Okay, we are in the homestretch. Congratulations for making it through an entire very dense day of learning and we are the last panel between you and some refreshments, so we'll try to keep it lively and keep this panel pretty quick. And then we'll look forward to continuing the discussion afterwards. So thank you again, my name is Yulia Panfil and I am a member of the Property Rights Team at Omidyar Network and I am joined here by an illustrious panel of experts that span the fields of advocacy, land administration, policy, technology, working from the global level to the regional level to the national level and across academia, the private sector and also the nonprofit sector.  Prior to joining Landesa in 2015, Chris led Oxfam America's business and development practice where he conceptualized and launched the Behind the Brands campaign. Next to Chris is Noel Taylor who is the founder and former CEO of Cadasta which is an organization that harnesses innovative technology to simplify and expedite documentation of land and resource rights around the world. Noel has more than 20 years of land and property rights experience particularly in modernizing title registration and cadastral systems. And last but not least we have Professor Grenville Barnes who is a professor of geomatics in the School of Forest Resources and Conservation at the University of Florida. Grenville is a leader in the field of land administration with over 25 years of teaching land administration cadastral systems and geomatics. So before we jump into the panel, I will do my best to summarize in two minutes some of the most interesting lessons, takeaways and perhaps questions that I was left with listening through the panels today. A few words that really stuck out to me that were repeated over and over by the panelists and the speakers, hope, innovation, perseverance, customer service, co-design, autonomy and partnerships. You know, just some points that really stuck out to me. One, you can make progress on land rights even in the absence of fully legally recognized rights. So if you think about the Moabisi Park case study and their ability to electrify that community even in the absence of formal, full legal rights. Something else, just piecemeal digitization isn't enough. You need really a holistic change management and business development approach to upgrading your land registries and we saw that in the Jamaica case study, Australia, Ontario. Something else that stuck out to me. When you talk about PPPs, you really are talking about all three P's. So when developing PPPs, we have to harness the comparative advantage of the business community and the private sector as well as the government and then look into the synergies that are provided by the partnership. I mean, just the example in Ontario of 30 million to four billion dollars in revenue kind of speaks for itself. Another takeaway for me is that securing land rights and updating land registries is a long, frustrating, but ultimately rewarding journey, but it needs a real commitment of both time and money and importantly mandate. And that's something that really came through from several of the case studies. Another takeaway, beautiful laws don't necessarily equal beautiful practice. You could have the most perfect law in the books, but if it's not implemented correctly, you're nowhere. So how do we really get to the implementation piece? And finally, securing land rights is not necessarily the goal in and of itself. It's what can you do with your land rights once they're secured? So it's this whole idea that securing tenure is a necessary but not sufficient condition for achieving these economic growth, food security, empowerment outcomes. So those are just kind of a handful of aspects that stuck out to me. And before turning it over to the panelists, I'm just gonna throw out a few of the questions that I thought were really interesting that some of the speakers dealt with and if the panelists want to riff on any of these or pick them up, great. I'm sure you have many of your own. You know, one, how do you record communal land rights in a system that only supports individual rights from a legal perspective? I thought that that was really fascinating discussion. How do you deal with different departments within a government who handle different pieces of the land-titling puzzle? How do you, I really like the graphic from Elizabeth Stair's presentation of that puzzle piece in the middle. How do you actually make that puzzle fit together? How do you merge departments that may not want to be merged? How do you make registries sustainable from both a financial perspective and a participation perspective? So how do you monetize certain aspects of a land registry that perhaps subsidize some of the free services that you're providing? Or how can the private sector help in the development or in the delivery of property rights in these systems? And we saw some of that through the Ontario case study. Or perhaps how do you use innovative structures like the statutory authority that we saw in Australia? Another question. How do you create in communities the capacity to respond to legal changes or policy changes that are happening at the national level? Because as we saw, and this goes back to the implementation problem, if communities aren't ready to receive these changes, then the changes can be implemented. And finally, and I think this really came through from the Tanzania case study, how do you efficiently build the capacity of a large number of people? And we saw in the Tanzania case study a cascading approach. But when you have a policy or legal change at the top, and then you have thousands of people who have to implement it, how do you build their capacity? So those are some of the interesting questions that I thought the presentations delved into and would love to discuss more in the context of this panel. But for the time being, I will stop and leave it to the panelists. And I'll open it up if each of you could take maybe five minutes to reflect on what you thought were some of the more interesting or perhaps more surprising aspects of the case studies and what you heard today. And how do you think that these case studies could be applicable in the contexts in which you work and how perhaps they can't be are there portions of the case studies that you don't think are applicable? So we can start with Grenville and continue back this way. Okay, thank you. One mic on. Good. So since I've worked in just about all of these countries with the exception of Canada and Australia and Tanzania, all of them are really interesting to me and including those other countries because even though I didn't work there, I was studying their history in the late 80s. So it's very interesting to see the kind of changes in the positive side of things. I mean, I was starting to lose faith. I hate to say that, but this is a nice positive stroke to push me in the right direction. Surprising, perhaps. I did some work in Jamaica way back in the early 1990s and the registry at that time of the Titles Office was known as the deep, which meant that you didn't wanna go down there because who knows what was happening. And I don't know if this is true, but the urban legend was that the Titles Office itself was not registered. So it's nice to see that Jamaica has come such a long way. The Kyrgyzstan, we also done some work, is another sort of surprise because of overcoming this huge change in land tenure and land policy from a communist to a sort of a private property system. And then I think the surprise that Leon and I had, which is sort of a negative surprise when doing the South African case study, was that there's no mechanism to register communal property which constitutes something like 35% or more of the land in a country which supposedly has a good registry was surprising to both of us. So that's the sort of negative surprise. In terms of innovations, I think what's very, very interesting are these PPPs, these private public partnerships that they're going and all the