Ahead of state, an arbiter of justice, and a divine authority all in one, monarchs in medieval Europe were symbols of ultimate power. With great wealth and even greater responsibility, many ruled as warrior kings winning dramatic battlefield victories, except those who were felled in catastrophic defeats. Many more proved themselves worthy and just administrators, expiring after a long and successful reign. Others yet were found to be brutal tyrants, often meeting death at the end of a dagger. Yet, no matter how they chose to rule, they all met their end. To quote words once written by William Shakespeare, Within the hollow crown that rounds the mortal temples of a king keeps death his court. While many kings have come and gone, few are more venerated than King Henry V of England. You might know some of his achievements. The Battle of Agincourt may be the Treaty of Troy, but who was he really? What about his dark side, the side not captured by the heroic Shakespearean portrayal? What led to his tragic and untimely demise, a death which shook England to its core and set the stage for years of future conflict? Well viewer, join me as we honor the life of Henry V by demystifying his legend. Join me as we see how King Henry kept death his court. Join me as we sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of the death of Kingis. A man sat solemnly under a golden canopy and atop an ancient throne. He had been eager to feel the imprint of a bejeweled crown on his cropped chocolate hair, and now it was finally Henry's time. His frame was sleek, but he was not untested. His face was youthful, but it was not unscarred. An untempered fire raged beneath his deep blue eyes, one that captured the attention of his peers. He was here today because not long ago, and not far away, a king had died, another Henry. He let his mind slip away for a moment, hearkening back to that other Henry, his father. Henry IV, once called Henry balling broke, had usurped the throne from the tyrant Richard II. His grip on the crown was firm, but his grip on the realm was not. Soon enough, his problems became his son's problems. As early as his mid-teens, the younger Henry was on cleanup duty while his father struggled with his health. When Harry Hotspur rebelled, he was there. When the Welsh took their shot at independence, he was there. After years, some of these problems were still not solved. It wouldn't be that way for long. Henry's side. Not everything was so bad between him and his father, but perhaps slipping from this life had been the best thing he had ever done for the realm. His drifting thoughts were broken by the sound of approaching footsteps. Two bishops came towards him, one carrying an eagle-shaped ampoula. Finally, Henry thought, holy oil poured from the ampoula into a spoon. Muddering some Latin prayers, one bishop dipped his fingers into the oil and ran them across Henry's arms, chest, and head. Oil which had dawned the heads of dozens of kings passed. The most sacred ritual in this drawn-out process was complete. He was anointed. He had been chosen by God, and now he was gifted with guidance from the Holy Spirit. It was finally time to get his crown. Henry O Henry, the courageous lion. Now king of England, Wales, and all their domains. He set his agenda and the work went quickly, prosperity and unity for all his reign. He gave amnesty to the Welsh and the rubbles of the north, who despite their grievances did not complain. The bones of Richard II were honoured and entombed at Westminster, where to this day they remain. With England behind him, Henry turned his eyes to France, specifically Normandy, Anjou, and Mann. But there was danger, Henry's line was new to the throne, and some felt Edmund Mortimer had the better claim. Amidst his brothers, John, Humphrey, and Thomas, the king had spent the waking hours of the last several weeks preparing. Drawing up strategies, issuing orders of assembly and organising supplies, they were in for the adventure of a lifetime. The danger was perilous, they would be across the sea, away from home and in hostile territory, but the potential rewards made it all worthwhile. England and France had been at war on and off for the better part of the last century. Four generations of English kings had waged this war, but Henry made it his mission to be the last. After all, who is anyone to deny his claim to the French throne, a claim backed by centuries of cultural and historical zeitgeist? Your Highness, a guard interrupted. It's Edmund Mortimer. He claims he must see you at once. He says it can't wait. Henry rolled his eyes. What now? What could possibly be more important than an actual war? Well, I suppose we can spare a moment. Send him in. Lord Mortimer, I have been told you have something to say. My king, I have a confession to make. Mortimer, if this is something your priest can handle, I am going to be extremely unhappy. Collapsing to his knees as though he were weighted