I can have everybody's attention. Got it. So I think everybody here knows me. But if not, I'm Randy Olson. I'm a chair of ophthalmology. And I'm really excited for today. We've got a good showing of people. That's fantastic. We like everybody here because it's so much great work has gone on to the effort of these talks. But in particular, we're honored to have Ike Ahmed here with us. And I think we've probably got a few of the faces here because Ike.  And they have a couple of keynote speakers. And he was a keynote. And I was a keynote. And I saw Ike off over to the side. And there was just this crowd hanging around Ike. And I'm looking at this and I'm saying, holy mackerel, this is like a rock star with his groupies going around there. They were all going on. I'm trying to go over and say hello to Ike. Ike being the warm, humble guys.  I said, Ike, it's the first time in ophthalmology. I feel like I'm in the presence of a rock star. So Alan knows what I'm talking about. Ike always takes it good naturally. But it is amazing how his career has gone on. He's going to talk about some of the exciting things that represent where he really has been out there on the cutting edge doing some amazing stuff. So we're extremely proud of Ike and I'm very pleased that we can have him here. So we've got an exciting day. We've got some nervous residents that are going to get a chance to give their presentations. And we always appreciate that. And I think with that, Bob, I turn it over to you, don't I? OK, the next two patients are both patients from my practice. And I'll be presenting the first one. And then David Phillips will present the second one. Those of you that have had a chance to, hopefully all of you, had a chance to see the patients upstairs. So I'll go through these quickly so we can save our time for the discussion. An 88-year-old female presented to me for a glaucoma evaluation with the main complaint that she just couldn't tolerate any drops at all. She had had a history of numerous IOP spikes in the past, but really couldn't tolerate anything except for maybe some Brynza. She had a past ocular history of pseudo-exfoliation. She had anatomic narrow angles and received an LPI in both eyes back in 2004. She had FACO in both eyes successfully and again had several episodes of very high IOP spikes. Nothing significant on past medical history other than she's just on Brynza. That's the only drop that she could really tolerate left eye. Nothing remarkable on social history or review of systems. But her left eye was not correctable to 2020 blurry vision. On presentation, 2040 vision in the right, 2200. And particularly of note here is that she had well-controlled IOPs when I first saw her of 14 in both eyes. Normal cornea thick is actually thicker corneas than average. And her gonia was quite narrow, particularly in the right eye. I had a very difficult time seeing any trabecular mesh work although she appeared to be fairly deep centrally. In the left eye with indentation, I could see maybe just a little strip of the TM there with some mild pigmentation. The remainder for exam was notable for patent PIs in both eyes, pseudofakie in both eyes. And she had really minimal cupping. OCT was normal both eyes. Everything was in the normal range. And her visual field showed some very minimal scattered changes in both eyes, but relatively preserved visual field. So this is her clinical course. And just to draw your attention to the IOP, the left eye spiked in April of last year. And then earlier this year in February, the right eye spiked. And we've been unable to control her with anything other than Cymbrensa SLT wasn't an option, nor could she tolerate any other drops that we had available. So this is her clinical course. She had an anterior trectomy, goniosynicalisis, and a gap procedure in the left eye. And what I noted during surgery was by the time I made my first incision with the paracentesis, there was constant posterior pressure. It was very difficult to maintain the chamber. So the anterior trectomy in the left eye was actually unplanned. I went ahead and did an anterior trectomy, I had drive a trectomy through parisplania just to get enough chamber deepening, and then I proceeded with the goniosynicalisis and gap procedure. In March of this year, she underwent the same thing, but because I knew what had happened in the left eye, I went ahead and did a trectomy right from the beginning, and she underwent the same procedure, goniosynicalisis and a gap procedure. Her current pressures are 19 in the right eye and 12 in the left eye, and she's currently on no drops. But what I'm noticing on clinical exam, and those of you that had a chance this year, is that her AC continues to shallow, and the angles are getting more and more narrow, and the dilemma I have is, do I need to do anything preemptively before she completely zips up her angles? So now I'm gonna just show you some PenaCAM photos. I didn't have any other ability to image her angles because I saw her primarily in the community clinics, but this is a PenaCAM from the right eye in February. It looks remarkably shallow, but you'll see in contrast to the most recent PenaCAM photos, how she's much more shallow. This was a left eye in February, quite deeper. This is the eye that had the first gap procedure in goniosynicalisis. And then again, now in May, we're closer to this time, we can see that the right eye is really significantly shallowing, and the left eye as well. And then this is just kind of a montage. The top photos are the earlier PenaCAM photos from February, and now we can see in May on the bottom half are the two PenaCAM photos showing the significantly shallow anterior chambers in both eyes. So for discussion, some of the things that I wanted to bring up today were, why is her AC shallowing? Why does it continue to shallow despite the procedures that she's had? And why is this patient's IOP relatively well controlled despite what appears to be progressively narrowing angles? And is there such a thing as benign malignant glaucoma? This is oxymoron, but something for discussion.  Well, thanks Craig. This is, I think you summarized it very well. And I think, as I think you've indicated already, I think this is really a picture of malignant glaucoma. She seems to have susceptibility, seems to have a pre-existing history of angle closure and narrow angles. I don't know what her biometry was, or axial length to be. You're trying to look at her. Okay, I'm guessing she's talking to her. When I talked to her, she says she was into bifocals and she was 30. So likely she's a hyper-op short eye. Post-operative at least had been myopic. She's been able to see without glasses. So her eye was likely sitting forward, as you indicated there. I think that right now, as we sit here and examine her here, she is zipped up. She's got PAS pretty well all the way around. She's got a shallowing chamber and this is consistent with malignant glaucoma. The treatment for malignant glaucoma, in our experience and many others, is to create a unicameral eye. It's not to do with dractomy, but it's to create a unicameral eye, which can be done anteriorly, can be done by laser, basically by making a larger dractomy by lasering through the zonules in the capsular bag and then trying to hit the anterior hyaloid and having immediate deepening of the chamber, as well as surgical, which can be done with a cutter anteriorly or through the parcellina. And that will be the definitive treatment that whether this patient needs it or not is another question. If we did do it for this patient, though, that wouldn't be enough because this patient now has, of course, 360 degrees PAS. So at the same time of doing that, irrital zonule hyalodectomy, as one would call it, it would be important to do a gonosynchialisis at the same time. So we're going to do a gonoscopy, releasing the synechia and allowing for free access of aqueous.  We see patients who have what appears to be 360 degrees a positional or even a synechial closure, sometimes with normal pressures. And why is that? Well, this patient is 88. This patient is not secreting as a normal patient would, or sorry, I shouldn't say normal, as a younger patient would. There is, of course, the UV start-outflow mechanism pathway that still is still typically intact, even though the story of body space is not visible. And those may be some of the reasons. There's probably some of her angle that's still functional in important areas that may be still accounting for her IOP to be controlled, although she's pretty labialous now, it's like, and that's probably one reason for that as well. I don't think there's anything as benign. I think it's controlled within glaucoma. She has not been on cycloplegics, has she? Okay, so that's one thing that may be considered, I mean, I know she doesn't tolerate aqueous suppression, but that's typically the combination of treatment. One can do that. We find it's very hard to get people off cycloplegics. Although the surgical treatment may appear to be aggressive, I think it's generally well tolerated than in a controlled fashion. The challenge for her, she's 88, her pressures are relatively okay on her current IOP.  And that's, I think, probably the conundrum that we find herself in. But invariably, and it's hard to know, life expectancy here, I think she's gonna get continual problems. And eventually her IOP will get further out of control. Her disease will be hard to treat now with her chambers shallowing even further and her nerve is more at risk. She's also potentially at risk for vascular events as well if her IOP shoots up. And so I think I would have a good conversation with her about the next step, which I think would be to do a combined irrital zonule hyalodectomy using a surgical approach and agonicyclicis. And why surgical? Because laser is not gonna resolve the PAS and may infect her over as far as worsening of her problems. That's what I would say in my immediate point would be, we published about three, four years ago a series of about 25 patients after routine fecal, after routine fecal that develop malignant glaucoma. And for the residents in the room, please read the Harry Quigley, Jackson Memorial Lecture, Academy Lecture, but maybe seven, eight years ago. And the reason why we don't call this is it was misdirection, because that's a misnomer, malignant glaucoma is the correct term, which is a constellation of cordial expansion, loss of vitreous conductivity due to compression forces from the coroid. And an eye that's susceptible, meaning a small lens iris channel, because of the small nature of the middle segment in these small eyes. But I think that's I think what would need to be done here. And again, interesting in our case series, every single one of the 25 patients were all female. And there's a lot of discussion about angle closure and gender and coroidal vascular permeability. We're also gonna publish this series of patients that we found as a seasonal variation as well, as far as the presentation of living glaucoma. It's a lot we don't quite understand with this, but certainly in this patient here, I think if this patient was a lot younger, for me it'd be hands down, get in there. At this point I can see the argument to maybe treat a recycled page. I see how she does, maybe watch her IPs for a while, but I think she's gonna run into trouble as we go along here. That'd be my thoughts. I don't know what the rest of the group thinks, but very interesting case. Why do you think there's such a female performance? What's the reason? Well, I mean, historically, of course, there's been obviously discussion about gender and vascular permeability, immunological differences as well between