You are listening to Make Change Happen, the podcast from IEED, the International Institute for Environment and Development. In today's episode, we'll be exploring why it is important for countries to include nature in their nationally determined contributions or NDCs for climate action, and what it means for the COP26 conference of the challenges and opportunities that lie beyond. Hello, this is Liz Carlisle, welcoming you once again to Make Change Happen, and today sees the opening of COP26, and this is the much awaited next meeting of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. There is a growing focus on what decisions will be made there, and these decisions will shape the next decade and beyond. They'll determine the key actions that we take globally, not only on climate, but on nature and development. And today, I'm talking with our guests about NDCs, nationally determined contributions, and we'll explain a bit about those in due course, but we will be looking at why they're important to both climate but also nature. We'll be looking at how the crises of climate change, nature loss, the rising inequality demonstrated to the COVID-19 pandemic are deeply interconnected. And in May next year, in Kunming in China, the 15th meeting on the Convention of Biological Diversity, COP15, presents possibly a huge opportunity to land a strong new framework for delivering a sustainable relationship between people and nature. And all of this we believe to be critically important to our futures. So I'm going to start by asking our guests to introduce themselves. Sarshan, would we like to start with you? Hello, everyone. This is Sarshan Skorji. I work at Conservation South Africa based in Cape Town, South Africa, and I am the Director for Climate Strategy. Welcome, Sarshan. Harriet, can you say a little bit about yourself? Hello, everyone. My name is Harriet Drani, and I work at IUCN as a program officer, specifically leading on ecosystem-based adaptation in Uganda. Thanks for having me here. It's great to have you with us, Harriet. So Bob, over to you. Thanks very much, Liz. Bob Natif is my name, and I work as the Acting Commissioner of Climate Change in the Climate Change Department, the Ministry of Water and Environment. So what we essentially do is coordinate national climate change response in Uganda. Thank you. And Maria? So hello. My name is Maria Caballero-Spejo. I'm a climate adaptation specialist from the Ministry of Environment of Peru, and I'm happy to join this podcast. Great to have you with us, Maria. Natalie. Hello. It's great to be here. I am Natalie Seddon. I work at the University of Oxford, where I am, a professor of biodiversity and director of the Nature-based Solutions Initiative. And perhaps we could start with you answering the question for our listeners. What is an NDC? Great question. So an NDC is basically a nationally determined contribution. That's what the letters stand for. Now, these are non-binding national plans that form the basis for countries to achieve the objective of the Paris Agreement. They contain key information on targets, action plans and policies and measures for reducing national emissions, and also around adapting to climate change impacts. These nationally determined contributions also contain information on the needs for the provision of finance, technology, and capacity building for these actions. One of the key things about these NDCs is that countries communicate newer updated versions every five years starting in 2020, and in signing the Paris Agreement, nations have committed to increasing ambition described within those NDCs every five years. So we've got a lot of work to do. We have. And what I also understand is that these NDCs can be important for thinking about nature-based solutions. So I wonder, could you say a little bit about, again, for our audience, what is a nature-based solution and why are they so critical right now? Okay. We'll put very simply nature-based solutions and ways of working with nature to support societal goals. And the evidence is very clear now that we cannot meet the goals of the Paris Agreement unless we work with nature. So in other words, to keep warming to within 1.5 degrees and to reduce vulnerability to climate impacts, we need to massively scale up the restoration connection and protection of our natural and semi-natural ecosystems, not only on land, but also in the sea. We also need to sustainably manage our working lands and seascapes, including with nature-based agricultural practices such as agroforestry. And we also, and this is critically important, we also need to bring nature or green infrastructure into our towns and cities. Now, we know that such actions can overall help to cool the planet by drawing down carbon to the tune of about a third of a degree towards the end of the century and can also protect biodiversity within those ecosystems, but perhaps even more critical are the ways in which they can support human adaptation to climate change. So ecosystems provide natural barriers that can reduce the exposure of infrastructure, agriculture, and communities to extreme events, such as flooding along our coasts or heatwaves and cities, and properly protected and sustainably managed. They can also limit our sensitivity to climate impacts, for example, by supporting diverse alternative sources of food and income during times of shortage. And the third aspect of this is that they can also increase our ability, our capacity to deal with future shocks and changes, because social capital, as well as natural capital, is built through the process of protecting and restoring and sustainably managing the work of the natural world. So sort of in recognition of these benefits, many signatures to the Paris Agreement over two-thirds, in fact, include nature or nature-based solutions in one form or another in their climate pledges in their nationally determined contributions. And we've found that more include them in the new versions of the NDCs recently submitted. But interestingly, it is the world's poorest nations that are leading the way, at least in terms of including nature-based solutions as a key adaptation tool in their NDCs. So what we're hearing is that nature is offers us rich potential if we play our cards right and we take the right actions now. Absolutely. There's a lot of important things to talk about there. What does good look like when it comes to nature-based solutions? And there's certainly currently a lot of confusion about that. Can perhaps come back to that point later. Yes, no, that's great. Thank you very much for unwrapping those definitions for us. So, Bob, it's really great to have you with us today to share the government perspective on this. And I know that you've been right up until now at the start of this COP, you've been reviewing your NDCs in Uganda. And I wondered if you could give our listeners some thoughts on what have been the challenges or some of the lessons that you might wish to share to others doing the same task. Thanks very much again, Liz. At the start of the discussions about INDC, if you may remember, there's been challenges right from the start when we were thrown into the deep end. First of all, we didn't even know what an INDC or NDC looks like. Over time, I think we've had a series of learnings addressing challenges and learnings as we go along. The first understanding is that putting together an NDC is not only a responsibility of one entity. So what essentially that means is that we have a challenge of bringing all sectors together. As we know too well, we are not so much comfortable working together because there's always that kind of having works in our different silos. So one of the challenges that we're trying to correct, how do you ensure that you bring all sectors together on one hand? There's also a challenge of ensuring that you have the credible data and information that we have to use within the NDCs. And then this whole idea of INDCs and climate change being a fairly new phenomenon within our different workings beyond merely the rainfall patterns that we are first with, but also bringing to the development perspective that we're supposed to deal with. And the general understanding and bringing together all other stakeholders including state and non-state actors because we think that climate change is a collective responsibility. So that is some kind of summary, the kind of challenges that we've been first with and the lessons learned out of that is that there has to be continued persistence and engagement, stakeholder engagement of all these actors if we are to work the talk. Well aware that this continued engagement what happens propels action and once action is underway will propel more action. That's really helpful Bob, thank you for that. I mean another thing that has been suggested is that NDCs are a really good vehicle for including nature-based solutions. Has that been a strong discussion in your efforts to review your NDC? Well addressing climate change requires two nuanced responses, the technological response on one part but also the conventional way of taking forward issues like tree planting and so on and so forth.  They are central to our climate response and then the question will be why is that? Our understanding is and the strong conviction is planting trees for example or maintaining these open pool resources can help save the planet but only if we put people first and any proposed or planned afforestation activities or any activities that we have to do have to be subject to open democratic decision making and relevant impact assessments first if they are to benefit our community. So in trying to shape the narrative around our NDCs we see nature-based solutions being taking center stage in trying to help us address the low emission and low carbon development pathway that we envisage to achieve not only in the NDC which is a short-term measure but also ensuring that we move this forward into our vision 2040 and all the long-term strategies and aspirations that we want to achieve and in that regard we've made sure that forests for example take center stage and we've set particular targets of what we need to achieve between now and 2030. The same applies to wetland conservation and this by extension the sustainable use of the wetlands to ensure that wetlands are conserved because we know the destruction of wetlands just like it is for forestry contributes to emissions and we've tried to look at this in our greenhouse gas inventory under the land use change and forestry. So we see these as quick wins a hanging fruit that we can take advantage of to address the climate crisis that we are faced with. Thank you very much for that. My question to you Maria is about the participatory approach that I know you took in Peru to developing your NDC and we're very lucky to have your government perspective on this and to tell us how did that work and why did you feel that that was the best way to go about it? Actually in the case of Peru we had this talking about climate change for probably more than two decades. Peru has had a multi-stakeholder coordination space that deal with climate change even before the 90s probably. Later on we organized the COP20 before the Paris Agreement was signed and that kind of event generated a lot of expectations in the public space so after the Paris Agreement we decided that if we are going to go with our NDCs we needed to add these voices into the conversation into the discussion and into the contributions that Peru was starting to develop and that is why we had the idea to create this space that was called in Spanish Dialoguemos that in English will be like let's talk about climate change and this space was organized as a multi-stakeholder space for participation for this permanent dialogue between different sectors different climate actors the public the private sectors and also indigenous people the academia and so on. I guess that for us that participatory process was really a way to connect with the whole country and also to commit to a really ambitious climate deal let's say and we try to address three different things with the Dialoguemos one is to address the emphasis on adaptation because we consider that adaptation is a key