Hi everyone. Welcome to the presentation about the paper Universal Composition with Global Subroutines, Capturing Global Setup within Plain UC. My name is Christian and this is joint work with Rangarnetti, Julia Hesse, Björn Tagmann and Vasily Stikas. This paper appears at the Theory of Cryptography Conference 2020 and this is the presentation for this paper. The paper is about two major concepts, improbable security. On one hand we will talk about composable security and on the other hand we will talk about global subroutines or global setup. Let me start with the first concept on this, namely global setup. Roughly speaking a global setup is a setup that your protocol assumes is available, but you must assume that this setup is not just there for you, there might be other protocols accessing it and modifying its date. Let's consider a first example, global blockchain. Assume you're designing a payment channel protocol and you use which enables a lot of off-change transactions, but eventually you settle or you close the channel and send transaction to a settlement layer to, for example, the Bitcoin blockchain. At the same time someone might be playing poker and pay out rewards also via the Bitcoin blockchain and in the future maybe other protocols join, for example, fair exchange of digital goods or implementing atomic swaps. And all of them they access the same Bitcoin blockchain and those transactions end up on the same chain, so these data coexist or a bit more technically speaking all these protocol sessions, they actually share a certain state among each other. A second prominent example is the use of PKI of a public key infrastructure. In this simple example a public key infrastructure is seen as the binding between an identity and public keys, which then could be used in a secure mail program as follows. If you want to send an email you encrypt it with the public key of the recipient that you look up in the PKI repository or if you receive an email you want to verify a signature for which you need the public verification key of the sender. Of course other programs might exist and your keys are seen by anyone if you use a publicly available PKI and hence also this PKI must be considered a global setup or a global subroutine that you invoke, but other protocol sessions might invoke the very same PKI infrastructure. The second important concept here is composable security. In composable security we are roughly speaking compared to worlds. The protocol is executed, there we model the real world network, we have an adversary that attacks, that corrupts parties, etc. We compare this to an ideal world that formalizes the task that the protocol should achieve in an idealized manner, for example using specifying it as an ideal functionality. The ideal functionality might say that you take the inputs of all parties and then you compute the function of it and you output this result to all parties again. However it's also important that in the ideal world and its ideal functionality you also specify what the adversary can at most learn about, for example, the party's inputs. You could specify that the adversary does not learn anything about the party's inputs, which gives a feeling of security just by looking at ideal functionality. Intuitively if no environment can tell the difference between the real world and its idealized version, then obviously this protocol must be secure. Intuitively why this is composable is also because you can also plug in this construction in another protocol and also this protocol obviously cannot see a difference because here we quantify over all environments. Let's be a bit more precise in terms of a UC statement and see here the structure of such a statement. So we have the environment on the left, that it interacts, it spawns one protocol session Pi, we have an adversary interfering with the protocol execution and in this example we assume that the protocol works in the presence of a common reference string, a CRS. CRS is typically used when you must assume the existence of a public infrastructure or in the blockchain setting you must have access to a Genesis block. The important thing here is that in standard UC the CRS is local to your protocol session. This means the environment and hence also no external protocol can access it, read it or even influence it. In the ideal world as I said before we have the ideal functionality and we have an ideal world attacker, which we call the simulator so it's a simulation based security framework. What we require is that we might see here immediately that there might be no chance that Pi and F, they exactly look the same, right? F is idealized, Pi sends a lot of messages. In order to make the transcripts indistinguishable we allow that the simulator can correct those differences. The security notion is that a protocol Pi securely realizes F. If for any real world attacker there is a simulator that simulates all these actions of the real world such that the two views, the two transcripts are just indistinguishable. Put differently this means that any real world attack can be translated to an attack in the ideal world but the ideal world as we know is secured by definition hence there can be no attack against the protocol either. Reflecting will be more in these standard UC statements. I said before that the CRS is local to the protocol session and this also makes the simulation task easier. Why? Because the simulator could lie to the environment in the sense that it could create an indistinguishable version of the CRS but some CRS with a backdoor inside. We know all these tricks in the Compulsive Security literature that are related to programming a certain setup assumption or for example the random oracle. You can only program the random oracle if it's also local to your session. In order to get closer or to close the gap between that in reality the CRS is shared with everyone and in the model as we have seen so far the CRS can be considered local and the simulator can apply some tricks. In order to close this gap to have a model that is closer to reality, Nathya Dal at TCC 2007 introduced a framework called externalized UC and global UC. In a nutshell, the externalized UC would now allow access to the CRS by the environment and hence also by any other protocol that is running in the world. The notion then is similar, you must be indistinguishable from an ideal world but here the task of simulating becomes substantially harder. As you see here the simulator must cope with the CRS. As is, he cannot program it, the CRS might even pre-exist before the protocol session even started. So the challenge of a GUC statement or a UC statement is that the simulation in general needs to deal with the setup as it's defined and he cannot implant anything a priori and even worse this global subroutine might be influenced by the environment directly and its state might be changing which is not under the control of the simulator. So you might ask isn't GUC therefore already here and as our work reveals there are some subtleties in the definition of the GUC framework. So in a nutshell GUC defines that besides the challenge session Pi other machines can be created. So other machines can coexist that they might try to interfere with the challenge session or its subroutines and what we saw is that if the environment is really unconstrained in such a strong manner then it's hard to prove security of protocols. For example consider a simplified ideal world where the environment interacts with an ideal functionality and now consider the following in GUC that could just spawn another protocol Pi with the same session ID and presumably there is no interference between F and Pi if F is defined nicely as is typically the case but now we switch to the real world and we instantiate F with the protocol Pi then by doing the very same thing as before there might be interference now in particular this session already exists now and it's simply not clear what would happen there might be interference the environment might realize that only one session is running and not two so this is all a bit undefined and this 30 trick has basically many phases so there are a lot of these steps where things are a bit unclear which could lead or which overly to distinguishing attacks and those distinguishing attacks more importantly they have nothing to do with the protocol it's just these are modeling attacks without a real world analog on so to speak a further complication is that while GUC is defined as a new model on top of UC and while UC progressed considerably GUC would actually have to be made up to speed otherwise this mismatch between the two models becomes too big they're not maintained at the same speed and so this causes some mismatch and as I said before the not all definitions in the GUC framework do actually define exactly how the machines are created so governing aspects like the identities of protocols and so on this is all a bit left aside and so it's actually the expectation that UC would actually give us all this information and so that kind of asks for whether there is a better way to do it closer to UC externalized UC on the other hand is a bit simpler so in some sense as you saw before in UC the environment yeah it can spawn only once protocol session and there is one dedicated machine via which you share state with the world it has similar complications because it lives as a subset of as it is a subset of GUC it has a bit of the similar problems there is a theorem that also establishes that when you prove something secure in UC then this implies GUC security of certain form intuitively this would amount to show that for this class of protocols at least the GUC environment all actions of a GUC environment can actually be replicated by an EUC distinguishing environment and this seems also to be a bit hard without further assumptions that are not yet stated in that theorem for example in GUC you can spawn machines that you then can corrupt which can interact with the protocol however those machines do not even exist in EUC because in EUC you can only spawn the test session and so it's not clear what happens to the corruption what happens to corruption how would you represent corrupted identities in this model so I'm sure this can be done but a nicer way would be to answer the following question which would get rid of all these issues namely whether it's possible to model global behavior already in standard UC in order to work in the same formalism then we don't have to invent new big concepts we can just work along the lines of EUC and inherit all basic definitions that this framework already gives us and the answer is yes we can do that and the answer is our paper and the first attempt to approach this would be to say well if we are aiming at a security notion at the composable notion that so we have pi and f and they access the global subroutine why don't we just consider this as one protocol so we merge G we see G as a protocol on its own that is called by pi so we just put both in parallel and say this is a protocol that gives you access to pi and gives you access to G and then realizing in the presence of a global subroutine the amount of saying well P with this, pi with this G UC realizes f with this G in parallel however one shortcoming here is that we tie together pi and G very strictly which means we cannot kind of spawn new global subroutines without necessarily spawning also protocol machines pi so it does not really handle the dynamic creation of sessions of independent or almost independent