Okay, welcome back. Just a reminder for all the students online to ensure that you finish your assessment by the end of next week so that because these count for your final grades. Also the e-learning students also, both the assessments to be completed by the 26th of April so that you have access to your certificates. Okay, so quickly let's do a recap. What were the ethical considerations? Francis, seven, you'd like to share? First one is combustion, second one is competence, third one is consent, fourth one is confidentiality, fifth one is cultural regard, sixth one is collegiality and seventh one is community presence. Very good, let's give him a big hand. Okay, very good. Francis attended the class. Okay, the last that we're going to be looking at is boundaries. What are some boundaries that we have to maintain? So what's the meaning of boundaries? Something that indicates a certain limit, okay, a limit or a border and why is it needed for us to have a professional boundary or what is a professional boundary? It's that framework that we work within that make our relationships safe and also have limits for how we may deliver some of our services. Okay, so what is the need? It is something that helps you build your own personal identity over some over a point of time. Okay, so what does that mean? One is it helps you to understand your own roles and responsibilities. That's what we mean by having a sense of personal identity as a counselor. What are your roles and responsibilities that you need to give out? How do you conduct yourself within those roles and responsibilities? Okay, now, no matter what is going on that is even if there are emotional ups and downs or any kind of pressure that is there on the outside, you continue maintaining those the way that you work, right? The responsibility that you have as a counselor. So you don't lose yourself, let's say in a counseling relationship, or you shouldn't be over-involving yourself because you think that will increase the well-being of your counseling. Okay, you got that?  Neither are you so over-involved that because you think that only if you do that will the counseling be well. Okay, so there are certain identities, certain practices that you as a counselor needs to maintain and that's why these boundaries are there.  So who sets those boundaries? Who's the one who should be setting that boundary? You are the one who's setting the boundary, right?  It's important to manage some of those boundaries. Okay, yeah, so that's what it means by the line between the self of the counseling and the self of the counselor, there is that firm boundary line that should be maintained just like how you would do in any professional setting, right? Like even in college, even as you are in college, there's a certain boundary that you maintain, right? You may, yes, discuss personal things, but still there is a, the boundary line is always, is to be maintained. Did I come off the screen or you are able to see? You are able to see the presentation? Okay, sorry, I can't see it. I'm just going to share it again. Okay, all right. So now why is it important that we talk about these boundaries is because we have the ability to better recognize boundary issues as they arise. I'll give you examples and you will understand that because if you don't, like for example, one of the boundaries is you never counsel a family member, your husband, your mother, your father, your brother, your sister, you don't counsel them. So when you know about these boundaries, you're able to recognize them when they arise. So when someone says some family member comes to you, you've done Christian counseling, come and counsel me. You know that it's a boundary, that it's best not to counsel someone who's a family member, all right? Boundaries help you clarify ethical expectations. It tells you, like we spoke about those seven ethics, it helps you clarify that, right? Like when it means confidentiality or when it means competence or being collegiality, you know where it is that you have to place that boundary. It's important to talk about boundaries because you have a clear idea of where your boundaries are because unless we specify something, we don't know whether it's right or wrong. And you also have a plan of action in case those boundaries are mismanaged or they are violated, you know what to do if those boundaries are mismanaged. Okay. Boundaries also reduce the risk of counseling exploitation.  Okay. Now that has happened many times that's happened when you fall in love with your counseling or, you know, you do some favors for them because they remind you of your, maybe your son, your daughter or whatever, right? So it reduces when there are these boundaries, it reduces the risk that you're exploiting somebody. Like for example, maybe the counseling is your neighbor. You're coming for counseling, no? So just give me a ride also, right? So that's what we mean by risk of counseling exploitation. You're not using your counseling for your roles that are very clear. Maybe communication happens only on a face-to-face or if it's on a phone, it'll be a five minute call.  All of that, there is certain rules and roles that are identified. Okay. It also increases the well-being of the counselor. You do not have to be afraid to draw those boundaries, right? In order to feel good or be nice, you must ensure that your well-being is protected. And lastly, it actually provides a role model for counselors. When you are, when you have certain boundaries, it actually teaches your counselors also to maintain some boundaries that are needed. Okay. Okay. We look at, okay, who negotiates the boundaries? It is you as a counselor. It's your duty to negotiate it. And you are the one who's ultimately responsible for also managing those boundary issues, right? You can't say, you know, the counseling, like for example, as I said, the counseling is fallen in love with me. I can't do anything. She's the one who brings cake and I take it. I don't have anything, but then I take it. But then the fact is that you've taken it, right? So you're the one who are responsible to manage that. And it, you should have a clear understanding of ethics and boundaries. Okay. So what are clear boundary areas? You generally don't plan social activities with your counselors going for lunch, going for dinner. Those aren't very helpful. Now you may be thinking, how is this practical in a church setting? I'll come to that a little later. Okay. Having sex with your counselors or having family members or friends as counselors, all of this are very, very clear boundary areas. You hear? Okay.  No, no, you should not counsel it. Yeah, your lover, your relative. Why? Let's look at why. There's an emotional connection you have with them. That's one. Secondly, you probably know a lot about them already. And you already have a bias. Yes. And so that bias is operational when you are counseling them, isn't it? Right? So it's best not to, because we can't always be so aware that we are unbiased. So it's best not to. Okay. So instructor, business partner, friend, all of this, because you may know something about people that could be like a struggle in your own counseling session. Okay. It's not that you can't marry your friend. That's not what I meant. Okay. I hope that's clarified. It's you don't counsel them. Okay. Which means that means you have married your counseling, if they become your partner, isn't it? Yeah, which you shouldn't be doing. No, I didn't follow on it once again. Yes, you should not, you should avoid not have a relationship with your counseling. Yes. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. All right. So areas where boundaries may blur. Okay. So what happened? Do you have a question? Ask to you. So you say you don't want to counsel them. That's, that is your worry. So you don't see if you, now what I think what you're saying is you're a counselor, you like somebody and they've come to you for counseling. Right. Coincidence. Okay. Whatever. I'll come to that. I'll come to that. That's, that's a slide I'll come to. Okay. This way talking about, let's say those who are in a more professional kind of a setting. Okay. All right. Now, remember that many boundary issues may not be that clear cut and there may be certain blurring of it. And this can sometimes becoming a, they can be a problem. But these are areas we need to be very careful about. Self disclosure. How much you disclose to your counseling. Right. It's, it's a skill. It's something that you can do. But you have to be careful because it can create certain issues and problems. Second, giving or receiving gifts. Like sometimes, you know, as a counselor, because I've worked, I've got gifts like people bring sweets. So it probably depends on what kind of give, let's say it's an expensive gift, I will refuse. If it's something like sweets or so, I'll say, you know, it may be good to give it to the office so that everyone can have. So in that way, what are you actually communicating to them? Yeah. So, you know, there are some things if it's or you're saying this is, I mean, I'm not personally, what do you say, personally influenced by the gift. Okay. But but then you can actually give it to the office. If it's things like food or sweets, chocolates, so give it to the office and, you know, let it, it's fine. Right. But if they're like, say expensive gifts, you can very clearly say we do not entertain that. Okay. Now here, dual or overlapping really. Yeah. Even there, you've got to be very, very careful because these are all blurred boundaries. Some are okay, some aren't okay. But you can't say okay, because the last two people who bought me something was well, you know, it was a gratitude and this is not something else. So that's why that's why we have these boundaries. Yeah. Or, or, you know, you don't know when one something will slip. So the best thing to do is to keep a standard practice that any gifting or any of that, like, even when they do bring it, maybe initially, you, you know, you can refuse it. Okay. Dual or overlapping relationships. Now, what does this do? Now, this is, this is where maybe we, like in a church where we have counsellors, this is where this comes in. There are different kinds of relationships. Like for me, I have a lot of people that I meet on a Sunday morning. Right. I talk to as friends or not, not as friends, but as acquaintances of people that I know as church members, but they may also come in for counselling. Okay. So these are what we call is dual or overlapping relationships. And this also has to, we have to be very careful, but in a church setting, sometimes this is unavoidable. Right. It is unavoidable. Unless of course, the counsellor is not part of the church and comes just to sit there. But there is another, another part of it. Because people may know me as or know the counsellor as a member of the church, they may not want to come to you also. Right. Because they fear that, you know, there'll be judgment or all of that. So we have both sides of it. But in a church setting, sometimes like I said, it's unavoidable. And that's why we've got to be careful. Like even and, you know, something that I keep in mind and I do very carefully is that let's say someone has spoken about something in a counselling room and I meet them in church. I will make sure that I don't talk about that there. I don't. All that is discussed only in the counselling room. Profession is profession. So then here we talk about different things or, you know, whatever thing, but then if they bring us in, let's, we'll meet for a session or we'll talk at that time. Let's keep it to that. So I'm very, very sure that I do that. Okay. So that's what happens. Sometimes there is this kind of it is inevitable in a setting like ours. Right. Okay. Becoming friends. Again, this, you may like, again, in a church setting, you may have started to counsel someone, but then in time, the person feels extremely friendly to you. Right. And then maybe after a year, they come to you and say, I want counseling. That time you can very clearly say, you know, our friendship has grown from where it was. Maybe you should probably meet somebody else. Okay. Or physical contact on the way, any kind of physical proximity that may be there. Okay. Now what are the danger zones when you're looking at boundaries? What are danger zones? One is to over identify with the, you have a question, Francis? You have, no? Okay. Is over identifying with the counseling's issues? That is, let's suppose you have the same problem or you had the same problem as the counseling and you over identify with it. So much so that you're so involved that they should sort it out in your pace, in your time, in the way that you have. That's what is called as over identification. Danger zones is when you have a strong attraction to the counseling may not, no, no, not friend. This is counseling, a counseling who has a similar problem like you did or you do. And so you over identify with them and really, you know, yeah, that it's almost become personal to you. Their problem has become personal to you. That's what that over identification is. Okay. Strong attraction. Now this is not just romantic attraction.  