It's probably the baddest thing in the battlefield. This vehicle is nothing but a 70 ton jersey barrier without a crew. The soldiers are what makes that weapon system lethal. The third ID picked their top two tank crews and set them off to train for six weeks. Traverse right with the camera. We met them in the final week of their preparation. You get to play on the Big Boy platform. Guys, this is the Super Bowl tank. The Sullivan Cup is a best tank crew competition. This was the competition before competition. They were all going to get something out of this experience, but only one crew would get to represent the third ID. We flew to Jacksonville. We picked up our rental car and we took off for Georgia. We'd be meeting two tank crews at Fort Stewart. While we were driving we passed the time researching tank facts. According to this, there's a maintenance challenge or a maintenance heat, so they have to do, they've replaced an eight block section of tank track. Tank history, tank movies. Now in Fury, they had their war name. Remember? Oh yeah! We're going to have fun with it. We were all pretty stoked for this story. Now there are telltale signs that you're in Georgia. There's tons of Spanish moss. There's historic cemeteries. There's that good old feeling of Southern charm. There's the alligators. But it was the tank crossing signs that let us know we were in the right place. I've always had an affection for tanks, but it started when I was a young NCO in Korea. This was actually three-quarter inch that we were shooting on. You know, the camera with the umbilical cord, look at that. Young Army Sergeant Lance Milstead driving an M-60 tank. I'm a tanker. Does that qualify me as a tanker? If not, I thought at least he would give me some street cred with the tankers we were about to meet. Time to meet some tankers. Both crews were from Charlie Company 164 Armor. Team Canonarchy was made up of Smith, Chappies, Bates, and McLean. And Team Count Tracula was made up of Fauntleroi, Felton, Corona, and Martin. Sergeant First Class Todd Poison was responsible for training them and deciding who gets to go to the cup. What's your role with the team from 3rd ID this year? As the Division Abrams Master Gunner, I was given the rare and unique opportunity to create a six-week train-up. Everything tank-related. We spent a lot of time in the motor pool. I'm doing ammunition upload and vehicle ID and land navigation. I created a mounted land nav course for them. They did about 250 kilometers in one day. I did a couple of refuels on the move. For those who don't know what the Sullivan Cup is, I know it's the third time they've done it, but could you give us a description of what the competition entails and what it's about? The Sullivan Cup is a best-tank crew competition. It's a crew-level event. So tank crews are four people. Driver, loader, gunner, and tank commander. And it's open to our allies. But every active division sends their best tank crew that has tanks. And the National Guard and Marine Corps get to send their guys, and it's to see who the best of the best is. The first thing that really struck me, I was like, Man, they're like kids. They're so young. We quickly got past the fact that they're so young because they're so passionate and they're so professional and competent. And they really are engaged in what they're doing and being excellent at it. I'm getting a chance to represent an entire division. Yeah, you're one of two teams to consider the best. Eight people, and I'm one of them. I'm really grateful for the opportunity. It's really humbling. Today's tanks are so high-tech that it's actually hard to miss. So as part of the train-up, the crews have to face degraded modes of operation. Hey, traverse right with the camera. And it's really hard. Sergeant First Class Roy Smith and his crew were about to find out just how hard it is. That's where a lot of gunners have difficulty when you have stabilization failure. When you can only use your gas, your gunner's auxiliary sight instead of the primary sight. Whether your LRF is damaged and you have to battle sight ranges, manually input ranges, and you have to figure out what those ranges are. You can see that round impact out there. These are all skills that back in World War II, that was the norm. I created an entire table six of nothing but degraded engagements and I took almost everything away from them. So I need you to move to the bullpen where you will receive an AAR.   It's tough, wasn't it? With a full-up firing system, Sergeant Smith's crew would have aced that run. But with degraded mode, it's another story. One, as you guys know, we don't get to train degraded mode nearly enough, at least in my opinion.  That was a very good technique. And I could see you around, you did that whip. That's important. Just saturate the target. Put lead on that target. They only qualified two out of six engagements. What does it take to get you guys ready? We need to be physical fit. A regular PT test has nothing on this tank or PT test. I score 300s, and I do not max out this tank or PT test. Part of the Sullivan Cup is to have these physical tests of strength and agility that relate to the tank. Place it neatly on a thing, and just throw it. The test is based on the 1974 Armored Crewman Proficiency Test. Talk about a smoke session. It took actual things that you do as a tanker and you have a time limit to achieve each of these five tasks in and it's very challenging. It's physically grueling. You can score 300 on an Armored PT test and not necessarily be a good loader because you don't challenge muscle groups that you would normally use as a loader doing the APFT. I hope it's here to stay. I really do because I think it is an amazing, amazing test, physical test. Poison lined up the full arsenal of tools to prepare the team. Even some high-tech video games. It's actually called the Close Combat Tactical Trainer. Some of the good things about it is, unlike another simulator that we use, this one, the whole crew can get in. You have a driver. Actually, you see the driver in there right now. Take a look in there. Excuse me. This is exactly how it's going to look when you're inside the tank. If you really wanted to drive a tank, this was as close as I'd get. So this, you'd actually look in with your eyeball. Right. Still pretty cool. So where is the trigger? That'll be this one right here. Oh, the top one. Yep. Got it. You know, to your right here, this is... This is quite the video game. My time as a tank gunner was up. Preparing to defend. The team had their own mission. Carry heat, report retcon 1. Heat, battle carried and retcon 1. Up! Ultimately, these crews and everything we do is in the name of lethality. It's how fast we put steel on target. This was the crew's final bit of practice before their last day on the range. Yeah, you know, I remember Sergeant Smith talking and he said this vehicle is nothing but a 70-10 jersey barrier without a crew. Tank is a tank. You put the crew in there and then you have a weapon system. And the soldiers are what makes that weapon system lethal. All right, now, without stripping the scales on a gas-board sighting knob... But it goes back to see an excellence. I mean, these guys are going to take all this training away and they're going to take what they have picked up here, you know, through the training and mentorship. And they're going to take that and they're going to give it back. We'll be down the range in a second. Team Count Dracula's on deck for their last degraded run. It's their last chance to impress. It's kind of a... it's a lost art. It's definitely a lost art. You need to practice a lot. And a lot of tank crews don't get the opportunity to practice to really get proficient at it like they should be. So, you know, something, Justin, I sense a lot of passion when you talk about this. Just giving the opportunity to even get a shot to prove it is such a big deal to me. Tank is standing for target. It's rolling up and it'll fire just after it gets up on top. You may get picked to go, you may not. You may go, you may win, you may not. You're still going to take something away from this experience, I bet. Just getting ready, preparing for the shot. To get a shot to go to the Southern Cup. I have learned probably more in these last few weeks than any other training exercise I've done combined. So, we'd only been down here for three days, but they've been doing this for six weeks and they still didn't know who's going to go to the Cup. I'll tell you, they gave it their best shot. It's a win-win-win situation. They're probably going to go back to the course with a whole lot of knowledge. I'm going to go to the Southern Cup with a lot of knowledge and opportunity to perform at the Southern Cup. I'm going to go to the Southern Cup with a lot of knowledge and I'll win the Southern Cup. This is one of the best opportunities I've had in my career. And that's what the Southern Cup is about.


What's going on, everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards, ripping 1 box of 22-23, Panini, Prism, Collegiate, Draftpix, basketball hobby for Nick T. So good luck here, Nick. Let's do it, buddy. See what we got. See if we can pull a nice Palo out of here. Palo, Chat, Mathurin, Murray, Manga, Stained Glass. There's one other insert too, I feel like, I'm forgetting. There's national prides in this too, but they're, I don't know, they're not as nice as the soccer ones in my opinion. I like the soccer national prides a lot. Silver, Max, Christie. There's a Letter of Intent, Dylan Mitchell. I feel like this is the first time I've seen one of these. Letter of Intent, Dylan Mitchell. That's really cool. Let's look up the checklist after that. We'll sleep on top of that one, obviously. Rocky Cruiser 99 out of 199 for North Dakota State on the Red Auto. Got to Terry Eason, Blue Ice, 71 out of 99 for LSU, as well as a Benedict Matherin, nice one there for University of Arizona and the Pacers. Silver, Patrick Baldwin, UW Milwaukee, and the Warriors. Walker Kessler Silver for Auburn in the Jazz. Keegan Murray and Devin Booker, nice ones there. Silver, Clay Thompson. Jimmy Bayheim, nice one there. Jim Bayheim's son, Cerseric Hughes, very cool. The Orange. Actually went to school with a kid who's like really good friends with him. All right. Yeah. There's Blue Wave, Jalen Duren to 249. Red, Jalen Williams for Santa Clara to 299. Wendell Moore, Shaden Sharp, Paul Pierce, and Elandes Williams. Snakes again coming up. Sochan, Silver, Palo Bancaro. Bryce McGowan's, nice one there on the Orange. Pulsar to 49. Forget where he is off the mat. Is he Pelicans? Bryce McGowan's. Hornets, that's where he is. Hornets. Nice one there. Congrats on the McGowan's. Very nice there, Nick. We've got Purple Ice, Zion, nice one there for the Pelicans to 149. Followed by a Blue Elandes Williams to 199. As well as a Thai Thai Washington snakeskin for Kentucky. Got Walker Kessler, brilliant. David Robinson and Blake Wesley. Nice ones there. Silver, Wendell Moore, rookie. We've got Michael DeVoe that is Georgia Tech on the Sensational Signatures base. Nice one there, Georgia Tech. We've got a Blue, Zach Levine for UCLA, and the Bulls to 199. Nice Levine. As well as a Scotty Pippin Jr. for the Lakers and the Pulsar and Vandy. AJ Griffin Hawks. Mark Williams, fireworks for Duke and the Hornets. Joel Embiid and Walker Kessler. That'll do it for your break there, Nick. Thanks again for the support, buddy. Do appreciate it. We'll get that right out to you, man.


