Alright, I'm super excited to talk to you guys about this topic. When we think about post-genderism, you might be envisioning some 1970 sci-fi film where you have like this totally homogenized group of people that are all dressing and doing the same thing and acting the same way with even the same voice pitch and everything. But I'm here to take us on a different journey that is more about diversity than homogenization. So let's begin by taking a closer look at what composes gender. And I'm going to talk about three things. I'm going to talk about biological sex, I'm going to talk about gender identity, and I'm going to talk about gender expression. So first with biological sex, where's my clicker? Alright. So with biological sex, we're going to talk about what it means to be female and what it means to be male. There are basically five categories that basically distinguish the different biological sex of a person. The first one is going to be chromosomes. So the simplest way to think about this is girls are XX and boys are XY, right? So simple enough and tell, it's not. Not everyone is either XX or XY. A third gender exists quite naturally without any technological, social, or philosophical intervention. Roughly one in a thousand births are born with XXY chromosomes. Other criminal variances include Turner syndrome, XYY, or triple X syndrome. These people are intersex and cannot be easily categorized as either male or female, biologically speaking. So the second thing I want to talk about is gonads.  So gametes are reproductive cells. So boys have sperm, girls have eggs, right? And they go inside the gonads, which are either ovaries or testes. So it seems straightforward and simple until it's not. Some people don't have just ovaries or testes. Some people have what's called ovotestes, where there's different hormones in place in the mother's womb when biological sex is being developed.   So androgens being male, estrogens being female. One could argue that extreme hormonal abnormalities could constitute a biological sex variance that is not binary. For example, females who contain high levels of testosterone may experience deepening the voice, increased muscle mass, enlarged clitoris, or frontal balding similar to what males would experience. Their hormonal variance plays a significant role in how they experience their gender within relation to their biological sex. High concentrations of androgens have also been associated with infertility in women, particularly polycystic ovarian syndrome. An interesting study done in London showed that lesbians are twice as likely to have an imbalance of sex hormones. The doctor who did the study commented, our research neither suggests nor indicates that polycystic ovarian syndrome causes lesbians. Only the polycystic ovarian syndrome is more prevalent in lesbian women. So in other words, if a woman has higher levels of testosterone, it may change the way she's experiencing her biology and the way she interacts with other people.  We are a product of our anatomies and a better understanding of our anatomies will better understand how we need to interact with each other in a cohesive society. The next topic, the fourth topic in biological sex is internal reproductive anatomy. So internal reproductive anatomy for women generally includes vaginas, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. And for men, it generally includes vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, cowper's gland, epididymis, and testes. However, it seems all binary until it's not, right? So some people are born, again, in the intersex population that challenge our binary core assumptions about our categories. A person might be born with external male genitalia with a fully functional uterus. This has actually happened and what happened was during puberty when men cease started, there was no way for the men cease to be released and so they had to end up having surgery and having that intervened right away. But there are definitely different variances that occur within the natural world that are not binary. Lastly, we'll talk about genitalia. This seems to be the most controversial one because when people think of biological sex, they think straight to the genitalia.  Clitoris and penises are made out of the same tissue and when you're developing the womb, you're basically kind of looking unisex, genitalia speaking.  And it all seems good and binary and tell, well, it's not. Sometimes people are born with ambiguous genitalia depending on the hormones that are present when they're developing the mother's womb. So let's go ahead and move on to gender identity. Okay, here's the biological sex spectrum. Okay, so when we talk about the gender spectrum, I'm hoping that these visualizations will kind of help give you an idea of what we're talking about. So this is the biological sex spectrum, just one part of what we identify as gender. So on one side we have female and on the other side we have male. Now I plotted myself on here, right here. I'm mostly biologically female, right? There's only one small variance. My internal reproductive organs don't work like everyone else's. So one of the characteristics that we identify with females, the ability to reproduce with a functioning uterus and things like that, I had some problems with that. Lucky for me, we live in a time of technology where I was able to reproduce, which is really nice. But biologically speaking, I'm definitely female, but there's some other things happening there too that are caused for a little bit of variance. Okay. These are the hard biological, tangible realities of the world we live in. Now we're going to talk about gender identity. Okay, this is what's going on in your head. This is what it means to be identified as either a woman or a man, or maybe not. So gender identity is a person's inner self of being male or female, a blend of both or neither. A person's gender identity may be in likeness or contrast to their biological anatomy. An individual whose identity matches the biological sex they were assigned at birth, that's what it's called cisgender. That's a cisgender person. Different cultures have different gender identities and different gender labels, which include non-binary, gender queer, bi-gender, tri-gender, pan-gender, age-gender, transgender, and one of my favorites, two-spirit. I love that one. So recent studies suggest that a person's gender identity is usually formed between about ages three to six. Again, this is most recent studies, so take it for what it is. But prior to that, it's quite common for children to play in gender cross-play. So for example, my three-year-old daughter has recently taken an interest in peeing while standing up. And I don't think this is necessarily an indicator of her gender identity or anything, but just a typical natural, normal way that children develop. She has two brothers and a father, so I'm sure she's just expressing her feminine side and saying, I can do anything a man can do. So gender identity, though influenced by others, is determined by the individual. For example, I identify as a woman, I perceive myself as a woman, and I call myself a woman. If someone were to come in and tell me something opposite of that, that's where you start to get some dissonance, right? Okay, let's move on to gender... No, sorry, here's the gender identity spectrum. I'm so boring, I'm just woman all the way. There may be a hilarious messandry in there, but we're not going to talk about that. Moving on to gender expression, the third category. So for gender expression, when people say, gender is socially constructed, this is the part they're talking about, they don't mean biological sex, it's what we are assigning to biological sex, right, that we're creating as societies together. So gender expression is talking about what does it mean to be feminine and what does it mean to be masculine? So with gender expression is usually the external appearance of one's inner gender identity, which is also influenced by their biology. The expressions and mannerisms, behaviors, apparel style, voice pitch are all a part of the gender expression and gender performance, meaning how do we present ourselves? Many people express some sort of androgyny containing both masculine and feminine qualities. Gender performance is highly subjective and classified on geographic location, time period, religious belief system, political belief system. For example, men in Scotland can wear kilts and traditionally men in America don't really wear kilts or skirts, so depending on where you're at, something may or may not be a social taboo or a social variance. When we look at the timeline of things, if you take a look at the Suffragette movement in the 19th century of women who wanted to vote and women who wanted to wear pants, we had so genderized the idea of voting and the idea of wearing pants that when these women were advocating for the fact that they wanted to vote and wanted to wear pants, they were told they were trying to be men, they were trying to be masculine. So we had the socially constructed idea that having the right to vote was something only a man could do. And if you wanted to vote, well of course you're trying to be a man then. Without taking into consideration, well maybe we shouldn't genderize voting. So when you put all that together, so for gender expression, for the most part I'm pretty feminine. I like wearing dresses and makeup and things we socially ascribe to feminine qualities, but I also express myself in some ways with some slightly masculine characteristics. So