genders as well. I think that those things play a role. It doesn't seem to be a biometric reason between male and female eyes. Some of these patients are younger as well, hormonal differences as well. So another difference that I don't quite fully, I think, appreciate or understand yet. But that's something I know. We know angle closure is more common in females and it seems to carry over with magnetic glaucoma. So post-faco, anybody post-faco, and even an eye that's, a couple of the pearls I will mention, magnetic glaucoma doesn't always present with a pressure of 50 with a flat AC. You can have subtle magnetic glaucoma. The angles can be still relatively open, slightly narrow with a pressure that's slightly elevated or even normal, but a lens-eyes diaphragm that's moved forward. Anybody who ends up being myopic after surgery, especially in a small life, it's gotta be a number one differential. Is there actual displacement of the lens? Ruling a capsule block syndrome and other issues as well. So I think that's an important concept. And a magnetic glaucoma after faco is not necessarily uncommon, especially in susceptible eyes. So I can tell you that a lot of people floating around are like this. I imagine in a case like this, it's about a 60-year-old patient and has been going on for a long time. Very hard to treat now because of the synechia and the elevated pressure. So it's a great case to present. So thanks for sharing that. Hopefully a good discussion. Do you think in your series where there are a lot of patients with Tuorax, I mean, is this, how do you... Yeah, so Suorax is good. When I first heard the story, I thought maybe does she have Luzonules? So that's a good question about differential. Does she have Luzonules? Is the IOL pushed forward actually because of Luzonules? We've seen that, of course, happen. Does patients have a large somerings ring? Rarely that can happen. We can see a big somerings, push everything forward and cause progressive angle closure with somerings proliferation. She has surgery recently though in March, so I think it was recently, right? So, and I saw a bit of somerings through the aridectomy, but doesn't seem to be large. In our series, we didn't have enough to really look at and see whether there was a correlation between that. I think that, I don't know if that's the primary issue with her. Prior to surgery, of course, as we all know, circulation can often convert to angle closure. So, and typically because of, again, the lens shifting forward. So going to ask to be very important, please, please, please do go on your all as much as you can, because I know it's a bit of a lost art and for the residents in the room, you know, carry that go on your lens in your pocket just like you carry a 90 and a 20. So it's a support tool in our inventory. Thank you. Morning, everybody. David Phillips and one of the glaucoma fellows. Got another case here to present. She was here earlier for everybody to kind of get a view of. So initially she was referred for poor vision following YAG, late in 20, 20, 15, was seen by our cornea service with a pressure of 43 in early 2016. She was initially referred for decreased vision in that right eye to the cornea service. And she was promptly referred to Dr. Chai after starting convigana, Latina post. The vision did improve after starting that. So the vision was kind of just a steamy cornea from an elevated pressure. Past ocular history includes a macular hole in the kind of an eye of non-interest today with the track me for that and subsequent cataract surgery OU by an outside provider and then a YAG in both eyes. The right eye having kind of a bout of inflammation treated with Durazol and subsequent kind of pressure issues and non-improved vision. Past medical history, COPD requiring O2, history of GERD, pulmonary nodule in 2013 on CT that resolved by 2014. Social history, kind of an ominous sign when a glaucoma specialist is going through all of this but really nothing of interest except being a former smoker. Positive change kind of, this is kind of retrospectively going back since about 2014, 2015 of eye color change in the right eye, but everything else was kind of non-significant. Initial exam with Dr. Chia demonstrated 2020, a little eccentric in the left, probably from that previous macular hole, pressures were controlled, GONEO was performed a little deeper on the right. No NVA or NVI was noted. Some people irregularity on the right was noted prior to dilation. Talked with Dr. Chia about her, she just had kind of these multiple iris nevi that were fairly insignificant in nature at that time. And this would have been the initial exam in early 2016, PCIOL with an open capsule. So the IOP was doing great. Thought we'd leave her on the Luthana Prost, stop the COM again, and see her back in four weeks and kind of stage her with a field. That was her initial field. So we got that field, and after stopping the COM began, her pressure bumped up. We restarted the COM began, and pressure came down. We wanted to repeat that field since that was her first field she ever taken, just to kind of confirm things. Follow-up visit, the field was confirmed to be that severe, which I'll demonstrate here in just a second. IOP was 17. Closer GONEO now, thought there was a fine vessel superior, some kind of trace fine pigmented cell in that right eye, some lacy iris, NV mild heterochromia with the unaffected blue iris being lighter than the involved right earity. There's that field, which just basically confirmed we've already kind of discussed this, so I'll save discussion for the end. So kind of putting it all together, we thought unilateral advance back home in the setting of heterochromia, lacy, NVI, and mild inflammation. With the retrospective scope, you would, and thus the presumptive diagnosis of Fuchs heterochromic erycyclicitis, looking back there was probably a lack of the typical crippless iris that you normally see with Fuchs, and Fuchs typically presents at a slightly younger age. So hindsight being 2020, that might be a knock against that, but continue the present drop regimen and follow closely at this time, since her pressure was responsive. Vision remained good, pressure remained down at the visit in August, then November, she spiked up to 23, discussed risk benefits of a teraclylectomy with myomycin. Decision was made to proceed, working on the presumptive diagnosis of Fuchs. Operation in early January, which I participated in really uneventful, except for some mild bleeding upon entry of the AC with the dynecaratome, which resolved on its own. We kind of attributed this to, the not uncommon lacy vessel leakage that you can see when decompressing an AC in Fuchs. Did well postoperatively, as you can see there, had to cut one suture. And then at that point, you know, these nevi started to kind of just morph and become enlarged and kind of develop prominent in, neo over the nevi themselves, and that prompted referral with UVM to Dr. Schor and Dr. Harry. And we're very fortunate here to have Dr. Harry. It's not the tool, it's the craftsman. He's an amazing craftsman as far as giving us some amazing images on ultrasound. So it's a true blessing. But again, you can see these lesions. And I'll go through, these are the photos that Schor obtained, or that we obtained prior to sending to Dr. Schor to quote the, I guess, late Jim Comey. These are mildly nauseating. Go neo photos here, obviously very concerning. Kind of multi-nodularity, some crippless features here with high PAS. So we'll cut to the chase, then we'll get to the discussion. So at this point, you know, it's looking back, you know, Fuchs was our working diagnosis, but at this point, Iris Melanoma has galloped to the front of the list versus a metastasis, Dr. Schor and Dr. Harry kind of got together and they thought these masses were pretty solid and robust, so they were, you know, with it hurt previous history of a pulmonary nodule, previous smoking history that a met was probably their leading thought. And he thought that the chronic anterior UBI since secondary glaucoma were all secondary to the above. Plano is an oncology referral here at the U, based some baseline labs to rule around in kind of inflammatory process, basically a pan scan with a scan of the brain as well, all to basically make sure this wasn't a met. If it's not a met, then let's get some tissue. And all that turned up negative, we did get some tissue with a AC biopsy, iris biopsy and vitreous biopsy with iris repair as you could see, you know, on exam today. The Dr. Manlis, you know, basically confirmed the diagnosis of a spindle cell melanoma, the iris and ciliary body being involved, vitreous psychology although had policy of cells did demonstrate the presence of two malignant cells. We discussed with Dr. Park, we discussed with our UBI's fellow, discussed with Dr. Shields. And we've also sought the opinion of Dr. Wynward here locally, but, you know, and we've kind of discussed that, but at this point, you know, further management thoughts, you know, kind of where to go from here and put your input. Yeah, yeah, give us an easy solution for this. Well, it's a tough case and I think it's again, this is the purpose of having these rounds, right, to be able to learn from our experiences.  The differential of course and the patient, she's, how old was she again?    I've had to do a number of these cases over the years, managed differently. I guess fast forwarding, of course, and, you know, the challenge, of course, is we've got a trap now and the patient's got, you know, melanoma, which is something we typically try to avoid. So, yeah, pose lots of challenge. What to do with the trap? And then what to do for her primary lesion issue? She's 20-25 right now and she's pretty happy with her vision. Talking to her, I mean, this is kind of an acquired issue. She says she's had baby blue eyes for many, many years and recently has developed these changes. So it certainly fits in with the time course with melanoma. And she, and I asked her, did she have previous eye care providers following up? You know, someone had been seeing her, did anyone comment about Anivas or spots on her iris? And she wasn't sure, but that would be interesting to kind of look at that as well. You know, putting us at the trap issue, we've had good success doing either a partial or totally heredectomy with plaque therapy if there's already body involvement, which often there is some. And, you know, with our service in Toronto, we've had some good success with that. We often will combine this with a prosthesis later on. She's got an intact capsular bag. She has had a yag though, unfortunately, so it makes it hard to use the bag, but that's something that one could consider. You know, nucleation obviously has got to be up on the list in these scenarios, and I'd be curious what the oncology folks feel. And by the way, just to put a plug in, we just checked out the recent survey. Carol Shields and I just published a review on surgical management and radiomanagement of iris melanoma, reviews of protein bomb beam therapy, radioplac therapy and surgical therapy. But the trap part does concern me as far as the risk of dissemination. I think that, in my mind, I think about a shutdown of the trap with a complete iridectomy and a plaque, but I think that, I don't know, I think she's kind of, you know, on the edge of thinking about nucleation here, unfortunately, you know, I think just with the positive findings and the trap, you know, in these cases, I do defer to my oncology colleagues. I'm happy to deal with this surgically, but from the oncology side, I would defer to the experts in the area. Yeah, up case. What's the outcome with doing a