Do I have both on? Am I good? OK, wonderful. Good afternoon, everyone. It is truly wonderful to see you. Thank you for braving the cold. I am Celeste Wackentays, the Joan and Sanford Wildein of the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan. I'm also the founding director of our Center for Racial Justice here at the Ford School. And I am delighted to welcome all of you here this afternoon for today's Policy Talks event, the Ford School's annual event in honor of the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. featuring my friend and a great public servant, Montgomery Alabama Mayor Stephen Reed. Thank you. Thank you. So it is so good to see our Ford School community gathered here, and welcome to the many of you from across campus and beyond who I know are tuning in virtually. This event is part of the University of Michigan's annual Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Symposium. This year's symposium theme refers to a phrase in Dr. King's I Have a Dream speech. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood, he said. And it salutes his belief in the transformative power of faith, hope, and love to mend the risks in society. Like Dr. King, our guest speaker today is a graduate of Morehouse College and HBCU in Atlanta, Georgia. Also a graduate of Vanderbilt University's Owens Graduate School of Management. I was fortunate to get to know him when he was at Morehouse, and I was attending Spelman College just a few years ago. That's right. I like that. Mayor Reed was sworn in November 2019 as the 57th mayor of Montgomery, a destination known as the birthplace of the Civil Rights Movement. He's the first African-American to hold this position. His public career began when he served as Montgomery County's first African-American and youngest elected probate judge. In that position, he served on the Department of Homeland Security's Election Integrity Commission and initiated a statewide campaign to educate the public about voter ID laws. He was the first probate judge in the state to grant same-sex marriage licenses following the Supreme Court ruling. As mayor, he's led the efforts to increase funding from Montgomery's public schools for the first time in 30 years. He restructured the city government to increase efficiency and effectiveness while ensuring the city maintained a balanced budget without having to touch reserves, borrow money, or initiate layoffs. Mayor Reed has been recognized by Route 50 as one of 10 leaders nationwide who are tackling some of the most pressing issues facing America cities and is one of the 10 most powerful and influential local officials by Yellowhammer News. He received the Martin Luther King Leadership Award for Government Service. He reflects on his journey and the lessons he learned from his father, a civil rights activist in his book, First Best, Lessons in Leadership and Legacy from today's Civil Rights Movement. In his introduction, he writes, reaching the promised land means winning the fight for our democracy. It demands that we eradicate the racial wealth gap. It requires us to end the horrors of mass incarceration and restore opportunity, dignity, and hope in our most vulnerable communities. Above all else, reaching the promised land calls us to cultivate the next generation and pass down the culture, the teachings, and the value system that our forefathers and foremothers carried before us, beautifully written in just a portion of this great book. After he joins me in conversation, two Forest School students, Kenneth Wilson and Christiana Verdelis, will read audience questions which you can submit using the QR code on cards distributed here in the auditorium or which can be submitted online. I would also like to acknowledge our co-sponsor, the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy and our media partner, Detroit Public Television, which is rebroadcasting and distributing this program across the PBS network. With that, please join me in welcoming Mayor Reed. Thank you. Thank you. How you doing? I'm well, how are you? Good, good. So I feel kind of bad because you got off the plane coming from Montgomery, Alabama and it is crazy here. Now see, I thought you were gonna say you felt bad because Michigan beat Alabama. That too. Rose Bowl and I had to come in one week after and say hail to the victors. Right, right. And play nice at you at the University of Michigan. Yes, I will do just that. So welcome. Chris, you wanna just. Ah, all right. That might help, how's that? All right. Thanks, Chris. We'll get all the maximum. So I thought it would be very interesting to move through this journey of this conversation thinking about the importance of different destinations on your leadership journey, but also thinking about our students but the larger audience who all have to think about a journey through their lives and the ways in which people and places and policies end up being so, so influential. So I wanna kinda walk through that journey with you. And I wanna start with the importance of place. The importance of place. And I wonder if you can situate Montgomery, Alabama for us. I wonder if you can situate it historically. And I wonder if you can encourage us to see it not just as a city in time but as a current and vibrant and dynamic city to the present. That's a great question. I think Montgomery is a city with different personalities if you will, different identities. Montgomery was founded in 18, 19 and became one of the largest places for slaves to be traded in the South because of its proximity to the Alabama River. And when you think about that led to the growing economy which was based around cotton at that time in particular in what's called a black belt not because of the population but because of the rich soil that so much of the farmland had and the color of that soil. And it then became the state capital after a few moves and it served as the permanent capital for the state of Alabama since then. Serving as a state capital, it was the place where the telegram was sent about the Confederate state seceding from the Union. And Jefferson Davis has a star or a spot that's designated by a star on our state capital steps still to this day where he was sworn in. So our state capital is that state capital of the Confederate States of America. And when you consider all that happened during that time and post-Civil War reconstruction and then obviously the advent of Jim Crow laws, a lot has taken place there only to then be challenged if you will by people like Edie Nixon who was leading marches on City Hall for the Fair Treatment of Colored at that time school children. Something that we still wrestle with to this day when it comes to school funding and equitable investment only to be challenged by a pastor by the name of the Reverend Dr. Vernon Johns who was an Oberlin College graduate who led Dexter Avenue Baptist Church and challenged our city government to do right by Negroes. Notice the change in terminology that I'm using. And so when Reverend Johns got a little bit too controversial, the church brought in this pastor by the name of Martin Luther King Jr. who was not controversial at all who was the son of a prominent Baptist preacher in Atlanta and who would not cause any trouble. So they thought. At the age of 26, just out of seminary only to be asked by again the leader of the black community for so many decades, Edie Nixon, to lead the Montgomery Approving Association which was the organization that led, the initiated the Montgomery bus boycott which was supposed to be one day and ended up lasting 382 days. I think it is the blueprint for civil disobedience and commitment to movement and impact in this country. I don't think that we've seen since anything like that. So Montgomery has really seen the arc of the pain of this country as well as the progress. And I think what we have seen since then have been starts and stops of progress politically and otherwise in Montgomery and in Alabama but not at the level or the pace that I think many would have liked to see whether that's been through the challenge of state government or whether that has been through just the national politics and the policy that come out of that we have not been a part of the growth primarily of the New South like parts of Georgia in particular around Atlanta or the Carolinas and other places as well. And so Montgomery has kind of had this push and pull about well how far do we wanna go and how fast do we wanna pace ourselves and what are we willing to do in order to get there? And I think prior to my election in 2019 which ironically came 200 years after the city was founded the city has had a benefit of being able to be known as the birthplace of the civil rights movement without practicing what the civil rights movement really was about. And that is some of the hypocrisy that we challenge today from City Hall. Those are things that we wrestle with. We have to have open conversation about now. And those are things that I think still make people some at least uncomfortable in our city in our state because we're having now honest conversation. It's very easy to have superficial conversation about change. That is very easy and always has been. Dr. King wrote about that in many in several of his books and talked about it many of his sermons. So it's very easy to talk about coexistence versus not existing at all.  And I think that's where we are. And I wanna credit so many who have helped us get to that point in different layers but certainly in the last 10 plus years has been Brian Stevenson and the Equal Justice Initiative and the museum of the Legacy Museum as well as the Memorial for Peace and Justice which has shown a light on really the impact of slavery not just in the South but throughout this country. The companies, the families, the institutions that benefited from it from the East Coast through the Midwest all the way to the West Coast. It is a fascinating look. And I think for us to really be the city that hosts this museum not only bringing leaders in from public sector to private sector and philanthropic sector as well but everyday citizens who wanna learn about the true history of the country is certainly significant. And that is where Montgomery is and where we're poised to go I think is really being much more than just a place that talks about or is reflective of the past but one is building toward a bright future. So the way that you're using the past as first of all place of recognition to understand how inequities have gotten generated and how they've been perpetuated but also using history to really situate yourself in a national conversation around racial inequality. I can imagine there are people that were really resistant to the building of the museum to situating Montgomery in this way. I can imagine someone saying we should move on. We don't wanna be known and reminded of our history there. It just reminds people of a past that we wanna forget or pretend or someone say didn't really happen in the way that we all know that it happened. How do you respond to a critique that is really challenging the idea of owning Montgomery's history? Well I think it's the old axiom of if you don't know your past you're bound to repeat it, right? And I think that we're in very sensitive times right now that everyone in this room and those that are watching ought to be understanding of. And you see this in the rhetoric that's used. You see this in some of the tactics that's a part of the political discourse and has been for the last few years that for whatever reason we're accepting as normal when in the past they would be shamed. In the past they would be pushed out. And so we really have to figure out as a nation who are we