What would happen if you have a strong attraction to your counseling? Okay, apart from that, yeah, so we're not objective in our questions or in the way that we help them. Yes, we become emotionally attached. Yes. Spending time with the counseling outside of work or work area or sharing unnecessary personal information with the counseling. All right. Okay, what are we supposed to be doing? So certain do's and don'ts is to respect cultural differences. So do not use gestures, tone of voice expressions or any other behavior that a counseling should interpret as seductive, sexually demeaning or sexually abusive. Okay, so being very careful of how we do, like for example, in some cultures, you know, you looking at them at the eye like that is very suggestive. Looking into the eyes, staring into the eyes, not looking staring into their eyes or let's say shaking a hand and continuously holding the hand can be suggestive. So being very clear that you do not do what you may understand, maybe culturally inappropriate. So maintain safe boundaries. No, not that when you are actually probably staring at them or, you know, just keep looking like that, you know, or, you know, looking at their body that way, all of that, right? Not normal conversations, but something that seems more uncomfortable. Okay, not making comments about the counseling's body or clothing. All right, being careful. Do not engaging in inappropriate affectionate behavior with a counseling, whatever that may be. Okay, like anything that you feel or sense that could be misunderstood or misconstrued. Okay, do not talk about your own sexual preference, fantasies or problems. These are all don'ts. Do not request a date with your counseling. Do not meet personal needs in other areas of your life. You're coming that way, please buy me one kg of potato income. Okay, so not getting your personal needs met and ensure that you do maintain supervision or consultation relationships. That is, in case you have difficult counsellors, it's always good to have someone like a supervisor to help you through that counseling process. Okay, all right. Now the rule of dual relationships, like I said, dual relationships are those where you as a counsellor may have a multiple role. You may be a counsellor, you may be a church member, you may be a, I don't know, life group member. There may be different roles that you are playing. This is when you have more than one role with your counsellor and these relationships can often blur those boundaries. Okay, and when these blurring happens is when the roles become extremely confused. So that's why you've got to be extremely careful about how you relate with someone like that. If you do find that the relationship has become much more stronger, it's best to send them to somebody else, give them, ensure that they have, that they see someone else. Okay, remember that not all counselling interactions are dual relationships. Like for example, if you run into a counsellor at a social event, right, you may be in a market or you may be in a wedding and you see that same person there. It's okay, right? Or if your counsellor is a waiter in your restaurant that you're going to. Okay, the important thing at that point and what I think and what I feel is a good thing to do is like for example, once I went to meet a friend in a hospital and one of the doctors in that hospital is my, it's my counsellor. So I was sitting with my friend for coffee in the cafeteria and this doctor came and sat right opposite. Okay, so I caught his attention, I saw him, he saw me, but I didn't show as if I know him, but he said I and I said hi. So this friend asked me, how do you know him? I said I know him from another environment, that's what I said. But later I called him and I told him the reason why I didn't acknowledge you was because of this, that you know I don't want because people know that I'm a counsellor and those who may see me in a different environment may think that okay, maybe you've counseled that person, why have they counseled? So then I called him and I told him the reason why I didn't acknowledge you was that I didn't want her to know or even have the smallest inkling that you have come to me for help. So he said he understood and he appreciated that. So that's something that you can do. You don't, you don't have to acknowledge them if they don't acknowledge you and later, because sometimes your counsellors will just pretend as if they don't know you and that is because they don't want others to know that they are associated with you. All right, like for example, there are times that people don't come to the church office for counseling. They don't. So they either speak on the phone or we meet at another place because they don't want the rest of the, and so you respect that. So that's what I meant by these interactions sometimes may not always be due. So how you participate in the interaction will determine the outcome. So what you do, how you participate really will be the way that they respond. Okay, now there is an exemption to this ethical code as pastors or unlicensed pastoral counsellors by law or regulation are not typically required to hold the same standard of professional conduct as licensed counsellors. Nevertheless, they recognize moral, ethical imperatives that may still exist as part of Christian ethics, which means as a pastor, you don't fall in love with your, maybe with your counsellor or all of that. So there are those ethical Christian ethics that you still hold, even though some of these rules or ethics may not be completely applicable for pastors. Life, no, like for example, no, no, not that you don't need to like consent. You're not going to take a consent to every person who comes and talks to you as a pastor, right? You're not going to say, okay, give me a consent and write, you can't probably do that, right? You can't do that or let's say this collegiality, right? Now, maybe a pastor at the first interaction with them may not know what their background or what other professionals they have seen, right? So because it's their quick interactions, right? So they may pray for healing, right? All of that they may do. So some of this, they may not be as strong boundaries as the other one, but of course, competence, ensuring that, you know, you not violate the dignity, all of that are principles that we think, but like confidentiality, probably something that the wife is sharing, he may say, you know, please bring your husband in without a written consent. You get that? So some of these may not be completely applicable for them because they are, it is, it's a different role that a pastor is playing, okay? All right? Okay. Any questions? So the pastor who's done professional counseling generally will not give suggestions. So remember the role of a pastor and the role of a counselor are very different, right? So you have to differentiate that when you're having the role of a pastor, you admonish, you correct, you know, you guide, you discipline, that's the role of a pastor who's a shepherd. Counseling, exactly, right? So that's why if you look at it, you know, that distinction, I know it's very, very thin, but that distinction is probably helpful. Like, you know, this is coming as a pastor and that's why a lot of places have counselors who will take care of other kind of issues. But as a pastor, that role is very, very different. It's not a counseling role there. It's a role of a shepherd, okay? All right. We're open to questions. We're officially done as of now, but open to questions. And one quest, first question comes from Francis. You had a question? Huh? You already asked. Okay. Anybody else? Online students? Anyone? Speak into the mic. Can counseling be done in other places? If not in offices, can a counselor meet a counselor over coffee shop and have counseling sessions like that, they can do. So generally, professional counseling is done in a designated place, right? But like I said, it depends on what role you're playing. You know, if you have like, like, like for me, there are sometimes I've seen people at a coffee shop because they don't do not want to come to the office or they come to my house. So that there is another place where there is anonymity. Mostly based on the counseling. Yeah. The counseling. So they may tell you, I feel uncomfortable. Can we have it somewhere else?  So you can keep that, you know, this is going to be one hour. We're going to be just talking about this. That boundary is something you can set prior itself. Okay. Any other questions? Okay, I have a question. Has this made anyone in this group or the group here want to learn about counseling more? Oh, wow, I've got five here. Or six, the sixth one came later. But yeah. What about in the group in the, do you feel that you'd like to know counseling more? That'd be a great thing. I think it's a job well done then. No response. Okay. All right. Okay. Thank you all so much. Thank you for the last 15 weeks for, for the, for just learning through the entire course and pray that it's a blessing. You can use some of this even in your interactions with others. So let's just close with a word of prayer and I'll ask Anand to close with prayer.


Russia's daily working cemetery. The graveyards of Wagner mercenaries in southern Russia is growing day by day, indicating that the group's losses in Ukraine are extremely heavy. From the videos and interviews made by Russian Service of Radio Liberty in the region, it is known that more than 300 fighters were buried in this cemetery in February alone. The growth of the cemetery also coincides with intense and bloody fighting by Russian forces in eastern Ukraine. Wagnerians play the main role in these offensive operations. It is believed that there are currently 50,000 Wagner fighters in Ukraine. According to the calculations of the US government about 10,000 of them have already died. The vast majority of these fighters are prisoners mobilized from Russian prison. They were promised that their convictions would be overturned if they survived. This private military company dedicated Yegevny Prigozhin, one of Vladimir Putin's close oligarchs, has so far mobilized 40,000 prisoners. The US government says that 90% of Wagner group fighters are convicts.