different ways that it's been put together are extremely interesting. I don't think there's no one from Brazil here, right? But there was a case study in Brazil and probably very few people read that. So I will just mention that there's something very innovative going on there. There's an agricultural, sorry, a thing called a car, which is a slightly different approach to a cadastra where people go and they self-declare what their rights are and they are trying to build this from a sort of a conservation end of things. And at some point they will put it together with the legal registry. So it's a very innovative way of trying to get around and trying to eventually get to the formal registry. How does this fit with my context? My context is pretty broad. I have worked and had an interest for a long time in this whole idea of legal pluralism and trying to bring together different land tenure regimes, if you like, so looked in Latin America and in Southern sub-Saharan Africa at how does one accommodate a property system that's really based on a completely different, if you wanna have it, cosmo-vision or something that sees land as a very different thing, not as a commodity as in disorder would have it, but as something much deeper than that. How do you marry that with a system that is treating land as a commodity and what is the interaction between those? And I think that's a big, I don't think we've solved that one, but that is a big challenge. So I think I'll stop there. That's probably my five minutes. Thanks. Let me just start first by thanking Jennifer, Paul, Peter and the immediate team for the chance to participate because it's a unique undertaking by a media to fund these studies. And I can't reiterate enough what a fantastic job Maya did with the Landgate study that I assisted on. I left after a week of interviews, fairly exhausted and every day walked out thinking how the hell is this going to be distilled into something that's readable and useful? And I think what Maya has produced is really fantastic. And also for New America for getting involved into this and trying to disseminate the learnings from these case studies as well. I think they're really important when I think back to around this time, almost 10 years ago, I took a team of around 10 to 15 Egyptian government staff down to Jamaica to look at the reforms that were done by the NLA and spent about a week with Betty's team down there as well. And it was immediately after we had just been to London and done the same thing with HMLR. And at the end of the study tour, I had a meeting with the Vice Minister of Justice and before we went, you know, London was wherever we wanted to go. It's the most advanced system. It's fantastic. We want to see all the bells and whistles. Do we really need to go to Jamaica? Well, at the end of the study tour, they thanked me so much for getting them to Jamaica where they were actually able to see something that was a much better context for them to understand the process and the applicability of reform that they could themselves undertake to modernize their own systems and processes and institutions. And the challenge does lie in getting that information out on what the solutions are. I think one of the bigger problems though is getting more understanding of the actual problem. We've heard about the nuances of property rights and how pervasive they are through so many sectors. And I think this is another area where the immediate network is contributing as well through the property rights index where we can actually start to get more granularity of people's perceptions of tenure security. And then what is the impact of that perception of insecurity and what does it mean because once you start talking to governments about the fact that somebody doesn't have secure rights so there's no productive use of land which is holding back 10 billion dollars of agricultural productivity, I think those are the sorts of discussions that will have them looking for the solutions we're talking about today. So we really have to come up with some more nuanced discussions around the problems, what they are and how they could apply to developing country contexts in particular. In terms of the innovations, for me there are very different layers through the case studies that we've gone through today and read through as well where we have innovative models and we have innovative systems and technology. But for me what's really driven it is the innovation in the change management processes for each of the cases. And the focus of the innovation in terms of the land registries we've seen is really what are the benefits to the customers that are gonna come from this? Whereas when we're talking about the innovations on the securing rights, it's coming back to what Catherine said earlier this morning, it's about quality of life and opening up opportunities for people who are being left out of the formal system, bringing them identity. And it touches on what you had mentioned earlier about land rights in themselves, not just being what we need to focus on, but what are the benefits that extend beyond land rights that can come from improving systems, processes and technology and applying all of those together. And it is a whole ecosystem of stakeholders and players that need to get involved into that from the communities and individuals themselves and how they get engaged into processes right through to the government agencies and underpinning all of that is communication and the social preparation basically of getting that in place. Without that then the sustainability of reforms is really gonna fall over. In terms of where this applies in my context, I've been doing this for about 20 years and it was 2006, I think I was in Zambia doing process analysis of the deeds registry there and as part of the doing business report for the World Bank identifying steps in the process that could be streamlined to cut down their average processing times. And what I found was that each transaction was spending an average of 13 days in the typing pool. So an immediate step they could do was just give people more typewriters. And it comes down to what are the simple things we can do? We don't necessarily always need to think of the Rolls Royce technology solutions but what are the more fundamental changes that we can make for working culture and working processes as we bring people along this journey as well. For me it's really a process that we need to innovate. Great, well I also wanna start with a thank you. I'm honored to be on this panel with such expertise. I don't consider myself nearly the land expert as the other panelists here, I'm more of a generalist. My background is more of a development in human rights and I've come to land a little late but I have seen land in so many different ways as central to both development and human rights issues and I'm very happy now to be digging deep into this issue. So first, thanks to New America Foundation for hosting it and Omidyar and Princeton. I was also really impressed by the studies and as some others have said today, this kind of work strikes me as some of the most important we can do because the land rights field really suffers from an effective marketing strategy I think and from a simple evidence base and digging in in this way and thinking about creative ways to get it out there through social media and otherwise is really critical just to demystify the space a bit and bring on more supporters and hopefully bring more funding and political will. So kudos to all that have contributed to such an effective set of studies and also a great day's discussion. What I was a little surprised by in some of the studies was first, the lack of attention to political power. In many of the studies it almost seemed like that was presumed that the authorities were supportive or we missed that stage of how do we turn the tide on lining up the right political actors to support either the legislative reforms or the kind of implementation issues. It's there, but it's not really explicit and