This is Stink Tech, Hawaii. Community matters here. Getting the journey is dedicated to exploring the options and choices for the end of life care. And to assist people to talk about their wishes. It's time to transform our culture so we shift from not talking about dying to talking about it. It's time to share the way we want to live our lives at the end of our lives. And it's time to communicate about the kind of care we want and don't want for ourselves and our loved ones. We believe that the place for this to begin is not in the intensive care unit. But together we explore the various paths to life's endings. Together we can make these difficult conversations easier. Together we can make sure that our own wishes and those of our loved ones are expressed and respected. If you're ready, please join us as we navigate the journey. And today, today's a special day. We are going to talk about medical aid in dying. Last month, October marked 20 years since Oregon's death with dignity law went into effect. And for those of us committed to seeing medical aid in dying in Hawaii that can work and to achieve the same successes that Oregon has. Oregon's law paved the way for authorization in five other states in the District of Columbia since then. And we, Hawaii, still have work to do to ensure that medical aid in dying in Hawaii find support in the 2018 legislative session. So our goal here as it has been for the last 20 years is to allow people to have this choice. Today I have with me my friend Scott Foster who is the director of the Hawaii Society for Death with Dignity. And he has been on the path working day and night to make sure this happens in Hawaii. He, if I get this, hopefully I get it right. You feel telephone calls, you talk to people about it, people that are in those last few days of life that want comfort that are looking for help. Did I get that right? Well, yes. We have two goals. Most of the time we're there to receive phone calls and emails from people who have either received a six month terminal diagnosis or family and friends of people who have received such a diagnosis. Because it, getting that pronouncement just as a broadside to people. Oh, I'm sure it is. We're never prepared to begin to prepare to die. And believe me, it was not my lifelong learning to be dealing with this as hands on as I have been because I do have many other interests and issues. But the most important thing we do from day to day is be there when someone needs advice and counsel and basically our experience of navigating this journey with so many other people. Our second mission, which is certainly as important, is to pass a law in Hawaii. Yes, last month was the 20th anniversary of the Oregon law. But we had been working and we, I stand on the shoulders of many great people, A.Q. McElrath, A.A. Smeiser, Folly Hoffer. The list goes on of people that brought me to the issue. And they're all gone now. So this is really about nearly my 30th year of being involved in this issue.  So here we are almost 20 years now since it was introduced.  And as you may remember, the audience may remember. Anyway, the last session, or the first part of this session, it passed the Senate with flying colors, only two or three people. Two said absolutely no and one with reservations. And yet it came right down to the last vote in the House and it was deferred. So we go back at it again. So tell me now, for anybody that's new, that hasn't been with us for the last many years, tell us what is the bill? What does the bill do? What's in the bill? The bill is based on... Because we're talking about the bill, like everybody's supposed to know what the bill is. The medical aid and dying bill, which is now being called. People try to avoid using the word death, but it's the death-with-thing-the-mill. Okay, let me do this. So for anybody that wants to... It is SB 1129. Even though it is an SB, but it's in the House. Correct. So if they want to look it up to see exactly what it says. It's SB 1129. Right. So what happened? Well, politics as usual. And frankly, we're never going to get this law passed until more people get actively involved. And not that there aren't any. There's thousands across the state. In fact, the latest poll two years ago was 80% of Hawaii's registered voters support the law. Enter the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church preaches it from the pulpit. Do not pass this bill. The Catholic Church has the red mass just a few weeks or a week before every legislative session. And it's populated with Catholic legislators. Is it just Catholics or what about the evangelicals in the family forum? Yes, the Hawaii family forum is against it as they are against women's right to choose, sex education in the schools. It's definitely the conservative religious organizations, but it's led by the Catholic Church. And the Bishop of all Hawaii stands in the pulpit during the session and preaches against it. And all the other parish priests preach against it. And here they come. It doesn't matter that we have very credible ACLU, the American Civil Liberties Union, the drug policy forum of Hawaii, various medical and nurses organizations. It's absolutely a shame that religion gets in the way and it's very subtle. It's never mentioned. But that's it. Period. Into the story. There's always a letter from the Bishop in the testimony that goes around. You stop and look at the composition of the legislature of all the religions. It's overwhelmingly Catholic. And I respect the Catholic faith. I respect the right for people to practice their religion. But please stay out of my personal choice and yours and anyone else who would like to have the ability to decide their fate for themselves. It seems to me that what I remember from all the years of Catholic education, but in the Bible it is clear that God gave us free will and free will was to choose. So the church says, OK, in the Catechism and all these, it says these things are spelled out that you really shouldn't do. But you have a free will. You have choice. So you can either follow along and do the right thing or you don't have to do it. But it all comes down to free will and choice. And the Constitution of the United States gives us the ability to choose. The Bible gives us ability to choose. So how is it that they now stand in the way of my choice? Well, it's the same bunch that stood in the way of marriage equality for the gay community. Very same people. I mean very same people, very same legislators testifying against it. And it's all coming from the Catholic Church. And again, I respect the Catholic Church, but they are the organization that funds and blocks it every year. And they use their behind the scenes power with the individual legislators. Well, what about the Mormons and what is it, the city of hope or whatever? But the Mormons are as big as the Catholics. Well, they're against it too, but they're not quite as visible. We don't know who's a Mormon, is that it? Yeah, it's much more different. But when you see the letter from the bishop on the letterhead of the Catholic diocese, that's pretty clear. What about turnout? Do they turn out a lot of people? Oh goodness, yes, they hire buses and bring them in. So they fill up the room, right? The mob. So if I'm a legislator and there's five of us and there's hundreds of these people in their shirts with a cross on them, you know who's in the room. And they see, it's usually a color, our group wore yellow the last time and they wore a dark blue. It used to be red. They used to wear their red shirts, but they realized that that was kind of inflammatory color, so they toned it down. But it just doesn't matter. Our constituency, for the most part, are older, better educated, wealthier, and also because of their age, many of them are not able to physically come down there and be present. So it doesn't matter how many people we have there, experts in their fields, testifying in favor, all the legislators see is that sea of blue shirts. Well, Scott, my dear friend Scott Foster, we need to take a break and we'll be back in a minute and then let's talk about the details of the bill, what it says and what it doesn't say. Okay? Yes. This is Stink Tech, Hawaii, raising public awareness. This is Stink Tech, Hawaii, raising public awareness. Aloha. I'm Prince Dijk, the volunteer host of the Prince of Investing. Think Tech is important to me because it brings Hawaii's number one financial literacy show around the globe. For the first time, Think Tech Hawaii is participating in an online-based fundraising campaign to raise $40,000. Thanks to Think Tech will run only during the month of November and you can help. Please donate what you can so that Think Tech Hawaii can continue to raise public awareness to promote civic engagement through free programming like mine. I've already made my donation and look forward to yours. Please send your tax deductible contribution by going to the website www.thinksforthinktech.com. On behalf of the community enriched by Think Tech Hawaii, 30 plus weekly shows, thank you Mahalo for your generosity. Hi, we're back. And I'm talking with my dear friend Scott Foster, who is the director of the Hawaii Death with Dignity Society. And just so you know, it's not just the two of us. There are more people in the organization. And in fact, you just went to the Big Island for a meeting, didn't you? I did a few weeks ago. I kept hearing about this group that was meeting on the Big Island and trying to connect with them. But I had a hard time tracking them down and I finally did. And I flew over to Hilo to meet with them and I was absolutely amazed. This is an ad hoc group on the Big Island. I want to read their title Hawaii Citizens for End of Life Choices based in Hilo. And they're getting ready for their third town, what they're calling town hall meetings on Tuesday, November 21st at 5pm. I don't know where it is, but I'll be putting that on our website later. Well, ask them when you do if they will do Facebook Live so we can watch. Because that's easy, Facebook Live. Yeah, I'll suggest that. But Big Island is a big place and I think this next meeting is in volcano. I couldn't be wrong. But what's exciting about this is the caliber of people who have just come together spontaneously. The head of it is an advanced practice nurse. And one of the original members of the governor's blue ribbon panel on death and dying, which is kind of a famous thing in this movement here, is involved with them. So they've got some great people over there and so that's exciting. At least, this is my thought, the Big Island has the most progressive legislators than any county in the state. They do. Are they involved in this? Yes. In fact, the meeting I attended was at a young legislator's home. That is what? Chris Todd? Chris Todd. Chris Todd's home. And he is on the health committee. I'm not sure and he's not sure whether he will be on the next health committee. He went into that hearing last year, last session, for it, supportive, heard a lot of the negative testimony against it. They never got a chance to vote so we don't know what the vote would have been. And we can talk about that later. The fact that the chair of the health committee was protecting her members and she wouldn't allow a vote to be taken. Frankly, I'd rather they had voted whether they voted it up or down. At least we would have known, which leads into a conversation about the politics and we can get back to that. Well, so this whole thing about passing it out of that, well it didn't pass, deferred it, means that it's still alive and it comes back to the health committee. Now my understanding is the chair, who was not the chair then, but the chair now is representative John Mizuno and that he has to request that it come back. I thought once it was in the committee it just stayed there, but I was told that didn't work. Well, I think that that's how it historically has been, but this is a new leadership in the