So welcome to this talk, fussing, finding bugs and vulnerabilities automatically. I'm David, and this is Adam, and we're from a niche company called Adelogix, where we specialize in various forms of advanced software security topics. And the way that we are presenting in this talk is mainly what we have done in collaboration with the CalNative Computing Foundation. And effectively what we will talk about is how we manage to fuss a lot of CNCF projects, bit about what the results were, and that's kind of it. So, Adam, take off. Yeah, so we have been fussing a bunch of the graduated and incubating projects in the CNCF landscape, and including these ones, I believe there are a few missing, for example, Istio, but these projects are all being fussed. And so what we have done is we will go into this later, but we have taken a bunch of the amazing open source capabilities in fussing and brought this into these projects in various ways. And each project has been different in our approach because the projects are so different in nature. But part of this talk is to present that fussing works for so many different types of projects, including these ones here. And that even includes different languages as well. So the projects are different in nature. Some of them are, well, I don't know if any of these are necessarily libraries, maybe Hallam has some, but they are very different in nature, but also different in architecture. So language is different and so on. So again, what is fussing? Why do we fuss? How do we fuss? And then we're going to present a case study focused on Istio. So in a very general terms, fussing is a way to automate test case generation. And that's kind of the origins of it. And what it is in practice as well from a more pragmatic perspective is a way to find bugs in software or a way to ensure that there's no bugs in software. And around 10, so fussing is a technique that was used maybe introduced, sorry, 20 years ago. So but around a decade ago, 10 years ago, maybe a little bit more, there came this improvement in fussing which is coverage-based feedback-driven fussing which essentially relies on instrumenting the target program in a certain way, observing how the target program behaves and kind of driving this automated test case generation based on what you observe in the target program. So fussing is often referred to as throwing a lot of random stuff at a program whereas these days it's more like accurately described as like a genetic mutational algorithm and genetic in this case means that it improves over time. It mutates, it improves and so on based on what it observes. So the way testing is in practice is very closely related to how you write unit tests in essence. So what you see on the left is you have, what you see on the left here in the test column is if you haven't given API called my API, the way you would test it is you would give it just say three different inputs and you would hard-code the inputs as such whereas in the fussing world what you have on the right is you have a continuous loop that will in essence run forever or however much time you allocate to it and you will call this same function my API but instead of giving a fixed input you will ask the fusser to give you some input and the main point here is that what is returned from generate input will change and it will change based on what it observes in the target program and it will change that according to exploring as much code coverage in my API. So the goal is to generate a set of inputs that explore optimally all of the code coverage in your given target. So it's a code coverage exploration technique in that sense and what you see in the lower right corner is actual goal and code of such a fusser. Like it's really that simple at least from writing the software point of view. Fussing is something that is quite integrated into like development infrastructure now and it's not necessarily a third party tool that you download and install and then run it but for example in C it's actually integrated into the Clang compiler. So if you want to see a fuss C and C plus plus code you have all you need in Clang. There's the link here to lip fusser is integrated to Clang and there's the following link will take you to the exact implementation of the fussing within the compiler infrastructure. There are also other fussers for C and C plus plus but this is the tooling so this is an overview of the tooling you would use for each different language and you can see that we have both support for C and C plus plus Golang, Python, Java and Rust and this also encapsulates a lot of essentially the projects in the CNCF landscape perhaps with exception of JavaScript and TypeScript which is relatively new in the fussing world. So if you have projects in any of these languages you should be able to fuss them with the given links that are on this page. So in memory unsafe languages so fussing explores code and the reason you want to explore code is that you want to identify certain corners of the code behaves unexpectedly and what I mean by that is you aim to find bugs and the type of bugs that you find depends a lot on the given language that you are fussing. Traditionally fussing is mainly focused on memory unsafe languages because you want to find memory corruption vulnerabilities. So if you work in C and C plus plus or even in Golang for example where there's some native code Rust also has that and so on or even Python if you have native modules for your Python code you are going to look for memory corruption vulnerabilities and this works in collaboration with sanitizers we call them. Sanitizers are these types of buck oracles such that when a given piece of code is executed you compile the code with the sanitizers support and it will check whether you read out of a given buffer whether you have a buffer overflow. You can see there's a list here you'll check for use after freeze. It will check after double freeze which would sec fault but it will also give you a little bit nicer report. So we have different sanitizers in particular in memory unsafe languages. However in memory safe languages. Yeah, so like David said there is a lot based on which language you're forced in and in memory safe languages we are looking for some overlaps in terms of crashes and panics taking Golang as an example we have out of bounds and out of range issues that can be caught as in recovered but they can also if they are not then they can be issues for projects that have security relevance. Nail the references also can be caught but they can also have security implications. In addition to those language panics we can also fuss for logical issues in a program. This can be done via something like property based fussing where we set up a set of rules logical rules that we kind of set up inside the fusser in the fuss harness and which could for example be that we expect a certain return value from our target API. And if we don't get that then we consider it a bug and then we tell the fusser to report that as a panic for example. Then race conditions are troublesome in the CNCF landscape. The big one C, CVE many years ago was from a race condition if I'm not completely wrong here but that's something that fussing can also find. It's also an area where we can do better and we will get into the future work in fussing but we do catch race conditions with fussing. Then off by once self-explanatory and timeouts can have many root courses. They can be severe and they can have security implications but they can also just be a matter of runtime differences. So if you don't allocate enough resources to your fusser but we have had examples of timeouts being assigned CVs, type confusions as well are issues in memory safe languages but not as big ones as in memory unsafe languages. And just to jump in here, so these are the very specific issues that you run into when you fuss memory safe languages. Fussing of memory safe languages is pretty new maybe like a year or two old or so where you really got into the mainstream and what the security implications of most of these are usually denial of service. So that usually is like the dust like you can usually catch some type of like availability issues in your programs. That's kind of the security implications of that. We'll get to something more where you can find, for example, RCE and that type of stuff using fussing but traditionally as in the last two years mainly looking for denial of service is what you can find with fussing in memory safe languages. Yeah, and so we touched on it briefly that we want to be better at finding bugs with fussing. There are like David said traditionally there are bugs that we don't find with fussing but we find by other means and we want to bring those bug finders or bug detectors into fussing to, now that we have the capabilities that we have really mature fussing engines we want to write new bug detectors to find for example command injections and SQL injections because traditionally a fusser would not catch if you can somehow execute commands in from untrusted input but we can write and we will write bug detectors that detect these things. And they do exist, like we are writing them so there has been instances of where these custom bug detectors have found RCEs. We recently have an issue, a CVE in Golang based on custom bug synthesizers but this is very modern as in just the last few months where this has become a thing in the Golang fussing landscape. Yeah, so David mentioned the last or the two versions ago that were three CVEs in Golang and one of them was found by other data logics with a custom box and ties up with fussing. So it does have promise and it will go further in that direction. Of course quickly disclosure of sensitive information. Traditionally if you somehow disclose sensitive information in your logs or on disk a fusser would not catch that but that's something we want to do. We want to be better at handling files so arbitrary file writes and reads is something we also want to catch. Those are security issues for the cloud native landscape and of course race conditions can also be done better as well. So let's have a short demo of writing a fusser. Say we want to fuss this piece of code here. We have selected this from Kubernetes from the client go part. And let's see here. We have, we are in the director here and the API we want to fuss is this one here which is the same one as in the slides just flown from this morning. And this is an API that takes two strings a name and a text creates a new parser based on the name and then it parses the text. So if we wanted to, for example, fuss this API for panics we want to see if there's any input we can give it to cause a crash. This is what we would write. And it, one second. And go through it real quick. We declare the package, the imports and then we have this standard fuss signature here. We are using the native go fussing engine from which was available from 1.18, well. And that means it's in Golang? Yeah, so in a second you will see we'll run this by way of the go binary itself and which makes it very easy for everyone to fuss locally. If I was, for example, to be contributing to this pass, I would be coding this function here and I wanted to check, have I ruined everything and have I done anything to, that can cause a crash. Then I would write a fusser like this that takes a testing.f and then we run this f.fuss that takes a function here with a testing.t and two and then we ask the fussing engine to give us two strings, one we call name and one we call text. And then we pass that to pass. So this parameter here will create the parser and this is the part that will be passed. Which of these variables come from the fusser? So with the go 1.18 we can get as many, or we can get many parameters of different types. So both of these come from the fussing engine. So we tell the fussing engine, give us two pseudo random text, sorry, strings and then we use those here. So name and text are random stuff provided by the fusser. Yeah, exactly. And if we were to run that, we would use the go binary like this and we would run the fusser like so. And now the fusser is running and it is mutating over the corpus and it really is that easy in Golang. And this is a completely valid fusser. It is something that you can use to test your code for crashes, panics, and so. And we might commit this to Kubernetes later. And this will keep running forever if we don't touch it. You can see that it runs, how much is it, two million executions? Yeah, this part here, 109. 109, 100,000 executions per second which means it calls the parse function 100,000 times per second. And each time name and text will kind of be different to what it previously were. You will have collisions and so on but in general it will just be 100,000 different types of input each iteration. So why do we fuss? We fuss to find bugs and do we actually find bugs? So this graph you see here is the amount of issues opened and closed of the projects that were showed on the first slide with all the projects which means the more issues we have closed corresponds to issues that have been reported and then fixed, okay? So in June, 2022, 1200 issues had been closed. That means the fuses of all of these CNCF projects had reported 1200 issues and they have all been triaged and handled by the developers and fixed and done deal. So that means that alone, the fussing of CNCF projects up until June, 2022 had found more than 1,000 issues that were also fixed. Some of these will be false positives and this is also because fuses essentially if they can be issues in the fuzzer you can also over approximate when you call into an API because it will be completely, it will be all sorts of input that the fuzzer gives you meaning if you don't actually call the API in the right manner, you might break some things and it might be a false positive in a sense. So you kind of have to fuss according to the spec according to the threat model of the given target that you are attacking. This is really important as it's easy to, some APIs may not be so well-defined and therefore it's easy to over approximate. For example, can you give a given application any arbitrary string or does it actually not want to satisfy certain strings and so on? That's the point that there will be a bunch of false positives and this is kind of dependent on who wrote the fuzzers on how the project is itself developed and so on. So this is a bit different from project to project how they like to fuss their project. What is important also, what is important as well to note here is 1200 issues takes a lot of time to triage. So the CNCF projects have put in a lot of investment in terms of time to actually handle fussing. It's a serious effort in terms of time investment. So another reason why we fuss, here are some quotes from some maintainers from some of the important well-used CNCF projects around. The quotes come from a blog post we wrote which is linked at the bottom. And Harvey from Envoy Proxy says the following. Fussing is foundational to Envoy's security and reliability posture. We have realized the benefits via proactive discovery of CBEs and many non-security related improvements. Fussing is not a right once exercise for Envoy. And there are some points to take here which is it's really important for Envoy to have the fussing running. Envoy is written in C++ so there's memory on safety. The second point that I highlight here is they also found a lot of non-security related issues. So you will find reliability issues, not all issues find by the fusser, not all so like sec faults and so on are actually security issues. And the third thing is fussing is not a right once exercise. Envoy has put in hundreds if not perhaps a thousand hours into their fussing architecture. This is really important to keep in mind. And it's a continuous effort. It's not something you do, you know, set up once and then forget about it as the project evolves. It's kind of like in parallel to unit testing and integration testing for that matter. Second quote is from Jan Fischer from ICOCD. Not only did the fussers find quite a few hard to catch and serious box in our code base, we also learned a lot from analyzing and fixing the box, especially at the assumption we make while writing the code are not always correct, even if we think there's a proper unit testing in place. I think the point that I really want to highlight from here is that it also teaches the developers a little bit more about their code. It kind of lets them think differently about it because when you throw any sort of arbitrary random input on your application, weird things can happen. And as he says, a lot of the assumptions that you may have are not necessarily true. There's more quotes in the block which are quite interesting from a developer's perspective. Okay, so in terms of how we set up forcing for all the CNCF projects that we showed in the second slide, we start by writing a bunch of forcers for the project, a bunch of tests, and in the case study later, we give an approximation as an example, but it varies.  