because it's not as explicit, these studies miss some of the strategic questions around how do we bring the right set of actors to the table, how do we convince them, what are the most effective arguments, where are the new allies, the business community, for example, that can be brought to the table and that really speaks more to my own background as an advocate. I'm always thinking about how do we line up the right set of actors to move an agenda and I think some of the studies could have used a little more attention to that. Of course it's such a rich set of issues, it's tough to get at everything. Related though, in terms of households, I was surprised that there wasn't more attention to women in particular because we know that women are systemically discriminated against in many countries around land issues and that is vital to so many issues, their identity, their ability to take part in civic life, all of the household issues around development, food security, education, health that we know are improved when women are empowered and certainly land is perhaps one of the easiest ways or quickest ways to empower a woman and so I was a little surprised that didn't come out more. Some of the studies talked about women as part of the process which is great but not so much about how these projects would or wouldn't benefit women in particular and so that I thought would have been interesting to hear a little bit more about that. But that said, I was more struck by how much of these studies really spoke to the kind of work that LANDESSA does and a few of the things in particular. One is the focus on bottom up solutions was really heartening and encouraging. At LANDESSA we started, we've been at it for about 50 years and we started off really just focused on top down the legislative and policy reforms and came around to recognizing that implementation is such a critical part of it as Julia said, a perfect law doesn't take you very far and then in terms of implementation, my expectation in meeting the LANDE rights crowd, the engineers and the surveyors or the rest of it was that I would hear a lot of technical fixes or top down fixes even on implementation and so to find so much of discussion around participation and all the messiness of local politics and how do we manage some of those relationships was really encouraging and from my space, I think that is absolutely critical that we need to think more about how do we bring more actors from the grassroots that people are actually affected by this into the process so the community mapping and the participatory processes that are talked about, the land literacy and raising awareness for purposes of creating demand is really critical, the capacity building, all of those issues I think are fundamental and can be wedded to some of the top down solutions or that's to say the top down solutions have to be wedded I think to that bottom up process if we're gonna ensure lasting solutions, solutions that are really fair, solutions where people really feel like they have a voice in the longer term development issues that come out as their LANDE rights are strengthened so that was really heartening and then a couple other quicker ones, the incremental approach also seems absolutely fundamental, part of what makes LANDE so challenging and I think part of what turns off maybe a lot of people is it just seems so complex so seeing some of these incremental steps where you get tangible wins without getting to the end line but already people start feeling a sense of being empowered, being identified, having an address, getting some service, those kinds of steps I think are critical and should really be highlighted because they, we need those short term wins if we're gonna create momentum and build more power or more actors coming into this space and so that was really great to see how we don't need to have a perfect formal registry we can see successes even halfway down the road and then finally one other issue that I think is really critical is this idea of holistic approaches or we work in India around a model called convergence where alongside the LANDE you also crowd in lots of other issues, the irrigation or the school or the road or the different services and I was sort of struck in coming to this a bit late of why does LANDE have to be that issue that brings a lot of these issues together, why couldn't any one of those things, a schoolhouse or some other intervention create that kind of an anchor but really I think it is LANDE that is the natural anchor to lots of different services and so we have seen that as the LANDE is titled and as micro plots are given out that that provides a real opportunity to think about how all of these other things can be synergized in a more holistic fashion and I think that came out in some of the case studies also. Thank you, thank you all and I'm going to jump on something that Chris said which was about getting governments on board so I think that this was a common theme that emerged through some of the presentations but that I would like to explore a little bit more with all of you based on your experience of how do you actually convince governments to get on board with LANDE innovations? How do you line up the political actors? How do you get the political will in place? I mean everything from convincing governments to consolidate multiple LAND departments into a single agency which we know has winners and losers or getting governments to adopt new technologies that may be scary or unknown or even at the most basic level getting governments particularly in countries with a already strapped budget to allocate money to this issue when there are so many other competing issues from your experience both from the advocacy side and the tech and policy side how do you make that pitch to government? Anyone can jump in? I'm happy to take a quick rack at it. So LANDESI got its start actually by making the pitch in Vietnam during the Vietnam War that providing smallholder farmers more secure rights would increase productivity and reduce fleeing to the Viet Cong or recruitment by the Viet Cong and after a couple of years of that work and a million farmers were granted more secure rights productivity had risen significantly on the order of 30% and recruitment had gone down by 80% and that made for a very effective argument and we then over the last 50 years talking over 50 governments have used some of those arguments but really what I think it is most of the good arguments are out there already whether it's for tax purposes or business or reducing conflict or a whole host of development reasons but what is missing is often just a reframing and finding the right argument and then a little bit off we always start with data we do the research we show the incredible lack the feelings of insecurity as well as the actual insecurity that so many folks are suffering by and then we try to frame an argument that actually will appeal to the particular government I would say that's an important part but the other one not to forget especially as you go down the ranks is the personal issues a lot of mid level bureaucrats need to feel that this is actually good whether it's for their career or their self satisfaction and so also being savvy about what will turn a reluctant bureaucrat into a champion for land rights is really critical I think that is so context specific but it goes to this issue of how do we bring the right players into these coalitions and people that are good on those sort of political questions and join them to the tech folks or the others that are as important and I wouldn't want to understate that personal side because so much about this work I think is finding people within governments that can become champions for whatever reasons it appeals to them I think it's probably require the combination of both top down and bottom up and using that evidence base approach and doing pilots and doing things incrementally to show government there is a pathway forward in a lot of cases those governments won't have the