out of state, they're flying in and I found that just incomprehensible that you would actually spend that amount of money time flying in a weekend just to meet somebody that you kind of had a friendship and a connection with virtually and what you start realizing is that the virtual connections can be very much as real as the interpersonal. You don't have as much dialogue but in many ways you have the capacity to think and comprehend and re-run those conversations explicitly by the written text and so you go and it was phenomenal to actually meet somebody, actually see somebody actually be able to come in and say, my God, it was nice to meet you and shake his hand and to create and look the man in the eye in a way in which you couldn't before I thought that was fantastic what out came from that is that it wasn't a whole lot of people but some of the people actually created strong friendships that then meet again on a regular basis because of it so it had a domino effect and it continued and what you find out with Andrew is what you see here on the screen even without the patch is really what you got you got an elderly gentleman that was wise that had character and he used to sit down and say that he brought out his inner pirate the reality is the pirate was there before the patch it really was and you knew when you find out that he's dying and he knew and he goes, we're all gonna die he goes, I'm just now on an accelerated schedule an inconvenient timeline an inconvenient timeline he had wicked humor I mean just really wicked humor and it was just kind of it's gonna sound really stupid when you have kind of a kindred spirit that way you really don't have to say much it's a privilege just to occupy space very much like right now with these gentlemen right here and even with all the other speakers before whether they're in the room or on stage with them you're just kind of amazed that our lives are driven to the point that this actually occurred he had an absolute understanding of it something that a lot of people don't know and it may be just because I'm kind of a geek this way myself his actual education is on map history and understanding the historical nature of maps not the boundaries based on rivers or anything else but by population groups how much area of influence did they have and this sort of training and background and love of history and that particular methodology of communication visually kind of formulated a lot of his thinking and we talked about feminism we talked about culture and everything else as far as maps on ideas moving across kind of plains and hills and stuff like that and it was terribly fascinating conversation having the fortune of actually meeting them before shooting the shit it was a pleasure actually seeing a prepared presentation and then it was doubly a pleasure to sit down and have the opportunity to interview them again afterwards to kind of draw that information out and my saddest moment wasn't the fact that I actually got to meet him and the loss because then very much I'll never see him again but I carry that spirit with me today the first time I opened up my house to the under 21 convention I had an opportunity very much like this man here did and I took and seized that opportunity to open my house my life in the same way he did virtually by having us all go down to where he lived you know and actually see the town and the people he knew and actually were able to meet and greet the people that he saw and wrote about on a regular basis this little tiny bar the other one was he held his own wake a celebration of his life to go explicitly to that and have the corpse come walking in with a damn grin okay was absolutely fantastic and you say again? yeah we got it on film what you probably won't see are all the little fine details I remember you know him reaching around and his girlfriend's ass all over all looking at him and he's giving it a squeeze you know just that sort of pirate nature that swagger the confidence he was not going to let his own wake get him down and he goes how many corpses actually have a chance to actually do this the other part that I found just really kind of almost kind of sad was that the bubbles of his life the spheres of his life came together for the first time there were three distinct spheres we knew that he had family we knew he had friends but in many cases they never knew we existed okay his own brother only realized that he had another complete different life and then through himself I kind of understanding that did not understand a lot of this stuff that was taking place even after the wake where we went out to say Buffalo Wild Wings to have beers and drinks and continue on and trying to explain it so it was really very very touching that his girlfriend and partner would actually show up for this event sit through the entire thing that she absolutely could see and actually experience what Andrew experienced on a regular basis to understand him to share in that idea of that man if I could pause you for a second the reason she's not here today on the fourth day but was here on the first, second and third she's actually had another wake today in Miami another business partner's son just died so we had her filmed yesterday and that's actually specifically why she's not here right now and the only reason so it was remarkable seeing how in another person how this man touched another life and it continued well beyond his death and as you get to know her you start to see the things that he fell in love with that he appreciated and it is very nice to be able to have that additional connection with her his spirit, his ideas and that you sit down and go the man's gone but his soul is still here and very much with us and I'm not letting that go I'm just not letting that go Alright so when I first started reading Private Man when you read