I'm Susan Lloyd. I'm Ann Charles. And I'm Wanda Quinlan and welcome to all things LGBTQ it's May 30th Tuesday and we are taping at Orca Media which we acknowledge as Indigisland. And she did Indigisland. Yes, thank you Ann. And welcome Susan. Thanks everybody. Keith is off having fun without him. I told him I'd sit in and I'm gonna start with some trivia and Ann gets brownie points just for the record. She got this right. As you recall from last time May is Mental Health Awareness Month. So our question is this prominent mathematician was instrumental and decrypting messages during World War II. They were later charged with indecency and given the option of going to prison or being subjected to treatments believed to make them asexual. To continue their cryptology work they opted for the treatments. They would die by suicide a year later. Who are they? Yeah. So I'm gonna start with some events. Very exciting. We got Pride Month coming up now and everything feels like it's front-ended, front-loaded here. It feels like things are starting earlier which is good. It gives us the whole month. So some Pride events in June just as an aside I will be in Provincetown on June 3rd when this is being shown so you'd have to get in your car and drive immediately. But that's happening. Montpelier has some Pride events also happening this Saturday and let's see on June 5th Woodbelly Pizza on 79 Berry Street from 3 to 8 is offering free pizza for transgender, gender non-conforming and non-binary people. So that's kind of cool. June 5th. June 5th yeah. And on the 7th the Kellogg Hubbard Library is having a Pride poetry from 6 to 8 and there may be people we know there, right? Yeah. Yes. Co-organizers. Yeah. Good job. Good job. And Boston on June 9th is the Boston Dyke March. 6.30 on the common. We did that once when we lived in San Francisco. We had a scooter. Saw the other women had Arles and we had Arles. Way to go. That was fun. On Saturday June 10th is Boston Pride for the People at 11 a.m. in Copley Square and then in Berry on the 10th in City Hall Park there is a Baked with Love Pride event from 9 to 2. There will be a bake sale, family activities, community resources, drag queen story hour at the library so go quick because other states are trying to ban that. There'll be games and a Pride bike ride. In Linden on the 10th there's a Pride bike ride at the Wildflower Inn from noon to 5 and Stowe on June 16th the Jewish community of Greater Stowe has a Pride Shabbat at 6. Eastmont Peulier on Friday June 16th. Fox Market has a Pride poetry event from 7 to 9. In Rutland on June 17th Pride Out Loud on Center Street from 9 to 5. There'll be vendors, live music, speakers, food and drag performers including guest Jocelyn Fox from RuPaul's Drag Race. That's exciting. That's right and there's that movies. Do you have the movies? The Pride movies. The movies are coming out yes and I thought Keith said that that was was that too late to get out.  Yeah it's on the 5th. Is that on the 5th? Okay. Isn't it? It's the day after it's the Sunday after we air. Okay. And it'll burn an illustrious panel. Yes I heard about them. Yes. The other thing that was kind of fun is on June 17th in Burlington there's a scrappy little disco. It's a Boogie with Becca. It's a fun ride for Rebecca Baylent at AO Glass which is on Pine Street in Burlington. I recognize the phrase. There's a Pride prom. I'm fascinated by this from 7 to 9 at the Paramount Theater in Rutland. In Portland, Maine on the 17th together with Pride there's a parade and a festival and a traditionally a Dyke march is held the night prior but there's no updated information yet. In Bethel on Thursday June 22nd to Saturday June 24th, Carnival. That sounds fun. That's a fun. Gay trivia at Babes on the 22nd on the 23rd Mass Queer Aid Ball. At the White Church it'll be alcohol-free in all ages. On the 24th there's a family meeting, a Pride picnic, Parasol promenade. I can just hear you doing that. I think we need to buy them a Parasol don't you think? A drag show? He probably does. A drag show with a emoji nightmare and then a dance party. North Conway on the 24th White Mountain Pride at the North Conway Community Center there's the event emcee is Reverend Yolanda the former Vermonter who is a co-host of the live cable show Cherry Tart. I always loved Cherry Tart and Yolanda Live. The show aired from 1998 to 2001 on VCAM. They've created an online archive of their show. In Bennington on the 25th there's a parade and block party and also on the 25th in Newport the Northeast Kingdom Pride Fest in downtown Newport from 12 to 7. This is like endless stuff to do. There's also a celebration, unity, friendship, respect, food, dancing, music, love, and of course a parade. So that's a lot to do people. I'm exhausted just thinking about that. I know. I've been busy here every night. The other event before I hand it over is there's a memorial for Michael Hayes on Sunday June 25th from two to five at the Ellie Long Music Center at St. Michael's College and for those of you that don't know the stage name of Margarit Lame. There was actually a really sweet story about Margarit. They had a stroke in 2019 and were living in assisted living and they went out for this beautiful stroll around the neighborhood. So all these people they hadn't seen in years walked down to Church Street did a whole thing and then sort of collapsed on their way home and then we're gone and all these people got to say goodbye. On that note, I got everybody warmed up and depressed for you, Anne. I know, I've got some days ahead. Take us to faraway places as Keith says and bum us out. All these fun events and now the world travel. Well, maybe I would go as long as I can until Linda stops me and then finish up in my second segment. I have two clips but I'll start with the bad news from Africa that many of you I'm sure have heard. Uganda's anti homosexuality law has been signed by MUSEV. I have now before you have a picture of some activists who protested this law during the course of its progress into infamy. It's been signed into law. It's been called deadly legislation and an assault on human rights. MUSEV and he gave the ascent which immediately becomes one of the strictest anti LGBTQ plus laws in the world. The new legislation doubles down on already harsh sanctions imposed on LGBTQ people in Uganda where consensual same sex sexual intimacy is illegal. The Anti Homosexuality Act introduces the new crime of aggravated homosexuality which is defined as sex with a person under the age of 18 and having sex while HIV positive. Among other categories it carries the death sentence. Parliament approved an earlier version of the bill which I reported on in March that had provisions that sought to punish people from identifying as part of the LGBTQ community but this clause was removed later by lawmakers. Big deal. Was that a concession? Yeah Arthur Karima a queer Ugandan human rights activist condemned the vile and deadly legislation rather than focusing on the real issues Uganda is facing poverty poor infrastructure the economy domestic violence Musevani would rather cause distraction by attacking our fundamental right to exist. Kami said an AIDS activist from the UK and this is sort of interesting I think said we must do everything to persuade Uganda against this regressive step that could trigger a domino effect among other countries in the region to backslide on LGBTQ plus rights including Kenya, Ghana and Burundi. Governments worldwide must immediately act to assert the rights of gay people and ensure the safety of LGBTQ plus Ugandans by ensuring frontline services are supported and safe asylum is given where needed. He added that the UK as a particular responsibility in this fight as laws criminalizing LGBTQ plus people were first introduced when the British Empire colonized Uganda and this is a theme that's still playing out many years later even in Bermuda and additionally he said that the US as a stake in this movement as evangelical fundamentalist groups have funded this hateful agenda which is true after the anti homosexuality act passed through Uganda's parliament in March White House press secretary Karim Jean-Pierre condemned it warning that the US could implement economic sanctions if the African nation signed it now they have she described the measure as one of the most extreme anti LGBTQ laws in the world I wonder if they give if we give them funding well yeah she said the anti LGBTQ plus legislation would impinge upon universal human rights jeopardize progress in the fight against HIV AIDS to tour tourism and investment in Uganda and damage Uganda's international reputation so Blinken Anthony Blinken says you know condemned it and said they're investigating all the economic ties to Uganda so I certainly hope the international reaction is swift and punitive and may I add something I just read recently that Ted Cruz and Mark Rubio both thought said that even they said that this law is draconian that's scary I know isn't it yeah so well I better news from Africa involving Namibia and this is not a custody case that I've been talking about at length rather the top court in Namibia recognizes the same sex same sex marriages that are formed elsewhere so the Supreme Court ruled on Tuesday that the government must recognize the unions of same sex remain uh who married in countries where it was legal for them to do so even though same sex marriage remains illegal in Namibia itself the case stemmed from the residency applications of a German woman who married a Namibian woman in Germany and of a South African man who married a Namibian man in South Africa the only country on the continent that allows same sex marriage the government refused to give the non-Namibian spouses residency rights in the country on the grounds that their marriages could not be recognized in Namibia which prompted them to take legal action uh gay rights activist a gay rights activist welcome the ruling is a step in the right direction today's verdict and outcome clearly