house and as you know they took Speaker Suki chair out, Speaker the House out along with John Mizuno who was the vice speaker and so he is now the chair of the Health and Human Services Committee which the two committees have been combined. I do not understand his reluctance just to say I'm going to hear this but I don't know, you know he's playing politics too. My understanding is that all of the chairs have to request certain bills and leadership says yay or nay and they have a committee that decides on who gets what, which is strange. Yes, that may or may not be true. Well, we had a young man on last week that was telling us about he's the chair of that committee and that they take a poll of all of the legislators and the ones, the bills that come up to the top, they are the house priority. Well, of course, position eight and dying was the number one priority of the Democratic Party of Hawaii and the legislature has historically ignored the Democratic Party of Hawaii and this is an election year. They are going to say they don't want to hear any of these hot button issues because it's an election year but I would warn them that the Democrats are probably better organized than the press would lead you to believe and there will be a price to pay at the polls next year. But I think that because it's an election year, if they don't stand up for something they're going to lose. The reason we have Donald Trump as president is because he took a stand. I don't like his stand, you don't like his stand, but he took a stand and he has, and the people that voted for him like the fact that somebody stood up to the power structure and if this bunch doesn't see that, there will be a lot of Donald Trump's elected. If they don't see that if they don't stand for something, even if it's wrong, they need to take a stand. Very few of them ever stand for anything unless it's an overly popular issue. Everybody stands for the environment. Everybody stands, you know. We think they do, but they didn't pass the oxybenz on the suntan lotion because corporations bought them off. A copper tone is owned by bear and bear just bought my sandals. But there are some who stand for the environment. But they couldn't pass it. But they couldn't pass it. And so... Look, Martian, it's up to those people out there. And what I want those you people, I want you, every one of you, to write to Representative John Mizuno at the House of Representatives and write, don't call, write. We want it in writing that you must pass this bill. You must hear it. It must be number one on your agenda. And you must hear it now. We have to have a sense of urgency, as much as I like John, but we need to force him. We need to push him. I don't know how else to say that.  And everyone write, and there are several levels of what people can do. They can either gripe about it to their friends and do nothing, or they can go down to the legislature and meet their legislature, meet their senators and representatives, and then they can make phone calls, and they can write, and they can write testimony, and they can write testimony and be there to deliver it. Now, not everybody has the time to do it, but it is a numbers game. Take any one of those suggestions, any one of them, and John represents Kalihi. That's one of the largest districts on this island. Yes, and it also has the largest population of Catholics. But he stood up to the church, because he belongs to one of the Protestant churches. He stood up to the church on marriage equality. He did. His wife was upset with him, but he stood up to it. So that means he can do it. He's capable of standing up to it. But you, his constituents, have to force him into doing this. If we're going to insist that he take a stand, you've got to give him something to stand on. 2018 is sort of a defining year in my mind. The election of Trump and all the problems that we're seeing there has consumed people's minds with fear and trepidation. North Korea going to abomb us. Is Trump going to make a fool of himself when he travels abroad? All those things. But we've got to bring that angst and anger, the focus back to where we can make a difference. And that is the Hawaii state legislature. And we can. Yes, and we can. And it's up to everyone in the audience, every single person who has an interest in good government can get involved today. Not in January. Not in January. Today. Starting today. They're down in their offices now. Their staff is down in their offices. If you go in or call or write a letter or send an email, they will know. They will know. And they keep track of it. They do count. There's one, two, three, four, five. And then the page fills up, four and against. That's how it works. So it. We want you. No vote. No grumble. We do. You have to do this. And. And it's. Well, we are talking about medical aid and dying. However, there are other bills also. If you want. The same process. Oh, absolutely. We're not talking just about death with dignity. We are talking about any, any issue that you have an interest in. The process is we're talking about, and that is direct contact to your Legislature. I'm stunned every session to find out how many people do not even know who their elected representatives are. And yet they're the first to stand up on a soapbox and start preaching and griping. And I usually ask, well, who is your senator?  Oh, I don't know. Okay. Oh, don't tell me that. Listen. Oh, God. Now. Do right. Call. Go down there.  Remind them of that.  And with that, we will go and we will see you at the Legislature. Aloha. Aloha. Aloha.


ain it's one of those choices it's not a choice but nice that they're providing the funding for it that'll be another piece of the discoloration puzzle because it'll identify those lines of a certain area that are likely to assist in you know we could upgrade all of our lines and all of our water sources and take out all the manganese and do all the stuff but if you still have service lines certain age of certain things individual users might see something different than their neighbors depending on and we get more of the lead out of the of the system so that's underway too and that'll come with a capital plan and those service lines aren't ours but it helps identify costs can help homeowners businesses other people plan like i said in most of the budgets there's nothing doing nothing exciting in that police budget there's all the excitement you're going to need for a second continue talking about your drama when you get on the select board what's that you were talking about the drama when you got on the select board yeah yeah that was might not compare to we will try to figure out some way to provide some range of impact for people too because a lot of times people will go they want to know what's going to cost them and totally fair totally normal question the reappraisal makes that harder to answer so we'll try to figure out a way to reliably say at a minimum what we're thinking is maybe range of outcomes even though the more information you provide the more it gets the more it can be twisted and misshapen but i'm not entirely sure how else to do it when you don't have a number at the bottom timing it just really comes together nicely you know like every meeting i was like i have not been in this spot 20 years so thank you for furthering my edge so just to yeah recap we'll do police and highway next week maybe on the 25th we can do water and waste water quickly even though they're enterprise funds they still go through the same process but they'd be the remainders and you've seen everything else and we'll do capital over those two weeks as well paving plans to big domino that was the one we pushed to the front I also want to take some time to think about gravel road projects in light of everything we've already done because of december and then equipment and some of it with the three year there's just some conversations there's information we need in conversations we've got to have that are bigger than this year Trini's mentioned it a hundred times the fire truck conversation is just hanging out there we've got nine trucks and it would take us 30 years and four and a half million dollars to replace the top five based on the exercise we did in august with the fire services folks right some go to just something's yeah we're gonna have to figure something out but it's probably not going to happen between now and february 4th so we'll keep building those reserves at least be thinking about the next truck because that we can reasonably do I have never been in a budget process with this many open questions this late so it gives me a little bit of a little stress i'm gonna have a question and a comment yeah go ahead question on the town report so a number of years ago the select at the town meeting they voted to just ban and distribute town reports to Floyd store East Randolph and that but you know there's a few of us a few people a few neighbors should I say they also agreed at that town meeting that if someone called to have one mailed that they would do that and I always had one mailed I get one from a property owner beckle as well you know it just gets mailed to me I'm not saying I'm gonna bust the line here but is that still an ability to be able to you know call the town clerk and say have a mailed just because I've got some elderly neighbors and they're not exactly computer literate either yeah you know I mean to be able to do that so can they still call to to get the town report mailed to them yeah you know it's just that's a that's just a question that I kind of had you know I can have you know the neighbor that you know uh get get into the town's website is not the easiest thing to do you know so I just want to understand that so there's still that ability there because that's the way it was kind of presented at at town meeting that year yeah yeah certainly willing to get them to the folks however they want to right yeah the other climate I have and Trevor you need to cover your ears um because the other climate that has a has a I really think the town manager's salary is under where it needs to be that's my own personal feel or the amount of FTEs that he has to manage or the amount that he has to manage there and what what today's salaries are um and I don't know what the today's salaries are for town managers and what is it 73 communities 75 communities that have a town manager formal government heartland just hired a new town manager at I think 118 or something like that yeah I just seemed you know but I I see him I see him at night at least at that one committee meeting well you know who he is at night here but you know the amount that has to go into to being a town manager I think that we sometimes take advantage of that bargain yeah yeah that is not an argument that falls on yeah and I don't know contractually or any of that where any of that stands I just I just I and I didn't look at the budget in the last couple years at least and it's actually not just the time manager we've been trying pretty hard to raise salaries for town employees in general but especially the um the department heads who are you know a bunch of talented people who work really hard and right and we really want to show how much we appreciate them yeah yeah because you see other line items and some of them in some people's minds I'm a conservative guy so some people want to say well why are we spending money on this arrangement on that but then there's other areas we have to manage that many people that many square miles there've been miles of road that many you know the waste there were the wastewater infrastructure that the granting and all of that you're going to you're talking to the choir here oh yeah yeah I feel like I certainly get no argument from me yeah yeah so I just I just I just think it's also it's a great thing for retention yeah there's a lot of open positions it's cheaper to pay people a little more than to hire new folks oh yeah in the training