by a thousand pounds, Mortimer began to wail uncontrollably. Mercy, my lord's mercy, I swear to you, I didn't know. It came to you as soon as I learned I'm not involved with them, please mercy. The sudden outburst came at a shock to the brothers. They shifted uncomfortably, their eyes drifting back and forth from each other. I've been made aware of certain treasons against your Highness. Men have been plotting on your life. They approached, saying they wanted me to be king, asserting I have the better claim. Please, I'm not involved in this treachery. You must believe me. The king's eye began to twitch. Tell me, who is behind this? Which men approached you? Mortimer averted his eyes from the king's dreadful stare. There were, there were three of them. Sir Thomas Gray, Scrope, the Baron Scrope, and, and Richard, Earl of Cambridge. Bloody cousins, the king thought. You give up everything for family, only to receive a knife in the back. Rise, Mortimer. You did the right thing. I won't hold you to account for their sins. I only have one request. Fetch the local bailiff on your way out. I have an assignment for him. The three traitors were swiftly caught and hauled before the court. Their guilt was beyond a reasonable doubt. And let it be known that the three accused shall suffer the fate of all traitors of... Clemency. Please, Clemency. Richard of House York, Earl of Cambridge stumbled forward. We did it, okay? We did it. Guilty. Is that what you wanted to hear? It's clear we were horribly mistaken. My liege, I beg you. I beg you for forgiveness as your vassal and as your cousin. Please, Clemency. I have a young son who needs me. The king rose slowly, composed and ready to deliver his verdict. Gentlemen, let it be known I am not without a tender heart. Your plea is moving, cousin Richard, as is your, uh, inspiring dedication to family. You'll find a faithful friend in me yet. Your sentences are commuted. The three conspirators breathed a collective sigh of relief. But some punishment is in order, wouldn't you say? Instead of suffering death by hanging, drawing and quartering that would be customary, I think, hmm, beheading will suffice. Very gracious of me, I know, but no need to send your thanks. Oh, and executioner, when you've finished, send their heads back to their home courts on spikes. The room erupted into chaos as the three distraught men were dragged away. Their calamitous appeals echoed through the building, but their words were mumbled and distant to Henry. They had delayed him long enough. Now it was time to sail for France, a month, a month since they had landed in Normandy, a month of cannon shots tearing across the sky, a month of dysentery pillaging the English camps, a month that felt more like a decade. How could things have possibly gone so wrong? After a month, the town of Harfleur finally surrendered. Henry was at a loss for words. He had already lost countless men, not to battle, but to disease. The French had raised a large army and there was no telling when they would arrive. He was exhausted, everyone was exhausted, sick and tired of writhing around in this hellscape. There was only one decision for Henry to make. The city of Calais was under English control. It had walls, beds and food. The perfect place to recuperate for the winter. The army set out. They marched in the day. They camped in the night. They made it far, but not far enough. The French caught them near a place called Agincourt. Outnumbered two, maybe even three to one, Henry was about to face his greatest challenge yet. No one had slept. Everyone had been drenched by yesterday's downpour. Between two forests, the English longbowmen began to set up their defenses. Thick logs and sharpened stakes protecting them to their front. They knew if the French horsemen caught them in the open, they'd be ground to dust. In the center stood the valiant men at arms, ready to hold the line against any attack. The ground began to quiver, steadily growing to a tremble as the moments passed. The men felt the reverberations in their chests as the accompanying sound of galloping grew louder. Here they come, a sergeant shouted. Their lines bustled with frantic activity. Longbowmen were rushing into places quickly as they could, hands shaking as they knocked their arrows. Finally, the order came, draw, loose. Volley after volley, arrows were launched off the bows and hurled towards the charging French knights. Some clanged and snapped on their pristine armor, but the horses were not so lucky. The French steeds began crumbling into the ground with each shot, their riders tumbling into the mud in turn. Minutes passed, which seemed like hours. The living French horses scrambled away in fear, totally out of control. Growns and cries of suffocating men trapped beneath their horses emanated across the ghastly field. The French footmen followed this catastrophe. They trudged through the mud, constantly harried by arrows. By the time they