indicates that Namibia is moving towards recognizing the diversity in this country irrespective of people's political or social positioning she said and of course um there was opposition from a political party and sexual contact between men as a criminal offense though the law is seldom enforced um like Namibia many other African nations still ban same sex relationships with couples risking jail and public school morning so it's mixed news um i have a happy story now involving a picture if i may okay this should be the last one please do well let's go to australia where the victorian parliament hosts a drag story time yes for canceled performers and i have a picture before you now of sammy t uhum sam t reading a story before uh young and old spectators it's unlikely that the state federation room at victoria's parliament house has hosted as much color as it did on wednesday when a coterie of politicians including premier daniel andrews shuffled in to hear drag performers read them stories after weeks of headlines about such events at local libraries being canceled owing to abuse and threats from those who oppose the events including but not limited to far right and fringe conspiracy groups the government quiet quietly invited five performers caught up in the cancellations to speak at the safest place in victoria the parliament itself nobody shows up quite the way that their drag queen does said the minister of quality harriet shane to the group of more than 100 which included members of melbourne's queer community and their children when the morning teas weren't going ahead and the story lines weren't going ahead story times weren't going ahead i thought well let's get five drag performers and see if we can make parliament more extravagantly sequined than it's ever been nice the event marked the international day against homophobia biphobia and transphobia and shane said it was in defiance of the small hateful minority that had targeted drag events at local councils in recent weeks and those who have campaigned against trans rights we will never ever let a small hate-filled rabble take away from our joy our pride our dignity and our well-being she said it is therefore important that we all stand together and make sure that when we say equality that when we say equality is not negotiable we mean it and when we say that our parliament and our communities are inclusive we quite literally mean it so that's you know livened up that day in parliament okay we're gonna have to move on in okay so more depressing american news oh yeah a family of a young black transgender man who was killed by a security guard in san francisco wall greens has filed a civil lawsuit attorneys for his parents sat on friday according to abc news the suit is against wall greens the security guard in the company that provides security to the store and employed the guard brown 24 was shot to death just outside of wall greens april 27th he was unarmed police arrested the guard on suspicion of homicide homicide but released him soon after with san francisco attorney brook jenkins saying the evidence clearly shows that he says that the suspect he was in mortal danger and acted in self-defense you know wall greens was one of the first places to stop selling the meth for christ stone right that um abortion drug wall greens yes um republican governor christine ohm of south dakota has called the state's boards of regions the group that supervise the state's higher education institutes to ban drag shows from campuses and remove selected pronouns from colleges and university materials in a letter she sent to the board and posted online on thursday said that um the state has allowed liberal ideologies to poison their universities and colleges she added that these institutions were once a hotbed of ideological diversity debate and the pursuit of truth and discovery have now turned into becoming a one-sided closed-minded and focused on feelings rather than facts gnome wrote that colleges and universities have taught the importance of diversity and provided safe spaces but do not teach students how to tolerate dissent dissent and disagreement in a list of actions she urges the board to remove all references to preferred pronouns in all school materials and enforcement of such another challenge is to prohibit drag shows from taking place on university campuses i know lgbtq plus activists are denouncing target's decision to remove some of its pride merchandise in light of threats the company received and calling on all businesses to stand up to homophobia and transphobia uh because target i guess last week decided that uh their um customers um i mean their workers have been um threatened and so they uh critics falsely claimed a tuck-friendly swimsuit designed to conceal male genitals was being marketed to children when in fact it was for adults so jessica walkins a transgender army veteran who joined the far-right extremist group the oath keepers were sentenced to more than eight years in prison on friday for her role in the january sixth insurrection that's so interesting i know isn't it i was kind of surprised to read that whole thing and this is an interesting story because it seems dozens if not hundreds of transgender individuals are seeking donations on go fund me to finance their moves from states limiting their freedoms with many seeking to escape from florida for example in the wake of more than 500 anti-lgbt plus bills being introduced in state legislations across the united states families and trans individuals are looking to leave their respective states um so i guess there's a big campaign for a go fund me a popular restaurant in orlando that hosts drag brunches filled filed a lawsuit monday against republican florida governor ron disantis claiming it lost business because the new law signed last week that has been widely interpreted by lgbt avid's advocates at a band to ban any lessons on sexual orientation or gender identity before the seventh grade oh no wait a minute i'm sorry i went on to the wrong thing yeah well what i was thinking about are you are you going to cover the pan america lawsuit no pan america is suing i think a library or a school in florida for um yeah violating first amendment rights and you know hamburger marry started in san francisco and i remember going via when i was oh yeah young yes did you go there yeah it was like in the west it was downtown somewhere it was one down um the south of vans yeah down a couple blocks out for the yeah and so uh they're suing from orlando because their first amendment rights were violated when disantis last week signed a bill restricting the attendance of children at certain performances according to the lawsuit the restaurant is asking the court to block the implication the implementation of this law so we'll see how that goes and here's a good news story i suppose north face a company specializing closing and supplies for camping hiking and other outdoor activities is standing by its pride participation despite right wing criticism after it featured a drake queen in an online ad the ad for north face is summer of pride campaign features patty gonia and i love it and they said on their instagram on wednesday i'm a real life homosexual the queen says in a video i'm here with the north face to help you come out in nature with us they go on the show some of the companies pride collection merchandise and note that north not north face will host outdoorsy pride events in atlanta and salt lake city well there we go yeah so and iowa has joined the ranks of several other red states by enhancing a don't say gay measure as part of our aggressive education law to remove certain books from public schools republican governor kim rental signed the legislation friday the new law abeyance lessons on any sexual orientation or gender identity before seventh grade requires teachers to alert parents if students wish to use new pronouns and prohibits any books in school that depict sex or sex acts so let's you know let me see so i'll just do one more i guess and move to our buddy down at the end of the table gay filmmaker and author kenneth anger known for his experimental and home aurelotic movies and his wildly gossipy halloween babelon books has died at age 96 anger died may 11th but his death was just why they reported this week he died at an assisted living facility in yuka valley california uh the eye galley they're representing that anger told the nation's media outlets that he had died oh and just quickly i'll just do this i haven't seen this yet but i can't wait to see the new wonder sykes uh yeah comedy hour yeah on um netflix i think i saw an ad for it yeah wonder sykes has spoken out against dames dave chappell's transphobic jokes good anti lbg plus legislation and she had why she accepts the woke comedian label so good for her all right that's a lot uh so some some news the governor vetoed the 8.5 billion dollar budget that included the universal school meals program of note 12 democrats including montpellier reps kasey and mcgan and five progressive voted against the budget because it didn't include an extension of the motel voucher program that's been really hotly debated this coalition called themselves the general assistance just housing coalition have stated they will not vote to override a veto with the expectation of reopening the budget to restore the voucher program we'll be following additional bills that are vetoed huh on our next show becka watch during her first term becka has already become a leading voice for truth and transparency and now she's calling on congress to censure republican paul gasser who currently employs known supporters of a neo-nazi oh yeah him she said i'm leading the charge to censor him and it's not just personal although she had a grandparent that died in the holocaust uh she said she's fighting to hold congress to a higher and send a message that hate and violent have no home in washington on a related note russia is barring did you hear about this russia has a list