his writing you really recognize he has his own unique voice and it's a very special voice especially early on in the red pill when I was getting into it he was one of the first blogs I read and I was drawn to it because he had such a joy coming out of him even though he was talking about these harsh realities these red pill realities he still made you feel like it was going to be okay in the long run it's okay that you know the truth you can still be a happy person so I read him for a couple of years we interacted online and then on my road trip around the country in 2015 we were in touch and I asked him to do an interview and he invited me right to his home and this was in his little city by the sea in South Florida I remember he took me inside his little modest home and he introduced me to the ugliest fucking dog I've ever seen in my life I swear to God it's like seeing an ugly baby you're just like I can't believe this dog is so ugly so the dog's name was Lucy he's like let's take Lucy for a walk I'll show you what I do with Lucy so he takes her out puts her on a little leash and he's taken her around the city by the sea and as soon as we get to the first corner two girls in bikinis come up and start petting the fucking dog and they're like this dog what is it we can't even tell what it is he's like I don't even know what it is he really didn't it was that much of an ugly mutt and I was just like this guy's awesome so from those first few minutes of interacting with him like I always call him like the uncle you wish you always had he really was that awesome uncle who has traveled the world done crazy shit he's done shit he promised to make me never tell anybody he's seen some stuff he's done some stuff so we ended up having a drink we did the interview back at his place we hung out a couple times in south Florida we had a really good connection and like I said he's that kind of person that old soul you know he's just there he was a genuine person when I heard about his death I knew of course he was going to pass but that day in March when I heard about his death it hurt like I woke up in the morning I saw the notifications and it hit me hard it was really like a relative it passed away and it was just because the world really lost a great person so if you go back to his blog and you read his stuff it's so beautiful that his stuff is memorialized like that because it's such a pillar you know because especially because of that attitude you see his face like it's just like I said that uncle you never had so that was I the last time I saw him was earlier this year when I came to visit some family in south Florida and we made an agreement to get together we're like yeah we'll just have lunch an innocent lunch so he ends up coming in an Uber picks me up in an Uber has this sneaky grin on his face he's like we're going to a strip club and I'm like fuck yeah we go to a clock on a Sunday we go to the strip club he pulls out a watt of 20s he's like here you go nephew you have fun and I'm like thank you uncle we seriously we spent we arrived at the strip club at like 2.30 we were there until probably 7pm drinking the whole time we get in another Uber we go back to another hotspot me and him we had burgers and then we just ran around I introduced him as my uncle we had charisma like unbelievable charisma and then like I was sliding in getting phone numbers everywhere and he was that like cool uncle and we just we had so much fun playing off that dynamic like that little acting dynamic he lasted we were we kept drinking until about midnight so from 2.30pm till about midnight and this is just a few months before this guy passed away of cancer like so much respect for Andrew please go read his stuff and make it a part of you because the joy that he had for life was just something so beautiful he really is the uncle you wish you had gentlemen any last words he was a great soul you know how they have I think in in some religions they believe that there are brahman souls and there are cast and levels of souls I believe that he was a great soul thank you men thank you for your attention


These are 21 epic soccer dribbling drills to improve your skills and help you become the best dribbler you can, and I believe you can become the best dribbler on your team. Check out this video, try the drills for yourself, and enjoy the tips to help you improve faster and achieve more. If you don't know about me, I used to be a huge underachiever, but through obsessive self-improvement, I found my success. Earned a college scholarship, played for my national foot-salt team, a YouTube channel with over 100 million views, I've helped players worldwide, and I'd love to help you improve faster and achieve more. So if you're gonna do a double touch inside-outside, just make sure it is nice and quick, and whenever I'm changing direction, I'm always focusing on that low center of gravity, okay, pushing off, because that's what this is really beneficial for. It's the cuts between players, between two players, and those sharp changes of direction. The technique of the cut, because a lot of times, especially if you're starting out, and I'm trying to go that way, my cut is probably here. So learning to actually bring that ball back into you, and make it go where you want with one touch. I will send the better-in-one-day soccer blueprint to anyone who comments hashtag soccer on this video. And you've seen this before, it's these footwork drills. So this is dribbling, yes, but footwork, I think that's foundation. These little touches help you when you're doing more matrilistic touches. So start with the little stuff, the tops, I like these touches. These are some of the basics that I always do. The croquette of touch, like any yes to touch, the cuts, so whether that's one foot cuts, but also bending in these, getting lower the ground, both