session the protocol and the global subroutine they are stuck together which is however fine if you work in frameworks that have a more static way of interacting that's fixed a set of machines that exist and also fix the ports or interfaces via which they can communicate so for them such a composition merging operation might already solve the problem however in UC the spirit of UC is that machines can be dynamically created the identities need not be fixed you could determine the identity on the fly and then spawn such a new machine and address it in such a dynamic fashion and for this this solution will be too strict so we have to follow another approach and this is what we then figured out what we can do is the following we can create, design a standard UC protocol that we call the management protocol that ensures that we can create many sessions of the global subroutine and that environment has access to these global subroutines and we can design it in such a generic and oblivious way that it's a simple and overlay structure that doesn't change any behavior but it simply allows access by any protocol to the global subroutine it's probably easiest to think of this as a transformation take the protocol Pi as defined which presumably makes subroutine calls to a global subroutine G and then our management protocol is a transformation that converts this setting into a standard UC protocol such that the environment can via Mew the management protocol access Pi and create instance of Pi and as well create instances of G overall the behavior that we have from before is not changed, we just changed who can access and who can spawn machines overall this is an oblivious overlay of the protocol that we try to analyze there is some freedom in designing this management protocol the management protocol in the first or the major, the most important thing about management protocol is that it's a conceptual piece it conceptually shows you how to unify two things and still have them in some sense decoupled in our paper we give one concrete instantiation of such a management protocol but we might consider also giving alternative version so the important thing is that it's conceptually a reasonable protocol or a conceptually reasonable approach that it works so the apology of a UCGS statement universal composition with global subroutines they look now like this we still have the environment and it can access Pi and G but it does so through this management protocol and on the right hand side we have the ideal world where again the environment accesses F and G also through the management protocol and if both worlds are indistinguishable following analogously the notation and the phrasing of Senate UC Pi realizes F in the presence of global subroutine G if those worlds are indistinguishable so in the remainder of this talk I would very briefly discuss some technical aspects or technical terms that you will find in the paper I would also like to mention the main theorem and illustrate how it could be applied so in order to have our theorems sound we need some technical precondition about global subroutine the first thing which is also quite natural is that we would like that the global subroutine interacts with the rest of the world only through its top level machines and that there is no interference with the challenge protocol for example G and Pi don't share behind the scenes a common subroutine and that G only provides outputs to machines it knows such that it doesn't decide on its own to spawn new sessions we call this regularity regularity is not just kind of a natural thing it's also used currently in the vast majority of the externalized and global UC literature for example registration commands to global setups are quite prominent for example in the global lecture or global clock setting parties need to register to this setup in order to request the services regarding regularity I just note in passing that an interesting future work could be to find out whether regularity is indeed necessary we know it's sufficient the way we define it in paper but is it also necessary that's still no question the second major concept in UC that many of you might be familiar with is subroutine respecting so if you look at the global view of different protocols executing you will see that subroutine respecting actually implies that the only allow communication between two sessions is via the top level machines top level machines of a protocol they act as the interface to the rest of the world and all subroutines of this session they are in this bubble of the session we need to relax this a little bit so we say that the interaction as before is allowed but on top of that both sessions can also invoke top level instances or top level machines of a global subroutine and this is where those sessions they could start sharing a state or even there is information flow from one session to the next coupled with regularity this gives actually a very structured machine interaction which helps us improving the composition theorem but also it assists when you design protocols in having a clean dynamics which helps in the security proofs so the main theorem of the paper is the composition theorem which in its general form means that for any context protocol which also is allowed to access the global subroutine invocations of f can be replaced by its implementation pi if pi realizes f in the presence of global subroutine g in the ucgs sense so how we go about to prove this so per instance of this challenge protocol inside raw we actually first insert the management protocol without changing the behavior since mu the management protocol is a standard uc protocol we can now invoke the uc theorem as is in a black box way once we have done that we can remove this oblivious overlay structure that the management protocol gives us and this results in having applied the composition operation that's how the proof roughly works and why it works is roughly speaking because of the following if you have proven the precondition if pi realizes f in the presence of a global subroutine the management protocol kind of formalized the most permissive context so any protocol raw or the environment but then uses or access g in a at most so or in a at least restricted sense so this means what we have proven with management is kind of the most generous version and any context protocol obviously is less generous and and formulating or defining this would be outside the scope of this presentation but it relates to the concept of uc compliance which we also define in our paper how would you now use this composition theorem connecting to an example in the beginning of this talk you would have for example a secure mail program that you prove secure in the sense that it realizes an ideal functionality in the presence of a global pki and now you would have a context protocol where parties happily using this functionality so now you can say well take the first thing as precondition and then apply the ucgs theorem and this means that we can start using the ideal functionalities by the protocol that realizes it and overall we get the same security level when everybody is using the protocol and not the idealization of it which is exactly what we wanted to do this brings me to the conclusion of this talk so what did we do we introduced a uc protocol called the management protocol and this management protocol allows to model global access to setups but within while working in standard uc it comes with a composition theorem the ucgs theorem and shows you how to replace protocols in the presence of a global setup and I would like to take the chance to advertise a follow up work we are doing so so far we have focused the attention on replacing a protocol by its idealization in the presence of one specific global setup however there is a very tricky connected question to this if you pay attention to the or if you focus now your attention to the global setup an interesting question is whether you can replace this global setup by the protocol implementing it and preserving all security statements you have done before this is actually a very tricky question and it does not always go through and our follow up work gives you the conditions under which such a replacement of the global subroutine is sound and we also show examples when it is not sound in this sense stay tuned thanks for watching thanks for your attention and see you at the conference thank you


Virtually every problem we will encounter out there in the world can ultimately be traced back to a socio-cultural one. If you dig far enough into the water crisis, environmental degradation, inequality, or cybersecurity, you will find that it is not really about lack of water, lack of land, lack of money, or computer code as it may appear. It is really about people and how they see the world, how our thinking constrains us to a certain subset of solutions. All of these systems that we might be interested in changing are created by us, and ultimately every problem can be traced back to the human condition. No matter how big and bad all these systems may appear, this is ultimately about us and how we choose to build our world. In this respect, one of the biggest mistakes we make is getting too focused on the technical dimension of a system and forgetting about people. We think that cybersecurity is all about code and computers, and we forget there are real people with interests and motives behind those computers. We think that transport is about cars and roads, when really it is a socio-technical system. We think that food is about farms, tractors, and produce, when really it is a socio-ecological system.  By adopting an analytical approach, we try to shift everything into the technical realm. We try to do away with the humans in the system, and we do this by moving them into the technical realm by assuming that they are rational. This blind spot creates a huge new space for innovation and potential for systems change, but as always, before we can use it, we have to understand the system we are dealing with, and this requires some form of stakeholder analysis, which simply means understanding the people in the system. We have to understand how the culture and social structure of an organization works to understand its potential for change. Assuming things about people is one of the most likely places we can stumble in our endeavors. As always, naivety does not help. Systems analysis is about a critical detailed assessment of what exists, not about how we might like it to be. Assessing people and the motives in an objective light is sometimes the hardest thing to do. We are prone to have preconceptions that people are generally good or generally bad, with those preconceptions shaping our assumptions, which go unquestionably factored into our understanding of the system we are dealing with. But we need to try and get beyond this through a critical assessment. Stakeholder analysis is the process of mapping out the different individuals and organizations that have a stake of interest in a given project or system. This information is typically used to assess how the interests of those stakeholders should be addressed. Stakeholder mapping is the process of mapping out these various stakeholders through the use of some model. However, most of the traditional stakeholder analysis focuses on looking at the individual actors within the model and assuming a degree of rationality in their behavior. We assume that people make decisions in some way rationally and independently, which is