and where do we wanna go? It's not now just about the deep south. It's about the nation as a whole. And what I'd like to think is that Montgomery can serve as a place that people can understand the art of this country but also can understand again, how you move in a positive direction. Maybe at a slower pace again than many of us would have liked, but how do you move forward? And what are the tough conversations? What does that really entail? What are the tough decisions that you really have to consider? And I think when you really factor in our city's plays not only again in the past, but where we are in the present we welcome those discussions. And so when we have board leaders, when we have presidents of institutions and we have cabinet members from the president of the United States all the way through influencers, entertainers and actors, people who have platforms that are coming to learn it's fascinating how much people don't know about one American history, but also just about public policy. And it's something that no one in this room or those that are watching virtually should forget. There are a lot of people who don't understand civics 101 regardless if we may believe that we were taught it in elementary, middle school and high school most Americans don't understand that. And so it's up to us I think to kind of translate that and make sure that people can follow it and connect the dots a little bit as to why these things make sense. And from Montgomery standpoint, our city both being the place where Mrs. Rosa Parks made a courageous stand where attorney Fred Gray and others helped her through legal challenges and Judge Frank Johnson through the courts assisted marchers to get from Selma to Montgomery, spurred on by the killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson and Marion Alabama, the home of Coretta Scott Keane and really brought about by the arrest of James Orange. So when we think about the domino effect these things didn't happen in isolation these things were happening coordinated and it took all of government it took all of activism as well as those that were really on the right side even in Montgomery to understand what was at stake. And I think that the final thing that I'll say is I'm really surprised by how many local residents we have who did not understand what was happening in Montgomery at the time whose parents or grandparents did not share with them all the things that were taking place. Who have acknowledged to me that we have a lot to learn. I'm embarrassed to see my parents and my grandparents' name on this list, on these documents, we had no idea. And so it is an opportunity to reflect but it's also as I shared with a lot of them an opportunity not to correct any wrongs of any ancestor or someone that is no longer here but to correct the right now. And that is where you are planted in this moment what are you doing right now? It's not about what happened 10, 30 or 50 years ago but what are you doing right now to address these same issues that Dr. King and so many others were talking about at that time? When you talk about, I really like this notion of correcting them right now. And one of the things that our students think about a lot is how to correct the right now and they're faced with the choice of do I do that work back home where I was born and raised and have these roots or do I go and explore other places to contribute and make a difference? Talk to us about your decision to focus your work on Montgomery where you're from. You talk about in your book that it was a bit of a sort of consumerist path to end up back in Montgomery but you found this calling of your family and your parents and their legacy and their work kind of drawing you in. Can you talk about the importance of I love how you said it poetically. I found this calling. It really, the calling kind of found me. My goal coming out of business school was to build wealth, was to start businesses and if not go back into corporate America and really help others do that because I kind of view that as really the next leg of the journey of the civil rights movement, not necessarily the political side but I think getting back home, not seeing the progress mentioned in first best that me running for office came out of a sense of frustration and inspiration. Frustration that those in office had not done more and weren't willing to do more and the inspiration of President Obama's run in 2007 and 2008 and so those two things really helped me come to the conclusion. I'd also helped that as I was trying to get friends to run, none of my friends wanted to run for office. Those that wanted to run were people who I didn't think should run and those that I thought should run didn't want any part of it, right? And I think that it was a friend of mine who said, well, Steve, if you think it's so important why don't you run? And you know me for a long time. I just said, well, I just might. That was just kind of the response, right? Now it's kind of the clap back. I didn't have any intent on running at that time. It was just something to say just to shut them up. But I ended up kind of getting to a point where I started to give a serious consideration because not only was it impacting the city, it was impacting the state. And I just didn't see why people didn't have more courage while there was more focus on being reelected as opposed to doing the right thing. A lot of those people would quote anyone that we think is worth quoting, but practicing it was something different. Now we post and we share all these things on social media, but at that time it was just in a speech and remarks. And I just don't really operate like that. So I decided that I would pray about it, talk to my family about it. And I think in speaking with my father in particular who had met Dr. King in 1960 as a SGA president of Alabama State University and was asked to go to Raleigh with other student leaders, Representative Clyburn and John Lewis, Diane Nash, so many other luminaries that we know, but hundreds of people whose names that we don't know. And he always brings that up, who work from around the country in particular the South to help start the Student Abolition Coordinating Committee. His thing was, well, you're here, if you want to make change, often you have to do it yourself. Because until you do that, you probably aren't going to be satisfied with what other people consider to be good progress. And that's really what came about. And I ran and the calling was really just to make change. I've been active on boards and nonprofits. And so I was very, very active in the community. I just was not in elected office. And I try to stress that now, having now been in elected office since 2012, that it's important for people to understand everyone has a role to play, some in front of, out front, some kind of behind the scenes, some through their roller decks of being able to help run campaigns or finance campaigns, importantly. Those things are important, but I would share with all of the folks here is wherever you decide to run or to get involved, I think it's just know why you're getting involved. It's less important where, in my opinion, as to the why. And I think if you focus on that, then you can truly, truly have an impact. And communities are welcoming of people who are really sensitive and really invested for the right reasons in it. Communities are resistant to people. They view as opportunists. They view as kind of using them as a means to an end. And I think that if we can kind of keep that in mind, we can get talented people like these students and graduates here to consider that the local, state, and federal levels. So when you ran for office and within your time as probate court judge, you started to really find yourself on the forefront of some of the kind of hot button issues of the day, same-sex marriage, voting rights. And I started to, you know, as I noticed your career, you were operating at the local but you were participating in these national conversations and really showing how local government is such an important conduit and where the rubber meets the road for so many of these national debates and conversations. So talk to us about your time as a probate court judge and those moments where you took a stand, where you really, you know, took on an issue that you thought was important locally but that ended up having these kind of national ramifications. So one, I ran on the issue around voting rights. So in Alabama, the probate judge is a chief election official. So long before elections got to be controversial, they were boring as watching paint dry. All right, nobody cared about us counting votes or who the registrars were. I mean, it was just old ladies and retirees who kind of wanted something to do in the election office. So for years, nobody cared about elections but that was one of the reasons why I ran because the board of registrars have been using Alabama to keep people from voting even after the passage of the voting rights act and certainly before that. So it's important to understand kind of the levers of power when it comes to those things and they were appointed by the probate judge, one by the sheriff and I think one by the circuit clerk but they could basically strike your name from a roll or your ancestor's name from a roll or just say, well, you know, you can't vote here. That was a major issue in Alabama. For instance, my grandfather was able to vote long before most were in Alabama because he had a farm but more importantly, he paid as poll taxes. That was not the case for 99% of black people in Alabama during that time.  Poll taxes were only charged to black folks at the time, right? Yeah. And this was a way to disenfranchise. Yeah. Absolutely. And so I ran on that and it was really a core that I heard from Congressman Lewis and it was great to end up getting his support in all of my races, including that one in 2012. John Lewis called a voter idea 21st century poll tax. So that became something that I would say all the time while quoting him. So we went into it with a political mindset. We're going to level the playing field here about what's happening and some of the, you know, erosion of progress that we'd seen. But when it came to, you know, judgments and legal actions like the overfilled decision and implementing that to say level, I'd love to tell you that, you know, I just knew I would be nominated for a profile and encourage your board. But it really was, you know, a matter of my colleague stepping back as much as it was me stepping forward. So an overfilled decision was handed down legalizing same-sex marriage. We got on the call. There's a probate judge in Alabama again, very, very powerful position. I encourage everyone understand your local government because the power may not be where you think it is. The notoriety may be, but the power is not there. For instance, in Alabama, it's a share. Sheriff has a missed power even over elections because they control the tabulation of those votes. And a number of other things. So in the code of Alabama, it is referenced as the high share, right? So we still call our high share who's an attorney brother of mine and actually the first black share of our county's history, the high share. But I say that because it comes with a missed power but most people will think the police chief, uh-uh. The sheriff has 10 times more power in law enforcement than the police chief. And that's in a lot of states. So it's important to understand, you know, what responsibilities and what's codified in your state constitution when it comes to these things. But for that, I mentioned in the book, we're on a call and the Supreme Court issued the ruling around same-sex marriages. Well, the probate judge also issues marriage licenses. In some places it's a county clerk, but in Alabama it comes under the probate judge. And you had probate judges saying they weren't gonna issue marriage licenses. Amazing to me.  