We're going to have a talk on guaranteed output of square root of n rounds for round rod and sampling protocols. This is by Ron Cohen, Jack Doerner, Yashavant Khande, and Abhi Shalat, and Jack will give the talk. Please. It's a switch. Oh, there we go. Thank you for the morning. Hi, I'm Jack. My co-authors are Ron Yash and Abhi. So suppose that you have an elliptic curve group and then consider the distribution that's generated if you sample a random variable tau from the field modulo of the curve order and then compute the powers of tau in the curve group. This is the structured reference string used by the polynomial commitment scheme of Kante, Zabrucha, and Goldberg, and its form derives actually from the challenge issued in the strong Diffie-Hellmengame introduced by Bonnet and Boyen. The structured reference strings are also used in gross snarks and the number of gross snark derivatives, including sonic, plonk, aurorolite, and marlin. And via gross snarks, these are actually deployed in the world today. So at the very least, Filecoin, and Ethereum, and Zcash use SRSs of this form, and there's probably some others as well. Now, these SRSs have an unfortunate property, which is that you can't sample them in a public coin fashion. In particular, if given an elliptic curve point for which you don't know the discrete logarithm, computing the square of that point actually implies breaking the computational Diffie-Hellmeng assumption. So in order to sample the powers of tau, you really have to sample tau first. On the other hand, if the adversary were to learn tau, the consequences for security are catastrophic. So the KZG10 polynomial commitment scheme has no binding if the adversary learns tau, and all of the snarks you saw a moment ago have no soundness if the adversary learns tau. These two facts are in a sort of natural tension, which leads to a question, who will we trust to sample tau? And the answer that the community has come up with is that we will distribute the sampling of the powers of tau among absolutely as many people as we possibly can, and in such a way that so long as at least one of them is honest, tau will remain hidden. So for the first protocol for doing something like this was proposed by Ben Sasanadal in 2015, and there have been a number of follow-ups since then, but they all follow the same basic layout, which I'm going to show you in a sort of simplified form. So the protocol begins with a single party, Alice, who samples a multiplicative share of tau and then computes what I'm going to call a partial SRS. That is, she computes the powers of tau with respect to just her multiplicative share. And when she has this, she's going to post it to a public bulletin board of some kind where the whole world can see it. And at this point, Alice is actually done. She doesn't need to interact with the protocol anymore, and she can sort of fade away into the background as another party comes along. So this is Bob, and he also samples a multiplicative share. And then he reads Alice's contribution off the bulletin board and uses his multiplicative share to update it. So when I say update, here's what I mean. He takes every element in the vector that is Alice's output and multiplies it by the corresponding power of his multiplicative share of tau. And of course, you can see that Alice actually just computed a slightly degenerate version of this function, where she used the vector of all curved generators as her starting point. Regardless, once Bob has his partial SRS, he also posts it to the public bulletin board. And the rest of the world will want to be certain that he used Alice's output as his input, so he'd better post some kind of proof to that effect as well. And now Bob is also done. He never needs to interact in the protocol again. And the protocol can sort of continue in this way, using the same steps for as many parties as you'd like. But for the sake of simplicity, I'm just going to show you three. So when all the parties have gone, the output of the final party is the final SRS. And as you can see, it comprises the powers of the product of all of the shares sampled by the individual parties. This protocol has a couple of useful properties that I'm going to kind of observe to you. The first property is that all of the secrets used in this protocol are uniform. The environment never has a specific input to anybody. The second property is it has a round robin structure, which means that everybody speaks exactly once using only the public bulletin board. And the order in which they speak doesn't impact the security of the protocol in any way. In fact, the order can even be determined by the adversary. Of course, this round robin structure immediately implies that the protocol has exactly n broadcast rounds, where n is the number of parties. Finally, I'd like to observe that the protocol has guaranteed output delivery against a dishonest majority. And this means that any coalition of n minus one corrupt parties cannot prevent the protocol from delivering a secure SRS to the public for public consumption. So for the rest of the talk, I'm going to refer to any protocol that adheres to the top two attributes as a strongly player replaceable round robin protocol or an SPR three protocol for short. The main result of this work is a protocol compiler that takes an SPR three protocol with guaranteed output delivery as input and produces a compiled protocol with only O of square root n broadcast rounds, which nevertheless achieves guaranteed output delivery against dishonest majority just like the input protocol did. Finally, the output protocol is going to be UC secure under non-interactive zero knowledge and any protocol which realizes the OT functionality. So a generalization is pretty useless if it only generalizes one example, which leads us to the question, what other SPR three protocols exist? We looked at the literature and we were able to find one other protocol that's interesting and falls into this model, which is verifiable mix nets. So as a corollary, we also give the first robust mix net with a number of rounds that sub linear in the number of parties who do the mixing. For the rest of this talk, I'm going to give you a little bit of context about guaranteed output delivery so you can see how this result fits in. Then I'm going to tell you how our compiler works. And then I'm going to tell you a little bit about the bias that this compiler allows the adversary to inject into the protocol. And I'm going to argue that this bias is essentially harmless in the context that we care about. And finally, I'm going to leave you with a couple of open questions. So then let's talk about God. And one of the earliest and most important results in guaranteed output delivery is Cleves 1986 proof that in the dishonest majority setting, some functionalities can't be computed with guaranteed output delivery at all. In particular, any coin tossing protocol with R rounds must have bias proportionate at least to one over R. So this means that computing an unbiased coin flips cannot be achieved in any finite number of rounds. The good news, though, is that sometimes bias is tolerable. And this is particularly true when you're sampling cryptographic objects. So in 2003, Genaro and all proved that threshold snore signatures are still secure when the public key is biased. And just a few years ago, Groth had all proved that some flavors of Groth snarks are still secure when the SRS is biased. And here security is against an algebraic adversary. As a sort of side result in this paper, we proved that biasing the challenge gives the adversary no advantage at all when it's playing the strong Diffie-Hellman game. And this immediately implies that the KZG10 polynomial commitment scheme is secure when the SRS is biased. Now, when it's okay to have a little bit of bias when you're sampling whatever it is you're trying to sample, this opens up the door to using a really classic technique for achieving guaranteed output delivery in a generic way. And this is the player elimination framework of GMW. This framework is very simple. First, you compute whatever function you'd like via multi-party computation with security against the dishonest majority. Then you ask everybody to prove using zero knowledge on a broadcast channel that they acted honestly. And finally, if anybody cheats, you eliminate them and you start over. So this last step here is the important one because if you're in the dishonest majority setting, this implies that you might need n rounds since there could be n minus one restarts. And furthermore, it implies that the adversary gets n minus one opportunities to reject an output that it doesn't like. This is how the adversary gets to inject a bias into a protocol generically. Now, in spite of the fact that this framework is now over 30 years old, this is really the best we know actually for a lot of tasks when you want to achieve guaranteed output delivery. There's really very few things that we can do in less than n broadcast rounds. And this paper identifies an entire class of distributions that can be sampled with guaranteed output delivery in only O of square root n broadcast rounds. So then how do we do that? How does our compiler work? Well, first let's recall the SPR3 protocol from earlier in which every party speaks one at a time posting exactly one message to some public bulletin board. And let's focus just on Alice for a second without a loss of generality. So because Alice only speaks once, she has a single next message function and this next message function takes as input the state of the bulletin board up to the moment she speaks and then produces as output some message for her to post to the bulletin board when she's done. We're gonna take the code of Alice's next message function and embed it into a functionality. I'm gonna call this a player emulation functionality. And when it's called by some other parties, it produces an output exactly as Alice would. Now I'm going to enhance this functionality in a couple of useful ways. First, I'm going to give it identifiable abort. So this means that if the functionality is invoked by some corrupt party who causes the functionality to abort, then the functionality identifies that corrupt party to all of the other participants in a consistent way so that they can eject them and say the next invocation. Now, although the identification of this party to all the other participants is consistent, unfortunately the functionality isn't going to be fair. This means that the corrupt party will get to see the tentative output for Alice before it decides whether or not to cause an abort. And this is how the adversary gets its rejection sampling power in whatever outer protocol is going to use this functionality. The second enhancement is going to be public verifiability. This means roughly that the functionality is going to write its output directly to the bulletin board just as Alice would. And finally, we're going to give the functionality security against full corruption. So this means that the functionality, all of these properties you've seen still hold even when everybody invoking the functionality is corrupt. We only require that one corrupt party be identified, but they better be identified consistently to all of the other people who might read the bulletin board later. And the good news is due to a sort of classic folkloric combination of the GMW compiler and the BMR protocol, we can actually realize this functionality for any next message function that Alice may happen to have in only a constant number of rounds. So now that we can emulate a single player, the natural thing to do would be to try to emulate an entire protocol. We might try to cut all of our parties into committees and then have every committee emulate a party in the original protocol like this. And if your committees are a size squared N, then of course you would achieve a protocol with square root of N rounds overall if nobody cheated. Unfortunately, however, the functionalities can only identify one cheater at a time, and they're required to go in sequence here. So if you have N minus one cheaters, you still might need N minus one round to identify them all, which means we haven't really achieved anything yet. In order to do better than this, we had better be sure that we can identify a super constant number of cheaters