when you put all these together, you have three scales on the gender spectrum. We've talked about biological sex, gender identity and gender expression. When you put me on there, this is what I look like for the most part. Still a cisgender woman, but with a little bit of variation. So I still fit in the woman category for the most part, but it's not totally concrete. Moving on, this is what a friend of mine looks like. She is also a cisgender woman. And she's biologically female, identifies a little bit with men and mostly has a feminine presentation. Now, when you put the two of us together on there, we're both women, right? But we wear the word woman differently. We interact with it differently. Our biology is different. So that while many people may identify with a label woman, no two women are the same. I'm going to introduce you to a few people to help you get an idea of the variances I'm talking about on the gender spectrum. This is a cisgender male. This is a friend of mine. He's biologically male, identifies as a man and generally has mostly masculine characteristics with maybe some feminine qualities in there. Over here is a friend of mine. He is a trans man. So he was born mostly biologically female with some variances, but he identifies 100% as a man and tends to masculinize himself or has a masculinized presentation. Nathan, it won't let me click. It's a sign. Maybe I'll try it. I'll do it manually. Okay. So this over here is another friend of mine. She's a trans woman and she was born mostly male with some biological variances, mostly identifies with a woman, but really presents themselves in a masculine way. So you can see in the presentation there's some dissonance between the identity of what's going on cognitively and what's happening performatively. This could be a source of tension. This could be to conform to societal norms, religious beliefs, things like that. But this is also a possibility of what a trans woman may look like on the gender scale. I'm not clicking. Okay. This is an intersex man. So this is a friend of mine who was born intersex and mostly identifies as a man and has slightly towards the male side of the biological spectrum and presents themselves generally in a masculine way. But as you can see, there's definitely a lot of androgyny going on. The next person is an intersex woman I know. She's absolutely wonderful. And she actually was born a little more biologically male but was assigned woman at birth or female at birth and presents herself in a generally feminine way. Am I clicker? It makes me feel so powerful. Okay. Okay. So we have a male cross dresser, which is different than transgender. So this male crosser friend of mine, he's fabulous and I don't use that word lightly. He is fabulous. He was born biologically male, identifies as a man, but he loves to present himself in a feminine manner. Like anything feminine you can think of, he really just, that's how he really likes to present himself. This is another friend of mine. She's a female cross dresser. She was born biologically female, identifies as a woman, identifies as a woman and goes with a really masculine presentation. So genderqueer. Now genderqueer, I just did it straight down the middle for this purpose of this, but every genderqueer person is going to be different in the same. This is like the epitome of androgyny. It's kind of an umbrella term for, you just don't fit in the binary categories at all. And so what happens when you put me and all my friends together on the gender spectrum? We have a lot of diversity going on here. Some of them might identify as female, some of them might, sorry, as woman, some of them might identify as man, but no matter where we are on this, none of us are the same and our labels are going to vary depending upon that. Some of us will share the same label, even though we have some biologically differences or biological similarities, but the gender spectrum is extremely diverse. So in a very real sense, there is as many genders as there are humans, biologically speaking, cognitively speaking, and performatively speaking. Everybody is interacting with gender in a unique manner. So if you're at this point going like, oh my gosh, are you just challenged all my ontological categories and binary assumptions, what are you doing to me? But wait, it gets better. Okay, we're going to talk about gender fluidity, okay? So gender fluidity, I'm clicking and it's not working, Nathan. That's okay. I'll talk about gender fluidity. So some people are of the idea that gender is eternal and it's something that's a part of your identity forever. I think it's important to note that the word eternal doesn't mean fixed, it doesn't mean concrete. In fact, if something is eternal, it's in a constant state of change. We're constantly evolving. Our bodies are constantly generating and perpetuating a pattern of information all the time. The cells in your body are dying and being regenerated as we speak. So in a very real sense, you are not the person you were before you had lunch and you are now a different person now that you've had lunch, biologically speaking, and we could get into the philosophical notion of what a personhood is and things like that. But our biology is constantly in a state of change, in a constant state of flux. This idea could also be summed up by saying you can't step in the same river twice. So as a water is always moving and it's constantly changing, so is your body.  And not only that, that in turn changes the way you interact with those people and we're constantly affecting one another in our performances. So moving, now that we've got gender identity, gender fluidity, and it's changing and at any given point in time there's a limitless amount of genders. Now let's talk a little bit about post-genderism, right? So what is gender going to look like in the future? My clicker still isn't working, that's okay. I don't feel powerful anymore. Okay, so while there are common categories, our categories are about as useful as they are accurate. And when our categories become silos in which there's no exchange between others, we're doing ourselves a disservice and almost being dishonest with ourselves in recognizing what exists in the world we live in. We don't live in a binary world. The law of excluded middle doesn't apply here. We aren't just things that are true and false. Sometimes things are true and false. Sometimes things are not true or false. So sometimes our binary illusions can be functional but sometimes they're highly inaccurate. Advanced technologies as they continue to increase, my hunch tells me that diversity and complexity is going to grow. And so will our ideas of gender and sex. So reproductive technologies that enable humans to create offspring in ways that have never been accomplished before. So for example, I was born with an abnormal bichornate uterus. So bichornate uterus is a weird thing. But on top of that, the doctor said, well, you have a mutated bichornate uterus. So like out of the outliers, you're like another outlier. And another doctor told me, oh, but it's tilted in the wrong direction too. So I had this really lousy uterus, right? I have three kids, by the way. I have this really lousy uterus that just doesn't want to work the way it wants to. But technology changed all that, right?  And likely you're offspring too, because your uterus just shouldn't be passed on to next generation. But technology changed that. I had three children, and I'm still here. And again, my husband's very proud of himself that he is able to give us three beautiful children. But with that, our technologies are transcending the way we think about biological sex and gender. And isn't that a product of evolution itself? That as we are continuing to evolve and diversify, and our technologies, our extensions of that, we don't really have to question the naturalness of ourselves and our technology. This is evolution, in a lot of ways, just doing its job. Technology is the natural progression of evolution. So while my body may lack a certain femaleness, technology compensated for that. And as we continue to compensate for outliers that don't fit in the binaries, perhaps we'll find that post-genderism will result in a beautiful, complex rainbow and diversity of gender identities and gender expressions and sexual variances. So this challenges certain perceptions of sci-fi films who want to picture a homogenized group that all look the same and act the same when really I see a lot of differences coming into play. As with any evolution or revolution, transitions can be perplexing and frustrating and intimidating. So we need to be kind and trust that we can reconcile these differences and these diversities together as technology and science continues to develop and shape our possessions. I have a hunch it's going to amplify our innermost desires. So if those innermost desires are love, compassion, reconciliation, we're going to be okay. And gender is just going to get weirder, right? This is peculiar, this is a little different, it's going to get weirder. And that's okay because it's all part of the process and independent of gender identity. I think generally people want to be loved and loved in return. So as we're focusing on the future and watching these transitions happening and what a post-gender society might look like, it's important to acknowledge that maybe a post-gender society is just recognizing that a person's gender is an expectation or a limitation, that people have unlimited capacity to do great things. And so be kind and love one another. Thanks.