process because even if you just at least two years you don't figure out where you are right you know you're I mean in any industry you know so it's not it's just my comment yeah I appreciate it so um are we done with our agenda we're ready for manager's report uh yep sure that's have a good night to thank you thank you what what uh date next week is the uh is this this same meeting same spot yep yeah Thursday same time have a great day thank you thank you same great fun let me just look at my written report here same back channel for those of us who remember our show we're going to be there in person oh party um so Alyssa and I discovered that we are both turning 40 this year and within what two weeks of each other so you yeah we're in February right yep yep so my last night of being in my 30s I'll spend with you guys in the 25th so we got there and then Alyssa has a few wow beyond what a life I know I just want to let you guys know I think we should have pizza for your last night I think so we'll do the Essex style we could call it a budget workshop and we get pizza drinks and snacks we can find good pizza or we'll get through the agenda fast and I don't get it I didn't say anything so for real go to be there Alyssa we'll have some better ideas here so not too much to add to the written report um just want to point out again it looks like the December storm and mud season that fall will be eligible for FEMA reimbursement it's really good John and his crew they've just been getting after it we did some snow removal activity last week they were thinking about everything from places to store snow to places for the water to go um they are just this new crew this has been great um what they're thinking ahead doing all that we still need to get Chris another guy though they're still doing the same great stuff there um that's kind of our one short position other than the one in my office but it would be nice to fill too and then I think there's that with the FEMA stuff we're hoping to push to the stuff to the forward um to the front the stuff where we get reimbursement sooner or later um we're going to have the bylaw amendment hearing on February 8th it looks like just based on timing and notice stuff so we'll we're still moving that process forward there's just that piece to consider we'll keep trying to get you stuff these weekly meetings they're a little hard to generate content for you so I will keep trying to to do that get ahead there are a few pieces that wouldn't be able to get you like with the timeline stuff that hopefully we'll be able to do um we have another Monday holiday which I'm not complaining about but short weeks become short weeks um so I think that's I'm trying to think I feel like there's one other thing nothing major I have the revised loan documents you don't have to take any action we have to resign the ones that say chair I have to hunt the tree down here I think there's a resolution yeah to sign in here that you guys can sign and then this was tied to there's sort of two pieces for the three of you can sign um the repayment schedule it was showing I remember from last week less than the two thousand dollars in total per year which would have been lowly for four years it's really closer to the 27,000 we budgeted for that we saw in an earlier sheet so it was no big deal didn't impact anything on our end they caught up very quickly on the DEC SRF program in the bond bank end so I'll try to separate that out before we go and we can start getting our money back we had our first reporting timeline for that NEP DEC ARP program let's just say that the agreement that we forced everybody to sign became an hand mark was able to use it up and down the stream so with the business and with the state to keep us out of a sticky wicked so his application plus the way we decided to set it up it worked go go team that was all I had you did the executive session thing unless there's something you have that I don't know about um you appointed during the meeting so you're good to go I don't have anything else for it I'm okay with that so there's nothing else wait wait no this one's mine so I didn't need to jump in glory gosh I knocked stuff over okay um I would like to motion that we adjourn the meeting so listen do you want a second a second I'll defer my usual motion making the machine here you guys sure all those in favor hi hi we're returned thanks folks bye


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Greetings and welcome to the introduction to astronomy. In this lecture, we are going to discuss radio telescopes. So optical telescopes use visible light to study the universe, and in this one we are going to look at how radio telescopes can be used to get another view on the universe. So let's take a quick look at radio telescopes. And what we have here is, first of all, what is a radio telescope? Well, we have to recall that radio waves will also penetrate the atmosphere and we can observe them from the ground. So radio telescopes can be based on the ground just like optical telescopes. The interesting thing is that they give us an entirely new view on the universe. So it is a completely different wavelength of light. These are very long wavelengths compared to optical light and very low energy photons. So a very different view of the universe. We are going to see some very different things and get some very different views when we look at things with radio telescopes. There are objects that are visible in radio telescopes that are completely invisible to optical telescopes. And of course there are objects visible in optical telescopes that cannot be seen by radio telescopes. So it gives us a completely new view of the universe. But to qualify here, before we get too far in, radio waves are not sound waves. Sound waves cannot travel through the vacuum of space. So you cannot hear radio waves. It's not that stars and galaxies are making noise. That would be a completely different type of wave. Remember, radio waves are electromagnetic radiation and can travel through the vacuum of space. We use radio waves here on Earth to encode sounds in them and then re-decipher those codes out afterwards. So we use them to transmit information here on Earth by encoding it in the radio wave, but they are not directly sound waves themselves. So let's look at the beginnings of radio astronomy here and what we have was starting back in the 1930s, Carl Jansky built some of the very early radio telescopes. Now you can see here that this does not look anything like any telescope that we've looked at before. It's essentially a big antenna. And that was a way that he had used to be able to detect radio waves from space. Now that wasn't what was intended. He was studying radio communication here on Earth and found radio waves from some unknown source that was not known of. What he was finding, what we eventually figured out is that because he was detecting them four minutes earlier each day, that they were coming around every 23 hours and 56 minutes. And that is the rotation period of the Earth relative to the stars. So that was what we called the sidereal rotation period. Now because of that, that means that these objects were not associated with the Earth and they could not be associated with the Sun. They had to be something else out in space. And what he was detecting was the galactic center. The center of our galaxy is invisible. In visible light, you cannot see it with looking at visible light, but in radio waves it is one of the strongest radio sources in the sky and therefore Carl Jansky was able to detect it with his early instrumentation. Now when we look at various objects, they can tell that they are quite different when we look at them in optical or radio. Now this one shows what was called the Crab Nebula. The Crab Nebula is a supernova remnant. So a supernova that occurred back in the back in about a thousand years ago. Now when we look at it in visible light, this is the kind of image we will get. However, if we look at it in radio waves, we get somewhat similar, but different intensities. The different intensities here the red shows the highest level of radio intensity, which is not necessarily where the brightest visible light is coming from. And when we also look at it in other wavelengths like x-rays or gamma rays or ultraviolet or infrared, we get a different picture. So what kind of things can we study? We study a couple of different things in radio astronomy. We can look at very cool objects, which would be molecular clouds, and those are very cold, so they're not giving off much visible light, but they are giving off radio waves, and we can detect those. However, we can also detect very energetic objects, and that is something like the Crab Nebula. In the Crab Nebula, when you accelerate electrons, you can give off another type of radiation that is radio radiation called synchrotron radiation. And that can then be detected by a radio telescope. So not only do you detect cool objects, but you can detect very energetic objects as well. And again, the big key is that I like to point out is that you are getting a completely different picture of the universe. And if you recall, just 100 years ago, all we had was visible light. That was the only way we could observe anything. Now we can observe objects across the spectrum, and it gives us a much more complete view of the universe. So let's look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of using radio telescopes. And some of the advantages here, first of all, you can observe 24-7. Radio waves are not affected by daylight and not much affected by weather, so you can actually observe during the day. So radio telescopes, you can see them working all day long. You don't have to wait for the sun to go down. Now honestly, you cannot point close to the sun because the sun is a radio source as well. So as long as you're not looking in the general direction of the sun, you can still be able to observe even during the day. Weather is not much of an issue either. If it's raining or snowing, you can still observe with a radio telescope. Now if you have a thunderstorm where you're getting electrical discharges in the atmosphere, then that is something different. And in those cases, you would not be able to get accurate observations. You would not be getting problems because of the interference of the electrical discharges from the radio. But the key point, one of the things I said previously, is that you get a completely different view of the universe. You are looking at a new wavelength, and you're able to see things that you couldn't see before. For example, radio waves penetrate dust and allow people like Carl Jansky to be able to detect radio emission from the center of our galaxy. We cannot see visible light from the center of our galaxy. There is too much dust in the way, and it is completely blocked out. We can also detect cool hydrogen gas that gives off no visible light. It does give off radio wavelengths, so it can be detected by radio telescopes, even though it cannot by visible telescopes. Now some of the disadvantages of radio telescopes, one is the poor resolution. If you recall, the resolving power of a telescope depended on the size of the telescope, so bigger telescopes gave you better resolving power. However, we also look at, it also depends on the wavelength, and if you're looking at a very long wavelength, the resolution gets worse. Now radio wavelengths can be things in the centimeters or so in wavelength, and that means that their resolution is many, many times worse than those of optical telescopes. Therefore, we need to make very large telescopes for radio astronomy. And a small radio telescope would be something maybe in the 20 to 30 meter range, that would be a relatively small radio telescope, and that would be comparable to some of the very largest optical telescopes that are being planned right now. We also, like we get light pollution, we can also get interference