strategy to tackle climate change because I mean we are a highly vulnerable country but also we want to talk about the NDCs on mitigation because we consider also that we have a role on this problem and this global issue so we put together different sectors and different actors private public and they discuss about this and about probable NDCs that we can implement in the country the second thing that we want to do with the Dialoguemos is basically to have this multi-level space for talking that means that not just the national officials will have these big decisions but also the sub-national leaders will have the opportunity to contribute and put their voices on these NDCs and the NDCs basically and the last thing is that with this kind of space we try to compromise the implementation of all our NDCs at different levels in different territories and with the different participation of people and I guess that that is why this space this platform this initiative was a success that's a very impressive story Maria I think to see to see such a wide participation and I think quite impressive because Peru has gone through considerable changes in administration so I guess this process has continued regardless yeah exactly I mean this process didn't stop since it was established after the Paris Agreement it continues even right now we have a different let's talk about change spaces in every single month I will say it with different people different actors different sectors etc so yeah this process is permanent and it won't stop unless we don't care about climate change anymore but that all happened for sure so yeah that's great thank you let me hear from Sarshan now why is nature important for South Africa Sarshan how is nature currently featured in your NDCs thanks Liz so I wanted to talk a little bit about South Africa and our ecosystems and nature so South Africa's ecosystems are recognized globally for their biodiversity and high levels of endemism where basically species are only a found in South Africa and not anywhere else in the world but these same terrestrial ecosystems and species face pressures from a range of human activities which are now obviously further exacerbated by climate change so we've heard already from Natalie how important it is to protect manage and restore these ecosystems plus also the livelihood benefits that nature-based solutions provide additionally in South Africa we have one out of five people who are living in poverty but yet we know that nature can also support livelihoods and provide jobs which is really important it's helping people to cope better in the face of climate change and then if I can touch on our current NDC it's it's very encouraging to see the inclusion of nature in our NDC particularly around adaptation it focuses on nature through the implementation of our national climate change adaptation strategy which highlights the importance of ecosystem-based adaptation the role of nature biodiversity and ecosystems and the only area which is not so strong in terms of nature is really around oceans and we're really wanting to work on increasing the amount of the recognition of oceans within the national determined contributions then on the mitigation side of course South Africa being having a high dependence on coal there's obviously a huge a big renewable energy focus in the NDC but importantly we have included nature in the follow section in terms of the avoided forestation and land use section which is really important in terms of bringing nature out more strongly but again we would like to see much clearer targets being set for the sector but this and again the science is showing us the soil carbon potentials particularly in range lands for example our savannas and grasslands so again there's huge opportunity for not only adaptation benefits by restoring nature but also mitigation through soil carbon sequestration so what I'm hearing is that there is a lot to think about a lot of different communities evolved a lot of different environments a lot of different landscapes themes so I wanted to ask you Harriet how's this been in Uganda in terms of developing your NDC how has the process been in terms of engaging different groups thanks Liz the process for updating Uganda's NDC has been really good I must say because this time round we've witnessed a very transparent process with a lot of vigilance and clear communication by the CSOs to the rest of the stakeholders about how the NDC will be updated when the consultations will happen and how the different stakeholders can contribute and so there's been really strong participation from different groups at all levels right from the grassroots at regional level and also to the national level and for example at the grassroots level this time we've had active participation from the indigenous groups where they have had their say and given specific recommendations on what they really would want to see especially in terms of how nature is integrated in Uganda's NDC and Harriet I think you mentioned indigenous groups have you got a couple of examples for our audience on on how they're working with nature to manage the impacts of climate change yes we have five different indigenous groups in Uganda for example the indigenous groups like the Benet in the Mount Elgon region in eastern Uganda are using agroforestry practices like establishing contours across their farmlands and planting agroforestry trees and shrub species like the Kaliandra like the Lucina to mention but a few to significantly reduce water and soil movement and also help really to enrich the fertility of the soils in order to stabilize our crop yields especially in the drier climate and not only that leads at the Kaliandra most especially is also used by these groups as animal feeds which are really palatable and also to help to increase on milk production which helps them in the long run for sustained household food security thank you that's really nice to have specific things for people to think about so Natalie what are the risks around nature-based solutions that countries perceive what are the things they're thinking about I think one of the major risks is that nature-based solutions are being seen as an alternative to keeping fossil fuels in the ground when they are not and the science is very clear that unless we rapidly phase out the use of fossil fuels nature won't be able to provide any solutions at all because the warming that will result from not keeping fossil fuels in the ground will produce more intense more frequent fires diseases and so forth all of which undermine the capacity of the biosphere to draw down and store carbon for the long term so we absolutely have to scale up nature-based solutions at the same time as radically scaling back greenhouse gas emissions it's not an either or we need to do both that's the one of major risk another major risk is that when it comes to nature-based solutions there is an over emphasis on forestry particularly on commercial forestry plantations that involve one or two usually exotic tree species while these are often labeled as a nature-based solutions they don't qualify as such such plantations often only offer very short-term high-risk carbon stores and can have negative outcomes for biodiversity and if they replace perfectly good intact biodiversity ecosystems and they can also involve you know transgressions of human rights land grabs and so forth and can harm and dispossess local communities so it's critical to hold to accounts or to ensure that those claiming to invest in nature-based solutions have ambitious credible and verifiable action plans to phase out fossil fuel use and only support those projects on the ground that a community led and biodiversity based thank you i was really struck by your comments around the relationship between fossil fuel and the success of nature-based solutions and i think you know that does move us to thinking very much around what the possible hopes for in this next COP on climate change can possibly be it really shows you the deep connection here doesn't it it does absolutely so bob what is your ambition for COP26 ambition is always queued around mitigation ambition as i've said at the start and i'll emphasize it even more emphatically that ambition for us goes beyond mitigation as is but also ambition in terms of adaptation ambition in terms of finance ambition in terms of technology transfer ambition in terms of capacity building as i've already enlisted our NDC is already ambitious enough but to walk the talk of this ambition the means of implementation that have been listed finance adaptation elements be it loss and damage is central now ambition on our part when going into these discussions should be any conversation to unlock the vast amount of resources another opportunity is that there are to help us address be it the nature-based solutions that we've put forward or be it the adaptation and mitigation actions that we put forward that will help us walk the talk great thank you Maria what would be your ambition for COP26 particularly in regards to you know this question around the relationship between climate and nature i i guess that in the case of our country we consider nature as a great opportunity for tackling different challenges not just climate change but also other challenges that as a country we need to go for because i mean the lives of our people depend on that and especially in the case of climate change we see nature-based solutions especially as a way of giving back the value that our ancestors were given to the nature i just remember because i'm from the central Andes of Peru when i was a kid my grandparents were always looking at the sky they were always looking at animals and they were learning from from them in order to do something i mean in order to probably to to have crops they were looking at these things learning from them and then applying actions to tackle some hazards that could probably put in danger in the production system and i guess that that was one thing that Peru with nature can really address climate change because our country has a lot of diversity not just in terms of ecosystems but also in terms of cultures in terms of climates in terms of people's mindset also and the way that we address these global issues that affect the country needs to to put again the value of the knowledge that people i mean the indigenous people our ancestral knowledge has in order to tackle a big issue of climate change and i guess nature there is the key element that we are using to do so for Peru nature based solutions represent a good opportunity because we have a lot of biodiversity to protect to conserve and also to use it as a way to address development issues that we have or to address poverty biodiversity laws social development in general and so on so for that i guess that in the case of our indices and in the case of this cup that it's this upcoming cup we really need to put forward the agenda and nature based solutions in adaptation and mitigation in order to have a more integral approach on the issue of climate change basically thank you harry what's your thought on ambition in uganda's indices the ambition we are seeing in uganda's indices and probably other indices from countries in the global south is great i must say but one important thing is if you will notice that some of the ambitions are presented as conditional meaning they will largely be implemented if we get the right support and that includes the financial support the technical support and whether we have the right technological capacity even within our countries really to deliver on them and it's good that at this cup 26 there's really going to be a big focus on the pledge to mobilize the 100 billion US dollars per year the question that remains is are the developed nations really going to deliver on this and the only way that we can turn these ambitions in our indices into action is only if we see some of these finances coming through but please it's also not only about the finances but it's also about having the right financial instruments and the mechanisms i must say to make sure that the finances is actually accessible to all for instance we would really want to see this time around that the