often not the case. We typically think that it is the parts that create the system. We go into an organization and we look at the particularities of the members of the organization and we think if they are good people, we will get good outcomes. When we hear about a politician or CEO involved in some scandal, we say, what a terrible person. But what we often fail to see is the invisible set of incentive structures acting on those individuals. The basic premise in systems thinking is that systems dynamics create the behavior of the system. Donella Meadows puts it like this. That's the number one really important systems insight is that systems behavior comes out of the system. It's interrelationships, it's goals, not the elements, the people, the actors in it. The question is what is wrong with the system, not what is wrong with the people in it. In this context, this means that it is the incentive structures within the organization that creates the behavior of the members of that organization. This is a basic idea in game theory, that we study the structure of incentives that the actors are operating within as a game. In a general sense, we are trying to look where the forces and stresses are in the system. If we take a mechanical system like a chair, we will see that it has a particular structure that is designed to channel and disperse a certain physical force that is placed on it. We can see how the gravitational forces exerted by someone sitting on it is channeled through the structure of the system. There are critical points where a lot of the force is being born and other areas where there is none. The same is true for institutions. There are forces of incentives and responsibility. Some people are heroes and they are the ones who defy the incentive structures placed on them. But most people are not. They will follow the course of least resistance. This was recognized long ago by the ancient Greek philosophers who looked around them and saw many different cultures, those of the Spartans that were war-like and prayed to a certain set of gods, the different tribes with their customs, and the Athenians themselves that had their own beliefs and culture. What was of interest to them was that everyone seemed to conform with their own local culture. It was obvious from this that each person is not individually making a choice about the best god to believe in or the best cultural habits, but everyone is simply acting according to the local incentive structures acting on them. We may find the occasional person like Socrates that questions and challenges their culture goes against the local incentives. These people are important, but they are rare. Many institutions over time come to do things that are very different from what they say they are doing. Russell Ackoff gives a number of examples saying that universities and colleges preach that their principal value and function is the education of students, and that's absolute nonsense. You can't explain the university's behavior if you think it's about education of students. What it's about is providing the faculty with the quality of work life they want. Teaching is the price they have got to pay and like any price you try to minimize it. A corporation says that its principal value is maximizing shareholder value. That is nonsense. If that were the case, executives wouldn't fly around on private jets and have Philippine mahogany-lined offices and the rest of it. The principal function of those executives is to provide themselves with the quality of work life that they like, and profit is simply a means which guarantees our ability to do it. So if we are going to talk about values, we've got to talk about what the values are in action, not in proclamation. Systems should be judged by their behavior and outcomes, not by rhetoric. People say what they are incentivized to say objectively. They do what they are incentivized to do subjectively. That is to say that we all find ourselves in roles as part of objective systems of organization, such as a bishop in the Catholic Church or a mayor of a city. In our interaction with others, we are incentivized to play that role. But when we are not interacting with others, we experience a different set of subjective incentives. Because our societies are populated by closed organizations, this creates the possibility for the gap between the two. Thus, with any closed organization, one has to understand the distinction between those two and how they shape the difference between what people say and what they will do. Donella Meadows states it clearly when she says, purposes are deduced from behavior, not from rhetoric or stated goals. Changing the incentives of agents is a hugely powerful leverage point, but what really matters are local subjective incentives, not necessarily global objective incentive systems. One has to keep in mind the difference between or one's interventions can easily become distorted, as captured in the term Cobra Effect. The Cobra Effect occurs when an attempted solution to a problem makes the problem worse, because of perverse incentives. The term originated in an anecdote from the British Empire in colonial India. The British government was concerned about the number of dangerous cobra snakes in Delhi, so they offered a bounty for every dead cobra. Initially, this was a successful strategy as large numbers of snakes were destroyed for the reward. Eventually, however, enterprising people began to breed cobras for the income. When the government became aware of this, the reward program was scrapped, causing the cobra breeders to set the now worthless snakes free. As a result, the wild cobra population further increased. The apparent solution for the problem made the situation even worse due to a failure to trace through the consequences of the incentives that were being introduced. The Cobra Effect illustrates why ethnography is so important in systems analysis. Ethnography is in an approach where the researcher attempts to observe an organization or culture from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnographic studies help us to understand the system from the perspective of an individual acting within it. This helps us understand the subjective influences, experiences, and incentives that the individual is under locally. Thus working to mitigate the mismatch between subjective and objective incentives structures.


We continue today with chapter 29. The changeless dwelling place. There is a place in you where this whole world has been forgotten, where no memory of sin and of illusion slingers still. There is a place in you which time has left and echoes of eternity are heard. There is a resting place so still, no sound except to him to heaven rises up to gladdened God, the Father and the Son. Where both abide are they remembered, both. And where they are is heaven and is peace. Think not that you can change their dwelling place, for your identity abides in them, and where they are forever must you be. The changelessness of heaven is in you, so deep within that nothing in this world but passes by, unnoticed and unseen. The still infinity of endless peace surrounds you gently in its soft embrace, so strong and quiet, tranquil in the might of its creator, nothing can intrude upon the sacred Son of God within. Here is the role of the Holy Spirit gives you who wait upon the Son of God and would behold him, wake him and be glad. He is part of you and you of him because he is his Father's Son and not for any purpose you may see in him. Nothing is asked of you but to accept the changeless and eternal that abide in him, for your identity is there. The peace in you can but be found in him, and every thought of love you offer him, but brings you nearer to your awakening, to peace eternal and to endless joy. This sacred Son of God is like yourself, the mirror of his Father's love for you, the soft reminder of his Father's love by which he was created and which still abides in him as it abides in you. Be very still and hear God's voice in him and let it tell you what his function is. He was created that you might be whole, for only the complete can be part of God's completion which created you. There is no gift the Father asked of you but that you see it in all creation, but the shining glory of his gift to you. Behold his Son, his perfect gift in whom his Father shines forever and to whom is all creation given as his own. Because he has it, is it given you? And where it lies in him? Behold your peace. The quiet that surrounds you dwells in him, and from this quiet come the happy dreams in which your hands are joined in innocence. These are not hands that grasp in dreams of pain. They hold no sword, for they have left their hold on every vain illusion of the world. And being empty, they receive instead a brother's hand in which completion lies. If you but knew the glorious goal that lies beyond forgiveness, you would not keep hold on any thought, however light the touch of evil on it may appear to be. For you would understand how great the cost of holding anything God did not give in minds that can direct the hand to bless and lead God's Son unto his Father's house. Would you not want to be a friend to him created by his Father as his home?  Who would lay bloody hands on heaven itself and hope to find its peace? Your brother thinks he holds the hand of death. Believe him not, but learn instead how blessed are you who can release him just by offering him yours. A dream is given you in which he is your Savior, not your enemy, in hate. A dream is given you in which you have forgiven him for all his dreams of death. A dream of hope you share with him instead of dreaming evil, separate dreams of hate. Why does it seem so hard to share this dream? Because unless the Holy Spirit gives the dream its function, it was made for hate and will continue in death services. Each form it takes in some way calls for death, and those who serve the Lord of death have come to worship him in a separate world, each with his tiny spear and rested sword, to keep his ancient promises to die. Such is the core of fear in every dream that has been kept apart from use by him who sees a different function for the dream. When dreams are shared they lose the function of attack and separation, even though it was for this that every dream was made. Yet nothing in the world of dreams remains without the hope of change and betterment, for here is not where changelessness is found. Let us be glad indeed that this is so, and seek not the eternal in this world. Forgiving dreams are means to step aside from dreaming of a world outside yourself, and leading finally beyond all dreams unto the peace of everlasting life. And from the workbook, Lesson 229, Love which created me is what I am. I seek my own identity and find it in these words. Love which created me is what I am. Now need I seek no more. Love has prevailed. So still it waited for my coming home that I will turn away no longer from the holy face of Christ. And what I look upon attests the truth of the identity I sought to lose, but which my Father has kept safe for me.  And thanks to You for saving me from them. Amen.


Oh, Sadie, she really loves to play in those cabinets. They all do. But what if she got into this cabinet? She could poison herself with this bug killer, or a cleaner, or a drain opener. I really should get those out of her reach. Right. And make sure safety caps are closed tightly. Poisonproof your home. For a free booklet, right to me. Safety Sadie, Washington, D.C. 2-0-2-0-7. Right, honey? Right, honey?