After that, we merge these forcers into OSSFos and we also build integration for these projects. So OSSFos is a project run by Google that will run all the forcers for critical software projects, open source software projects continuously. And some of the forcers will run for hundreds or thousands of hours. And it's something that all the, we want all the CNCF projects to do. We want them all to be integrated into OSSFos. And then we let them run, we let the forcers run. Anvay as an example has been running the forcers. Anvay was one of the first CNCF projects that integrated, they have been running now for two years, I think. Five years or so. Five years. And the same goes for Kubernetes, R goes well. They are running for years, really. And there are cases where bugs come up after six months of running, after 20 billion executions a bug is found. And of course, that takes a lot of infrastructure and CPU power and the OSSFos project offers that. And whenever a bug is found by OSSFos, the maintainers get notified and with a bug report and a stack trace. So in terms of getting started, maybe you saw we were down at the project pavilion with the CNCF forcing booth. And we get together with the CNCF projects in a meeting, we usually catch the maintainers in a community meeting and talk about how to do this. How do we approach what we said in the last slide? How do we approach writing a bunch of forcers and integrating the project into OSSFos? There are different opinions from project to project, different ways of doing this. It's usually not a big issue in terms of getting it done. Usually it's something related to a release coming up and it might be too much to add a new thing to the project. And then yes, after that we do all the stuff, write the forcers and integrate into OSSFos. So let's do a case study about Istio that we did around a year ago. I think actually a year ago we were writing forcers. So I assume everyone knows Istio. If not, it's a service mesh under the CNCF that is widely used. And what we did was we over two, three, four months wrote around 60 forcers and integrated those into OSSFos. And just full disclaimer, like Istio maintains really, really quality code. Just full disclaimer that when we go into this case study. So we wrote 60 forcers random on OSSFos and over the course of these four months there were almost 300, all the forcers combined ran for almost 300 billion times and for a total of almost 60,000 hours. And of course that takes a tremendous amount of CPU resources. And this is why you should integrate to OSSFos rather than running them locally on your machine for an hour every day or so. OSSFos will throw a lot of CPU on it. Right. So one of the findings, we found a bunch of issues. I think we have a blog post on this on our website. I think around 40 crashes that were mostly reliability related. But one vulnerability was found, this one unauthenticated control plane denial of service attack. And it was assigned CV of severity high. And it was found by one of the forcers that we wrote. And in this, the issue was found in this API here extract JWT out that takes a string, splits that string by dots and we then need to have end up with a slice of three different strings. And if not, we return. Then we assume that then we want the payload, which is the second item of the slice. And we decode that into this payload bytes parameter. Then we create a JWT payload strut here. Call structured payload. And we pass the bytes into that strut here. If that fails, we return an error. And then finally, we return the structured payload dot out item. And the CV was in here. And if you can see it, and hopefully you have read the blog post that we wrote about it. But if not, it's a really interesting case. And in fact, the Istio maintainers found this, the same mistake done in a bunch of other high profile projects. So the issue was that if this payload bytes, payload bytes ends up being the abides, by slice of N-U-L-L, then- Still a string, right? Yeah, yeah, so by slice here. So if we have the by slice N-U-L-L and pass that to Jason on Marshall, and we pass a double pointer, if you see here, we pass a double pointer here, then the structured payload will end up being a nil value. That's a feature of the Golang, and it was reported to Golang, but that's a feature and not a bug. So in fact, here, Jason dot on Marshall will not return an error. It will just create a nil value here. So here, down here, we end with nil dot out. And obviously that results in a nil de-reference. And that was the CV assigned 7.5. And the fix, don't pass a double pointer, pass a single pointer. I think the main point of that is the Istio team had no idea that passing a specific type of byte slice could lead to that kind of very anomalous behavior. And this is where the passing really came in and tried all forms of byte slices. When it tried the nil or the in-U-L-L, the Istio hit. But Istio would never have identified this themselves by writing unit tests or whatever. Right, so I think this code was one year old, so it had been sitting for one year. And again, I mean the Istio team was like they maintain really, really quality code. And luckily, this was the most severe issue. So the next thing, when you have started fuzzing your project, you have developed a lot of fusses. The question is really, have you done enough? This is not so trivial to assess. You can use code coverage as the main aspect of it. But even code coverage can lie, because you can also reach different states of a given piece of code, depending on which entry point you hit. So we have this tool, Fossil Interceptor, which comes from OSSF. OSSF is Open Source Security Foundation, I think. And we're just listing it here because it will tell you a lot about the threat model of your project, how to attack it, where your complex code is, where the entry points is everything statically reached. You might have a Fossil that statically reaches something as in if you do static analysis, like technically your Fossil should reach an API, but it might be blocked dynamically because of some configurations or so. So it can overlap the dynamic analysis element of fuzzing with static program analysis. Looking ahead, well, more projects need fuzzing. So if you are involved in a CNCF project, visit github.com slash CNCF slash CNCF fuzzing and we'll write an issue. You should write an issue that you'd like the project to be fuzzed and will come and help you. There's also a lot of work in terms of maintaining the existing projects. Also reach out on CNCF fuzzing repository if you're interested in getting involved. Improved tool support is also one of the major ones, such as the one I just mentioned, Fuzzing Transpector. And finally also improving the ability to identify security issues in memory safe languages is a really high priority for a lot of organizations because, well, you want to capture these types of command injections and so on using these various buck oracles. One of the main points you should also take from this, the fact that we are improving buck oracles mean that all the fuzzers that are written now, whenever we push a new buck oracle to, for example, OSSFuzz, all the existing fuzzers on OSSFuzz will benefit from that buck oracle. So even if you choose to invest in fuzzing now in your open source project, you'll get a lot of rewards from a large community that are improving fuzzing. So even though it might not, you will find some denial of service issues now, but the fuzzers themselves might actually find a lot more in a few months because we are doing a lot of work from the back end. If you are CNCF project, reach out to us. And we would like to acknowledge a few organizations here. First of all, the maintainers of the various projects for collaborating, the CNCF as well for sponsoring this work, and then also the open source technology improvement fund, which also helps sponsor some of the fuzzing work that is going around. That's it from our side. Just leave it at me if you have any questions. Thanks for the talk. I just wanted to know what you thought of, how do you keep the types in check? So your example you gave today of the parse, like it's just two tech strings or two strings. What do you do when the fuzzy generator could generate a string that's a million bytes and then your function could actually check for that and say if it's over a certain amount, we return error. So all your functions end up having to do lots of bounds checking because the fuzzy gives absurd values that necessarily wouldn't be kind of a normal case. So you could do that and you could argue well the code's not right, the code can be improved versus keeping it in check, does that make sense? Yeah, I mean in your given example, if you have something that assumes a string of maximum X size and you give it a string and if you don't put that constraint in your fuzzer, so where is the issue? The fuzzy will give a false positive in a sense. Did the API document it? If not, the API has perhaps a documentation error and stuff like that. So now it comes to debate, where's the bug? And I mean this can both be in the fuzzer, it can be in the description of it, can also be a lack of check in the function and so on. So this is the case where I was referring to some of them are false positives, some of them are not. And usually in the situation you describe, you will talk to the developers. It depends so much on what their view is basically. So this is almost a political issue in a sense. But in terms of if we say, if we remove the political aspect in that sense and then say your fuzzers should also take a lot of, they should take into consideration the code that it's testing. So in a sense you should put the constraint up. You should constrain, you would say, what you would do in this case, you would say if the input given by the fuzzer is, your fuzzer code itself, you'd say the input given by the fuzzing engine, if that's longer than x, just return don't call into the API type of thing. So you know some fuzzers will be like hundreds of lines, 600 lines of code, just to prepare this random input the fuzzing engine gives you, do a lot of stuff on it until it calls into the target. They can get very complex like the fuzz tests themself. And that's acceptable kind of, because that's just one function. You would have to do that throughout potentially your whole code base, right? Could you clarify a little bit what you mean here? Well if you're dealing with strings that are super long, you might have to do that throughout, you have to write a library or something that says handle these long strings, because those 600 lines you're talking about, that long bit, the next function needs that same thing, like oh I need to check if that string is really big, and that one needs to check in the sort of, Yeah, I mean it is a lot of writing the fuzzers. You must study the code that you're attacking in a sense. What you would also, what you also often try to do is fuzz the functions that are very high level in that these function reach all the rest of the code, and if you just satisfy the spec of that high level function that reach the rest of your library, then I mean you should be good. So you're trying to identify those large, like high level functions, and then manage, ensure that what you're giving it is what you actually should. What I also mean by that, so for example, you could also fuzz stir length in C, and you could give it just an arbitrary, if you just give it an arbitrary piece of memory, you're gonna find a lot of bugs, and that's because it actually expects an all terminated string. So for example, if you fuzz that function, you should ensure that it's a null terminated string, so what you would do is you would take the input by the fuzzer, you would add a null byte at the end, and then you'd pass it in. So you do a lot of that stuff. You do a lot, a lot of that stuff. We even have some, we have some libraries for how to do this in Golang. If for example, you were to fire fuzz inputs, sorry, functions that accept structs as input, how do you kind of take the raw byte given by the fuzz engine and convert it into a large data structure that is essentially random before you then pass it into your API, to your target, and Adam has a library for, for example, converting random bytes into a nice structure that you can then pass into your library. Great, thanks. A quick follow up, but you can go on others.  Yeah. What's the challenges there? The challenge there is, it takes effort. You know, how do you keep, you should think of it similar to how do you keep your tests in sync? And the answer is more or less the same. The challenges that there are from the fuzzing perspectives is that less people know about fuzzing. It's a little bit counterintuitive, like it's not as intuitive as testing. So usually it's a mix of varies from project to project. Sometimes we will do it for the project. If they don't have the resource available, sometimes they will do it. Sometimes no one will do it. And it will, it's not working, you know? So, and then think it can get very bad in the sense that it's not working. Because it's not working, it will start to throw a lot of issues because it's doing things wrong and stuff like that. But for some projects it's difficult even to maintain that the fuzzer's still built. Cause I mean, it is an effort and stuff like that. So. All right. There's one over here. But. That is actually time. So I would request to continue the discussions. And thank you everyone for attending. Thank you for the speakers. Please come up and ask him in case. Yeah, exactly. So please come over to the speakers after the session and continue the discussion. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you.