complete iridectomy and plaque therapy? I mean, is she gonna have reasonable vision? Absolutely, absolutely. I expect her to have very good vision. Maybe some CME risk. Of course, the visual functional things and the, you know, the photophobia and other issues are gonna be potentially present, although that is variable. But, you know, we'll put together our series at some point. We've got about maybe six, seven patients like this. Most of them I have had, though, have been a partial iridectomy, for example, or just only plaque therapy, you know, but this is a total iris and I don't know. I think that's gonna be, you know, a question. So Alan and I have, certainly over the years, you have done a fair number of these, and I always felt, though, that once it's into the angle one, it looks to me like this is into the angle. The UBM showed that it's everybody involved, yeah. Well, you've got an angle, obviously, your iridectomy is to get that part, and if it's 360, is that possible for a patient? So that's the question, to what extent is it? Yeah, exactly. If it's 360, like... If it's vocalized, and I don't know if you can do that, and Alan, we've had a couple of cases we've shared in which we've done, you know, an irritable cycloctomy and had a good result. Yeah, I think that, you're obviously right, Randy. I mean, I think... But when it's 360... If it's 360, and I don't know what, I don't know if the UBM showed, I got the impression... So it's more than two o'clock hours, that's what my impression was. So you could plaque that, and then deal with the iris. So that's one... You're absolutely right, Randy. If it's like a ring melanoma, or a complete 360, then you're not gonna be able to get success with that. And by the way, plaque therapy often helps with IAP reduction as well, we've found. When the pressures are up, where we do... We typically treat cyclo-diode with these, right? If the pressures are up before plaque therapy, we'll cyclo-diode these patients, if we need to before the surgery, before they're plaque. But I still wonder whether this patient needs to have their nucleation. I still wonder about that here. She's got a parent that has a father who died from pancreatic cancer.  She's a smoker as well. She's got some risk factors, all that history part. Talk about history, guys. History is so important, right, with all these things. Do you think a nucleation is gonna get cells that spread through the tread? Or are you talking about the xeneration? Oh, I think xeneration might be a bit much here, I think. But I do worry. I do worry, but I think that's a pretty big step to go forward to. It's a big step, by the way, in the hand. Once it spreads, it's a bad situation. Yeah, it is, it is, it's a hard one to grapple with. I don't know if I go so far as seeing a xeneration for a theoretical concern. It'd be very aggressive. Even when I'm wondering whether nucleation could be, I'm waving between that. But again, I would defer to my oncology experts to me if I saw that. I mean, a nucleation with carefully taking all of that anterior congeal to go beyond. So, the obvious distinguish between nucleation and xeneration, nowadays we have, we do this along with melanomas, so I'm trying to preserve as much tissue as possible with your nucleation, nucleation plus, which is, as you say, we can preserve the congeal type of anterior orbit. And then there is a medial and advanced xeneration, which is a complete, I think a total xeneration will be over 38 for sure. But we also do frozen sections during the nucleation, so we can take samples from the bunch of fiber, you get the eyeball, but at that time you dissolve that. And if the cells are okay, we preserve the lining. And so, once the decision is made, if the eye has to go, then we find the cells. Well, and I'm wondering whether that would be an interesting thought to do a biopsy there. I'm not aware of any case reports, though, and it's hard to prove, I guess, of a trap done with the systemic dissemination and link back to the trap. I'm not aware of that, but it's theoretical. Secondly, when we think about aqueous flow through a trap, where does aqueous flow? Well, it flows through the congeal type, it flows through the microsys, through the tear film, it flows through lymphatics, lymphatics are important, and it flows through the episcopal veins, aqueous veins. So, I think probably, time the management here is gonna be important to try to address this soon, but I think, I think even doing a nucleation is still gonna be long-term risks here in this patient, so. Thanks for sharing.


Anxiety feels overwhelming. Maybe you've tried everything to cope with these feelings. Meditation, running, journaling, all those fanciable teas and whatnot. Yet you still feel lost and are seeking the solution. We often forget that it's not a battle to be conquered or a threat meant to be eliminated. Instead, it's the inner voice of our conscience that you could gain power from if you take a step back and pay close attention to its message. Have you ever wondered what these anxious thoughts and feelings are trying to tell you? Let's explore six things your anxiety might be trying to tell you. Number one, you're plateauing. Even though you're always busy, are you bored of this same old, same old? Does your passion feel dry? Creativity feels stale. Is your daily routine fulfilling you or leaving you feeling the need to be fulfilled? This means it's Groundhog Day. Just kidding. If you feel lost and stuck in a monotonous lifestyle and feel anxious, this feeling may be a sign that it's time to step out of your comfort zone. According to Oregon counseling, hobbies have shown to have various benefits on mental health, including lower stress, more sleep, better physical health, more social connections, improved work performance, and increased overall happiness. So it's good to try something new, explore new interests, dive into new hobbies to pass time, then reach for a new level of learning. Trying something new can be intimidating for some as humans have a fear of failure. However, it's more helpful to view the learning process as the path to accomplishing more rather than an obstacle in your way. Your anxiety may be telling you that you have more potential you can tap into. Number two, you're in the wrong crowd. Sending time with family, friends, and peers should be a comfortable and gratifying experience. If you feel out of place, excluded, or just insecure around them, your anxiety is most likely prompting you to stay away from them. It's always important to trust your gut and listen to your intuition. Hanging out with anyone should not leave you taxed and tired. According to the Harvard Business Review, despite popular belief, there's a deep neurological basis for intuition. Scientists call the stomach the second brain for a reason. Your brain works in tandem with your gut to quickly assess all your memories, past learnings, personal needs, and preferences. If you feel drained when spending time with anyone, it's time to keep your distance, set necessary boundaries, and make new connections to reform your inner circle so you can be surrounded by the people you trust the most. Number three, you need to put yourself first. It's great to be there for those around you when they need the support, but constantly neglecting yourself and your needs in the process can be quite unfavorable. You know how during the safety demonstrations on flights, they always say to put your oxygen mask on first before helping others? It's because if you don't show up for yourself first, how can you be in good enough condition to provide adequate care for someone else? Being selfless does not mean you can't be selfish. The two go hand in hand. If you are overly stressed out and can't catch a break, think about what you can do for yourself to alleviate the pressure. Your anxiety is practically begging you to start prioritizing yourself because that is in the need of the hour. Any and all the hours for that matter. Number four, you need to be patient with yourself. And with all of the signs above, the biggest thing you can do when it comes to understanding your anxiety is to be patient with yourself. According to author and medical staff member, Leslie Becker-Felps, PhD, dealing with anxiety and understanding these complex feelings and emotions is a complex adventure in itself. Remember that you get to choose how you see your anxiety and how you let it see you. You have the power to decide what it means to productively deal with anxiety. You get to change the switch on what helpful thinking and unhelpful thinking means to you. They say patience is a virtue. Here, patience is a tool that can guide you as you work to better understand your needs. Your anxiety serves as a voice for your interferes and inhibitions. Opening yourself to these emotions takes courage and here, vulnerability is your greatest strength. As you get to know this part of yourself just a little bit more, day by day, you get the opportunity to nurture your needs and emerge with the energy needed to make each day a little bit easier. Have you noticed other things your anxiety tries to tell you? Let us know what they are below. Number five, you're overwhelmed. If your calendar has been filling up with meetings, events, reminders and too many tasks and to-dos, there's a good chance your anxiety stems from too much going on in your life. You can't really be in more than one place at once and the same idea applies to your mental state. You can't really think about two things at once, even if you try really hard as the author of the mental health journal, Vibe Check. Be your best you. Margarita Tartakovsky states in her article with Psych Central, recurring anxiety may be a sign of unresolved problems, focusing on pinning down what you're really afraid of and exploring why you're afraid of it can help. If you feel an unnatural amount of stress thinking about getting up and out of bed the next day, your anxiety is serving as a signal for you to scale back and take things slower. Perhaps you have too many unclear goals and responsibilities. In this case, it would be a good start to bring clarity and focus to your life by writing down clear achievable goals and mapping out how you can plan to approach them. It's not worth it to stretch yourself too far and too thin when it compromises your motivation, productivity, and overall wellbeing. And number six, you need a break. Maybe you've tried doing less or doing more and everything you could think of in between. And there you are again, with anxiety still looming over you. As psychologist and director of behavioral health, Jennifer Weber, CID states, using anxiety relieving coping strategies without understanding why you're anxious can become a band-aid or a quick fix. And as a result, you could miss out on the opportunity to resolve the underlying cause. Learning how to cope with anxiety requires time and attention, which can both be hard to find in times of unpredictability and stress. It's crucial for the mind and body to get rest when under pressure so you can reevaluate your needs, desires, and goals. If you feel like you've tried everything to cope with anxiety, maybe it's time to take a step back and take part in the most active form of doing, well, nothing. This is called actively doing nothing because spending so much energy towards understanding your stress takes perseverance. After all, if you don't take time off for yourself, your body will take the much needed break for you, most likely at an undesirable time. This is when you can be more susceptible to developing anxiety-induced health issues. A change in scenery, fresh air, and a free schedule can do wonders for resetting the mind.