anytime no progress can be made in the overall protocol. And our solution for guaranteeing this is to force all of the committees to compete to emulate every party in the original protocol. So now our compiler looks a bit more like this. Again, we cut all of our parties into committees, square root of N committees, each a size square root of N, and now they all invoke the same player emulation functionality at the same time. When they do this, we call it a virtual round. And in any virtual round, there are three potential outcomes for every single committee. I'm going to go through them with you here one at a time. So the first outcome is that somebody cheats and causes an abort. And in this case, the functionality is going to identify that cheating party to all of the others, not only in the committee, but in the entire protocol, so that that party can be eliminated. And I'll introduce a little bit of visual shorthand. In this case, we're going to color the functionality red to signify this outcome. The second outcome is that the committee succeeds in sampling an output for our virtualized Alice. And furthermore, the committee has the lowest index among all of the committees who did succeed. So in this case, the committee has won the competition and its output will be considered to be the definitive output for virtualized Alice in this round. Not only that, but just like the real Alice, this committee is now done with the protocol. They can sort of retire and never interact again. And in this case, actually, I will label the functionality as green before moving on to the final outcome, which is that the committee succeeds in sampling an output for Alice, but there's another committee that also succeeded with a lower index. So in this case, the committee has lost the competition. Their work is going to go to waste, their output won't be used anywhere and they'll have to return in a later round and try to emulate another party. So in this case, I'm going to label the functionality as yellow. And once all of the outcomes have been decided and all of the fates of all the parties have been decided, the parties who are eliminated or have retired, they can leave and the remaining parties can go on to another virtual round, potentially where they emulate another party in the original protocol. Now that you understand what all the outcomes are, let's talk about how many times each one can happen. So I claim that a committee can be red at most square root of n times because every time it's red, one party from that committee is eliminated and the committee only starts with square root of n parties. I claim that every committee can be green at most one time because after this event happens, the entire committee retires and doesn't interact again. And I claim that the committee can be yellow at most square root of n minus one times because this event only occurs when another committee is green and there's only square root of n minus one other committees and they can all only be green once. So if you add up all the outcomes, you arrive at the conclusion that the maximum number of virtual rounds is two square root of n. And since we know it takes only a constant number of real broadcast rounds to realize a virtual round, we know that the total number of rounds in the protocol is O of square root of n. Let's now do a sort of a simple example for you so that you can see how everything kind of hangs together. So on the right-hand side, I'm going to show you the outcomes of all of the committees in every virtual round. I'm gonna show you how it maps onto the original SPR3 protocol and its rounds. And on the left-hand side, I'm going to observe some things for you about the protocol as it progresses. And the first thing to observe is actually not every virtual round, corresponds exactly to a round in the SPR3 protocol. And this is because it's possible that every committee aborts and therefore nobody successfully emulates Alice. And in this case, they actually have to try to emulate Alice again in the second round. But once somebody succeeds in emulating Alice, they can move on to the second party. Here it's Bob. And at this point, you can see the first committee actually only has one party left. It's eliminated three out of its four parties. In this case, of course, the one lasting party doesn't actually have to call any of the MPC stuff. It can just use Carol's next message function as Carol would for the next round. So finally, we have only one committee left. And it turns out this one only had cheaters in it, which means that it never managed to produce an emulated output for the final party in the original SPR3 protocol. This turns out to be fine though, because we know that the original SPR3 protocol had guaranteed output delivery against a dishonest majority, which meant that it could still deliver an output even if the last party never spoke. Consequently, we'll get an output in this case as well. So now you've seen the compiler, you understand how it achieves quadratic round compression. Let's talk a little bit about the bias that the compiler allows the adversary to inject. And now I'm going to kind of abandon my generalization and talk again just about the powers of tau context. And I'm going to stop talking about protocols and talk instead about the functionalities that the protocols realize. So first let's discuss the functionality for the original SPR3 powers of tau sampling protocol. This functionality is quite simple. It begins by sampling a multiplicative share of tau for the functionality and computing a partial SRS for the functionality from that multiplicative share, which is then handed to the adversary. The adversary replies with its own multiplicative share of tau and the functionality updates the partial SRS with the adversary's multiplicative share to produce an output that can be delivered to everybody. Now during the invocation of this functionality, two different SRSes enter the adversary's view. The first one is the unbiased SRS, which comprises the powers of only the functionalities share of tau. And the second is the bias output SRS, which comprises the powers of the product of the adversary and functionalities shares. Now, when you take the protocol and you put it through our compiler, the functionality that it realizes the end is actually relatively similar. In fact, it starts out pretty much the same. But at the end, the adversary gets an additional option instead of sending a multiplicative share tau. It couldn't then send a special symbol that tells the functionality that it rejects this partial SRS that the functionality has proposed. And in this case, the functionally has to start over. It has to sample a new share of tau, compute a new partial SRS, candidates of the adversary do the whole thing again. So when this functionality is invoked, the adversary sees a lot more SRSes and it gets to select one of them. In particular, it sees as many as it likes different uniform SRSes from the space of all of the valid SRSes that exist. And at the end, whichever one it selects, it sees that SRS again updated with its own share of tau. Now, I claim that this rejection sampling mechanism that I've just given the adversary actually gives the adversary no additional power. And specifically, this means that F-compiled tau perfectly realizes F powers of tau. Of course, this implies that there must exist some simulator such that for all adversaries, the experiment involving F-pow tau in the simulator has an output distribution exactly equal to the experiment involving F-compiled tau and the adversary. And I'm not gonna show it to you now, but in the paper, we do in fact construct such a simulator. Not only that, but the simulator is general among all distributions that have what we call perfectly re-randomizable sampling functions. I won't describe this exactly. The important thing to know is that mixed nets are also such a distribution. Consequently, our compiler can be used on a verifiable NixNet without any degradation and security. So finally, a couple of open questions. First of all, we'd like to know, are there any other interesting SPR3 protocols? We looked through the literature and found only two, but if you happen to know another one or develop one, you get an automatic round compression result for it from a this. Second, we'd like to know if these techniques can be applied with concrete efficiency. So in this talk, I suggested to you that maybe you ought to take a next message function with D elliptic curve scalar operations and then render it as a Boolean circuit and put that circuit into the BMR protocol and then put the BMR protocol into the GMW compiler and then do all of that order N times and make everyone in the world verify all order N instances. This is like clearly not a concretely efficient, right? But we think that this isn't actually an inherent problem. We think that this is probably just an effect of the fact that the compiler has to be generic. And sort of in service of showing that, oops, I'm gonna go back here, service of showing that we have an additional construction in the paper which approaches the powers of Tau sampling problem directly and avoids generic MPC and generic zero knowledge entirely except for a little bit of generic arithmetic MPC for computing a couple of products in ZQ. In addition, we give a couple of techniques for verifying instances far more efficiently than they can initially be computed. So everyone, thank you for listening. Our paper can be found online in its full version as you print 2022 slash 257 and I'll take any questions. For your great presentation. So I just, maybe you mentioned, but I must miss maybe you did. But my question is that, do you still have this possibility that parties can join in future? You don't need to have all of them at the beginning. Yes, so this is something that's been done for I know a couple of start constructions in the past where I think they call it the continuous powers of Tau. People can sort of show up at any point. That remains absolutely possible under this compiler. In fact, if you have a group of parties at once, you can apply the compiler just to those and then some more can show up later and you can apply the compiler to those and so on. We don't sort of show anything about this in the paper, but we did think through it and there should be no problem making this work. Okay, thank you. Thank you for the interesting talk. Why can't you use the yellow groups as they are the result of the yellow groups? Why can't you use them as they are? Why do you have to? So this is something I'm not familiar with. I'd love to come talk to you. I don't have an answer for you right now. So I'll come talk to you afterwards. Maybe somebody else knows the answer to that one. Oh, why didn't I use the yellow? I thought it was like some kind of mathematical construction. Why don't you use the yellow groups? The answer is that there's not really, once you have two sort of parallel strings that contain two partial powers of Tau constructions, there's no good way to combine them that preserves guaranteed output delivery. Basically, any way you would want to combine them would allow somebody to cause an abort that denies the output. Or at least that's what we concluded after thinking about it for a while. In fact, we did at one point have another construction that did something like what you're asking. It said that if you have two people that succeeded at sort of the same time, you'll recombine afterwards. But it turned out that that construction had the same quadratic bound at this one, essentially by coincidence. It didn't really share any features. So this one we decided to present since it's much simpler. I also have a question. If the number of malicious parties isn't n minus one, it's like n half plus T, what happens to your protocol in that case? How many rounds do you need? How many rounds do you need? Let me think about for that for a moment. So basically the number of rounds that you require stretches between the square root of n and two square root of n. So the best case is that you sort of emulate square root of n parties over the course of it. Unfortunately, like the way it's constructed, you can't really do better than that. The worst case is two square root of n. Yeah, yeah, same. Okay, thanks a lot. So we're done for this session and it's time for a break.