Infantry Division, the Red One, whose fighting men saw the war through from D-Day North Africa to V-E-Day Germany. Those combat boots, polished now for occupation duty, slogged through eight campaigns and three amphibious landings. But units of the first fought as far back as the Revolution to preserve the Union in the Civil War were first in combat in World War One, when those units were combined into a regular Army Division. Then in 41 there came from all walks of life a new generation of recruits. Boy, do I remember breaking in them first GI's shoes. We learned quick it was a fighting outfit from that rugged training we got here and overseas. Still when we left England along in 42, we felt pretty good. Had a swell CG, Terry Allen, a fighting general. We liked him, and he liked us. So the outfit relaxed, had some fun. Till on a chilly November dawn with the coast of North Africa out there in the dark, we knew action was close. Everyone tightened up, waiting for the water or the feeling in my stomach when they opened up on us. In three days Oran was ours. Easy. Too easy. We thought we knew what war was like, but Jerry taught us different.  Damn near flunked out at the Casserine. But we learned the score, started to teach Jerry a few things out of our book. We rammed our way back to Gapsa and down Rummel's throat at El Guitare. Where we tore up his cracked 10th Panzer Division. Then we swung north to mature. Inching artillery, hidden mines, walls of machine gun fire. Meanwhile, Montgomery's 8th Army cracked the Marath line. When we shook hands with his patrols, it was over the corpse of Rummel's army. After Tunisia, the crazy rumor got around that we were going to load on boats for home. We loaded on boats, all right. But for Sicily, which, believe me, was no place like home. This time the beachhead was plenty rough. But after we broke through, the Red One moved fast. Took 18 towns in 37 days. But to take it, we had to stop and slug it out in the mountains all along the way. Like Troyner. Pretty mountain town. But after 21, yeah, 21, Jerry Counter attacks. It looked like this. We won, all right. We paid.


Aloha. Thanks for your consideration of the views expressed in this ThinkTech commentary. This commentary is entitled The Collapse of the Secret Service. We can easily imagine that missing Secret Service text messages from January 5th and 6th will show that Trump had gone off the rails and that his Secret Service exchanged some very regrettable and embarrassing, if not criminal messages, about what Trump was doing and how they were standing by him, sympathetic with him or even affirmatively helping him in the insurrection. It sure looks like Trump's Secret Service detail was compromised. That's the way he operates, demanding absolute personal loyalty, rewarding those who give it to him and punishing those who don't. It's straight out of the Godfather. And that's exactly what happened here. The Secret Service was loyal to Trump over country. Worse yet, now 18 months later, they are still trying to protect him, even at the expense of the country. Unforgivable.   They have fallen from grace. Director James Murray, a Trump appointee is absolutely responsible. He should be tried and punished for what he has done. So should the other members of the Service who were involved. They have failed in their sworn and sacred duty to the country. Shame on them. We used to think highly of the Secret Service. Because they are law enforcement officers. Because they are secret. Because they protect the President of the United States. But all that has changed. Take a look at Carol Leonid's book, Zero Fail, The Rise and Fall of the Secret Service, where the decline of the Service is well documented. We must address this decline and soon. The Service needs serious reform. We can no longer trust them to protect the President or the democracy. Their loyalty was misguided on January 6, and it is today. It stinks to high heaven. Biden should have summarily terminated James Murray. Why hasn't he? In fact, the Service should be reorganized from the ground up, and new agents should be recruited and given appropriate training on loyalty issues. The Secret Service is a part of Homeland Security, which Trump also corrupted. The current scandal suggests other continuing loyalty compromises in that department. Louis DeJoy and the Postal Service look bad, Merrick Garland and DOJ don't look so good, and now James Murray looks terrible. How many other weak links are nested in Biden's administration? Surely, he can find other more qualified non-partisan people to replace them, but he hasn't done so. He's still the great facilitator, trying at all costs to make and keep friends, even if they are not worthy of his friendship. Sorry, but that doesn't work in the shadow of Trump, and it doesn't work when we are in a five-alarm fire burning up our democracy. We need strong leadership, we need someone to affirmatively diffuse all the time bombs Trump created and is now creating for us. We don't need a great facilitator or an affable observer. How many more scandals like this will we have in Joe Biden's administration? Given the fact that Trump and his co-conspirators are still around, and still actively conspiring, we should not be optimistic about Biden's Mr. Nice Guy presidency or the prospects for our future. God save us all if Trump is elected in 2024, but if he is, it will frankly be due at least in substantial part to Biden's failure to root them out. Thanks for your consideration of the views expressed in this ThinkTech commentary. We'll see you in a little while.