capacity or the resources to deliver those services so how can we look at alternative service delivery models as well and we see some of that through some of the PPPs and the different models with the example of Advira being a services provider to Landgate it's a very different sort of services model it's not generally a PPP but we need to be creative and Chris mentioned bringing other actors in and I think we need to really drive the role of business and use market dynamics to drive change in government as well if we think of things like ethical sourcing or sustainable sourcing of commodities that's a starting point where you have the Coca Foundation could have hundreds of thousands of farmers where they start mobilizing those resources because they want to have better outcomes for farmers and don't forget that the data being collected as part of the land tenure process often will also drive other improvements particularly around agriculture and food security if you know the size of your plot you know how much fertilizer to get what your best yield is going to be so there's a lot more use of data associated with land I think that is being left to the side at the moment which we could leverage and a lot more actors that could use market dynamics we saw with the registries that modernized it was market dynamics that pushed them to streamline and modernize so I think we can explore and look for the new opportunities to get more rights recognized as well I just, I agree with most of what's been said there but I think that it takes kind of a combination of a vision a champion an opportunity so for example if the market picks up and there's a demand on the system and it's not able to meet that or else there's some sort of disease or something that is driving the process that's an unusual circumstance and then obviously getting access to resources so I've been involved in a lot of project design and evaluation of things like World Bank funded land and titling projects and so on and so that's sort of a lot of the time where the resources come from and so I mean the arguments would be a lot of the tenure security work has been done on agriculture which is primarily an individualized land thing so I think where there needs to be more work is on the sort of tenure security of common property resources and so I think we're heading into that where you can make arguments for sustainable development and red and all these sort of programs is starting to create a bigger demand on that side of things so picking up on Noel's point about partnerships and PPPs we've heard all day about different types of partnerships in particular taking Ontario's case the government needed to digitize four million property records across 50 registry offices and they solved that problem by entering into a PPP with Terranet there are other examples that we're seeing of governments engaging with private sector actors to help solve these issues from Mozambique where in the context of the Terra Segura program the government is tendering to private sector companies to help demarcate land and register duots to places like Georgia where the government is engaged with Bitfury to help put the entire registry on the blockchain from your experience where do you see new opportunities for innovative partnerships to secure land rights emerging in what context or in what countries do you feel that these sorts of partnerships could be the most effective would the Ontario model for example be transferable to some of the context in which you have worked or why not? I think partnerships are critical definitely but the capacity is not there within government in an age where we're trying to downsize government and the one group which I think wasn't mentioned there which for me is ultimately going to really underpin a lot of work in developing countries is NGOs and civil society groups a lot of organizations like Landesa already have the networks and the relationships built at the community level and offer a pathway in as a trusted intermediary to be able to talk with government in designing new approaches, new methodologies and testing new technology and processes for them as well through Kedasta we did some support work for Landesa and Telangana in India where it's a community-led initiative and Landesa really drove that by educating local community resources much like we saw with Tanzania and Mozambique using community-level resources as well we need to think of other ways to resource these programs to get the data in and also to maintain it and that's where the communication and ownership at that community and individual level is going to drive the sustainability as well I would echo the role of NGOs it wasn't an accident that the first two speakers on South Africa this morning are from NGOs the way that we see the whole land governance structure is that you sort of have the macro level which is the government making policy and laws and things and then you have these communities and one of the key pieces of governance is other NGOs who are able to transfer policy and help implement and do the training and stuff so I would see that as a it doesn't really answer your question but that's a key piece of the puzzle here I think in many countries NGOs play an absolutely crucial role I would agree with that of course both speakers what we found just building off of Noel's comment in India was that the working with communities which many people hear as long, complicated, expensive was actually a very efficient way to deliver on the first stage of mapping basic issues and conflicts related to land holdings and then that combined with some technology and working with the government proved to be a very effective model and so I'm glad that Noel highlighted that I would say that PPPs are probably going out a little bit on the limb here easier to implement in developed countries where you already have a pretty well functioning government and there's a space for a business to come in and work effectively I think it's trickier in some of the developing countries where governance is weaker to the extent that the private sector starts replacing governments or instead of building the capacity takes on certain roles that should really sit with the government or sit with civil society and so where I think we ought to look for this is not to say we shouldn't look for PPPs in developing countries, absolutely we should look for them where bringing in the business hand will leave the government or civil society stronger and better will build their capacity in the process so there will be some information and technology exchange let's say and won't be simply a shortcut to or an alternative to stronger governance Great, thank you I don't know where we are on time because I left my phone in my purse so I will take the opportunity to stop with my questions for a moment and see if there are questions from the audience and maybe we'll take three questions and then Hi, it's Catherine from VPUU I think I attended the Habitat conference last year where they spoke about the four P's not the PPP but the people public-private partnerships and I think that that's the space we're in and I don't think we can even turn back I think we are there but it is that participation that we've been talking about and who does it who masters that process because it's complicated it's time consuming, we've spoken about all those things but I just think that the four P's are something that we should be talking about There was one question that I was talking about you mentioned quite a few case studies you're talking about India and there's a lot of interesting work going on in Colombia at the moment in Medellin where they are making big strides to recognize land and informal settlements and I think that's also something but you did mention some other case studies that we have some case studies here today but there seems to be many case studies out there so it's just a question of how do we we have some case studies developed here but we almost need all of them just some comments