they're barring certain u.s leaders and like sports figures and rock stars and weird you look called bear i think steven colbert exactly among those listed is becka ballad fans from russia oh i bet she's not that anybody wants to go a good for it that's great uh there was a pride flag that was vandalized in south burlington and police are investigating an incident that did damage to the flag uh a mom's love for her trans son inspires the first pride event in gilford vermont the event was organized by sarah salado she founded a nonprofit called alex to raise front funds to organize lgbtq plus events in gilford she said that when her son came out as transgender she was scared i grew up in a straight world irish catholic conservative traditional family we didn't know anybody in the community i didn't know anything about them her husband said if you told me a year ago i'd be going to a pride event i would have said what is a pride event well now they know all about it they're educating themselves that's good news uh what else a bill to out lgbtq plus students postponed indefinitely by the new hampshire house good the new hampshire house voted 195 to 190 that was tight oh yeah to defeat a so-called parental bill of rights the bill would have forced teachers to out questioning and lgbtq students to their parents that is so uncool i know it the republican backed legislation would have required schools to disclose information about a child's gender identity to their parents upon request unless school personnel could show clear and convincing evidence that the child would likely be abused or neglected wow opponents argued the measure would infringe on the privacy rights of an already vulnerable group of young people so they celebrated when the house voted 195 to 190 to indefinitely postpone it if a parent wants to know what's going on with their child from a gender or sexuality perspective they need to ask their child i'll go figure what a what a concept to have a conversation with your child the heli administration supports federal protections for trans student athletes massachusetts governor morah heli's remember she's she's one of us people that's right come out in more ways than one in support of proposed protections for transgender student athletes from elementary school through college mass education secretary patrick tutwiler submitted public comment and support of the administration's proposed changes to modifications to title nine to prohibit schools and colleges from enacting blanket bans against transgender students participating on teams that align with their gender identity that's a big that's become a big thing main lawmakers advance a bill to allow gender affirming care for teens 16 and older without parental consent see that makes more sense to me i put that in the bucket of like birth control and abortion and those kinds of things you gotta mains at guns main joint standing committee voted to advance legislation that would allow minors who are at least 16 to access gender affirming hormone therapy without the consent of their parents the bill now moves forward to full votes in the state's house and senate road island senate passes a bill to facilitate adoption for lgbtq plus families the right road island senate voted unanimously to pass s zero one two one a bill that would streamline the process for conformatory adoption and make it more accessible for lgbtq plus parents to ensure security for their families through adoption a companion bill in the house five two two six is under consideration as lgbtq plus families are under attack around the country today the road island senate affirmed once again that love makes a family said lead sponsor senator don you are i'm grateful to my senate colleagues for unanimously supporting the conformatory adoption legislation on the floor today that's pretty cool you know they they had this big clip about uh i was when i was reading about the best education places and the worst in the country mississippi was the worst often is yeah massachusetts was the first interesting and vermont was the fourth that's not bad all right i got a couple more and then i'm going to give you the trivia cartoonist allison bechtel announces new dykes to watch out for all of you know about this very exciting uh we're going to try to do fun home at our theater next season that would be that's a lot of singing it is a lot of singing yeah good singing great lyrics great lyric former seven days cartoonist and vermont book award winner will be producing dykes to watch out for podcast an audible version of her comic strip that ran from 1983 to 2008 dropping on june 1st so it's coming right out yeah tomorrow feature recognizable voices as those of carry brownstein from portlandia roberta calendres from a league of their own rock sand gay new york times best-selling author of bad feminist essays jen calella come from away wow cast the thousands and jane lynch i love her from glee oh my gosh did you love her and glee oh she was amazing whom bechtel collectively described in a facebook post as my favorite all-female voiceover cast of all time that's awesome it will be uh scripted by pulitzer prize finalist madeline george and directed by tony award nominee lee silverman and includes original music by faith soloway and bitch oh it will feature characters familiar to fans of bechtel strip including moe lois tony and clary says they surfed the wave of dyke drama such a great gift to hear the characters and their will come to life on audio talking and convention and playing softball and marches bechtel told the advocate often when i was drawing the comic strip i would wish it could have been the have the extra dimension of a soundtrack and now it does you can visit audible to order uh a woman who fled the u.s to keep child custody more than a decade ago says her lawyer encouraged the flight and a may 19th filing in federal court in vermont it's part of a long-running civil case lisa miller outlined what letter to leave the country in september 2009 where their then seven-year-old daughter when it became evident she would lose custody of the girl to her former partner janet jenkins of fair having vermont have you been tracking this yes yeah well keith has key this has been a two decade long legal saga that began in 2000 they joined in a civil union i sort of remember that uh the couple split up in 2003 with miller claiming she was not lesbian and joined oh the baptist church in virginia uh is this going to end badly they didn't appear at the at the court ordered time well in the interest of time uh i'm going to move on to the trivia because i want to end the time and the spotlight uh so the answer to our question prominent mathematician decrypting messages they took on those treatments so they could continue their work alan turing uh who is the subject of the movies the imitation game great yeah that was a really good move yeah amazing and breaking the code turing was given treatment with des which was chemical castration it's a synthetic female hormone traditionally used to treat urinary incontinence and spade female dogs in 2013 he was given a royal pardon yeah after he died yeah after he killed himself yeah other than that yeah how was the play that was the play was looking back to you all right i'm going to do my headline and lead up to a couple of clips um let's move to uh north america we covered africa and australia and now i have a picture before you of ocl biana who's holding their non-binary passport in mexico mexico has issued its first non-binary passport so there we have it let's go to europe where we have a lot of mixed reports uh homophobic attacks in france rose almost 30 percent last year according to an lgbtq group british cycling new british cycling rules bar transgender women from competing female events uh the as well here's good news the histonean parliament has passed the first reading of the marriage equality bill same-sex marriage may soon become legal so that's good go astonia um and the european rights court tells romania to recognize same-sex couples so yeah good luck with that tells them what is that does that mean they have to well uh if neither there's negotiation but eventually they're going to have to is the prediction um almost 20 million people are in this bulk of nation uh and it remains socially conservative ranking 41st out of 49 in the 2023 ranking of european country's lgbtq rights advocacy so uh the eu is giving them a nudge and i hope it takes and now i'd like to go to my my first clip which is a film i really want to see and it looks like it's on youtube it's from the uk it's called billy blue gene uh and i'll give you a little plot gene is a woman caught in an uncomfortable limbo between two worlds she's a newly minted lesbian on the fringes of a community of louder prouder dykes and in the first flush of romance with viv viv she's also a pe teacher in the north who isn't in the northeast england secondary school in the late 1980s i loved wine who did remember that meg christian too yeah well i won't sing you a lyric from that exactly the kind of person who the thatcher regimes recently enacted section 28 law forbidding the promotion of homosexuality by local authorities has in its crosshairs now this section 28 law i looked up and it was uh effective between 1988 and 2003 wow and you know it brought back all you know all that time in the u.s where teachers weren't who were afraid to march in parades and so forth okay for gene and mcqueen's mcqueen playing performance is an intricate miracle of minute details and nervy flickers of alarm the separation of work and life is an essential but increasingly precarious balance that balance to the frustration of viv who senses genes reticence when it comes to fully embracing her sexual identity is upended on one of her students lois encroaches on gene's closely guarded world so let's look at a clip from blue gene oh i need you in two teams jimmy can you get over here mike over there so what do you do gene i'm a teacher fantastic