At its heart, football is a very simple game. There is a ball and you try to kick it into a goal while your opponent tries to do the same thing. This simplicity allows it to be played all over the world, from the side alleys to fields at the park to billion dollar stadiums. But as we progress to more organized leagues, the rules get more organized too. Football is often said to be the most popular sport in the world, in part I'm sure because it's not that difficult to understand, but not everything will make sense the first time you watch a game. But not to worry, as by the end of this video you should be able to make sense of most things that you see in a game. If you live in the United States, you will probably hear football mostly called soccer because we call American football football. I have a whole video describing why this is the case, but for simplicity's sake in this video I'm just going to say football because that's what most people do call it. A football pitch is 115 yards long and 74 yards wide. It is divided into two equal halves by the halfway line. The long side lines are called the touch lines while the ones at the ends down by the goal are the goal line. And there's a flag in each corner to separate the touch line from the goal line for reasons that we'll get into later. In front of each goal there are two rectangles called the six yard box and the 18 yard box. But the larger of the two, the 18 yard box is usually just called the box. I imagine you can figure out how large each of those are. There's a dot called the penalty mark or the spot that is 12 yards from the goal line which is where penalty kicks are taken from. During play the ball must stay in bounds, but not the player even if that player is controlling that ball. A ball on the line is considered to be in bounds, however if the ball goes over the line even if it is in the air when it does so and then curves back in bounds before it lands it is still considered out of bounds. The ball is played between two teams of 11 players each. The idea of the game is to get the ball into the other team's goal without using your hands or your arms while stopping the other team from getting the ball into your goal. Each team includes one goalie who can use his hands but only while he is inside the box. Whichever team has scored the most goals at the end of the match wins. A match is 90 minutes long and consists of two 45 minute halves. Playing in football can throw some people off especially us Americans who are used to having our sports with very rigid timing. So throughout the match the clock never stops even if the ball goes out of bounds which might lead you to ask well why wouldn't I just waste time if I'm winning then by keeping the ball out of bounds. You can do that to some degree but there's also something called additional time or stoppage time. Stoppage time exists so that if there are any delays due to the ball going out of play a lot, injuries, fouls or a streak runs onto the field additional minutes will be added on at the end of the half. Sometimes things go smoothly and they only had a minute or they don't add any time at all but typically each half will have between two and eight minutes of stoppage time. That would be the minimum amount of time that they will play but of course you can have stoppages in stoppage time and play beyond that decided length.  So while you may see a goal scored in the 95th minute you're not going to see any buzzer beaters like you might in hockey where you need a slow motion replay to determine if the ball has crossed the line a millisecond before the buzzer went off. The other thing that's different with many sports is that the clock counts up instead of down which may feel a little weird at first but it really does not matter in the slightest and because of additional time it actually makes things simpler. Many football leagues will determine their standings by awarding points for wins and ties so there are tied games in football but some tournaments require certain games to have a winner meaning that if the game is tied after regulation most will move to extra time. Extra time consists of two 15 minute periods which are both played fully no matter how many goals are scored. If things are still tied after 120 minutes then they will go to a shootout where both teams have five chances to score and if they are still tied after that then they will go to individual rounds back and forth until England loses. I mean until one or the other team wins. As I said both teams have 11 players including their goalie. Goalies will wear a different color kit and gloves so that he can easily be picked out. For the other 10 outfielders most stick to some kind of formation generally consisting of three or four numbers starting closest to the goalie so four three three means that you have four players in your back line three midfielders and then three attackers a four four two would have four players in the back line four in the middle and then two up front. Obviously most players will play both offense and defense but they all do have their specializations. In most matches teams are limited to just three substitutions and once you are substituted out you cannot re-enter back into the game. There are also some matches like friendlies where five subs are permitted and this can change the strategy of the game but for most players on the field if you start you are going to be playing the entire match. So we have our two sides out on the pitch. The game will start with a kickoff from the center dot. The team that kicks off gets to keep the ball. If your team starts the game with the ball the opposite team will get it to start the second half. The only other time that you are going to see a kickoff is after a team scores a goal after that then the team that has conceded the goal will then kick off to restart play. If at any point the ball goes over the touch line the team that did not touch it last gets a throw in meaning one of their players will pick up the ball and throw it in to one of his teammates on the field. He can throw it wherever he wants to but the other team is also allowed to intercept the throw in. If the ball goes out of bounds over the goal line not into the goal but over the line and out of bounds one of two things can happen. If it goes out off of the team that is trying to score in that goal the attacking team then it is a goal kick meaning that the goalie can place the ball anywhere inside the six yard box and restart play with a kick. If on the other hand it goes out of bounds off of a defending player then the attacking team will get a corner kick meaning that they get a free kick from the corner nearest to where the ball went out of bounds. Generally they will bring lots of players up into the box and try to cross it so that someone can attempt to head the ball into the net. This kind of pass where the ball is kicked from the outside the box to the players inside the box is called a cross. It doesn't necessarily have to be off of a corner kick. So this is where those corner flags come into play and if the teams are more likely to score off of a corner kick than a throw in defending players will intentionally angle a ball so that if it goes out of bounds it will go over the touch line rather than the goal line if they can help it. The flag just makes it easier to see which line it went out of bounds over but also the flag is in play so if the ball hits the flag and stays in bounds then the ball is still in bounds. Finally there are two types of free kicks which will happen when there has been a foul the indirect and the direct free kicks. Indirect free kicks must touch another player after the ball is kicked before a goal can be scored whereas a direct free kick can either be passed or just kicked directly into the net for a goal. Which type of free kick it is will be determined by the type of foul but direct free kicks are much more common especially on the attacking side of the field. Speaking of fouls we're not going to get into all the scenarios but they are largely common sense. Although some contact is permitted it's a foul to trip or push your opponent. There are a lot of times where a player will try to kick the ball away from an opponent who is dribbling it. This is called a tackle. In the ideal scenario a player would be able to knock the ball away from his opponent without making contact with him at all. Although contact is generally allowed as long as the defensive player makes contact with the ball first and then the offensive player second. If he just takes out the player without touching the ball it's probably going to be a foul especially if he is coming in from behind. Most fouls will result in a direct free kick. During a direct free kick again the player is permitted to kick the ball directly into the goal if he wants to but he won't always be able to do so depending on where the ball is at the time as a free kick will take place from the spot where he was fouled. The defense must stay back 10 yards from the ball and will typically line a few players up to form something called the wall to make it more difficult for the kicker to shoot the ball on target. To show where this 10 yard area is the referee will actually draw a line on the field with something that looks like silly string or shaving cream to show the line where the players must stand behind. If the ref feels that a foul is particularly egregious he can give the offending player a yellow card which is a caution to the player. The other possibility is a foul or conducts so bad that the player would get a red card meaning that he gets kicked out of the game and nobody can be brought in to replace him so his team would have to play the rest of the match with just 10 players. Players with a yellow card can play for the rest of the game but they have to be cautious because if they get a second yellow card this would then equal a red card and they would be dismissed from the match. Red cards usually also result in some kind of suspension for the next game as well depending on the league. Having said that most fouls will not result in a card. Either way there is one area that you definitely do not want to foul your opponent in and this is in the box. If an attacking player is fouled in the box he will receive a penalty kick meaning he can put the ball on the penalty spot and take a free shot one on one with the goalie. About 80% of the time, at least in the Premier League penalty kicks will result in goals so it's not something that you want to give up very often. A handball will also result in a free kick and likewise a handball inside the box will result in a penalty kick. When the ball touches a player's hand or arm it is not an automatic handball. It only matters if it's intentional or if the ref feels that the arm was in a position that made his body unnaturally bigger. So I saw a game recently where a defensive player was running and even though he was inside the box and the ball hit his arm the ref felt that because he was swinging his arm as most normal people do when they run there was no handball. Having said that, if you can be safe by holding your arm straight down at your sides when you're trying to block a shot then do that and you're less likely to be called for the handball. There's one final element to fouls that is something called playing the advantage. Some situations may arise where a player is fouled but has been able to make a play with the ball in such a way that it would actually hurt the offensive team to stop the play and then give them a free kick. Say if a defensive player slides into an offensive player who right before contact is made is able to pass the ball to a teammate running up the field, the offense would prefer that the player who just received the pass be allowed to keep running and going on with the play. So the referee will at this point motion by holding both of his arms straight out that there is an advantage. In the subsequent few seconds if the defense intercepts the pass or something like that then the play would be blown dead and the free kick would be awarded. If on the other hand the offense keeps moving then the play would just continue until it stops for whatever reason at which point the ref could then go back and give the yellow card or whatever if it's warranted. As with many sports football has an offside role to prevent a player from just hanging out down by the goalie and waiting for a long pass from his teammates that he can easily kick in. The difference with many other sports is that the line that attackers must stay behind is not a line on the field but it is determined by a player who will obviously be moving. This is to say that there must be two defenders between the attacking player and the goal at the moment that the ball is kicked to him. The goalie does count as a defending player so typically the easiest way to determine where the line is is to imagine a line that is parallel with the goal line that goes through that final defender which is also why the sideline referee will try and run back and forth and stay lined up with him. The key moment here is when the ball is kicked by the attacking player's teammate not when he receives the pass. So ideally he will time his run so that his teammate will kick the ball just when he is in front of the defender and then that way he will receive the pass when he is actually behind the defender already. So what have we learned? Football is a game where two teams of 11 players try to kick the ball into a goal. Only one player on each team, the goalie, can touch the ball with his hands or his arms but only when he is in the box. Some contact is allowed but not too much. A player that is fouled will usually get a free kick unless he is in the box when he gets fouled at which point he would get a penalty shot. The match is 90 minutes and ties are usually allowed but sometimes not and so there will be extra time and a shootout. Finally the offside rule prevents cherry picking. So hopefully now with this new information you can watch a match or two and what is going on out there on the pitch will make a lot more sense.