flaws of this climate finance is more in terms of grants than loans to ensure that there is equitable access to this finance by the developing countries thank you harry i mean we're seeing that across so many of the pieces of work that we do and the partners that we work with it is all about getting the right kind of money to the right people at the right time and if we can't do that progress is hampered but i'd like to come to you against sarsian how will we move this ambition from sort of cop 26 to cop 15 you know moving from the end of this year to the middle of next how can how can we keep the momentum behind this ambition and make the connection between the climate change convention and the convention on biological diversity thanks liz yes you know i think it's really important to to recognize this high level of ambition that is coming through of course there's a lot more that we need to do but we need to recognize that these commitments along with the financial support as harry it was saying it also requires detailed implementation planning so you know we need to recognize also the synergies and the tradeoffs between climate action in the various sectors so thinking about the positive and negative impacts of biodiversity and natural ecosystems have on the other sectors in terms of water agriculture transport infrastructure etc so this really requires an integrated approach where we're thinking about linking our adaptation planning as well as our mitigation plans and then very closely aligning that to our government service delivery and and their implementation plans and approaches so for this we require a lot of cross sectoral inter-ministerial coordination and strategy development and making sure that we also coordinating our commitments between the different conventions as you were saying we have the the UNFCCC and the CBD how do we make those connections strongly between the commitments and how do we also see that that filters down to what's happening on the ground so we need to ensure that we're also able to demonstrate effective implementation models on the ground through these implementation plans this is a question that i'm thinking about sarge and you know it's always very difficult to get a kind of cross-disciplinary approach to things you know we end up in our sort of ivory towers how are you finding that the kind of conversation either within communities or within your government is is opening out to embrace other disciplines and other areas is that beginning to happen yes exactly so we definitely seeing a lot more cross sectoral collaboration happening within government i feel the the processes like or being part of these conventions like the UNFCCC and the Convention on Biological Diversity as well as having national processes like recently developing our national climate change adaptation strategy brought the sectors together as well as it fostered a lot of dialogue from local government as well as communities on the ground to contribute to what the adaptation strategy and planning would be so we're definitely seeing a lot more cross-sector coordination but what we feel is important is to also now link particularly the adaptation and the mitigation benefits and coordinated planning together including the trade-offs and synergies that I mentioned earlier so it's really important to get that integrated planning and continue this cross-sectoral integration and talking but we should also think a lot more about nature's contribution both from an adaptation and mitigation point of view in a much more integrated way thank you so Natalie what are your hopes or expectations for COP26 well I think whatever the sort of the politics around emissions reductions and climate finance there's a there's a good chance that this will be a successful COP for nature but for it to be a successful COP for nature we do need bold commitments backed up with actionable plans to stop investments into activities that lock in long-term damage to both the biosphere and the climate so such as subsidies of high-emitting agricultural commodities we need that alongside equally bold and actionable commitments to scale up investments in community-led biodiversity-based projects to support adaptation and mitigation and we would want the parties to acknowledge the role of nature-based solutions in both climate change mitigation and adaptation plan within the COP26 decision text and we want resource commitments to enhance ambition and to include nature-based solutions in the NDCs alongside increased targets on emissions reductions so this would involve evidence-based targets comprehensive plans for improved protection restoration and management of a range of ecosystems and as I say we would need to see clear commitments to defund ecosystem loss and damage from supply chains do you think we're likely to get this things are looking good for some aspects of that statement for sure but so there's still a lot of work to be done in mobilizing support across across across all the parties but in a way it's not too late so we can we can hope that the discussions go the right way yes which is really good to hear so I think we perhaps need to wrap up now and what I always ask our guests because this is our make change happen podcast is what is one change you would like to see or what do you think a change that's really important that could help make that difference Harriet what's your change yes for me the change I really would want to see is finance in order to help us to turn these ambitions into action that's nice and clear thank you and very much appreciated by many of the partners and communities we work with very much their sentiment Natalie what's your big change we need all the world's wealthy nations to commit to increasing near-term ambition on greenhouse gas emissions reductions and to pin those pledges with actionable well-financed action plans whilst also committing to eliminating deforestation from supply chains by 2025 great thank you again really nice clear message Sarshan what about you I really want to see action on the ground so a translation of a lot of the policy and plans but seeing that on the ground and particularly around increased action in the ocean climate nexus and then improving our target setting to actually achieve land-based targets Maria what's a change that you would like to see right now the change that Peru in general I think wants to see in this upcoming COP is to implement the things that we were basically trying to put in our national contributions so it's time to to do more action and not just you know to have the ideas but to put it on the territories to put it for people to to use to to do and to be benefited by thank you so Bob what would your change be that you would like to see well time has come to to walk the talk we've had lots of talks and discussions around how to advance climate in action and central to this forthcoming COP we so much look forward to ensure that countries put their best foot forward but also consideration be taken to those that really have challenges as enlisted to help all of us walk the same path together so climate action will only succeed if we're all trying to pull strings together collectively to address the global climate crisis that we are first week brilliant well as you've heard from all my guests this morning there are very clear actions that can be taken there's huge progress that is being made and that actually with this COP that starts today there is the potential to make those decisions that could really lead us into a more promising future so finally can I just say thank you to your all for your time and we will keep our fingers crossed for a positive meeting in Scotland over the next couple of weeks thank you and you can find out more about today's podcast our guests and the work at www.ieed.org slash podcast where you can also listen to more episodes you can leave us feedback or follow the podcast series at soundcloud.com slash the IED the podcast is produced by our in-house communication team for more information about IID and our work please visit us at www.ieed.org


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If you had to pick a favorite or favorite three all-time songs from films in Indian cinema What would be the first ones that come to your mind that are your personal favorites? Oh God? That's tough We've reacted like thousands. I know I Know the three that immediately I have so many that are my that I adore I have on playlists but there's three because of what they mean Personally in the birth of the channel. So up in the time I got you that's Just that's always gonna have a special place in my heart. Yeah, Malhari I got real tired of that one.  It was Leland's favorite. I know he always wanted to listen to it on and so I got I got so tired of it. I mean I I still like it and it's gotten better because I hadn't listened to it for months after the video came out Then I was a lot of actors who do musicals After they've done a musical a lot They don't want to hear those music that song anymore and they used to love the songs, but then it just becomes too much It was so far and what was the third one? The other one the other not malhari The bajira. Yes The one from that was the head. Yes. No the the the one with all of the The grand beer get shot Yeah, that number the other big musical number Yes Yeah, that one. Yep. So the the Padma Vaat by Jerome Astani one and I mean it's tough because I was like That's what made me think of it was mine that song made in india made in Have you hated that song?  It's up Corbin. I don't even know if that ever made it to the channel You know what? I don't think it did what happened blocked. I might have got blocked. It's very possible. Yeah, that's not a bad thing But yeah, anyways, that was yeah, probably a year and a half ago. I'd imagine anyway, uh today What are we doing Rick? I don't have the foggiest clue But I bet you do Uh Okay, I have a bicycle sitting in your backyard What? Why is that just sitting out there? It's not even mine Who's is it in your backyard? Oh, it's mine. Today. We got a little sketch. This is called reasons. I hate bollywood No, this is uh just right Okay, it's a little it's a it's a funny sketch. Uh, but we've seen a many of his videos. He's very funny guy Very funny. I don't even think he does youtube anymore. Actually. Oh bummer back in 2013 So it's what almost 10 years ago. I guess we're eight eight ish That's sad nine nine years we're about to hit 22. Yeah. Oh geez Um, but yeah, so it's it's a little funny sketch little thing about that. I don't think they're real reasons Yeah, like you know more of the rings turn 20 That's real sad. I don't like that at all Here we go. Now. This is a video I promised myself that I'd never do And here I am. What's going on? This is your man just ran. You can call me just me Now I really wanted to avoid this topic because just it's it's something that's been beaten to a pulp But then I thought why not talk about things that made me give up all hope on bollywood See if anybody maybe you might relate to them dealt it. No, this isn't your typical cliche. Oh, look at the dancing around the tree Drip old none of that. This is real life Painful memories things that I Sleep over things that I've also fallen asleep to first and foremost Let's start off the band this one I call the bottom bottom scenario and it's probably one of the most Overused being the death cliches and pretty much every single bollywood movie that involves family dynamics You take a son and or you take a daughter who have become too morgent and start to rebel against their family's Traditional customs now you think that most of these movies play out both sides of the story. Nope What are you doing, man? I'm very tired. I don't have any sleep. That's nice. Listen, man. I have a lot of work to do Okay, I have a lot of work to do No, thanks, man. But what do you know about that? You work in a gas station from a very bad point of view Shit, man. I'm in the middle of an operation Son, you don't know enough about yourself You don't know enough about yourself, son And I love my son What do you know about yourself?  Yes, yes. Misha darling, I'm coming What was that?  