Like, what do you mean, Supreme Court? Pretty simple. And it was this political, and what I'm gonna call this sanctimonious reaction to what people believed about same-sex marriage. Well, you know, we're taking oath to uphold the constitution. It's pretty simple, what you're taking oath to is not to your political philosophy. This is what it is. Court rule is handed down. But you gotta understand that Alabama as much as much of the South has still been, you know, we like to say not to show me state that Missouri is, but to make me state. And that's how Alabama has been whether it was Brown v. Board of Education and the laws that would go on, the lawsuits would go on for eight to 10 years before schools and public facilities were truly desegregated all the way through decisions like this. And I said along with the mayor, I'm sorry, the probate judge of Jefferson County, well, the Supreme Court has issued the ruling we have to abide by the law and we're gonna issue these licenses. Well, I didn't realize that my colleagues were taking the step back as much as it wasn't me taking the step up. But what happened was when I kind of heard the argument, it was reminiscent of what I'd heard from my parents from my aunts and uncles around civil rights legislation around voting rights legislation. I mean, very similar tone and tenor just around a different issue. And I just said, well, you know, if you guys are gonna take this approach, then mine is gonna be a little bit different. So I took a very proactive approach, one that was media driven in a way to kind of shame and to draw attention to what was happening. And I had a few other colleagues that came along with us even in terms of legal briefs that were filed, but it was done intentionally to really show and sound like that again, you guys talk a good game, but when it comes to civil rights, you aren't practicing and you want the benefit of people thinking that there's been all this progress made, which again, there's been some, but not nearly enough in terms of the leadership. And that was the approach that we took. And I guess that's how I ended up doing whether it was this week or other political shows to really talk about what was at stake. Because what I saw was not just the overfill decision and the issue around same sex marriage, but other decisions that would be made subsequently by the Supreme Court or other federal courts and what might this set the precedent for judges in Alabama or around the country to then do. This obey them, well then that should come with a price. And I mentioned in first best that we had a Chief Justice by the name of Roy Moore who threatened to remove all the probate judges, which he does not have the constitutional right to, doesn't have the power to do as a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.  And I said, if he tries to send some people down here, I got to make sure you got my back. And he was like, I got your front back inside.  We'll take care of him. Now that's our sheriff's talk, or my sheriff anyway. So that was pretty much, you know, what it was. And you kind of, you need that when you're in those times of tension and, you know, uncertainty.  So let me ask you about that question of substance and style. So clearly you know the policies, you know the levers of power, but what I also hear is a particular style. There's a grounding in the civil rights movement, but there's also a grounding of kind of how local politics gets done. And the ways in which sometimes it can be a little rough and tumble. It can be a little profane. It can be all of these different things. And I wonder if you can talk about how you think about that stylistically. How you think about communicating in ways that are very formal and in other ways that are very kind of profane and may get you into trouble. But, you know, nevertheless kind of move the agenda forward and understand how to maneuver all of these different contexts. I wonder if you can just talk about that because I noticed that kind of shift in language. And I'd wonder if you can talk about how you use that as a tool in the work that you do. I think we all have. The substance and the style. I think we all have to do that when you're in a space of, you know, making public decisions, right? You have to know your audience and your strategic communications. What words do you use? Who do you cite? What is the rationale? What is the approach? Some may understand Shakespeare. Some may understand GZ. So, you know, you got to be able to speak a little bit of both.  I mean, it literally is that depending on, you know, who you're talking to and really at what level that you feel you need to communicate. Because what I found is you can have the best idea. You can have the most pure intentions. But if people aren't able to be galvanized by this, then, you know, what does it do, right? When we think about the civil rights movement, the movement leaders understood the power of the press. They understood who they could talk to, what journalists they could trust, who to tell about what meetings were happening when, those things weren't by accident. And it was, if we really think about a similar point in the civil rights movement, the cameras capturing the marches being beaten on the bridge and Selma, that changed really the trajectory of the movement. I mean, that movement had been stalled for a minute. Dallas County Voters League had been working long before Dr. King and Andrew Young and C.T. Vivian and so many others, you know, John Lewis obviously came there. So the ability to magnify your message and to read sometimes even an external audience, one that is not local or so approximate to the issue itself is very important. And whether it's, you know, appearing on cable news now or whether it's the use of social media which so many of us have the option to do in various ways, all of those are methods to really communicate that you have to consider depending on the topic and depending on the progress that you're making. And again, I don't think Dr. King would have been as impactful without the media. As great as his oratorical skills were, I'm parallel in my opinion, would not have happened. We can think about the election of the first black president to this country. Doesn't happen without the 2004 convention speech. Maybe he's from the U.S. Senate. Maybe he would have run for governor or something but he doesn't go from unknown senator to presidential candidate in four years without that speech. So words are powerful, imagery is powerful but also the vehicles which you have to use is also powerful. And I think when we're trying to convey messages and we're trying to really justify outcomes, all those things are necessary. So I wanna ask you about a moment when you and your city in particular found itself in the spotlight in a way that it didn't anticipate. And you had to think about this question of media and that is in August, I believe there was a melee, a brawl, a situation. A situation, that's what we're describing. In Montgomery where there was a dispute over boating and essentially a brawl broke out. How many of these folks know what you're talking about? Can we get a raise in our hands? And it went viral. So if you don't know, just Google Montgomery brawl and imagery of a hat going up, imagery of a folding chair, imagery of the boats, imagery of people swimming across to participate in this and that is your city. So as mayor, how do you think about this moment where you see, you're smiling at me but this is like really, it's a wonderful moment of, we went to school together so I can ask you this cause I really think that you were faced with a question of how are you going to unite the city? How are you going to talk about this to the country that is watching this? How are you gonna navigate this landscape that you're in of social media and high pressure observation? Man, you make that sound so sophisticated. I'm gonna simplify this real quick.  So sometimes you just gotta acknowledge that that's what it is. Now I'm gonna back up because I had just left there from a back, we had a back to school event on our riverfront.  There was a disturbance, okay? So that's how I get it. It's a disturbance on the river and I really, I hate to say this but the first thing I asked was, any weapons used was anybody shot, okay? Now, once you tell me no weapons at that time, if you didn't know, no weapons were used and more importantly, no one had been shot, I was okay on to the next, all right? So we're moving on. It's not until the next day that my police chief calls me and tells me I think you better check out social media. Now usually I'm the first one on, or getting a ping or whatever, anything that remotely might be viable for what that term means these days, right? But this one, I saw it Sunday at, Sunday midday or something like that and I was just amazed. Now for us, we didn't see the view from the boat until hours later. So our cameras are from the land out onto the river because really worried about boats and things happening on the water, not anything happening on the dock. So for those that have seen it, that shows a little bit but not a lot. It wasn't until later that evening that we saw the guy jumping in the water and swimming from the boat to the dock and everything that took place. So that just changed again, perspective matters, right? I can see one thing from this side of the room, someone else can see something from the other side, it matters. And that just changed everything. And I think from there it was, all right, where is everything right now? How is it being perceived? And at that time, so many things were trending to where I think by late that night, cable news had picked it up. All right, so this is now a little bit over 24 hours, maybe not quite 36. And I was like, well, I think we're gonna have to say something about this. Because then it becomes even more of a crisis management. Sure. And at that point, social media has indicted, tried and convicted those that were part of it for better or for worse.  