reached the English lines, the ones who had not been shot were exhausted. There was nothing fair about this fight. Spears were thrusted, hammers and axes were heaved, armor was split, bones were crushed and flesh was brutally hacked away. It was too much to handle. Too tired to run, the French surrendered with the hopes of clemency, but Henry wanted to send a clear message. He ordered his new prisoners slaughtered in open view, almost to a man. Seeing the fates of their unlucky comrades, the French didn't dare attack again. The battle was over, and by manifesting the stuff of nightmares, Henry had earned perhaps the most decisive victory in nearly a century of warfare. King Henry arrived in Calais and later returned to England to the sound of jubilant applause. News of his victory had spread across the land. The country was hopeful for the future and poised to continue the fight. New war taxes were granted and King Henry was quick to drop his new invasion plan, but the nightmarish hellscape of Agincourt had deeper consequences. In an ironic twist of fate, many of those killed at Agincourt were not simply levied lowborns, but the crème de la crème of French nobility.  Drops of water fell from the wooden ceiling and splattered across the floor. It was unusual for such disarray in the courtly estates of Burgundy, but these were unusual times. Duke John had other matters on his mind. A terrible battle had seen many of his fellow French noblemen cut down, many of his fiercest enemies. In his life, he had earned the nickname John the Fearless, but it wasn't his bravery that led to him becoming one of the most powerful men in France, it was his machinations. He didn't quite know what to make of the situation, but did know it brought tempting opportunities. Sure, John had his shortcomings with the English, but they did good business. Their merchants were honest and his flummist subjects needed their wool trade. On the other hand, his greatest detractors were right here in France. This is the time to strike, he thought to himself. Paris is open for me to take control. This will be easy. Those full armeniax spent all that time trying to control the king, only to end up killed over in some miserable field. They should have killed me when they had the chance. Now their chickens are coming home to roost. It was time once again to set sights for Paris. His mind began to wander to the last few times he had been in the city. Nothing but mischief. For the last decade, the realm had been torn apart by his scheming. Murders, arrests, executions and riots had all come from the conniving fingertips of Duke John. The more he thought of his malfeasances, the more frustration began to well up in the Duke's mind and the justifications rolled in. Don't can blame me. The king is incapable, he needs guidance and the crown needs capable leadership. If it weren't for those armeniax, none of this would be necessary. I only needed the Duke stopped himself. He knew ruminating on past events would consume him. I only need to think to the future. Think of my rights, Paris. The kingdom of France was tearing itself apart. King Charles VI had been struck with madness from an early age. Now approaching his fifties, he was barely ever lucid. He periodically had violent outbursts, refused to bathe or change his clothes for months at a time and occasionally believed he was made of glass. Here's the problem. Medieval politics revolved around the monarch. There was no way a kingdom could sustain itself for long under these conditions. With such an unstable king, political instability was sure to follow and so it had. Duke John of Burgundy had tried to rule as regent but was always opposed by his cousins in Orléans and armeniax. Factious divides between the Burgundians and armeniax became entrenched as King Charles Madness worsened. Now after many of the armeniax had been slain at Agincourt, the fifth and only surviving son of Charles the Mad found himself the new Dauphin and new leader of the armeniax faction. On the run, surrounded by enemies. Dauphin, the last of our bannerettes have arrived from Paris. We're ready to march on your command. Dauphin, it's inconceivable, sir, that our kingdom should be invaded by another only for our own countrymen to evict us from the royal court. Simply inconceivable. They'll be brought to heel. It's only a matter of time. Spare me your platitudes. Have you not read the reports? The English King captures more of Normandy by the day. Instead of marching to face him, we've been chased out of the capital by a Burgundian mob. Do you not understand what a humiliation they've brought us? My, my apologies, my liege. No, I'm the one who should apologize. You've been a loyal soldier. Remind yourself, sir, things will not be so easy. As we speak, the Burgundians consider supporting Henry's claim to our throne. If John the Fearless continues to stand in our way, all will be lost. I see. Well, what can we do? You can