I don't know I don't know I don't know No respect I don't know I don't know I don't know I don't know I don't know I don't know Have we seen that?   How's we're dancing the Swiss Alps?  America? Nope How about Finland? Yes, every white person In any of these movies Was some random Dutch immigrant Who had no idea how to speak English It was pretty prominent in Punjabi movies as well Hey man Why are you carrying so much weight on your head? Okay, I know Take this, and you'll become a dude like him It's probably It's an estimate, just stick with me And they couldn't spend like Two grand flights in accommodation To fly out like two random white dudes To Oklahoma Who are SAG members And know what we're doing I totally agree with that point That's from flying from Finland Not from America Bloody brilliant $300 Sometimes the English of these Norwegian white people is so bad That they need to go back and dump The bad English With probably even more bad Dutch English And I didn't know that while you were disturbing Next, Jen Backup Dancers Oh god Biggest WTF factors These dancers try so hard to be like Western hip-hop dancers That they actually overshoot what they're trying to achieve By like 45 billion Now this is just a rough estimate once again How to be a Bollywood Backup Dancer Step one, just have like a bunch of dudes Step two, dress them up How a serious Cadillac would assume Step three, uncomfortable dance moves Step four, I love you Step six, and rock, because Why not?  That's the sound Tupac, Tori's B.I.G, Vanilla Ice Oh, he's not dead yet Not just circling with your grave They dig deeper into the earth Do you get away from all these wackass rappers? No, wait, now they realize that if they dig any deeper They'll hit the earth's core And their bodies will light on fire Kind of like a cremation And that's a very Indian custom Bollywood is Indian And they don't want that So no, anyways, that's That's a part Things that cliche things Reasons that I hate Bollywood Maybe I'll do another one Say lovee Such a jist me thing to say I remember I used to say that you didn't know that What?  Did you like my swash? What happened to you? Why did you take me away from my life? One of the funniest videos for sure The white people thing is very true You were speaking to us actually That for me, that was the only take away That was actually legitimate Also it was definitely not just Bollywood either I know what he's saying Just for the sake of the title of the video Because obviously he even mentioned I think those were actually Punjabi films That he was actually playing from Just nobody in India wanted to spend money on white people It's true And you should You get what you pay for and they have started to You get what you pay for At least some of them And in all sincerity, those of you who know us We're preaching to the choir But when we talk about hiring us We're not doing some petty call out To try to get hired in an Indian film We'd be honored to be in an Indian film But we care about artistry And it really is annoying When you can act to watch actors Who suck and think They're ruining this movie because They just didn't spend the money So as long as Like if I see a movie and everybody's acting Great in it, I'm thrilled Like my quintessential story Is I auditioned for Kramer vs Kramer as a kid Didn't get the role I know why I didn't They wanted a blonde kid to look like Meryl Streep Not a kid who looked like Dustin Hoffman That was their choice What mattered to me was the kid was going to be any good Justin Henry was freaking great I was to this day They made the right choice It's been cool But what sucks is when you see something That you think you could have done And the people in it are dreadful White people It's true 90% of the films we've seen from India 90% of the Caucasians Suck It's changing some We've seen some good ones Mimi, they were pretty good Sardo O'Don, they were good union actors Much better I think we've seen something More recent as well The rest of this was for me It has such an old YouTube feel to it The static audio Feel to the skits Especially at the beginning of YouTube There was a bunch of skits like this This had to be one of his earlier videos I'd have to imagine Regardless, I think he's a very funny guy This video wasn't one of my favorites But anyway Let us know what other videos from him And other sketch videos that we can react to Down below


On April 25th, 2007, in Paktia, Afghanistan, insurgents ambushed Sergeant Monica Lynn Brown's patrol with explosives and small arms fire. The 19-year-old medic rushed to the aid of five wounded comrades, moving them to cover and shielding them with her body as the attack intensified and mortars impacted around them. Brown continued to provide aid under fire until the wounded could be evacuated. For her actions, Sergeant Brown became only the second woman since World War II to receive the Silver Star and earn her place in the proud history of the United States Army.


So, let us look at, let us look at model college, which is an advantageous way to represent graphs and memory. Can you hear me? Can you hear me? Yeah. So, which is an advantageous way to represent graphs and memory is the question. Can you hear me? Can you hear the question? Which is an advantageous way to represent graphs in memory? Can you hear my question? Can the moderator respond? This is group chat, no? Yes, group chat, but the one that colleges don't want to... Oh, ability to do that. RGCAT, can you tell me whether you can hear me? He is muted in the next video. Okay. Can you hear me? Okay. MIT, can you hear me? Can you hear me? Yes, ma'am. You can hear what I am saying, right? Yes. Okay. Model college of engineering. Okay. I am just going through some questions here, which is an advantageous way to represent graphs and memory. There are two types of representations of graphs. One is using the matrix representation where you have a two-dimensional array or you could use a adjacency list representation. Adjacency list is... It depends upon what your application is. If you want to have random access to the vertices of a graph, then a matrix representation is better. Whereas if you're looking at something like Dijkstra's algorithm being run to find the shortest path, for example, an adjacency list may be a better representation. So there is nothing like the kind of representation at least with respect to graphs depends upon the problem that you're working with. Okay. If you're perhaps looking at coloring problem for that matter, an adjacency list representation may be very good to solve the coloring problem. But if I'm looking at... I want to find out from which node to which node I have a connection. Then instead of... If you're using an adjacency list representation, I have to go through the array severely. Whereas if I use an adjacency matrix representation and if I have a way of indexing a particular node directly, then random access is possible. So it depends upon the particular problem whether you use adjacency list or adjacency matrix. If your matrix is quite dense in the sense that you have a large number of edges in the matrix, then adjacency matrix representation is better. If the number of edges are very small in the given graph, then adjacency list is generally proper. Okay. Did you get my answer? Fine. All right. The next question that was asked was what is the practical usage of different data structures? There are a number of applications. See, the most important point about data structures is that especially the abstract data type variety which was talked to you in class is primary that for example, if you look at today C++ C and so on or even Python for that matter, I have what are called static template libraries. Okay. And here, for example, something is already implemented for you if you want to. For example, if I'm looking at recursion, you can't do without a stack. If I have very large strings that need to be represented, the queue is a mandatory to be represented. A binary search tree for that matter is extremely useful for representing dictionaries or variant circuit like the B tree for that matter are also used for representing dictionaries. B trees are used even for disk accesses. When you're talking about binary search tree and all that, everything is sitting in the memory. Whereas when you're looking at a B tree, for example, all the data is sitting on the disk and it gives you a very fast way of accessing data that is residing on the disk. There cannot be a question about data structures today for the simple reason that let me give you a very simple example again. If you have a particular data structure and you because of the way of implementing the data structure, if you've got a time complexity, one case of order n and another case you've got order n squared because it's poor implementation. Today, especially in the context of big data and other things, you have millions of records. So this n squared becomes very, very large in that particular context and you'll actually see that, especially when you're working with machine learning and other things, when you're looking at algorithms with train, for example, train the model. Sometimes you will find that a program which takes 10 days can perhaps be done in one day. That's the kind of benefit that you can get if you implement good storage structures to solve problems. And what should be the preferred language when you're looking at real-time implementation? I would advise that the next question that was asked, I would advise that you use C or C++ because they are the fastest to give you some numbers. If you write a program in C to access an array and you write the same program to access an array in C++, access the array in Java or Python or Perl for that matter, you'll find that C is the fastest. So it's very, very close to the machine. At the same time, it is a higher-level language. Normally, real-time implementations use C as the programming language. But C, of course, the difficulty is it's not very easy to implement. You do a lot of carefully programming for that matter. And there was another question. If a graph is directed, then how do you traverse the bread-first-search graph? It's not a problem. All that you have to do is put your forward arrays, forward arcs with one and reverse arcs, you set it to zero. And you traverse along the forward arcs. So just like how you would search in a, like in depth-first-search, you go on the forward arc. The two examples we took, depth-first-search using directed graph and depth-first-search using undirected graph just to give you two different examples of the problems. That's all. It's the same way that you process an array. How to multiply, the next question was how to multiply two polynomials? The best way to do this is you represent the coefficient of all of them. Yeah, can you hear me? Back in area. RGC, please respond. Your question is... Wait, please. I must... Please switch off your mobile phones. Your mobile phone is just placed in your mobile phone. In the application. Please wait. We need to enable it. We need to enable it. Microphone has been enabled. RGC, your microphone is enabled. Yes, yes. The number video connected. See what they do. So let me use the writing. How do I read this one? Okay. So let us see the question was... Yeah. I'll just go... One moment, one moment. One moment. One moment, one moment. Please. Colleges, Colleges, I'm putting your microphones. Please don't make noise. Colleges, please don't make noise. Pay attention to the screen. If you want to ask a question, come close to the laptop or the microphone and ask a question. Or raise your hands and I'll... I'll come to you again. I'm just going to write the questions. Okay? Advantage, tedious way to represent graphs, to representations, matrix, edge matrix, edge list, another very next year. Depends on the problem. Yes. Next question. Basically, if you're looking at a good data structure for implementation, if you use a good data structure and if you organize the data properly, for example, linear search would cost you this much. Whereas you're organized, for example, in sorted order, then the binary search would yield you a much better search time. Okay? And next question. Preferred language. Real time. I would say see. But next