So we didn't make comments Monday because we wanted to make sure we got all our facts together. And by Tuesday, we had a press conference with our police chief leading it just saying exactly what happened, we'll add up to it and what the steps will be from there. It was really kind of to not get in the way of what had already happened and what had already taken place. And but more importantly, not to jeopardize legal process. And that was very important. Little bit different than some other times when the city had been put in the national media whether it was around the George Floyd protests or in particular when it was around our decisions around COVID-19 and things that kind of put us opposite our state government. That was a little bit different where we had to walk a, probably a tighter rope if you will on that than we did with the riverfront brawler or the Montgomery Melee and everything else that social media dubbed it. But it was very ironic in terms of everything that happened. But the healing was not as, did not really have, it was not as deep as I think most people would think because I mean, I had a number of people across all colors background, class, cultures call and say, you know what, those guys and they didn't say those guys deserve to get their butts kicked. And I'm glad that they did. And that wasn't just from- So it did not polarize the city in the way that it could have? Not, no, not in any way. I mean, there was, that's probably one of the best consensus moments in the community was that, you know, they deserve to get what they got. And so that was the feedback that I got from many in the community for sure. Yeah, I want to turn to the students, but before I do, I wonder if you can comment on one more experience that you've had as mayor and that is navigating the COVID-19 pandemic. And so many issues that I know you've spoken about in that experience. And one of them you just talked about which was this relationship between local government, state government and national politics and the way in which the height of the pandemic got so politically polarized. And at the end of the day, you're running a city where there's hospitals, where there's schools, where there's families, where there's grocery stores, where there's all of these infrastructures that have to be managed. Can you talk to us about that experience for you and what it taught you about leadership? Well, one, there is no manual for how to deal with a pandemic. And so there was anything that we understood from mayors who had served, maybe one or two terms, or even mayors who had turned out was that they had never seen anything like this, right? And so a lot of it kind of comes back to your gut instinct and then the team that you have around you to help make your decision. But I think it starts with the person and the leader. And I think from jump, we decided we were going to follow the data, we're gonna make the decision that we're in the best interest of our residents and we will let everything else kind of play itself out. So for us, it was really a matter of what's the science telling us, what's the best approach to this? Certainly pinging of the mayors and other colleagues about things they were doing, whether it was across the state or across the country, in their community. But that really was a touch and go situation. It was trial by fire. And I think you kind of leaned back on some of the basic leadership principles that probably all of us have read about or heard about it at some point, regardless of our journey. What do you really utilize to make those decisions? What helps you come to a decision in a crisis? And you just really have to trust that and then be willing to navigate and adapt where necessary. And I think that was our approach. We ended up being drawn into the, I guess, national political discourse about that because so much was happening with conservatively in these states taking one position versus mayors of more moderate or progressive cities taking a different position. And again, for us, it didn't get personal with our governor and myself or really that political, it was really more about, look, I'm making the decision over here that I think is right. And I'll let the governor and others make the decision they think is right. But this is what we're gonna do in the jurisdiction that I lead. And because of the research we were doing, because of the team we had around us, and I think because of the depth of our argument, we came out really looking as, we were really looking like we one had the most information to the we're making the right decision. And it was the least political. And it was, and I started to say that there weren't people who disagree where they were supporters of mine or weren't, you gotta be ready for that. I think at any level of leadership. But we were grounded in our approach and we felt very confident in our rationale for why we were doing that during COVID. But make no mistake, it was a very tense time for a lot of leaders, not just mayors, schools, superintendents, university presidents. I mean, so many people that I spoke with that were in public facing positions really had to deal with this challenge in a way that was really unique. And I wanna say this to this audience, you know, listen, there's some things that are just political, right? I get that. But some things we have found a way to make political. I spoke about it a little while ago around how boring elections really still are, but certainly were, they're still boring. But some things have been made to be political and you have to ask yourself, why is that? You mentioned in my bio that I served on the United States Election Integrity Commission. Well, that's a bipartisan commission that was set up by the Department of Homeland Security, one Republican, one Democrat from every state and territory in the country. Whether it was the Secretary of State and local election official or what have you. I mean, those conferences were pretty mundane. Just really talking about the mechanics of carrying out an election. Now that organization, that entity has really been afraid for lack of a better term. So there's some things that we have to make sure we kinda get back to a sense of normalcy around. And when it comes to public health, that shouldn't be something that's political. That's something that we have to, you know, really call out the BS when it's necessary. And it doesn't matter who it is, that it is that. Because again, you may think that your neighbor or your friend understands civics the way you do. They don't. So it's up to the leaders and the subject matter experts to really kind of explain some of that, whether it be through your own platform on social media, whether it be through a more public facing opportunity that you have. Because COVID-19 really got politicized in a way that I think cost people lives, cost people their lives. And I think it cost us a lot more regarding the trust around government and just institutions as a whole that it should have. We have really great, thank you so much for that. We have questions from Chris Keana and Kenna. So take it away. So the first question. How does it be a portion of the congressional district in response to the Allen versus Milligan ruling impacted the electoral terrain in Montgomery and Greater Alabama? Great question. So the reapportionment plans now have drawn a new district in the second congressional district of which Montgomery makes up the primary voting block of that district. It's an area that I considered running for, position I considered running for, but just had too many things that I wanted to finish as mayor to run for Congress. And I actually like to get things done. I don't know that our Congress people really want to get things done. They want to just talk about what needs to be done. But I'm much more of an implementer than I am a talker when that is concerned. More importantly though, I do think it sends a positive message around the country that I hope will not only impact congressional races, but I think will impact state house races, school board races, county and city races as well. So just anytime we can make the process around redistricting fairer, I think is better for our democracy. And that is something that again, given the history of Montgomery and the role Alabama has played in helping this nation really fulfill its true responsibility each and every citizen. I'm glad that that decision came out has impacted Louisiana. They will have to redraw districts, Georgia, other parts of the South as well. And I think we'll see, even Ohio and some other states have to do the same thing. Thank you for your answer. The next question is, the next question we have, a lot of us in the audience are public policy students and we come to the board school having to learn about policy agendas. So members of the audience wanted to know, what's your approach in deciding the strategic priorities to cater to in Montgomery? Say that one more time. What's my approach to? Deciding the strategic priorities to cater to in Montgomery. Sure, I think my approach is one that's people led and driven. What the feedback has been from our residents about what is needed. The unique thing for being the first, it comes with, you know, it's share of roses, but it also comes with the storms too. And I think that's important to understand for many of you who will be the first, and I'm sure the best in what you decide to do, because it's not always easy because once people see someone that is a change, there are a lot of expectations. There's a lot of immediate gratification that's expected and it doesn't always happen like that. But for us, it happened very quickly. We're almost around funding public education. Very, very important. Now it's at the top of the list for most people, even though in my city, I don't have any responsibility for accountability. I guess I should say for public education, but all the responsibility for it, right? And I think that's something that has guided me, but really listening to the people in terms of what they would like to see from their government and what they don't want to see. Both have that really informed us. And I come from the school of thought that's a little bit different than many. Even if I don't know if I had the votes, I would bring the issue up. One, I want the public to know that I hear you. We're gonna debate this issue. And if the ordinance is killed or dies on the floor, then you know who's behind that. But we're not gonna play this shell game of never bringing it to you out of some false sense of political solidarity. My thing is, everyone has a vote on our nine member council. I do not have a vote as mayor. Some mayors do, depending on city. But we're gonna bring up these issues so the public can understand where and why we're making the decision on that particular policy. And I think that's the best way to be transparent and trustworthy is to hear what the public is asking you to do and bring it up for debate and bring it up for vote. That's the great part of our democracy. Wonderful. Can I be up for more? So with the recent assaults on the truthful and critical teachings of American history, how does a city such as Montgomery that's played such a pivotal role in racial justice respond in the implementation of education policy and specifically the teaching of American history? We do more of it. So we're gonna speak truth to power regardless. We did it when it wasn't an acronym associated with it. We did it when there was a far more on the line and we'll continue to do that. And I would encourage others, and I think that people are adapting to where this is to really speak the truth about the history of the country, both good and bad. It's important for all of us to understand that. It doesn't mean that no different than anything else, you have to paint it one way or the other. The truth is what it is. And I was grateful to take a walk around the campus and see what you all are doing here, the University of Michigan and whether it be from the Art Museum and those that have depicted in the art and some of their stories about who they really were and how they came to some of those positions and adding that truth to it gives us context. And I think as Americans, context is important. So we don't just see things as a very simplified picture, but we see things as really complicated matters that people are having to wrestle with and deal with so that we understand how to address those similar challenges in our own time. Is there an issue, policy or program that you encountered after becoming mayor that you came to see as more important than you did before? I think, yeah, municipal court reform around fines and fees. I did not understand how that impacted people.  