start by fetching me something to write with. Something to write with? Yes, don't you see? John the Fearless is the key player here. We must not allow him to do anything rash. Unfortunately, to do so, we must make certain gestures to him. Make him feel at ease, so yes, I require something to write with. Of course, Dauphin. As the months passed, King Henry's new invasion continued to gain traction and John the Fearless continued to entertain his claim, but the Burgundian Duke had still not declared for him. As the Dauphin sent his letters pleading French unity, the good Duke John appeared a bit less intractable. Time passed, tempers had cooled, and meetings were set. Maybe there was a chance for reconciliation. The first leaves of autumn had begun to cover the ground as a cool September breeze scattered them across Montereau's cobbled streets. The sky seemed oddly pale. Its lingering presence made Duke John feel uneasy, or maybe it was his reasons for being here which made him uncomfortable. Who could know? This is it, my lord. We are here. This is the bridge. Yes. And it looks like the Dauphin is already here. John let out a nervous breath. Malige, please don't meet the Dauphin alone. Allow me to accompany you the entire way. I have a bad feeling about this. Tell me, what is it the people of the realm call me? John the Fearless? The Fearless, exactly. Remember that next time. Besides, it would be seen as a sign of disrespect for you to come. I've handled better men than this petulant child of a prince. Trust me to handle this too. As you wish. As his bold words tumbled out of his mouth, he was filled with the confidence he lacked a moment prior. Deep down, he knew this confidence was false. They crossed a hastily constructed barricade on the bridge and the royal entourage came into view. The Duke began to walk forward, leaving his retinue behind. His stomach began to twist into knots. Each step drained his confidence though a thousand needles had pierced his skin, emptying more of his blood by the second. Your Highness, thank you for gracing me with your presence today. I, uh, it delighted me to receive your communication since our last meeting. I'm hopeful our differences can be resolved. Right. Well, shall we begin our discussion? Something was wrong. John had made a mistake coming here. The anxiety was breaking him. Seeking any kind of reassurance, he fumbled his hand over the hilt of his sword. An Arminyak knight snapped. You dare reach for your repay in the presence of his royal highness, the Dauphin. Before the Duke could respond, another man leapt forward, ax in hand. John had walked into a trap, but there was no time to digest that realization. The axman had already struck him, leaving a deep gash on his face. The Duke stumbled back in pain, raising one hand instinctively to cover his face and the other to ward off his attackers. Whoa, stop! What are you doing? He pleaded, but it was futile. This was the signal for attack, and a dozen more men had rushed in to finish the job as the Dauphin looked onto his cruel makings with casual indifference. John the Fearless would not be getting out of this one. John the Fearless's machinations had finally come full circle. The good Duke of Burgundy found himself in a pickle. He arrived at the scene looking to settle his part. To the town of Montereau under its banners and sigil, he waited on the Dauphin for negotiations to start. But his Arminyak foes proved to be devious and fickle, and John the Fearless took a dagger to the heart.  And for the cheeky Prince Charles, so sneaky and clever, declared the Duke's scheming was over and done. Thinking their issues were settled forever, the Arminyaks left believing they'd won. With the Dauphin and his cadre failed to consider, is that violence begets violence, and there's always a son. French politics were profoundly shaken. The Dauphin may have thought he was defending the realm by ridding himself of John the Fearless, but he couldn't have been more wrong. Instead of unifying with the Burgundians, their conflict had reached a critical point. The new Duke of Burgundy, John the Fearless's son, a young man named Philip, declared his full support for King Henry VIII just weeks after coming to power. Together unstoppable, Henry marched his army to Paris and took custody of King Charles the Mad. Over the next weeks, Henry finalized his ultimate victory. With Philip by his side, a treaty was formed. Henry would marry the Mad King's daughter, Catherine de Valois, and be named heir and regent of France. The beleaguered French Queen, who was sick of it all, rubber stamped the treaty and sent them on their way. When the old and sick Charles the Mad died, Henry would become the new King of France. The disinherited Dauphin was back on the run, now more defeated than ever, but thousands of Frenchmen flocked to support his claim. The war was far from over. Henry however, was tired and weary. Years of war had taken their