question. Smallest question. Three. Question four. Implementation of screen using an array. Okay? If you always implement a heap using an array, that's the most beneficial. The next question. File. Directed. Form. AFS. Let's say I have something like this. You follow, basically, you try to travel as widely as possible. So starting from the node A, I'll go to B first and then to F. Put these two in the queue, okay? Then you start with B and go to C. And C and D will go into the queue. And you go through the same process. Basically, follow the algorithm with forward arms. Properties, nodes in the queue. When you have exhausted, node is exhausted. It's not very different. How to multiply two polynomials? Let's say I have, let's say we had two polynomials like this. Let me call this P of X. And let me call this Q of X. You want to multiply P of X into Q of X. Okay? What is the maximum degree that the elements can have? Because it can have. So basically, when you're looking at this, this is basically A n X n A n minus 1. So up to B. So if you look at least two polynomials, which I want to multiply, the maximum degree that P, that can be in the product, let me call it R of X. This is equal to, let's say, R of X. Maximum degree is what now? It will be A n into B n into X n into X n, right? This will be the largest degree. That means what? The degree of the polynomial is going to be n plus n, okay? And what is the smallest degree? You have A naught plus A naught into B naught. Therefore, that means degree is X to the power of 0, which is equal to, that is the smallest degree. So now, what you need to do when you're multiplying two arrays, when you're multiplying two polynomials, store P of X in, let's say, an array A going from A0 to or up to the nth degree. Q of X is stored in D0 to Dn. R of X goes from R of, let's say, let me call it C of 0. And what is the maximum degree? C of n plus n, okay? So compute this product. It's very simple. And what are we looking at? We have, so basically, if you look at the way this works, let's take an example, okay?  Let's say this is P of X. I'll say A of 0 is equal to 1. Store the coefficients in the array. A of 1 equal to 2 and A of 2 equal to 2. Okay? Similarly, you store B of 0 equal to minus 1 and B of 1. Take the product. What are all the polynomials that I've got? What do you have here now? You have, let me just multiply this, okay? Actually, I have X cubed. See, C is that the polynomials of degree 3. So I have to add all of these together. X cubed plus 2 X. Now, how can we do this programming? Okay? So what I do is, if I define an array C, 0 to n plus n, set it equal to initialize them to initialize to 0. Clearly, if you look at the previous thing here, now notice that this is A0 this is A1 and this is A2 and this is B1 B0. So if you look at it here, B1 is multiplied with B2 and what happens? The degree of the, that term is what now? 2 plus 1. Okay? So that becomes X cubed. Okay? Similarly, this one here, A1 is multiplied with B1, which gives me 2 X squared. Okay? So degree of the polynomial becomes the sum of the indices of the arrays A and B. Okay? So similarly here, if you see 1, this is of degree 1, degree 0 and this is of degree 1 here and I multiply X with this, which will give me this term, X1 plus 0 is equal to 1. Okay? So this is precisely what you do. Similarly for the next one, if you see what's happening now, if I look at minus 1, multiplied with X squared, this will be minus X squared. So what's happening now? This is of degree 0, this is of degree 2 and therefore the sum of the 2 degrees, 2 plus 0 is 2 and that's why you get this minus X squared. Where should this be accumulated? So let's look at this particular problem. So I have here C of 0 equal to 0 initially. C of 1 is the maximum degree that's possible, 0 and so on and we are having the maximum degree of 3, right? C of 0 up to C of 3 is equal to 0. This is what I initially expressed. Then, what are we looking at? Basically, if you notice the problem here, every term of A is multiplied with every term of B. So that means what I have 2 loops. One loop going through the area, another loop going through the area and let's see how it works. So I will just have a simple statement like this assuming that M is the size of the A and for J, I need to do a C of I plus 0 is equal to 0. So what's happening here? I am multiplying the coefficient of P polynomial P of X, which is stored in the area at the I of X and that is multiplied with the polynomial Q of X whose the BJ corresponds to the J corresponds to the to the, to go back to this particular problem. What is it that we are storing? If you notice here, so this is stored in A2, A1, A0. That means what am I storing in A2? I am storing 1 here, I am storing 2 here and I am storing similarly I am storing B of 1 is 1 and this one is minus 1. So what we are doing is notice that corresponding to the location corresponding to the degree of the term we have a particular index corresponding. And we store at that particular index in the area the coefficient of that particular degree. Now if you notice here, when we multiplied X squared plus 2 X A of 2 got multiplied with B1. To give you a degree of X cubed right? So that was have to be stored in C of 3 and that is precisely what we are doing. C of i plus 3 is equal to C of i plus 3 plus A of i plus so i and j are the coefficients of the two polynomials. A of i corresponds to the i th coefficient in polynomial and what is the i th coefficient represent? It represents that term with a particular degree of X. Similarly, we add a B at the jth index contains the particular term with an degree of G and this is all there is to this polynomial multiplication. Are there any questions? Are there any questions from anybody? Colleges I have unmuted Colleges I have unmuted Please go ahead You can ask your questions Please sit down properly and go to your laptop or your desktop microphone and speak to microphone Hello MIT MIT minutes properly MIT minute I have not heard your voice What is the question? I cannot show you Who wants to ask question? Siddhartha One moment Siddhartha, please go ahead Yes sir What are the best algorithms for writing the permutation and permutation? Best algorithm What do you mean by best algorithm? I mean the best technique for writing the efficient technique for writing the permutation and permutation Tell me what is the problem Let us take NCR Let us say I have to compute NCR The formula for this is what factorial in by factorial N minus r into factorial r Now Can you tell me how will you compute this? I am asking you a question Suppose you have Let me give you a answer Suppose I have factorial N I have a fact of N which computes the factorial of N If I use this function to see any problem with this So clearly I can compute factorial of N by I can say fact of N by N minus r into fact of r What will happen with this? Suppose I give you fact of 500 Can you tell me? I will try running it with this I have a factorial function which computes the factorial of N So what I am doing is I am simply computing fact of N divided by fact of N minus r into fact of r Similarly if I am doing NPR What is NPR? NPR is equal to factorial N by factorial N minus r Suppose I did this What will happen? Have you tried running this on your computer? What happens? I have a fact function Remember this is What is factorial of N equal to? Factorial of N is Fact of N into fact of N into N into N minus 1 into N minus 2 and so on into 1 Correct? So can you tell me what will happen if I did this? on the computer? N into fact of N minus r Yeah doesn't matter N into fact of N minus r Whatever you want to do What will happen? My question to you is If I give large numbers Let's say even 25 What will happen? What will you do? Very quickly Saturate your space In terms of dumpers Okay, so you can't compute it Alright So what you do is You try to simplify NCR can be written as N minus 1 CR minus 1 into N minus 1 plus N minus 1 CR What's the advantage of this? You see any advantage See what is happening is Okay See what is interesting about this formula Versus Here If I look at this formula If I look at this formula And then I compare it With this formula We'll give you a result For large numbers I'm asking you a question Second one, very good Why so? Because it's continuously noticed that If you notice here What is the reason for this is primarily that If I did this computation For example And did the end factorial computation Then what's going to happen It will run out of the space of the numbers But here what it's doing is To smaller problems And solving each one of the smaller problems So what is interesting is that NCR Which into the Space of the number But because of the way you have performed The computation It does not suit you So always it is important for you Whether it is Oops Whether it is NPR, NCR for example Make sure that You have Found Always reduce the problem To something that is tractable And take out the support So for example if I'm looking at NPR It's easier than NCR All that you have to do is you only need to compute Not compute the numerator factorial And denominator factorial Simplify the problem And compute it So this is also quite a bit of Understanding Of whatever problem you are given To Don't think that computer science is simply about Programming and you are done No, you have to spend time On understanding the problem And working out the problem Then There was one more question that was asked So is this clear what we are doing here Basically the fundamental difference Is Writing on paper does not matter But when I am using a computer To solve the problem, I must realize That the computer Has what is called Finite space When you are writing it on paper The precision with which you can compute Anything is in finite But when I am writing it On the Using a computer to do it There is only a finite arithmetic That is possible So what you try to do is Within the finite arithmetic that is possible To develop algorithms Which make the Which will make the program more efficient Or solvable Within the space of the computer There are lots of such examples That you come up with in practice In fact, for example Let me see if I can Give you this Suppose I have To compute the sum of Let's say I want to take The sum of Oops Suppose I want to compute Madam, choose the pen on the top Madam Yeah, you have the pen But I think I did something to it It's not writing Tell me not to press Something he told me not to press I did not know what I should not press Sorry boys, I am girls Writing problem Madam Or should I choose Madam is coming What should I do So let us say I want to take the sum of V to the power of some 0.0 0.0 Plus T to the power of 0.0 What do you think will be the problem What will happen to this number Suppose I want to take exponential Now let us say I write a program What will I use I write e to the power of x Equals 1 plus x squared by 2 factorial And so on Let's say I take some hundred terms Do this approximation And when I take the sum of these Two numbers what will happen Can you tell me It's too small right So what will you have you will get Actually what you will get is If I take this But you know in many problems In machine learning and other things This is the probability values Will be like this very very small Then what you do is You take the algorithms Will say take log of this 1 divided by So 0.0 0.0 And Then You take it to the power Just do a subtraction Of the sum and all kinds of things To make sure Let's say this was minus here I am just giving you an example So when you divide these two What happens is these two numbers Get very close to each other Suppose this was minus 1 This is just to give you an example Then what you do is you take the log of this thing And then you When the ratio becomes small When you convert the sum To a Compute this I don't remember the details of the algorithm There are algorithms for all of this Notice that we take e to the power of this But what am I doing here I am taking e to the power of log of something some difference There is a formula which will tell you e to the power of log of a by b plus Don't remember the formula You can get this on the graph There are algorithms for all of this So this is