everyone's a critic but I really like that blue in the background thank you not well blue blue green I guess yeah it really makes the leaves pop that's what I figured yeah because they were looking a little weak on their own uh-huh yeah it really does just brings them right out yeah these that's my critique for the day thank you


So, let us return back, we define flux, I am going to now talk about time varying phenomena, yeah. Sir, in the rectostatic case, we use almost two similar type of between, one is B is equal to some constant epsilon naught into E. That is provided, it is a linear material. Yes, yeah. And plus B, and here it is H and some constant 1 upon mu naught, H B minus M. So, this in one case, there is a plus and in another case, there is a minus. Yes. Is it only a matter of convention that two things are different or there is a physics thing going on? Yes. It is a direction of the dipole moment that was defined as some negative charge from positive charge. You will find that, that is the way it will start now. Okay, sir. If someone changes the convention or if the convention. No, if someone changes the convention, lots of things will change. Had the convention be otherwise, then would we have expected similar type of equations in both the cases? Certainly. But there you know, conventions are very much of interest to physics.  Right? So, let us not worry about that, but this is the way it is. Okay. But the effect is essentially the same. All right.  Now, we already know what is a flux. I am trying to recollect for you. Remember that in the first lecture, I had a picture of a Fisserman's net. So, we said that look, so the flux was defined as the b dot n ds. So, let me look at and we had sort of seen that del dot of b equal to 0. Now, look at a situation like this. I have a Fisserman's net here and this is the rim and I have a net outside. So, suppose I am to talk about this surface and then outward normal will be perpendicular to this out of the net. The other one if I take this, then the normal direction is outward like this. Then del dot of b will tell you, this is very important point to which I am coming back, that whether you calculate the flux from this surface or from that surface, the flux is identical. It is a consequence of the fact that the del dot of b equal to 0. The as long as the boundary is the same, on a given boundary, you can make many types of surfaces. For example, take the rim of a cup. You have a cup over it, so that is a surface. And if that rim which is circular, you put a disc on it, that becomes another surface. The flux turns out to be the same. Let us look at what is this electromotive force, ok. Remember motive force, it is a motion is connected. It is a most unfortunate nomenclature in physics because electromotive force is not a force. It is in the past when people had not understood what was happening. People had thought that look, there is something which is forcing these charges, if you connect them to a battery to move in a circuit. So, it was thought to be a force and that is how the name came out, ok. So, this electromotive force, what is electromotive force? So, you know that you define it as integral of e dot del. But essence, the circuits that you have are always closed circuit. An electrostatic force is a conservative force. The integral of e dot dl, contour integral of e dot dl over any closed circuit must be 0. That is the definition of conservative force. So, therefore, I cannot understand if I the only forces I had are the electrostatic force. The integral of e dot dl should be equal to 0, in which case it cannot explain the dissipation that takes place via joule heat and things like that. So, there should be no losses there, it is a conservative force. Now, so what is actually happening there is this, that I have a battery. That battery which is providing if you want me to still use the word motive force. Now, what the battery is doing is to convert chemical energy to electrical energy, ok. And what it does is to set up within that region of battery in non-conservative situation. In non-conservative field, I am calling it let us say e prime. So, my electromotive force if you like is given by the integral of e prime dot dl. Now, you would be saying that if it is only within the battery why did you put a contour integral there? But you see it does not matter because the non-conservative force outside the battery is 0. So, its contribution to the contour integral is equal to 0. So, you could write it that integral e prime dot dl within the battery region or you could simply say in the outside field also, it does not matter. That is not the only interesting thing. If you define the total electric field to be a sum of the conservative part and a non-conservative part e and e prime let us call it e total. So, I can define my emf to be integral of the total et dot dl. The reason is that one part is conservative. So, the like contour integral of that is 0. The second part is not 0, but then second part has a part within the battery and a part outside the battery the outside part is 0. So, therefore, integral of total e dot dl is the same as this integral which is my definition of the electromagnetic force ok. So, let us summarize our understanding of the electromagnetic force. We said that the total electric field is sum of two parts. There is a conservative part which is my electrostatic force and there is a non-conservative part where the battery is playing role. The current density is a sum of both parts. The line integral of the conservative part outside the battery is exactly cancelled by the line integral of the conservative part within the battery and that is the only way total integral can be given. The other part is 0 because the non-conservative part outside the battery. So, that is our understanding and that is in fact I am not do not have time to go for it. That is why there is always a talk of an open circuit voltage. That is between the terminals of a battery there exists a voltage. You do not have to connect it draw currents in order to talk about a voltage. You buy a battery from market and you can say its open circuit voltage is 1.5 volt 9 volt or whatever you pay for it ok. This is simply a method of talking about that what is its ability to draw current ok. Let me quickly come to the first of the time dependent phenomena namely Faraday as well. I will accelerate this a little bit because most of these are very well done by you people. So, firstly the statement is very simple. Faraday had said a changing magnetic flux through a circuit gives rise to an error. Now this what makes a magnetic flux change? Remember that flux is b dot ds. So, either b itself could be changing or the area could be changing, both could be changing, the angle between them could be changing all sorts of things could be happening. But Faraday's observation was it is immaterial what changes? As long as there is a change in flux whatever be its cause it will result in an error. Later on many names were given to it. For example, people say that if it was caused because of a relative motion people called it the EMF to be motion of EMF. Again convention if the magnetic field itself is changing it will also give rise to a EMF and there is no way to distinguish between them. So, Faraday's law was always stated like e is proportional to d5 by dt. Later on you will find it is written as e is equal to minus d5 by dt. This minus sign is very tricky don't take it as a algebraic sign. It is not an algebraic sign because minus sign was introduced to tell you about another law which goes with it and that law is known as Lenge's law. Now the Lenge's law tells you that if what is the direction of current not EMF current if I had actual physical circuit connected by conducting material. Now remember Faraday's law is true even if you had a circuit consisting of wood. I can have a magnetic field varying and I can have let us say circle made of wood and I can talk about how much is the EMF generated in that circuit. Because the definition of EMF has nothing to do with whether I have iron there or wood there. But current there is a need because if you want to talk about current that circuit cannot be wooden circuit but it better be a conducting circuit. So, Lenge's law said that what would be the direction of the current if we are to have a circuit where there were conducting element. And it says that that results in an induced current. The direction of that will be such as to oppose the cause which is making this change. It does not like ok. You try to increase the flux the induced current will be generated in such a direction that is the effect of that induced current will be to produce a magnetic field which is in the reverse way. So, that it will try to decrease the flux. This minus sign was introduced by the people to tell you that there is a law called Lenge's law which tells you that the effect is to oppose changes. The nature does not like changes to occur it wants status quo ok. So, please do not take that minus sign as an algebraic quantity. So, let me give you one example. Supposing I have a circuit which is in a magnetic field. Let us say that magnetic field is coming out of the plane of the board. And let us suppose I stretch this a little bit. So, I have a length here dL and I am stretching it with a velocity V. So, that in time dT this length element gets stretched by V dT. Now, then what I do is this that this has resulted in a change in the area which is given by V dT times this dL or cross because we have seen that is a an area can be regarded as a vector. So, let us look at the Lorentz force again Q V cross B. So, my E n f then is by definition E dot dL is force per unit charge which is V cross B dot dL. So, that is equal to this is A cross B dot dL which you can rearrange using A dot B cross C equal to B dot C cross A etcetera etcetera to a form like B dot del cross V. And del cross V right because V is essentially dX by dT. So, I write it as minus V S by dT and you get this is equal to d5 by dT. So, what has happened here is that the we have said that if this is stretching with a velocity V the area is changing with a velocity V then the cause of this force is there is a motion on the other. Its cause is because of the motion. The next problem I will not be doing because I am sure several times you have asked your students to do it. Basically, it is a loop which is moving in one direction and you can sort of see what actually there is something interesting about it. There is a magnetic field coming out. There is a loop which is moving let us say in some direction. Now, you see if I am going to be taking talking about an integral around this loop there are charges here there are charges are moving assume there are positive charges which are moving. We know that of course the charge that moves in negative charges, but now these charges because they are moving and there is a magnetic field there they are subject to Lorentz force V cross B dot dL. Now, the contribution to the integral from this side