Oh, howdy, Bobby. I need to visit somebody in prison. Oh, you need to visit somebody. Yeah. I can arrange that. Bobby, I literally told you so I could come here.  Cornwood. They forgot about me, Cornwood. Yeah, where are you? I'm still in prison. They locked me up in during the Sea and Queen War. Are you shitting me? I swear to God, Cornwood. I've been in here forever. I've been in here for seven years. Okay, where are you? In the prison. I'm here. Okay, that's where they locked me up. They left me here. They left me here for seven years, 70 years. Okay, hold on. Where are the hell? Okay, where is Max Security? Because I went and it looks like MaxSec ain't where it used to be. I'm in the back, all the way in the back. Okay. Cornwood, you got to get me out of here. Okay, I'm coming. I'm out of sight. Just give me a sec. You know Bobby Charles runs the DOC now. You made him.  Oh, Lord. I have to call Bobby Charles. Oh, whoa, I...    Get out of the ground! Oh, hey, hey, Cornwood.  What's up? Oh, hi to Bobby. I need to visit somebody in prison. Oh, you need to visit somebody. Yeah. I can arrange that. I don't know where to go. How do I do a visitation? Oh, I'll bring him out for you. See you soon. I'll bring him out. Stay in there. I said I'll bring him out for you. Corn, wait, I didn't even say who.  Wait, I'm great. I didn't tell you who I wanted you to bring out. Yeah, Coden Clarkson. Oh, okay. I'm good guess. Ooh, I'm not meant to be inside there. We got no jurisdiction in there. You okay? Yeah, I mean, they don't mean I can't go inside. No, we can't. No, we can go inside. We just have no jurisdiction. I can't find her. He will arrest you. He will put you in handcuffs. No, just shoot him. There are laws in there. I could literally just shoot him. I asked already. They said, yeah, that's fine. Technically, you can do whatever you want in there. You can do what? Yeah, I can go in there.    Wait, how do you not know Fred? I know Fred. I just don't like him nor give two fucks about him. Oh, really? He's the reason why the department's failed.  Really?  He's the reason the government collapsed. I miss Fred. No, no. I feel too bad about it. You gotta get me out of here, Carl. They're trying to kill me. Conan, where are you? Bobby's trying to kill me.  Okay, we got it. We got a breach. Was that Conan? Is that Conan? Very insubordinate. There's an ambulance C-4 right now. The worst maggots that I've ever had. Cornwood. This is Conan. What did I miss? I'm done with my lunch break. Cornwood? Cornwood, is that you? Yeah, it's Conan. It's me. Cornwood. Conan, what the hell happened to you? Oh my god, I missed you. I missed you too, Conan, but what happened to you? He stuck me in here for years. Seven of them.   Cornwood, the vest doesn't even fit me anymore. Look at this. I can see that. Look at this. I've been in the same class. For seven years? Seven years. Conan, they forgot about me. Everybody who vacated this island had been living off chips and granola bars. Well, me too, but that's because of the food here. I go to senior buns when we get stabbed. Bobby, can I take him out of the cubs? No, you're not going to take my man and get out of the cubs. You got to get me out of here. I'm certain my time, officer. What'd you do to get in here? Intruder! Intruder! I swear this ain't done.   Hey, hey, hey, hey!   No, I go, I go, Bobby. Bobby, I literally go, you said I could go here.    Dakota Clarkson! No, are you robbing?  Timo, I will actually shoot you in the face, Timo. I don't have SOPs, okay? No force matrix here.    Bobby, I don't mean I can come in here. Hey, hey, and this is Dogtown too, Cornwood. You are, what happened to your cubs? Turn around, I got to do it again. Timo, I will end your laugh. Damn handcuffs.  It doesn't make me want to do this less. Okay. Okay, as soon as all their weapons are removed from them, we'll soft cuff them and then we'll walk them into the penitentiary. Okay, I don't know. You guys should have cuffed them. Follow me, officers. You don't seem to understand what we got going on here. This is a controlled environment. We got things we don't want on the outside coming in. And you guys brought that in here. I'm going to do my job. Cornwood, I literally don't know about me, and I asked if I could come in. Okay, man. That's not what I heard. Can someone go and find the war veteran Conan Clarkson? Come on, go find him. Okay, I have a few questions for you. Step at that wall right there. Right there. And face, face, face me. Cornwood and Aziz, officers of the LSPD. Thank you for gracing us here in Dogtown. So what's your business here? What they say? What they say? They're here to visit somebody. Conan.  All right. Well, that sounds like you in another prison's problem. I didn't send him up.  Y'all check Mac security? So he's a, he's a maggot? Oh God. Well, as soon as our guards find him, we'll pacify him. What did you guys want to say to him before we execute him publicly? Well, congratulations on Game Warden. Cause I didn't know he actually ended up being Game Warden. I mean, so that's pretty cool. Cause for me it was, Wait, why you all execute him publicly?  It's only the right thing. I'm just, I'm doing what the state can. Why not? Why can't I? Who's going to stop me? Cornwood, me and Bobby have come to a common understanding that no cops bring any weapons beyond the DMZ. Beyond the DMZ.  That's the agreement, correct? Yes.   I hold up Cornwood. I hold up Cornwood. You'd shoot me in the back. Cornwood was the one who was past the DMZ. And they were in Cornwood. The police are calling me too. Should I answer Carmine? Yeah, you answer it. Ask them what they want. So how much for Cornwood? So how much for Cornwood and the Z's to be released? How much? There is no money to be had. How much? How much we talking? How are you boys doing in here? I got Leon calling me. Well, I mean, following our SOPs, we just had to disarm them. You know, search and see. You put them in handcuffs just for our own sake. What do we want? What do we want? All right. What do we want? What do they want? They called you. Do they want them back or hanging them? These are our demands. Wait, what are our demands? You want them? Dude, Bobby and Carmine is the master. It's so funny. We don't want anything from them. What, anything at all? There's a process. Yeah, there's a processing procedure. What do you mean processing? What do you mean processing? We need to know why a foreign element that is a threat who had a gun came into our penitentiary. You've answered that. Well, Conan's American.  Oh, are you talking about Z's? I'm telling you. No, I'm talking about you two. You two. You two. Here's what I'm going to do for you two, okay?  And we will be processing all this ammunition.  That is slandu. Ever since I purchased this life has been... Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. Okay, okay, okay. Jesus Christ. Nobody talks to me funny anymore. You know that. Everybody respects me now. Okay, okay.  I'm okay. Carmine gets it. Okay, let's get these two cops out of here. Follow me, right this way.   The only thing you're missing is you have ammunition left left With cups right now And get us our stuff back Hey I got this it's food we can talk about it.   Who's car is this?


Are green potato chips bad for you? As a kid, I was told that green potatoes are poisonous and as a result I avoid the occasional green potato chip like the plague. But is this just an urban myth or is there something to it? As it turns out, the green bits really do contain toxins, but how risky does that make them? Potatoes are members of the nightshade family. And having grown up around deadly nightshade, that's enough to get me sweating. Apart from the fact that tomatoes, bell peppers and eggplants are all members of the same family. However, plants in the nightshade family do have a tendency to produce poisonous chemicals called toxic glycoalkaloids or TGA's for short. And potatoes are no exception. Potatoes contain the TGA's solanine and chakonine. The bad news is that these are neurotoxins and have also been known to cause cardiac and gastrointestinal disorders. The good news though is that potatoes typically don't contain enough of the compounds to be anywhere near harmful. But when potatoes are exposed to light, things begin to get out of whack. Green and chakonine begin to build up. At the same time, the amount of chlorophyll, the substance that makes leaves green, also increases. Of course, chlorophyll isn't poisonous, but the green tinge it creates does signal the increased presence of the compounds that are. So am I right then to fear green potato chips? As with other health risks, it all comes down to dose. There have been cases of people being poisoned by eating too many green potatoes, but you have to eat a lot of them. When it comes to green potato chips, the scientific literature is a little vague though, and running the numbers is made complicated as peeling and frying potatoes reduce the amount of TGA's in them. There are studies suggesting around 3mg of TDA's for every kilogram you weigh is not good news. To put this into context, if you weigh around 70kg or just over 150lbs, you'd have to eat well over 1000 green potato chips in a single sitting.  Not that you're likely to attempt this anyway, a solanine and charkanine also happen to taste really bad. On the flip side, both of these glycoalkaloids have been studied as potential cancer treatments. Not that eating green potato chips is ever going to be a recommended cure for cancer, but it just goes to show that things are never as black and white or green in this case as they might seem when it comes to risks and benefits. In other words, the odd green chip isn't likely to hurt you. Despite elevated levels of hazardous chemicals, the exposure is just too low to be a problem.  If you have any other topics you'd like risk buys to cover, please do drop us a note in the comments. Otherwise, see you next week and stay safe.