So I work in commercials now for that business and absolutely just in terms of TV ads versus strictly online social media ads my own anecdotal evidence is showing me that we are doing more of the social media ads on vertical platforms as opposed to the 16 by 9 horizontal TV commercial ads just because people are consuming more ads on their phone versus than watching on TV because streaming services. Wait, is that it? But you're in the weeds here, you're talking about ratios of creative and you're talking about what you're really talking about is where are people spending their time and where are you early where you're breaking new ground in a space that hasn't yet been so overrun that the signals are lost. In that particular case, if traditionally Super Bowl ads were Pepsi, Anizor Bush, it hadn't been done before that a startup would take over an ad platform experience. They couldn't afford it during the Super Bowl and it was so jarring and so unique and it created such buzz, if you will, that it had this impact that far outweighed $3 million or $6 million that they spent. Even that became the new norm. They discovered it first, they trailblazed, they found this, I call it open green fields of opportunity to exploit and they were there first, they took a lot of risk, could have totally failed. And then from then on, you saw in the last Super Bowl, you had the Oatly CEO who basically sang that absurd song but it stuck in people's heads and it was catchy and that did wonders for the business. But to your point, down visitation and viewership on the Grammys, on the Oscars, even on the Super Bowl, and so TV didn't have the impact, so you're right, right place, right time. Not that we want to use the example of the Fire Festival because it was such a disaster, but same kind of thing. The brilliance of that, the reason that there's three documentaries about it now and it's a meme. It is a pop cultural meme when you see a disaster, it can immediately fire with a Y, right? And the reason for that, if you really look at it, is not because the festival was such a disaster which of course it was, but there's lots of things that have failed in time. It was that the founder, I forget what Billy, he figured out that if you get a bunch of supermodels with the idea that you could go party with them, that it was all it was, was a pay to play kind of opportunity and I think it was the Bahamas. But in the Caribbean, the idea was that he did such a brilliant job with almost no budget with was a jaw rule, is that right?  That idea of like pay to play with super influencers and celebrities and it's right at your fingertips. That hadn't been, even though it was total fraud, obviously, I don't think they thought it was a fraud at the time because I think they were totally unrealistic. They thought they were really going to put on a festival. Yeah, they thought they were going to, well, and they had no experience to be able to do it. Right. The point is they figured out with influencer marketing and with the right look in the field, super high production values, drone shots, the allure of this illicit island. What was it? It was the island Al Capone's Island or whatever it was. They basically put together all of the key signals that created desire right at the right time as Burning Man was peaking and you had all these other festivals where people were like, okay, I'm in. I need to be a part of that and that was the brilliance of what they did. Forget the execution on the festival itself. What they did is a masterful new marketing, opening new doors, new innovation around marketing that worked extraordinarily well. I mean, you could say the same thing with what's the Kylie with her makeup brand? Oh, Kylie Jenner. Yeah, Kylie Jenner's makeup brand. Figure out how to get the right people on the platform to sell the idea of beauty to young girls, teenage girls, to use influencer marketing to drive that she was very early on and built, you know, a massive new marketing platform for probably not that breakthrough. I don't know what the ingredients are, how good it was, but it had more sizzle than competitors. Obviously that probably had a lot more time and a lot more chemistry in those products.


I will bore you after sometime so I think Aparna will take over few things I wanted to share with you here One is you are in you have been in college There is a difference between the way things are done in the college and the professional software And that is what you have to learn here because most of your staff at least on the MOOC side will become public It is no longer going to be a college project The MOOCs projects that are there are certainly going to go live So your staff will be used immediately So that difference you have to understand the standards and all that And that is why in the software quota I had put some 20% months for quality And not a single one goes to the quality which I had given Actually I had given a lot of samples The one thing the doctor told me he does not follow it but I have followed it He was my guide in MTA And we take also in you When I went into the industry and he does not remember He told me everybody would like to give me advice First of all I do not believe in what he said We have our differences of opinion I do not believe in looking at student behavior See the problem is when a teacher is teaching you He knows you personally, he knows your behavior The moment you go MOOC, all of you know what is MOOC? Massive open online courses You have taken any? Yes The teacher loses contact with you And since he loses contact with you He would like to know how much time he has spent on his question How much time he has spent on this That is probably the reason why they are going and analyzing all the things Accordingly it is immaterial And I am an extreme person according to me Teacher is immaterial Finally we need to know how much of the subject the student has absorbed If they absorb this thing and I have never attended lectures in IID Fortunately at my time it is okay I have had, but I have to meet the professors When they will have Bible There is nothing I can do I had a professor meeting you I have not seen you in class Yes sir, yes sir, something like that Then there was one professor who asked me how many marks you got I told him how many marks I got They will be the type of professors we had Nowadays it is compulsive Dr. Watter couldn't believe it but it is compulsive Good professor will never believe it And there is a lot of anyway So this tracking I don't believe in So whether according to me in the MOOC Whatever he is rolling out I don't know why they shouldn't insist on that You should look at IID professor's video You can look at some other videos Every topic available everywhere So there should not be any insistence You should look at my book and learn from me You should look at my book and learn from me Anyway that's apart So you have to basically learn what is industry software Okay And how to do that, the discipline of writing software Okay On the other hand software is also an art Okay I have never believed that software is basically engineering That's why software falls through the cracks Some people think it's engineering Some people think it's pure art But it is somewhere in between You have to use engineering to build Okay But finally you have to build a Taj Mahal Okay It's a Taj Mahal which will probably not become yellow over time Because you use engineering to build it Okay So that is one thing you have to realize It is both an engineering art And the reason why I am calling it an art is Okay What he said is When you write your first program in the industry Be careful because that will stamp you for life And I was really scared I believed what he said He doesn't believe it but I believed it Okay The first program I wrote was my document Right from the beginning And you know what was my learning Between a good program and excellent program Is documentation Okay I was always a good program server So that was not the issue But the documentation raises the level of the program And it hardly takes 10% If you have the habit of writing program By writing documentation first It helps me in my thinking Okay Unfortunately I am not I don't expect too much time in design I will probably take the That software engineering type of thing later on That's why I said I will come back to you Okay the other thing I wanted to share with you is Education in my opinion Is going through What do I call it Real critical patch in India Transformation everywhere else Okay But it's a critical patch in India Because we have to change Okay We have brought our education to a very, very pathetic level Okay Other people are following the same thing But they have realized that they have to change And they are changing They can change slowly But we better change very fast Because very, very pathetic At least in the school level And of course at a higher level There is no education At a higher level there is no quality education At a very high cost Okay In schools there is no education Whereas if people Climbing walls in Bihar Okay to pass a cheat To the student Okay Although the only person actually How much cheating is going on But I said They have a perfect right to cheat Okay And also The schools, the education system The rural area is paid completely Okay And the reports which they say that Eight standard students cannot divide Fifty percent of them Fifty percent of students in fifth standard Cannot read English Cannot solve a Two-digit subtraction problems Okay and the reason why they cannot Two-digit subtraction problem Or is Single digit They don't know how to subtract actually Okay That's why single digit they can do Two-digit they cannot do Because unfortunately they only tell me If you had twenty they would have done Up to twenty Okay So I was actually not Really too disturbed I think they have got every right I was going to send a mail to all my IIT members I did not send it I said how many of you can Put your hand on your heart and say We are not used to coxing Okay We have used to Okay I used it for a different reason I said the professors do not have a right To expect me to know formulae If I am coming out in an engineer That time there will be no internet Now it should be worse If I am coming out in an engineer When I start working as an engineer The book is available to me Okay So if you are training me to an engineer Why are you trying to find out Whether I know the formulae Okay So the only coxing I use is only formulae I think I use it only once Because the whole act of writing down the formula On a page was enough to keep it in my head Okay But I carried it a mark of protest Okay So I do not think that is correct You train me for something You evaluate me on my Have to Then apart Now Moog Apart as