something that you must remember Whenever for any problem You have to know your domain And that particular domain Find an appropriate algorithm You cannot do it Just see I program it as it is And things will work It will not work It is pretty well known That we cannot do Infinite precision arithmetic Know the precision of the arithmetic of your Problem Develop an algorithm One more Do you want anything I guess we are looking At my notes that I have I want to complete them So what you do for this log addition Is the following Let me just do this What you do is basically We are looking at log of x plus log of I want this Some also in some log of Let us Then what we do is We check if x is less than y Then We compute Whichever is the example If x is less than y Then you take difference of y minus x And then Compute z is equal to Exponential of the difference Which is what we can do This is the algorithm Then you write x of 1 plus z is the value Where you work Alright So this is the answer to This is the value of log z Then I take exponential of z I will get this sum of So what am I doing now Let us go back to the problem that we have I have exponential of Let us say x Exponential of y I convert this to log of x plus log of y Then I get log of z This is a formula Which is well established Available on the web You just precisely what I have Then this will give me If z is equal to x plus log of 1 plus z Then I take the e to the power Because this is log right This is giving me z here So this is log of z I take e to the power of z Once I take e to the power of z I have the sum of this Also in some form Is this clear What I am trying to do Do you understand what I am trying to do So this is how The problem that is given Please try to Simplified first mathematically See if I can compute Given the finite precision Arithmetic that is available On the computer And once it is available Then you go back and encode Because what we want to do is See we do not as far As possible we want to Exploit the precision That is available on the computer You do not want to go to double precision Because if you go to double precision What is happening If you are looking at a real number Which uses 2 words Double precision will make 4 sometimes 8 words So your memory reduces So you want to store as much as possible In the memory And also make meaningful computation So this is something that you must Keep track of With respect to the outcomes Is this clear Any other questions Let us look at the next question Yeah Yeah Tell me what questions Are there any other questions that you have I cannot hear you Siddhartha Please unmute Siddhartha I cannot hear you Can you hear me now I cannot hear you What I will do The next question was What is the simplest thing to do Is a recursion key I will show you how to do this So let us say I have n elements Let us say I want to perform binary search analysis The simplest thing that I will tell you Is the easiest way to do this Is use what is called a recursion tree So What am I doing now I am dividing this into 2 parts Of length Then again I am dividing Into 2 parts Of length 2 2 parts of length 2 And then finally I am dividing Into parts of length 2 Okay So now if you look at it What is it that we are doing Every time we are dividing the array Into 2 parts And we are only So let us say I want to check If number 16 is present In the array So first time what do I do I compared it with 17 here Because that is the middle of the array It is less than 17 So you go to the left of the array Now again what do I do Then what am I doing now I am dividing again into 2 parts Then I am looking at Only these 4 elements because 16 is less than 17 I am looking at 3, 8, 15 and 17 Again I divide this array into 2 parts Now what is it that we have It is greater than the middle value Therefore it has to be present in this part So now I compare Only I am looking at 15 and 17 Now again I divided Into 2 parts There is greater than 15 Then I check whether it is equal to the 7 and Or not, it is not You see the array is not present So how many comparisons did we make Initially we compared 1 here 1 comparison here 2 comparisons here Finally a 4th comparison So now Suppose the array became 16 sites Then what will happen I will just have 1 more Suppose the array was a size 16 Instead of Then that means suppose the array was size 16 Suppose the array was a size 16 Then what will happen Is it would have just Increased For example 1 to This I would have had 1 more comparison And the rest of it Again let us say I am looking at the number 16 So I would have divided into 2 parts again 8 elements each So what is So when you look at it for example Even though the Array became double the size I have only 1 more comparison So you can keep doing this If I look at 32 for example If the number of elements was 32 Then I would have 1 more comparison So basically When you start realizing that actually There is a relationship between This And it becomes log of n to the base 2 plus 1 Easy total number Of comparison Let us go back to this problem here What did we do here We had 8 elements So 8 is the total number of elements Then what did we do we divided into 2 parts Then you compared with 1 part Then again divided into 2 parts You compared with 1 part Again divided into 2 parts and compared with 1 So if you look at it here 1 comparison here Another comparison here Third comparison here 4th comparison Okay So when you look at it there are 8 elements But power is not there Power is not there Any other weird question answer Paniyacha No no The complexity and How you call We write it Select it So now this is what I just wanted to tell you Man that is Man Yeah a small request To Mr. Dan and Jean Sir now a new feature had come in that What's actually happening is If the speaker does not respond For a second or so The audio gets muted Again when you start speaking The audio fades So you understood what I was taking suppose If I am taking a class I say hello students Now let me explain What I have done now is I have formally written Can you hear me Yes ma'am So now if you notice I have given a form Of forming the same analysis So if I look at t of n Then we find that area is Divided by 2 T of n let's say is the complexity Of this Then what I will do is I can write t of n as equal to T of n by 2 because In binary search we are dividing the area by 2 Plus some constant We assume that multiplication Division addition Subtraction Some constant amount Okay Then this is the Recurrence equation Recurrence equation So the Recurrence equation says Initially the area size is n Then The cost of computing The time complexity of the algorithm Is equal to the cost Of computing the time complexity Of the algorithm Where the area size is divided by 2 Because I have made one comparison With the middle level And the comparison is going to cost you some c That's the meaning of this So let's take this example The cost Comparing with the middle level This is the cost Then we are making the area half That is the T of n Now T of n what are we doing We are again dividing the area by 2 And the complexity of the comparison With the element is what order is Next what we do We want to do The array of size 2 I am dividing into 2 parts Of size 1 And the comparison order 1 And then finally T of And it is only one element That I am comparing Therefore time complexity is ordering If I look at the total time here These are the 4 sums that I have taken This is order 1 This is how you compute Time complexity Now what we want to do is Because the array size is n We need to relate the total number Of comparisons that we have made The size of the array There are 2 kinds of size One is size of the input When you do complexity analysis This is based on the Size of the input And what is the size of the input here In binary search The size of the array Similarly Let me do one Suppose I am doing Sorting Let's take a simple example Of selections So let's say I have Selection sort The array of size n is being sorted Then what do I do in the sorting algorithm I am ignoring all the Variables Program won't come time For j going from i plus 1 What do we do Selection sort is essentially this What do I do? I start with this element I compare with All the elements Then what am I going to do I am going to move The smallest element to the beginning Of the array Then next what do I do I can't start from here So what do I have now Let's say I have 5, 4 and 6 Now again I compare this With all the elements 4 is smaller than 5 Therefore I will move here 4 and 5 5 and 6 are in the correct order So what I do is I first define Let's say this is the array of 5 A of 0 A of 1 A of 2 And A of 3 So what am I doing now I am setting There are online there So let's go back to this So what we do is We set the small element to A of 1 A is equal to i plus 1 j less than m I check if A of j Is less than Small Because less than small Then I initialize a variable called Long Which is equal to j So I just repeat this Can you hear me Can you hear me Once this is done At the end of this one Execution of this loop I am going to have the location of the Smallest element in the array Then next what I will do is I will simply Exchange A of i With A of long Let's look at this problem over here So I go through the I have the smallest element 5 Then I go from j equal to i Plus 1 to m Among these which is the smallest element 3 is the smallest element Where is its location at 1 Therefore j will give me the value of 1 Then what do I do I simply exchange The values of this So what am I going to do I am going to put 10 is equal to A of i A of i A of block A of block So that is the outer loop So notice I wanted to Let's look at the time complexity of this If I look at the time complexity of this i equal to 0 There is an assigned meter Cost is order 1 There is a test here This cost is constant Order 1 All constant time operations Are written as order 1 Then when I am looking At time complexity It is order 1, order 1, order 1 And what we are saying is This is like a sequence Of 3 programs and assigning The value of i I am comparing the value of i And I am incrementing the value of i Therefore this statement Is going to take max Of order 1 Comma, order 1, comma So what is that now They are not order 1 Therefore this takes order 1 Now here I am assigning This is also order 1 Here this assignment For example testing comparison This is also order 1 This comparison is also order 1 And this is also order 1 And Now exchanging In the outer loop That comes into the outer loop So this is in the previous loop Now if you look at it If you look at this comparison Over here this is order 1 This is order 1 This is order 1 There is again a sequence of steps Maximum of all of this is also order 1 But this is getting executed In times So we call this product of programs So what we are looking at is We have two situations A program segment can be made up of The sum of p1 plus p2 Or a program segment Is made up of p1 into p2 So this is called the sum rule In the sum rule We take max Of the time complexities of order Of p1 And Order of p2 Whatever order of the One We call this the sum rule When do we apply the product rule We apply the product rule We apply the product rule For example Here this is whole thing So you can apply the sum rule here Order 1, order 1, order 1 Because they are all one after the other Sum of two programs In sequence Therefore this whole thing This whole loop Execution of this loop is going to cost Order 1 But this loop is likely to be executed In times Of two programs So product of two programs If this has a time complexity Of order of f of n And this has A time complexity of Order of p2 has Order of g of n Then the time complexity Of Are you able to see the screen Colleges Time complexity of product of programs For example if p1 Ran in Order of f of n And p2 Ran in order of g of n Then one loop within the Other If I have for something And I have This p2 here and this is p1 here Then the time complexity Becomes order of f of n So this is called the product Rule p1 One program Within another program Because the for loop is one program And within the for loop you have another program You apply what is called The product So once you use these two rules Most of the things