Okay, good morning. I hope you're doing well Thursday 20th of February. Let's get straight into the briefing for today So I could talk a little bit about Gold the reasons why that has been moving in the way that it has obviously some really sharp upward movement as to then See the headline that we've got this morning on Bloomberg Gold trading at a seven-year high Bloomberg kind of solely pinning it on the virus of which I think is a contributing factor But I don't think that that's the only thing and the reason why Gold has been doing what it's doing. So I'm going to touch upon that in a bit more detail I'm going to talk about oil prices. You had the API inventories last night Remember the president's day holidays or the infantry data is pushed back a day. We've got the DOE's later this afternoon So how did oil react? We've then how does that subsequently impact the idea of an early OPEC meeting? We can then look at some Aussie jobs data from overnight. We had the FMC minutes from yesterday evening And then we'll look at the calendar for The session ahead so let's just have a quick recap of the overall charts and the asset classes and how they're shaping up at the Open this morning You probably can see a bit of a v-shaped pattern generally in your equity markets and We did print fresh record highs, of course yesterday in US indices and Then in the age of Pacific session We actually squeezed out even a little higher before then we started to move back down Only to recover halfway through that session So yeah, a little bit of volatility overnight, but I'd say the open this morning is is relatively calm I don't think it's outright bullish or bearish is fairly neutral In that respect and I say that with looking at other asset classes gold is pretty flat for the moment as it trades 1611 and The US 10 years pretty flat as well early up about two ticks or so at the moment So all in all I wouldn't look an overinterpret too much that kind of dip and recovery seen in equities The point being is is the equity markets still remain relatively elevated for the moment. I think that's the take-home point Let's have a look then a couple of different things and As I said, this is the headline that Bloomberg are kind of running this morning gold hitting a seven-year high And you know, let's just look at the gold chart on a much longer time frame and have a look at a few different things And there's a few points I want to discuss here when it comes to gold and the reasoning why I think it's It's had such an aggressive upward move of late and obviously this was two days ago You know from a symbolic point of view the $1,600 level is around here and that's when the markets really jumped up quite sharply But if we start looking then this is a monthly chart in gold And I think this is quite interesting because if you look at a few different things You got the high here. I mean as as per the headline on Bloomberg, you know, you got to go back to the beginning of 2013 You can see that high that we printed there and now it's about well The question mark is from a technical point of view. Where can gold go from here? And I would say these levels here are probably the the biggest higher time frame levels to be looking out for in terms of upside movement You got the 1700 level that also coincides with that high Back in Jan of 13 and you can see the reason why the markets finding a little bit resistance on this last push Because that puts us back to that level on the high of March and then above there Obviously you've got this kind of triple top on these tests going back 2011 2012 Which should be a massive level up at around the 1800 level now Can we get up there? Well, you know this sort of movement doesn't happen Overnight, but I mean as you can see a breakout from some of these areas here, which were holding price back sub the 1600 so here and here, you know when gold starts to really Make a move it can move very quickly. I mean about 60 bucks here only in the course of a Month or so in terms of price activity now one of the reasons behind this well a couple of different things First of all, I want to talk about gold from a behavioral point of view I think the breaking of 1600 is very symbolic. I mean you can see here We haven't really been at those levels for several years and when you're targeting these big round figures It tends to have this type of reaction if I just put a line on 1600 You can see here when it moves through there just really blasts through that level now What was quite interesting was what two days ago? We were trading quite an area of Consolidation when we had we're kind of edging up at the time There was a little bit of volatility on the initial open on the new on the nizy that was what that quite extreme wick was here And then there was that big push-up that came thereafter now People obviously talking about the virus. That's the easiest thing I think to look at because that's the latest in a string I think of potential risk factors for the global economy now the one thing is I think to be You know pinning it solely on that in terms of the move that's happened right now I mean, don't forget the virus has been happening for the last three three and a half weeks So it's not like a new thing here But you know gold has been Grinding away, and I think the the price gets exacerbated on those key key technical breaks But if anything the virus overnight there was another Revision in the numbers so they look a little bit higher, but overall actually there was a bit of flapping out in the The kind of epicenter if you like in Hubei province where the origination of the virus came from so if anything the virus Yes, numbers are going up still, but it's still fairly manageable in that sense in that if anything numbers have leveled off if those Data points are to be believed for me. There's a few other things. I want you to think about when it comes to gold and These are that I think gold provides a pretty pretty healthy alternative as a Exposure for an investor or a trader in this current environment if you think about it equity markets are at all time highs But there are quite a few key risks out there There are risks about the impact that was very hard to quantify as yet that the virus is going to have on the global economy There is this kind of idea that perhaps the the stock markets a bit over kind of pumped up on this idea about Potential fiscal promises in the future from say the US for example So, you know if anything I'd say people a little bit apprehensive about whether or not equities can continue this This really quite amazing incline that they've had I mean I just bring up the S&P here on a daily continuation. I mean the When you look at it like this You start looking at just year to date or not even year to date if you look at the S&P from This month, I mean it's pretty incredible the rally that we've had so as you can see here The the wicks are almost getting a little bit smaller and for us at some point to have a Pullback of sorts. I don't think would be unreasonable for an equity market trading at these levels So with that being said then rather than taking the risk of jumping into the equity market at these extreme levels Why not just have some exposure to gold on the premise then that this could go higher going forward? So, you know, these are the this is the other factors other than the virus. I think that are particularly Important. The other thing is don't forget about geopolitics and geopolitics I think you can look at you know the situation in the Middle East that hasn't changed You know those issues in tension in the Middle East still remain then from a trade-broad perspective Although we're fairly Comfortable with the notion that they've secured phase one for the time being and it might be unlikely of if anything There's a bit of a de-escalation But that's still a considerable risk for markets going forward, you know We already had just what two days ago the US talking about Despite more olive branches coming from China the US still being talking tough on Huawei and other technology firms You know and then you've got the idea that the central bank the Federal Reserve if anything is still in a fairly accommodative mode They're not gonna they're nowhere near Hiking interest rates if anything if we flip over here to what markets are pricing in fixed income the overall Expectation is is that the Fed are gonna have to cut rates by the end of the year And if you're looking at the federal funds rate futures The tip on the balance is for a cut to come just slightly more favorable in the summer. So for me, it's not just the virus for me gold is it is just a Logical asset to be exposed to in the current conditions that we trade in February of 2020 It's kind of littered with potential Landmines or hand grenades that could then create new spike in volatility and I was looking at a few volatility measures and there some of them are incredibly depressed in some different products and when that typically happens, it's almost asking for an explosion in in Volatility at some point the idea though being that we just don't know the catalyst But in history shows when volatility levels decreased and get to an extreme low level It always is followed by an episode of extreme movement And so in that situation you can kind of hedge yourself by just saying well The balance is probably to a negative shock and therefore exposure to gold seems the most The most appropriate so that that's my kind of assessment of gold from it from a top level I don't you know someone like will for example He you know, he's been you know, he's always got some gold exposure And I know he was long the gold miners and they all exploded high yesterday with some of the recent recent moves that we've had Now with gold What's been quite interesting though with gold is I was looking at this and this is the dollar So you're getting a bit of a breakdown as well of those traditional inverse relationships where typically dollar appreciation You would see gold move lower And when the dollar fluctuates and moves lower gold would go up, but at the moment the dollar is It was really strong And you know, this isn't something new for us to talk about we've we've discussed the fundamentals at length in that the Current economic picture in America is pretty robust Certainly when compared to say the eurozone now There's a couple of interesting things here this graphic that Bloomberg was sharing this morning And it was looking at the dollar index and the dollar index is coming back up to challenge where we were in Around September October of last year getting close to 100 and also the 50 day moving average is creeping up to the 200 Which would typically be the golden cross when looking at those moving averages So here looking at the euro That is quite interesting because this week of course has been very meaningful for a continuation of this really definitive trend that we've had In the euro and that being then the the commencement really of February has seen a quite strong move down from North of 111 down to real testing and flirt now with 108 And any move below there certainly then does start to open up the potential For much more weakness to come in the euro the kind of bigger higher time frame areas that I'd be looking at would be here Which would be the kind of end of April of 2017 You had that area of consolidation there at the end of March as well and the test in mid-march before the eventual push Up that we had so that does open up, you know quite a clear move down to the 107 type region And so here it's been quite technical in terms of how quickly it's moved having broken through that Macron gap that we've talked about before so let me just transition my charts This is what I'm talking about here in the euro dollar. That's that move that we've had the February Continuation with the deterioration generally in economic data in the euro zone in the contrast to the US the break Then through those key technical levels of 2017 and this is that downside area I'd be looking at here over the kind of a multiple-day kind of period would be a target going back to those March levels of That were more relevant at that time if I just shrink my chart and move that up a little bit You'll be able to see what I'm talking about. So just above my camera feed there So yeah interesting that these correlations then have changed You know the the usual way of just thinking dollar is gonna move commodities in one way I think is a little bit broken and that's why you've got to be Objective and reanalyze conditions day-to-day correlations are constantly in flux and flux and they're not consistent in that way And so you've got to be adaptable to current market conditions in that respect the other thing then that has been moving of late Which is why I think go why you can't just pin the virus on gold because equities are at all-time highs and Oil's been bouncing quite Significantly well that doesn't spell a market that's got risk off because of the virus So I think pinning that alone for the gold move would be incorrect To make that assumption. So here looking at oil. I've put a rectangle around this this wick here I don't think really that's too much to look at to be honest but it does set the reference point for the Doe numbers that we're gonna get later on this afternoon These were the api is yesterday and I guess the number that jumps out That's caused a little bit of this reaction is the gasoline figure was particularly large drawdown 2.7 million against expectations actually for a build. However, the headline crude number was a little bit bearish against expectations All in all one thing is when we start looking on the