toll. He left his brothers in charge of the front to tour England with his newfound bride. Henry, you look troubled. What's wrong, my dear? The King gestured to a letter resting on the table. We received this missive this morning. As Catherine began to read the letter, Henry's dismay quickly made sense. Oh, Thomas, Henry, I'm so sorry. He was my little brother, barely out of his 20s. To think of him being slaughtered on the field of battle as I sat here enjoying the comforts of home, I can't bear it. Knowing where this was going, Catherine's heart sank. Please don't go back there. The war has been so heavy on you already. I must. I am a King, and it's a King's duty to lead men into battle. Henry. I cannot stay here as your brother continues to- Henry, listen to me, I'm with child. The King reeled in silence at a loss for words as though he'd been struck by a thousand arrows. I-I thought you'd be more excited. No. No, I am. It's-it's just so much to take in at once. Please don't go. Ah, I'm afraid I don't have a choice. You must understand this war must be fought, and no one else can do it. I promise I will return to your side. Our child will want for nothing. If you must. And so Henry V sailed for France, keen on avenging the death of his brother and ending the war once and for all. This time war wouldn't be so easy. They marched to the city of Moe and began a siege intent on starving the town into surrender. Summer turned to autumn, autumn to winter, and winter slogged on until finally spring had come. After the last dregs of snow had cleared, Moe surrendered, but the arduous siege would claim a final victim. King Henry's exhaustion had reached its peak. Years of war had taken their toll, and after leaving Moe behind, he felt worse than ever. He laid down to rest, but upon waking, his face was hot to the touch and he hardly had the energy to move. Physicians were called, but deep in his mind, he knew his fate had been sealed. This type of disease was common among the soldiery and had always had one outcome. Death. But death, master of all mankind, would not come quickly. The agonizing days turned to weeks, the weeks to months until finally, in August of 1422, at the age of 35, Henry was spared his torment. The kingdom of England greeted this unwelcome news with shock. Shocked most of all was Queen Catherine, who wept aside her now nine-month-old son, named after his father. The younger Henry would never know the elder, but he would intimately know the legacy he left. He inherited his father's riches, but also his problems, problems which were as great in magnitude as they were in number. A short time later, King Charles the Mad of France passed away, passing his crown to the young Henry, making him the ruler of two kingdoms. Only time would tell how he would manage them. He's sleeping, isn't he cute? It's ironic, in a way, that one of England's most venerated kings would suffer the same fate as many of his lowest-born subjects. It's ironic how the whimsical wheel of death punishes both the richest and poorest of men with equal capriciousness. But aren't these some of the greatest ironies in life? We must honor the dances we all do. Some may dance in elegant waltz, while others dance a fiery tango. We must appreciate the beauty and difference of each dance, but have respect for the inevitable conclusion. However you choose to move about the floor, eventually the music will end, and your dance will be over. As it was over for Henry V. As we remember the life of King Henry and honor him as a great man, let us not forget that thousands of lives ended on his orders and under his hand. He was brutal, relentlessly brutal, lacking an ounce of compassion in his entire body. And to what end were these lives lost? While his tireless pursuit of the war was certainly met with much success, at what cost did the success come? At the end of his life, the kingdom was financially exhausted. The memory of Agincourt had grown distant, and the enthusiasm to wage this expensive war began to falter. Suddenly Parliament was dragging their feet when it came to financing new military campaigns. This deeply indebted kingdom was tasked with controlling France, a much larger kingdom whose people did not want to be controlled. They were embroiled in further war as a result. Now in 1422, the person who inherited England's multitude of problems was a nine month old infant. Henry's death could not have been worse timed, but in terms of his legacy, perhaps his death could not have been better timed. Perhaps death, coming at such a young age, served to cement his legacy at its peak. Maybe we remember him as being great because he simply did not have enough time to fail. If you enjoyed the video, share it with a friend so they can enjoy it too. To support the channel, join my Patreon linked in the description where you can get access to exclusive content. And be sure to check out the Discord where we can interact. Take care, viewer.