with radio signals on Earth. So radio signals being transmitted on Earth can also be detected and cause a source of interference for radio telescopes. Now one way we can improve and increase the resolution is by using what we call interferometry. So interferometry up here is a method that astronomers use to increase the resolution of a radio telescope. It was developed back in the 1950s as a way of improving the resolution because the resolution of radio telescopes was so poor compared to others. It's now being expanded to use at other wavelengths as well, so it's not limited just to radio telescopes. And what is done in this is that you observe the same object at the same time with multiple telescopes and then combine the signals together. And what this does is to increase the resolution of the telescope. You're increasing the effective size of the telescope to the distance between them. So if you have telescopes that are kilometers apart, you then have an effective telescope with a diameter of several kilometers. And you can put those further and further apart. So we can use this in radio astronomy to match or even exceed the resolution of optical telescopes. So let's look at a few famous radio telescopes. This is the VLA here, the very large array, which is a set of 27 telescopes that are set out in the desert of New Mexico. And they can be used as a large interferometer. So they can be a number of kilometers apart, and you can set them all to observe the same object and then combine those signals together and with various mathematical methods, then be able to essentially simulate a much larger telescope. Now in terms of telescopes with just one dish, we have the 100 meter, the Green Bank Telescope, which was completed in 2001. So 100 meters across, that's about the size of a football field across, and that was completed in 2001 and is the largest fully steerable radio telescope. So when you think about that, you're actually steering something larger than a football field here, able to steer that and point at different parts of the sky. When you get a telescope like this, you can see that it has a curved dish much like a mirror. It does not need to be near as smooth as an astronomical telescope, as an optical telescope mirror, because the wavelengths are so much longer. It has to be smooth relative to the actual wavelengths that you're observing. So it does that, and then it reflects, and then there's a detector up here that then can detect the radio waves and send signals down to the control room. Now the largest, one of the largest radio telescopes is the Arecibo Telescope. This one is 300 meters across. So you can imagine then three football fields sticking across here. That is simply too large to be able to steer. The engineering to be able to support something like that would be tremendous. This was completed back in 1963 and is not supported by a structure, but is supported by the Earth itself. It is actually hollowed out into a valley in the hills of Puerto Rico here near Arecibo. So it uses the Earth as the support mechanism. That means it can only look straight overhead, and so objects that pass overhead are very close to overhead in Puerto Rico are things that can be observed by this. Now this was the largest single dish telescope until 2016 when another one with a similar structure was done and that was the fast telescope in China, which is actually 500 meters across or half of a kilometer across. So larger and larger telescopes continue to be built to be able to see much more detail. So let's finish up with our summary here. As to what we've looked at in this section, we've talked about radio waves, that they are also things that we can observe from the surface of the Earth because they do penetrate the atmosphere, so we can study them here from the surface. They do give us a completely different view of the universe, and that's very important that we're now getting a new perspective on the universe as we're able to observe further across the electromagnetic spectrum. And we talked about interferometry and how that is used to increase the resolution of radio telescopes, making them comparable to or even better than those of the optical telescopes that are used. So we can then compare objects across the different types of wavelengths and be able to get better studies of them. So that concludes this lecture on radio astronomy. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then, have a great day, everyone, and I will see you in class.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com, coming at you with our eight team randomizer. So we pulled the eight teams that were remaining out of absolute football, pick your team three, and turned into a random team break. So it's a mini random team break inside the pick your team number three, which is coming up in a separate video, by the way. So we only sold eight spots. Everyone's guaranteed a team, just randomizing your names, not the teams. Big thanks to this group here for making this happen. I appreciate it. And we'll just line you up with the team. Good luck. Randomize it four and a two, six times, one, two, three, four, five, and sixth and final time after six, we got Patrick down to Rex. So Patrick with the Dolphins, Ethan with the Arizona football Cardinals were up seven nothing on the Packers right now, Patrick with Green Bay, Travis with Detroit, Robert with the Los Angeles Rams, Jeremy 33 with the Colts, Robert with my Raiders and Rex with the Saints. I'm Joe for jaskiescasebreaks.com. Coming up in the next video, a separate video will be the absolute break itself. We'll see you for that.


The authors describe the co-crystal structure of the highly efficient polyethylene terephthalate degrading hydrolase pHL7 with its product terephthalic acid and elucidate the role of residues in subsites 1 and 2 for its thermal stability and of residue L210 for its high activity. This article was authored by P. Konstantin Richter, Paula Blasquez-Sanchez, Ziyua Zhao, and others.


Antibiotics alone don't actually kill the bacteria. They kill most of them, but the immune system is required to finish off the battle and kill the remaining resistant bacteria. So as bacteria are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics, what we propose to do is to boost the immune response to get rid of these resistant bacterias. The immune system is very complicated, consisting of different types of cells with different specialized functions, and I'm just gonna reduce it down to the essential parts to show you how we want to achieve this. And the immune system can react in different ways with specialized responses, depending on the different threats it can face. And these different threats could be things like bacteria or viruses or parasites. Now these threats also deliver cues to the immune system that show it in which direction it should go, which type of response is appropriate. Well, most of the cells that are reacting are the right type of cells, so the cells that will be able to fight this threat, there's also usually some of the cells from the wrong type of response that are reacting, and these are making the immune response less focused and thereby also less potent. Well, luckily enough, there's not just on signals that drive the immune response, but also off signals that help focus the immune response in the right type of direction. And we want to exploit these off signals to guide everything we have in the immune system towards fighting the bacteria. So what we try to do is exploit these off signals and these are actually delivered through so-called regulatory cells in the immune system. These regulatory cells are capable of just globally shutting down the immune response. However, they can also specialize and only inhibit certain aspects of the immune response. Now, the question of course is, is this specific enough to really just shut down the responses that we don't want to see without hampering the beneficial antibacterial response? We're looking at whether we can really just drive the entire immune response towards fighting bacteria. Well, we believe that we can do this because we were studying a subset of these regulatory cells that was really just shutting off responses against bacteria and viruses, but left all the responses against the parasites completely unhindered. So we have the specificity there and we believe that in other settings, regulatory cells are just as selective and can deliver these selective threats. Now, we need to find out how these regulatory cells do this. If we could identify the switches that they are using to shut down the immune response, we could like in a control room to shut down the unwanted responses, driving everything into fighting bacteria. So shaping the immune response towards fighting what we need to fight. Of course, the question is, what are these switches? And so when we were looking at regulatory cells, the regulatory cells that we were studying, we could see that the entire selectivity could be reduced to one single molecule. So one single messenger, one single switch, that could potentially be targeted therapeutically to really just shut down certain aspects of the response and shape the immune response towards fighting bacteria. Of course, there's still many different types of responses that we're not able to target. So we're now studying regulatory cells in different kinds of settings to be able to identify the switches that these regulatory cells are using in these polarized settings. So settings where only one type of response is elicited, but also only one type of response is inhibited. And we're using nature as our guide here, as pathogens are capable of eliciting these polarized responses. So we have the tools to identify and isolate these regulatory cells in all these different settings so that we can study them in detail. We do this by looking at which genes are active in every single one of these regulatory cells. So by seeing which genes of the entire genome are active in all of these different settings and by comparing them in these different settings, we're able to identify all the genes that they have in common. The ones that are on in every one of these settings, the black ones here, these are the genes that make up the regulatory cells themselves. And we can distinguish them from the ones that are unique, the ones that are only active in one setting, and these are our potential switches. Of course, we still need some time to identify all of these and also verify that they're active and test their potency. We've already seen, just by using one single inhibitor, that we were capable of shaping the immune response towards fighting parasites, away from viruses, away from bacteria, towards parasites. And we believe that if we combine this with additional switches, this effect will only become more strong. And of course, we can also combine this with other approaches to fight bacteria and use this to fight resistant bacteria. As more and more bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics, we propose to boost the immune response to really eradicate these resistant bacteria. And we want to boost the immune response by focusing it, by shutting off the unspecific responses. So the responses that are not helpful and focus everything towards fighting the bacteria. Now, if we have all the switches that we can use to turn off the unproductive responses, the ones that are not fighting the bacteria, we have a toolbox at hand that allows us to shape the immune response towards fighting the bacteria. And as the immune system can adapt to its changing environment, bacteria are unlikely to be able to evade the strategy. Overall, we're developing a new approach to focus the immune response towards fighting bacteria. And this can be used in certain settings to replace antibiotic use, but it can also be used in combination with antibiotics or even other strategies to help fight the rising problem of antibiotic resistance.