daily here for crude And we start looking back to those areas that we've been in so let me just again remove one of these charts They go so you can see everything So here You've had a real nice bounce now off that key threat. You remember we were talking about a week ago It looked really quite precarious for oil prices potentially to see quite a concerted push to the downside However, I would say a bit of a stabilization in the the general feeling in markets being quite sanguine about the issue with the virus Spreading at least to a point to create panic I think we've got over that from a markets point of view for the moment But additionally the verbal rhetoric from OPEC plus I think did the job and this was as we exactly what we were talking about and now what's come out overnight OPEC have confirmed the March meeting date and they've canceled any idea about an early meeting and that's exactly The strategy that we were talking about their job is done. The price has recovered They've averted at least for now any run down into the mid 40 type price per barrel level and as far as OPEC plus is concerned particularly Russia is absolutely no need at all for them to have a meeting ahead of schedule now So upside if oil does continue to recover Obviously, you got that high that was coming in from late Jan That would probably be your your next upside obstacle of resistance there for any further bounce in prices On the daily, of course, what's going to be important? And we're just having a bit of a test here of that overnight Asia-Pacific lows So the oil market very much mimicking that equity v-shaped movement seen in the Asia session So here just coming down to test that next kind of levels down would be then the pre API release that we had last night But likelihood is I think pivot will probably provide a pretty decent floor for price You can kind of see here if you put a rectangle on that price activity the pivot and That previous area here of those highs and support that kind of area I would say probably be where if we did remain heavy here We would find a level of natural Support ahead of them the data coming out later from the infantry's perspective Okay, a few other things just to quickly look at and to address one is Some Aussie data. I mean it's worth keeping an eye on the Aussie actually if I just bring that into Into my screens We are observing now Starting to see a little bit of risk off trade across the asset So I'll circle back to that in a second But just keep an eye on the overnight Asia Pacific low in the Aussie The Aussie did get hit in the overnight session And so you're aware Australian unemployment climbed despite a full-time employment surge and so the Aussie's coming down here to test the key level from overnight and And The other headline I wanted to just quickly address is the one about the Fed minutes These did come out last night And I don't really want to dwell on this too much because it didn't really create much in the way of any interest The Federal Reserve Officials indicated they could leave interest rates unchanged for many more months amid concerns about a persistent Undershoot of their inflation goal potential room to further boost employment and risk stemming from the coronavirus and trade So all in all the Fed aren't really doing anything at this point in time. There's the main takeaway point from that All right Quick look back at the charts and then review of the calendar as I said Starting to get a little bit now of a more classical risk off Feel to market movement from a correlation point of view So equities have just had another little bit of a dip on the downside Lifting the US 10 year above its overnight high and R1 and gold seeing a bit of upside movement now So yeah, just keeping an eye on these these things if then let's say I keep an eye still on Euro dollar We'll be on the watch list today If the dollar remains strong then any downside break. We're still at a fairly key level here a Big level in fact for the Euro to make a decision. It's kind of make or break time. You feel coming up the next two days and then Yeah Calendar, what have we got for the session ahead? UK retail sales is coming out if we actually look at the pound the pound in itself is also Quite interesting for the moment. So here it is We're coming down towards The lows that we were printing back on the 10th of February if I look at this on a daily It probably makes a little bit more sense this rectangle here. So these are a few markups that we had This was a discussion I was giving to a few people Last night. So just to make things clear This was the election here when we had the bump up in the pound now We've had this inevitable almost decline as we're getting closer towards now more of an emphasis on Brexit and To kind of a short-term momentum on any relief in economic data starts to kind of lose a bit of that Momentum so to speak so here keeping an eye on that 10th of Feb low And then you've kind of kind of got the range low which dates back then to some of these previous highs going back from May and June So I think it's quite a key area here between 28 30 and 85 to watch over the next day or two Any confirmation on the break below there and don't forget you've got retail sales today You've got manufacturing and industrial production tomorrow from the UK if they are exceedingly weak figures in respect then to the fact that the conversations this week between Europe and Britain have gone as You would imagine they're not very well then it does open up the prospect then do we start to see the Opportunity for a deeper move if we start to see continuation as well of dollar strength It's almost the perfect storm with the technical break of quite key areas in the the currency pairs okay from a Data perspective then Rico retail sales 9 30 ECB minutes coming out at 12 30 I don't really expect a great deal of reaction on the back of that if I'm if I'm being honest But of course I would be watching out for that one thing I did see a couple of the newer traders doing yesterday and just as a reminder things like UK retail sales I definitely wouldn't Generally have a position on you know UK retail sales is quite a volatile data set It's just not worth having additional risk on the table at that point So if you're constructing your trade strategies, I would try to operate around that data rather than through it in that Respect if you're trading in the intraday short-term environment Into the US afternoon the Philly Fed Figure is coming out business index. You've got the weekly jobless claims New housing price index coming out from Canada as well, then you've got European consumer confidence to flash reading the olive and treating numbers Don't forget will be at 4 not 3 30 as is always the case after a holiday From a speaker's perspective easy beats the Gwindos the kind of number two if you like It's speaking European Banking Federation Committee at 10 30 It's quite a bit of supply coming to market as well to be aware of for any boom fixed income traders But I'm gonna leave it at that I think Sam and Alex can jump on shortly and they can talk over things a little bit more from a technical perspective But I'm gonna leave it at that and I wish you guys a good day ahead Any questions though? Just feel free to put them in the trading live chat room or on the video on YouTube Happy to address those throughout the day. All right. Thanks very much guys


Right now at Appalachian Wireless, you can get the Samsung Galaxy S7 for just $99.99 and get a second one FREE! Service agreement is required on both devices, serving you for the last 25 years with better service and bigger savings. At today's Appalachian Wireless. The Kentucky State Police Academy presented diplomas to 39 new troopers at ceremonies held at Frankfurt in October. Two of those troopers are now training in Pikeville at KSP post 9. Troopers Joseph Coleman of Feds Creek and William Pope of Harlan will be equipped and ready to serve the region in six weeks. Trooper Pope received the Ernie Bivens Award during his time at the Academy. The award is presented to a cadet who shows distinction as a class leader, strives for academic excellence, and has excelled in all phases of the Academy's physical and vocational training. I didn't expect to win the award. I was grateful to receive that. 28-year-old trooper William Pope is a native of Harlan County and a graduate from Eastern Kentucky University. He served as a police officer in the city of Harlan for two and a half years, but says being a KSP trooper is something he has always been drawn to. The State Police was something I always wanted to do since I was 17 years old. I just always wanted to be a trooper. I figured if you're going to do it, you might as well be the best. Trooper Pope says he's excited to officially work at post 9. There's tons of experience that can be gained here. All the troopers here from my understanding are great troopers to work with. From my experience here in the past two weeks, they've all been great to work with. I think it's just going to be a great place to work, a great work environment. This now brings post 9 to 58 employees. Reporting in Pikeville for EKB News, I'm Shelby Steele.


So we know that what we're dealing with next, we talked about protostomes and branched them off, and now we're going to look, everything beyond that we're going to look at is a deuterostome, D-E-U-T deuterostome. Deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus, and there are two groups of deuterostomes that we're going to look at. The first group, and we're going to spend a little bit of time right now talking about them, are echinoderms. And probably our quintessential group of echinoderms would be like C-stars. But then the other group of deuterostomes are the chordates. And chordates, we're going to talk about in the next lecture. Chordates include vertebrates. All chordates at some stage in their life cycle, have what's called a notochord. And the notochord is a structure that in some critters becomes the, really, I want to say vertebrae, but it's not the vertebrate, the spinal cord. I think it was somewhere in there. It's embedded, or it's protected by the vertebrae. So, okay, so the notochord is the pre-vertebrate structure. But there are invertebrates in the chordates. So not all chordates have a vertebral column. So, but they all have a notochord and they all are deuterostomes. Echinoderms are deuterostomes that do not have a notochord. And you know what, this is really interesting. And this is a good example of a characteristic that disappears and then comes back. They are radially symmetric. And if you think about when did we last see radial symmetry with our jellyfish, with our whole Nigerians, those guys, they were radially symmetrical. We could group jellies and echinoderms together because they're all radially symmetric. And that might be a way that we would group them if we didn't know better. Knowing about their embryology, knowing about their development and other characteristics of complexity and organ structure, that tells us that no, echinoderms probably are more closely related to chordates than they are to say mollusks and arthropods and other protostomes. All right, so let's take a look at a little bit of echinoderm diversity. Let's include the C stars. You might be questioning like what are these guys doing. This is actually an example of what's it called when you eat people of your... cannibalism. That's what's going on here. Urchins are echinoderms. This is a C cucumber. C cucumbers are fantastic. They're the critters that we told you about that squirt their guts out if they are feeling endangered.  Sand dollars are living echinoderms. And you can see they look kind of spiny. They definitely have like this similar radially symmetric structure. Echinoderms C stars have unbelievable strong muscle. They can actually open up like some kind of a bivalve. They then barf out their stomachs and stick their stomachs into the thing that they want to digest.  So here's a kind of C star called a brittle star. This was actually a brittle star we found at the tide pools here in Humboldt County. So we can actually see these things. You notice like the little more defined center body part. That's what indicates a brittle star. But there is a significant amount of diversity with the echinoderms. And in the next set of lectures, what we're going to look at are the chordates. So we're going to flesh them out. I've named this lecture the invertebrates and the next one vertebrates. But we're going to have a few invertebrates left over to talk about with the vertebrates. So that will give you some orientation of where we're headed. So I'm just going to circle it because I'm going to circle it in yellow because yellow is my favorite color. This is where we're going next. All right, how awesome is this lecture? Vertebrates coming at you.


In this video, I'll be talking about a parametric regression method called linear regression. It means that the learning method uses a fixed equation form that establishes the relationship between the dependent output variable and the independent covariates. Parametric regression models take the general form y is equal to ffx plus epsilon, where y is the predicted output variable, ffx is an unknown function, and epsilon is the error term that is independent of the covariates x. Different regression models use different forms of the function f. In linear regression with one covariate x, it takes the form beta0 plus beta1x. The parametric form has thus reduced the problem of finding a relationship between the covariates x and the response variable y to determining two coefficients, beta0 and beta1.