Liberal finger wagging at Netanyahu is a phony, cynical charade. We're seeing more and more of the cynical, obnoxious plan of the Western liberal political media class to try and pin the blame for the entire multinational genocidal campaign in Gaza, solely on Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. There is growing opposition to Netanyahu's war machine, reads a new tweet by Senator Bernie Sanders. More Americans than ever are standing up against this horrific war in Gaza, which is causing tremendous suffering amongst the Palestinian people. This is on the same day we learn that the Biden administration has quietly signed off on the delivery of billions of dollars worth of 2,000-pound bombs and warplanes for Israel to use in its ongoing massacres of civilians in Gaza. There is absolutely no excuse for continuing to babble about Netanyahu's war this far into a US-backed genocide. This is Biden's war as much as it is Netanyahu's, and Sanders supports Biden. Sanders has been at this shtick for a while now, working to insert the idea into public consciousness that what we are seeing from Israel today is some kind of fluke aberration in the apartheid state's history and not the obvious fulfillment of its inbuilt nature. The other day he publicly griped that the Israel of today is not the Israel of Golda Meir, falsely suggesting that there was once some kind of Golden Age in which Israel was not an abusive ethno-state built on ethnic cleansing, oppression, racism, and injustice. In an Al Jazeera article published earlier this month titled This Is Not Netanyahu's War, It Is Israel's Genocide. Ahmad Ibsais berates Sanders and his fellow progressive senator Elizabeth Warren for this pernicious narrative control campaign, saying that blaming Israel's blatant human rights abuses, disregard for international law, and open celebration of war crimes on Netanyahu alone is nothing but a coping mechanism for liberals like Sanders and Warren. Ibsais writes the following, quote, By blaming Netanyahu for the suffering and oppression of the Palestinian people past and present, they keep alive the lie that Israel was built on progressive ideals rather than ethnic cleansing. By blaming Netanyahu, they whitewash their seemingly unconditional support for a state blatantly committing war crimes and crimes against humanity. By blaming Netanyahu and casting Israel as a progressive, well-meaning state that would respect international humanitarian law but is currently taken over by a bad leader, they are absolving themselves and the US at large of complicity in Israel's many war crimes, end quote. That's exactly what the Democratic Party has been trying to do in recent weeks. A couple of weeks ago, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer drew the ire of the Israeli right wing with a speech on the Senate floor saying that Netanyahu has become a major obstacle to peace who has allowed his political survival to take precedence over the best interests of Israel, calling for new elections to oust the Prime Minister. In a recent article for Jewish Currents titled Chuck Schumer and the Democrats New Line on Netanyahu's war, Alex Cain picks apart the fallacious reasoning behind this trend, here's a quote. But despite Democrats' repeated suggestion that Netanyahu is the impetus for Israel's war, political analysts say that in reality the Prime Minister's actions are in step with Israel's political mainstream. Schumer is operating in this fantasy that if you get rid of Netanyahu, you might be able to get somebody else who's more moderate who could then save the relationship between the US and Israel under the pretense of support for progressive values and democracy, said Omar Badar, a Palestinian-American political analyst. But this narrative ignores how Israeli politicians almost across the board agree with Israel's conduct in Gaza, as do the majority of Israelis. Yair Lapid, the former Prime Minister and head of the Israeli opposition, supports the ongoing assault, as does war cabinet member Benny Gantz, Netanyahu's main political rival and the man who, according to polling, would become Prime Minister if Israel held elections today. Instead of constituting a substantive shift in US support for Israel, experts say, Democrats' emboldened critique of Netanyahu should be understood as an attempt to respond to growing voter frustration without changing policy, as the Biden administration remains unwilling to use US aid and arms exports to Israel as leverage to demand a change in behavior." Portuguese author and journalist Bruno Macaiz recently tweeted that one possible outcome of this is 200,000 Palestinians will be dead, Gaza will be destroyed, hundreds of thousands will be expelled, and everyone will blame Netanyahu and move on. Would it surprise you if this happened? Would it not be entirely in keeping with what we have been seeing from the US empire in recent years? Would it be very different from what happened after the US destroyed Iraq, blamed George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, and then moved on without anyone having been held responsible or any meaningful policy changes implemented? That's the entire goal here. The empire managers want nothing to change about Israel, nothing to change about Washington's relationship with Israel, nothing to change about US foreign policy or the US war machine in general, and for the mainstream public to be thrown some cognitive bone to chew on while the amnesia of the daily news cycle sets in. They want everyone to pin all the blame for the Gaza genocide on Netanyahu, but this is not all the fault of Netanyahu. It's the fault of the entire Israeli state. It's the fault of Joe Biden. It's the fault of the Democrats. It's the fault of all the Israel supporters on Capitol Hill. It's the fault of the Western press. It's the fault of the Israel lobby. It's the fault of the unelected empire managers in US government agencies. It's the fault of the entire US empire and all its imperial member states, like Australia, the UK, the EU, and Canada. Gaza is proof that the US empire cannot be permitted to exist any longer, and they're trying to get everyone to ignore this fact and blame the whole thing on one guy. Don't let them do this. Don't let them deceive you into losing sight of what they've done.


I'm Michael Gillette. I directed the library's oral history program during most of my 20 years on the staff. This case of presidential gifts includes both head of state gifts and presence from the American people. For centuries, kings and presidents have exchanged gifts during official state visits. These symbols of diplomacy and friendship often reflect a country's arts and heritage. American presidents have received everything from Persian rugs to giant pandas. The handsome candelabrum in the lower left of this case was a gift of President D. S. Ardaz of Mexico. President Johnson always had a special regard for our neighbor to the south. When the president of Mexico visited the White House in 1967, he brought his family with him. His adult children became friends of the Johnson daughters, and as Mrs. Johnson wrote in her White House diary, it was more than a state visit with the warmth of two families. On the upper right is a page from the Dr. Seuss book, The Lorax, one of the first children's books to express concern for the environment, a cause that was certainly dear to Mrs. Johnson's heart. President Johnson persuaded the famous author-illustrator, Theodore Geisel, otherwise known as Dr. Seuss, to donate the book's original drawings to the LBJ Library. This second case presents images and artifacts from the LBJ Ranch. Among the photographs is one of the president with his much-loved dog, Yuki. Lucy Johnson found Yuki abandoned at a gas station in Johnson City. He was an animal that compensated for his lack of pedigree with an abundance of personality. LBJ and Yuki would howl in unison as they're doing in this photograph. President Johnson was a great practical joker who loved gadgets. One of his favorite stunts was to give visitors to the ranch a ride in his little blue car. As they approached the Pertunalis River, he would pretend that the brakes had failed and the car would go sailing into the water. Only after it didn't sink did his panicked passengers realize that LBJ's little blue car was amphibious. To the left we see a page from the president's daily diary kept by his secretaries. This log recorded every meeting and telephone call that LBJ had each day. The diary is a valuable source for historians and it is now accessible on the library's website. Finally, this model of the LBJ Ranch brings back many wonderful memories of visits and events. Most of my 37 oral history interviews with Lady Bird Johnson took place in the yellow sitting room at the ranch. It is the room in front with the large bay window. Transcripts of these oral histories are available on the library's website. Since our interviews were often conducted on weekends, my wife and I would occasionally spend the night in one of the upstairs bedrooms at the ranch. Mrs. Johnson loved to walk, not only for the exercise but also to enjoy the beauty of the hill country and its wildflowers. We often took walks together after we finished an interview session. On one occasion, my tape recorder was still running when she turned her attention to the subject of an afternoon walk. Now, I'm getting into April and I wonder if if we're going to have a little walk we'd better be about it. The White House Years is just one of many new permanent exhibits that you'll see at the LBJ Library. We look forward to your visit.