for certain questions I think on that point Catherine Mike mentioned earlier this is place and I think that's a fantastic vehicle right now to get more information out on these individual stories coming from certain locations as well but as Chris said land rights has had a bad marketing strategy up to now and how do we improve that and really highlight the benefits as well as get governments and policy makers to understand the problems that they need to address Can I also just quickly comment on that because I completely agree with that I think there's many great case studies that still haven't seen the light effectively in the way that these have even these case studies which are very well done they lack a certain coherence in terms of mapping out some common challenges and then some common solutions and this is understanding that every context in every country is different but I think the next step for these sort of cases and other cases would be to start thinking about okay this case the real basic issue was a political question and here's a couple strategies or in this one it was more capacity and technological and in this one it was really a resources so how did we come up with innovative strategies whatever it is but finding a couple of key themes that go to the common barriers because I think we could map out five or six common barriers or challenges and then put case studies in places where they really speak to that particular challenge but I completely agree I think there's many more case studies that need to be brought to light Working on some of that right now So the question for this panel because I'd like to make my own work easier is are there one or two common challenges and common strategies that stood out to you that you would like to see maybe fleshed out a little bit more in additional comparative work I think on the formal registry side when we're talking government or even a PPP it's the resourcing and it's the strategy development around that and clearly laying out that it's a long painful process and that governments need to be ready to embrace failure along the way you know Ontario had some Landgate had some everybody fails along on this journey and governments shouldn't be afraid of that but it's really been executive leadership in those agencies as well through these case studies that's shone through as owning it and dragging people along on this journey and letting them jump off the ship if they need to so from an interested government agencies perspective I think that's what they would want to see how do they resource and develop strategies around that and there would be others that you would want to focus on for land rights security I think one of the key challenges is obviously the maintenance of the registry so we talk about land titling and that's just getting that's the first registration but as you're going along there have been these huge investments in land titling projects over the last 30 years and if you go back to those countries I don't want to guess what the percentage of people are that are not on that I know from work that my graduate students have done in St. Lucia for example which the whole island was titled in the late 80s 20 years on 27 or 28% of the people in the registry were not on the land so there is this idea of de-formalization so you cannot assume that just because the land is titled that it's regular it's probably the person who's on the register could have died 15 years ago the kids are on the land and maybe they've subdivided and so things change and so the big challenge is how can we compete against the informal market if you like how can we cater for that and it's obviously got to be through incentives, through showing real benefits and things like that I would just add one more category which is that first thing I mentioned about the political will or power and I think you have to look at that at the formal level of how do we convince governments what are the most effective arguments but then you step down a level and you have more of the societal level who are the key actors and all those interness in squabbling and vested interests and how do you manage that and build an effective coalition and then household how do we address the fact that it's always men that wind up on top whenever things are titled and how are we going to address getting more women land rights and equal rights in many of these contexts and at mid-level I would include the whole question of traditional authorities, cultural issues, societal which are basic power issues and if I may I would just add one more to that and that's the issue of incremental upgrading I think that that's something that's really key because it's just so practical because to get from complete informality to complete formality and you know statutory legal recognition is a really long road and a long road to travel so what are practical solutions for getting people better tenure security and securing their property rights along the way and I think that several of the case studies touched on this in different ways I think that that's a really interesting theme that's kind of looking for innovations Thank you, my name is Kelly Askew and I direct the African Study Center at the University of Michigan and I'm an anthropologist by training so just as a proviso before I get to my questions I just wanted to contest or challenge our understanding of formal versus informal because as anthropologists we understand that customary systems which don't get credited as formal are often formal within the context within which they work and that often goes unstated but my two questions are one has to do with the other side of the coin with rights which is responsibilities and also my second question will have to do with priorities so when we talk about property rights the assumption in certain circles but not in all circles which is a bit problematic is that with property rights comes the responsibility to pay taxes and Chris you just mentioned taxes moments ago and I think Jody is the only other person today who have mentioned taxes and that's understandable because when we're talking about trying to introduce land tenure reform in a developing context you might not get your community engagement the participation that we all agree is necessary if you start talking about taxes instead the selling point is credit with title will come the ability to collateralize your land and access credit so that unstated agenda item which some people will acknowledge but most public awareness campaigns do not is a problem in terms of recognizing that people are not always not cognizant of that fact I work in Tanzania and I've seen so many district and village offices where issued titles are littering the office in piles people afraid to pick them up because they recognize that with picking this up could come the responsibility to pay taxes so at what point in the process does that become part of the public conversation and so that's one set of questions the second one is priorities because we're all I'm sure in this room well aware that there's boom and bust cycle too many development paradigms we've seen microfinance come through women's education women's empowerment leadership training is one of the new ones now and titling could be one of these hopefully I'm sure for many of us we want it to be more long lived but when I go into rural areas and talk to people in Tanzania and ask them what their priorities are titling does not typically come to the top of the pack water healthcare roads storage facilities for agricultural producers these are the things that people tend to put ahead of titling but looking at the big picture looking at governance looking at responsibilities and rights we can see why there might be a place for titling so what happens when you start asking people and this gets also to the question of gender when I talk to women especially and ask them do they want title and they often say yes and then I say why and they're like oh I hear I can get loans what would you want to use your