must be very clear There are Other kinds of time Complexity The size of the input sometimes For example when you are working with In number theory for example if you are looking At prime class 1643 for example When you look at time complexity You look at the number of digits In that is what Log of the To write this number for example How many positions to write If it is a four digit number The number is very large 1643 That is only four digits long So if you take the log of this This will be about four So we talk about in such a case The size as The log of 10 You can take base 2 or 10 doesn't matter Because it's only a constant that Distinguishes between the two of them So number theory problems Like factorial Prime classification These are all Beyond the scope of this particular course Time complexity for all these Is very very high Because When you are talking about The Value of N here The value of N can be very very large And notice that for When we talk about In terms of log complexity It should take how many Times you write with the pen The given number So that's because Beyond the scope of this particular course Madam, MIT has a question madam Okay, yes, please They sent us a message Saying when do we use Double pointer function Double pointer function W linked list What do you mean by double pointer Are you looking at something What do you mean By double pointer Are you looking at In star star A Can you please explain What the question is Or are you looking at A node with two links Forward Pointer and a backward pointer They are trying to speak But I think their microphone I don't know if they have a problem Please type in the message Please type the question Madam, they have typed the question I think you are able to see that What do you mean by function pointer here What is the func of Func 0 Is that a variable or what They are typing again And you have double pointers to the function Are you sure of this I see what you mean See basically saying that I have in star star Function of Some This is what you mean So can you tell me what this What is the meaning of the star star here Can you tell me what star star means there What is it returning It is returning a pointer To a two dimensional array Are you with me on this Are you with me on this Since your audio is not heard Please keep typing your messages This is a pointer Example Let me give you maybe Try to give you an example Int main This takes as argument Int Rgc Comma Cat Star star Rgb What is the meaning of this Can you tell me what is the meaning of that argument Which is being passed What this means is the following Have you Written C programs with command line Arguments If you have already written C programs With command line arguments What this means is let us say I am saying sort Let me write this back Suppose I am saying The program is sort Let's say I am running it in Linux That's large sort I am giving one argument Let me say A string here Which I am sorting Let me say A F I am parsing I am giving a file in which I want to write Let us say File dot So let's say this is what I want to sort So what am I giving Notice that this cat star Rgb means what This name of the program Is a string The argument to the program is another string And argument output From the program is also a string Therefore cat star star Rgb Consists of three elements First element corresponds to the name of the program Second element The first argument to program The third element which is also a string Corresponding to the third argument To the program So this Rgb means It is a set of Character strings So that's what I meant when I said It is a two dimensional Array Rgb of 0 In this example Is the variable sort Rgb Oops Bbf And Rgb Of 2 Is file dot Out So basically star star means A two dimensional array Are you with me on this Is this understood I think Are there any other questions that you have Colleges please Please raise your hand so that again Unmute your microphones please PPP Siddhartha do you have any question One moment PPP Siddhartha is just Unmute your microphones Please go ahead Siddhartha please go ahead No questions sir Okay Alright This should complexity analysis now Perform Siddhartha Rgb set whatever Rgb set I have seen you Waiting to ask a question You can raise your hand Unmute your microphones Are there any other questions Madam Rgb set seems to be Having a question one moment please Please go ahead I am pretty late sir What is the putting pattern for Data structures and programming I cannot give you this detail It will be very similar to Your assignments It is not going to be very different For the data structures part We will give you some kind of data structure Which is already implemented And using the abstract data type How to solve problems I think you already done the examples Of this kind on the assignments Okay Abstract data type based programming So something is designed and given to you Why is this so important This is the precursor for What is called object oriented programming What did you learn in object oriented programming In your courses you would have said Encapsulation Right Data hiding, polymorphism And all that stuff Most important thing is encapsulation What are you saying you have to hide everything Hide all the data What is the importance of something like this The implementation Of the data structures is hidden From the user of the program When you use static template libraries In C++ Or in Java you do not know how a vector Is implemented You use a vector Integer for example If I say int A Do I know how the integer Data type is implemented In C you will not know about it That is also object oriented And if you are looking at Let me give you an example again Do any of you have a question please I am not able to I am not able to go to the Sit at the speaker Into the microphone I think I have seen as a notepad here Notepad is gone How do I fix this One moment Notepad is gone I only have Google Chrome And Skype and other things One moment Notepad is gone What was I talking about I have lost that One moment I do not have the Earlier stuff to do that I seem to have What were we discussing some time back Are there any other questions I was talking about the use of Now I can share this Untitled notepad What did you do When it up something Notepad I did not get that Menu to write I will tell you I will not tell you I will tell you Ok Indus John What was I talking about I was talking about the importance of Object oriented patient Now let us say I give you 4 is equal to 4.5 plus 6 In one case In another case I say y is equal to 3 plus 6 If you notice here The same plus operation Works with this and also works with this So do you know how it is implemented You do not know how it is implemented Right So that is the whole purpose of Object orientation and ADTs Are a way of doing it There are standard Data types which are there Which is your integer Note bool and so on Whereas user defined Data types Are For example Stats queues what we learnt in class And so on trees Etc Now when you are looking at abstract Data types for example Now if you notice the static template libraries That you have in C++ And Java for example And they have a queue They have a vector Double ended queue And so on Data Many things are already available So they are also becoming part of the Basic data types And the whole purpose of abstract data types Is that you can define your own data types You can separate the Implementation And the definition The definition can give you what are called How you are going to communicate with the outside world And the Implementation You can choose whatever is best at that time That you know Then as you go along for example Initially maybe I wrote a very Inefficient algorithm Then as I went along I realized that I can do a much better Make a more efficient algorithm So you can do all kinds of things Of that kind When you are When you separate the Implementation And it is not going to go Yes madam Yes and we can close Okay fine Thank you very much


Yeah, question to get us back into the swing of it. The one thing I saw on your blog was the talking about FinTechs and especially startups. And the question is, should entrepreneurs be focusing more on collaborating with the established players, or should they be going for the dream of disruption and trying to do the entire process on their own? What advice would you almost give to new entrepreneurs coming into this FinTech space? So I think you raised a valid point about how FinTech entrepreneurs should position themselves. I think it's also well documented that over the last few years, there has been a trend from disrupting and moving towards collaboration. I think the trend is well documented, so I won't go into that. I think whether you choose one or the other depends really on the business model and the specific offering that you're bringing to the market. There may be offerings that are a specific component of the value chain, where then collaboration is perhaps the quickest route to market. Because obviously without the other parts of the value change, it will be quite difficult to monetize that part of the value chain on which you are innovating. I mean, I think to be perfectly honest, I think the biggest challenge is not that FinTech innovators want to collaborate with incumbents. I think the challenges of incumbents may not be fully ready to collaborate with the FinTech innovators. And I think that's where my suggestions to the incumbents about, well, think about what's your infrastructure.  Well, I mean, this is one of the things that I think the data scientists are getting a little bit annoyed with is they're going through the big data and they're finding some interesting correlations. For example, the one thing that they discovered was that lapse rate was connected to the premium policy date as well as when that person earned their salary. You can imagine, if someone gets their salary and then it's their premium date, it's going to, I think we've got Kiara back on the line. Fantastic, good to have her back. But yeah, the idea was that the lapse rate was connected to the premium start date and connected to when that person received their money. If the person received their money and then they had to pay it right after, they were less likely to lapse. Whereas if they received their salary and the time to pay the premium was like 28 days later, they didn't have any more money at the end of the month, then the lapse rate was a lot higher. And so they thought, you know what? We found this great opportunity to improve on the business, reduce lapse rates and make money. The problem was is that the big insurers were like, this is great and all, but we actually can't really easily make a change to our product where we now start asking people when their salaries are and move the premium payment date because some of their legacy systems had anchored them to always make the payment on let's say the first of the month, irregardless of when the date is suggested. So it's one of the interesting things is sometimes we can find some amazing discoveries, but the legacy systems aren't flexible enough to allow us to actually reap those benefits. So it's, I don't know, in your opinion, do you think this is maybe one of the big reasons why especially the large corporates need to do data transformation and, you know, embrace digital systems and the new ones as soon as possible so that they can get these competitive advantages? I'm not entirely sure. I mean, I think the scenario you describe is a good one in the sense that it reminds me about one of the strengths of the insurance industry. So the insurance industry has been very good at optimizing and what I mean by optimizing is making small changes that can have a value to the business. Perhaps this one is perhaps one that is overly complicated because of the legacy systems and it's therefore not a possibility. But so I think the wider point here is that the challenge that the industry might be facing is that it's running out of all the opportunities for these small changes. And then once you run out of those small changes, then you have them to think about the bigger changes like more significant data transformation or a serious look at the legacy systems.


