Hi, welcome to my talk about USB support in the fire doors. My name is Johan Fischer. I'm an engineer for Nordic Semiconductor, and contributing to the fire since 2016. And I'm the maintainer of USB subsystem. I will give a short introduction about current USB support and slide to differences to new USB support and give you a short update about the current state of USB development in Sapphire. I found that on the Sapphire documentation page at the beginning somewhere at the sentence that Sapphire offers a large and ever-growing number of features. Like Bluetooth network stack, thread, mod pass, USB and so on. And some of this feature depends on other features. Like open thread depends on network stack and some parts of Bluetooth, for example, if you use host controller interface, a sample depends if you connect us over UR, it depends on driver subsystem if you use that with USB, it obviously depends on USB. And the thing is that USB support in Sapphire was not written from scratch for Sapphire subsystem. The core was imported and it was over time shaped in parts by the project needs. And some of these things as a part of USB depends on other features like CDC-SM, the user interface for CDC-SM is UR driver API. So that depends on UR. And about two years ago we decided to start with new design. With new USB device stack because we are not that happy with that we have in the tree with many issues. And yeah, it grows over time and currently we started, actually we started USB device stack reward but now I call it rework of USB support. Yeah, because that also will include host support and a few other things. But let's take a look how it is nowadays how to enable USB device support in Sapphire. That's very simple, you just have to call USB enable and then it works out of the box, probably. Yeah, you can pass a parameter. Simply it's null but you can pass a callback and that will notify you about state changes in USB stack like if device get configured you will notify about that. There's some drawbacks about that because depending on the driver, it really depends on the driver, it will be executed in ISI context, you need to be careful about that and that will stay with us I think the next few months. But that's only one part how to enable USB in Sapphire. There's another part how to configure USB device support in Sapphire. That's actually, you have to do that to build time. You need to enable in cloud configurations to enable device stack to configure your vendor ID and product ID. You shouldn't use the ZFIS default vendor ID in new products. You have to configure manufacturer string, device product string, serial number. We usually generate it using hardware ID in ZFIS at runtime so it's just a placeholder and you also have to configure if the device is self-powered or not maximum power and finally to enable a class of function you would like to use like in this example that's Lubeck that just offers few endpoints for testing, it's nothing special. But you can see a few issues with that. You can change this options at runtime. We could add an IPI for that but we decided to start and that I think you would have just one instance of USB device. Usually it's enough. It's not that often that you would have multiple devices on your board, USB devices. But there you use a case for that too. Take as a look under the hood what happens. Here you enable USB device Lubeck. There are a lot of, not a lot but there are a few macros in the class code that will place kind of redundant structures in the RAM that will be used by device tech like USB configuration data and inside this structure there is also endpoint configuration data. Part of that is redundant because this data is already available in function descriptor. We have this information twice. At the runtime if something changes in the stack like alternative is like that we have to update anything on to look at different structures. That's a mess. So in the new stack that will be different. Let's do the same what we did with current support with the new stack. That is what you see here is not really settled. It can change but it will be like that because in GitHub you can find these requirements or issues as feedback from users but they would like to see how the stack works and that's the product of that. So you can see there's a macro to define. So the new stack supports multiple configuration. The current one it's fixed to support just one configuration. So here you can define multiple configurations and using the cell pro macro you can also just select the flex like self-powered or if that configuration supports remote wake up into maximum power. Then it's mandatory. Let's do define one configuration. The descriptors are like language descriptors are optional but that is nice to have. So they help markers to define language descriptor and finally string descriptors for manufacturer products and certain number. Here again the certain number if the platform supports hardware information the certain number will be overwritten at runtime. So we use the one from the board. And finally we have to define device context. That's the USB device define macro. This will create a structure that the stack will use as context. You need at least one. But you can have multiple device instances. But if that assigned to a controller like here for default as if I UDC controller zero you can enable only one instance. You can shut down that and enable another one. That is possible. So you can have two instances with device context and descriptor that have different product or vendor IDs and different strings. But you can also update the strings at runtime. You don't have to do that but everything is possible. You have to do the choice. And then the configuration side tastes not that much to configure in config options. You just need to enable device stack next in that case and to enable USB again. But before that as we do that to run time we need to register descriptors and configuration and finally enable USB. The first step is to add a descriptor to USB context. Manufacturer, product and setting number and finally to add a configuration. It's like device descriptor is built. First you have device descriptor and configuration descriptor and so on. After that you can initialize and enable USB support and attach the device to a host and our device will probably work. But the host, if you use that on Linux kernel, for example, will complain and taste no interfaces because we didn't add any interfaces to our context. One thing as important here that we have this... It looks unnecessary to call USB need and then USB enable but the reason for that is like after USB, call USB need the controller is initialized but it's not recognizable by the host. For example, you have battery charging controller to give the controller time to initialize or to detect if it's connected to a host or a charging device. It means after ENU you can get notification from the controller that if VBus is present or not and finally if you call USB enable the host will see your device and start to enumerate. I recommended out USB D register class In the previous example for the current stack I used to loop it but here we can define or write our own class of function in few slides. Finally, after this presentation you can write our own USB class of function for a new USB device support. What we need at first place is the interface descriptor and that's just a few lines of this. I don't have enough place so you can see just the definitions for interface zero and can see that it's alternative interface as it contains two end points and interface zero, the end points would be zero. This configuration is if you design a USB device this kind of configuration is very useful because it clearly describes in which configuration the device or your class is ready to transmit or receive the data and here if the host selects the alternative settings one that can be used in the class to start or to prepare for the transfer. The class API looks like if you're familiar with the fire and with device API or device driver that looks very familiar but it's much simpler and I couldn't use the device API here because it was too heavy and so device API is missing not for this list implementation so I wouldn't need another structure anyway. But USB device class API is very simple. There are only two, three interfaces mandatory like request one, any request to the endpoint will ends in this function. There is update with notifies if new interface is selected at the end of if the host calls set interface finally this function will be called notify the class that another interface was selected and it's an intelligent function. And finally you have to use USB device defined class macro to place your structure in the variable section. So finally you have access to your class from everywhere in ZFIA at run time and there is example in the shell how to access that using in that case it would be a string foo. And short example how to submit a transfer as I explained before you can select new interface and it will be notified over the interface update and here we can start for the completeness one actually has to check what alternative is selected and start transfer only if the alternative one is selected. But here it's just as example you can start and transfer after the notification and on the right you can see Python code for this class how to read from there or to write to endpoint one in that case and in the console you will finally see the hex dump of the data. You can go step by step actually and you should able to write open function or class for new USB device stack. And finally over you what APIs we what new APIs we would have in USB device stack it's again starting from the top it's device stack API that if you are user of the USB device stack or of USB device stack that's the API we will probably use or if you would like to change vendor ID or product ID at runtime that is the API to use and that will be defined in includes a fire USB, USBD header. If you are designer of USB class or function then you have to look at USBD class API that's also defined in the same header but use another namespace. And below if you are driver designer or you would like to port a driver from current USB device support or driver API to new one that is the UDC driver API it's also the namespace for that is UDC and you can find that in includes a fire driver USB UDC header. You can see that the driver between the driver and the USB device stack there's a thin common layer and that also takes care what is common in all the drivers. You can also see in current stack things like to check if the endpoint is enabled or not in some use cases or the device, the driver self controller is enabled or initialized and so on. As a locking is done in this common layer you don't have to repeat all this code in your own driver. We have we'll go over to the UDC drivers we have support for multiple drivers like we have support for multiple device instance there's support for multiple drivers on driver instance if that's supported by your platform like it would be not the case for example on Nordic NRF USBD because there's always one instance of the driver but you can't attach for example if you would have support for external device you get a touch of USB would have two drivers or devices. There's a single asynchronous platform to include transfers in the driver if you compare that with the current driver there's no direct right right access to endpoint buffer for each endpoint there's a queue that will take the request and after the request is finished there's a single API to put it to an upper layer so we use net buffers for endpoint transfers there are few