loan for if you were able to get one almost always women say they would send their children to secondary school that's not going to enable them to pay back a loan that's out sourcing responsibility onto the poor for things that perhaps should be prerogatives of the state responsibilities of the state so I want to ask about priorities role development priorities both by from the community level the grassroots level as well as at the level of donor agencies and governance and see what your thoughts are on those thank you maybe we'll just take one last question from Amidio and then we'll have the next question. Okay thank you this is not a question it's more a contribution on PPPs an example of what is happening in Mozambique right now you mentioned Terrasagura I don't know how much you know about it but it's a government program initiative of delimiting four thousand communities in five years and five million individual titles well our experience in land delimitation puts a lot of weight on social preparation information to communities and we became worried with the fact that five million in the Mozambican context can become more target in terms of numbers rather than doing titling with quality so we raised external funds to our program and proposed to the government to enter in a partnership actually we are leading this partnership but the government is with us and a third player a private sector company owns the software land management system software so we are three and I expect in the next three months to be able to deliver a report which harmonizes our delimitation system with the government's rules on land titling plus the technology of processing information and expect that as a result the government will adopt a parameter standard of land delimitation and registration for the country I'll jump in on the property tax piece and I think it's going to be an emerging issue more and more as countries need to finance these titling programs and resources become scarcer the governments need to have honest communications with their citizens and their communities and realize also that using land titling and land titles as a policing mechanism is ultimately going to fail when communities don't see benefits that come from that participation in the formal sector. I think there was work done in Bogota quite some time ago where households self reported the value of their properties to the city and some of the studies they ran over the few years showed that they were reporting accurately because people were having their garbage taken away they were seeing roads streets being cleaned they were seeing services that they were paying for. When they stopped seeing the services and the rubbish piling up the self reporting numbers actually dropped so it's human nature to try and avoid taxes I think the only way governments are going to get around it is if they start to deliver their responsibility to citizens in providing infrastructure and services to communities so it needs to be a package as well and similarly when I was working in Egypt the government took the position that if somebody built a house that was one meter inside what was approved on the planning document they weren't going to give it a title well the landholder didn't care 95% of the properties in Cairo were off the registry anyway people are still buying and selling but the government is taking the blind attitude that because they're a meter out we're not going to register them they need to be pragmatic and adopt to the reality on the ground as well so I think it's give and take on both sides when it comes to property tax but it's going to become a much greater issue going forward I can to get to the whole idea of titling being panaceas I can remember this Honduran woman it was a USAID titling project and she was commenting on the titling she said what good are these titles I can't eat them and so you know there was is it addressing a need and I don't think titling is a panacea I think titling has its place when there's a need and when there's a demand on the tax side of things I have seen I work primarily in rural areas I haven't seen an operating tax system in a rural area in developing countries maybe ever so we're really talking about urban areas and you know so that's really not an issue I've seen it become an issue in terms of trying to implement a land titling project in Bolivia and it scared them away they would have nothing to do with it so you're right it does play that role so I think tax payment is only a responsibility if there's something that comes back and right now in most of the countries I work that doesn't happen on the flip side of that I think tax authorities also offer an opportunity to consolidate services and data where they have rich data sets that land agencies could use in place for having to send people out to the field to collect it again so that needs to be looked at as well I don't have too much to add to that but I will say that I think the argument for titling and its effectiveness is likely to increase as there's more higher and higher demand for land and as countries increasingly modernize that land isn't that big an issue if you don't feel threatened and there's plenty of it but as land comes under threat from different sources having secure land rights is absolutely fundamental and that might be the moment where communities and individuals start recognizing the importance of it and on the positive side I think people have to recognize some kind of benefit that would come along with the land beyond just avoiding the risk of losing it and that benefit if it means credit or it means government services or if it means ag extension or irrigation or whatever it is but those sort of things come as part of a bigger package so on its own titling yes is a tough pitch but as part of a more holistic set of interventions then I think it finds its space and it's a powerful argument thank you well with that I will go ahead and close this panel thank you very much to our three panelists


This is how I teach beginning graphing and responding to questions for three and four-year-olds. So I like to do every day something I call question of the day and it's always related to what they're learning. So if we're learning about the senses, I bring in items that they can experience. So today I have some sounds. I have a soft sound and I have a loud sound. And what I would do is I would read my question to the children. I would say, Do you like the loud sound or soft sound? And what I would let them do is I would ask them specifically by name so that they can answer me in a sentence or with as many words as possible. I would say, John, do you like the loud sound or the soft sound? And he would tell me, I like the soft sound. So I would write his name in the soft column, John. And I would ask my next student, Sarah, do you like the loud sound or the soft sound? And then she would say, I like the loud sound. So I would write her name in the loud column. What I would do is I would ask each student their opinion and then I would fill up my whole graph and I would put their names in each spot until my graph was done and I talked to each child individually. And we know children all have a different idea on what they like. So we will fill in the graph for each child and they will feel important and they will get a chance to use their vocabulary. So once I have everybody's name filled in, we will take a minute and we will ask which column has the most, the loud column or the soft column. And we would count. First, let's count loud. One, two, three, four, four people like the loud sound. And then we will count the soft. One, two, two people like the soft sound. And that's when you can use the words which one has the most and which one has the least. And the children can notice that the one in the loud column has more than the one in the soft. So the most is from the loud column and then the children will say the least is from soft. And this is how I like to teach beginning graphing and how to respond to a question.