From the heart of the jungle comes a savage cry of victory. This is Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle. From the black core of dark Africa, land of enchantment, mystery and violence comes one of the most colorful figures of all time. Transcribed from the immortal pen of Edgar Rice Burroughs. Tarzan, the bronzed white sun of the jungle. And now in the very words of Mr. Burroughs, the story of the drum without a heart. As everyone knows, most of Africa swelters beneath the tropical sun. And yet in the very heart of Central Africa, astride the equator, is the ruins or a mountain range that is never without snow and ice and raging torrents of glacial rivers. In a small cafe in Nairobi, there was a man whose great ambition it was to climb ruins or a. No, with Jean LeClaire, it was more than an ambition. It was a passion. I tell you, it has been done. It can be done again. Yeah, by the Amon Pasha Relief Expedition. By the British Museum Expedition. By a few others with fantastic sums of money to spend on many equipment. But Deutsche is only 17,000 feet? Only. Well, I've climbed peaks almost that high before. Yeah, and so have I. Higher peaks even. But Alaska and Switzerland and South America are not African. But if other people have done it now. I told you, LeClaire, those expeditions had every known piece of equipment. And even then, many of them didn't reach any of the peaks. Of course, if you are satisfied with a partialist... No, no, I'm not. Whether or not you agree to go with me, I intend reaching the summit of those mountains. And neither the elements nor animals nor man is going to keep me from achieving my purpose. Oh, you haven't a chance. Ruin, sorry. Oh, you're crazy, LeClaire. Maybe? Maybe just crazy enough to accomplish it. It was strange that in a land of incessant heat, in a country where men used to the jungle had almost forgotten that other climates existed, the snowy peaks of Ruinsore should have been the subject of another conversation. One that was taking place far from Nairobi in the tiny native village of the Punya tribe. But Tarzan, many mahogany trees grow in Ruinsore. Yes, Kuluk, but the land is dangerous. Animals, warlike savages, snow and ice. What snow, Ice Tarzan? Well, Togo, snow and ice are... Well, they're cold. Cold? It's a little hard to explain. Snow is like rain, only different. It's, uh... He's not clear. Maybe take Togo with us when go Ruinsore? I can see no need to travel to the mountains of Ruinsore. The missionary school can be built of bamboo or other woods that grow near here. We promised missionary best building in land if he come here. We build school of mahogany. Natal mahogany come from Ruinsore.  Tarzan, take Togo. Show him snow, ice, mahogany. No, this is one trip I can't take you on, Togo. Never before have I been to a land as dangerous as this. But take Togo, please. Take Togo, Ruinsore. Oh, no, I'm sorry, but I can't... But Togo hate Tarzan. Tarzan mean. Not like Tarzan anymore. Togo, safe on trip if Tarzan there? Well, perhaps if I could secure the skins of animals with heavy coats so that Togo would not freeze on the trip. Kuluk, grown man for he see snow. Nice for boy to see. Yes, I guess you're right, Kuluk. I tell Togo. No, no, no. Let's keep it as a surprise. Yes, we make surprise. I'll leave the village now and I'll do some hunting. When I've secured warm skins and cured them, I shall return here for Togo and you. We will go to the land of Ruinsore. And even as the mountain climbers left Nairobi to start in their expedition, and as Tarzan and Kuluk in the Punya village planned their journey to Ruinsore, the natives there, perhaps the most fierce of all of Africa's savages, beat their voodoo drum. Violence was in the making. God of Ruinsore angry, not smile upon our people. He's true, mighty chief. Each moon are less of great trees. And when Arna more trees, people of Ruinsore not able trade for food, for hats, for other things they need. We beat voodoo drums to God of Ruinsore. But he not here. Why? Why? Because drum not have heart. It against law of white man now to give heart to drum.  We cannot anger God too much. Then we give heart to drum. I, great witch doctor of Ruinsore, look into smoke from ceremonial fire. What you see? Ah, see strangers come our land. See heart for drum. In just a moment we shall continue with our story, the drum without a heart. In the next few days many animals contributed their lives so that warm clothing would be available for the trip to Ruinsore. And then Tarzan went home to cure the skins and fashion the garments. He was far from the Punya village when the white men who intended to climb Ruinsore's peaks neared the Boma of the Punya call. Well, perhaps here we can obtain some bearers. Ah, they won't have any more luck here than we did in Nairo, Bior. Any of the other native villages along the way. You just can't get these natives to go to Ruinsore. Then we'll go alone. We've done all right so far. Ah, so far. But two men to attempt Ruinsore. I still think you're crazy, Leclerc. Then why did you come along? I don't know, unless it's because I'm crazy too. Hey, attendez un moment. Here, a native. Chambord, white man. Ah, du du. Bonjour. That is your village ahead. Nadio is village Punya people. You need supplies, water? We already have as many supplies as we can carry, and we filled our water bags only a few miles back. But we would like to hire some bearers and guides. Not today. Some Punya men on safari now. Some on hunting trip. Others start build missionary school. All busy. Well, Leclerc, our luck's still holding. And at least we didn't mention our destination this time, so you can't blame it on any fear of the Ruinsore. You go Ruinsore? Well, yes. Why? I go Ruinsore a few days. Wait now for Tarzan. What's that? Tarzan, lord of jungle. He hear a few days, then we guide you Ruinsore. You wait. Well, that looks like a good idea. Maybe yes, maybe no. How long do you call a few days? Not no. Tarzan come here when hides cured. Warm clothes made. Well, you know these jungle people, Dutch, that might mean weeks and months even. Well, I suppose you're right. Well, thanks anyway. Maybe we'll see you there. Yes, that's as likely as bumping into someone in the desert. Good luck, white men. Good luck on Ruinsore. Well, thank you, Santa. For a minute there I thought maybe we'd stumbled on some help. But what's that? I don't know. Coming from those bushes. Watch out, Dutch. It might be a snake. A snake, eh? Little native boys. A cute one, too. Did you go Ruinsore? Well, somebody's been eavesdropping. Please, Torgo wants the ice snow. Take Torgo with you to Ruinsore. Well, you know, it might not be a bad idea to that. But to take a small boy on a trip like that? Well, he probably knows something of the country between here and there. Do you? Yes, yes. Torgo, no way. Ah, see? And now having a native boy with us will prove to any savages we meet that we are friendly to the blacks. Ah, it might. Torgo, brave, too. To take you from big animals. All right, Mr. Torgo. We'll take you with us to Ruinsore. Maybe you'll bring us good luck. I have an idea. We're going to need it. What do you mean, Torgo's gone? Gone where? Not no. One minute here. Next minute, not here. When was the last time you saw him? Not remember, exactly. Thought maybe it was with you. Mama Nagamo worry. So tell her Torgo, go with Torgo. Fine, fine. So then no one's looked for him, eh? He'll be all right. He knows jungle.  Now try to remember the last time you saw him. Think maybe it was day white men here. Four or five days ago. White men in Punya village? Look for porters, guides. Kurok tell them all Punya men busy. They go away. You suppose they could have taken Torgo? Oh, no, white men not take small boy on trip Ruinsore. The Tarman Ghanis were going to the Ruinsore mountains? Nadil. Leave me to where you encountered these white men. It will not be easy to follow a spore many days old, but we must try. I have a strange feeling that their spore will be combined with that of Torgo. We follow them Ruinsore? Yes, we will follow them even that far if we find that Torgo's trail also leads in that direction. We go Ruinsore. We get mahogany for missionary school. If we can arrange to get the mahogany, fine. But the life of that boy is far more important to me. Under most circumstances, Tarzan and Kula might easily have overtaken white men. But this time it was most difficult. True, Torgo's trail proved that he was with the Tarman Ghanis, but often the spore was faint and many hours were lost trying to determine the exact direction the strangers had taken. With four or five days lead, the well-experienced travelers remained far ahead. Now the Ruinsore mountains loomed in the distance. Its many snow-clad peaks seeming to defy man to conquer them. And as Tarzan and Kula pressed virally onward, a light snow began to spiral down. Snow. Snow Zuri. There's nothing pretty about it when you stop to think of what it means. Means? It will destroy every sign that they've left, every spore. And even should we draw close to them, it will blot out their scent. Only thing to do, keep head for Ruinsore. Are we to comb the entire 45 miles of its length? Are we to scale every peak and take us a year? What we do? Well, we're not sure what the white men seek or why they saw a fit to take Torgo along, but they could belong to that strange group that climbs mountains for the mere sake of climbing them. White men do that? Yes. And if they belonged to that strange cult, they would attempt the highest peak, Mount Stanley. Stanley? Yes, it's the Tarman Ghani's name for our finger in the sky. So? Even our warm clothing will be little protection there. We have no ropes or metal-tipped staffs to help us in our climb. But we must attempt it, Kula. Nadio Tarzan, must save Torgo. Storm gets worse. Much bad. Maybe you'd better turn back, Kuluk. It isn't fair for me to ask you to risk your life for Torgo. He put your boy. To me, he's been like a son, but to you... We go on. Not waste time. Words. Shots. Not far off? That's fantastic, but somehow we've stumbled under their fat. Come on, Kuluk, run. They're being attacked by something. They above us. Approach. Here, let me help you. Now, watch your footing. If you slip, you'll fall thousands of feet. There must be dozens of them. Let us know you're shooting. I can't see them running up the storm. Sound like panthers. No, I don't think so. Look, white men, big cats above them, ready to spring. Wild cats. Stand still, Kuluk. Use full arrow for slow. I can hardly see them, but it's the only thing I can do now. That's one of them. You get one, all right. Don't look there. Someone's shooting at them. Whoever is shooting has an eye like a... Well, that's the third. Not see any more wild cats. All