Hey y'all, welcome to what Chelsea eats. Thank you so much for joining me today. I want to talk to you about video number two in the fasting and praying series. If you missed last week, I will put the video link down in the description box. It was will fasting and prayer help you to shrink fibroids naturally. I'll put it in the description box and up in the information bar above. But today I wanna talk to you about three of my favorite benefits of fasting and praying. And the first one is getting my focus off of my problems and on to God instead. So for example, when I am fasting, I need to focus on God in order to make it through the day because the type of fasting that I'm doing is I'm denying myself a food. And when I deny myself a food, I have to lean on God in order to make it through the day. So I'm not thinking about what my reproductive health situation is when I'm trying to make it without food. I'm asking God to help me through the day. So my focus is more on him and less about what my reproductive issue is at the moment. So number two, after the fast is over, one of the main benefits is that I've actually experienced some relief in my body. Fasting causes the toxins to move out of your body.  Like there are tons of benefits from fasting. And last but not least, the things that I have laid before the Lord that I want answers to, he gives wisdom and insight as to what I'm supposed to do with those things. So let me recap. Fasting gets the focus off of me and onto God. I will actually experience some relief after the fast. And lastly, I will gain some wisdom and insight for the things that I've laid before him. And one of the things that I like to do while fasting is read books on fasting so that it provides some type of motivation for me. And one of my favorite books is this book right here. It might be backwards in the frame but it's called Fast Your Way to Health. So not only is this talking about fasting and praying because it is, this book is about, it talks a ton about fasting and praying but it also talks about a healthy lifestyle. This is one of the books that I read when I first started fasting and praying early in, probably 2006, 2007, I started reading this book. But as you can see, I've got it's dog air and I got sticky notes. I've read this book several times over. As a matter of fact, when I did my 40 day fast I was actually reading this book. So when I wasn't praying, I went and I had extra time and I did because I was not eating all that food and preparing all that food. Although when I did my 40 day fast I did prepare dinner for my family. So that is something I would do but I wouldn't sit there while they were eating. I didn't have that much strength. So I probably could have done it. God probably would have provided that for me but when I had time other than the times that I was praying, this is the book that I read. And I'll put a link in the description box for this exact book because it doesn't, the cover doesn't look like this anymore. It's changed. I don't know if it's been updated or not but this is a really good book if you're looking for a book on not only spiritual fasting but physical fasting from a Christian perspective. And lastly, if you haven't already signed up please click the link below to sign up for the fasting and prayer challenge and you will be receiving an email soon with the instructions. I'm trying to pull it all together but it will happen soon. So thank you all so much for watching and I will talk to you all soon. Take care.


Anticancerapian drugs resistance is a complex process that arises from altering in the drug purposefully targets. The cancer cell cells resistance against the anti-cancer agents can be due to many factors such as the genetic differences, especially in tumoral somatic cells. The drug resistance can be occurred by different mechanisms, including multi-drug resistance. This article was authored by Bezod Mansuri, Ali Mohamedi, Sadaf Davudian, and others.