drawbacks we'll discuss that later and hopefully fix that I already described the common layer and we have different implementations for NRF USBD controller on Nordic devices Kinetius USB, FS, OTG and devices like Freedinboard 64, Key Freedinboard Key 25 and 22 and so on and the new one is virtual controller and if you are interested to port a new driver to a new API or a new to port an existing or a new UDC driver then please use one of the existing drivers as reference but after you finish that please rewrite every single line just to make sure that you don't repeat the errors the errors in the code I for example made or someone else use the shell sample as application on device there are samples such as USB shell sample if you flash that to device it will not immediately enumerate the device you have to enable, you need to do the steps in the sample one by one like you have to enable the device and after that was enumerated there is a command to start vendor specific control request to verify that control transfer works without issues and to verify bulk usually if you get two things working then you are fine also one thing is to verify endpoint HALT either for controller point is using features or no for the either using on the host site using features they feature HALT and endpoint or from the shell the new as a working on is USB host controller API it's very similar to device controller API but it uses not uses net buffs directly but in containers it is always depending on the art of transfers there are at least one or more net buffs in this container and for example for control transfers it contains three of them like one each one for two or three depending on the control transfer like for setup control and status states stage of of the transfer of the control transfer there is also a common layer between driver and host as helper country we have in the branch implementation for the max 3421 controller you can connect over SPI to any devices actually and for virtual controller and as host support is in at the beginning it's very simple initial but initially driven by needs for testing for test device support and is that is very similar in structure to a new USB device support the stake development I hope it will accelerate the next releases but we are very busy with device part and finally it should ideally map the device support like if we have CDC-SAM code on device side ideally would have CDC-SAM code on the host side to build as a for the testing and new and hot especially for the testing is the virtual bus and virtual controllers that was actually motivated by by the top level testing on the hardware so internally at Nordic we have to setup with max device that we can attach to our boards and do some testing related to usually chapter 9 like device framework to verify the stake but as other function like suspend on resume the device test remote wake up and so on but testing on the hardware is slow and expensive because slow is always expensive it takes time and the other motivation was to implement better USB IP server support we actually have one in the tree it's called USB DC native POSIX but it's not correct name because it doesn't really depends on POSIX it uses USB IP and expose the function I started to rework that few times but finally lost the poor request and decided to dispatch because with that code we can export the real USB host controller over Ethernet for example but also virtual part and use that on POSIX for development for example both of that as a native virtual bus no controller emulates a real bus or hardware it's not an emulator it's much simpler it connects the host as a USB host in device below the common layer of UDC and UDC driver API as shown in previous slides and there are overlays in the shell sample and that actually describes how that works on higher level this part was not approved by device ministry so it's that may change because before it gets in but you can see here the devices are child nodes of the controller and that allows me to obtain the name of the host node using device tree and that is very simple I don't need anything special for that just device tree and virtual bus support bus support is actually this virtual bus support is closer to real bus as USB bus is because in this virtual bus from the host controller you can advertise the events to all devices connected to this controller so it works like a bus like D bus for example but the responses are directed to the host only and that has some issues because on USB you can you don't have really a bus there to connect to devices for example like here after the reset both of these devices are in default state with address 0 you don't have that situation on the real USB because there is a hub in between and here we just need to care that only one device is initialized and after that it's enumerated we can initialize another one and start with testing like that so it's kind of walk around but yeah yeah it works yeah and usage examples for virtual bus and virtual controller is like as a device framework test that's I think the big one to test all the requests and like example here that interface request it's it's not specified in default state and anything but it's not specified we will trade that as a error that's actually the state in device state that's anything is not specified it's an error and if device is under state then the device stack must respond with error and if that is in configured state the device may that test request may be valid or not depending on the interfaces for example if we look back at the code where we have two interfaces one is alternative then the request to I don't know request five is not valid on these cases we can test that with virtual support very quickly and daily or on any put request whatever I have and the other user cases is class implementation testing on both sites so if we for example cdcsm on device site cdcsm on host site we can test it as a daily and very quickly and finally developments set up for native project platform yeah that is from my side carless just to clarify the virtual controller it's a single instance of Zephyr where you where the host support and the device support to each other via RAM directly yes so it doesn't work with say if you were mentioning native projects one example then you would build one Zephyr.exe that Zephyr.exe would contain both host support and device support but it's not like the USB IP where you build the device support and then it talks to the little USB stack via IP that's another story right? so in the case of when you use that set up you have to enable host and device support always yes test example test in the sample is overlay for cdcsm3 and if you want build that for chemo cdcsm3 if you build the sample for cdcsm3 to enable device support and host support and use the same overlay and finally in first time I can it doesn't, yeah it's broken, it's always that's weird yeah that's I hoped I can we have time so another question so you initially mentioned something that having multiple configurations and you can shut down one of them and switch to the other one? yes so you know that's not doable in the existing interface right? in the existing existing the USB device stack it takes only one it's always hard coded to one configuration and you can change that it's statically built and you could actually add ROM times from a working USB device into EFU mode yeah that's special use case but yeah actually we can shut down, we can have multiple there are too many configurations possibilities you can you can have multiple instances of a class like cdcsm0 cdcsm1 and assign cdcsm0 to a configuration to first configuration cdcsm to a second configuration and also Ethernet support as a two second configuration have these two configurations assigned to a device instance and yeah you can shut down and change that again you can unregister the class from a configuration and unregister it to another one like that yeah it uses ROM it's like current stack anything is placed in the ROM so we invest a lot of ROM not that much but here the case with new USB device support but I think we can improve how we handle the strings because it's always fixed at runtime but we can also put the strings we try it encoding in the flash and but the descriptors and the interface and so on that's all still in ROM like in the first stack yeah and we for example in device context is the device descriptor and as a pointer to the device itself so you can actually you can change the device and use the context and so I think it started with the issue that we can we can run time or to build time to list or to obtain what compatible devices we have or we support so user has selected but I think that's better approach to have this context in the user area on the user ROM it can be placed as a bare and just needed both so if you have for example you have an interface with two endpoints one for bulk bulk endpoints one for in one for out it would be in hex 81 and 01 like for in and out yeah and you would have that in multiple classes and at the start during initialization or class assignments to the stack it will fix that for you like in the current approach it goes over all the interfaces and points and renumerates assigned new addresses based on other uncontrollable capabilities so if you have multiple instances of you interface then the first one we start with 81 01 the second one 8202 and so on but there are requests to have an option to disable that so I will add that later there are use cases for simple devices with just one interface that doesn't have this composite configuration that on the whole side people use drivers with hard coded endpoint addresses so they don't use descriptors of the device to discover what endpoints are there what use hard coded endpoints and in some situations with some controllers because we reassigned the addresses it wouldn't work anymore with driver you could switch back to the sample application with the news stack in the slides sorry when you use those macros to describe this one yeah exactly so these macros are typically put in a header file or in the main c file where what's the structure of using these macros in the code that's yeah but where exactly in the code like in the new samples where have you placed them in the main yeah and do they have to be in order like if you start for the first configuration then comes no no no so how do you refer to a particular configuration when you are how do you know that I'm adding to full config what line so if I define let's say two USBD configuration define full config that's my first configuration assume I have two configurations how do I tell that a particular interface the first one you add using USBD it configuration will be first index and the second and so on I had a version where you a user could assign the number but that doesn't work good because you if you start with not with zero example yeah then it would not work the host will not emirate at least linux will say no the first one has to be and that cannot be for example two or three no way so that was not in my opinion not that good so I changed I have to actually yeah to the first configuration yeah you have to care to take care what to what configuration you add then I guess I partially macros and partially functions why not do that part that you have in macros why not do it in functions as well if you're going to do it anyway so why have the API split between macros and functions why not have just like an API call string define and call it you know and then in the macro test yeah but there's not only the string descriptor structure if you use the USBD descriptor string define it's not just device not only the