you are going to take one Yeah Okay So she will talk about Moog Then I will talk about a couple of projects I am running in the Moog program Okay Yeah Come And any difficulty You can always call me Catch me I am in the Moog Flap Sitting there in the Moog Flap You do not know where it is It is next to your OSL Next building Yeah Yeah One minute All the All the projects Will tell you what the projects are There will be various groups We have a website Where you can choose Three of the groups First Second Third I will allocate you to the groups Internal project allocation Let the group This is not what we did last year This year Ah This year we had a mess Last year was run very well We had all the projects done in January This year we had a mess Because The whole of Our Work is in a mess Okay We were supposed to be the Moog program for India Now the Moog program for India Shifted somewhere else But we are the first So we are running our Moogs Any way in the blended mode So they will catch up Whenever they want to catch up Okay There will be a lot of You know running around Trying to Realign projects etc So there was actually No time to define Projects for you So we will go with The group I like the group definition anyway Okay Yeah Yes Oh she has got something As you know I do not need Any help I can talk on my own Yeah Okay So you want me to Keep on talking Yes Okay So let me talk about The two other projects I have Okay Ah There is something called Learning Tool Interoperability LTI standards Okay Learning Tool Interoperability Standards Okay What They have defined is There is a Consumer Consumer And there is a Tool provider Okay So if I have written some software And one of the projects Is on quiz software It is part of the School thing Okay But we have got a lot of There is got a Question Bank Okay And the Question Bank Can be transformed into a quiz So that is a Tool which is already Available outside the Move platform Outside any learning Management system Platform Okay So what we want to do Is implement Tool provider So this particular thing Will implement the JSON That we talked about All the JSON format And there are two messages Which have been implemented With hundreds of these things So that And of course The software also Has to be modified To support that Okay Currently it is Integrated into Ekashiksha We have to make it Separate Make it usable by others We will use Moodle as the Test Platform Because I do not believe In the Mook implementation Of LTI Moodle has been Moodle is more Used than LMS So it will work So we will Take Moodle And we will Integrate it into the Ekashiksha Question Bank So that the Faculty will be able to Create Add To the Question Bank You would be able to Say select Five questions From this Question Bank That I have added Make it into A quiz Okay Or you can say The students can Access all the Question Bank Okay The second project I have is Similar to LTI It will It is my pet Not done as yet So there will be Some software development Also apart from Just changing it To converting it To an LTI implementation But it will Also be LTI Compliant Okay It is an auto grader Okay A portion of it Has been Implemented Okay It is in Okay Both these things Are I would not believe In Python Unfortunately This is not Python I would not believe In Interpretive languages Used on the Server side Okay I think it is Unnecessary Okay Interpretive languages Should be there On the Client side Because Obviously You don't know What the client is Okay So that Language will Work on the client Since I know What the server is Why should I Go in for Okay And secondly All kinds of maintenance Is not good Okay So if I make a mistake If I add a column to a database I don't know What code I have to change I know Only at run time So there are a lot of problems But that is okay So all my things Are written in Java These are My projects Okay So auto grader The concept is Very simple Because I Go with Simple philosophy Another philosophy Which I need to tell you Okay I do not Care what you can And those people Who have Worked with me You know Software tools I probably realize that Okay Industry is Specified Do Okay The person who doesn't Better rise up to that Thing and do it Okay If he does not Do it I will move him To somebody else Okay So I go with Simple specifications Generally A lot of people Say Okay This tool is there Let me see The problem Let me apply this To do this And I don't Care This is the problem This solution Implement I always say As software Your masters Of the machine You are not Servants of anybody else Okay What I can do Means I am a Servant I am using This tool I can only do this Okay So the concept of The auto grader Is very simple All the programs Currently Use what is What is the Subject format Means That the person who Assessing you Doesn't Do nothing Of the subject matter If I am Given a multiple-choice Question I can actually Take a Japanese Well and see How proficient Is in Japanese language This is the question I have One mark With a minus One mark Okay So mcq Is not a method According to me Good method Of Assessing The subject Okay I mean Who is the best Assessing The compiler Okay He knows What all Your return And he can say Whether it works Or not Okay So my idea Is all my questions Okay Are actually Full programs Okay I ask the student To Write a function Write a function To say Sort an array Okay So I will Defend An array The student writes it Now From the student I have hidden the main I have hidden a lot of code With the teacher as a return Okay Including the correct sort That is the thing I use In software quota by the way Same principle Okay But not Autograder kind of thing So I already have A sort function Which is correct I have the same data I call My sort function Is the correct function I call the student Sort function Which is the My check Whether they are They are the same If they are not the same I will give one more No, no, no I can give you I can give Partial marks also Okay So the Autograder concept Is very simple Whatever answer The student gives Becomes a part Of the program It gets executed And I have Various schemes Of checking Whether it is Correct I would be able To even Give question like Define Two integers A So it gets a box Where it says Integer i Integer j If it is Compiles Fine Because i just Need in the main A statement called i is equal to phi j is equal to phi Okay And I will know Whether it works or not Because if I define it as Float i If I set the Warning level Very high The compiler will say There is a type mismatch Correct So that is the idea It has to Implemented Because it was Six months Winter It is not In a state Where I can do it Because I have Even six Types of Assessment Which the teacher Can specify One is Compile Whether it Compiles Where it Compiles Error Warning free Whether it Compiles And the Correct solution Has been given Okay If the teacher Can give a Set of input files Which will match with each One of them Automatically And produce a result Okay So there was I think six assessments Right Six types Six types of questions Okay So we need to get That software up To the correct level And then convert it Make it LDA tool compliant These are the Two projects I have Okay And then The major project Aparna will tell you That is on the MIS That is very important Okay You can ask Okay And the Second thing is The electronics People Okay I think that Two groups Which require electronics Okay And they will tell you So you better Choose those You choose software You go into Software Somebody else will I cannot guarantee Speaking everybody's things Some projects You are Developing R Language R Structural Packages For data analytics So that The other R scripting There were some Projects on developing R packages So what had come What had come under the MIS What could have actually Come under The data analytics part There was just a language No There were some Projects From where did you Hear this It was on the Data analytics There were Six groups That would Provise it Yeah Okay Okay Oh Professionals Okay Okay That comes under The MIS group Whatever he talks about Yes Then in the internal You say R R R You have got He has got Four people He has been sanctioned Four people As I said It's a mess Okay This was internally Last minute I asked What kind of project Because What choosing you Need to know So I don't even know What they are I gave it to him Okay And since he asked That question And he answered Both the answers Let me tell you what they are Language is immaterial It does not matter at all Okay That is one of my projects Which I am not going To implement with you I told Dr. Bhatt I am not going to use This particular batch To do my work It's a Photo grader application Okay And that That tool I want to develop And I will develop I always do What I want to do Right from the beginning Is If I know One programming language I can learn Any other language Okay How do you How did you learn Any language Tell me now In the current world Do you go to A language manual That's what we used to Look at a language book Either it's Either it's Is it written Yes There is a language book Is different from a tutorial Okay Yes Which one is okay Like it's not all Like it's written Always can be used For a particular language My contention is In the current world You people I have learnt from a book Okay So at my time Internet was not there Okay But for you people You can learn Any language Through A set of Probably 100 150 programs That is my contention Okay Some programs We'll talk about What types of variables Some programs We'll talk about How to write a short algorithm If you know Say language A I will use The language A program For sorting I'll use The language B program For sorting I will not open my mouth I will not do anything A good programmer Will learn That That is my contention And that Okay I'm simple All I have to get is Keep Give a Set of Some 150 programs Which I think All the Types of Problems Any language That What is the Language Definition of Variable Okay Whether type matching Is there This is the basic Concept of a language Take examples Which do that Put one set of examples Of Ask Programmers To write in Any other Language I've done So For that Probably I will Talk for it Okay Now Can you hear me All of you No I think they can All of you My name is As you can see Aparna Pansare It is not Aparna ma'am So You're in the course All next What Three, four Four nights And you call me Yeah, yeah No I have to Say my surname So So nobody Will refer to me As Aparna ma'am Three times But after that I will not Ever Respond to you Addressing me So I belong to the Software Development Group Of IIT Bombay X So which is An initiative Which we've been running I believe For about Close to two years Now In IIT I have been Part of that For the last