So we have done an audit, we'll release that study, the results of that study here in the upcoming weeks about how we're changing. Our municipal courts, and again, coming from a different type of court system in the probate courts, I didn't have an understanding of those that were coming into contact with our city to municipal courts and the financial challenges and the ripple effect it had on them. So that has totally given me a different position. And I'll say that one other thing, both are kind of, I guess, law enforcement-related, is really the interaction with our police department and making sure that now we're implementing 21st century policing practices. And I think for a lot of cities, the George Floyd murder highlighted that. For our city, we had had an unknown black man shot by a white police officer within probably two years of that happening, which had illuminated that issue before, but I think those two issues certainly have been areas that I've kind of gotten more informed about than I was coming in, and about how we can provide a solution to address it. Maybe one more question? I'll make it short. So knowing history is one thing, but doing something about it is something else. And so is there a possibility of passing legislation to establish reparations for black Montgomery residents? And what would reparations possibly look like in Montgomery and greater Alabama? No chance in our legislature. We can't even pass a minimum wage increase to $15 an hour because of our legislature. So that's something that maybe in some other states they had the opportunity to do, but when we have encountered issues not even near as challenging as that, we've had resistance. And in our state, like a lot of states, your legislature has the majority of the power. That's where home rule really resides. And we've seen the city of Birmingham as well as our ability to tax ourselves and those that were commuters taken away by our legislature since I was elected. And so for us, my mantra is to figure out those things that are really practical. And I think that address some of the same underlying issues that we're asking that question. Today about the benefit of being mayor as opposed to different levels of government. So what do you think are the limitations of working on a municipal policy level? And do you think there are fewer than the benefits? Well, I think, listen, I tell people this all the time back home, the government closest to you is a government that impacts you the most. So there's one critique that I have, and I've said this to my friends in media, national media in particular, is that they don't cover state houses enough. The action right now is not in DC. The action is in your state legislature. It is bill by bill. What's in Michigan is then cut and pasted and replaced with Mississippi. What's in Mississippi is cut and replaced with Missouri. You catch on? So for a lot of things that used to happen at the federal level, bills, legislation isn't moving there. So what's happening is the legislation is moving state by state. And I think that more of you are needed both to help drive policy, as well as to help drive outcomes at the state and local level as much as the federal level. Now, that's if you really want to get things done. It's not sexy, it's not pretty, but that is really where the sausage is being made at the local level. And from my aspect, as a person that serves as the first vice president of the African American Mayor's Association, is on the board of directors for the U.S. Conference of Mayors, which is the largest bipartisan organization for mayors. Working with mayors around this country, I think that mayors are the best job in politics.  You are the person that is the thermostat and not the thermometer. You are putting your finger on the scale, probably more there than you can in any other position.  They are very, very important, even more so now. I think then maybe even just a decade or two ago. But I think at the local level, you're able to drive change much more than you can at a higher level. So it's a matter of where your priorities are. And I think in terms of cost benefit analysis, the benefits at the local level and what type of change you can drive there far outweigh the cost of the time, effort and energy it takes to get there. So I really encourage those, at least to have some start at the local level. And I think when you even look at our more effective policy makers at the national level, most of them have been at the local or state level at some form of their career. If you look at their bio, you hear them talk. They've been elected at the local level. So they understand government and really where it moves. And that's across the board, not related to any one party. So I think it's important that we have top talent like you at that level to really help us drive the change. Because again, that's where the action is. The distraction is in Washington. But the action is in your state housing, your city halls across the country. Wow. As we close, I wonder if you can comment on the legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. The connection between where you are from, your family's relationship to the civil rights movement, your time at Morehouse College where King went, how you think about helping to enact a vision that is consistent with King's work. I just want to lay all of that and just invite you to plug in where you feel so moved to reflect on King's legacy. So I wear this pin, which is a pin of our city, a flag. It's a pin of our flag, which was adopted after integration orders were issued by the courts. It is basically on the model of the Confederate flag. So I wear it as a reminder of where we have been, but yet where we still have to go. And when I think of Dr. King and I talk about this in the book, I mean, I had the opportunity to be around Mrs. Coretta Scott King several times. One of the things I shared in the book was probably back in middle school when she came to stay with us on a trip back to Montgomery, because she was from the same hometown as my mom and my mom's side of the family, Mary in Alabama. So for me, their words and a lot of the things that I heard and did not appreciate at that time are ever present with me. It's interesting now going back, having gone back to read those books that Dr. King wrote about Montgomery all the way through where did we go from here, Chaos or Community in 1967, to look at the books that what he was writing and what he was talking about, particularly toward the end of his life, speaking more about economic injustice, things that, again, that we're still talking about. We gave our sanitation workers, case in point, a 19% increase during COVID, or right after COVID. They had never had that type of pay increase. And in my remarks, I quoted Dr. King as he was helping those sanitation workers in Memphis and talk about a dignity of work and talking about why that was so important, regardless if you were a street sweeper or not. And in Montgomery, what I feel the challenge, in particular to be a son of the city and have been around so many people whose names we know but most people don't who are part of the bus boycott all the way through that decade of the voting rights movement, just things they would say and making sure that our city and our state actually live up again to its fullest potential and not just talk about it. We make a lot of money off of civil rights tourism. And one of the things that I shared is we aren't gonna profit off of those that have gone on and not practice it. That's hard for my Chamber of Commerce to understand. That's hard for our business community to understand. And listen, again, it's one who came through Morehouse College, finance background, degree, went to business school. I understand the power and the impact of capitalism and the dollar as well as anyone. But it has to be done with the right lens and it has to be done with an inclusive economy and one that furthers where I believe a 95 year old Dr. King would be. And I've had the blessing to be around his colleague, former Atlanta Mayor Andrew Young. And Ambassador Young talks about this all the time. Again, as someone who was there, someone who was on that balcony in Memphis, but someone who was there in Selma and so many other places in Detroit, 1962, he comes to speak here, I think with Hill Auditorium. If I got that right, here at the University of Michigan and one of his topics was what does the Negro want? So we can still ask that question now just changing the terminology. And so when you look at his writings, it was really just fairness. It was really justice between those two words. And through policy and through our approach at City Hall, we've been trying to do that. And we try to model that for other communities to do. And I think that for city like ours that certainly benefits from the blood, sweat, and tears of who I think are some of the most courageous people who've ever walked the soil of this country to stand in the face of domestic terrorism and state sanctioned segregation, each and every day knowing your car, your house, your church could be bombed just by walking outside because you were in here at this meeting. Didn't matter your religion or your color, just who we affiliated with. There's a lot more for us to do. And I don't apologize for those that, wish as mayor that I wouldn't talk about it. And I tell them, if you would do it, I wouldn't have to talk about it. So just do it. And we have less talks and we'll have less meetings around this. But when you went with two thirds of the vote going in, I call that a mandate. And I think that for us, it's important to force our city and our state to look itself in the mirror about what have we really done to be proud of some of Dr. King's work and Reverend Abernathy and Mrs. Parks and Attorney Graham, so many others and the work that they did but also recognize that there's a lot more and I mean a lot more that we have to do around racial justice and economic equality and opportunity just for everyone in our city. And I think then if we would do that, when we talk about Dr. King's beloved community, we will have a better ability to sit up straight and have our chest out about what we have really accomplished. But right now, channeling all of that is something that I do each and every day. It impacts every decision, not one or two, it impacts every decision. It impacts the lens of which I view things, not just politically, but just through the standpoint of what is fair, what is just. And again, what would Dr. King say and what would so many of those foot soldiers say if they had had a black mayor and someone who went to their alma mater who was a part of their fraternity who lived in their neighborhood, someone they could talk to very casually, what would be their thoughts? And I shared that with Dr. Bernice King, Reverend King's daughter last year that those are things that kind of impact my decisions and the fact that our city still isn't where it needs to be is good because we know we've got a challenge and we know we've got our work cut out for us to do, but I think that by and large, our community wants to meet that challenge and it's committed to doing so even if it makes us uncomfortable. Thank you so much, Mayor Reed. The book is called First Best Lessons in Leadership and Legacy from today's Civil Rights Movement. I encourage you to check out the book. It is wonderful. I encourage you to visit Montgomery, Alabama. It's been so helpful and interesting and exciting to hear about the historical legacy of the city and its contemporary future. It's a city to watch and we're very excited and I wanna thank you personally. This means so, so much to me because we knew each other when. Yes, right. So it's really, really great to have you here at the Ford School of Public Policy. Congratulations to you. Thank you. And thank you for your leadership and thank you for the invitation. Thank you. Thank you. Let's welcome our Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan. Thank you for joining us for this policy talk with Mayor Stephen Reed.