device string descriptor structure it's also there's a management structure with CIS CIS node it's instances more not just one structure but few of them on their use there's like we can have additional descriptors on depending on the index you have to provide the index and in the request processing that will look for this index and if it wouldn't find that it will reply with error but every single thing every single structure that's declared by those macros stays in RAM yes okay so but that's handled by the stack you will not see that that's in behind this that is but after there is it the device controller would notify the upper layer there is it the upper layer would try to enqueue all endpoint buffers and bring the stack in kind of initial position what is what is missing here you can see there is no callback for notifications so that's intentional because we have two approaches in ZFIA two different projects to add kind of T-Bus they are kind of like T-Bus support in ZFIA one is the C-Bus pull request and the other one is event manager from Nordic and one of these approaches 294 the user there will be a channel to subscribe to usp notifications to general notification from the stack from specific context to get notified if the host raises it like V-Bus is connected or V-Bus is present for you charging device device is configured if you need to at operation mode of your device and we can also have class specific notifications like we have this it's actually work around for CDCM on some Arduino devices to put it in bootloader mode if the bow trade is changed I don't like that in the end it's very heky because it's called from class context and having this kind of event manager or Z-Bus we would able to submit notification from the classes like for the CDCM some parameter changed you can subscribe to this channel and will be notified yeah I forget to mention that but that's one of them then thank you for your attention


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Now that all three of you got a chance to rush out and see Expendables 4 in theaters, I thought I would spoil it. Because even though this movie isn't even worth the time it's going to take to record and post this to YouTube, screw it! I wasted money going to watch it, so now I'm going to waste more of my pathetic, wretched time reviewing it. Intro's done. Time for spoilers. Barney's back. Sylvester Stallone reprising the role of the character for the fourth time in Expendables 4, leads the Expendables to all- He's in it for five minutes!  I guess he couldn't fit this one into his busy schedule of filming his hit reality TV show, House of Stallone, and whatever else he's up to. Someone told me in the comments when I talked about this movie on my live stream a few days ago that he and the producers or whoever, the studio, had creative differences about the route the Expendables movies are going, so he wanted out.  Statham's character Christmas goes over there, opens up his present, only to find his boss charred to death.  But before we get there, we have to talk about the complex rich plot of the Expendables 4. Let me read verbatim what IMDb lists as the plot of this movie. Armed with every weapon they can get their hands on, the Expendables are the world's last line of defense and the team that gets called when all other options are off the table. That'd be a fine synopsis for the first movie.   There was clearly no marketing budget for this movie, let alone a budget for the movie itself. If you even search posters for Expendables 4, you find low res 720 by whatever. P. They don't even have high res photos for these things.  They couldn't get anyone from the social media team to go into IMDb and give us at least a competent description of what this fourth movie's about. Well, it turns out this is what the fourth movie's about because there is no story. There is no plot.   It reminded me of Suicide Squad. It really did.  Like he's Amanda Waller saying, and this is where I come in or something and then the Expendables logo comes up. It's the weirdest transition ever. Barney doesn't say anything. It has nothing to do with the scene that came before it. It's just completely thrown in willy-nilly.  We don't care about the story in Expendables. It's about the action. It's about the old dogs going out for one last ride for a fourth time over. It's about catchphrases and cool hand-to-hand combat and gunplay and... Okay, fine. Fine, fine, fine. Let's get rid of the story. It's gone. It's kaput. Let's talk about the cast. Who are the exciting action stars they brought to this one? In the past, we had Mel Gibson. We had John Claude Van Damme. We had freakin' Chuck Norris. Arnold Schwarzenegger. Bruce Willis. Oh, well, this time we have Andy Garcia. Action mainstay, Andy Garcia. Oh, that's not fondly in the old balls for you. How about Megan Fox? Notorious action star, Megan Fox. Could we not have gotten, I don't know, Angelina Jolie? Charlize Theron? Like someone that's been in a couple action movies that aren't Transformers or Ninja Turtles? If that doesn't make a lot of sense to you, I got 50 more that might. Because 50 Cent is in this film. That's right. Rapper slash video game creator slash actor 50 Cent. He's doing it. He's doing something in this. There's also a half dozen new uninteresting characters. They get very little screen time and have less to say or do. This film prides itself in the trailer of bringing in new faces, new blood. Because that's what we want from an Expendables movie. Says no one ever. That completely defeats the purpose of these movies. The only good thing to come out of this are the two action stars from The Raid, whose names I will butcher so I won't say them.  Go watch those three times over before even thinking about setting foot into a theater to watch this. Don't go to this movie. This is an embarrassment on all fronts.  Stallone's not even here for his own property. Jason Statham is basically the entire show. For 50% of the movie, not 50 Cent of the movie, 50% of the movie, Jason Statham is solo. Ra dogging it around, trying to make ends meet at one point, working for an influencer.  I don't know. It doesn't matter. Nothing matters. There's one set piece in the entire thing and it's a sound stage. Everything's shot on this thing. It all looks horrible. The graphics are that of a PS2 or 3. I'm being generous with the PlayStation 3 analogy. It's bad.  The acting and dialogue has never been good in these, but this time around it's absolutely embarrassing.  Celebrated Mortal Kombat 1 voice actress Megan Fox is somehow the best actress, some of the best actor in this entire film. She's kind of having fun with it, playing up the whole bitchy persona works for her in this type of role. What doesn't is the fact that she has 18 layers of makeup caked on. She always looks perfect, which is a very harsh contrast when she's paired with dudes that have the faces of an old catcher's mitt. She must attend the same beauty salon as the Kardashians because she's looking more like a sister than she is of that young woman I fell in love with back in Transformers. If you are here solely for action and nothing else, that's fair, that's fine. The action here is a mixed bag.  Some of it has some decent choreography in the later half when you're on the ship for 80% of the film because again, there's a soundstage that's working 24-7 on this thing and one of the big, well really the only set piece is on an aircraft carrier. Tiny little portions of it. It's really sad how little the budget is or how they utilized the budget they had. It also feels like this movie was shot in between other people's movies. Really Jason Statham.  And Jason's like, I got three days, dude. I don't think that's enough time. And the director's like, it's enough time. Trust me, for what we're doing, it's more than enough time. But action-wise, a lot of the cool stuff's with the raid actors. Jason Statham has some pretty cool moments here and there, but really, there's so much better out there.  Here's the spoiler thing I talked about.  There is no doubt in my mind, not even a scintilla of amount that Barney is actually dead. And it turns out I was right. He faked his death. What had happened was, and it's quite ingenious being sarcastic, earlier in the film, he gets on a little bar room brawl with Christmas and a bunch of locals. One of these guys is really small. He's kind of messing with Stallone to get his ring back because Stallone really wanted his special Expendables ring.   Yeah, that's right. Barney, our hero, just straight up murdered a guy for a ring. He takes his body. I guess he had it stored on the plane when he dropped the Expendables team off and he stayed up in the plane for some reason.   There are anti-air guns shooting up at him. The first thought wasn't to take the guns out. No, he drops them off.  Like, this works every time, all the time, right? Not a last-ditch effort. He's just dropping these things out like candy and finally he runs out of them so he's like, looks like the magus is cooked. And so he takes the body of this guy that I guess murdered at some point, puts him in the driver's seat of the plane, runs to the back, jettisons out, parachutes away and the plane blows up. None of the expendables are any the wiser and the way he brilliantly sells this is he puts the ring on the body. The body of a dude that's not even half as tall as Stallone or anybody else has no of them, but he's burnt up, so whatever. Fine, no dental records or anything. It's just perfect, it's brilliant.  That's how you do it the right way. It was almost too easy.    I know I've been with you for a long time.   And Megan Foxx is like, I guess I'm in charge now, boyfriend of mine. That's too bad. I'm doing too much expression. I don't know how to express less like her. The music is there. I don't remember much of it. I remember being kind of shitty. The CG, of course, as I stated, is just a marvel in, in terrible. This is like what you'd get from Sharknado 3. That's the level of CG we're working with in this movie. Dolph Lundgren's character, Gunner, gets a side story where he can't shoot very well once he's become sober. So at the end of the movie, he takes a drink from his flask and he's able to just gun everyone down like he's deadshot from Suicide Squad. Really the parallels to Suicide Squad can't be overstated enough. Just two diamonds in the rough right here.  I cannot stress enough how bad it is, but if you enjoyed it for some reason, you might be one of the people on TikTok that commented on my Adam Does Movies TikTok account over there and said, bro, you don't know what you're talking about. This is one of the best movies I've seen all year. This person's clearly never seen a movie in their life, if they think that. But he's free to have his opinion and you are as well. Let me know in the comments. Did you actually watch Expendables 4? Did you know Expendables 4 existed?  I know I wasn't. Let me know that and more. Please like the video if you had a good time. Subscribe as I post tons of movie content each and every week. I would love to have you stick around. And if you're curious as to my thoughts on the Expendables movies as a whole, they're pretty terrible. I would say one is mediocre. One I think is easily the best. It hams it up a lot more. It's more over the top of the explosions and the things I look for from these. Three was a big step down. And this is just an embarrassment. This is Die Hard 5. Levels of embarrassing to the overall franchise. And when it comes to Die Hard, it's a far better franchise. So the fall from grace the Expendables took is even more pathetic. Alright, thanks for watching. Hopefully I see you next time.