and that side will be 0 because corresponding to every point here there is a point here where you are traversing the in the opposite direction. This is an inhomogeneous field not a constant field. So, take any point let us say here and the corresponding point there. The strength of the magnetic field is the same, but because your length element is in the opposite direction the contribution to that integral goes away. On the other hand there will be opposite points even on this two, but the strength of the magnetic fields are not the same. As a result there is contribution from this side and that side and which results in this integral not being equal to 0. So, that is the reason for the EMF here ok. Well, this is the same more or less, but since this is giving me the first of the Maxwell's equation there is let us talk about it. What we are saying is this that the two examples that I gave you had emotional EMF because they arose because of the charges in motion. Charges in motion are subjected to Lorentz forces and because of that we calculated different values of EMF. There is no way of saying or distinguishing whether the it is because of the motion or because of changing magnetic field to the flux changes. So, let us look at this. This is my definition of the Faraday's law. Integral E dot dl is minus d phi by dt, but phi is b dot dl. So, that is what we do. By Stokes law E dot dl is del cross E dot dl which is equal to minus d by dt of b dot dl. Bring everything to one side you get del cross E plus db by dt equal to 0. So, del cross E which was equal to 0 because we said electrostatic force is a conservative. Now, we are saying del cross of E is minus db by dt ok, minus db by dt this is what del cross E gives me. So, this is a consequence of the fact that I have a time varying situation. With the magnetic field whatever the reason is varied then my del cross E equation changes. curl of E is no longer 0. So, another way of looking at it is a changing magnetic field. The statement should be changing magnetic flux. But a changing magnetic field also gives rise to an equivalent electric field and that changes the curly equation. So, curl of E is no longer 0. So, let us look at some of the consequence thereof. Supposing I have two loops and there are current through these loops. Now, one of the things you should realize is that if there is a current in this loop it creates a magnetic field around it. This magnetic field is threaded by this loop as a result there is a flux through this loop and if the current in this loop is changing with time then the magnetic field that it generates also changes with time. As a result the flux that is passing through loop number 2 also changes with time. But if the flux is changing with time there is an emf that will be generated in loop number 2. And I can immediately write down by realizing that the field due to this loop is written as B 0 by 4 pi D L 1 cross pi this is just bias of what is all. And the flux then is B 1 dot B S 2. Remember I have put in one to say that the field is generated by loop 1 and the flux is because there is a an area here. So, notice because this expression has B 1 the flux through the second loop is proportional to the current in the first loop. That tells me that I can write the flux through the second loop as proportional to the current in the first loop and the proportionality constant can be calculated by all this integral. So, Faraday's law will then tell me that the emf generated in this loop due to the changing current in that loop is given by minus Lengis law M 2 1 times Di 1 by dt. This constant is called the mutual conductor. It is always a good idea to talk about mutual conductance before you have introduced self conductance. And because it is much easier for you all realize that mutual conductance being lot more difficult to calculate one does not do it in school. But it may be so, but conceptually mutual conductance is much easier to understand than self conductance. Mutual conductance says the interaction between two bodies. I am telling you you are listening it. So, this is a much easier thing to understand. Here is a person lecturing there is a person receiving. When you say I am lecturing and I am receiving there seems to be some confusion. Now, so this is mutual conductance because it is much easier to understand this is a seat of magnetic field this is threading it. So, the flux through is this changing since the current is changing the flux is changing flux is changing there is an emf in this circuit. Turn the table. There is a current in this circuit which is also changing with time. It will allow you for its flux to be intercepted by this ok. And you can recalculate and show that the mutual inductance is a function of geometry how they are placed. So, having said that now I have a loop I have a magnetic field produced. Now this magnetic field is not only threading the loops that there may be nearby it is also threading its own loop. This is the whole idea that it is also because of the fact it is threading its own loop there is an emf generated in the loop itself I am giving a lecture you are listening to me for almost 3 hours you are getting tired that is mutual inductance. I am talking continuously I am getting tired that is self-inductive. Now, so therefore now you will realize try to do this problem in the class from first principle try to calculate the self-inductance of a long straight line you will realize how much a problem is there ok. You will and do it by normal method not by sign half Li square is the energy so therefore I can calculate energy by some other way and equate it do it by first principle it is not easy. The so therefore this emf its job is actually to reduce the current that is flowing in this and hence it is called a back emf ok. The it opposes the always the inductance or the effect of the Faraday's law is to act as something which opposes the change it does not like changing whether in another person or in yourself I told you to do self-inductance calculation of self-inductance of a long straight wire which I will not do by the time you finish it you go to the December you have not succeeded just send me an email I will try to do it but do it for some simple case let us look at the self-inductance of a solenoid tightly wound solenoid we know the magnetic field is mu zero n i with every term then since there is a constant magnetic field inside I link a flux which is equal to the area of each term times the magnetic field which is mu zero n i so if the total length is L then total number of turns that I have is small n into L so total amount of flux linked is this much so L is d5 by dt which is simply given by this that gives you immediately an expression for what the self-inductance is let us do the same thing suppose I have two solenoids which are tightly wound with each other much easier to calculate so you know the field so you have that you are putting in a current I through one of them and through the other one also look at that if you are changing the current I through one of them how much is the flux linked in the other one and you can get an expression for the mutual inductance we already had found out the expression for the self-inductance of a single solenoid you can check that m12 is simply the geometrical mean of the two self-inductance that is provided everything is tightly wound at things like that mutual inductance is a very sensitive function of geometry let us come to the following thing now when I establish a current in the circuit remember what we do we switch on right the process of switching on is a very interesting thing the current was zero before you switch it on the fact that you have switched on it means in a short time the current went from zero to whatever its value would be after the switch was put on so in other words there is a changing current that is a simple thing which you do every day go to a room switch on the process of switching on changes the current from zero to whatever value that happens then the because the current is established in the circuit you must have an induced EMF developing now so when this induced EMF which I know is a back EMF develops work must be done to opposite because otherwise I can never establish a current to my desired value and of course the same thing that if there are more than one conductors then you have to also change the current in the other circuits because of that let us look at energy of a current this way now what is the flux supposing I have got large number of circuits what is the flux through let us say i th circuit so we said i th circuit flux changes because of current in that circuit self inductance is proportional to the current so I write it as Li ii small i means i th circuit it also there is a component change in the current in the other circuits j not equal to i here a self inductance comes here a visual inductance comes so my EMF which is d phi i by dt e i the EMF on the i th circuit that is simply obtained by writing something over d by dt of this Li di i by dt plus Mi j di j by so the rate at which the work is done is simply e i i and if you write that you can write it this is Li multiplying with i di i by dt which is same as di square by dt and likewise in this expression you have multiplied an i so I have written it as di i ij by dt I need a factor of 1 by 2 because general differentiation ok so this work done ok total work done I can express in terms of say this is my definition of the work done electric field e i and this EMF I have seen is this is expression for that so i i was there i i square and things like that and this is simply the expression for i i phi i I am just going through one of them phi is b dot ds so I convert this to by Stokes law to a dot j now let us come to a different situations so we have talked about changing current now suppose in a circuit I have a current but I also have let us say a capacitor but before that let me ask the following question we said a changing magnetic field gives rise to an electric field naturally people have realized by that time there is a lot of similarity between or symmetry between electric field and the magnetic field so the question naturally arises if a time varying magnetic field gives rise to an equivalent electric field because EMF is nothing but integral e dot ds what would happen if I were to change the electric field with time will it give me a magnetic field or not now this actually comes back to the fact that magnetic effects are not more difficult to observe so changing magnetic field gave rise to an electric field which could be easily demonstrated experiment but it was not known for a very long time whether a changing electric field will give rise to a magnetic field just because it is a small effect and in fact that is basically the contribution of Maxwell into the whole game you notice that we had Gauss's law del dot of b equal to 0 del dot of p equal to rho by epsilon 0 we had a Faraday's law del cross of e equal to minus dv by dt we had Ampere's law but ultimately the