Kathy and Elliot Lewis on stage. Elliot Lewis, two of the most distinguished names in radio, appearing each week in their own theater, starring in a repertory of transcribed stories of their own and your choosing. Radios for most players in radios for most plays. Ladies and gentlemen, Elliot Lewis. Good evening. May I present my wife, Kathy. Good evening. Anton Chekhov was a great playwright and short story writer. He also wrote some wonderful one-act plays. Walter Brown Newman is a tremendously gifted young author who's written radio and motion pictures and television and about everything else that a gifted young author can write. Anton Chekhov lived in Russia and is dead. Walter Brown Newman lives in California and is alive. And tonight we're going to do his adaptation of Anton Chekhov's wonderful one-act play, The Bear. The way used to sing so for your sake. Oh, there's sadness in the note that comes trilling from the throat. Excuse me, ma'am. It's only me and shorty. Come in, boys. I can't seem to find my kerchief. Right there, ma'am. Next to the late lamented mustache cub. Thank you, Luke. It didn't mean to interrupt nothing. I was only sitting here looking at his picture. Elegant. Wasn't he shorty? He purely was. Thank you. You're both knobby-looking yourselves this morning. Smell good, too. Ed Pinard, ma'am. I reckon us fellas in the bunkhouse used a gallon of Ed Pinard for to slick him up. Didn't be shorty. We purely did. Well, Colonel Roosevelt and his rough riders don't have a reunion every day. All the boys started for town? He hasn't. Me and shorty were just fixing to leave ourselves. There won't be a soul left on the ranch. That's all right. I'm used to being lonely now.  I've been cooked with this outfit ever since the poor defunct first-olded. Well, ma'am, what you're doing yourself just ain't right. It purely ain't. You're destroying yourself. Today's the day to make your heart bust with gladness, is that pretty? Everybody's out for a good time. By eating the cat on the porch is enjoying life. She's laying there on her back in the sun, switching a tail and a purr like an hoggy. You ought to be doing the same. But instead, you squat in this parlor with a curtain down from one day to the next and don't pleasure yourself. Never. I reckon it's the whole year since you left the house. I'll never leave the house again.  We're both dead. No, ma'am. That's just it. You ain't dead and you can't be gnashing at teeth and wailing at more than a dear department forever. It ain't right never to see no one or never to pay any calls on nobody. We won't discuss it any further. When Buck died, when Buck died, my heart died.  Wherever he is, he'll see how much I love him.  Oh? What'd I say? Blackie was his favorite. What a rider he was. He looked like part of the horse. Before you leave, give Blackie a lump of sugar. A big lump. Yes, ma'am. Tell him to go away. I won't see anyone. Go tell him, Shorty. See my tears. See how I forgive you. See how I love you. Please, ma'am, get hold of yourself. You can't understand. Why, sure I can. One of my old woman took a sec one time. I just couldn't bear it. Sarah, I'd say to her, hurly and air. Sarah, I'd say, I wish you'd get well or something. But, ma'am, you've got to get the bulls on it. Ma'am, there's a fella who says he's just got to see you. Didn't you tell him I see no one? Throw him out. Throw it? Ma'am, he stands about 18 hands at the shoulder. You have a gun on your hip. He's got two on his and a knife in his boot. Ma'am, allow me to present myself. Stephen Gregory owner of the Bar Circle Y. I'm here in a manner of the greatest importance.  Your late husband died $1,200 in debt to me. The interest on the mortgage on my place is due tomorrow. I'd like you to pay me the money today. $1,200? What for? Partly for Oats bought and delivered. The other $1,150 piled up, cutting for high card. If my husband died in debt to you... I have as I owe you. If he owed you money, you'll be paid. But not today. I won't have a large enough sum in the bank until the day after tomorrow, so I cannot oblige you this morning. If you'll excuse me, I'm in no condition to give financial matters my attention. And I'm in a condition which, if I don't pay off that mortgage, will oblige me to blow out my brains. I'll take my ranch. You'll get your money the day after tomorrow. I want it today. You'll have to excuse me. I cannot pay you. You'll have to excuse me. I insist that you pay me. If I can't, I can't. Is that final? That's final. Absolutely? Positively. Gracias, muchas gracias. And everyone wants to know why I can't keep my temper. I'll thank you to leave now. I need money. I spent all day yesterday writing from one debt beat to another. They owe me a fortune. I can't collect a penny. Will you get out of here? I'm puckered out. I'm 70 miles from home. I slept in a saloon last night with a brandy keg for a pillow. I've finally come here. It's my last hope. And what do I get? I'm in no condition to give financial matters my attention. Why shouldn't I be in an uproar? I distinctly told you my banker would pay you the day after tomorrow. I didn't write all this way to see your banker, but to see you.  I'm sure I go after the boys. Quick, fetch them back.  Is it my fault you're a woman? Is it my fault you're a widow? Do I have to pay off my mortgage or don't I? What do you expect me to do when my creditors come stripped down of my long johns and pretend I'm a ghost? Luke, don't just stand there. No, no, mister. I go to Tim Reed and I break his nose. Still he won't pay. I beg Henry Dawson with a two by four and he won't pay. And you, you're in no condition to give financial matters your attention.  Just because I'm too gentle with you. Just because I'm waxing your hands. Mister, I miss you.  Who are you talking to? I'll cut your heart out. I'll tell you this, ma'am. If you think you can diddle me out of my money just because I'm a gentleman, think again. The pitcher has gone to the well once too often. Sir, I have never diddled anyone. And I am not accustomed to being addressed in that tone of voice. I've been as patient as I can, but my patience is at an end. Good day. So's my patience at an end. Even a worm turns. Well, I reckon I'll be a bit too long. Beautiful manners your boss has. Just beautiful. Does she think she can treat me like this and get away with it? Does she? I don't like to know. I came here to be paid and I will be paid. Is it warm in here? I'm so mad, I'm dying of heat. Why are the windows closed? Why are the curtains drawn? A little air in here.  Take advantage of my good nature. Treat me like I have no feelings. Bartender. Me? Get me some whiskey or some water or something. Pronto. Who can make sense out of a woman? I'd leave it to you. Can you make sense out of the way a woman thinks? Well, you've got to try and understand. I'm going local. I need money so bad that she won't pay because she's in no condition to give financial matters her attention. That's the way a woman thinks. Does it make sense? You've got to try and understand. Where's that drink? I'd rather try to reason with a mule than a woman. A mule will meet you part way. A mule's a miracle of logic compared to a woman. I can't abide women. Whoever could, don't now, not likely to ever. I get mad even when I see one from a distance. Where is she? Stretched out most likely. She's been poorly. She used to see in folks. Give me a bottle. Been poorly. Ever since Buck died. She's not putting anything over on me. You hear me wherever you are? You're not putting anything over on me with those dimples, those bright eyes, those widow's weeds. I can't be deadled. I've been around. I've seen the elephant and heard the owl. Please, please. She's so low in spirits. Who am I low in spirits? I'll match my spirits against hers any time for lowness. Fine hospitality. I must say gorgeous hospitality. In the middle of a conversation, she stalks out like a turkey head. Well, you can't write that bleemer not all together. She's used to having a gentle call on her, not looking like you, Louie. What do you mean like I look? You're trying to crowd me? Well, there's a mirror right there. See if he says... Oh. Well, maybe so. A little dusty, but you can't ride for two days without getting dusty. And my boots? But how can I trample Billy Clay right in his own pig pen and keep my boots clean? And my pants? I'd like to see her sleep on the floor of a saloon and rise up with fresher pants. She was put out by my appearance, you suppose? Don't exactly inspire confidence. Well, I know I shouldn't come calling on a lady in her parlor looking like this, but she should have realized in the circumstance common sense would have told her. That's what I mean a woman's got less logic than a mule. Anyway, I'm not here on a social call. I'm a creditor. There's no rule for how a creditor should dress. Just to see...  And I can't stand shouting. I must ask you to go and leave me in peace. Pay me my money and I'll go. I thought I'd made it plain. You'll have to wait till the day after tomorrow. And I thought I made it plain. I don't want the money till tomorrow. I want it today. If I don't get it, I'll have to destroy myself tomorrow. Who drew those curtains? Who opened this window? I opened the window. I drew the curtains. She expect me to sit in the dark with no air. Am I a gopher? Answer me that. I need to breathe.  Stand aside, sir. You people ask me why I get angry. Get out of my way. Oh, Hooligan. You bear.  Don't try to change the subject. I'm not here to talk about windows. I'm here to get paid. I don't have the money now. And I'll sit here and wait until you do. Please. I'm not well. Neither am I.  Have I got a mortgage to meet tomorrow? Have it I. You can be sick for a week. If you like all right, then I'll sit here for a week. If you're sick for a year, I'll sit here for a year. You're not putting anything over on me with those widow's weeds and those bright eyes and those dimples. I know those dimples. Now, you will understand that I won't be diddled. You bear. You bear. You are listening to Kathy and Elliot Lewis onstage to nice play The Bear. There's outstanding dramatic listening in the day time too on CBS Radio. Ma Perkins and Aunt Jenny make fiction as real as life with their gripping day to day dramas. Young Dr. Malone and Perry Mason keep you thoroughly engrossed in their exciting daily adventures. Malone's in romance and medicine, Perry Mason's in the legal field he knows so well, and there are many more, making up the entire CBS Radio Daytime family. They're yours for the best in daytime listening at the Starz Address. Out of my house. As soon as I am paid, I'm not enjoying this. Do you think I'm doing it for a joke? Stop yelling! This isn't a saloon. I'm not talking about saloons! I'm talking about the $1,200 you owe me, and the mortgage! I have to meet tomorrow!  