Hey everyone and welcome to Norris Cove. I'm Yoshida. You guys, today I feel bad because one of my subscribers, planner babes, planner friends said I don't think I've seen a video of your budget planner. Y'all I apologize. I just be planning in it and I just never showed you guys. So I thought it'd be a perfect time to show you. She's not complete. I've been using her since I think January. First of all the cover is from cloth and paper. They go out of stock and then they come back. I think they're presently in stock. So you can go over the cloth and paper. It doesn't have a strap. I didn't need a strap. It comes with these side pockets here. Make sure that you can see. And I just have these cars. I think that I got from Sequence and Paper Co. I believe they are like a printable. I'm not sure. I can't remember. So they're just some money cards or debt cards or you don't talk about debt. I have some gold cards also. These I think are from either Cessivy, I believe. And then I have these noted cards here which I believe is from cloth and paper. I'm almost positive those are from cloth and paper. There are notes and to-dos. And then over here I have my manifestation money. I just have something written down. Little manifestation words and then my million dollar, my fake million dollars. And that's where I just see it every time I open my planner. And then these discs are from Levinger. And then this cover of course is from cloth and paper. And then this dashboard is from Rose Shadow Collection. I love her dashboards. It's so nice. And then this little sheet here with sticky notes and things to do and all that. This is from Poy and Hun. And then I'll let you know right now pretty much these dividers are from cloth and paper, cloth and paper. All the circle tabs are from cloth and paper. I might not go through that. Most of the sticky notes are cloth and paper. So yes, I've been pretty much using this planner since January. Okay, that's just going to fall. This is from my shop. It's my inbox section, a dashboard from my shop, Rose Shadow Collection. And then these are the monthly, excuse me, monthly inserts that I made. I was going to bring them to the shop, but it just never happened. I just, I needed to tweak them. I wasn't, you know, comfortable with selling them, but they were okay for me. And after looking at them, I noticed I didn't put like holidays on there, none of that.  Sorry for me. The sink and funds, I don't know why it's up here. And then I have digital envelopes. These are from my shop. And we just skip, I just needs to move. Let me, I don't know why, but I want those in the back. I'll just move those to the back. And then as you see in March, I didn't come in here because I just wasn't doing anything like in really February, March, April. And then this is clock and paper. And then this was May, February and May budget. I'm going to skip March. Obviously this was in here are my challenges that I'm doing. This was $1,000 and 30 days. You all just seen this, my budget's like I'm missing a budget. Yeah, all that is just monthly budgets. This is pretty much where I stay in monthly and my budgets and my budget breakouts. This was July, August. So all of this is calendar. So I haven't done September through December. So I'm going to skip that another road, shadow collection, paper. And then here I have schedule. So the reason these little temporary tags are here tabs. Let me show you the reason they're there because I'm still figuring out my sections. I was going to turn this into a catch all. So I got this time schedule thinking that would help, which I'll see sometimes what you don't see on camera is when I go to get stickers sometimes, I'll just get them out of here and then I put them off to the side. Instead of me just digging through this thing here. So this is just a folder. I love it. And then these are from my shop. I don't even know if I have these in here. These are some I had made and was going to sell and I just never did. So one of those things I'm testing out, maybe I'll bring them for 2022. And so these are debt trackers and I actually just put these in. Hold on. I had a sinking funds section. Here we go. I'll get to it later. So this is the debt tracker. So what I intend to do now that I'm more on my money is list out the reason I put these in. I'm going to put in the debt that I owe and then me paying it off each week or however. And then this is a business expense. It's kind of been in here. I just haven't wrote in it yet. So I was also doing a business bundle for my business babes, my shop babes who have businesses and I just never got around to showing that. And then this here is from Infinite Lotus. I was trying out different inserts, trying to figure out which one I wanted and that way I can just buy them already cut and all that good stuff. So yeah, that's how that is. And another section of the clock and paper. I think this is from me. And this is bro shadow collection. And then these are her notes sections here. And then I had just did sinking funds just roughly grafted it. So I'm going to go ahead and add this to it. But yeah, I was just on the phone with my sister and we were talking about, you know, credit card debt and this only and I'm like, it's a terrible feeling. So and then these are digital envelopes. I'm going to kind of put that right above that. So as you can see it, this is back in January when I did digital envelopes, but I'm going to put another one of these and work on these. I have the back here so I can do that. But yeah, and the papers aren't even, you know, the plan is not perfect. But like I said, what I do, I mainly use it for the monthly view, my monthly breakdown. Let me skip. I just added these challenges in here. It was perfect place to go. But this is pretty much where I stay. It's on the monthly budget and now the monthly breakdown and the calendar. That's pretty much what I use the most. So that is it, you guys. I hope you all enjoyed this quick video of my budget planner. Like I said, it's just a adultish. I might later go on and add the correct tabs here. But once I do, I'll do another one, but it'll probably be for 2022. I'm still filling my way through it. I might be in another size by 2022. So, but right now I love the half letter. Oh, also let me take it out. So this is her outside of her cover. So that's another good thing. I can take it like this and it doesn't have to be in the cover. So I'm really loving disc for that. And then the reason I wanted this also to be my budget planner is that way I could do this. You know, if I needed to write something, I didn't have to take the papers out. I could use it like a notebook. So yeah, that's it. So far, like I said, I've been enjoying using it as my budget planner. Now I will say that I still like do my budget. Let me show you. I don't have the weekly form in there because I use my weekly here in my asix. This is my asix. You all have seen it. So like this week, I put my weekly check in in here because that way I kind of have the things I need to pay every week on me. So that goes in here like my after pays all that stuff is in here orders and my spending tracker stays in here. But it's really no point in me kind of putting it in here. I thought about putting a spending tracker in here. But this stays like on my desk. This is always with me. So it's easier for me to just write in my spending tracker here than coming downstairs. Sometimes I don't come downstairs for the day. So to come downstairs and catch up my spending tracker and all of that. I mean, maybe later, I'll put it in there. Like I said, I'm still filling her out. She looks thick, but it's really nothing but months and the monthly budget breakdown, which pretty much all I need. So I hope you guys enjoyed this video. If there's any questions you have for me, do me a favor, leave them in the comment section below. If you enjoyed today's video and you would love to see more content like this from me, do me a favor, hit that subscribe button. Also hit the notification bell and I'll see you in my next video. Bye.


And ahead of the May 29 inauguration, a support group of the rural and all-progressive Congress, APC Progressive Advisory Forum for Good Governance has advised the president-elect Ashwajah Bala-Amitunaboo not to appoint members of the opposition or else. It will be greeted with strong criticisms. For the mother group, a caution that appointing members of the opposition will not only be a grave error but may ruin the performance of the Senegal-led administration. The convener, Lord Borches Emmanuel Wu, submitted a call when he addressed Press Minister in the weekend in Abuja. We must zone the Senate presidency to the southeast for equitable distribution of offices. And I know too well that the party leadership will work with the president-elect and his vice to ensure that there is equitable distribution of political offices. We have always maintained that we must not continue to push religion as the basis for putting forward individuals to run for office. We must push for equity and fair distribution across the country. And I can assure you that the moment that is done, the issue of religion will be taken care of. We do know that the major contenders from the southeast zone, for instance, for that office are Christians. So it goes without saying that if you consider that southeast needs to be brought in, the moment you zone into southeast, automatically you have addressed the issue of religion. That is why we say we should be more focused on equitable fair distribution of political offices. But we stand where our party leadership is.