Welcome everyone to our Wednesday weekly webinar and I have a few introductory remarks. My name is Julie Gardner Robinson. I'll be your moderator and our presenter will be Todd Weinman. And I'll introduce Todd a bit more in a couple minutes. So last week we were trying to do our Sauerkraut and Beyond Food Fermentation 101. That's a presentation by Clifford Hall and I. And unfortunately our system went down and we are going to reschedule it for next week. Same time, same place. So if you're interested in that topic, it's kind of an interesting one. There's a lot of interest in probiotics and so on. Please join us next week. We do archive all of these presentations and we have a huge amount of free information on our website. Both our field to fork website as well as our food and nutrition extension website. Following the Sauerkraut and Beyond, the following week will be Esther McGinnis, who is our assistant professor and horticulturist with plant sciences here on campus. And she's going to talk about growing microgreens in your home. So that should be a very interesting seminar as well. A few logistics, so it looks like you're pretty used to using the system, some of you. We have you in listening mode right now. You can go ahead, if you have questions along the way, you can type those questions in the chat pod. And I'll keep track of those in case Todd doesn't see those. I'm sure you'll welcome all your questions as we go. And if we miss any, we'll certainly answer those at the end or you can give Todd a call. Right, Todd? Again, we will have a short survey at the end of the webinar. These are really important. All of these programs and the materials we're developing are made possible through a special grant. And of course, I have to provide some feedback to the grant agency to show what we did with the funding that we received. So we really appreciate you taking about two minutes to answer that survey. And we also will have some gift card, or not a gift card, a drawing for something. I haven't decided what the prize is this time. But we will do some prize drawings for those of you who do take the time to do that survey. And you also can print a certificate that shows that you are here in case you're getting continuing education. So with that, I am happy to introduce Todd Weiman, a friend of mine as well as an extension agent in agriculture and natural resources horticulture. And he's going to be talking with us a little bit about the joy of bulb planting, garlic, and tulips. I'm excited. And here's what Todd looks like. And Todd, I'm going to hand over the mic to you. There's a face for radio right there. We'll get off this slide in case some of you have kids watching. If you look at this, what I have here is some elephant garlic, just under type of oil plant that we can grow. But I'm going to speak mainly on stiff-knit garlic here, and we'll get started. Allium set of them is the genus species name of garlic. Here I had grown on it and basically ripped it apart. And the picture does not really give it justice. These are just some different. These are all from the same bulb, the cloves. Just a few things, and you can go back to this. I'm assuming if you really want to. But as far as definitions, I've got this divided into two different talks, basically one on garlic and one on tulips. And for the garlic one, there'll be some definitions and such that you might know you might not know. You know, 100 weight, 100 pounds basically, and prices are marketing to your average for all methods for sale. These are things that you might want to basically keep in mind when you start listening to me here. The leading fresh market garden state is California. I probably should have had a prize for the person who could answer that, but I didn't think of that. I know that for the prize, for what Julie had in mind for this whole field of forks sessions, maybe she could come out and plant some garlic or tulips in your home, it's just a thought. But California is the largest producer of garlic, and they're just a leader in it. Everyone else is rather insignificant. How much compared to everyone else? As you can see, 22,700 acres planted, and the other states combined, 1,100. And then you might say, well, how come there wasn't enough?  The reason is sometimes things happen, crop failure, flooding, creatures running through it, destruction. The United States is a very large producer of garlic, and also as far as price per $171. And a lot of this, I find it to be quite fascinating just because you don't always think of garlic as a moneymaker. Some of the relatives of it, chives, onions, leeks, and shallots. I have grown all of these before. My favorite, however, is garlic, and it's just a good time. You plant it in the fall. One thing a lot of people have done is plant it in the spring. And in our climate here in North Dakota and in Minnesota, also in some of the other northern states, if you plant it, and you plant it not when it's in... For example, if you plant it in a different time than late fall here, what you'll get is a very large onion-like thing. It really isn't even very good. It's just like, what is this? It needs that cold period to basically come apart. Here's a nice publication from Gardening Table of Garlic. It goes through a number of different things as far as garlic, and for persons that are interested in that, it's just H1409 if you define it on the Internet. Like I said, we do stiff neck garlic in our state. Where do you get it? Contact your local nursery for a while. The only place we could order was out in the West Coast, Oregon, and Washington. It seemed to be pretty good places, but I really couldn't find it here in North Dakota. And I was slowly starting to come in. A lot of the nurseries are carrying a little bit of it. Some of your local food places are carrying it, too. And some people will say, well, I just planted the stuff I bought in the store. Many times, that's the silver neck garlic, and I'll tell you why that stiff neck is a little bit better in just a little bit here. What you want to do is break apart the bulb, and it goes into the cloves. And if you look, there's like a paper-like protective layer around that clove, and what you want is one that's not broken. And also, when you plant it, you want to plant the largest one or three or what have you out of that, and the rest you can eat or give away or what have you. But if you plant the largest one and the tunic is not broken, you have less chances of diseases, larger-type garlics than you would otherwise, and the insects have a hard time getting into there. How deep to plant? Four to six inches, and you're thinking, wow, that is just way too deep. It isn't.  What I like to do is where I plant the garlic, I actually throw snow on top of the four to six inches, and it does a lot better than without snow. One thing you want to mark the area. The very first time I planted garlic, I put a bunch of it out in the corner of the house and next spring I went out there and said, wow, why are all these broadleaf weeds coming up? It looks like they're in a row, and I started pulling them out, and then after I pulled out a couple of handfuls, I started to smell the garlic, and I remembered this is where I planted those. It was a tough lesson to learn, and it's somewhat embarrassing, but life goes on, I guess. We had talked about this while you plant in the fall. If you don't, you'll get just one onion-like type of a plant, and it's really not even of a decent size in most cases, so if you plant in the spring versus the fall, go with the fall. Usually around the 4th of July is when we harvest. Some people will say, well, is it exactly the 4th? Well, no, of course not, but what I do is I look at the outer leaves as your garlic is growing. It has leaves like a corn plant or like a grass type of a plant, and then the very outer leaves that were green start to turn brown, and they've grown up, then that's the time to dig them, and that's usually around July 4th, and so I always tell everybody about July 4th or so. You know, their get-or-take-a-week is a very good timeframe for that. Snape. On the top of the garlic, there's almost like a corkscrew or a pigtail type of a growth, and that's called a scape.  I know I have 5 to 25% here, but in most cases where I have removed it compared to ones that I haven't growing at the same time, the 25% is very common to get at least that much of a size difference. So if you want larger garlic, you remove the scapes. Now, for example, if you only have a few garlic plants and you would like to increase your number of garlic that you're growing and don't really care or mind having to wait a couple seasons or two or three seasons for it to actually get of any size, I would take those scapes when you harvest your plants and they're a little dry, the stalk will dry down, and I would plant them and what will happen is they'll grow but they'll be so small the first season and you'll be like, no, they're not harvesting that. And the following season it might be okay, and the third season will be actually quite a nice size and so that's where scapes come in handy. You can really increase your volume of your crop that way. And usually when I've had them, they're not always the same number but on the top of the garlic where the scape is growing, many times they'll be up to from 5 to 15 to just a small handful of maybe 30 or 40 from each plant and you can really increase your garlic that way. One important thing is if you do remove them, they're fantastically tasty and very hard to find, especially here, I've never found them for sale and they are a very tasty type of a treat. I would describe them as tasting like, well, if you had beans and you fried garlic with them, that's what it would taste like. It's very delicious. We talked about little bubbles on the top when you leave it on and go on from there. Digging is very important.  