what do you teach p noise come on in you got a man on the scene at the moment no you do realize that they fill our hotels with this year to distract us from what's really going on and on everything that's political of course it is here at home there's been another big demonstration against clause 28 which seeks to stop councils from promoting homosexuality i've been saying this is a good idea for years young people have such vulnerable minds can anyone tell me what fight or flight means flight what's wrong you look stressed i don't want my students on every part of my life part of your life if anyone found out i'd never work again the gay and lesbian lifestyle is not natural or normal and it never will be what i don't get is how two girls actually just ignore them sorry you did i'm not talking about me what kind of example are you sitting for her just because i'm not promoting my sexuality around like a badge of honor i'm going to learn that she has a place in this world or if you think she has a place in this world you're the one with the problem not me this isn't a game loris it's me life she reminded me a bit of you you know idea in the headlights i'm not doing headlights am i sometimes i'm damaged and in a way you're not at least you don't have to be that don't have to be then why do you that's youtube yeah gotta watch it too let me get the popcorn let me uh go through some asia headlines if i'm all right we only have four minutes now okay so now asia malaysia has raided swatch stores seizing colorful watches linked to gay pride i saw one in new york just they had a swatch rainbow and the swish watch swish swish watch maker is standing by its guns so yeah um you have another clip you might want to get to that all right well um lgbtq activists have condemned japan's meaningless equality bill in which they say outlaw unjustified discrimination so it's justified discrimination against minorities and who you are taiwan grants adoption to the same six couples in the latest move toward full equality beijing's lgbtq center shuttered as a crackdown continues in china and finally i want to talk at length if i may about this no you mean you have three minutes right let's talk about um starbucks india which has this is as an ad starring a trans model and it's gone viral to mixed reviews and it goes quickly it's only a minute but so let me tell you i don't want to spoil it but i have to tell you um the new starbucks india campaign featuring a trans model has caused a stir the two minute ad titled it's titled it starts with your name depicts a hindi speaking family meeting at a starbucks to reconcile a father's strained relationship with his trans daughter after brief tension that you won't experience now because you know the plot the man shows his acceptance of his daughter by ordering coffees for everyone under her new name arpita for me you are still my kid the dad says in the ad translated into english and subtitles only a letter has been added to your name now there's been a lot of hooha about this ad it's been viewed online millions of times since it's released last week and reactions have run the gamut from praise to staunch opposition many south asians said the depiction hits close to home and is an important step forward for young indians in the lgbtq community i cannot not imagine being estranged from my children for any reason let alone for them being who they are but i know not everyone is there yet one person tweeted this advert for starbucks from india still an incredibly conservative country sends a powerful statement but some in the u.s of course and india have lambasted starbucks for going woke even calling for a boycott of the company a spokesperson for starbucks said that despite the backlash the company will continue to support the trans community at starbucks we unequivocally support the lgbtqia 2 plus community our campaign in india it starts with your name shows how starbucks is committed to making people of all backgrounds and identities feel welcome except no unions we will continue to use except in buffalo and isolated places we'll all right we will continue to use our voice to advocate for greater understanding of the importance of inclusion and diversity across the communities we serve around the world all right so there is a dissenting voice here at the on the set but enjoy the ad let's look at it now it seems that i have a clip called summoning sylvia which is a movie uh that is on somewhere but it's about um this group of gay people who end up in this house and they're trying to bring back sylvia through like a sales yeah you know horror movie yeah well i don't know if it's horror but it's a little creepy anyway so here's the clip summoning sylvia and um let me see do you tell us more about the plot or are you just going to tease it i'm no and does the plot stuff i'm like here's the clip that's the plot all right you know i'll do the plot we don't have a lot of time but go ahead okay larry and his three best friends help he head upstate for a weekend getaway at a haunted house as they sashay through the dusty corridors they recount the home's legend from a hundred years ago a murderous woman named sylvia slaughtered her son and burned him beneath the floorboards do we really want to see this yes all right that's enough thank you yeah i've got more i know but we're i gotta finish my stories i wondered what the gay angle was was it it's their gay guys the gay guys are sashay and how were the seance comedy okay told from a gay uh male perspective okay there you go carry on all right i am bgb which i went from sometimes great so now that i've warmed up wait where are you the boys brought me upstate to this epic haunted house like people actually died here her upstate uh as spooky tell him the legend widow and mad woman discovered dead after a murdering son i need a name sylvia sylvia hey what about my brother what if harrison came here he's gonna be joining us for the weekend you're all gay for magnificent queens in this house none of this was on the schedule so i have uh journalist masha gessen oh who also fled the anti-lgbtq putin regime and has been warning americans about the danger of trump's authoritarianism said this is what pride looks like pride is political over the last few decades people have may have forgotten that pride is about going into a place that can be frightening it was wonderful to see so many people waving at us so she was at the brooklyn bright beach bright and beach here's a photo of her there she spoke to the russian uh population that goes to these uh in russian so uh that that was pretty pretty interesting what may i speak go ahead it was really cool they were standing on park on the park bench kind of instead of a podium and then another speaker was our mentor and friend and north i love and i know it so you know it was a really small and um courageous gathering and it's been building it's been five or six years now yeah and protesters marching from alabama state capitol to the state house tuesday had a clear message alabama hear us out we are queer and trans and proud hundreds of protesters said in unison as they walked the march title dragged me to the capital i know protested several bills filed by g.o.p state legislatures attacking the lgbt community including bills being in drag shows and legislation to ban transgender athletes from college sports and here's a picture of um them marching in alabama and you know when people march in alabama it's always a good thing isn't it yes depends on what they're marching for yeah really good point good point that's true are there things on algae they're marching to my house good point yes of course well are there are there hoods what lgbtq people are watching there you that's for their right that's a good clarification and this is really an interesting thing because on sunday i would act your lgbtq advocate sarah poulsen bought out dallas theater theater's showing of monica a transgender themed drama starring trace lissette poulsen booked out the violent violent violent crown cinema's monica screening for the full day meaning attendance was free so long as seats were available and guests had registered had registered beforehand the florida born star is known for her roles in american horror story studio 60 on the sunset strip and ratched she won both a golden globe award as a prime time emmy for her performance in 2006 the people versus oj simpson american crime story poulsen who has been in a relationship with hall and taylor since 2015 has been an outspoken lgbtq rights advocate and has appeared in a variety of queer roles in her career and organizers in tampa have canceled their pride which is really kind of you know like you know because they're they're afraid uh because de santo is signed into law and you know the no don't say you know you don't have any fun i know yeah yeah so don't read don't read on live entertainment so they can't do something besides live entertainment with you know anyway many drank performance our child appropriate they're afraid that you know they'll all be arrested the political climate is changing so fast with the santa's thinking he wants to be king and ruler of the u.s tampa pride president carrie west told the advocate people like this guy are a scary joke well you know you really need to just get out there and do it right well well manners cave too i know it won't have drag performance it won't have any costumes okay vec vecaville mayor john carly this is in california will not be issuing a proclamation to recognize pride month and he will not raise the rainbow flag according to solano county pride center solano pride sentiment with the mayor on may 24th discussed celebrating the and acknowledging pride month but nope not going to have anything to do with it and it's the first time that the mayor of this town has not participated in gay pride may i speak yes go ahead i have to quote audrey lord your silence will not protect you i know so let's see i think oh and britney grindy returned to the