So, what are the best ways you can earn those runes post 1.04 patch? Many instances have been nerfed, some still remain and today I cover all the best rune farms. How's it going guys? My name's DPG and if you're doing enjoyed the video, leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more, be sure to subscribe. Okay, so this is meant for every kind of player, new, old, new game plus players, this is for you all. So runes in this game are super important as you know, but with the many patches that are dropping on the game, it seems as though a lot of these rune farms are being nerfed out, patched out, but some still remain, so we can absolutely exploit and earn millions of runes and today I cover all. Now firstly guys for the people who are basically new players to the game, I post a full guide in the video description because I did it on a new player just on the basis of a showcase in it that it can be done, for new players there is a dragon which you can farm if you've come to 4th or off this grace point which you're seeing on screen now.  You can kill this dude super, super quick, I'd say, well I'd say super quick it's going to take you about 4 or 5 minutes as a new player, but you can get 70k runes out of this dude.  Now obviously end game players can do this much, much quicker because of incantations and spells you can use to buff your damage, this, that and the other, but a lot of them ain't available to new players, but hey, that is by far the best new player farm in the game. There's no two which ways about it. Now every other farm in this video guys is more or less, it takes place within the sea of the river area, the margain dynasty mausoleum area. This area here guys is full, and I mean full of the best room farms in this game, there's no two which ways about it. Now actually getting here, you can do this as a new player, you can do it as an old player, so basically. When you start the game as a new player you come out of that door right there. The first grace point you will see guys is this one right here, activate it, on your left hand side you'll see NPC, this is the white faced Vari, he has a quest line which rewards you this right here, the pure blood knights medal.  Within this area right here guys, the hidden path to the halling tree, there's a teleporter right there that takes you down to this area, but to gain access to this area guys, it's a trek it really is, you need a, well you firstly need the Dexter's medallion to gain access to this area here, the capital, get the Dexter's medallion, I mean if you search YouTube for a guide I want to get this brief guys because obviously it's going to be a take, the video is going to go on for ages if I explain everything in deep detail, but hey Dexter's medallion access this lift, you can then come up to the capital, there's a few buses here guys you have to take out, once you do that you gain access to this place, you can then come up to the grand lift of the road, then have access to this area here, the mountaintops of the giants, you can't go up there quite yet, you then have to come up to castle soul, defeat the boss of this castle, Commander Nile, he gives you one half of another medallion, the other half comes from an NPC, back down here, the village of the Arbina Rooks, there's a guy within this area guys, he's sitting in like a basket, if you hit the basket, punch it, don't use a weapon on it, it could kill him, clear his dialogue, he gives you the other half of this halletry medallion, come back to the grand lift of the road, press the left or right of the d-pad, gain access to the hidden path to the halletry, then guys you just come to a teleporter which is located right here, it really is that simple, but like I said it's endgame, it is endgame, but again guys, whiteface via request, I'll link in the video description, which gives you the pureblood knights medal, and I'll also link another video in the video description which explains in more detail how you get to the dead teleporter, both again guys like I said gives you access to this incredible area here which we're gonna go to now using a pureblood knights medal, now what I will say is guys, I mean a lot of players will already know this but I mean a lot of players will already know everything I'm going to explain today but this is more so for the people still trying to experiment with rune farming, trying to find new rune farms for new players, for not so high players, so yes, but hey the best spot in the entire game for farming runes is this place here, this grace point, the palace approach ledger role, there's a hill here which is full of adds, certain weapons in the game can take out all the adds in seconds, the best weapon to do this is a weapon you get rewarded for completing the game upon getting the remembrance from the Alden beast, the Alden beast is the last boss, take his remembrance to two fingers at the round table, cash it in for the relic sword, the relic sword guys is capable of this, and this guys used on that hill which I'll showcase you in a quick second, takes out all the adds, give new tons of runes, another way to boost runes guys is to get the gold scab, the gold scab comes from a boss within this cave right here, the abandoned cave, come here guys, defeat the boss at the bottom, you get the gold scab, simple as that, you can also boost your rune gains by using the gold pickle without feet, and these can be crafted, you can buy these from patches, again I'll link a guide in the video description if you're interested in that, I don't really use them, I think you get enough with just the gold scab, but hey if you want extra you know what you gotta do, so upon using your pureblood knights medal you'll spawn in at this location right here, right here, now you want to get to this hill, so what you need to do guys is jump on your horse and follow this path I take, and like I said many many folks will have seen what I'm going to showcase today, but like I said I want to keep everybody informed, that includes new players, so yes this information may be old to some, I apologise about that, but hey guys I mean even legendary players, the old ye players we've been playing from day one might learn one or two things from some of the rune farms I'm going to showcase today, so you have to follow the path I've taken here, you come up to this hill, this is the hill guys, that is full of the adds, full of the adds, like so they can take all these out in quite a short amount of time even if you don't have the relic sword and I'll show you how, so this is the grace guys and this grace is the one where all that magic happens from, so with the relic sword in hand this is how it works, like I said though new players won't have this, you simply come here, gold scarab equipped, swing and you get an absolute shed of runes, it's a shed load of them, simple as that, back to the grace point guys, sit back down, stand back up and boom they're all respawned, now there's a couple other weapons you can do this with, take that laugh, we've got the star scourge, great sword, this is rewarded for you guys, we need to defeat Rodan who is located right here, defeat him, you get his remembrance, go to two fingers, move in the round table, cash in and pick this weapon, great weapon level it up guys and this can also be used under this hill, I mean it ain't as good as the relic sword but it still gets to work, I mean suck them all in, spam that attack, boom take them all out, simple as that, run down here, do exactly the same, try and dodge them attacks though, they do some serious damage here, boom simple as that guys and there you go, an absolute shed load of runes, run back up to the grace, reset, simple now there is another weapon which I do prefer over the Rodan's great sword, it's not as good as the relic sword but hey and that is guys, this one right here, it's Mawwing's sacred spear, this guys again has a great area of effect attacks or basically stand amongst the middle of them and you just do madness damage, absolute mad damage, mine is leveled up but hey that's what you gotta do people, that's what you gotta do if you want this shit to be efficient, that's what you gotta do, I mean there's probably countless spells as well which can take out all these adds, I mean it's been quite a while since I've messed around with a mage build and this and the other but yeah as you can see it's still super super efficient in getting to work, but yes guys those three weapons there and there's probably many more I'm pretty sure people in the comments section will help you out just they can see that guy there except Phantom there's taking them all out with the relic sword but yeah like I said there's probably many other weapons in the game which you can do the same thing with, there's also guys if you don't know which I'm pretty sure you do, there's also a legendary bird farm, the bird farm which I'll show you now it's got to put on a crossbow, it happens from this spot too so bolts go here, so from this grace point guys so what we'll do is let me just actually put on my bow to hand it, you sit down from this actual grace point and come up here guys this is the position I always use, come to this gap and you'll see that there is a bird right there, if you shoot between the sea you can see that sea there, like that branch of the sea if you're quick enough and you hit the bird he'll run off the map giving you upwards of 13k runes, so you don't just get the thing that ain't done this quite well to be honest so yeah you run to this actual spot watch me miss because I'm a noob aim for the sea and my hand like soul sensitive, shoot him up his ass and you'll see he will run off the map, you see the amount of runes I'll get as soon as he starts falling guys you can run and sit down and stand back up you'll still get the runes you can see I got 13k for that, isn't as fast as a hill with the three weapons of the showcase to you but it is a quick spot it is a quick method but yeah it's just another way guys you can earn those runes quite easily and there we have it that's the bird farm you've probably heard a lot about, another way guys is an actual exploit that is actually three or four of them on the map I'll show you and it is basically jumping off the map swinging and earning runes basically not having to kill anything how this works is and I showcase it to you make sure you have a weapon in your hand your right hand and like I said there's about three or four spots I'll showcase to you guys and where you can do this I'll show you the easiest one and then it's actually the latest one found okay we have this spot here which is basically the same greatest point guys this greatest point right there from here you basically want to scout these rocks now this one can be a little tricky and it actually nerfed these out of the game so they're probably gonna nerf these two jump left jump right and they go up here go across here guys jump across here and jump up here now this is actually bizarre I ain't gonna jump off the map now but you'll get there just in a quick second of how this works when I do get to the last one the latest one found basically