They look like they'll come out.  When they break, they get damaged. Hard to replant because the tunic is ripped and even the garlic sometimes rips in half or it gets dirt in there and it's just a mess. I use a potato fork. I've used a shovel before, but many times when I've used a shovel, I've actually sliced them in half or just chopped off chunks of them. So using a potato fork is always a way to access rate a little bit better. I would suggest that. If you can, use a potato fork and dig it out. What I do is I'll actually push down the potato fork maybe five or six inches away from where you're guessing it is, go down at least seven, eight inches, push it down in there, and then I will push down with one hand on the fork and I will hold the plant in the other and gently pry and pull it up at the same time. In most cases, it will come right out that way. Here's a picture of the scapes and they are quite a fantastic delicious type of thing and if you look at the price here, they're five dollars a bunch which would be a very good profit for almost a waste product unless you ate it yourself. Also when I dig, I brush the soil off and I don't wash them. The reason I don't wash them is everyone I've ever talked to about this and I've looked up with it is that when you wash it, they don't keep as long and so I just brush the soil off and if it's a little wet and sticky when I pull them out for some reason, I will just let them dry and then brush them off at a later date and they tend to keep quite well that way. Actovers are the best for my experience. I know some of the people that are growing them and selling them in stores now, little private stores, different types of niche markets and such, they will plant these all different times but they've always gone back to October. The reason being is that if you plant them too early, they just do not produce a decent crop. The crop will be very small, the yield will be small, it will be like you left two scapes on, just a very tiny, miserable little garlic but if you wait until October and it starts growing, that's great and sometimes they'll even poke their head out of the ground before the snow comes and that's perfectly fine and sometimes they'll pop right through the snow and it's nothing to be stressed about, just leave alone and they'll do just fine. Storage, I try not to have them touching but I do kind of bundle them together, I leave the whole plant together, the bulbs onto the stock until it completely drives down and I usually just stick them underneath a shelf in the garage somewhere in a dark place and they cure really nice that way and then when October comes around I'll go through and I'll break off the largest ones and replant those and the rest I'll just use myself for cooking and found it to be very successful that way and it's done quite well. If you look around the area, most people will grow the stiff neck, some people will grow the silver. The problem is that when you plant the silver neck, garlic, like the type you find in the grocery stores in most cases, instead of four to eight or ten, what have you, different cloves in there, you might have 25 to 30 very small, little, tiny cloves and it's just a miserable process to peel them and so I don't recommend it. However, the silver neck garlic, when you plant it, does braid very nicely.  The stiff neck garlic tends to break when you try to braid it and it's harder to braid. However, I'd rather have a crop that you didn't have to braid or a crop that's quite miserable to work with. Here's just a reference for this material, a lot of it for the reference for number one. I got that from the NASS reports, the USDA, quite a fascinating type of publication. I read a number of different crops, not just only garlic, but definitely if you have a chance, just type in NASS and then USDA and you'll find a number of different reports that you can use. Here's one, too. Here's some scapes that are growing and not as far along as that. This is the size I usually pick up, just another reference here. If you have questions of this, we maybe wait till the end, otherwise sometimes when I've broken it up we don't even get to the second talk so let's maybe focus on this next one here. Tulips. There are a number of different types of tulips and I have some pictures here that I'll go through. Some of my favorite are just the single early tulips. A lot of times people want the doubles and such, but I like the single earlys that just remind me of a real nice delicate flower that is just fantastic. A little story about tulips. I've always tried to find different ones and rare ones and such. I found some beautiful black tulips a few years back. They were just fantastic. They're about $6 a bulb. I planted them and as soon as I turned around I looked and squirrels came out of nowhere and dug them up in a matter of a few seconds and dragged them off the trees. So $24 just thrown away basically. So now what I do when I plant my tulips as I'm planting them I'll put a little bit of garlic powder and dried ground red pepper and they're easy to get. Sprink a little bit around there like dried blood or plant skin too but it tends to stink a little bit. But if you don't have some type of protection the rodents will get in there and you'll be very sorry. I like these. Sometimes you'll cross them to it. They'll get different types of things. There's one called Triumph Solvo. Very nice looking tulips. So if you have a certain color in mind or even sometimes some of the different bicolored ones you can usually find them. Sometimes you might have to pay a little bit more Here's some of the Darwin hybrids. Another cross, some late and early tulips. One thing about some of these is 24 inches tall. Not a bad size for these. When you're planting tulips and this is with any type of flower too what I've always encouraged people to remember is it's for yourself or if you're trying to press others or what have you keep that in mind when you're planting. So sometimes you have a property which we can add a little life to it. It's kind of boring. So you can use them to plant your flowers or tulips at beautification. If you're not sure, what I do is I plant all different types. So I always have a mix. Some people would never do that. They'd have more of a pattern to it. I just have a mix of several different types all growing in different spots. Sometimes they overcross. Or sometimes you just want a curb appeal. For example, if you have a home it would help with that. One thing that you want to remember it is a plant and they're not plastic. So a lot of times if you put them in a place where there's water coming out of your sump pump or what have you looks like one person lost audio. I was hoping not everybody did. Maybe the rest fell asleep. Anyways put it someplace where it won't be constantly wet. I've talked to people that have planted them and they, well, you have our sump pump holes running out there and well, they've pretty much made a muddy mess and drowned them. Or downspots by there. You can put them next to the downspout but right where the water comes out not a good idea. Any other type of low areas of your property is also kind of hard on them. They do need light. If you don't get 16 hours of actual light and some people say, well, we get partial sun that's really not good enough. They'll die out. They'll die out of their house where I plant them. I just have to replant them every year because they just don't get enough light and they actually die. One nice thing is that they will flower before most diseased trees will break bud so when you're planting them they do get some light at that time too but as the tree starts to get their leaves and such you kind of lose that light and so you might not have six to eight hours and that's kind of a guess but they do make six to eight hours of light. If not growing them as an annual location, if you look, there really isn't any sun here. These will have to be replanted every year. You've got some crocus and other things in there too but the tulips, just imagine that area without the tulips. It would be kind of a boring kind of while something should be done there but just those few colors really adds a lot to the area and it adds a lot. The biggest problem here, though, again, is that this is a shady area and these will all need to be replanted or something else planted there and here's one by a tree but this is also a location where it's very sunny and these look a little bit thicker as you can see. They come back every year and it's just a nice location so if you get a nice sunny location or they get good sun, they will do obviously a lot better and you don't always have to replant them or treat them like an annual. Like I said, you can grow them in shade and I do that too but you do have to replant them every year and you kind of disappoint it. I know that sometimes people will forget and say, well, my tulips all day, they must have been mice or rabbits or squirrels or what have you, hate them all but if you look, you dig down in there, you can't even, you