dead. Well, it's natives. We are friendly men. They mean you no harm. They come here only to climb... It's not important why you are here. That one's a white man. What? Our only concern is for Torgol, the native boy. Where is he? Heard I was some shooting. Three serval cats with three arrows. Answer me. What have you done with Torgol? We haven't done anything with him. We gave him warm clothing. We fed him well. I shall ask you only once more. Where is he? We couldn't help ourselves. There must have been 20 of them. Had we offered any resistance, who were there 20 of them? Savages with bones through their noses and discs inserted in their lower lips. Hideous creatures. The fiercest ones I'd ever encountered. And still they did nothing to Deutch and me. What did they do to Torgol? They did nothing to him in our presence. They just mumbled something about a drum without a heart. And then they made off with the boy. In just a moment the exciting conclusion to our story of the drum without a heart. As Tarzan and Kuluk stood facing Leclerc and Deutch, the fury of the storm increased and the snow whipped across their faces with racial fury. At first the mountain climbers had been afraid of the jungle man, but now their fear of the storm was greater and they defied Tarzan. We are not going through this storm just to try to find some native village, but without you we could not recognize the savages you claim made off with Torgol. Do you know what they meant by a drum without a heart? No, I didn't, but I've been wondering. Some tribes use a drum with which to pray to their God and making the drum they hollow out a tree. When it's nearly finished they send a small boy into the drum to finish scooping out the wood at the very end with his hand. Yes. Before it can finish and come out they clamp the head on the drum, a strong hide that a boy cannot break through. It's true, it's costum many tribes. It's unbelievable. The boy remains in the drum until he is dead and he remains there afterwards. This is the heart of the drum, the element that makes it sound pleasing to their God, or so they think. Leclerc, we'll have to join them in trying to save Togo. I am not turning back. I came to climb to the very top of Ruinsori and that's what I'm going to do. You will never live to reach the top unless you come with me. You may come of your own accord or with my knife at your back. Many miles away from the four strangers to the mighty Ruinsoris, the savages who had long made the mountain country their home met in solemn shawry. At last they had secured a heart for their drum. Men have drum ready, which doctor? Almost his time for a boy to finish. Togo, now what? Togo in when time come. Togo, God, not like snow ice. Be still. Must not say not like snow ice. But Togo not like. You and God Ruinsori, he make great trees to die. Togo not care, hope trees die. Not say that, not say. Now must make boy pure before becomes heart. You be sorry, small boy. Now must have ceremony, else you not make good heart for drum. Togo not know what you mean heart for drum, but he not like. Which doctor? Get things we need for ceremony. Then boy change what he say about snow, ice, great trees, Ruinsori. Yes, when boy through ceremony he not defy God. He be meek, quiet, obedient. Well, at least the storm has stopped. And what good is it going to do us now? The snow is already blotted out every footprint. When they left us they headed in this direction, all right. But that's as much as we know. You say there were about 20 of them and yet they made no sound? Seems likely to me that they must have taken this path. Had they been forced to break through the underbrush, you would have heard them. And that makes sense. I will go on in this direction for a while. Clair, what makes a man want to climb mountains? I don't know. A desire to overcome great obstacles, a natural urge for man to climb upwards. An inherent wish. That's like the question why does a chicken cross the road? Look Tarzan, river. So the path ends in a raging river. Well, I guess we can't go in. The path continues on the other side. You can see that the snow is just a little darker in one spot there. Even if the path continues over there we have no boat to cross the river. We'll have to swim. In that current? Through the ice flow? Now it would be suicide. Perhaps if I swam across, I could fasten your long climbing rope on one of those high trees over there. If you secured the other end to a higher point over here, the rest of you might be able to slide across on that rope. That's a possibility. But you'd arrive there vet and freezing. Then you'd have to climb a tree and fasten the rope. We could bring you some reasonably dry clothes when we slid across, but by that time... You'd die of cold Tarzan. Better to die of cold than of cowardice. Give me one end of the rope. Tarzan took the rope in his mouth and plunged into the seething river. His mighty arms flailed the water. His strong legs drove him forward, but the mighty raging current of the river pulled him back. Large jagged pieces of ice feet against him. Pieces of floating timber battered his body. At times the men on the shore held their breath as Tarzan was dragged down momentarily. But his mighty courage made him fight on and at last he reached the opposite shore. Half frozen he climbed a great tree and fastened the rope. Then he fell to the ground exhausted, beaten, bleeding. Here, pile the rest of the hides on him now. Maybe we built fire? Ah, even if we could find any dry wood, we wouldn't dare chance it. Those savages might be even closer than we think. How are his wounds? I know. Stop bleeding. It's the cold that... Have to reach our side. Have to... You reached the other side, Tarzan. The rest of us have slid across now. Save, Togo. Have to save, Togo. There are no conditions to go on. You'll have to rest. Rest after, Togo. Safe. No, no, no, no. Don't try to get up. Let me go look there. Maybe it is better if he gets up. He stays there underground, he'll freeze to death. I hear there's ceremonial drums now. There are no drums.  I hear the drums. If there were drums, the rest of us would hear them. Tarzan hears sound of ant walking hundreds feet away. He say he heard drum, he hear. Follow me. Be careful you do not step on a twig or stumble on a rock. A slight sound could silence us all forever. I hear... Yes, I can hear the drums now. Yes, the camp is right below us, see. Begin snow again. Can you recognize any of the natives about their council fire? No, not through this fog, I can't. It's not fog, it's clouds, we're right up in them. Yes. They're dressed the same as those who took the boy. They wear the same ornaments. Those discs in their lower lips, those bones through their noses. Look, in the center of the council ring. A huge log. The new drum they're making. The one that requires a heart. It doesn't seem to have any hide across it. Maybe the boy is still alive. I can't see him. Many of their ceremonies last all night and reached their high point at dawn. Perhaps their saving Torgo until the end. And a great number of them. I don't know what we can do. All right, I'm still weak. Had I my strength I could risk an attack even against their large number. But now I... Deutsche and I have rifles. They're both automatic loaders so we could pick off quite a few of these clouds lifted.  No, no, no, we couldn't risk that. Our aim might not be good in this snow covered land. And the first thing they might do would be to kill Torgo. Besides, I doubt if the clouds will lift before dawn. Well, well, if we don't use our guns, what then? We shall have to use our heads. Clouds get thicker. Good. We'll cover our actions. What actions? Just beyond the protection of these trees, we're going to build snowmen.  Perhaps he is still delaying this. I know, I know. It sounds mad. Perhaps it is. But it's the only thing I can think of. We must build as many snowmen as we can between now and dawn. We must find die routes to color them so that they resemble people. And we must find wood and fashion many rifles. If the clouds lift enough so that the natives can see the figures, they will think we have a large army. And if the clouds lift too, suddenly they'll recognize the snowmen for what they are. In that case, you three will have to run for your lives. We three? Well, how about you? I shall be in the camp of the Ruinsari people. It is dawn. Time to give heart to drummen. Small boy, ready. Not fight now. What do you want Togo do? Just climb into log here. You small, you get in. Scoop out loose wood, end of log. So log is hollow, make fine drum. Nadeal, Togo do his teeth tomorrow. Wait, Togo! Do not enter that log, you know? Tarzan! First stop song, let drum be still. Who are you? Where you come from? I am Tarzan, a white man, and I am the leader of a mighty army. I have come to take Togo from you. Oh, my boy! Do not take boy from us. I have come alone and unarmed to show that I am not angry.  Where soldiers? In the hill, directly above your village. They have many thundersticks, and they can destroy you quickly. Oh, my boy, here's two. Through clouds, sea, many men, all with thundersticks. But we let boy go. God ruins very angry. Even now, less trees each year. You must pass a law among your people. Each time they fell a tree, they must plant two seeds so that new trees will grow. This will please your God. He will make your forests grow rich. You speak Wesley. And we not want war with white man thundersticks. Go, take boy. Tarzan! Santa, man of Ruanzari. You have acted wisely. Put head on drum. Beat loud. So all people come. We tell new rule. Two seeds for each tree cut is new law, Ruanzari. Path's part here. We go Pungi village. Without mahogany for missionary school. We brought a pupil back. I think that's more important. The missionary will understand. You didn't get your mahogany, and we didn't accomplish our mission. We returned to Nairobi without having climbed to Ruanzari's peak. No, we won't be able to brag about conquering the greatest of Africa's mountains, but we will have a story. A story, Leclerc? The story of a drum without a heart and of a jungle savage with a great one. We'll be back to tell you about our next story of Tarzan in just a moment. Only when Kuda, the sun, has completed its ride across the heavens and only on those nights when Goro the moon does not shine brightly, do the strange creatures that inhabit the caves of Gunica emerge from the sable darkness of their dwellings. Then their pale eyes gleam from the blackness, and all who enter their Congo stronghold learn of terror at night. Tarzan, the transcribed creation of the famous Edgar Rice Burroughs is produced by Walter White Jr., prepared for radio by Bud Leccer with original music by Albert Glasser. This is a Commodore production.