whole set of equation came to be known as Maxwell's equation so what did Maxwell actually do if all the work were done by other people you know why did Maxwell get the credit Maxwell was able to get this last mile and last mile is very important I mean you may have a fiber active cable running in the nearby but if you do not have a catfied cable which is coming to your home there is a useless population so that is what he did and he answered it in a very simple way let us look at the following situation supposing I have a current flowing in a circuit in which I have a capacitor now what is happening when I switch on the current in the circuit the capacitor is getting charged now so I have a circuit the capacitor is getting charged the question that he wanted to know is this during the process of charging current is not 0 if it is a DC you have a capacitor because the capacitor there is an air gap the current will not be there but we are not talking about that we are talking about a situation which happens just before the charging takes place the process of charging is delivering the charges from the battery onto the plates of the capacitor during that time charges are moving from the battery through the external circuit to the plates of the capacitor so there is a current at that time now this current we will call as a conduction current because that is what exists in the outside circuit now suppose I considered a loop here threading that area then I can use the ampere slot to say integral v dot dl equal to mu 0i but then what was done is the following we have just now said that the flux that is calculated ok so this is what I am doing I have said that this is supposing this is the surface S1 which is just the plane of that loop so you could convert that equation into del cross b equal to mu 0j by simply using your stokes law now suppose instead you decided that I will still consider the same loop but will not take the disc as the surface but we will imagine that with the same loop as the rim there is a pot and part of that pot goes between the capacitor we have said that the flux is independent of which surface you take but what happens now the problem is that there is that part of the pot is not cutting any current because there is no physical conduction current inside a capacitor but the calculation must be the same so there is a conflict so earlier this would seem to suggest del cross of b equal to 0 because there is no current but earlier we had said del cross of b equal to mu 0j now same physical situation 2 different calculations cannot give me the 2 different results and this is what Maxwell did he said his thinking was this some of these thinking have led to wrong names ok his thinking was imagine instead of vacuum that space between the capacitor had some medium, material medium then since you have set up charges in other words that material medium has now put in an electric field this will lead to charge separation within that and we go back now to how much is the flux the flux through s2 then he calculated as we have done it earlier as surface is s2 but it is d dot ds now in that case by d phi e by dt is d by dt of d dot ds and this is the time differentiation there is a space integration you can bring that in which will become d dot ds is del dot d dq bar so you can show that d phi e by dt is equal to dq by dt because rho del dot d is actual charge rho that is the reason I brought in d real charge but rho dq bar is nothing but q so which tells me that the change in the electric flux is the same as dq by dt which is the current in the outside circuit so now we are left with the last bit of our equations that we need to now change del cross h we are del cross e equation so we are del cross b equal to mu 0 j which is same as del cross h equal to mu j so to that we now needed to add a term which is because of the changing well it is d what was called as displacement field so this tells me well you can immediately see that if you do del dot del cross h it will give rise to continuity equation so with this we have now established all the equations which go in the name of Maxwell's equation good to see them in one place always I have del dot of e equal to rho by epsilon 0 repeat again this e is the real electric field because not just the real charge density rho is the actual charge density real or induced put together del dot of b equal to 0 there is nothing that I can do to it this is these two equations remember this equation is the only one which has remain unscatched in our discussion del dot of e has remained rho by epsilon 0 but our idea of what rho is has changed rho is now not only the free charges but also the induced charges so that equation has changed though it does not look like having changed but it has changed second equation does not change because nature has not provided us with any magnetic monoblock the third equation that is there is what is known as Faraday's law the changing magnetic field is equivalent to an electric field induced electric field so del cross of e and minus sign as I told you is the linear law it opposes the next one is changing electric field though it is always written in terms of d d divided so the thing is that d as we know is our mental idea about the effect that would be produced if somehow or other we could switch off the inducing activity it is not something which I can actually calculate accepting in case of linear material where we say d and e are proportional it is unfortunately their names have stuck but today the fashion is to say vector d without a name and a vector h okay only when you consider linear material then h is proportional to b mu times b that is called permeability but most material are not linear I want to know the physical meaning of current as well as displacement current that is what I am trying to tell you the name is only displacement current is nothing to do with displacement the name came because original idea of Maxwell was to explain it in terms of the separation of charges by putting it in the media so forget about the name the question is what is d is what you are asking okay nowadays no physicist uses the name displacement vector displacement current is used see if you have a current passing in the outside circuit continuity demands that inside the capacitor right there has to be a continuous thing because outside it comes out not that quantity whatever it is has to have the dimension of current right so but however in order to understand it what it is you have to give it a different meaning which is what we did we showed that if you realize what is the changing inside the capacitor right its time rate of change is equivalent to a quantity which has the dimension of current okay and this quantity that you calculate is exactly equal to the conduction current in the outside circuit so that is what is known as the displacement current but unlike the physical current displacement current is not something which is flowing okay it is a name given because it has a dimension of current is it clear okay now so therefore my equations are these delta to be equal to rho by epsilon 0 I told you E is the actual field delta to be equal to 0 del cross E faraday's law this is ampere Maxwell's law del cross H should have been equal to J only because del cross B is mu 0 J if H and B are proportional then only a factor of mu should come but then I have a factor which is due to changing electric field d divided these set of 4 equations are collectively called as Maxwell's equation always along with this I need 2 footnotes okay that is the question was being asked what is d d is being defined d is being defined in terms of measurable quantities d is being defined as epsilon 0 E I can measure E plus the polarization factor and likewise H is being measured in terms of B and the magnetism so they are called constitutive relations because they are introduced to auxiliary field namely d and H the fields that we are we always talk about in physics are always E and B okay but if you are doing electrodynamics these will also be there okay suppose I want to now rewrite Maxwell's equation not in terms of E and B but in terms of the corresponding potentials I have a scalar potential and I have a vector potential definition of scalar potential is minus the gradient of phi is the electric field definition of vector potential is the curl of the vector potential is the magnetic field so in those equations that I had del cross of E equal to minus this is faraday del cross E is minus so if I substitute B to be equal to del cross A then you notice that I can write this equation by taking this term to the other side as del cross of E plus dA by dt equal to 0 right now then since this is the curl of a quantity equal to 0 this entire quantity is expressible as gradient of a potential now please understand what is happening because I am we said in the electrostatic field since the electric field was conservative del cross of E was equal to 0 E could be written as minus grad phi now I am saying something else I am saying E is not conservative if you have time difference but though E is not conservative some quantity called E plus dA by dt seems to be conservative what is that quantity I do not know A is not E is not conservative because del cross of E is no longer there but I have shown that if you add to E some quantity like dA by dt that has a curl equal to 0 but any quantity whose curl is equal to 0 you should be able to write it as let us say minus grad phi so this is what we did so we said minus grad phi plus dA by dt it is immaterial we always use minus because our potential definition is minus gradient of phi but any mathematics book they do not care if del cross of a quantity is equal to 0 that quantity is expressible as gradient of a scalar it is minus del V minus dou A by dt or plus dou A by dt this quantity this quantity E plus dA by dt yes if I write it as I think there is a sign problem minus sign that is minus sign that is minus sign you know whatever such things are pointed out I tell my students that these are the jobs of accountants not physicists so do not worry about it there is an error so there is an error has to be corrected now in the vacuum look at this because that is all that I am going to do del dot of E is rho by epsilon 0 so put it back there so what do you get is an equation for del square V now if you get an equation for del square V but remember del square V is written in terms of A I can look at another equation this I have to flash so if you look at the second equation you find do some manipulation do not make the mistake that I did you will get equations of this type yeah I mean I agree that there is a minus sign difference it does not matter now these equations can be actually decoupled this can be decoupled because we have a lot of liberty with respect to choosing a gauge so what one does remember I talked about Coulomb gauge which said del dot of A equal to 0 but now it turns out that if instead of Coulomb gauge you choose another gauge in which del dot of A is not equal to 0 but you take that del dot of A is equal to minus 1 over C square dv by dt if you do that that is called a Lorenz gauge then you find these two equations become decoupled and these equations are nothing but wave equations so with that I think it is good to conclude thank you very much