come to the edge guys double jump off here and swing your weapon keep swinging the swinging cancels like the death animation so you don't die and what happens is you fall so far down the actual map despawns and the ads fall down and die therefore you get their wounds and you can get I'm not a new game put a new game plus it'll be way more unstandard which I'm now I get about 170 from this spot there's another spot which I'll show you in a second I get almost 200k but yeah there's quite a few of these spots on this map guys and they're all just as efficient as each other so what we're gonna do guys is we're gonna go back to this spot so we're gonna go back again and use the pure blood knights medal so I'm making this and recording this on the basis of people not having all the grace points sound follows that people simple as that and that one there is relatively tricky to get up to you have to get the job done it so many times I know exactly what I'm doing and there's a couple to this tool to here in this one spot which are kind of tricky to the last spot that's recently been found is probably the easiest what we first want to do lies is actually activate this grace point if you haven't already let's come around here and activate this grace point get get okay so then from this grace point guys turn back on yourself what you need to do is when you actually jump off you need to actually go to a grace point and I'll showcase it to you in a second like I said I want to show you how to get up there first in certain spots and then I'll show you how it actually works so the another spot we can get up is this way right here so you want to climb up on this route try not to fall down so you want to go up on there this one's a little bit tricky at first you know I find it's easy when I originally covered it it was easy and then I trouble and from here guys you want to jump so I'll hug this big tree keep it on your right so you want to hug it but just jump like a quick edit of the video I'm not going to tell you just I fell off to my death because I did okay so just jump around just like so and like I said it's kind of tricky but hey then you want to jump to your left and just keep coming around this way again guys you're on a part of the map where you can jump off and use this exploit I don't want to jump off here when come along bit further on up here bit further on up here now I actually found that spot at first real easy and then I just struggled with it I don't know why but yeah come up as far as you can to your right and then double jump off and keep swinging another spot guys which I'm going to showcase you need to go back to the grace point from the grace point you'll see but yeah this is actually this one's slightly easier you got less chance of dying and falling off another tip as well jump off here guys to put out your horse from this spot saves you about two or three seconds you know I mean what we love it's what we love saving that time from here guys you want to run towards that big pillar there shouldn't directly towards it directly towards ignore the giant skeletons I want to hurt you when you get around here so you come to these rocks on the floor right here guys until you're left we won't actually scale up there this one again can be a bit tricky to jump up on here and jump up onto there and then jump up there like that there you go once you are here is jump across that way so then guys want to jump across here then jump up here again go you are up you are up again come to a point on the map where you can throw yourself off come up here and then you're good you are good just jump off guys and just keep swinging at a best spot and the most recently found score back to the grace point can show you so I can show you exactly where actually it's actually better probably better from this grace point so yeah we're going back to the grace point on the hill it's actually probably a little bit better from here to be honest hey I like all these positions all these are spots of the show on you now you do exactly the same thing so once you jump off you just swing away guys and you earn tons of room so yes let's come around here follow the path I'm taking ignore all these ads do not worry about them let's follow this path I'm taking ignore the bird big old bird help mate jump up here run past these dogs ignore them and we're actually heading to guys you see the tombs the gravestones that's where you want to head to that is where you want to head to and from here guys the edge you want to jump across there just like so from here we want to jump down again just like so and then guys we want to jump through that rock there so we jump and then you go through it and just swing and this is what you need to do just swing so every just every position I just showed you have me scaling up the mountains scaling up the rocks once you get to the edge do as I just did just double jump and just swing your weapon constantly swinging and like I said because you're swinging it cancels out the death animation meaning you don't die eventually the flow above will despawned as before and you'll get those ruins now this for me I get roughly around 180 200k but there is a couple of ticks now I have seen a new game plus you can get like four ticks of ruins proper she's wild definitely not work for me but hey I'm probably doing something wrong I probably and they have to fall for about a minute probably a little bit more you have the ruins pop up now what we'll say is I actually time this against the bird with the crossbow where you make it fall off the map which I showcased you a couple minutes back this is way faster you probably gain 50% more rooms doing this so there you go you can see my rooms there decent amount so yeah you'll see I get another chunk in a quick second not as big as that but hey yeah I time the bird against this and this is faster by about 50% so I'd probably in order as the hill with a relic sword or the margarine sacred spear or do a dance great sword at number one and I'd say this is number two and the birds number three so you guys then guys you just simply fast once you've got the rooms pop up it's fast travel back fast travel back and you'll see you'll have those beautiful rooms and there you go guys just rinse repeat run back down do as you do get those rooms and like I said as I jumped off their swinging every position I showed you prior to that of me climbing up these mountains the three positions I think I showed you prior you do exactly the same double jump off and just swing away and there you'll have guys the best room farms in the game post 1.04 and well guys the end of the video has arrived if you enjoyed it leaving a like really helps out if you like what you see and want to see more how to ring be sure to subscribe and hopefully my beauty for people I will see you on that next one


We are always very careful to make sure that, yes, my name is Robert Mann, R-O-B-E-R-T-M-A-N-N. I'm a forensic anthropologist, and I'm also the director of the Forensic Science Academy for JPEC, interesting trips around the world and things like that. And before that, I worked at, when the gun turret was raised, there were the remains of two sailors in there, and the other 14 of the 16 missing have never been found. There's a big nasal spine right here. This means, when you look at the features of the skull, we know this is a white individual, because the nose, nasal opening here is very narrow and very tall. This little spine of bone right here is very prominent, typical of whites, typical of whites. These large nasal bones that you can grab hold of with your fingers like this, that's very typical of a white individual, caucasoid. We talk about sex of the individual, this forehead, sloping forehead, that's a male. So we've got no question about it. This is a white male, and it's a young white male, because we can tell by the development of the teeth and the growth caps in the skeleton. A very prominent nasal spine here. But one thing that we do have that's different, and it's very difficult to see in this model, is there is a round spot right here in the teeth. And it's a little semi-circle on the top and a semi-circle on the bottom. They put the teeth together, it looks like this. And what would that be? That's a pipe stem groove. Back in the Civil War, a lot of sailors were smoking pipes. They were smoking these clay pipes that were very abrasive. So they put this clay pipe between their teeth, sit there and they grind on it, and after a while it acts like sandpaper. And it wears a groove in the top teeth and in the bottom teeth. So something that we know about this individual, not so much from the bones, and not that these bones are talking to us, saying I was a pipe smoker, but we have evidence in his teeth. There's no doubt about it. This individual smoked a pipe. Again we look at the forehead, the frontal bone, it slopes backwards. That's a male. All the features are male. And what we actually can tell from this individual is, this is somebody who was in his 30s, could be 30 to 40 years old. So what we have is a 17 to 24 year old white male and we have a 30 to 34 year old white male. And that shortlist included how many 17 to 24 year old white males were there. Shortlist for this individual, how many 30 to 40 year old white male who were 5 foot 7, they were the same height, who were 5 foot 7 were they're missing. Out of the 16, we got it down to 2. Hopefully we'll find out someday when we actually identify these individuals. If we get photographs of them, that would be so cool to do and make the comparison. So we're hopeful, but we don't know what these two individuals look like. The last site I actually excavated. But you can see at 50 Cal, you can't give any military issue back. The dog tags are a military issue. My first name is Denang McKay. First name D-A-N-A-N-G-M-C-K-A-Y. Command JPEC's mission is to send out teams. Well, it's a multi-phase mission where we do investigations, recovery, and identification of fallen warriors from our nation's past conflicts. The importance of the of recovering of our fallen warriors from past past conflicts is to let the nation know, the international community know, that the United States has made a commitment that once we put someone in harm's way, and they are either missing or they're killed in action, that we have a resolve to come back and return them back to their families. It gives the family closure. I think it also gives the warfighter a sense of comfort to know that no matter what happens, that the nation hasn't forgotten them, and that we will return them back home with honor. All of our JPEC's have the same mentality that every mission is an important mission, and there's not one for me that stands out as more important as the other. Just the fact that we are able to support that mission is what's important. What I would like people to know is that we're here, and that we're committed to the ideal of bringing home our fallen, and it doesn't matter if that happened for war, if it'll happen for future conflicts, it will always be here, and we've made a resolve commitment to say, we'll bring you home.