basketball court we know this right uh so she was a clue on oh this week's new york times crossword puzzle and um kamala harris was there with second gentleman emhoff so they turned up so i guess that's about it you all are you doing okay linda's rush to our stories you want to squeeze in another story i know we have two minutes and you got one i i skipped a page but i'm good i will yield my time to the talkative person to my left well i just love to run my mouth as people say but i have all these stories but now just pick one do you have a headline do you have a well i've just digest that you could just tease and talk about next time well um here's this terrible story about the beijing center it's just the last one more thank example of the widespread crackdown um and i could talk to you about you know i was thinking when you're talking about you know the um um the death sentences in africa um that you know we can say whatever we want but china is going to work i mean china is making giant inroads in africa and and they don't care you know whether they put all the gay people to death they have terrible human rights record yeah yeah and i heard um an interview with a wonderful intellectual who's going to come on the show who says you know the idea of the association of communism with china and russia is just a big misnomer and a lie this communism isn't that in her view well it's not communism in either country really when you yeah talking about real marxism i mean yeah so all right well we have 43 seconds do you have anything quick you want to say no uh i would just i would encourage people to come out to both the montpellier and the berry pride events because uh you guys all know um basing on their name who runs the kell arbor kell arbor recent interview week uh we really want to build up the attendance at both of these events so that we can continue to have them and uh there's a whole bunch of events going on as you said the savoy has a great queer film festival with my co-hosts here i'm not writing so some really interesting films out there lots of opportunities for poetry so get out come to pride and resist


Everybody forced here ripping a box of 2022 leaf metal draft football hobby for Jonathan s. Thanks again, John Let's see some Ohio State players for you. All right to start is a Jalen Weidemeyer touchdown Kings auto red one of five a purple David Bell Numbered seven out of ten browns David Bell Kingsley and I bar a on the redemption here Kingsley and I bar I think he's a packer. I think Abrams Smith black auto number two out of 15 and a state pride Matt Corral Mojo auto number 10 out of 15 Solid Corral there. Thanks again, John. We'll get these out to you shortly


I don't really have a paper with this title, I'm actually in the process of writing a book on the evolution of law. And what I hope to do today is give you an idea of the theoretical basis for my view of legal evolution along with some brief, selective discussion of some of the implications of this process and the institutions that tend to evolve. For that, though, I think I do need to quickly tell you what I mean by law. Because there are different definitions, and if you have one in mind that's different than mine, my presentation won't make much sense. Lawn Fuller wrote that law consists in the enterprise of subjecting human conduct to the governance of rules. And I take this to mean that law is not just a set of rules. Whether it consists of, if you want to use Hart's terms, the basic or primary rules of conduct along with secondary institutions or mechanisms for applying these rules. And this is the view that I'm going to adopt here. It's certainly not the only definition that exists. I suppose the main alternative is John Austin's definition of law as the command of the sovereign or perhaps more generally command from the apparatus of the state. Labeling state-made rules and law as or institutions as law and everything else is not law. It simplifies things a lot. But I think it leaves a lot of things outside the discussion that are very important parts of the governance process. In fact, it leaves out things like primitive so-called stateless societies. It leaves out many of the early medieval societies, for instance, Iceland that David has written about, leads out most international trade today, and so on. So I have a definition or adopt a definition that is much broader, that in general considers any system of governance, or not any, but systems of governance as legal systems and recognize that they may or may not be related to the state. So the first point now given that definition that I want to make about the evolution of law and legal institutions is that we should be thinking about law in the same way that we think about economic institutions. In fact, law is an economic institution, I think. It evolves very much like markets can evolve. Or it can evolve that way. In fact, what I'm going to do is suggest that a positive analysis of the evolution of law should be based on the fundamental assumptions that drive all of economic theory. Scarcity, methodological individualism, and rationality. Or scarcity. David Hume pointed out almost two and a half centuries ago, I guess now, that a primary or maybe the primary motivation for developing rules in institutions, whether spontaneously or deliberately, is that rational individuals are attempting to find ways to expand personal wealth in the face of scarcity, just like markets then. But importantly, I think we have to recognize that there are two ways for individuals to expand wealth, personal wealth. One is what Franz Oppenheimer has labeled the economic means, cooperative voluntary interaction, team production, division of labor, all those things we're all familiar with in economics, voluntary exchange. The second involves the taking of wealth produced by others through the use of force or guile. Oppenheimer calls this the political means, so I'll use his terms. My point then is that a positive analysis of legal evolution should simultaneously account for the influences of the rules and institutions which facilitate the economic means of wealth expansion or enhancement for individuals. Those rules and institutions that are part of the political process of wealth transfer. And I think this view is at least somewhat different from some of the earlier work in law and economics that approached the evolution of law from the point of view of efficiency suggesting that at least the common law was an efficiently evolving institution. On the other hand, it's somewhat different than the rent seeking literature in public choice that views everything as all rules and things as evolving in response to transfer seeking or rent seeking because my contention is that both of these things are going on and so we have this schizophrenic system that is simultaneously defining crime and creating crime and so on. Most people find themselves involved in both types of activity under different circumstances. We are often subject to different sets of rules and institutions under different circumstances. In other words, we're part of simultaneously perhaps of more than one system of law. The evolution of law is a process of continual interaction and competition and influence going in both directions. So what I want to do is give you some idea of how I'm beginning to think about this evolutionary process. In order to do that, I'm going to first look at the two extremes of this continuum between cooperation and coercion or between the economic means and the political means. First start about spend some time talking about cooperative institutions and how they might evolve. Then shift to the other extreme of coercive or political institutions and then hopefully I won't run out of time and I can talk about the interaction between the two for a few minutes as well. In order to illustrate the process of legal institutions and some of its consequences, I want to begin with the Hobbesian state of nature where many of us begin when we think about these things. Where there's no cooperative interaction at all, obviously not something we've ever observed completely, but let's start there. I will assume that there is considerable uncertainty and therefore high transactions costs, but I'm not assuming some sort of Rawlsian veil of ignorance or something like that. I'm assuming that individuals are rational, they have some expectations about the consequence of alternative actions and so on. Because of scarcity, competition over the use of property is inevitable, as Hume pointed out. How do we make property claims, well the standard view is that individuals all act unilaterally by investing in efforts at violence in order to make threats against other people or actually violent actions against other people in an effort to make property claims. Since several individuals are likely to have similar incentives for a particular scarce resource competition through violence supposedly occurs, we have the war of all against all and the winner I guess has relatively secure property rights for a while until somebody else comes along. The argument I want to make first is that the war of all against all is not an inevitable characteristic of the state of nature as Hume pointed out. For scarce resources is multi-sided and any subset of individuals might be able to reduce the cost of conflict by voluntarily recognizing some subset of each other's claims and ending the conflict so they don't have to invest so much in violence. Interesting set of papers have been produced over the last few years developing one shot games in this competition conflict power area and surprisingly perhaps they predict a continuum of outcomes of course but ranging from full cooperation to partial cooperation to conflict and the difference between these games and the standard prisoner's dilemma game perhaps is the recognition that people may have different capacities for violence and therefore relative capacities for production. Full cooperation these models suggest arise when neither