know, the ball will be there but it'll be all rotten and the roots will be small and it'll be all dried up and what happens is it just didn't have enough food reserves in there. Here's a question I looked over here. Can you plant tulips and raise bed gardens? Yes and no. It's one of those questions where if your raised bed garden is like eight inches high and it's eight feet wide, of course you can, but if you have like a four foot high raised bed garden and it's a one foot by ten, they'll freeze. Sometimes people have put insulation in there sometimes like, for example, when you buy your, I think it's called pink. There's probably other types or two varieties of it where you put that on your house so they have insulation. They can work before if you bury the whole thing with snow or straw and then snow. A lot of times that might work too but as far as raised beds and gardens, if I were to do it, I'd put in the very middle of the raised bed. That's how I would do it. And if there's other questions, I didn't see those so we could come back to them if there were. And when you go into your place to buy them or your box or our nursery, these are just a few things that I found to be successful that I really suggest. I'm going to make sure they're hardy. There are some varieties that are just not hardy. There's some varieties that you can grow in pots indoors and such and they're just not really hardy enough to be outside. There's also, for example, I had a Peruvian tulips one time and they just can't handle the winters here and I left them out and they all died. I knew better but I thought, well, being a horticulturist, they'll just live because of me living in the home and they didn't. So they all died and it's just yeah, make sure that they're hardy for your zone. Try to get the largest bulbs. If you have a number of bulbs there to choose from and you're picking them out by hand, pick the largest ones, make sure the tunic is not damaged, no disease, no insects, no damage at all. They should not have a smell and should not have mold. Sometimes you'll buy these and the people working there will say, oh, that's how they all come. I would probably go somewhere else. If all their tulips are damaged or have a smell or a moldy, it's more likely a place you can buy them or you could order online. I prefer to buy locally if I can but if that's not an option, online.  So keep that in mind. Large bulbs tend to have larger flower blooms and stronger plants. To me it's kind of a common sense thing but if you're not thinking about it you can go that route. They're actually considered to be a true bulb. Sometimes we'll get into the flowering bulbs and they use bulbs and quotes here because they're not all bulbs but tulips are considered to be a true bulb so if you want to impress your friends say, well, tulips are a true bulb and they'll be very impressed. If you haven't ever seen one of these pictures, the one nice thing about the stems and the leaves is that they do store nutrients here also. Another thing is when you have your tulips try not to, when they're done flowering, try to let them stay green. The leaves green for as long as you can and what they'll do is keep growing and they will store and make food for the future bulbs that are going to be coming the following year and next flowers and so try to leave them stay there as long as you can. Here's just a very nice picture of a tulip bulb that's been cut in half. If you look on the left, you'll see that you can see that's the outer papery portion. The flower bud is in the center. Fleshy leaves on the outside, basil stem and roots. These are all very common. Nothing too earth-shattering about this but here's just a nice picture of what one looks like so you don't have to cut your own apart. When you purchase your tulips too always look at the bottom too. It's like, wow, these look fantastic but if it looks like something's took a bite out of the bottom of it or it's broken or chipped or cracked on the bottom, stick it right back. What will happen is it could grow and if it does it will just be a poor plant that just does not have much for growth and the flower might even not develop because it just doesn't have it to produce enough so make sure that it's a good healthy bottom or basil plate. One thing if you want to just be basically a landscaper in your own right for your own self plant in odd numbers. If you plant in even numbers, it just doesn't write. Planting in odd numbers though when you plant with flowers and such and tulips is not even, it's the same way. You plant so that numbers are odd so if you have, you just want a couple put in three, not two, or put in five, not six and that's the way to go and they'll look so much better. Also when you plant and for example let's say you have an area that you like to plant and you want people to visually see it and you have a triangular with a point toward viewing the area and so when you look at it, it kind of expands out and you'll see what I'm talking about here in just a little bit I believe I have a picture of that. Here's seven in a hole. This hole isn't quite, you know this is a picture where I'd say that the hole is not quite deep enough but you'll pay for that later if you don't get it deep enough. Here's what I was talking about as you can see because as you're walking toward the house from right to left you plant it in a V. It just gives it such a nice variation and just gives it kind of a movement or a flow even. Now if you come from the other direction it just kind of diminishes and goes into nothing but here it just gets bigger and bigger and bigger so that's one way to do it. Mid-September through right on up to the frost I know one year I bought my tulips and forgot to plant them because I was getting toward the end of October and what I did I went out there and it was snowing and there I was snowstorm planting tulips outside and it really makes your neighbors wonder if you're really playing with all your marbles but if you're planting out in the snowstorm you're planting tulips I would say hey you know what you're doing because not getting them in the soil needs no tulips next spring so get them in there. Or say well I saved them from last year and I want to plant them this spring many times they'll be rotten by then or they'll grow but they won't produce a flower so you've got to get them in in the fall. Call before you dig, each state has their own different call protection type of a line. You'd be amazed what's buried. For example here if you look they've got an electrical box and it looks like everything in their house comes in at this one spot. I would not be digging there for any reason but it looks like they are they're digging so if you don't call before you dig you can cut several different lines or even electrocute or blow up a gas line or cut some phone lines and I know in our states and I believe in other states too you can check it is a free call for homeowners so why not do it and be safe. If you're going to plant these which you want to do is prepare your soil so I would till the soil about 10 to 12 inches and then add organic matter and the easiest one to get is peat moss there's just tons of it here and all the people can buy it too easy to get. You can add other organic matter too you can use compost and manure you can use other types of things too but peat moss is the easiest one to get and then I would put that in the hole in the bottom and then I would add some soil and then I would plant it so that the tulips are about 6 inches from the top of that and also fertilizer you need to fertilizer your tulips and there are so many different types of fertilizer out there that I would say that what you do is go to your store and try to get just a basic simple one that is easy and comfortable applying you don't need different types either just get something that has three numbers and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and follow the directions on there and we talked about this 5 to 6 inches deep and then water your area and what I like to do is add the different types of rodent type of things to keep it away from there so I will get some garlic powder and dried ground red pepper and I will sprinkle that right over the top when I am done it's still like your cooking lasagna or something all day long or also I will put some for example maybe some plant skid or some dried blood from the nursery and I will add some of that to the area just to keep the rodents out of there my experience here is that if you don't you are just feeding the wildlife so one thing two you can add is like some mulch just a couple inches or so would be nice sometimes I do that sometimes I don't but if you don't you need to have snow cover here or else they will just die they just can't handle it so I would definitely put some mulch in the last couple of inches we haven't had really snow all year long in some areas and it's just been devastating on the plant so mulching them in is not a bad idea it also helps to turn the rodents as far as they have to dig through it they have to actually work to get their food here you can see they are coming through the ground right through the storming the little green there is actually some flowers popping through the tulips and that's not always the case but it's not impossible I'd say about half the time that's what they are doing they are just pushing their way right through there and the snow doesn't bother them at all they have to get that snow