I'm gonna sit next to you oh i'm gonna miss you i'm gonna miss these cute little cheeky cheekies bye jaylon say bye love you oh i love you too bye baby i will this orlando hug with jaylon right we made it yeah i'll take you to the bill go uber five stars so that was easy got through security in like 15 minutes granted i totally forgot how to travel i have my shoes on forgot my clear membership expired had to wait in line like a regular person luckily there was no line so all's well we made it so before i left i checked uber and lyft to see how much it would cost to go from the airport to the hotel and turns out it would be over a hundred dollars just to go 30 miles but luckily i put out sos on instagram and two of my curl friends came to my rescue curl friend of the year goes to trice we didn't take the bar because you guys scared me so Teresa saved our lives and picked this up i've been following you for like two years just learned to always comb my hair wash my hair every day yeah and so i never knew teen i became professional dancer when i was 21 and i think my entire career well i'm looking at clothes about these girls this is actually high felicia's new spot she also the hike for haiti winner so she's just like always down for a challenge and to help me out so thank you i'm glad i get to meet you arrived get a little tour of the room there's my roommate for the weekend oh she's really cute decent high showers okay okay blow dryer probably no diffusers we're good there so we have a little bit of time before the festival because it's today i'm kind of hungry oh she ate before all right we are ready we are cute we're going to cover up our cute faces with a mask because safety first got my her sunglasses see how it's blue and orange like her elbow cover you know the bops ready bestie ready one with the neon green because this is like hers favorite yeah purse neon shoes let's go too early that instagram line was not okay i would have been very allergic but we got here around four and we walk ready maybe i should explain where we are this is the lights on festival a festival curated by my favorite artist her this is in conquered up north in california she had two stages one for like new artists there was food there were rides there was like an art exhibit area there was a bunch of photo ops photo booths and there was even a like short film section where you can watch some new you know directors film because you know her is all about supporting new creatives i got front row seats because anybody got time to stand anymore you know i'm too old for that so we got the front of the seats and it was perfect because there was still lots of room to dance so because i don't want to get flagged here on youtube for playing someone else's music just know that the music was lit the dj in between acts had us dancing the whole time and i mean we're in the bay so the bay hits different but let me see if i can give you like a couple seconds of each act so so good we're now at barton station i'm not getting on because i told you i wouldn't get on at night time what is my hair doing this curl hair problem so we're gonna uber from here part's been tricky too i tried to schedule an uber and then he said to be there by 935 got there 930 and left smart yeah that's him my ride went from $18 to $100 so we said not but now we get it in the Lexus good morning it is now day two i'm gonna go check out the great breakfast downstairs made it to breakfast day one was a success we are eating at the hotel because they have complimentary breakfast and we've learned that we're basically trapped in walnut creek because an uber from here to a breakfast spot one mile away was still $40 look at us being responsible working out before a festival i literally never worked out of it ever i got the keys the keys clearly the only ones in there haven't been to actual gym since before jaymond was born so like december 2019 day two we are ready got the new her merch outfit for the day and it pack on the fanny today is the day that her actually performed we're excited we're all excited um i'm excited to see tonson uh most of her today you're on a lady i think oh no i'm just excited to see everybody then jess lucky day oh my god i'm so excited to see look at the first we're gonna eat and pregame because those drinks are $20 each to energize you're like real well rested we do work out and our uber is yeah i got an $8 uber we can see a little bit of the city but we're gonna go to another place for out yesterday but we made it day two fine on day one like if you come when it starts the line is ridiculous i would have gone home honestly pretty chilly day two it was hot so we got some snow cones i like the self-serving flavor station i'm about it uh they had a her house fender area for her fender guitar people can go on stage and play take pictures on the first stage joice rice was performing shout out to brian drake her choreography it was dope uh and because it was so hot i suddenly then didn't have any clothes on it took off my shirt because um you know it was hot but we swag surfed it out and had a good time oh my goodness what an epic night and now for the biggest killjoy of them all having to wait in this huge long line the concert was amazing ended at 11 we ran out here to get our uber that was scheduled our lift and it just didn't come so now it's 12 midnight and we're gonna get on that party bus to bart and then uber from there hopefully it's in the line guys it's not okay it's not how i wanted my night but we're in there now so once we got to bart station it was literally still a struggle like there were just no cars available no drivers like we just out here in these streets uh don't tell my mom and then our uber driver was crazy he was speeding like ran a stop sign oh so done we actually made it so do we give him one star for uh going 80 and running two stop signs or do we give him five stars for getting us home quickly yes quick that was so scary we do not do well in ubers we have bad records the sleep texture strikes again i think i'm just gonna keep on montage if all the time cindy falls asleep with her phone in her hand especially after a concert uh got a lover good night bestie good morning it is time to go home i woke up excited about my leftover hummus so that's where we are with that my pita's really hard though but um yeah my whole body soar that's the most standing i'm done in oh i'm really hard two years probably but today i have another subscriber picking me up because i'm so done with uber here and my girlfriends are just saving me that's a wrap i so sleepy let's keep these glasses off shall we i'm asking glasses like i could be anybody i mean this gives it away i mean my curls but off to the airport tanya my out here they're the best can we talk about these how are you today this is not your mother's curl top uh-oh rame and gel my favorite love it it's just the best so good clear i miss you first things first get my clear membership figured out was this two lines in two days i think so gotta open up a new lane right when we got there there's still no line allergies are okay people okay we made it back in LA oh my goodness we're so sore so tired that flight is great though i'm home jaylin this is not yaya it's mama mommy's home jaylin it's mama i am ellie i miss you too home sweet home what a weekend felt like 2018 again um i think that that was a lot ubers are just ridiculous it was probably the only downside of the trip just how expensive everything was i'm probably just gonna keep it to local concerts i would only do all that for her so that's how much i love her and she's just so inspiring i was like she's in her 20s and has her own festival she's won grammy's and oscar she's already done the super bowl like she's just what she even kept saying at the concert was anything is possible and i would definitely recommend you guys go if you live in that area next year it's promo code just kidding but her should give me a promo code i think i definitely sold that on instagram in this vlog so i probably couldn't play any of the awesome music in this video because youtube would flag me so that's unfortunate make sure you follow me on instagram so you can see all that stuff and maybe i'll even put in a highlight real for you guys yeah i'll do that so if you want to actually hear the performances go to my instagram at miss beyond grenade but thanks for coming with me if you enjoy my vlogs and my concert life make sure you follow me instagram because i do post more there i think i've only posted like maybe two three vlogs on my youtube and i'll see you guys next time thanks for watching beyond grenade today


Welcome back to Found Mandarin. 华语好好玩。 I'm Tianjin from Taiwan Technical Mission. In the last episode, we learned how to order in a coffee shop. Today, we will learn more about how to discuss and order food with friends in a restaurant. Let's start. Quick question. How to say I will have coffee? Right. 我要咖啡. Last time, we learned the sentence 我要 means I will take or I will have. So how to ask the question, what will you have? 你要什么? 要 is an auxiliary verb. So if we ask about food, we need a main verb to it in between. 你要吃什么? 你要吃什么? The meaning is what do you want to eat? 你要吃什么? 吃 to it. Now that we know to it is 吃 how about to drink? 喝 to drink. 喝 the sentence. What do you want to drink? 你要喝什么? 你要喝什么? 我要喝咖啡. I will drink coffee. 我要喝咖啡. Right, but sometimes, I don't want to drink coffee with my meal. 我不要喝咖啡. I don't want to drink coffee. 我不要喝咖啡. 我要喝果汁. I want to drink juice. 我要喝果汁. 果汁, juice. 果汁. And we learned how to say fruit. Fruit. 水果, fruit. And juice. 果汁, fruit. 水果, fruit. So 我要喝果汁. I will drink juice. 我要喝果汁. 你呢? How about you? 你呢? 你要喝果汁还是咖啡? Would you like to drink juice or coffee? 你要喝果汁还是咖啡? The word 还是 means or 还是. So the sentence. 你要喝果汁还是咖啡? 果汁,咖啡. Choose one. Let's see another example. 你要买西瓜还是凤梨? Do you want to buy watermelon or pineapple? We respond with 我要买西瓜. I will buy watermelon. Or 我要买凤梨. I will buy pineapple. Or maybe 我都不买. I don't even buy 我都不买. Why? Because I'm hungry, so let's back to restaurant. 你要吃什么? What do you want to eat? 你要吃什么? 我要牛排. I will have the steak. 我要牛排. 牛 is the animal cow or buffalo. 排 means fillet. Combined together, cow fillet is steak. 牛排,牛排,牛排 two rising tones. 牛排. Some people may not like meat or may not be allowed to take meat. So let's learn fish fillet. 鱼排,鱼 fish. Round lips and rising tone. 鱼,鱼排. So question, 你要牛排还是鱼排? So do you want steak or fish fillet? 你要牛排还是鱼排? 我要牛排和一份薯条. I will have the steak and a portion of fries. 我要牛排和一份薯条. The word 一份, a portion of. 薯条, fries,薯条. A portion of fries, 一份薯条. And 我要一份薯条. I will have a portion of fries. 你呢? How about you? 我都不要. I don't want either of them. 我都不要. I'm on a diet, so I will have salad. How to say this? 我要沙拉, I will have salad. 沙拉, salad. There are many types of salads. Which do you prefer? Fruit salad, 水果沙拉,水果沙拉,水果 fruit,沙拉 salad. So together, 水果沙拉. 你要不要水果沙拉? Do you want fruit salad or not? 要 affirmative, 不要 negative. When we put them together, 要不要, it becomes a question. Do you want something or not? 要不要. In Mandarin, we call it affirmative, negative question. We can use the same pattern with other verbs. For example, 吃不吃. Do it something or not? 吃不吃. The sentence, 你吃不吃魚排? Do it fish fillet or not? 你吃不吃魚排? And also, 買不買? Do you buy something or not? 買不買? 你買不買香蕉? Do you buy bananas or not? 是不是? Are you something or not? 你是不是聖路西雅人? Are you solution or not? 你是不是聖路西雅人? Okay, that's back. 你要不要水果沙拉? Do you want fruit salad or not? I'm on a diet, so I prefer green salad. 蔬菜沙拉. Green salad. 蔬菜沙拉. 蔬菜 vegetable. 蔬菜沙拉. Usually combined with tomato, onion, pepper, salad greens. Sounds like a good friend when I'm on a diet. I will have it. 我要蔬菜沙拉. I will have green salad. 我要蔬菜沙拉. 你呢? How about you? 你要什麼? What will you have? 你要什麼? 你要是什麼? 我要一份魚排. 你呢? 我要六百份一份薯條. 你要不要蔬菜沙拉? 我要水果沙拉. 你要喝果汁還是咖啡? 果汁,你呢? 我也喝果汁. 華語好好玩. I hope you have fun learning Mandarin with me today. 我是婷婷. See you next time.