Man, oh man, I live in a crazy world because I'm sitting here looking at an analyst a Japanese analyst that works for one of the largest e Shops or e stores. I guess that they have in all of Japan. They also technically have have an e outlet here in the United States I've actually used them Rakuten one of their major analysts is out there predicting sales Lifetime for PlayStation 5. Now, this is obviously a prediction analysts are working on right now as they work towards giving investment portfolios and ideas of what companies should expect if they buy Sony stock right now I know how PlayStation is going to affect that stock value and right now This analyst is projecting that there could be at least 200 million if not 300 million PlayStation 5 sold but really they expect it to sell over 600 million units over the next five to six years How the hell do you get to that? That is what three or four times?  You know in terms of like individual gaming platforms. Well, here's how they get to this mystical number So Originally originally mr. Yesota amaka the chief analyst for Rakuten securities economic research Institute Long mouth mouthful to basically say that you know the subsection of Rakuten he works for predicts that the number of units sold will why would be 200 to 300 million in five five to six years And here is how he gets to those figures e-sports demands hardware that is fast and capable of advanced video processing Not only for professional gamers but also for the amateur athletes and spectator fans The high-spec low-priced ps5 is for today's games There is a possibility that it can become an international standard machine for e-sports instead of a personal computer And then goes on to say the data suggests that in the future the number of PlayStation 5s could reach the order of 600 or 700 million Aka four or five time the number of PlayStation 2s Which was the highest number ever for home video game consoles mr. Amaka said if the number of transfers from PlayStation 4 which is backwards compatible is about 120 million It's gonna be a little bit less than 120, but that's okay And if more than a hundred million e-sport competition population and then 400 million spectator Population are added in total PlayStation 5 can be a market of more than 600 million and to get a little context into it It says according to a 2020 global e-sports market report by Dutch research firm Nuzu the world's e-sports competition population in 2019 is estimated to be around a hundred million This was last year and the number of spectators is estimated to be at 443 million the number of spectators increases by 12.3 percent compared to 2018 Increased by 11.7 percent in 2020 to 495 million and increased into 646 million this in terms of spectators in 2023 three years later in the year 2018 to 2023 a Compound annual growth rate of 10.4 percent is projected for double-digit growth the data suggested in the future the number of PlayStation 5 We hit that 600 below a lot, etc.  Let me explain why this analyst just doesn't get it and This is coming from someone who I used to play Madden professionally granted This was a long time ago So the e-sports community has massively changed because I did play on console back then Most of the e-sports community is ran on PCs. There's very few e-sports community that is not PC based and The ones that aren't are typically for games that are Console exclusive as an example. This one hits close to home with those guys The e-sports community for Super Smash Bros. Ultimate is obviously not based on PC. It's based on switch Okay, but those kind of things already exist. So any like exclusive game That's only on a PlayStation 5 that has an e-sports community was already gonna be using the PlayStation 5 anyways, right? To really make it big in the e-sports community You have to compete with the personal computer But in doing research on the e-sports community and plus watching a lot of e-sports myself We all know that the computers used at these competitions are sponsored, right? Typically these computers are not owned by the competition committee. They're not owned by anyone running it They are basically Rentals that are out there by sponsors In order to get their brand name in front of people that are watching so that big audience of 400 plus million MSI or Whatever, you know Intel AMD they all sponsor these events to get these products and get these these computers in front of gamers in front of the competition and in front of consumers and the whole idea of course is to help increase You know purchases at home where people might consider buying, you know The latest Intel processor the latest AMD processor the latest MSI or ace's motherboard or all this jazz or certain gaming peripherals now peripherals are a little bit more Different there's a lot more options that are allowed for e-sports peripherals as every single e-sports player will have their own preferred mouse and keyboard Combination that they like to use So that's a little bit more flexible. It's just kind of like, you know, some people have their own controllers They like to use same thing the e-sports community not everyone is standardized to the same keyboard and mouse Typically, you're able to use your own As long as it's within a certain spec there are obviously Limitations and stuff like that. But here's the thing here is what's interesting about this The idea that this analyst thinks that PlayStation 5 can replace it because it's cheaper now look But I'm not gonna say there's no merit here The PlayStation 5 is cheaper than a lot of at-home gaming PCs and more powerful than a lot of at-home gaming PCs At least at the moment same as true of the Xbox Series X by the way, like, you know Why would it be Sony's platform over over Xboxes that that's one thing to consider but beyond that consider this e-sports events are sponsored in order for PlayStation 5 To become the de facto standard in the e-sports community it would need to be Sponsored Sony would have to invest hundreds of millions if not billions of dollars Sponsoring e-sports events to force the PlayStation 5 to be the de facto standard in addition in addition it would need to ensure that the latency using mouse and keyboard on the system is fully customized for These events for the games at the event select the League of Legends, which League of Legends is huge in the e-sports community So imagine that you need to have your PlayStation 5 run run League of Legends as well as a PC You can still run in the monitors and all that jazz and get your high refresh rate Although you're limited to 120 FPS, which I know they don't talk about but 120 FPS limit Could be a concern at certain events where people like to have their games running at higher than 120 FPS But that's neither here nor there that's obviously gonna be up to the event coordinators and what the rules are and what specs are searching But here's the number one issue With the thought process that PlayStation 5 can be an e-sports mastery and replace PCs which dominate the e-sports market and help prop up the Really the PC market in general though The one reason the PC market is thriving as much as it is especially with gamers is because of the e-sports community You know we watch e-sports we play we play these games we play League of Legends We play you know World of Warcraft you know there's online PvP championships and stuff for that like we participate in this stuff So why would PlayStation 5 replace PC because of the price? But the price is enough to do with it because these events don't pay for the machines anyways They're sponsored their ad spots. They're the hardware used at these events are ad spots So think about this think about this PlayStation 5 can't be upgraded beyond storage Okay in two years time the PlayStation 5 is going to be considered dated hardware There's going to be newer processors newer GPUs heck We could argue the RDNA to GPUs coming out right now might be more powerful than the ones that are in the third the 3000 series is probably more powerful than what's in a PlayStation 5 the there's already processors more powerful than what's in a PlayStation 5 Why would the e-sports community? Nerf themselves and lock in to a hardware standard for the next five to six years That's going to be dated before it even comes out if not dated definitely a year from now or two years from now Why would gamers? Professional gamers tie themselves to set hardware where games cannot perform better Because honestly if you could get minimal latency minimal MS at you know at pristine 4k and be pushing 120 plus FPS that's going to give you a distinct advantage There's a reason a lot of these e-sports players only play at 1080p because they want that super high refresh rate But imagine that you can get a super high refresh rate That's well beyond your capability of seeing a dip, but you can also do it at higher resolutions You're not going to pull that off on a PlayStation 5. It is absolutely ridiculous for this analyst to think to even conceptualize that PlayStation 5 could replace PCs in the e-sports world and let alone that Doing that would convert into 400 million people watching at home Picking up a PlayStation 5. I think the PlayStation 5 is going to sell incredible. I think it's going to be another 100 million plus unit seller for Sony No reason to think otherwise the only generation that Sony did not hit a hundred million with their home console It was PlayStation 3 and they launched that at a more expensive price than they're launching the PlayStation 5 And they did it with architecture that was more difficult to develop for at the time regardless of it technically being more powerful than the Xbox 360 It was just hard to develop for it was too different and gaming didn't go down that way Even though the PlayStation 3 ended up being why we're still using Blu-rays to this day and why HDDVD Didn't win the