Um, offensive line did a great job running back did a great job.  Um, for me, like I said earlier, it just, you know, just working one day at a time. Um, getting better, being on the same page. How much more is this the best version of yourself? Right? Um, I'm still striving to get there. Um, but it's just gonna be one day at a time. I mean, it's just a process. I can't force it. I can't make it happen sooner. Um, just keep, uh, just getting better. Um, each and every day for us practice wise. No, I don't know. I mean, I control what I can control, right? So, um, whatever they ruled it, they said it was, um, when the touchdown. So my mind said mentality is just get the next play. We just got to go out and play ball. Oh, yeah, the guys just, I just saw it. Um, but I felt like I was in, um, once I caught the ball, cause I looked down, caught the ball, security catch one foot down, second foot down and I felt like I scored, you know, but I mean, that's not my place, um, to do their job. There's, there's their job. They profession is that what they do.  The best judgment, um, they can do. Um, like I said, it's not my job to go out there and appreciate the game. Good to come in. How the game like just kind of show you the game. Okay. Um, for me, um, it's all about the team. Um, just going out there. Um, and just being ready on each and every play for those guys going to work with them, um, each and every play, uh, and it feels good. Just come out of this game with a win with a team win. Um, just the way we went out there and being relentless and you know, uh, didn't stop. Just kept going, kept playing for one another. I've been doing this for 11 years. Um, they come and go these games, right? So, uh, one game don't define him. One played on to find him. He's a great talent. Um, he's a, he's a great player. He's going to be a great player in his league for a long time. Um, he has all the tools, everything. His mentality is there. Um, if he needs me, I'm here for him, but, um, he's not, you know, down on himself, things like that. Um, that's for him to tell. But for me, looking at him as, as the older guy on the team for him is one game is not going to define you. Given how last week, um, for me, like one player at a time, um, I don't put no added pressure on myself. I always come out here and just try to do every play the best way I can possibly do it. Right? Um, that starts at practice and things like that. So when I get to the game, um, I'm ready to go. It's no, it's no thinking.   Um, and we finished the way we wanted to finish. Um, I haven't watched him yet or anything like that. So he just, we just got to continue to keep getting better. But, um, it was a great team win. Absolutely. Um, just win on those guys. Um, breaking tackles, um, doing everything he built, you know, doing everything we asked of him, um, and critical situations, giving him the ball when he's going to take care of it. Uh, just, I mean, ultimate, just a great team made great lead on the team. Um, and he put us on it on his back towards the end him in a O line. Thank you.


why small habits can make such a huge difference.  It's really easy for us to overestimate the importance of one little moment and underestimate the value of making small improvements on a daily basis. I think a lot of times we convince ourselves that massive success requires massive action. And this could be if you're trying to lose weight, build a business, write a book, or any other goal that you can think of. A lot of times we put like this heavy pressure on ourselves to make some kind of earth shattering improvement that everybody's going to see and notice and it's gonna propel us right away to where we wanna get to. But on the flip side, if you just improve in whatever it is that you're trying to get better at, if you just improve by 1% a day, sometimes it's not even noticeable. But over the long run, it can be actually a lot more meaningful.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with a little two-box Bowman mixer Featuring a box of 2020 Bowman Draft Jumbo and a box of 2019 Bowman Chrome HTA two boxes Random team number five one spot gets you two teams in this break Pretty nice stuff All card ship as well. There you go Big thanks to this group right here. Let's Double up this list There we go and all teams are in let's roll it. Let's randomize it four to two six times for names and teams one two three four five and Sixth and final time after six we got Nick down to Deborah four to two six times for the teams one two three four five and six in final time After six times we got the Orioles all the way down to the Cardinals All right, so Nick with the O's Ryan with the Reds Chad with the Red Sox Mikey got my Dodgers Ryan with the Nats Jorge with the Twins and the Indians Nick with the Arizona Diamondbacks Janet with the Angels Matthew with the Mets Chad with the Phillies Nicholas with the A's Nick Stover with the Tigers Nick Puck want to go with Puck Tampa Bay Rays Matthew Shearer with the Yankees Nick Stover with the Brewers and the Cubs Janet with the Braves Nick S with the Mariners White Sox Marlins Hyrule with the Rockies Nick L We got a lot of nicks in this break with the Blue Jays my tower With the Rangers Nick S with the Giants Podgers Nick P with the Pirates Deborah with the Royals Hyrule with the Astros and Deborah with the St. Louis Cardinals It's the most nicks we've had in a break Sort by column B Now I don't think there's gonna be any trades. I actually haven't seen anyone chat in the last half hour So maybe there's just kicking back and saying just let me relax Joe. Let me just break My chat working I hope so Well trade window close TWC trade window close. Let's print and rip. We'll do the big heavy box first Flip over to a little Yeah, baseball action before for the basketball starts According to MLB the COVID test rate Is a positive rate for the ball player is actually pretty low really low I'm your half percent of all Players and staff tested It's Joey Votto got it today, but most probably seem to be doing pretty well Jared Schuster Rushman And our first autograph is gonna be Logan Hoffman And that's a pirate and that'll go to Nick Pete. There's the final print out there we got a Gerard and Carnation Those light blues are not numbered, but everything's gonna be shipping in this quick little break here So I Spencer Torkelson paper and Look at this Nice a Heston Kerkstad autograph refractor auto 106 out of 499 Nick Stober with the Orioles nice and Nick Stober also has the Tiger so all these Torkelsons will be going your way as well And we've got Bryce Bonin 43 out of 99 green paper For the Reds Ryan with that one. It's nice Jason Amiga's paper too And that's for Matthew Shearer and the Yankees That Carter Bommler to 250 purple chrome for Nick Stober Urshela The hot shot to the wall what a hit I Thought it sounded it sounded gone And we got a little bit of color here some blue and green we got hell yeah, Ramos green chrome to 99 and a Logan Hoffman blue shimmer odd didn't get a Logan Hoffman earlier for Nick Yeah, now you got some color with that Nick P with the Pittsburgh Pirates 146 out of 150 on that one fifth round pick Hopefully turns into an all-star and Nick Stober last spot mojo with the Giants my rivals there's Blake Weatherford for the White Sox to 499 paper for Nick and Chicago We got Zach Delosh For the M's that'll go to Nick s and that is that for the Jumbo box 2020 draft Now only three autographs in here 2019 Bowman chrome H. T. A. We've got a thicker card in here. All right We've got Zach birdie Arizona Fall League autograph 125 out of 150 white socks that's gonna go to Nick s All right, and we've got Garrett Whitlock For the Yankees that's gonna go to Matthew and the thick card here Is oh Well Jersey and autograph Kiebert Ruiz for my Dodger 74 out of 150 Underfield be able to force his way onto the Dodgers opening day roster Little crowded at catcher Let's go to 130 all right, and that's Mike tower with my Dodgers There you go Mike pretty nice And there you have it ladies and gentlemen, I'm Joe for jaspys case rakes.com That was our two box Bowman baseball mixer random team number five featuring a box of 2020 draft and a box of 2019 Chrome HTA. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us, and I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye


I bought some 5x5 Baltic Birch and I have my current saw horses and they have in them the Veritas platform saddles and then in those platform saddles I have 8 foot 2x4s. So that gives me a foundation here to be able to do cutting. I then put my 5x5 plywood on here and measured 30 inches, in other words 5 feet is 60 inches so I measured 30 inches because my two tops are both 30 inches by 60 inches and 30 inches by 48 inches for the smaller one. So anyway when you cut the 5x5 exactly in half you get the two pieces that you need. Now in the plans I'm not sure you have 5x5 1.5 inch Baltic Birch available to you so I say in the plans to get a sheet of 4x8 Baltic Birch 1.5 inch and then you probably want to put them if you haven't built saw horses yet which you're now building you probably want to put these down on the ground on some 2x4s so they're supported or what a lot of people do is they buy some hard foam. I don't have a convenient place for hard foam. I have my corded powerful circular saw here. I have a perfectly straight edge and then I cut it with my circular saw and this is like 1.25 inch MDF and then this is a piece of walnut and so that makes a 48 inch circular saw track that I can follow for cross cutting. So anyway I have two different tracks that I built both of them designed specifically on one side for my corded powerful saw which I usually use when I'm doing breakdowns and then the other side is designed for my Ryobi cordless but it seems to bog down and run out of power so I tend to use my corded saw. So anyway that's what I've done here. I now have my 3.25 inch Baltic Birch which is 30x60 and then I have my 1.5 inch Baltic Birch which is 30x60 and I'm going to laminate them together and then I have my 4x8 inch 3.25 inch Baltic Birch 48x30 and then I have my 48x30 right here 1.5 inch. They're going to all get glued together and then tomorrow I will be putting grooves in them and dog holes and that