Just saying the word spiritual suddenly divides people. Everybody, it seems, has a different idea of what it means. For some people, spiritual means imaginary fantasy that is clearly not real. For some people, spiritual means God and the essence of a religion. For others, spiritual means, well really whatever they want it to mean. It seems to me like spiritual is a way of describing anything that cannot be described in the physical material world. And for many that would mean simply it doesn't exist because for many people believe that the material world is everything. For other people they may believe that there is a spiritual world, some kind of a world that is outside the material world that has all these various properties that we call spiritual. Others might simply describe it as God himself. I think of the concept as really a way of looking at things, spiritual is a way of describing things that are very difficult to describe. I believe that to dismiss spiritual as simply imaginary fantasy because it's not material is really missing the point. But on the other hand I don't see it as being sort of this separate world outside the material world, some kind of supernatural thing but simply another perspective, a way of looking at things that cannot be materially described. But even what I've said so far already points to the problem with this whole thing of spiritual and being spiritual is that it is so outside definition, it's so much open to interpretation. And the reason why it's not part of science is because it cannot be tested and verified through evidence. Now people that believe in pure science, pure materialists would say therefore because it cannot be proven by evidence and experiment it really doesn't exist at all, it's not real. And to me that seems like giving up access to a whole set of tools, a whole way of looking at things and aspects of our existence, aspects of life in the universe that are very valuable. But on the other hand others revel in this non-describability, this non-provability of anything spiritual because you can never be proven wrong. Whatever you believe spiritually you can believe that you're right forever. You will never be proven wrong by some kind of clear evidence. So then how do you know if you're right or not about anything that you believe about spiritual matters? Well there is no absolute standard. It's not to say that all beliefs are equal as the meme of the flying spaghetti monster demonstrates it is an idea that you know why believe in God and not in the flying spaghetti monster. There's no objective definable standard to say that believing in some particular concept of God is better, more real than believing in a flying spaghetti monster. Simply because nothing in spiritual matters is definable, provable and explainable in any clear way. So this really presents an opportunity to get lost, to escape into a kind of fantasy world where you can believe whatever you want. And this means that the world of spiritual matters is very vulnerable to self-deception. It is very easy to fall into traps where we deceive ourselves with what we want to believe. Because with something material like the classic example of gravity, if we choose to not believe in gravity or believe that if we believe hard enough we can fly and defy gravity, we will be corrected quite mercilessly by gravity saying no, your belief is clearly incorrect when you are pulled down to the earth. But there is no such open, clear, direct correction for any kind of spiritual belief that you could come up with. If you want to believe something, there is nothing stopping you from believing that. Which is a wonderfully free thing, but it's also dangerous in that you can start to believe anything and nothing will stop you. The world of spiritual things is a wonderful hiding place for anybody that wants to avoid facing difficult things in life. It is a convenient refuge for hiding out and believing things that make you feel comfortable. Endless positivity, simple denial of anything that's wrong. You are perfect. Anything bad that happens to you is because of some vibrational issue. And you simply have to think positive thoughts forever and that's all you need to do. Again, there's no way to directly prove that that's not true, but it seems like that can easily lead to some very bad choices. A kind of passive laziness really. Anytime something difficult comes up, it's easy to simply hide behind visions of positivity, serenity now. My problems don't exist in the spiritual world. Maybe if I just invest more in my guru, do some more yoga, have another ayahuasca ceremony. Just keep trying harder to connect with pure positivity and bliss, then everything will be okay. And I don't mean to dismiss any of these practices. Any such practice can have value, but it can also be a place to escape. A place to avoid facing honestly with real issues that should be dealt with. It seems to me that the real test of anything spiritual, in so far as it can be tested at all, is how it is reflected in our lives, in real life. Being a very spiritual person, whatever that means, it seems like it can only have meaning as it is expressed. In a sense, it's not something that needs to be proven at all, but to the extent that it is proven or demonstrated, it can only be through how we live our lives. The spiritual belief, spiritual practices, if they have real weight and resonance to them, they will be reflected in our actions, in the way we live our lives.  Not necessarily specific things that, you know, this specific spiritual thing is being expressed, but how is your life overall reflecting your spiritual belief? Okay, you believe in a traditional specific God? Okay, how is that reflected? You believe in the flying spaghetti monster? How is that resonating through your everyday life? Okay, you don't believe that anything spiritual at all is anything beyond fantasy? How are you living your life? Don't let spiritual life be some kind of escape from the everyday world, but let it be a guide that resonates through everything we do in everyday life.


easy way out to blame someone or to blame something for your circumstance. It allows you to sit back and believe that you have nothing to do with it, that there's nothing you can do. There's no fault within yourself. But guess what happens when you do that? Nothing. Dagnation, no change, no movement, and eventually bitterness. When you look at your role in a circumstance or a situation or whatever it may be, even if your immediate thought is that you have no role, you give yourself the power to change it and to improve it.


What's going on guys got Kyle here relating sports cards, and we are ripping in 2022 tops MLS renaissance. This will be five bucks Full case number nine random hit style. So how so work guys are doing random hit style. We'll get all the cards out We'll open them one by one as we go Don. It'll be typing them into a hit sheet at the end of the break We'll line up the names and the hits will do a randomizer, and then we'll see who gets what? Good luck guys. Let's see what we got in the case Renaissance case number nine See one of those cut autos I would be sick. Yeah, George best Unexpected out of here unexpected. I like it 2022 MLS renaissance. Good luck guys I guess I will have Donnie type it in as we go. We'll do a random at the end first up. We have auto 13 of 20 this one is Paxton Aronson Paxton Aronson 13 of 20 auto for the Philadelphia Union Guessing that's Brendan's brother, right Steve Paxton Aronson gonna be our first one to 20 Hey, thank you brain and grams of spots in Star Wars Preach eight that this one is Jersey auto It is nine out of ten Lucas Zalarian on the Jersey out of there from the Columbus crew Nine out of ten on the player worn memorabilia Yeah, they are sweet Christopher. I do like these. It's almost like a It's almost like dynasty or something like that if you see those Nice one. There's the Lorian to ten on the Jersey auto Let's go box to here guys Alrighty guys still eight left still eight left for impeccable Was one off eight left for it Coming soon. We're any guys box to Renaissance This one is number to ten. It's Jesus Ferrara. Nice one there. They team USA striker Jesus Ferrara seven out of ten. Nice hit there. Good luck on this one guys for FC Dallas seven out of ten and patch auto It is to 20 It's gonna be Kevin Parades number 20 out of 20 on the DC United patch out of there player worn memorabilia Kevin Parades For DC United Nice patch out of there. Good-looking patch That's it for box to box three. Good luck. This one is the five. It is Paxton. Pump. Y'all To five three out of five for FC Dallas Paxton pumpkin Nice low number there two out of five FC Dallas. Good luck on this one. Good-looking cards. Yeah, they look great Chris for sure I do really like these this one is Jersey auto to 20. It's a rookie It's gonna be Leon Flatch number four out of 20 for the Philadelphia Union on the rookie rookie Jersey auto Nice one there player worn on all these Leon Flatch rookie for the Union right guys two boxes left Renaissance And guys check out that link for impeccable coming up soon here guys Packable team all get RPAs to 88 all the way is low numbered is eight Get autos get some base good stuff in those this one is numbered to 20 It is Jazzy Zardes on the auto there Colorado Rapids former team USA striker And when it's 15 out of 20 Jazzy Zardes Nice one there for the Rapids And Jersey auto. Oh, it's a dual have not seen one of these It is a two of five host F Martinez and miles Robinson On the dual Jersey autos that is sick some sick patches there on the On the Robinson very nice player worn dual auto host F Martinez and miles Robinson That is a sick one there. Good luck on this one guys The dual Atlanta autos. I didn't know they had duals in here very nice Two out of five. That is sick. There's some really nice patches too, man Alrighty guys good luck on this last one box five Yeah, it's cool Chris. It's a cool set man. It reminds me of like I said like um dynasty or like kind of like uh I don't even know what else but Any of those encased autos sets really cool This one is numbered to 20. You got to be Jack McGlynn Jack McGlynn on the rookie auto there for the Philadelphia Union to 20 Jack McGlynn rookie to 20 and last one here Is going to be numbered to 20 as well for the San Jose earthquakes Cade Coal Cade Coal for the earthquakes there Jersey auto Ready guys that will do it for MLS Renaissance five bucks. Let's get a randomizer here going in just a moment Let me roll a dice here. How many times we're gonna go on the random once it is ready Good luck here We'll go six four and two times Six times on this random guys. Give me one second here. We'll set it up. Alrighty guys. Good luck I've got Dallas Pete down to Vincent C. Gonna go six times Good luck here on the names one two three four five and six got Sam down to Dallas and our hits here going six times One Two three four five and six got Jesus Ferrara down to Kevin Parades Let's copy these over see what we got. Good luck guys. Alrighty guys We got Sam C with the Jesus Ferrara auto to 10 Joshua R has the pump call auto to five Vincent C has the McGlynn rookie auto to 20 Michael T has Jazzy Zardis to 20 Sam C has Lucas Zalarian Patch auto to 10 Joshua R got the dual auto there nice one Martinez and Robinson dual patch auto to five David F got the Cade Coal Joshua R got Paxton Aronson to 20 and Dallas P Got Leon flash to 20 and Kevin Parades to 20 Alrighty there guys. We'll get these copied over and we'll get some basketball going next