Good day fellow investors! When Mornish Parbhai speaks I like to listen and he recently shared on LinkedIn an interview he gave for the Indian Economic Times. We're going to go through the interview and we're going to give five investing tips that I extracted from the interview that discuss also in deep explain some things from Mornish Parbhai. He is one of the greatest value investors out there so there is a lot to learn from him. The investing tips discussed are concentrated portfolio, free stocks that he owns make more than 50% of his total portfolio, 700 million under management, 400 million is invested in free stocks and he buys those listen carefully at the price earnings ratio of one or less. How can there be a price earnings ratio of one in this market? Well there can be, you just have to wait and you will learn how to do that how to find those stocks by the end of this video. Three reasons why investments don't work out so a very important checklist before investing in anything cloning stock investments also something very important to save a lot of time don't think about macro. He has no interest in the US anymore that changed five years ago before that he was 90% invested in the US and then finally take a nap so let's start with the concentrated portfolio and price earnings ratios of one. So Parbhai has a concentrated portfolio yes but he bought those stocks Fiat Chrysler, Rain Industries and Santec Realty to Indian companies when the price earnings ratios of those companies what he likes to say was below one not the current trailing price earnings ratio but the future potential price earnings ratio on the price he pays so he is really waiting for bargains to find something that can earn in one year what he pays for it. To do that you have to really look at unfavorable industries like the car industry in 2012 so he finds their companies that will not go bust and have a high potential to deliver high earnings in the future for example in 2012 he was buying Fiat Chrysler and his average in investing price is around four and you can see that it was even lower it was four but it was also below three so he really doesn't care about those short-term changes in price because he's looking for the long term so he paid around four to buy Fiat Chrysler now the stock is at 17 and on top of that you should add the Ferrari spin-off which is close to a market cap like Fiat Chrysler so there is double the return on this investment for Pabrai the current earnings per share is 2.21 if we deduct 40% of the 2012 purchase price as the value gotten from Ferrari we get two price earnings ratio close to one needless to say just look at the chart Fiat Chrysler is now at 17 it was at 25 he sold a little bit around 25 he lowered his position but he's still way way ahead and a great investment double the gain there as for finding such stocks Pabrai tells us how we have to keep our eyes open as such opportunities arise once every few years to quote what I found over a 1920 year investing history is that these what I call PE of once tend to show up an idea every two or three years the less similar opportunity he took advantage of was in Indian real estate in Mumbai he bought 10% of the company Suntech Realty and you can see the stock price exploded it's a five-bagger in the last two years so amazing opportunity he took advantage of in light of the demonetization crisis that hit India and real estate prices around Mumbai now on the three reasons why investments don't work out for investors the single biggest reason why investments don't work out for investors is leverage leverage is followed by misunderstanding on of what a mode is and thinking that the company has it he has gotten to those conclusions by studying a lot of great investors in the past so leverage big leverage really affects a company in a bad way then mode if there someone thinks there is a mode but there isn't and then it all boy boils down to management if the management is good if there is quality management then the company the business will have a high higher likelihood of succeeding and then we come to something very very important cloning stock investments looking for the portfolio crown jewels of other investors and here he discusses how he doesn't like the auto industry it is high capex there are unions there are consumer tastes and it's very difficult to invest but in 2012 he was studying other investors that invested in the auto industry where their largest position in 2012 was general motors and i made a video this week about David Einhorn you can check it in the card above on youtube how he his largest position is still general motors and that's why perhaps pub rye is still holding fiat chrysler however he looked at those colleagues that were invested in general motors he looked at the auto industry and only then he invested in fiat chrysler so he cloned the investment idea from somebody else this is something we shouldn't be ashamed of doing and he also is humbled to share with us that he found rain industries because someone sent him an extremely well-written report another indian stock no need to mention it is another five bagger and it was also even more than that more than a 10 bagger just a few months ago another tip don't think about macro investors should spend zero time thinking about macro anything just completely ignore it because it's hard enough to figure out the future of one business in almost all cases micro will trump macro in a major way i must say i agree with him however i also look at valuations i also look at opportunities and he also does that because he's also disclosing that he has a large cash position at the moment so he's also waiting for opportunities which means buying cheap businesses not that much looking at the macro environment nobody knows where when there will be the next recession what will happen with the economy what will happen with the trade wars etc etc all we can do is find great cheap great businesses that will deliver business returns to our portfolios and that's what also i am doing i have still a lot of cash waiting to be deployed in good opportunities however finding those opportunities requires lots of research and he has no interest in the us because the us is becoming harder and harder to invest in the number of stocks in the us declined from 820 years ago to less than 3500 there are more and more analysts following and it's harder and harder to find investing gems up to five years ago pubry was invested 80 to 90 percent in us stocks now his only us position is fiat Chrysler that isn't even a totally us stock and then another tip taken an afternoon nap pub rye believes you can increase your productivity by taking afternoon naps i don't need them i work through the afternoon also from the morning researching stocks but i think that many people would calm them themselves down by simply taking an afternoon nap and saying to yourself everything can wait i will work better and harder after the nap for some it works see if it works for you and if you're depriving yourself of improved efficiency if you don't take a nap even buffet he asked buffet when he was visiting him he asked him do you take an afternoon nap and do you have a room and buffet said yes buffet has an afternoon nap room in his office on the research that i'm doing now i'm currently looking at the complete list of chinese stocks traded in the united states so you can expect a lot of videos about chinese stocks i don't think there are price earnings ratios of one perhaps in the future i'll look at that too because i'm very very intrigued the last company i bought at the price earnings ratio of one was temig brazilian utility that was trading at one dollar per share two years ago and the earnings were there somewhere in line now they are below that but it was a price earnings ratio of one to needless to say the stock price exploded now on cloning investment ideas if you think that 200 hours of research that i spent on the stock market per month is worth more than 20 bucks for you for your time so if your 200 hours are worth more than 20 bucks per month and you like to get research reports research ideas investment ideas on stocks please check my stock market research platform the link is in the description below on youtube so see that there is a 30 day money back guarantee so that you have really nothing to lose and a lot of time to save as a stock market investing and stock markets research really requires a lot of time a lot of knowledge and a lot of experience like pubry has even this just checking what he is doing what iron horn is doing really takes a lot of time to have a clear idea on what they are doing and whether there are investment opportunities so to save time if you want let me do the research for you thank you for watching looking forward to have comments don't forget to check the iron horn video and subscribe because there will be more stock investments from iron horn from pubry and from what i find in china see you in the next video


I think where I'm stood here, there was a very very deep well. We've transferred this marked line down here and we've measured to where the brickwork is going to be starting. Old school foundation. I can't remember the last time I built a foundation. And good morning on this very brisk day. It is Tuesday the 4th of April and we are back at Jason's job and this time we have a new project. No lintels this time. We have a little L shape extension to do and just a quick one. I think where I'm stood here there was a very very deep well. I think dad's going to put a picture up while I'm talking about this but I think if I remember right there was like over 11 cube of concrete gone in there. So that's a lot of bloody concrete. I'm glad we never dug up any of that in our extensions knock on wood. But that's all filled up now and concreted so our job is going to be get up to DPC with these course and bricks and yeah get up to DPC level and then I don't know what's happening from there but that's our task for today. I think at some point these drains are going to get moved as well so hopefully that might be done if we're coming back so and we've got our water. I'm just going to go help dad get some stuff now because I kind of left him to do this little intro so I will catch you in a bit. Probably time laps are loading out. See you then. So since the camera was rolling we've just done got started with a bit of setting up. I've got a little laser level operating and what we've done so far is we've transferred this marked line down here and we've measured to where the brickwork is going to be starting and we've got two five thirty so obviously now we're going to transfer two five thirty onto that side and we'll know where the brickwork is going