will be a lot of fun. Okay, okay here's what I got going on here. This is just a little sound recording device since I don't have my lavalier on and my shotgun or shotgun is way across the room on top of my camera so it won't pick up very well. The first time I've used this we'll see how this works. So here's what I've got. I've got my 30x60 inch this is the 1.5 inch Baltic Birch and I'm going to put glue on it and then I'm going to set my 30x60 3.25 inch Baltic Birch on top of that and get it all lined up and then add some clamps kind of using the weight of the heavy one in lieu of a lot of clamps. So I'm going to basically laminate my 2.30x60's together 1.5 inch 1.75 inch as you know their plywood so they're actually both a little bit under that. So when I'm done my top for the pop-up workbench one of my 2 tops will be 30x60 2.5 feet by 5 feet and the other top which I'm also going to laminate together is a 3.25 inch Baltic Birch which is 30x48 and then I have a 1.5 inch Baltic Birch which is 30x48 so that will normally be designed to be a side panel with a lot of match fit dovetail grooves in it but it can also be used as an alternative top and in fact it can be used as a second top in other words you could put that on your pop-up workbench and then put the bigger one on top of that and that would give you let's see 3.25 plus 1.25 that would give you a 2.5 inch thick and we're going to do the dog holes in a way that they line up perfectly and then maybe some Gramercy hold downs will work in that 2.5 inches so that's what we're working on. I've got a little spreading device here usually I use my hands but this is an awful lot of stuff and I'm not going to fool around with the little bottles I'm just going to go with the big bottle because I've got a lot of glue I've got to put on here. You could use anything some temporary saw horses you could use the ground whatever in other words you don't have to have a workbench to build a workbench I just happen to have my workbench all covered here with some protective glue up pads from Rockler that doesn't cover everything so I've added some wax paper I just don't want to get a lot of glue on my really nice permanent workbench I'm really excited to get this pop-up workbench added and into my workshop so I can set up a real workbench out in the driveway in a nice summer days without moving this 350 400 pound dude so that's what I'm going to do now I'm going to go ahead and get the glue on anticipating when I put the other one on here that things are going to slide around quite a bit so I'm going to put some salt on there those are diamond crystals which act to hold it kind of in place not perfectly but better than sliding all the way around so let me add the salt and there's no problem it's not going to hurt any of the glue it's just going to dissolve all right now we're trying to get the three quarter inch on here I've marked it for what I want to be the bottom so this is the bottom I want to get it on as close to where you want it as possible not going to line up perfectly but we can always do some sanding and alignment when we're done my three quarter inch is ever so slightly bigger than my half inch and that's because the half inch was 30 by 60 and then I had to cut it and so I have a 1 8th saw curve and so it is actually 1 8 less I'm going to run a trim router over that later to make them perfectly the same you can just sand them all right now we're going to get the glue on this one and I think at that point I will stop filming you get the idea I'm going to spread glue all over this one I'm going to put the other top on it then I'm going to find the head some heavy items in the workshop and put those on top of all of these and then tomorrow I'll be ready to cut some grooves and dig and do some doll holes so it's getting we're getting there getting close to getting that puppy built


Good, let's look at type parameters or the parametric method Now it's certainly possible to limit a function to accepting only certain argument types So look what I've done here. I've created a function called it m It takes one argument called x, but I'm using these double colon signs and then int What I'm saying is this argument must be an integer. It's going to return 3 times x and then end So let's do that. Let's call it m3 and it returns 9 Now let's make things a little bit more interesting. I'm going to have this if else Statement, so if x is more than or equal to 0 to return 3 times x if it is not More to equal to which really means it's less than 0 negative number is going to return 3 times x But still it must be it must be an integer and I've called my function in so let's do that It's a generic function with one method. So I'm going to pass negative 3 to it and learn behold. It's going to return and mine Now let's just look at this method Now for the first time we'll talk about what this says there was one method I can use the inbuilt methods function and look at the methods or the single method That this function n of mine has and it says look it's got one It's one method for generic function in and that takes in this argument x and it's a 64-bit integer so It means if I pass m3,3 or should have said n3,3 or no So that is not an integer. That is not an integer integer. That is not going to work Now let's have a look at this. This is a slightly different way of doing it I'm going to use these parentheses and then the argument So I have this function arc underscore test Now t is what is normally used. It says less than colon real So it means in our type hierarchy It can be a real number or any of the sub types of real That is going to be our type and I said x must be of that type So this is just a long way of saying well x must be real or any of the sub types of real and I can return x the value of x by this dollar is of type and then return the value that is in in t So if I do that We're going to see The following if I just pass 3 it says 3 is of type integer 64 And if I say 3.3, it's going to say well It's a 64 but float because float both float and integer are sub types of the real type If I pass the Welles number it says it's a 64 but float if I pass this pi which is an inbuilt value It says it's the irrational number pi and seven And I use this two backslashes. It says that's an rational number. It's an integer divided by an integer And just to remember there is this inbuilt Julia function called type of so I can just say type of 7 over Over 3 and that says it's a 64 but integer Both of them numerator and denominator as part of a rational or Julia's just an esky string Now let's play around a little bit more. I can Do the following I can say look I'm going to have this argument this type Of my argument called t and there's two arguments a and b and they must both be t So I haven't specified what t must be but what I've done here is as long as they are the same I'm going to use the inbuilt function called plus it's going to add a and b. So let's run that And what I've done there is I've added two imaginary or two imaginary complex numbers here two plus three plus the imaginary number i Three times i and one plus zero i so this is just one but I am using the imaginary number there So I am these two are of the same type and that will work So if I just use two plus three I am and one that would return this error to say they they don't match the the type of the two arguments Do not match So we're getting to start to understand what this method is all about and that is where the real power Of Julia is as far as functions go and we're working up towards that But first of all we're going to look at stabby functions and do blocks


Being the roller coaster nerd that I and many of us are, a lot of us like to keep track of our credits or how many coasters we've personally ridden. For some, this is taken very seriously and is not a task meant to be taken lightly. In fact, some even go as far as keeping track of exactly how many times they've ridden each particular coaster. For many others however, including myself, this is something we like to do just to keep track of our coaster count and discuss our personal favorites. And even still, for others, coaster credits are completely meaningless and they don't even keep track of their count, even if they've been on hundreds of roller coasters across the world. There are also many ways to keep track of these so-called credits if you decide to do so. For my credits, I have a document saved on my computer in which I list each park I visited in alphabetical order, then under each park I list all the credits I have from that given park. I have the number from each individual park at the bottom of the park's listing, in my total credit count at the bottom, and also how many are steel and how many are wood along with a list where I rank my overall favorite coasters. Other people though may either keep a handwritten document, keep track using a mobile app or a website of choice, or maybe even using memory solely. Some may also use more than one of these in tandem.  