What is up? Today we're going to head down to the field and hit some cardio. I've been telling myself I need to do this for months, probably years now to be honest. The type of cardio I've chosen to do is rugby. So I am a huge fan of rugby. If you don't know, you may have come to this channel because I taught you how to play rugby in one form or another. Now I haven't actually touched a rugby ball for a good 18 months guys, unless I was down at the field trying to teach you guys something. So, you know, I'm not getting any younger. I'm 26 and I know that if I don't get back to playing rugby soon, I'm going to regret it for the rest of my life. So today is the first day of, you know, it's not only just off-season cardio. It's to get my hands back on the ball. It's to see if I enjoy running around, which I know I'm going to.  I don't even know where they are. And we're going to head down to the rugby field and have a little bit of a run around. This is making gains. It's all about muscle gains, but you know, I'm becoming increasingly aware of the fact that if I'm going to be playing something like rugby, I'm going to need to work on speed, agility, and you know, I just got to get my hands back on the ball. If you guys play rugby, if you play sport, you know that if you take 12, 18 months off, it's not going to take long to get it back, but there's something about that feel of the ball, you know, which I can't, I can't really imagine it right now. I can't, I can't remember what it was like.  Peace. All right. We're getting there. I will make it to the field. I promise. Now, even I need to promise myself that because I've got to this point a few times over the last couple of months, ready to go down to the field. And then I just think now I can't be bothered. So this morning, I'm not going to allow that to happen. And I'm going to get my boots. And how's the hair looking good? All right. Boom. Okay. Boots. Here's me a rugby ball. All right, guys. So that's that. We're all ready to go. The next shot you see will be down at the field. So here we are. Down at the field. We did make it. Boots on. Tell you what, this is a good feeling. Putting your boots on before you play or before you go to training is, it's a pretty sweet feeling, especially when you're back.  Whereas if you're back, most of your training's like running, doing moves. Oh my God. So tight. So yeah, all I'm going to do is grab the ball and just do little kicks to myself. Just run onto the ball, practice a few steps, pass the ball to myself. And just run around with the ball, really. And not only is that cardio running, but I enjoy it. And it's going to just get my feeling back for the game. Get the ball in my hands, start running around with it, kick the ball, see how we go. So that's just what I'm going to do first. See what happens after that. I'm going to put some music in. Running around with the ball and with some epic music is pretty fun in my book. So yeah. You guys might have seen, I was practicing the same move over and over. That's another thing I like to do. And by myself there's no point just practicing skills. You've got to practice it in the game. So the thing I was doing then was acting like I'd been past it, out from the scrum or whatever. Because being in the back line, that's where I am. I'm out on the side waiting for the ball to be passed so we can run and use our speed and our skills. So I was imagining I got past it. And then first thing I did when I get the ball is pop a little goose step. And that puts the defender off balance from the start. From there, I try and exhilarate around. Give a left hand fend if the defender was still on me. Hopefully the fend can get him off. And then I'm practicing running around the outside, drawing in that defender and passing. Or if that defender is drifting with my outside guy, I'm just going to dummy and go through. So that was the move I was practicing there. I'm going to continue that move but what I'm going to do is instead of passing or dummy, I'm going to know that I'm going to hold the ball and I'm going to do a side step on the inside. Hopefully breaking the line and going through. So I'm going to practice that a few times now.


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. Question says, Nazima is fly fishing in a stream. The tip of her fishing rod is 1.8 meter above the surface of the water and the fly at the end of the string rests on the water 3.6 meter away and 2.4 meter from a point directly under the tip of the rod. Assuming that her string is taught how much string does she have out. If she pulls in the string at the rate of 5 centimeter per second what will be the horizontal distance of the fly from her after 12 seconds. This is the given figure. Now let us start with the solution. We know tip of her fishing rod is 1.8 meter above the surface of the water and the fly at the end of the string rests on water 3.6 meter away from her and 2.4 meter away from point directly under the tip of the rod. Now in first part of the question we have to find out that how much string does she have out. If we consider this triangle we know this side of the triangle is 1.8 meter this side is 2.4 meter and we have to find this side. Now we can apply Pythagoras theorem to this triangle. Let us name this distance as BC this distance as AB and now we have to find AC now we can represent this triangle as this triangle here AB is equal to 2.4 meter and BC is equal to 1.8 meter now we will apply Pythagoras theorem in this triangle. We know my Pythagoras theorem square of hypotenuse is equal to sum of squares of other two sides so we get AC square is equal to AB square plus BC square now substituting corresponding values of AB and BC in this equation we get AC square is equal to square of 2.4 plus square of 1.8 now this implies AC square is equal to 5.76 plus 3.24 we know square of 2.4 is 5.76 and square of 1.8 is 3.24 now this further implies AC square is equal to 9 now taking square root on both the sides we get AC is equal to 3 meters we know AC is the length of the string she have out so length of the string she have out is equal to 3 meter now we know Nazima pulls the string at the rate of 5 centimeter per second and time for which she pulls the string is equal to 12 seconds so we can find out length of the string pulled at the rate of 5 centimeter per second in 12 seconds so we can write length of the string pulled at the rate of 5 centimeter per second in 12 seconds is equal to 5 multiplied by 12 we know this is the speed this is the time and we have to find distance covered now distance covered is equal to speed multiplied by time so here we have multiplied 5 and 12 where 5 is the speed and 12 is the time so we get length of the string pulled is equal to 60 centimeter now this is equal to 0.6 meter we know length of the string she have out is equal to 3 meter and length of the string she has pulled is equal to 0.60 meter now remaining string left out is equal to 3 minus 0.6 so we can write remaining string left out is equal to 3 minus 0.6 meter now this is equal to 2.4 meter now length of the remaining string is equal to 2.4 meter and we know this distance will remain same that is it is 1.8 meter you have to find this distance now now let us assume that P is the new position of the fly after she pulls away the string so Pc is equal to 2.4 meter and Cv is same as earlier that is 1.8 meter now in this triangle we will find out Pb now in right triangle Pbc Pc square is equal to Pb square plus dc square by Pythagoras theorem now here we will substitute corresponding values of