Do you call it etiquette to criticize a guest in your own parlour? I behave very well to a woman. No you don't. You have no manners. You're an uncouth man. Decent men don't talk to a woman like that. What a business! How do you want me to talk to you, like an Englishman? Ah, my dear, dear lady, what gripping weather, what, what, and how well you look in morning. I say...   Ah! I don't know how to behave to a woman! Ah! In my time, ma'am, I've seen more women than you've seen bustles. I've had three duels on account of women. I've thrown over twelve of them and been turned down by men! You don't believe me? It's the truth.  Almost drowned myself in cologne water. Jude sense sent to make my voice soft and my breath sweet. Shaved every day, sometimes twice a day. And wore pink silk goddess on my shirt sleeve. I'm not at all into... I made love passionately, madly, softly, loudly, every which way. I suffered. I hurled at the moon like a coyote. I sang love songs. Whispered sweet nothings. Joined the emancipation league and made speeches urging votes for women, but not anymore. You won't get around me like that now.  Who wants to get around you? I've had a belly full, soft cheeks, bright eyes, ruby lips, dimples, the moon, dainty hands. I wouldn't give a cow-chip for the lat man. Now you listen to me! All women! All women! Present company accepted. All women! Big or small, thin or fat, old or young are unfaithful.  I speak from experience. You look at one of these dainty creatures, all silks and laces, all gentle smiles and soft sighs, angelic, positively angelic, but when you look into her soul, what do you see? A buzzard. And the most aggravating thing of all is buzzard. For some reason or other is convinced that of all the creatures on earth, it and it alone is capable of love. Now I'll leave it to you, getting right down to cases.  Can she do anything but blubber and slobber? A man suffers. A man tears his heart to pieces. A man makes sacrifices. And how does she show her love? By fluttering her fan with one hand and getting a good strong grip on his nose with the other.  You know yourself, that's a woman's nature. Tell me the truth. Have you ever seen a woman who is honest, faithful, steadfast? Of course you haven't. You'll find a cow who can play the mandolin before you'll find a steadfast woman. You're quite finished. That's the gist of my remarks anyway. And as you see it, when it comes to love, who is it that's honest and steadfast? The man. Of course it's the man. The man. Men. Honest and steadfast did you ever. You'll listen to me. I'm going to tell you about men. Where did you ever get the idea that men are faithful in love? I'll tell you about men. I'll tell you about the best man that ever lived, my late husband. I loved that man. I loved him with every part of me, every bone, every drop of blood. I loved him as no other man has been loved before. I gave him everything, my youth, the best years of my life, my joy, my property, everything. I kissed the ground he walked on. I worshipped him. And how did he repay me? He deceived me. There wasn't a day he drew breath that he didn't deceive me. Luke's there. Ask Luke. After he died, I found a whole trunk full of love letters. And when he was alive, uh, Hertz shall remember it even now. He'd leave me for weeks at a time, go gallivanting all over the country. And in spite of all that, I loved him and was faithful to him. I'm still faithful to him and true to his memory. I haven't stirred from this house since the funeral. And I'll wear mourning for the rest of my life. Morning. You think that fools me? Don't you think I know why you wear black, why you stay in the house? You want people to say how spirit you will for love of her husband? She buries herself alive. What sentiment? I'm on to you, man.  You'll renounce the flesh and the devil, but you'll curl your hair and you'll sprinkle yourself with patchouli. I smell it.  Keep your voice down. I'm not one of your hired hands. I won't be yelled at.  Get out of here. Pay me and I'll go. You won't get a cent. I'll be hanged if I don't. That's one red penny just for spice. Get out of here. I am not your husband and I'm not your intended, so don't make a scene. I don't like it.  That was my husband's chair. Get up from it. The devil with this chair.  I have no time to waste and I'm forced to spend the day discussing chairs. There, there's your chair. You broke it. You broke the chair. All I want is what's coming to me.  Leave this house. When the cash is in my hands, not before. Where's Charlie? Where's Lenny? They ain't nobody around, mom. Short is gone to second. Get out. Get out. Get out. Get out. Fine open-handed hospitality.  What did you call me? A bear. Bear. What right have you got to call me names? I'll call you as many names as I want to. You think I'm afraid of you?   We'll shoot it out. Oh, hold on. I won't wait. We'll sex-gun. You're not scaring me one little bit. I wouldn't care if you were twice as big and yelled ten times as loud. We'll shoot it out. Nobody is supposed to leave gifts away with it.  Bear bear bear bear. Well, you says only men have to pay for insults. Who made up that rule? Women are always screaming about equal rights. All right. Let's have equal rights all around in everything. We'll shoot it out. Good. We'll sex-gun. And right now. Right now. I'll get my husband's son. You wait right here.  Right between the eyes. Right between the eyes.  Man, woman, call the same to me when I'm stopping. Oh, Mr. Please don't do this other thing. They leave now for too late. They let it go. Just scare her. No, don't shoot her. If she wants to fight, well, that's emancipation. That's equal rights. It matters like this. I support the new woman. I'll shoot her on principle. Isn't she the heller though? Isn't she a lot of women? See the way she galloped off for a gun, head up, and tail over the dashboard.  Did you hear that? And our eyes sparkled. She didn't back down an inch. Oh, please. Please go away. She's a real woman. That's the kind I like. A real womanly woman. Not a drooping sack of marshmallow, but with blood in her veins. All fire, all pepper, all gunpowder. A Roman candle.  Oh, no. I like her. I positively like her. Dimples and all I like her. I'd be willing to tear up those I'll use. And I'm feeling serene again. I got a grip on my temper. A womanly woman. All right now. But before we start, you'll have to show me how to use it. I've never held a gun in my hand.  I'm going to ride down the road and try to find the boys. Please just play for time. This is a fine weapon, ma'am. Good balance. Nice heft to it.  Nothing as pretty as a coat 45. Just show me how to hold it.  Like that? Just like that. And in aiming it, here, stand in front of me.  That's it. Then when you're ready, you fire. Just squeeze the trigger. Squeeze. Don't pull. Squeeze. Like a lemon.  Feel how gentle I squeeze. I just squeeze it gentle. See? Like this. I understand. I'm ready. Where do we shoot it out? In the yard? All right. Let's go. But I'm telling you in advance, I'm going to fire in the air. Well, if that isn't the why... Because, because that's my business. You're not yellow, are you? Are you? I'm not going to let you crawl out of this. You come with me. I won't rest easy till I put a bullet in your head. Well, aren't you coming? Are you scared? Yes, I'm scared.  Why won't you fight? Because...  He likes me. He has the nerve to say he likes me. Come on, into the yard. Wait a minute. Let me load your gun. Give it to me.  I'm a little mad too, but you know what I mean? I can't find the words. The fact is, well, it's like this. Can I help it if I like you?  It's all I can do to keep from telling you I love you. Don't come near you.  I've never seen one like her. I'm a gone goose. I'm done for. I'm a mouse in a trap. Get away from me or I'll shoot. Then shoot.  You're driving me crazy. Don't talk without thinking and make up your mind right now, because if I once leave this house, you'll never see a hide-and-hire me again. Make up your mind. I'm a rancher. I'm respected in the community. I have 8,000 head of cattle. I can throw six whiskey glasses into the air and pulverize them before they hit the ground. I own the fastest horse in the county. Will you marry me? I want to shoot it out. Let's shoot it out. I'm out of my mind. I'm in love like a boy. I'm happy as a J-bird. I love you.   Let go of my hand. I love you as I've never loved before. I've thrown over 12 women. I've been turned down by nine, but I never loved any of them as I love you. I'm putty. I'm taffy. I'm wax.    I'm mortified as I've never been. I haven't been in love for years. I took an oath and suddenly I'm in love like a wolf in a trap. Marry me. Yes or no? You refuse? All right then. Wait. Well? Nothing. Get out of my house. No. Go away.   I had spinning. I'm angry. I don't know what I'm saying. What are you waiting for? Get out. Get out. Goodbye. Goodbye. Goodbye. Where are you going? Stay away from me.  I love you. You think I want to love you, but I love you. It's the last thing I intended.  And I'll never forgive myself for this. Take your hands away. Get away from me. Let's shoot it out. Let's... Come on. Come on. Be ready to shoot, boys. Come on. Yes, ma'am. Never mind feeding Blackie that lump of sugar. The Bear starring Kathy and Elliot Lewis on stage. In a moment, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis will tell you about next week's play. This Sunday night, Frank loved Joy Stars and the remarkable talent of Egbert Hall and CBS Radio's Theater of Stars. You may find it difficult to believe this tale of a talking racehorse, but you'll find it easy to enjoy. Also Sunday night, here, Lionel Barrymore on your Hall of Fame Playhouse, spotlighting another little-known hero of American history on most of these stations this Sunday evening. Theater of Stars and Hall of Fame Playhouse presented by CBS Radio. And now once again, Kathy and Elliot Lewis. Our thanks to Walter Brown Newman for a lovely adaptation. Can you talk, dear? Enough to say that Horace Murphy tried unsuccessfully to get the courage to throw me out of your house and that Byron Kane escaped my violence earlier in the play. We've done several scripts by another Newman, E. Jack Newman, who is not related to Walter, and his plays have a wonderful effect on all of you. You either violently disliked the party and Eddie and Casey at the bat, or you were thoroughly delighted with them. Well, next week we give you an opportunity to once again either violently dislike or be thoroughly delighted as we present E. Jack Newman's new story, Statement of Fact. Until then, thank you for listening. Good night. Good night. Music for tonight's story was arranged and conducted by Fred Steiner, a Kathy and Elliot theme is by Ray Noble, and the program is transcribed and directed by Mr. Lewis, George Wall speaking. And remember, listen while you work. Enjoy Road of Life every Monday through Friday in the daytime on the CBS Radio Network.