It is something I do because I like to see what I've been on and make lists ranking my personal favorite roller coasters so I can nerd out about it with all of you coaster fanatics. I've been saying for quite a while now that I would make a video discussing how I personally view credits and what may or may not be a credit in my eyes, and here at last is my view on how I like to keep track of all of the roller coasters I've had the opportunity to experience. Starting off with a category that can be quite divisive among credit counting enthusiasts, racing slash dueling coasters. There are a large number of credit counters who would consider a roller coaster that races and has two separate tracks, even if exact or mirrored layouts, to be two credits. I only count these types of racing coasters as one credit, and here's why. I see coasters such as Gemini or Racer at Kings Island for example, as one ride and one experience. Though in the most technical view, they are two coasters placed side by side. I've always felt from day one that these coasters are meant to be enjoyed together and that counting them as separate credits only serves one real purpose, to beef up my credit count. I can definitely understand why many would consider these two credits, and I can't argue with that. It is definitely a personal preference, and I am likely in the minority when talking about how enthusiasts count two track racing coasters, but for me, I feel like doing that would only serve to inflate my overall number, which as I mentioned I don't take super seriously. It is worth mentioning that there are some instances of racing or dueling coasters where I would count them as two credits. These include rides such as Dragon Challenge, the defunct Bolliger and Mabillard inverted dueling coasters which were removed from Universal Orlando in 2017, as well as the intimate coasters known as Dueling Dragons in China, opened in 2019, which has two different experiences as well, with the red side being a sit down coaster and the green side is an inverted coaster. If the two sides offer remarkably different layouts, I definitely view them as two credits. There is another style of racing slash dueling coasters as well, which are known as Mobius Loop, meaning two trains duel side by side throughout the course, but is actually only one track that changes sides throughout the course, and you will end up on the opposite side of the loading station upon returning. There are Mobius Loops such as Racer at Kennywood, where you must ride each side of the coaster to technically experience the whole course, because you only traverse one side of the course on each circuit. There are other types of Mobius Loop coasters though, such as Twisted Colossus at Six Flags Magic Mountain, where you will actually experience both sides in one circuit. In any circumstance, these Mobius Loop coasters are unanimously considered by pretty much every enthusiast to only be one credit due to being one connected track, and I of course count these as such. Relocations There are some people who would count coasters that are moved from one location to another and rebuilt exactly as is as two separate credits, but for me there is no question that this is one credit. To me, relocations are exactly the same ride, and though may provide different experiences based on things such as location, terrain, and theming, I cannot bring myself to consider a ride that is basically unchanged in design and build as two different credits. This ideology for me also transfers to rides that are transformed in some significant way, but the track is kept intact and unchanged. For example, a coaster that was outside and becomes enclosed, such as Avalanche Run becoming Disaster Transport at Cedar Point. For me, if I had ridden both incarnations, I would have only considered it one credit, just as I consider Dominator one credit even though I've ridden it at Geogalake and Kings Dominion. Some other examples of transformations that come to mind are something like Hulk at Universal Orlando. It was completely retracted in 2015, and the layout was kept as is. I would consider this to still be the same coaster, although I must acknowledge that I feel there is much more of a gray area that exists with something like this, compared to the other examples of transformations I've discussed. I can certainly understand why some would consider Hulk two credits if you had ridden it pre and post-retracking, but I would not personally. One more thing I want to note quickly when it comes to transformations are cases where an element of a ride is removed and replaced in a way that doesn't significantly alter the ride, but does make somewhat of a noteworthy difference in layout. The two examples that immediately come to mind are two wooden coasters. Timber Wolf at Worlds of Fun and Bosset Six Flags St. Louis. Interestingly enough, both of these wooden roller coasters in different chains received similar treatments for the 2018 season, which both consisted of removing a helix towards the end of each respective ride. Both of these helices were replaced by bank turns. This is yet another situation where I would say it can be a bit of a gray area, although yet again, I would consider the old and new versions to be the same overall coaster and experience. Conversions There are some notable examples of roller coasters being converted, especially in the last decade. We have seen a recent trend of stand-up coasters being converted into florals coasters by placing new trains on the existing coaster layout. In these cases, the parks have repainted and renamed the rides and have marketed them as new ride experiences. While I would say the experiences are a pretty notable difference, my ideology of relocations transfers over to the stand-up to florals conversions as well. I consider rides such as Mantis and Rugeru to be one credit, as they are the same exact coaster track and layout. On the contrary, we have instances of conversions where entire layouts are overhauled in effect turning a ride into something completely different. Kennywood has experience in converting two of their roller coasters. The wooden roller coaster, the Pippin, which opened in 1924, was converted into the still-operating thunderbolt for the 1968 season, while the aerodynamics custom hyper-looping coaster, Steel Phantom, which opened in 1991, was converted into the Morgan hyper coaster Phantom's Revenge for the 2001 season, removing the over-the-shoulder restraints and inversions of Steel Phantom in favor of small extreme ejector airtime bunny hops, though this iteration kept the station, lift hill, drop, and second hill of the original Phantom. Something that has become extremely popular are conversions made by Rocky Mountain Construction, or RMC, where wooden roller coasters that have not aged well are converted to feature completely new layouts, utilizing Steel iBox track, resulting in new and exciting glossy smooth rides, which feature many different inversions and crazy twists and maneuvers previously not seen on coasters prior to the 2010s. The first example of this was seen at Six Flags over Texas in 2011 with New Texas Giant. Retired from Texas Giant, which opened in 1990, in the cases of rides such as Phantom's Revenge and New Texas Giant, those are undeniably two separate credits. Alpine Coasters. These coasters built onto mountains in which you careen down slopes while sitting in a small sled type of car are most definitely credits as well. These Alpine coasters are most definitely roller coasters through and through, and offer a very similar type of thrill, and of course, are controlled completely by gravity once you are let go from the chain. Powered Coasters. I would personally consider these types of coasters to be credits if for no other reason than that they are widely accepted as coasters, they feel like and function as a coaster, and are RCDB verified as well. One powered style of roller coaster I've been on is Blazing Fury at Dollywood. It is technically a roller coaster because of three small drops in the course where gravity takes over. In addition, old school dark rides like Devil's Den at Connie at Lake Park are also technically roller coasters according to roller coaster database, and I do count it as such. There are other styles of rides that are sometimes debated among enthusiasts as to their validity as a credit. One such example is something like Pipe Scream at Cedar Point. It is on a track, goes back and forth, and spins. It feels somewhat similar to a roller coaster, but it is very questionable to me because it seems that gravity never really controls the ride, and going back to the roller coaster database, this is not considered a coaster there, so that helped me solidify my decision to not ultimately consider this a credit. There are some things as well that I think do not merit being called a coaster credit that some would actually argue is technically a credit. Along with Pipe Scream, some would say Demon Drop, which you can find nowadays in the United States at Dorney Park, is actually a credit. I do not consider Demon Drop a coaster, and the freefall experience has never led me to think about whether this could be a coaster or not. Some other styles of drop towers are also fundamentally pieces of track with wheels attached to steel rails, so some consider other types of towers credits as well. My philosophy, though, is that drop towers offer a completely different experience, and don't look like, feel, or function like a roller coaster, so they are not credits in my book. Larson Super Loops are also not roller coaster credits, even though Six Flags says otherwise, and gravity does not control these rides at all, but rather is controlled by an arm. There are other rides, though, that are a bit deceiving as they look like flat rides, but are actually coaster credits. Such as the Skyline Attractions Creations, known as Harley Quinn Crazy Coaster Six Flags Discovery Kingdom, and Tidal Twister at SeaWorld San Diego, come to mind. These very much look and function like flat rides, but are technically roller coasters in design. One last rule concerning my credits, I want to mention, is one coaster equates to one credit. Writing a coaster during a special event when the trains are backwards is not a new credit, and this is also resonated in how I feel about the stand-up to floorless conversions where I don't count them as new credits despite having new types of trains. Writing a roller coaster that has its name changed, whether that be permanent or for a special event, and writing a roller coaster in different seats or a certain number of times does not equal a new credit either. Likewise, each different installation of a clone is also a new credit. So to wrap this up here, basically in my opinion, one coaster installation equals one credit. Whether it gets relocated or stays in one spot, and whether it has backwards trains, forward trains, spinning trains, etc. Most importantly though, remember that writing roller coasters is simply about having fun. It doesn't matter how many credits you have and how you count them, just enjoy your time at all of the wonderful parks out there while you're writing some awesome roller coasters. Thanks for watching this video. Let me know how you personally keep track of your coaster credits. Be sure to like the video and subscribe if you enjoyed it. You can also like my page CoasterDaddy on Facebook, and follow me at CoasterDaddy, official on Instagram. This is CoasterDaddy. Bye.