Pc and dc so we can write 2.4 square is equal to Pb square plus square of 1.8 we know square of 2.4 is equal to 5.76 5.76 is equal to Pb square plus 3.24 we know square of 1.8 is 3.24 now this implies Pb square is equal to 5.76 minus 3.24 now this further implies Pb square is equal to 2.52 now taking square root on both the sides we get Pb is equal to square root of 2.52 now square root of 2.52 is equal to 1.59 approximately so we get Pb is equal to 1.59 meter we know C is the tip of the rod and P is the new position of the fly so Pb is the horizontal distance between new position of the fly and a point under the tip of the rod we know horizontal distance between Nazima and point under the tip of the rod is 1.2 meter now we can find total horizontal distance between Nazima and new position of the fly it is equal to Pb plus 1.2 meter we know Nazima is sitting 1.2 meter away from point P so we can write horizontal distance of the fly from Nazima after 12 seconds is equal to 1.59 plus 1.2 meters now this is equal to 2.79 meters so this is our required answer this completes the session hope you understood the session take care and have a nice day


Okay, this is gonna be a quick overview of some software that I've created and this particular portion of it I'm still working on if you go to github.com forward slash metal X 1000 and search my repositories for fireware It's a package full of a bunch of firefighter software that I've created and they were gonna be looking at one element of it the shift exchange and Real quick a shift exchange is basically If I need a day off and I can't get vacation for whatever reason I can work have someone else work for me And then later on I owe them a day and this software just makes it easy for Us to keep track of that instead of having a bunch of paperwork Which is always still good to have but you can quickly search through this once you have these entries made See who's worked for you and who you've worked for and figure out who owes who what days So real quick it's definitely designed more for although it will work on a desktop like I'm running it here it's designed more for tablets and phones and Once it's installed on a server This is the main screen here. You have a Search name field a person one a person two a date field and a comment field So what I'm gonna do here is I could type someone's name in like Bob Smith As you can see right there typos happen And if you have someone named Michael for example, you might call him Mike You might call Michael what you enter him in as makes it important for what you're gonna search later on so what I did was Create a list that will pop up here once you start typing. So for example if I Want Tom for work to me I can type in Tom I can click there and then I can type in my name Let's say my name is Tim and I can click there and it adds his name there So the names are entered in properly again. You can type them manually if you want next field is a date field Click on here pick the date that someone's gonna work for somebody so you can read it down the page Tom Dain will work for Tim Smith on this day And then you can leave a comment and a comment can be anything you want you can say Payback so you know that this is a payback your your your Equalizing who owes what balancing out or you can say Vacation to Miami or whatever You know whatever comments you want to help you remember why you did this shift exchange Next you can click submit. It says exchange is logged now at this point You can make changes if you went oh I typed in the wrong name or type in the wrong date Or I forgot to put in a comment you can change it but once you leave this page. It's it's it's in there So that's how you enter in someone's name. I can create a new entry now You'll notice when I click new entry or if I was to leave and come back to this page You can see that it left will work for Tom Smith because I'm making an assumption at that point that if you're filling out this paperwork You're filling it out for someone to work for you So your name is going to be the second name and I just want to make it simple for you to not have to type in your Name every time Not that it's a big deal Just one more convenient thing there if you want to change it you can always hit the X to clear that out or if you were to search through here and Let's say this time you're writing up so that someone you're going to work for somebody you can go like this and The second name you click will change the second field. It rotates back and forth between the two Now once entries have been entered you click up here on view entries And you can see by default it shows you a list of every entry with your name regardless of what side you're on So you can see here that we have Tom Dane will work for Tim Smith on this day and then Tim Smith will work for Chris occupanty on this day That's my real name and Tim Smith will work for Chris occupanty on this day so You can see right off the bat since all these entries are in that Well, Tom is going to work for Tim. So Tim will owe him a day and I'm Tim at this point But I have worked or will work for Chris on this day and this day So Chris will owe me two days and they can filter out the list and let's say oh, well, that's not me I'm Tim. I'm not Tim. Let's say I am Chris occupanty. I can go change user and This is a little glitch again. This is a work in progress. I need to change here if I go back And then change user again the full list comes up. It's it's just a little line of code I need to change when I come in here and I can type search through this list and say, okay, I'm Chris occupanty Well, here's a list of every entry with Chris occupanty regardless of what side of the exchange I'm on and let's say oh, you know, hey Does Tim owe me a day or do I owe Tim a day? I can type in Tim and it shows every entry with Tim and Chris occupanty and I can see right here Oh, okay. I owe him two days or how about Tom? Okay Looks like Tom still owes me a day So it makes it very easy for you to get this now Let's say that you're one of those people and you want a paper copy just in case something happens to the server Which is not necessarily a bad idea. I personally don't like printing stuff But maybe storing something locally. There is a printable list here You can click that and it gives everything in the database who will work for who on what day and what date and time That was entered into the database So you can print or I wouldn't print I would just save it You know, I would print a PDF or something just I hate paperwork, but that way I have my own copy But if you want to physically print it or print it to a device You can do that and have a full list here and of course you can also print This screen if you want it, but if you want a full list of everybody of every entry in the database This would be that And if I go back here and then I can go back and make new entries So that is a quick overview of the program Again designed mainly for tablets and phones but works on desktops as well I recommend Chrome or Firefox. Those are browsers. I've tested it in and have found that it works Well, but should work on most devices as long as they have a modern browser Again, I'll probably be making some more tweaks to this And I hope that you check out the annotation on the screen to the full playlist Which will show you bring you to the next video as well Which will have a little bit of an overview of the code and how the program actually works as always I thank you for watching and I hope that you have a great day. Be sure to like subscribe and share