One year And a couple of months I Just For completing My introduction I have about 14 years of In the IIT industry And I joined IIT One and a half years back And I Enjoyed my Learning So far At IIT To give you an introduction Of What is IIT Bombay X So this is A site Which Has been hosted At IIT Bombay In January So it's Been in existence For about Four or five months The initiative Was started About a year back The development Was happening And then We deployed it In January Of this year So this Is what the homepage Looks like Just to show How patriotic We are With the flag In everything So a couple of questions That You guys Would want answers To probably What is IIT Bombay X Why Who we need it Where is it hosted Who created it Who is using it You know the typical Questions that So let's Go to the presentation And understand Some of them So it's hosted On IIT Bombay It's got in A couple of courses Have been hosted Professor Pataks For being One of them It's new In the sense that We've only Done like One semester Of it So The course Is hosted Into languages As of now That's something Which is very important I mean I wish But then If MOOCs has to Reach Nook and corner Of the country It has to Support multiple Languages So this is like Our first initiative Where we've given Couple of courses In Hindi And we hope to Improve many more Languages Finger languages Going around At last Count About 24,000 Students attended The courses That were hosted On the site Very enthusiastic Response What is The development That we have done It's a customized Implementation Of What is called The open areas Platforms So What is the customization That we have done So we have Provided support For multiple Languages We have Indianized The loop And there is More Working progress Happening As we go along And whatever Work you do Here Will become part Of that Final implementation Other Important things That are going on As I said We want to Support multiple Indian languages To support Those multiple Indian languages We need A mechanism By which We will Let Translators Or people Who are Specialists Not just In the technical Subject But who will Take that Course Or that Material To the That's one of the Customizations Important customization That we are doing The blended Mode of learning We are supporting that So move is As you are aware It's It's Online It's Massive But there's No personal Touching So in A student College Kind of an environment The lack Of human touch Is something Which may not Really be very Effective So as The definition Of Man-holding Whether it's Mentoring Whether it's Problem-solving By your college faculty That personal touch Is required So Move doesn't have That personal touch We want to Customize it So that we can Provide A person Who can Go to That person Could still Be Online It doesn't Have to be Somebody standing in Front of you But still A go-to person In case The background About open Areas For the sake Of completeness Open Areas Was started By Michael Howard They Made their platform Open source In 2013 And They have Received Massive Contributions From Vegas Educational Institutions And we are Also being A consortium With them We are You know It's typically a short video There are interactive Learning exercises There are Various types of Assessments Some discussion For you To internally Solve Various With each other And there are Some learning components Some of the projects That you guys Are going to do Will Revolve around The learning Component Part of The Open Areas So these are Like the Architectural Application Or the website There is something For the faculty To create courses There is A discussion forum There are Various Learning components By learning components I mean that Just a video Or just some textual Matter Is not something Which will Attract Student attention I mean In classroom Kind of a scenario That compulsory Attendance Will make you Come to the classroom Get up early Morning and come to the Class To like Regularly attend The course Or complete The course So that Has to be something Which is very Innovative Interesting that The faculty Has to create So that You know The person Has the mind That okay Let me see What is the next Thing that Is there in this course What Is this Interesting thing Which will Bring me back To the platform Again and again To complete That the student Gets in a classroom May be Something that is Not available In other Online courses For those kind of Innovations Other learning components So some of you May be Building some Such innovations And then There are pieces Like stuff To talk To other applications So if There is some Course posted Somewhere else I might Want to get Some part Of it Into my Course And there is The last one Which is inside Which is The analytic part Of it Some of you Asked questions About the R And all that So yeah So there is some Very basic Analytics Which is built Into the product It's not really Very good So we Would want to Enhance it Enhance Which portion Belongs to Yes So this is Just an overview Of the whole Ideas Architecture I don't know I want to Go over All of you right now With all this But what I just want to Highlight If it is Visible To anyone Is it Visible So basically What this is Showing is So on this Side There is The top left There is The content Management system Which is The piece Where The students Attends Of course The courses Are all stored In databases Which is Typically a More database The student Information Is stored In a My Square Database That's this The middle Blue box There is Some material Which is Stored in XML So some Of the HTML Which is displayed Through the Blue box Is the Database For analytics Does the Analytics Services This is The piece Where The Media platform Communicates With external Agencies So there Are Queuing Mechanisms From Whereby The LMS Will post Some messages On to a Queue And the external Application The LMS Messaging Mechanism Whereby You can post Messages On to a Piece of hardware Some client Will pick up That message Process it Give a Response back Onto the Queue And then The LMS Can again Use it So that's For interfacing With External Applications And then There is The discussion forum So the reason We touched on everything We have Changed The content Management system The learning Management system The analytics You guys Want to work on it The Database The MySQL The MongoDB So pretty Much All of it Okay One piece We have not Touched At all Is the Handheld Device Piece of it So they've Yeah, so this is Just to show What is the Type of customization That we are doing Yeah, I think I talked about this So the entire Idiot source code is Available on Idiot's platform IIT Bombay Source code is also Now available on Gits So you can just Download it Install it And get started Those of you I mean it's Really easy You can just Download it on Your own laptops And get a Sense of How it is Of course Because this is Technology that's going to Touch all of you guys I mean Let's Find that we build it And we keep it But You guys are the Ones who are To use it So I mean It's I'm really Encourage people Or at least go to IIT Bombay X And whenever The next Post comes up Just Login And get involved With some of the Courses They are 20 Yeah So technologies that Are included in EDX Anyone knows Django Python So yeah Django Python is open source So any Open source technology You name it And pretty much It's there in EDX So Django Python Maco Template Node JS Copy script Ruby on Rails This is not A comprehensive list So I mean It's like One of them Is really the reports And when You say reports These Are not To monitor Student behavior These are more Of Just Gathering statistics To improve The effectiveness Of a course And To Give operational Efficiency To system administrators And other stakeholders To understand How is the System functioning As you know How is the Bandwidth So this is not Going to have Any of The Hadoop Kind of This Technology is involved In this It will be mainly MySQL And the Reporting tools In Python The other one Is LTI LTI is very exciting Because it Allows you To talk to Other applications And make A lot of things Available inside EDX Which would otherwise Have taken a lot Of time and effort To build So This is something There is Something called Akshiksha Which is already Developed And available here We want to Integrate with Or rather Provider LTI provider On top of Akshiksha I think Sir Talked about it He knows it best So Leave it at that And the third one Was For the Autograder And LTI Implementation For the Autograder So what are the Things that I am hoping Is I would Hope that you Understand And implement A complete Software development Life cycle Which is not something That usually People get When they go For an internship It is typically A very small Module Something Whose design Has already been Created And we are Just told To do the Coding for it Here You will Be involved Right from And providing Making it Alive Not a production But like A production life Environment And even maybe I am hoping Do some support On top of that The documentation Of course has to be extensive So you will do that also So that is something Which within a Short span Of one and a half Months If you are able to Accomplish It will give you A feel Of an Industry Environment Where you Would Typically you Know The lowest level Of design Or The Extensive documentation That is something Which no Programmer likes I know But then That is something Which has to be done And you Get to do All that So that is something I hope People will appreciate That you Are going to Get to do This You will Learn to Explore Your technologies Very few of you Will Learn a language And become Experts In that language Sorry Better Yeah They will have to They will not Finish So Yeah And then Work on a Production Like Environment Which again When you Go For Infrontions They will not Touch Even the Test Environment Actually They can Show to the world This Yeah Exactly That is really An opportunity The last one I don't know How many are excited with that But To make a meaningful Contribution To be A different sector In the country I am hoping At least A couple of you Find that exciting So That is What It will be If they Don't find it Exciting Okay On that note I think I will End this presentation Just one or two Request Partix To Talk about The other learnings I mean The technical thing It's sort of My responsibility To make sure That you will deliver Because I am a stakeholder In that But there are other Learnings Like the Soft skills And all that At the end of One and a half months In a team That's like the biggest thing We learn But But Team learning also Should not be Team working Should not be taken To the other extreme Where you know People are always Working in peace That tends to happen Because that's what happens In college Like 4, 5, 5 people Sitting on one machine And doing something I don't know End of the week No deliverable So that's not something Which will be appreciated here Team work Has to happen At certain points Of time But at other times Each individual Contributors Each one has to be An individual contributor At the end of Every day Each one has to deliver Something That has to be something Which has to be a promise That you guys Will make to yourself When you come here We don't want Like a week Passing by And then nobody Knows what's Going on No deliverable And then somebody Asks for a status And people are like I was stuck somewhere Since the beginning Of the week And I'm still stuck At that point So how to Talk to your friends Okay Without disturbing them Talk to me Talk to anybody else But the problems Have to get resolved You cannot sit on a Problem For like days together So that's You have to take ownership Of what you're delivering Make sure that There are regular deliverables There will be people After you With the like Facti That you will deliver But then You also should Feel that You have some Scale Though So those are A couple of things Enjoy yourself It would only work Hard But yeah Make something meaningful Out of this So that At the end of the day You will also Feel good That you're Delivering a Working system I think That's all I have to say Any questions? That's not good Time to rest


Ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy and also proud that Austrian Post is again Amongst the best postal companies in the world. Thank you very much for this assessment But a thank you goes especially to all of our employees Which achieve with their daily efforts this high quality and the good results for Austrian Post


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports card, Drippin 21, Penini, Flawless Collegiate Football Hobby, one box break number 46, random left side serial numbers. There's your random results. As always you can find those on the website under the results tab as well as the link that's in chat. So thanks again everybody. I'm going to give you one minute OBS crash like right before we started the break. So I'm just going to give like one minute for Twitch people to get back in here in case anybody on Twitch was watching. I apologize on that. That ever happens and it just gets all the stream lags and stops. It's usually 95% of the time OBS, 5% of the time we lose power. Yeah, so that's always fun. Joyous times, joyous me. Yeah, I know that's tough dude. That's tough. Three Tommy Johns. All right, let's get started. Good luck everybody. 21, Flawless Collegiate Football, 21. Thomas Davis, senior 420, that was rough. That's nasty. Oh boy. Oh boy, that's sick. That's so sick. All right, here we go. I like the colors I'm seeing here. Okay, starting off with Mike W at the 10 spot, Ron Dale Moore. That is 10 of 25. Now a Cardinal, player worn. Nice one here too. This is going to Ryan N at the two spot. Two of 10, Cadarius Tony. That is a partial bowl patch right there for Florida. Nice one. Nasty patch on top and then bowl patch on the bottom. Player worn as well. Very cool. Team Logo Signature is going to the two spot again. Ryan N, two of 10 is Rakeem Boyd. Rakeem Boyd. Nice one there. Rakeem the Dream Boyd. Going one spot down to the three spot. Three of 15 is Terrace Marshall. Terrace Marshall Jr. on the three colored RPA. Three of 15, LSU legend. Actually, Rue was really good at LSU. Next up, we've got, it's pretty sweet as well. This is going to James. James F at the five spot. Five of five, Eddie George. Grats on that. Oh, that's kind of nasty. Five of five, Eddie George. Wow, that's cool, dude. There's a good box of flawless here. You can bag this next one. This is going to be from 2020 Flawless Collegiate, RPA, CD Lam. Going to the four spot. Four of 10. Rob W. Congrats, Rob. Drippy. It is a two. It's a big two. Is that from like a championship? Like a year of some sort? Yeah, like a college football playoff maybe? Yeah. And nice one here. Going to the 19 spot. Eric P. Going to be campus legends, Brett Farve. Brett Favre. 19 of 25. Congrats on that one, Eric. There we go, Eric P. Grats, buddy. All right, into our inner now. I know which one you're going to say for the last. Yes. Let's start here. We've got five of 25, J.K. Dobbins. J.K. all day. Is that from 2020? I don't think that's supposed to be a rookie. He's a rookie in 2020. Right. But anyway, that's still cool, whatever. It says 21. There's a rookie logo on it. I'm going to sit here and question it. Five spot. James F. Again. Congrats, James. I want a question. 12 of 25. Tua. Tag of Iloa. Nice one there. Scott H. On the 12 spot.  This is going the same way as a CD. Oh, really? Yeah. That's pretty good. That's nuts, dude. That's a wild break. This is so nasty. We've got four of 10. Bullpatch, Trevor Lawrence on the RPA. Let's go. Congrats, Rob W. Absolutely destroying this break. That is going alongside your CD lamb RPA from 2020 as well. Holy cow, man. Four of 10, T-Law. There we go. So sick. That's pretty crazy. So sick. All right. We'll do a quick recap again. Again, empty box there. All right. We had Cadarius Tony for the two spot. Rhonda Elmore for the 10 spot. Brett Farr for the 19 spot. I'll get this guy out of here. Eddie George for the five spot. Terrace Marshall, three spot. Rakeem Boyd at the two spot. The 12 spot, Tua Tag of Iloa. Five spot is going to be JK Dobbins and both going to the four spot. We had a CD lamb, four of 10, RPA for the, again, for the four spot Oklahoma and of course Dallas now. And then the four spot, four of 10 is going to be Trevor Lawrence on a real dude. That is going to do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill. Up next, NT Collegiate.


Welcome back to the Breakfast on Plus TV Africa. Now let's go back, actually just two years ago in history, the 2nd of August in 2019. It was on this day that a boy in India had 526 teeth removed in medical operation. The doctors had to, of course, take out time to count the teeth after the surgery. He was found to have 526 teeth inside his mouth. The 7-year-old boy had long complained of having a swollen and aching jaw, and surgeons at the, it's called the Savita Dental College in hospital in Chennai, India, operated and found 526 teeth crammed inside his mouth. He had a well-defined, bug-like mass extracted from his jaw which weighed about 7 ounces and contained hundreds of miniature teeth. Once it was removed, of course, it took out time and counted all of them, 526 of them. The hospital statement did not release the child's name and, of course, it was discharged three days later. It also assets that it was the first ever case to be documented worldwide. And so, of course, there's really, I don't think there's any proper explanation as to why that will happen. The worst that we see is people say that they have six toes, you know, or six fingers. You know, that's the most that we see.  I remember watching the video of the doctors taking time to actually count the number of teeth. They took about four hours to count and they found 526 teeth-like structures in the boy's mouth. You know, the story says that his parents had discovered that the son's, you know, right jaw was swelling or right cheeks were swelling and it seemed like symptoms of a decaying teeth and they took him to the hospital.   I mean, that's amazing. So, thank God they were able to remove that successfully. They didn't need to drill so no construction was needed. And doctors say the boy was expected to recover quickly. So, yes. Good one. No, no, poma will be too tough. Exactly, right? No shakiu too hard. No shakiu. Oh my. All right. Do you love insurance music? I absolutely do. What was your favorite from his album, Divide? Castle on the Hill, Girl with Girl. Relax, okay? I don't know which album is Divide. But I know, I love, you know, a lot of our insurance songs. Fantastic. It was in this day in history in 2019 that Ed Sheeran broke record. He broke the record today for the most, I mean, let's take a look at this and let's take this very slowly, right? Today in history, singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran's Divide tour became the most attended and highest grossant tour of all time. Now, so there was this band called U2, and he overtook the band as, you know, the highest grossant tour, the most attended, after spending 893 days on the road. Quick facts for you regarding this tour. Ed Sheeran began this tour in March 2017. He spent 30 months on the tour, 893 days. He sold 8.9 million tickets. And when we look at Ed Sheeran's tour for Divide, the album, and U2, we see that U2 actually had more people in attendance. For example, in U2's, the average audience per show was about 66,000. But Ed Sheeran's average attendance on a show was 34,000 people. But the good thing for Ed Sheeran was that it was the volume of shows that gave him that edge. So he had a high number of shows and more people were able to attend across the world. And so on this day in history, he made history. So it has to be in the record books because U2 is one of the biggest bands that ever existed. And Bono, just by being the lead singer of U2, has become a voice in the world that you cannot ignore. He's been everywhere. U2 don't need to make music anymore in their lives. They grandchildren would live and live very, very well. That's how big U2 is. So for a person to break a record, crossing more money than U2 has, it is definitely outstanding. But like you mentioned, yes, U2 would definitely have more crowd because they're way bigger band than Ed Sheeran is. But I think that also, I'm not sure what year the U2 tour was, I think something else is the fact that they've also, over time, been able to expand the ways of marketing these tours. Yes, that Ed Sheeran's album and that period in his career was massive for him across the world. He was maybe the biggest artist at that time. But they've also been able to expand different ways with which they market these tours, make it easier for people to buy tickets, not just online or on-ground. You can also get other ways or platforms to get these tickets. And fill up a stadium pretty easy. So he definitely found himself in a better time and at the same time found himself with better marketing than U2 did. But it is still a record that needs to be spoken about over and over and over. There's barely any bands bigger than U2. Maybe Coppola is still not even bigger than U2. Maybe it is, I don't know. But U2 and Ed Sheeran, totally different wavelengths entirely. Amazing record there, grossed $736 million. All right, that's all we have for you today in history. Let's take a break and begin with our first big conversation about the Nigerian police allegations against Abakari and reforms in the Nigerian police.