I've been waiting so long for this moment right here. The numbers are finally in. We know how good of a game NBA 2K20 is, at least as it comes to sales. Look, if y'all new to the channel, subscribe. If you're watching this video, click the like button. It's great right now. When you click it, it's turning blue. Your fingers gonna vibrate. It's a fantastic tingly sensation. You should try it. Holy, look, you don't have to look too far in 2K community to know that not many people are a fan of 2K22. Like, I didn't think it could get worse from 2K21, but it managed to. Some content creators just up and left. They just walked away. They left like this. And others just stopped uploading. Others is like slowing down pace. Overall, people are just unhappy. But it depends who you ask. I've talked to newer 2K gamers that love the game or like this, hi. But when you talk to the people that play this city or part or program and they play NBA 2K22, they've been playing for a while. They hate the game. Who knows what the reason is, but the numbers are finally in. This got me really excited. NBA 2K22 has 1.9 million gamers playing daily, now at over 8 million units sold. We'll get to that 1.9 number in a minute. But what? Yo, that would literally, if we're just ranking the 2Ks and we could add all over to VG charts, put NBA 2K22 at the seventh best-selling 2K of all time, which if you think about it's not that bad, except that that's a huge steep fall-off from all the other more recent, well-performing 2Ks. And the crazy part is, I'm fairly confident that they're counting the current gen and the next gen version as two different units here. So when they say 14 million units sold of 2K20, you buy the cross bundle version of the game and you have the current gen and the next gen. That's two separate games. I wouldn't even be surprised if they included mobile sales. Like, I don't know. It's like an artist bundling in their album sales with like merch or tours, right? It just inflates the numbers a little bit so the investors are happy.  So there's a good chance that the alarm bells are ringing pretty loud right now at the 2K headquarters or maybe they're not tripping. The reality is, is now they're making more money than ever off mobile, but beyond that, they're also making a ton more money off microtransactions. So even if less people are buying the game, if the people that buy the game are spending more, kinda evens out. But let's get back to this 1.9 million number.  Two million people are getting together every day to play on the 2K22. There just isn't, bro. That's competing with some of the most popular games on consoles in general. The numbers have to either be cherry-plicked inflated in somehow which way. Like maybe when 2K had like a very big event or maybe these are like the first week after launch, there's just no way you're convincing me 2K is like blowing games like CSGO out the water. I don't believe it. So including the mobile people, maybe I don't know what their mobile numbers are looking like. I don't play the mobile versions of the game as possible. But man is 1.9 million, you just impressive. And that's really all they have to do is impress the investors enough so that they don't panic. Because when you hear eight million in sales and you know 2K20 sold 14 million in sales, you might wanna panic a little bit. They also mentioned that recurrent consumer spending grew 10% year over year, which means that people are spending more on microtransactions. So like I said, the people that buy the game just happened to be spending more. I was reading one of the articles I was reporting on this.  Based on their sales for 2021, 2K22 did almost everything right. As we continue through season four and season five, we should see even more updates brought to the game. They did everything right, really?   Come on, what game ever does anything right? Let alone a 2K game. Really? They did everything right when they added more microtransactions or they reintroduced the city, they ran that back. They did everything right, but they did everything right the way the game was barely operating the first two weeks of the game's launch or there'd be huge hangups in the story mode where you couldn't just, I love how they did everything right there. Come on man, just keep it a butt.  The reason I've been waiting for these moments, maybe some people just don't care, their numbers, it really doesn't matter. But you have to think 2K is motivated by profit. We all know this, we've been known this for the past what, five, six years? So if we know that and we know that 2K has a, how should I say this? It's not making as much money or it's not selling as much game or their trajectory is no longer upwards. You could see why they might want to react. What's the word when you do something real rash? Point is for once they might actually be willing to make some of the changes we've been asking for.  It's going great. So who knows?  It was like a one hour stream from one of the NBA 2K developers and they said that the first year of a next generation game, there's usually a lot of new technology that they don't know how to grasp yet. By the second year, they're fine tuning things and they're getting there. But by the third year, they have everything down. So maybe 2K 23 is the year where things finally change. But holding out hope is a fool's game. It's 2K at the end of the day. You hold out hope and they'll crush you like this, bro. Man, that's the one franchise you should not hold out hope for. Just keep your expectations real low and then no matter what they do, it'll impress you. I don't know if EA was smelling blood in the water. We'll talk about what they've been up to in a little bit. But before we do, yo look, Agent Beam started me to triumphant return on the last episode, right? Yo bro, it's been a minute since he's been on the channel. We talked about PowerDF situation, how his whole clan disbanded. Well, turns out he's back. After deactivating his account for maybe like a week, he started posting on Twitter saying, minor setback for a major comeback. None of this beef changes the fact that I'm the best 2K player to ever touch this community. PSA, if you used to be in DF, I'm hunting you. You can't run, you can't hide, I'm coming for you. On 2K guys, chill. I said in my video, bro, like at the end of the day, I'm not one for canceling nobody. He's an L-friend, an L-man's for sure. I'd argue potentially a bad human being in general. But bro, chill out. Community was acting like he just like massacred like a community of human beings or something. Like there's levels to how frustrated you should be depending on the crime that was committed.  So that should speak to people's intentions, regardless of the fact. It seems like maybe everybody in that clan was out for themselves. But regardless, these are all assumptions and none of my business. Whether or not you wish the best for power or you hope his career fails and dies is up to you. But what I do know is 2K has been historically one of the most toxic communities. And let's be honest, guys, the past three or four years has been pretty positive because it was bad in 2K 16, 2K 15, 2K, man, just the type of shit I remember seeing. People getting doxxed and swatted left and right. People's channels getting hacked and PSNs getting terminated. Yeah, bro, I will never forget the type that people do to each other just for fun because they were bored. So comparatively, man, hey, what it is, mate. If you don't like his energy, stay away from him. But I thought it was an interesting story. Look, bro, it gets interesting for NBA 2K 22 because it's not often somebody decides to take action, but this parent decided to because I read this headline saying class action lawsuit targets NBA 2K's micro transactions.  But this parent is taking it in his or her own hands. They say the case went from state court to federal court and there's allegations of unfair, deceptive and unlawful practices, including illegal gambling practices. But bro, whether or not you believe it's illegal gambling, I think that most apps you play, most websites you're on, most video games you play, most any form of entertainment is trying to hook you. I try to hook you at the beginning of this video so you watch the rest of the video. Hey, it's one thing when it's a child because they're not aware of this stuff.  This parent is just like, I guess maybe just a lawyer, real litigious. The likelihood something comes out of this is very low. And I'm not even one for the gambling stuff in video games. I personally think there's no place for it. I think GTA 4 opened the doors when people started paying money for DLC and they popularized the f*** out of it. Like it was great DLC, so people started spending money and then it clicked for all the developers and publishers. We could just charge people after the games launched. It doesn't have to be like a one-time money-earning thing. You can make money throughout the life cycle of the game. And I think that that's a fantastic strategy for monetizing a product, but sometimes it comes at the cost of the game and NBA 2K is one of those examples where the way it's formatted, it comes at the cost of the game itself. Which is crazy to think about. You're compromising the integrity of the game to make money. That literally is the short-term strat if I ever seen it. You're pushing the boundaries in ways you shouldn't. And we've talked about the micro-transaction things more times than I can counsel. What's the point? But the suit states that NBA 2K 22's payments scheme psychologically distances players from the reality of spending royal money. Because you're spending VCU, not spending US dollars, right? Or Canadian dollars or Rubles or Rupees. Some of you guys have Rupees. This is only interesting because I think it's only a matter of time before some legislator puts up some sort of legislation to finally do something about the loot boxes in video games. But in my humble opinion, I'd rather they didn't. Because I don't trust the people that y'all vote for in this country of America. And I feel like it's a slippery slope before they start finding other things they wanna amend in entertainment.  And while there are plenty of awful influences in video games, you trying to convince me because I shot somebody in Call of Duty that I'll be more likely to do IRL. Not only do studies not support it, but Jesus, can you imagine if violent video games just disappeared or were starting yet to start censoring them and there's no blood allowed in video games? Like these are all things that can happen. So I'd rather that it just went untouched. If you're a parent, just pay attention to what your child is spending their time on.  