competition. It was largely thanks to the PlayStation 3 So when we look at the annals of gaming history and the annals of e-sports history I'm sorry analyst. Do you know what you're talking about? I get that these professional analysts are About trying to get people to invest and if you if you take this analyst prediction to heart I mean you should be buying Sony stock like crazy right now This guy this guy's predicting a minimum of 200 million and like a maximum of 700 million in In five to six years four or five six years One Sony will not be able to make enough playstations in that time Think about what I mean the guy's basically predicting Think about this logically if it's gonna sell, you know 500 600 700 million in four five six years It's gonna be selling what a hundred million units a year Sony won't even be able to manufacture a hundred million units a year Like let's just be realistic None of these companies have the capability of manufacturing a hundred million consoles per year because it's an unrealistic unattainable figure It's not happening. Could it sell 25 million a year? Sure, and then you'd see you know in five years. What is that? You know 125 millions in unit sales. That's at least Realistic heck you want to you want to even say that it could potentially touch peace P yet PlayStation 2? Fine, okay fine You predict that their market share is gonna grow and they're gonna be able to get up to the PlayStation 2 levels Fine, that's you know even a pretty not safe like thing like saying it's gonna sell a hundred million I feel like is more of a safe analytical prediction, but predicting two hundred three hundred four hundred five seven hundred million my word It's not replacing PCs a Static cannot be upgraded system that isn't purpose built and designed To maximize frame rates in e-sports games maximize MS with peripherals That involve mouse and keyboards several different types of mice and keyboard by the way Some of which might even need drivers to properly run functionally. I'm sorry. It's not going to happen. You are not I repeat not going to be Replacing PCs in the e-sports community there's a reason that PCs are still there because new hardware is available every single year and Sponsors come in and you better believe next year that Nvidia is gonna be sponsoring some of the e-sports tournaments to get their 3,000 series graphics cards in front of that 400 million people watching to convince those 400 million people they didn't need to buy You know a 3,000 series graphics card same with AMD and they're already in a two-stop Same with same with AMD and their processor same with Intel and their processor same with you know MSI and whoever else You know decides to sponsor these events like seriously. I'm sorry But this is one of the most asinine analytical predictions I've ever seen in my life and this guy is paid for a living to make these kind of predictions It's not happening If you're looking to invest in stony and stony stock obviously you need to analyze more things than just Then just their video game division even though it is one of the biggest divisions They have if not the biggest movies is pretty big for them as well And there's another spider-man movie coming and they do get a cut of that even though Marvel's making it But here's the thing The PlayStation 5 is gonna be a success. It's gonna be a hundred million seller Guaranteed I I'll guarantee that right now It might even outsell the lifetime to date sales of the Nintendo switch when it's all said none Even a switch crosses a hundred million. Maybe PlayStation 5 even outsells that I don't know Maybe PlayStation 5 outsells PlayStation 4. I don't know for any touch in 200 or 300 or 700 million Let's be real e-sports community is gonna stick with PC because it's what's best for the e-sports community I put this way you can run as an example you can run fortnight Extremely well in our next box 1x You can run it extremely well in an Xbox 1x. You're not gonna see professional players like Ninja quitting their PC anytime soon You're just not because it's factually better on PC This is reality There is no reason to go to static hardware versus hardware that can be upgraded per tournament when new stuff becomes available with new sponsors They create additional revenue streams for these places that get sponsored and obviously get This hardware in front of more consumers Sony Could pull it off if they want to invest billions that they don't have So Sony's not going to do that. I'm sorry and this is this is presuming that AMD and Nvidia By the way AMD makes the hardware inside PlayStation 5 So AMD has sponsored some some tournaments in the past some of these e-sports tournaments Do you think AMD that makes the hardware inside the PlayStation 5 is going to be cool with Sony encroaching on their territory Lots of things working against this prediction. So yeah, I'm sorry. This analyst is just Needs to stick with something else that he's more knowledgeable in because I don't think he knows jack squad about the e-sports community How how it works and why this is an asinine prediction. All right, folks I am the tender over jim from the tender prime again PlayStation 5 looks great. I can't wait to get my hands on it I like the UI I talked about that recently I'm excited to play demon souls miles miles more Alice as well on the PlayStation 5 versus that PlayStation 4 version I'm excited. I'm excited for next gen. I can't wait for November to get here but 700 million Yikes, catch you guys in the next video


Yes, he's finally back. I can't believe what's before my eyes right now. This is my favorite Madden card of all time It's been since Madden 20 I've been trying to recreate this Madden card every Madden by using other people Robert Hunt last year is Quentin Nelson But finally he's actually back Vita vea fun fact in high school was a halfback They literally ran of all the time he was fastest shit and impossible tackle 89 speed 88 acceleration 93 truck 93 carry he can get abilities.  I think I do need to cop a few offensive line I don't think my old line is very good right now if we're gonna do the Vita vea video.  We are gonna build a lineup for him a legendary left tackle for the boy Joe Thomas. Ah, he's a past protector. I need a run guy power Trent Williams 130 K That's what I'm talking about John Runyon. Welcome to the squad.  That's the question. He gets tank I don't know why somebody would try to hit stick Vita vea But tank breaks it thick tackles infinitely so let's do that single bulldozer here and hopefully gets reached forward on slot one He does actually I don't even need reach for it. Let's go recuperation I feel like he's gonna get fatigued really fast and obviously got to go freight train, baby I feel super good about how this looks we got Larry Zonko one of my other favorites awesome offensive line big wide receivers I'm T.Y. Hilton, you know Matt Kaff and Brandon Marshall should throw solid blocks and actually I just moved T.Y. Hilton now I'm gonna put a tight end here. I moved your Michael Finley there.  It'll be a ton of offensive reps and quick games for Vita vea All right boys start out on defense not a run Nothing is open. He might throw halfback. I knew it This is a Vita vea video. So we just got to get this ball back as soon as we can slant route throw the slant This is definitely like a full blitz situation here. Oh my god. He got that First in ten Throwing a nut dodeys throwing them check downs and he's making it work. I kind of think it's another run It is and we're there another fourth down. This one's a little closer though. I got this big route I don't have that. I Can't believe he just scored bro. I really can't believe you just scored. He's kicking it.  All right. We got a score go for two and it would be to vea Let's get it. I don't think stretch is gonna be there, but we got it. I'm kind of committed. So I'm going for it So satisfying I lost a yard, but it's still so satisfying third and seven. I'm still running it This is four down territory. So I'm gonna try and get five here and then two more on the last run Let's go Vita Let's go Vita. I don't know about that fourth and five.  He knows it's coming.  All right one more baby one more Vita vea and it's game over Yup get to that It's all over that was about as good as the first Vita vea game could have gone Holy shit, Cory Peters Bradbury and John Lynch interesting team All right Vita vea, you know what we're gonna do right? Seven yards. He's actually really good like the Robert Hunt and there are other cards that I've been trying to use to replace this card They're all like memes dude like it's funny to put him in but I never legitimately use it This Vita vea I would legitimately use Jesus Christ also if he brings his team too hard to the right we can cut back. Yeah, just like that It's so good ridiculous, dude, I'm actually gonna pass this he's committing so hard probably gonna hit mech That's eight to zero clean. What's he want? There's nothing open. Oh, there is something open. Oh He's got Vita vea or he might run into Vita vea It's hard to say up. He's running it right side. I'm there with Devin wait. I'm sorry, bro Your Vita vea is not built like mine kind of hard to say what he's gonna do here Especially after that very unsuccessful run. Yeah, I kind of figured he might pass What hopefully I can stop him. Oh he took Vita vea out. Wow. He had enough I knew he was going there. I just couldn't turn fast enough tough.  I was right there. I accidentally ran commit I didn't mean to do that try shift my line left.   Thanks. You're Michael Finley might be there.  Oh, it's two people two dudes just sit but naked wide open bro Oh, I gotta defend again, dude.  I just gotta make something happen, dude Good pressure great pressure. That's huge. Oh, this game just cheap. That was a cheap that actually just went through my hand You're Michael Finley again 20 to 20 again.   