Yo, we are here at Sunburn Free, we're in Brixton Jam, please make some noise! On the day, on my left hand side, please make some noise for my man Juan, let's go! Tox on my right hand side, medium Jake! You're gonna get straight into this, it's round one and one, let's go man! In this battle, he'll claim that my nan's on some G-Shit, that my dad has no penis, that my sister shots coke and hightograms and her cleavage. And you might all clap and laugh like the man is a genius, I'm just confused about where he heard all my family secrets. How do you do what I hear you ask? Well here's what I have found, him and Letty have started their own spy gang now. I caught Letty with binoculars outside my nan's house shouting, I caught Letty with binoculars outside my nan's house shouting, J, she's got a stump leg, you better write that down! We talked about my mum's career as a bar man, now so everyone about your baby daughter's guitar band. We talked about how my uncle's a yard man, now let's suppose your baby mum for looking like Tarzan.  When I was gonna talk about your family, I'd rather do some extra cool penmanship, plus by bringing them up I didn't think I'd get the full benefit, and I realised I'd probably call my mum a testicle specialist when it comes to battling Big J, I guess it's all relative. But it shouts out to Letty though, the two on twos you did with him are sick. My only issue is this, with every written he's fit, you have a giggling fit. Let's watch all the two on twos, skip to Letty's part of course, J watches him attentively, a smile on his face starts to form, Letty drops a funny punchline, the crowd will gasp and roar, J heels over like this, and starts to laugh some more.  You were host together for months, you must have heard that bar before. You've lost weight now, you just go.  Huge one bro, cos every time Letty told a new mum joke, you'd laugh so much that you'd lose one so. That's why in terms of swagger, mine's amazing, but yours, highly basic, and since you've lost weight, your old tees are just kind of draping, busses eyes and shapes reminding Jacob Refreshman Cypher playing, cos with the state of those XXLs, it's hard to know what the designer's saying. That's wild, that's wild. It's catch 22 when J tries bars. So when you spit a bad bar, everyone rolls their eyes to the back. When you actually spit a good bar, the crowd are too surprised to react.   Try bars against Harry, and then we saw your wig get split when Baker's Fire killed you. Like it was 1666. GCSE history bars you've done.    Practicing to rap. Before this battle got confirmed, you was probably acting out a duck. Before I wrote these rounds, I got my pen and tried attaching it to a strap. Cos I'm ready for this lyrical war. I've got a lyrical gun, lyrical bullets galore. I'll fire, but you won't even see it moving cos I don't know what I'm doing. I'm just shooting like a boss. It'll be like Raptop vs Soul. Cos I'll be looking awkward with a shot.  But at home I've got two. One called Ian, one called Bill, but I ain't talking about shocks.  An amazing boss. Yours would make a whole crowd collapse. People fall asleep when you rap when I spit the whole crowd collapse.    So how could this guy ever seem frightening?  I'm putting all you motherfuckers like I'm doing a dance to Grease Lightning.   I was having a word with some of my rasta friends. I was having a word with some of my rasta friends. They keep hearing you say Bumbaclar. Why don't you do that again?    And you're bad bars. You shouldn't let it slide, Bagnell. Because you go from English to Jamaican to Chinese. Sounds like you've had some very nice travels. All that lingo going to worse than the Evera slide tackle. I haven't heard a dialect that bad but it's the Gemini battle.  There was a laugh behind the camera and a considerably lengthy pause. Hulk said it was David Cameron. Now I don't know if you know, but it's not him anymore. You have to be gassing me.  You are actually Ali G. I don't know how he doesn't know what out of the EU. I realise there's no way Big J knows about the EU. He doesn't know about the referendum or when the next election's coming. He thought the in or out vote was to do with belly buttons. Spacebook biosetters. Hobbies and interests.  Favorite books. The Liverpool Football Avenue from 1997. Political views. I don't really know much, but Bush did 9-11. When you battled Marguan, you paid for his flight in hotels so he could snore in bed. I don't like research. Turns out flights from Chicago to Heathrow aren't something most people can afford to get. I've got a little look from Skyscanner. Turns out flights are 1,400 to 1,500 more or less. In other words, about one and a half grand was spent on battle rap at your expense. Translation.  Don't let the haters get you down. Keep doing what you do, Jay, from that convincing Jamaican accent to the glocks that you spray. With talent like that, I will give you any battle that you want to do, mate. Just as long as you pay. The AVW's coming up. Amazing, right? Hidden box, I am in advance like what you say in a fight. Luck's favourite in my tweet. Me versus him on the birthday, save sounds nice. I'll put some battle light. Yeah, I'll lock it in. Safe or right. The conversation ends. Jay gets hyped. Two days go by. New message. You are paying, right? And he's like, yeah, I've got to range the flight. I'll tell his luck so he can name his price. I'll tell his luck so he can name his price. If you're willing to spend that much on battle rap and let go of your salary, I've got a deal for you, Jay. I just hope that you can agree. How about if I let you win 3.0 in this clash with me, you pay for murder movie to come over and battle?  You're going to wish you never got to follow from big Jay. This right here is going to tickle everyone's rib cage. How can I look at the photo and thought, what? How was Juan's mum got a skin fade? No joke. I looked twice. It was no bloke. She loves that. Catch her in the back of family pictures with a buzz cut. I bet you thought rap was nice.    If you had one shot...   Look at face. I went on his Facebook and I clicked photos of Jake and I scrolled down to the bottom of the page and I saw something I couldn't believe. Probably something I shouldn't have even seen.  What? I see another picture of the same dude sitting on your knee. That might be normal for you, but that just seems a little suspect to me. There you go. Man, you must be mad if you think what a matter.  You said his bars are hard. Listen carefully or you won't notice him.   God!   Because you'll be holding your phone when the chrome's to your dome. You and me act like part of the trap when you're home and alone. See, you're going to get that student life in a house cold window, though. You can't beat me. It's round two in that one bangle you close to the ropes. See, they decide which way this wing goes but I'm calmer and relaxed. Because you're basically shuffle tea with Bama Lam's weird arms attached. Not him though, because with his clothes we can see the bigger picture like art attack. You saw him on YouTube back in the day when you used to get two views. Saw shuffle tea killing a posh boy angle and jumped into the picture like blues clues. I can easily start my rounds of high. I'm Big J. It's nice to meet you.  I'll throw eggs at your friends you hustle weed to. And you got a chin like shuffle tea shoe. And you're mad young. And I don't want to be looking like a nun. So I can't be cool with you. Your mum and dad went to the same school as you. I can't get angry. He's mad young. He don't want to see me vex. I just think it's proper funny when you play out you have to sabble your dad on the back of your BMX. See that right there? That was a put him in the hard spot. It's proper funny that when your dad passes driving test you have to buy him his first car.  I spoke to Lefty and he said you ain't a G yet. You're just a prefect. I showed him one and he asked me one. I showed him one and he asked me if he's deaf. He did though. The way he's moving his arms is making him seem wet because the way that he speaks for them teeth to me is clear to see you ain't hardly a threat just partially deaf.   When you say my name say it with some respect. For his next word will be the N word. It's not her fault though. It's Big E J that is to blame. When he reads her Winnie the Pooh he pronounces Tigger's name a different way. She'll start saying it all the time from when she starts elementary and class with her bezies inadvertently dropping it at dinner parties with Lefty. When you get home later she'll greet you with her M bomb instead of a high. After watching minstrel shows on the telly all night you go to sing of a lullaby and I bet she declines and starts reciting all of Big E Small's ready to die. You said the M bomb because your mate's OK there.    Some white folks said it was fine and you agreed together.  I should have seen my temper. I was going to run up on you both and squeeze varetas but I suddenly remembered the hoax. Now I suddenly remembered that hoax the official spokesperson for all black people ever. I am. If that whole situation's fucked I'm still trying to figure it out because two things came to mind when you finished that round. Number one, you said the M bomb in a wrap out why didn't no one put him in the ground? Number two, Hope gave you a pass.  You keep saying all these battlers sound the same.  But then you copy Uno and Osh's jokes and sitcom smiles.  Because you're battling every week performing decent too. But nowadays you ignore the scene that fought your heaps of views. The more battles that you did the more that he would lose. There was Dan, Harry, Marv and they all had beaten too. You spent your year with Hitler's elbow where your daughter's needed you then took a year out when she saw your sweep was through. You didn't lose weight because you got bored of eating food but because Batboy was biting off more than he could chew. I've taken that. But you were so offended by Uno's third that after you did the clash you changed your profile picture to your daughter just to prove that she isn't fat. To drop facts. Uno doesn't have to drop facts. So eager to prove that she hasn't got flab. So eager to prove that she hasn't got flab. When people ask how her family life is the top dad you reply like yeah my eldest daughter is still not fat. We get it. She's not fat. There's no need for her to try to burn some calories.  You know you've lost weight but you're still not medium sized.  Please just decide. Because when I look at that necktart there's still a bit of flab where I can see at the sides.   Everyone can see but it's like they just make do. I was going to stop battling. I was keeping my head low to the grass but I see our bear snakes move. I see bears breaking through without breaking views in a year. The top tier can't even get 100K. You don't either so I don't know why I'm taking you. But now it's like I have to come back and get rid of the dead weight here too. You can never be better than me. Can you believe that? I'll rip this.      You get high by going to bars and sniffing other people's cigarettes.