off I would definitely just leave it alone and they will come through really nice when your tulips are done and all the pebbles have fallen off and you are thinking wow this looks really quite bad I would go through with a little scissors or some type of clippers and I would clip those off and it will be an advantage to your plants because what will happen is the roots will now start to instead of pushing all the flower seeds through the plant they will actually start saving that for the bulbs for next year and you will have a much better plant the following year another thing too is fertilizing always follow the directions if you don't follow it there is such a thing as over fertilizing and people have killed plants by doing that too it is something really to consider because not following the directions on this is usually devastating if you go too much you can always add more but you can't always take it off it is kind of the rule I guess if you are successful and sometimes people are every three to four years is not a bad idea to dig these usually in the fall maybe September or so dig them out and just divide them out you might be surprised you might have a tremendous amount of bulbs underneath there and by doing that you can now spread them around or give them to friends or what have you and also what will happen is by replanting some in there and also moving around and fitting them out you actually produce a nicer plant for the following years to come in that area they are not overcrowding and becoming a weed for themselves it is just similar to garlic too except for the temperature thing you just brush them off you don't wash them and keep them in a cool dark place 65 or lower if you keep them any higher they tend to have some problems they might start growing they might just shrivel up garlic I've had that in the garage and it's been hot I'd say 80, 90 degrees and it didn't phase at all even some years when it's been cooler it didn't seem to bother at all but the tulips you want to keep cooler if there's any questions or if anybody wants Julie to plant garlic or tulips at their home we could all entertain those ideas right now unless you had something else that would be happy to come to your home and plant your tulips if you pay for your white it might be a possibility and you know one thing too of garlic it's a plant that people didn't realize they could grow here there is just such a small place very few people that kind of grew it and I always tell people well why not try it it's really cheap let's see here I'm trying garlic right now in town the nurseries I know Tochis has it here the nurseries are carrying it also garlic bulbs need to be planted before the frost sometimes if after a frost or if the ground is too hard you can't take a shovel into it I don't think you're going to be planting it like I said I planted it and the ground was not frozen yet but it was quite difficult to plant it that one day when and how long do you store tulips after dividing you'll need to plant them that fall so what I've done is for example now let's say I had a really thick clump right now in our area here in the state and in probably Minnesota too I would take and I would dig those up and probably all about a few days from now or even anytime now if the soil is dry I would just gently brush them off and the ones that say you had you popped out 10 of them I'd put maybe 5 back in the hole and space them out and add some fresh soil and such and then the other ones I would use for I would use and move them around to a different spot so I'd probably start planting those you know next week or so or in two weeks I mean but the ones that you dug out I would just fly them right back in the hole and the other ones that you're moving I'd probably pull them out and let them sit for a couple weeks we harvested garlic scapes this year and I used them in buttermilk thank you for making me hungry whoever sent Roland, thank you now that I'm hungry for that the scapes are really good the first time I saw them I didn't realize they were edible but what I do is I just cut them up and throw them in a stir fry and they're just fantastic but I've done it the other way too and I've left them and the little balls on the top are quite nice what are garlic chives my understanding and I might be mistaken on this but garlic chives are just the type of chives that has a garlic flavor if they were growing right next to your regular chives they might look slightly different but they're not going to really be all that different as far as looks I don't know if there's any other questions don't be shy, you can use someone else's name as your own if you don't want to ask that question but one thing when I first started planting garlic I didn't know what kind to get and so what I did I bought eight different kinds and I kept them separate and as time went on I always kept the biggest ones from all eight and then one year I decided you know what I like all eight, they're all different slightly different colors, slightly different intensity for flavors so what I did I just kept the largest ones and now they've all been mixed together and it really isn't that big of a deal to me I know that some people might like calarney or spanish rosa over the other one or what have you but to me if I'm growing it I just love it and so I really don't care I know I think out of the eight there's about maybe four varieties that I could pick out that are still easy to pick out like the spanish rosa and the calarney and music they're all pretty easy to pick out I had one variety left I'd be pretty happy with it so what I would do is try different varieties and go from there some people too will if you haven't experienced this you can try some of these other things too leeks and also different types of onions there's a number of different things to try planting it and failing is better than not planting it and just wondering if it would work different types of tulips what I do is I always go into the store and I always try to find the tallest ones I don't know why I just do that so I'll pick the tallest ones that are available and then I also after that then I'll go with colors it's been very rewarding there's nothing like coming home in the spring when everything's kind of brown and still kind of yellowish brown nothing really too exciting to look at you pull up to your house and round it really makes you feel good so I'd recommend it any other questions or I have Julie's cell phone number if you wanted to set up times for her to come and plant she usually likes to be called after 10 at night here's someone that talked about how to and you can all read that how to get the the tulips off the clothes that one thing a person could do is you know I don't have that so when I do it, my hands just reek of garlic for a while and it's nice that way you don't have to talk to people because you can smell that way and they stay away from it so either way it's fine but there are some very nice tools for doing that I've seen people that have had them and they'll just peel all the tunics off of garlic in a matter of a second or two so not to promote any stores but there's a number of different specialty stores that do carry things or even some of the regular stores too different things that will husk these or take those tunics right off of there garlic capital of the world I think that if Julie hasn't given away that door prize maybe everyone that's on here could get a plane ticket from her and go out to this garlic capital and check out that festival it's just another option versus her planting garlic for everyone I think I'd probably go out the garlic festival one so yes, I am paying that's right anyways, if anyone has any other questions great or if you don't and you want to ask me a different time you sure can I'll type in my email here if I can spell my last name it'll be better and this is Julie for coming today I hope you enjoyed it I am ready to go out and get some some televolts to try yeah and like I said you can even if you've learned just one thing from this the one thing that I really wished I had known was to protect those from rodents after you plant them we have so many rabbits and squirrels field mice in the area you definitely need to protect them or else even planting a tremendous amount I think they'll just eat everyone eventually so try to protect them one way or another if there aren't any questions right now please send them to me when you get a chance and thank you do you want me to put that YouTube video up in the chatter that would be great there's a YouTube video that we couldn't get to work on this but if you can get enough of me you can sure take a look at this it's a real simple, very easy YouTube that you'll just love it's just fantastic not just because I met it but it's very easy to understand and I've had a lot of people looking at it and a lot of good comments on it it's just right to the point easy way of planting and harvesting garlic so right there it would be and if you can't find that there's a lot of videos and they'll pop up too I've got other ones too but my garlic one is one that people really enjoy and we will archive this website in case I noticed some of you popped in late it will be archived on the Field to Fork website and next week two central time we'll be back with food fermentation 101 so thanks everybody for joining us and thank you Todd thank you it was a lot of fun and I can't wait for the next one to come up here