feet, changes of direction. Okay, single touch. Okay, right foot, let me go again, cause that's sloppy. Good, so notice the technique of the cut, as I said, really over-emphasizing, turning the foot, turning the hips when I'm cutting. The other thing I want you to think about as far as body movement is actually skipping away while you're making that outside cut. Because I can just take a touch, but if I really want to get good at avoiding tackles, learning to really jump away with that touch is gonna help me escape more defenders. How many times have you seen messy, dribbling full speed, someone comes to tackle him, just skips out of the way, continues with his dribble. So think about adding that, the low center of gravity on the cuts, bending the knees, not just focusing on your touches, but focusing on control of the body and then skipping away from tackles. Next one you could do is an inside touch, but again, is that realistic?  And I should be making mistakes every so often, just like that, because if I'm not, then I'm not challenging myself. You could do the same, but a double touch. You know I do like this one, because it's a touch I use all the time, he's lunging for the ball, I take it away from him. Prove faster and achieve more this season, use the soccer success planner. It's 100% free, players all around the world have already used it to improve. You can download it right now, there's a link in the description below. Then you can do those things moving. So if I just did the first touches, actually going places, whether that's front and back from different directions. Okay, if you did that croquette touch, and if you make mistakes, just go again. But actually moving places with these touches, inside-outside cut. The next one you could do is a drag back, roll back. But let's try two versions, two touch, one touch. One touch would be, again, like the inside foot, good skill. Is it realistic? Would you actually dribble like that in a match? No, but good to have that technique. For realistic is probably dragging back from the defender. Good, so I've talked about this before. If I'm doing the skill, if I'm trying to beat him and my touch is there, he's probably sticking down his foot easy tackle. That's why I want more of that side touch and a skip. Same goes for this inside touch. Again, if I'm touching it here on top of his foot, he's probably tackling me. But if I'm touching out here, he's not gonna get me. Same for the roll. If I roll it over nice and easy like that, that's easy for him to tackle.  So when you're changing direction, yes, you're focusing on the quality of the touch, but you're also focusing on the quality of the movement, the body control, okay? So when I make that touch, my upper body can't be here if I wanna change direction efficiently. I want it to be down here because even if I have a bad touch, I'm on top of the ball, I can react quickly. If you're cutting your changing direction up here, slow, and if you do get a little bit of contact from a defender, he's gonna push you off the ball. So whenever you're turning changing direction, think about the sharpness of your touch, yes? But sharpness of your body movement as well. This outside skip touch, but I'm changing feet each time, okay? The reason that's so difficult is because I need really good control of my body, really good balance. If I'm trying to do this up here, lunging, just having nice touches, not gonna happen. I have to have really good balance, really bend the knees, quick feet, good rhythm, but this is realistic movement. These are movements that are going to allow you to get away from defenders. Practicing attacking a defender. So first one might be something like that. These are all skills you've seen me do 100 times, but I like efficient skills that actually work. Okay, so when I'm doing these skills, again, the turn's still there, the forward's still there. Now we're incorporating and attacking someone. The timing of the move is extremely important. If I make my move too late, he's gonna tackle me.  So over time, you're gonna find the perfect distance to make this move at. With someone here, I wanna force him to bite, force him to lunge for the ball or force him to shift his body, his body control or his body positioning in one direction. If I want this space, I wanna push him that space. And if I want that space, I wanna push him this space. Okay, so when you're practicing this, skills are great, but let's make it matrilistic. Because if you practice slow, you play slow. Yeah, it's good practicing my skills. But if I make my move and accelerate with that pace, I'm gonna tackle it at your time. So when you make your move, quick change of direction. Really focus on, after I make my move, this step here, boom, try to get away from it a little bit because what's gonna happen, if you're too slow, I might shift him, I might force him to go that way because I don't get away quickly. Now I have to beat him again. Now I have to beat him again. And again, and I might have good skill, and I might beat him five times, but I haven't gone anywhere with the ball. So focus after you make that move, get away. But I might just set up some balls like this and then freestyle dribble. Don't stop the ball. Don't stop moving when you get tired, keep going. If you make a mistake, recover quickly, in and out. Be creative. Dribbling is also about creativity. If you're doing the same pattern every time, you're easy to defend. If you go the same way every time, you're easy to defend. Have some fun with it. For moving up divisions to making national teams, players who use the Online Soccer Academy get results. Access elite level coaching and training, become a complete player, make a difference on the field and get noticed when you play. Limited spots available, apply today, start improving tomorrow, link in the description below.