up to on that side. Did you explain about me? Yeah how much was in there? These I'll put a picture up on screen of the ladder and that ladder I'll show you but anyway I think I worked it out judging by the ladder room it's about 11 feet deep just on this corner as you see there's a big hole and it's a well it's a stone well so they had to get this dig all out get back down to solid clay and Jason said by the time it's concreted they had to get a pump as well. I think he said 11.4 cube went into the first pole and then it's been poured again to level it off so I'm not sure what was in the second pole I've got to ask so there's you're probably talking getting over 14 cube going in here for this little extension which is it's an important part of the part of the house because this is going to be like the plant room with all the underfloor heating and everything all the electrics and everything comes into this room I think it's going to be utility as well and the last one is we're using this today kaiwitz this was sent to us uh too long ago yeah we've had it a long time this and we've actually found it I've only ever used this once before it's on this to sort to level the lentils but what we're doing here if you grab the camera mate I'll explain. So thank you to kaiwitz for sending this this so long ago I'm sorry that it took us this long to use it so if you look at this how scabby it is and there's a facial board in the way and there's a starter thing in the way the render so actually finding a point to plum down to get down to the concrete is near impossible so what we do with this thing is it's not ideal with the sun shining is set that up like that there you go there you go so it's way out there at the moment then it's over there look there's our line see there bring it a little bit closer so we can they can see it properly do you want to take that a sec yeah I'm gonna go right over that way yeah shout out in the bottom bit you can see it better yeah that's keep going over this is the bit we need to we need to be over here here bring me out the way stop out there okay so if I put my hand there just just about see the laser in the centre of my palm or tip of my finger so what that does is it shines the line just see it there if I keep getting away so that transfers the line down for us right down to the concrete so we can mark on there and we can mark on the concrete it's not set at the moment and also it's got the square line on it as well so when we've paralleled that line across to the two five thirty we can put a mark on set the laser up on the mark and then line up with this side so then that gives us this line and then it gives us a square line back to there and it'll tell us whether this this is an extension and this is the original house so this will tell us how square they got the extension and then we'll probably just make it work oh yeah as we always do yeah so this is really handy this so we're not currently using it as a level we're using it as a square as a square yeah and to transfer level transfer our dimensions yeah I like it and we might just put it set it up as a laser just to check Jason I think we've got a couple of pegs there a couple of pegs there I think he said the pegs were for the floor level I think he said about eight courses and it's 73 mil concrete commons two skins with a 150 mil cavity our first 150 mil cavity um you have to check we've got some tie wires because we're gonna need tie wires in it we've got the box with the stills though yeah six inch cavity they'll be long enough that's true so there we'll put you back in time that's why we get the rest to set out and we'll start loading out get a mixing with our pimped up mixer there you go with the mics on yeah we're getting there it's got a load of bricks thrown in load of 73 mil commons a few more to get in yet but a bread was frozen some more and so Christine is just driven down with our sandwiches for us so Alex is in the van currently and we're just having a quick recap so we've worked everything out we're parallel off this wall and when we squared back this way we were coming to like here so the actual building's out of square so what we've done is we've dragged that end behind us we've pulled that end out to line up with this so it's 30 mil on the whole building so it's um it's it's got to line up because it's got to be rendered through so there's no plonking it to the if that makes sense so that was done with the laser level for for squaring up which we've never done before that was great that we'd never transferred this down with the level look at the state of that so that was done with the laser line and Alex has marked it back and even when we build this corner up here we can put the laser back in the corner then we've transferred it over to here this is our these pegs are our floor datum and DPC Jason's put one in here one here one there one just to the side of them bricks and one in the corner next to the toolbox so when we brought the level in here and set it up keep clicking and then it goes that's it that brings you just to level if you look on this here see that now it's just a mill down from the top of that now Jason's old school he hasn't got laser levels and stuff he's done all this with the straight edge and we've actually checked over here checked all the pegs a couple of mill down there we're actually going out the sun now so we'll be able to see the laser level better soon so I put a shadow on here and don't stand in the way just just make it out again a mill down from the top you can't sit on a camera because I can barely see it in my own eyes I think we have a brightness on here we click this button you know that was on full brightness so we've put bricks in the way this one but we've already checked it it's bang on so we can transfer that back to the so yeah Jason's levels are perfect the building is slightly out of square probably 30 mil but look at the state of it it's an old building with an extension right you just got to follow up to here so yeah we can switch the laser off now the first time I've used it properly you're absolutely made up with it see what's throwing the line around inside there because we're out of the sun here it's belting made up with it yeah kai wheats cracking pedikit that would definitely be using it more we forgot the the proper rotary level but that what a faff that would be to set up here this is a lot easier without the staff and that so that's our view we're going to have a break get the rest of the brick in and then Alex is going to get a mix and we're going to get cracking I think there's about 400 in it so we need to pull our things out to get this done today there's a few lentils to go in and stuff but we need to speak to Jason about that Jason's not here today so Jason let us know about that so catch after broom right there's always day one on the job there's always a lot of messing about setting out levels set a lot of plava so we've got our lines now that laser's brilliant there's a damp course level should rise up there underneath that pipe it's going to be a bit awkward yeah that's got eight courses this ends 10mm high so we know that we'll get that in eight courses easy as I say it's eight courses we put the lintel in here two lentils in here to take this duct and this duct through back into the plant room I think that's power and stuff to the swimming pool then straight run and roughly about three brick in and then we're going to leave about two and a half maybe three brick wide opening we've got two, four people going to leave a nice big wide opening because that's that drain pipe there there has to come through and out there so Jason wants to keep it set as shallow as possible no no sharp bends to go out to forgotten purposes so we'll just put a nice big hole in there and then back to here as you can see that's clay tiny bit of concrete because this is the extension we've actually used concrete and then a bit of rubric to damp so yeah it's all brick wake up to damp same as that so it would be same as absolutely brick work up to damp plus two then the block work as soon as there's a couple on we can run for your win and get the lintel on and I can carry them with the corner at the top then this is not going to have a screen in here like the didn't house this is going to have a concrete floor straight up because there's no underfloor heating with it being a plant room stroke utility room there's a lot of cupboards and stuff so there's no point putting under floor heating in it but all the underfloor heating comes this with the manifolders so once that mixture's ready we'll get cracking without the sun now so we can see the laser it saves us so much hassle trying to get that line transferred down there fantastic so made up with that and then yeah that's it i'll slow them out and we'll get cracking there we have it what is it all back quarter five tell you what that's not bad old school foundation I can't remember the last time I built a foundation out of bricks so mind you with the struggle with the trench block because it's one of those cavities it's a 150 you can actually stand in there cavities that big any of the boots in there so yeah I don't know I'm going to get out of here because I can't bend my legs properly so there's the um lintel for the cables that blue duct and the black duct coming through into here and then that one's you can see those those two lintels are offset because the drain's coming out of here and it's going to sweep round into there so it's we've put them offsets it's a bigger gap based on the angle yeah eight course double skin do we even count how many brick are in it yeah three four five six seven it's about 240 on the outside skin yeah yeah it's probably about 20 less it's probably about 480 brick in it maybe 450 that's not bad because in the late start we had and the lintels of course that's now the lintels it was very very hard to set out as we showed you the laser which was a massive help you can see all that Jason's done a lot of patching up on this it's actually going to be that's going to be into the house that's into the kitchen don't know what I think that might be a downstairs toilet it's going to be utility plant room and then if you look upstairs where Jason's done that it's going to have a single story with a flat roof and it's going to be balcony so you can walk out the master bedroom out onto the balcony and admire the swimming pool very nice yeah so we're done so I'll hand you over to you on one over there we will be back to build it but what that's once Jason's at the floor then everything's gonna be all in breaks I want some I want some block in there so as you see that is it done if you enjoyed be sure to give a thumbs up and if you're new to the channel you want to see more of this and everything else be sure to hit subscribe and tap on that bell so that you're always notified whenever we upload there's always a massive help and we greatly appreciate the support this has been Rick Lee and Steve and Alex and we'll see you in the next video