person's investments in violence are expected to change the probability of winning very much in other words the marginal product of investing in conflict is very low so a large differential investment for violence produces only a small change in the probability and the incentives then are to tacitly cooperate and the result in these models is a private property arrangement in which no party attempts to claim resources controlled by the others. The conflict strategy or outcome dominates when the marginal product of violence is expected to be high for both parties each believes that increasing investments in violence will enhance their probability of winning and you have the typical prisoner's dilemma and you end up then with the war of all against all and the third sort of broad category of outcomes is partial cooperation where one party's opportunity cost of investing in conflict differs substantially from the other parties and so one individual invests in violence and the other one doesn't and you get the command arrangement or what I like to call the protection racket or something like that where one individual subjugates and extracts tribute from another so one individual produces wealth and the other one produces violence and extracts wealth. The Oppenheimer concept of the political means of wealth expansion of this tribute or extortion or whatever you want to call it obviously applies now in a dynamic setting things aren't obviously quite as simple but I think this is a good starting point for thinking about a dynamic or evolutionary process. The potential static outcomes of cooperation conflict and partial cooperation are sorting the starting points. In a dynamic setting the probability of the conflict outcome may might be reduced for instance as we move into the potential for repeated game reciprocities increasing the likelihood of a cooperative outcome although repeated games obviously don't guarantee cooperation. Other incentives to cooperate I'll explore shortly but the point is that in a when people have a little bit longer time horizons when reputations matter that sort of thing then the potential for agreements expands but importantly the initial agreement still has to ration to each individual as much wealth as he or she would expect to have through the use of force. So force determines the initial distribution of wealth even when it's achieved voluntarily essentially in this framework might makes right. The degree to which individuals reduce their investment in violence after an agreement depends on how credible each other's promises are and on the source of the credibility. If the agreement stems from an initial situation involving asymmetric capacities for violence then the dominant power can demand a relatively large share of property rights and wealth. In fact if we think of someone with an absolute advantage in violence then the outcome is something like slavery where the one individual owns everything including the labor time of the other individual. But in this case of course the source of credibility of the promise of the slave is fear and so in order to maintain credibility on the part of the slave the investment in violence has to continue and so accepting slavery after all the choices aren't very attractive die or be a slave but if you become a slave there might be some possibility of escaping later and so the slave owner has to continue to invest in violence or the tools of violence to maintain that arrangement. When no one has a comparative advantage in violence then individuals can contract to recognize some initial distribution of private property rights. The incentives to cooperate in this case are generally positive individuals enter because they expect to increase their personal wealth by being able to focus more of their resources on production and less on perhaps on violence. In a dynamic on certain world the resulting property rights arrangements still require the support of institutions and I'll talk briefly about that shortly but under this circumstance the institutions that evolve will tend to provide sources of information and resources of increased credibility for promises without the use of violence. Between those extremes of slavery and full cooperation we have a whole range of possibilities for instance a person a very productive person might choose to pay tribute or extortion simply because even though that individual might be able to resist effectively if the opportunity cost of resisting is greater than the cost of the extortion which means the extortionist is constrained clearly in how much that can be extracted. So I visualize a continuum of possible systems naturally evolving under different circumstances and law in the resulting behavior varies as a result. Let me think a little bit about the laws that might evolve in a cooperative arrangement first. Van Bergen and Buchanan define trust rules to be rules of behavior toward others which individuals have positive incentives to voluntarily accept and they explain that these incentives are associated with such rules are the basis for voluntary group formation. Individuals essentially agree to behave in certain ways with other individuals and then you get a network of such relationships creating some sort of network of group interaction based on these bilateral agreements. Assuming trust rules are voluntarily recognized the outcome is some sort of implicit or explicit contract where individuals agree to adopt predictable behavioral patterns or norms in dealing with other individuals. The one party who adopts cooperative behavior has to believe the other party is trustworthy of course. So there has to be a belief that promises are credible that belief initially may reflect each other's similar capacities for violence or something like that. Since the initial conflict tends to be due to scarcity the development of cooperation is an establishing trust rules will focus on the allocation of property rights I would argue. Security of each individual's property claims will be increased by adopting trust rules respect property rights of others who are in your cooperative cluster. And they do so because others are expected to cooperate as well. With this kind of cooperation property rights become relatively more private relatively more secure. Individuals time horizons are linked and all those good things that we think about with private property rights. The importantly these trust rules regard recognition of private property then and they are customary rules or norms initially which evolve spontaneously through voluntary interaction. Robert Elexon had a paper in Yale Law Journal in 1993 where he pointed out that there is abundant evidence that a group need not make conscious decisions to establish private property rights. People who repeatedly interact can generate institutions through communication monitoring and sanctioning contrary to Hobbes and Locke a property system can get going without an initial conclave. And he provides a good deal of interesting evidence to that effect. How does such evolution occur? Well I mentioned repeated game reciprocities. That's certainly part of the story. The furthermore once a group starts forming even in a primitive setting there will generally be a network of interactions on many dimensions. Essentially everyone is in a community where you your relationships are direct and multi-sided. And so with a multifunctioning web of cooperation the incentives to cooperate are strengthened because of potential reputation sanctions. If you don't cooperate then it's possible that the other person can spread negative gossip if you want to call it that. And the consequences on reputation can limit the non-cooperative player's ability to enter into other games. There's little doubt that such information will travel and in fact an important development often in these systems is the development of institutions to spread information about reputation. These come very quickly and I would suggest that this is how individuals spontaneously end up producing ostracism sanctions. You spread information about non-cooperative behavior on the part of others. Others choose not to cooperate with the non-cooperative player too and pretty quick you can't find anyone to deal with. So importantly then other sanctions start developing. Nonviolent forms of sanctions can develop in these arrangements where you can reduce your investment in violence as a source of credible commitments and perhaps increase your investments in information mechanisms and that sort of thing as a substitute a low cost substitute in general. Information especially in a close net group is cheap to send and cheap to obtain so it's probably a much lower cost mechanism of sanctioning and less dangerous for the individual. You have social ostracism substituting for violence. So what I'm imagining then is an evolutionary process in which individuals gradually emerge from the state of nature as they recognize the high cost of violence as a means of establishing property rights. They face the likelihood of repeated interactions with certain neighbors with similar capacities for violence. Relatively tentative bilateral relationships based on reciprocity incentives arise. Each bilateral repeated game involves probably tit for tat kinds of strategies or something like that. But as more relationships are formed the potential for reputation sanctions arise. Exit options arise which make reputation sanctions stronger because if you've got a lot of different intermeshing relationships there's often a competitive alternative to the person you were dealing with who becomes non-cooperative so you simply refuse to deal with the individual anymore and announce to your group that he's a bad guy and so you end up with unconditional cooperation essentially but it's limited to those people who are known to be cooperative and it's a voluntary kind of arrangement not unlike many primitive societies. Van Bergen Buchanan explained that once a group is voluntarily formed based on