Like you can decide not to spend your money. I get it, it's addicting, it's gambling. I'm not even saying it's not addictive. But at the same time, I would rather not the slippery slope of legislation. EA decided to throw their hat in the mix because they're not done teasing whatever basketball game they're working on bro. Like man, I've read article after article for years since they stopped posting NBA Live. They said they were getting back into basketball. They started to post some NBA 2K's top senior developers and still we've been hearing very little to no information until EA posted this tweet where they said, loading madness loading. While if anybody else tweeted this, I think they were just like really excited about March Madness. EA also has been rumored to been working on like a college sports game. And now that they can legally do it again, they've done it in the past. They seem like the best people to be able to pull it off successfully. So this almost feels like a tease in some way, but it's been almost a week since this tweet was posted and there's been no follow up because March Madness is actively going on right now. I thought maybe like there'd be some sort of like follow up or maybe like the trailer of some sorts, just something. But all we have now is some tweets and maybe it's just EA recognizing that is a very popular event. Maybe if I post some things, it'll get more likes. I don't want to say hold out hope, but if you're a huge fan of college sports and you like the NCAA games EA used to make, maybe you hold out hope. For what it's worth, I've been seeing, I refuse to call it a resurgence, but more people enjoying playing NBA 2K 22 is kind of making me want to hop back on and low-cap and waiting for the next season. I've been seeing Pro Ampop and my Team Pop, the city's still pretty dead. But maybe more importantly, and this is like a key point that I've been seeing people in the community talk about for the past few weeks, maybe a couple months now, it seems as though a lot of the players that were on current gen, like the Ticinos of the world, there were a few others I was watching on Twitch, called the man. The guys like some of the huge content creators that prefer to play the game on current gen have been making a transition to next gen. And that's important because one of the biggest problems we had at the launch of 2K 22 was that it felt like the community was split. I had to ask what version of the game you were playing before I asked what console were you playing on before I asked, do you want to play with me? It's like all of those preliminary questions make it difficult for you to play with the people you want to play with. In reality, having everybody on one game makes that easier and then having cross-play makes it so that it's a very social game. And 2K is designed to be a social game. It's one of the most social games, next to like Call of Duty and GTA V, so why not add features that allow people to be as social as possible? Regardless of the fact, I think it's a good thing that more people are on next gen and 2K didn't sell awfully. It sold decent, definitely not what I guess the investors were hoping for. So maybe they do shake something up. I'm not entirely sure what to expect for 2K 23, but because we do know that NBA 2K bought a whole new dev team to work on current gen, we could almost but confirm that not only will the next gen version of 2K 23 drop, but also will a current gen version.  Who knows? Sad reality is it's still kind of difficult to get next generation consoles. And even though it's been like two years since they've released, we're still calling them next generation. That's how hard it is to get them. So it's a good thing that at least there's a decent, if not good version of the game, a comparable version of the game on current gen for the people that can't or can't afford to get the next gen. But man, does it feel like everybody's split, but if for the first time in a while, it feels like now more than ever, everybody seems to be on the same page. I'm thinking about hopping on Prime just to see what the experience is like. Hopefully they patched up all the bugs that made me want to stop playing at the launch of the game. And I might just hop on someone's account because I can't be asked to grind 20, 30 hours into a build just to have that experience, just to see if Pro-AM's even playable. In the comments, let me know if you're still playing NBA 2K22, what generation and what console. If y'all new to the channel, man, you enjoy NBA 2K22 content, subscribe here. If not, I'll catch you guys in the next one. I'm out, peace.


Following the deadly attack in Medugri where an army general and three soldiers were killed by an Islamic State of West Africa province, Iswab, a security expert says the government needs to do more and re-strategize in overhauling the military. Jacinta O'Buckel brings details in this report. In Nigeria, the spate of insecurity, especially in the northeast, is Alamin, an Islamic State West Africa province which split from Bukoharam in 2016 and pledged allegiance to Islamic State has been fighting against the Nigerian armed forces. This time in Medugri, Iswab killed a Nigerian Brigadier General and three soldiers in an attack. Security expert Okechukon Wangoma said the attack shows the need for government to beef off the approach in the fight against insecurity. They still have capacity above our military, and that is why they seem to be having the upper hand. Every now and then these people are attacking sensitive military facilities, killing our soldiers, abducting them. They need to re-strategize to think of other ways of enhancing the capability of our military forces so that we don't continue to lose our military resources, our men and the women in the military. He opined that the government also needs to admit overwhelming challenges and limitations in the capacity of military resources. Each government will not continue to claim successes that they have not achieved or capacity that we don't have, unless government is ready to admit that there is limitation in the capacity and to seek help from where they can, you know, unless that happens, then we will not, because the government will always say we are on top of the situation and that is the usual language. According to United Nations, Bonestate is at the center of this lamest insurgency, which has spewed into neighboring Chad and Cameroon and has left about 300,000 people dead and millions dependent on aid. Jacinta Ubuku, for PLOS TV, Africa.


The outlook for COP 21 and the Paris Agreement that will come from it is cautiously hopeful in the following sense. It represents an improvement over arrangements that have been made to date. The likely outcome of the Paris Agreement will be an agreement among the vast majority of countries in the world to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. And it's going to be done through an aggregation of intended promises, intended contributions by those 147 countries. Now, if no agreement were reached, no country took any action on climate change, then the likely increase in world temperature over pre-industrial times would be four and a half degrees centigrade. But with this agreement provided that all the countries come through on their intended contribution, then that ink temperature increase will be reduced to three and a half degrees. Now, that's the good news. Countries are coming together to do something. The bad news is that science tells us that we really have to bring down this temperature increase to two degrees centigrade. So the agreement would only take us about 40 percent towards that goal. But I think we need to look at this as a situation where we need optimism in order to take us to the next step. It is just an initial step, but there will have to be follow-through on the COP 21 agreement so that the intended contributions are ratcheted up over time so that we can fully realize the necessary goal of climate change mitigation. As for red, red and forests have a crucial role in the climate change agreement in the following sense. Forests and tropical deforestation account for anywhere between 10 and 15 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. So forests are an important part of the problem and therefore a key part of the solution. And this next agreement ought to be, ought to have very strong provisions for red, but that's not absolutely guaranteed. The coalition of rainforest nations made a statement in September that it is absolutely necessary that an agreement be produced that gives a very strong place for red. But again, this is not guaranteed. The language of the current draft document makes it very clear that the land sector is absolutely crucial, which is an important step. As yet there is no specific language on red, but that may happen in the coming weeks. Whether red is mentioned or not, the crucial point is a much bigger one. The failure of red to date to fulfill many of its goals and the reason why red has moved along very slowly is that it is a reflection of humanity's overall ambivalence and indecisiveness in how to tackle the problem of climate change. So if there is a good agreement coming out of Paris, and especially if it has binding provisions, then we stand a chance of having red make the contribution that it needs to make to overall climate change mitigation. Finance is potentially a very significant roadblock. 39 of the countries that have declared their intended contributions to climate change mitigation have mentioned red as a part of what they intend to implement. And most of those 39 countries have stated that finance is a crucial issue. And I'll explain why finance is a crucial issue. Essentially what red is it requires funding so that people who are being compensated to keep forest standing can be motivated to actually do so. And the opportunity costs of foregone forest clearing have been estimated at anywhere from eight billion dollars to manyfold more than that. So that is the amount of money that experts believe is necessary in order for red to function. But to date the amount of funding produced for red is a small fraction of that annual amount of at least eight to ten billion dollars. And in fact the green climate fund that has been formed in the last couple years and that may end up being a primary source of funding for red has only produced ten billion dollars to date, not annually but to date. So financing is quite a significant problem. But if the Paris Agreement is a strong one then we stand a chance of having governments around the world mobilize funding in the amount that is necessary. And again the crucial point is this and it's a much larger point. We're at a point in history where we've reached a biological tipping point. Climate change is a very serious threat. And we need a corresponding policy tipping point that matches the urgency of this biological tipping point. As I mentioned earlier the steps that humanity has taken so far towards addressing climate change have been ambivalent and indecisive. What we really need coming out of Paris is not only an agreement, a strong agreement, but a commonality among all countries in committing themselves not only to the agreement but to expanding their commitments over time so that ultimately we can reduce the predicted increase in global temperature to two degrees centigrade.