Okay, dude, okay? I don't even want to be in this game anymore.  Let's see if it was actually pure luck or if he's just better than me. This will determine it He will hand off V2V His V2V has built a little better this time around.  Wait a second. Do I get two if I return this?  That's huge.  We're on the five Let's get in the end zone. I don't really know what I want to go to here. Oh That's wide open. I'm just better redemption tells me that I'm better. Just kidding We're actually one for one now. I'm hoping that I met you with this guy one more time Oh, I didn't get him darn it.   Oh My god, they never get tackled first tackle so good. We're gonna have back wham here Hapek wham was in Madden 20. Wow. He ran commit to how back wham was the incredible play for V2V and Madden 20 So good. Oh, all right quick. Okay. Let's go.  Not a happy Lakers fan right there.  What that was megatron free safety 97 overall I didn't even do a juke move. He just Shook him off first in ten another V2V run to the edge. It's wide open You can't stop him.  I get that it's like Calvin Jackson real. I probably couldn't but in the game That's one of the best free safeties. I'm gonna go ISO right up the middle I think he sees it.  He's so good He's better than Madden 20.  I was about to say that's a little open Whoo, I'm not got a big hit out of that. He said Bella porch definitely a subscriber damn, dude I'm sorry to sauce you with the goat.  This is crucial. Oh, we got that That's huge just gonna move back now. He's definitely got a pass See the slants and I'm rolling with this one. He's gonna throw back to here. Oh my god I literally knew he's doing that. I still couldn't stop it tough play action He's got the sit route. He's got one over the top He made such a sick move no, he went out of bounds And one of my favorite things to do it throws people are so bad nickel two four five double a gap fake the blitz Although if they run the ball against this is not very effective. Oh No Yeah, that's tough. I'm just gonna blitz Wow, that is tough. I was talking about sauce this guy of Viva. I might lose so he knows what I'm doing, right? So we're gonna hit a little play action here now Yep, totally bites Completely bit on Vita van. We got chocolate. Let's see Vita Is he open oh my god, he's open No, he's just a little too slow I'd rather lose to a subscriber than somebody else GG sir good He had a good comeback after letting Vita van clap him first in ten Throws underneath the prime time what a move second and one underneath underneath underneath.  I have no idea how Ramsey did that Pitching this out. Look at the downfield blocking.  Oh my god. I thought he was gonna do that This is aggressive, but he is actually top five running backs in the game right now based on my gameplay so far He is straight up top five. Look at that. He does not get tackled the first time. I'm running to Vita V again.  I had to pass that.  You know what I might do now that I think about it before I go anywhere need to show you this in the store. He's a 95 overall I think he's bigger than Vita there by a little bit six to three thirty five So one of a few things he could be lead blocking for Vita Vaya or I could like do a like a tandem duo Like I could hand off her full bag dive as soon as they keep the full bag dive we go stretch with Vita Vaya I'm thinking about it. I'm really heavily debating you. Let me know if you guys want to see that But all right. Hey, I love you boys. I'll see you in the next video. Peace out


One of the most important things mathematicians do is they generalize concepts. So let's see where this comes from. So let's say I have a fractional expression like a to the fifth over a to the eighth. So confronted with something like this we say no problem. We know how to handle division of exponential expressions. There's a theorem for that. So we have the equation a to the power m over a to the power n is going to be a to the power m minus n. And so this quotient is a to the power of 5 minus 8 and we know how to handle subtractions like this. This is a to the power of negative 3 and what? Weren't exponents supposed to tell us how many times something appeared? So how can a appear negative 3 times? To answer this question let's rethink it. This time we'll ditch the theorem and focus only on the actual definition. So let's try and rewrite this without exponents. So a to the fifth is 5 copies of a. A to the eighth is 8 copies of a. And so when we rewrite it without exponents we get 1 over a times a times a. Well, OK, let's write this with some exponents. This is 1 over a to the power 3. Now if we go back to the problem that we started with we found that on the one hand a to the power 5 over a to the power 8 looks like it should be a to the power negative 3. On the other hand, when we did this without exponents we found that it actually was equal to 1 over a to the third. Now there's no reason why a to the power negative 3 has to mean anything. But the work that we did here suggests that we could interpret a to the power minus n as 1 over a to the power n. And that gives us an opportunity to expand what we can write in exponential notation. For example, x to the power negative 5, well that's by our definition 1 over x to the 5. Or we could take a somewhat more complicated expression y to the power negative 3 over x to the power negative 5. So y to the power negative 3 is 1 over y to the third and x to the negative 5 is 1 over x to the 5. Now we'll clean this up a little bit. This is a compound fraction so we'll invert and multiply. And we'll end up with a simpler expression without negative exponents x to the 5 over x to the third. What about x to the 5 over x to the 5? Well our theorem for the quotient of exponents says that this is going to be x to the power 5 minus 5 x to the 0. Now here's where we have to discard common sense and use only logic. In particular, x to the 0 says that x appears 0 times. So what do we actually have there? Well logic says that x to the 5 over x to the 5 anything divided by itself is equal to 1. And this suggests that a to the power 0 must be equal to 1. Well not quite. There is one important thing we have to worry about. Because we get this result by dividing something by itself it's important that we not try to divide by 0. And so this argument works as long as our base is not equal to 0. So we have to add the qualifier for a not equal to 0. A to the power 0 is equal to 1. Now a good student would remember this. A great student would ask the question what happens if a is equal to 0? And for that you'll need to take a little bit of calculus. But when you do get to calculus you'll be able to answer the question what happens if a is equal to 0? So we have horrible thing to power 0. The base is not equal to 0 so we can say without hesitation that the value of this horrible thing to power 0 is guaranteed to be equal to 1. How about something like square root of x? Is there some way we can write this in exponential form? Well to begin with because we're taking a square root we'll want to make sure that x is greater than or equal to 0. So we'll do something that we commonly do in mathematics. We want to find something. Let's assume that we have it and see what we can say about it. Suppose square root of x is equal to x to some power a. Well one thing we might note is that since x is greater than or equal to 0 we know that square root of x times square root of x must be equal to x itself. Over on the left hand side I have one factor of x so that's x to the 1. Over on the right hand side if square root of x is x to the a then I have x to the a times x to the a. But wait my multiplication rule for exponents says that if I'm multiplying an exponential expression I can add the exponents. So over on the right hand side I have x to power 2a. Well since the expressions are supposed to be equal and the bases are equal then it must be that the exponents are equal as well. So one must be the same as 2a and that tells us that a is equal to one half. And this generalizes. Again for reasons that will become apparent a little bit later on we do have to assume that x is greater than or equal to 0 but in general x to power 1 over n can be defined to be the nth root of x. So let's see if we can simplify some exponential expressions. So let's see. Our definition says that we can express roots as fractional powers. So this cube root can be the power one-third and this fifth root is the power one-fifth. But wait we have x to the third to the power one-fifth and we do have a theorem that says what happens when we raise a power to a power we get the product. So this x to the third to the one-fifth is x to the three times one-fifth otherwise known as x to the power three-fifths. And the rest of the expression remains unchanged for now. But wait there's still more. Here I have x to the one-third times x to the three-fifths and a theorem says that we can add the exponential expressions together. So that's one-third plus three-fifths and here is the hardest part of the problem one-third plus three-fifths is eight fifteenths. Or let's try and rewrite this without negative or fractional exponents x to the power negative three-fifths so our negative exponents that's one over the same base, same power so that gives us one over x to the power three-fifths. Now to deal with this fraction three-fifths we'll use this product of exponents rule and that allows us to split that fraction up into a whole number portion and a fractional part. So I need to write three-fifths as a product of two things so that'll be three times one-fifth. And the reason that we wanted that one over five is that we have a definition for what x to the power one over n is it's the nth root of x. So this x to the third to the power one-fifth that's the fifth root of x to the third. And so here's our final expression without negative or fractional exponents.