trust rules the possibility exists for establishing other kinds of rules that they define as solidarity rules and these are rules targeted at the entire group rather than bilateral rules between individuals. The solidarity rules I suppose are things like do not behave recklessly to put other people at risk but they can also involve rules about individuals' obligations to cooperate in the production of rule enforcement. Rules like inform your neighbors about individuals who violate trust rules don't cooperate with individuals who are on cooperative with other people. These are solidarity rules in a sense but again I would argue they evolve spontaneously as individuals recognize the benefit of accepting them so as ostracism does for instance and they typically if we look at the evidence we see things like inform your neighbors when individuals violate trust rules are clearly at place but they go beyond that. They include watch out for your neighbors. They include respond to the hue and cry if we go back to Anglo-Saxon England when a theft has occurred and help your neighbor pursue the thief. The empirical fact is that one joint product of these cooperative clusters generally is cooperation in the policing function. Other solidarity rules arise as well. Of course a lot of people say well with these kinds of solidarity rules we're talking about public goods and so you got obvious free rider problems but in these close knit groups in general if you don't follow the solidarity rule you're ostracized too so people are excluded if they don't obey these rules and so we don't have the public good free rider problem. Now I might be creating the impression that threats and sanctions are the primary source of incentives to recognize rules involving in these evolving cooperative groups. That's clearly not the case. Ostracism is a threat obviously that substitutes for violence but there are all sorts of very significant positive incentives to recognize cooperative trust and solidarity rules and in fact I'm not going to have time to talk about it but a number of other institutions clearly arise in these systems in order to for instance when circumstances change to try to create incentives for people to continue to accept the rules for instance hard times arise for someone due to floods or fires or something like that these systems typically have insurance mutual insurance kinds of arrangements where you help out your neighbor and there are those circumstances because if you don't the neighbor's incentives to respect your property right clearly are undermined they want to stay alive so they might have to turn to theft. One way to avoid that is to insure against it through these kinds of mutual insurance arrangements. Another thing that always arises obviously there will be disputes as to whether someone is actually guilty of committing a breaking a trust rule and these we could have prosecution through violence to decide guilt but that has significant spillover effects for the rest of the community so in general we see nonviolent third party dispute resolution mechanisms arising some sort of arbitration or mediation. Gordon talked about trial by ordeal. One way to think about that of course was that the chosen arbitrator was God and if the person survived the ordeal God saved them and said they were innocent. If you trust God then that's a pretty good third party and so these kinds of third party mechanisms develop as well. What we have then is a system of evolving norms and evolving institutions to support those norms. At some point as society gets more and more complex those norms might be written down but it's not the writing down of the norms that makes them law of course it's the acceptance of the norms. What I'm talking about then is essentially a customary law system. Well I better turn to the other end if I'm going to have any time to talk about the middle so let me go to the other extreme where an individual has a significant comparative advantage in violence and chooses instead of cooperation to take wealth produced by others. The Oppenheimer's political means of wealth expansion. The individual with such a comparative advantage may expect to be better off by taking other people's wealth than he can become by cooperating producing trading and so on. Given that information spreads the individual who employs this comparative advantage is going to develop a reputation too for taking wealth and such reputations can in fact be quite valuable as increasingly the threat of violence alone might be sufficient to extort payments. Once the reputation develops however the potential for entering cooperative relationships with other people have pretty much been cut off and so a decision to employ violence in order to take wealth often times involves a permanent commitment to extortionist behavior. You're not going to be able to change down the road because no one will trust you. Among other things that means that the extortionist has incentives to create an environment that will produce a steady stream of transfers from subjects of threat rather than just going out raiding and taking and then finding somebody else to raid. That can work for a while but ultimately you might run out of people to raid so you might instead choose to establish institutions that allow people to continue to produce and to extort money from them or income from them. This means of course that the extortionist has to attempt at least to establish a monopoly in violence. Some people define states as monopolist in violence and I wouldn't disagree at least that they have attempted to do so. If the potential target for extortion can turn to another specialist in violence for protection or if the potential target can turn to a cooperative group that jointly produces protection then the extortionist's ability to extract tribute is limited so the incentive is to try to monopolize violence and raise barriers to exit. Try to keep people from escaping the system. No individual of course is likely to be powerful enough to establish a permanent undisputed monopoly in violence. There's going to be competition perhaps from other individuals who also want that monopoly. The transactions costs of control mean that some interaction between individuals and some wealth will remain outside even the most powerful extortionist control but the extortionist my point is that they have incentives to try to control these margins where people are attempting to escape them. They have to try to erect barriers to exit from this extortionist kind of game. There are a number of institutional developments that can help in that regard. One possible institution would be in an alliance or collusion among potentially competing extortionists recognizing each other's domains. Such an alliance of course is probably not very stable because none of the parties trust each other. They all have reputations for being extortionists so it might not be a stable kind of thing. The scale of violence required to compete for and maintain power is generally greater than any individual can produce so typically the potential entrepreneur in extortion will establish a firm of some sort to jointly produce violence. Others who have comparative advantages but aren't so entrepreneurial become the strong arm enforcers or the army or the police or whatever you want to call them or the military industrial complex the producer of the tools of violence that sort of thing. In return for cooperating with the extortionist of course they receive part of the transfers and that cooperative arrangement also requires credibility of promises within the extortionist firm I guess you need to have honor among thieves. Historically many examples of organizations like this have evolved where you have some sort of entrepreneurial leader who convinces perhaps people in one of these voluntary organizations that I talked about before that the way for them to expand their wealth is to go out to raid. I mean tribal war chiefs became kings. And so we do see these kinds of institutions evolving once they have raided and successfully conquered then the traditional cooperative legal arrangements within the group won't suffice because you're obviously you want to discriminate now between those you conquered and those who are conquering and you have to transfer wealth and so on so you need a centralized command kind of legal arrangement to force people to accept the transfer of wealth from the conquered to the conquerors. The organization for conquest and for extortion has to be maintained by the entrepreneur of course and this could be a problem oftentimes you have coups and so on by the military or the police. So there are incentives to keep the evolving military policing organization decentralized and competing among the one another rather than centralized and collusive because you want to prevent competition from your own organization for power. Another way to secure a position like this relatively of course is to try to reduce the incentives of other individuals and groups to enter competition for the monopoly in violence and one way to do that is to offer exchange with other potentially powerful individuals part of the wealth that's being transferred in exchange for not entering the game essentially and as a result the protection racket can involve a mix of rules supporting extortion of the weak and protecting the relatively powerful in exchange for them not entering the game. If you think this is all made up read Gambetta's book 1993 book on the Sicilian mafia great book for public choice economists. The mafia simultaneously extorts wealth and supports its production by enforcing contracts and protecting property rights of people within its circle of influence. The same is true of most other protection rackets things we call kingdoms and nation states and things like that. In order to maintain power the extortionist also has incentives to redistribute wealth as the relative power of subgroups within his sphere of influence begin to change. Redistribution