Top Tips for Teaching English in Latin America Whether you are a newly qualified teacher, or are simply looking to move on to a new country after teaching for some time, it is important to research the requirements for English teachers in your chosen destination. Finding out what qualifications are needed, whether you need a visa before arriving etc. in advance, will help you to create a successful plan and avoid disappointment farther down the road. This article looks at the requirements needed for teaching in Latin America. Latin America is a good destination if you don't have a degree. With regard to qualifications, the majority of countries in the region will require at least a TEFL certificate. While preferred a degree is not always necessary in most Latin American countries, making it a great destination for those who have not completed a university degree. Most countries in the region have similar visa requirements. Visa requirements differ little between countries, and in most cases you can enter a country and look for work on a tourist visa, before arranging the appropriate visa for working. Keep in mind that requirements for any country are always subject to change, and that you should always contact your local consulate for the most up-to-date information before making your plans. Opportunities exist for non-native speakers. Although native speakers tend to be preferred in jobs advertised online, fluent non-native English speakers should be able to find work in the region, especially if you are able to apply in person. Employers tend to cut down on the large number of email applications they receive, by dismissing any from non-native speakers. If you are able to apply in person, you stand a much better chance of securing a position. Prior teaching experience is not essential. With regard to teaching experience as with many places around the world, prior teaching experience is not a necessity for getting a job in Latin America. Any experience you can get will be an advantage, but on the whole it is not a prerequisite to being given a job. You do not need to know the local language to teach English. As with most Tefal positions, employers in Latin America do not expect teachers to speak the native language, and while knowledge of Portuguese is an advantage in Brazil, it is not essential. Are you ready to teach English in Latin America? Thanks so much for watching. We are ITTT, the leading provider for Tefal and TESOL training courses. If you liked this video, please subscribe by clicking that button down here and click on any of the videos here on the left for more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.


Hey fellow reading warriors and welcome to today's video Today is going to be the day that I pack up my books for when we move So it is Tuesday and we are moving on Sunday to our new apartment. I've decided that I'm just gonna do the packing up the books and unpacking all in one video and I will definitely be Reorganizing myself my shelves so that they're very different from what they are now. Oh, yeah, there's it too much to say Other than I hope you enjoy the video subscribe if you haven't already. I post videos every Thursday Like this video give it a thumbs up if you I don't know if you like the video But otherwise comment down below if you have any like tips for moving books I know that this is moving season for a lot of people and everyone's always curious about How to move their books safely. I don't really have any tips I just kind of put my books in a small box Yeah, I just put my books in small boxes and I hope and pray for the best So there isn't too much But I hope you enjoy this little montage of me packing up and then unpacking re-organizing myself And now my shelves are empty. I still need for this coming week, but also for our trip to Michigan on month-long trip in Michigan Except for those all my books are packed and they're ready to be moved on Sunday Yeah, I'll just do a quick empty view of the shelves and then we will just go ahead and skip on to When I am unpacking and organizing these shelves again in our new place As you can see I've started unboxing some books. Those are my husband's books. I am putting them On top of the little shelf where he can have his own space But not like in my shelf It's really late at night and once I finish this I'm gonna go to bed, but I am really Really excited. We love our new place. I'll enjoy a montage of me putting the books on my shelf and organizing them They still need to be rearranged To how I want them organized, but they're all on the shelf. I can take down all the boxes I don't think I'll spend a lot of time rearranging them because I want to go to bed And then we leave for Michigan early in the morning. So it honestly rearranging them full-blown Might be something that comes in September when we come back I've already taken off the books that I will be taking with me to Michigan. So we're missing I think like five books From here, but as you can see I've got lots of like Big spaces which is really nice taking my husband's book off the shelf and putting them on top of the shelf has been really good and giving me space which is great because Big haul coming up in September So stay tuned for that if you want to stay tuned for that You can always hit the subscribe button and hit the bell so that you're notified when I upload that video in September Just know that they are not Organized yet, and I still have a lot of rearranging to do and getting rid of spaces But also like moving spaces and whatnot. So yeah, also, this is not the angle. I will be filming at my My film stand broke and I have a new one slash. I'm getting my new one tomorrow But it's not tomorrow. So I don't have it. But yeah, I did it Thank you all so much for watching give the video a thumbs up if you liked it and comment down below How you organize your shelves what you like to do by height rainbow author genre. I like to do it by genre So they're vaguely in genre, but now I need to put like with like and things that just vibe together together um But yeah, like I said subscribe if you're new to my channel hit the bell so that you're notified when I post every Thursday Good video like comment down below love to hear and chat with you guys and until I see you all in the next video I wish you a happy reading


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Hi, I'm Andrew Connell and I'm excited to share some of the details on my first course that I'm working on, the SharePoint Framework with you. What is the SharePoint Framework? Well, in May of 2016, Microsoft announced a new development model for SharePoint. This new model is very different, dare I say radically different, from the old ways of extending and customizing SharePoint that we used to do in the past. Remember that whole .NET server-side approach? Yeah, bye-bye. Microsoft chose a very different development model, from what traditional SharePoint developers are probably used to. But it's not really a new model, it's actually very popular in the web development world outside of the traditional Microsoft crowd. So in this course, you'll learn the basics of how to get started with the SharePoint Framework and progress up to mastering the SharePoint Framework. As Microsoft updates the SharePoint Framework with more features and capabilities, I will update this course with the newest features and capabilities because this is an evergreen course. How is it organized? Well, to cover everything, this course is going to inevitably be quite long. And I know that different people will be looking at different levels of information. So I'm just one at introduction, other ones want a deep understanding and know everything how it works, soup to nuts. So to help you choose your path of knowledge, I'm organizing this course into three different bundles. The starter bundle is the first bundle, and it's just going to have a few chapters in it. One chapter will explain this course, how to get the best value from it and what's covered in the rest of it. The other two chapters will explain what the SharePoint Framework is, why Microsoft created this new development model, and how you get your development model set up so that you can start building things. Best part? This bundle is free. Think of it as a try before you buy. You get to take a mini course to learn if this course is what you're looking for and to check out my style for the rest of the course. The fundamentals bundle is the second bundle, and it's the next step, and I'll have the more chapters in it than the starter bundle did. In this bundle, you'll learn the fundamentals of developing with the SharePoint Framework. Things like building client-side web parts and property panes, debugging techniques, how to use frameworks like jQuery or Knockout or React and Angular or ViewJS. How to style your customizations with the Office UI fabric and calling services like the SharePoint and Microsoft Graph Rest APIs to get external data. How to package and deploy your customizations. That's just a sample of what's going to be covered in the fundamentals bundle. Now the ultimate bundle is the third bundle, and it's got the best value packed with the most content and learning resources available to you. It includes everything available in the other bundles, but it includes additional content for enterprise developers like automated testing, how to work together as a team, adding continuous integration and deployment into your process, creating reusable and shared libraries, as well as lessons on how you can customize your developer environment and build tool chain with additional tools. But the part I'm most excited about is that subscribers to the ultimate bundle will also get access to private Git source code repositories that include all the projects and demos and all the lessons, access to subscribers only forum to ask questions and discuss your projects, as well as the opportunity to meet with me during regularly scheduled virtual office hours and with other experts that I invite in. When can you get access to the course? Well, I'm working on it right now. And as techniques change and versions are updated, Microsoft is going to make updates to the SharePoint framework. And so I'll keep adding lessons and new chapters to the course. But you don't have to wait until the whole thing is complete because instead I plan to have regular drops that includes new chapters and lessons that are going to be delivered to you as they're completed. So how can you get access to it? The best way is to sign up for my mailing list because subscribers that list will be the first to learn when new contents available.  Hey, thanks for taking the time to watch this brief overview on my SharePoint framework course. I hope you all sign up for the mailing list so that you can stay in touch with me and up to date on this course and other ones that I'm going to work on down the line.