involves or requires gathering information and learning about who's becoming powerful and influential that sort of thing. So the incentive there is to develop institutions to channel this competition for transfers. We see the development of advisory panels that sort of thing advisory councils representative assemblies and so on where the monitoring of various groups can be observed and their competition for transfers can be channeled of course again keep them divided and competing makes it less likely that they'll collude and take over. As relative power changes the amount of representation in these councils or assemblies can change the franchise can be expanded or contracted for new groups. There may be some transfer to the poor if you think the poor are likely to rise up and revolt but in a relative sense compared to for instance the voluntary insurance arrangements I talked about for the cooperative groups the transfers are from the poor to the wealthy or from less powerful groups to more powerful groups and so we see the evolution of legal institutions focused on transfer processes. At any point in time the extortionist ruler is clearly constrained in regard to how much can be transferred. After all some wealth has to be produced if it's going to be transferred and so private property rights create the strongest possible incentives for long run wealth creation and it follows that some private property rights will be maintained even for the most significant victims of the extortion probably. That means five minutes. All right good. Slavery with all property rights including those to a person assigned to the extortionist is a very costly system to maintain it might not survive. Essentially the extortionist faces a trade off large levels of extortion in the short term including widespread slavery per perhaps reduces productivity and wealth creation and the potential for transfers over the long run. So the actual degree of transfers in any period depend on the extortionist's time horizon if he thinks his hold on power is very tenuous.  If he thinks his hold on power is very tenuous his incentives are to take a bunch now and get out of there. If he thinks his power is significant then the incentives are to establish a system that allows for long term wealth creation at least more of it. And of course that creates incentives for those being extorted to actually try to lengthen his time horizon. So you recognize a dynasty, a king and his successors trying to lengthen the time horizon of the individual making decisions because the more you can do that the perhaps the greater the property rights will be. But property rights remain in play in such a system. They can always be taken. The losers then have conflicting incentives to try to escape but also to recognize the power and lengthen the time horizon. Let me quickly here turn to some discussion of the interplay between the incentives because obviously we don't have either one in the extreme very often. In some cases the rise of extortion authority has been resisted quite effectively. Even within modern developed nations there are enclaves that either don't need or actively avoid contact with the national legal system. I would recommend Lisa Bernstein's paper 1992 in the Journal of Legal Studies on the Diamond Industry for instance. Great paper or Hernando DeSoto's 1989 book detailing the informal sector in Peru or Robert Ellison's book on what is it, Order Without Law but he defines law different than I do. Number of papers of that kind are books detailing these arrangements that are outside the state's law but quite effective at enforcing rules. To the degree that the extortionist is successful in preventing exit from the extortion game, competitive options are reduced. It may be for instance the extortion options are reduced. It may be for instance that the alternatives can't use ostracism effectively because of state rules. They have to move their arrangements underground so to speak and they're forced to use more violence as a result. Certainly the informal sector in Peru violence is the main mechanism for the main sanction. If you can't ostracize, if you can't force restitution payments of some sort, if you can't take someone else's property as restitution for a violation then you might have to turn to violence as the only option that's left. So we see then an interaction between these systems, one influencing the other, certainly in terms of the extortionist system. Oftentimes as I said they do enforce private property rights to a degree and many of the laws that are codified are simply codified norms, customary law that the state has copied down because they've been successful but they often of course also add a few extra rules about distribution of wealth and so on. So what we have then is an environment that involves continual conflict between these incentives to take and to cooperate. Rules evolve in reflection of this continual interplay and institutions do as well. And that's, I have about 1500 pages describing all of that. I don't have time to do it now so I'll stop.


So today guys I will guide you on how you can earn yourself 3 extra powerful rewards every single week. How's it going guys my name's DPJ and if you enjoyed the video leave a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more be sure to subscribe. So with Empire Hunts and Varix's Sabotage you can easily earn yourself 3 extra powerful rewards each week. So within the Sabotage menu under tier 2 we have this right here called Europa Challenges 2. When you complete this you unlock the Weekly Empire Hunt Challenges. Here is where many many people are confused and it's actually this quest right here which unlocks the Weekly Powerfuls. So firstly to get to this stage we can unlock the Europa Challenges 2, it's pretty straightforward. Upon you completing the story you unlock the Reclaiming Europa Quest from Savala. Once you have done this quest you unlock the Empire's Forequest. Once you have completed this you then unlock the quest of the Dark Priestess. Once you have done this guys you then unlock the Empire Hunts with Varix along the Europa Challenges 2 quest. So firstly make sure you pick up this quest before you pick up any of the Empire Hunts and be warned you will need a load of those here always pieces for this. So this Europa Challenges 2 quest requires you to complete 3 Empire Hunts which are under Varix's Fallen Empire section. They cost 20 each but be warned in total for one character to earn that powerful you will need 100 of these. So pick up all 3 of these and complete them. When you've done all 3 of these you get the Europa Challenges 2 quest pop up basically saying that you've unlocked the Weekly Empire Hunt Challenge. Problem is from here the game actually doesn't guide you on what to do next, there's just no notification. So this is what you have to do.  Now the thing about this is it doesn't actually show you any guidance in terms of you actually being rewarded any power for gear while not up until the final point of the Empire Hunts which is the third part where you have to go on to finish the quest by killing said Empire Hunt boss. If you lock on your map at this part it actually states you need to complete 2 Empire Hunts to earn that power for gear.  So yeah guys there you have it hidden powerful rewards at the moment not many people know about so I hope this helps you out and good luck. On that note guys we have come to the end of the video if you guys enjoyed it leaving a like really helps out if you're new around here and want to see more D2 be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video I upload can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button. But guys thanks as always for stopping by hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one.


Devolutionary Developmental Biology Devolutionary Developmental Biology Informally, Divya Diva is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer the ancestral relationships between them and how developmental processes evolved. The field group from 19th century beginnings where embryology faced a mystery, zoologists did not know how embryonic development was controlled at the molecular level. Charles Darwin noted that having similar embryos implied common ancestry, but little progress was made until the 1970s. Then, recombinant DNA technology at last brought embryology together with molecular genetics. A key early discovery was of homeotic genes that regulate development in a wide range of eukaryotes. The field is characterized by some key concepts, which took evolutionary biologists by surprise. One is deep homology, the finding that is similar organs such as the eyes of insects, vertebrates and cephalopod molluscs, long-thought to have evolved separately, are controlled by similar genes such as Pax 6, from the Divya Diva gene toolkit. These genes are ancient, being highly conserved among phylates. They generate the patterns in time and space which shape the embryo and ultimately form the body plan of the organism. Another is that species do not differ much in their structural genes, such as those coding for enzymes. What does differ is the way that gene expression is regulated by the toolkit genes. These genes are reused, unchanged, many times in different parts of the embryo and at different stages of development, forming a complex cascade of control, switching other regulatory genes as well as structural genes on and off in a precise pattern. This multiple plyotropic reuse explains why these genes are highly conserved, as any change would have many adverse consequences which natural selection would oppose. New morphological features and ultimately new species are produced by variations in the toolkit, either when genes are expressed in a new pattern, or when toolkit genes acquire additional functions. Another possibility is the Neolomarkian theory that the genetic changes are later consolidated at gene level, something that may have been important early in the history of multicellular life.