Hi, I'm Renee, I'm Sylvia, I'm Keon, and I'm Chris. We're from the WIRE Creative Design Team at the UCLA Library, and in this tutorial, we'll explore a relationship between our social identities and research. So, what comes to mind when you think of the research process? What does your research process look like? When the research process is being referred to or illustrated, the external aspects of research are usually highlighted. You might have imagined one of these aspects. Working in a lab, conducting an in-depth interview, or searching through a library database. While these are the more well-known parts of research, there are also the internal factors that influence where we search for information, how we evaluate the resources we find, and what information we produce ourselves. We often refer to these factors as our social identities, which can include our educational background, race and our ethnicity, our first language, gender, sexual orientation, geographic location, and more. These identities are given meaning and social influence by the societies we live in, and they affect how we interact with other people and how other people see us. Researchers refer to this interconnection between place, identities, self-understanding, and relations to people as positionality. Our positionality comes with experiences and perspectives that afford us unique insights that we bring into the research process. These experiences and perspectives also bias us in the research journey by influencing which resources we do or don't select, shaping our criteria for determining what counts as a good source, and affecting how we choose to present or articulate our own research. We often hear that research should be a neutral or objective process. The reality is that we can never achieve full neutrality or objectivity. We'll always carry these experiences and identities as well as the biases they come with, and this is okay. The goal is to be aware of how and where our biases are at play in our research so we can make sure we're not overlooking certain voices for our research or make assumptions about experiences that are not our own. Before moving on to strategies that help us remain mindful of our positionality in research, let's spend some time reflecting on the identities that make up our positionality.


So my beautiful people, I am back with another outering video and today I'm going to showcase to you guys how you can get the Traveller's Maiden Armor Set. Not the best unlocking, but it's not too bad if I'm honest with you. So it's definitely worth a video and it's relatively quite straightforward to pick up. Today I explain all. How's it going guys? My name's DPJ and if you do enjoy the video, leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more, be sure to subscribe. Okay so the Travelling Maiden Armor Set. One for those sages out there, a little bit of mixed stats here and there guys. Definitely one for the collection. So let's take a look at its stats and there we have it. The hood, the robe, the gloves and the boots. People if it's interesting to you, this is how you get it. So like I said it's relatively quite straightforward. So this armor set is located within the shack of the lofty, which is right around up here somewhere. Give me a second guys, right there. There it is. So if you have got grace points up here already if you've been to Castle Soul it's going to be quite straightforward to grab. If you haven't already guys you're going to have to make your way up here and I wouldn't rush to be honest. Any arm piece or an armor set I'd rush to grab. If you're still progressing through the game just wait, just bookmark the page, bookmark the video and come back at a later time. Because if you ain't up here guys, if you haven't got access to the mountain tops of the giants it's going to be a trek for you to get this because firstly guys you have to get access to the granary lift of Dectis. You need to grab two parts from a medallion, get access to this lift. Once you do you need to fight your way around here. You'll eventually come to a bus or a mini bus here on a horseback, kill him, take him out. You'll gain access to the ramp area. You need to make your way to a massive dragon here guys. Then climb up the dragon, you then have to fight Phantom Godfrey, take him out. A floor above him is the Alman King, you need to take him out. Once you do that you'll gain access to the forbidden lands and the granary lift of Rold. Upon doing this guys you gain access to this area which is where you need to come. Like I said come up to about here, come around to about here guys and you are good to grab this. Like I said no people. It is a bit of a trek for people who ain't already in this area but say if you are it's probably worth your time going and grabbing. And there we have it people that is how you get the Traveling Maiden Armour Set. And on that note the end of the video has arrived. If you enjoyed it leaving a like really helps out. If you like what you see and want to see more out of the ring be sure to subscribe and hopefully people I'll see you on that next one.


Alright, in this lecture third of module 3, we look at electrically charged monolayers and the Gouy theory for explaining the potential in such charged monolayer systems. That is also known in literature as diffuse double layer theory, but before we go into that, let us quickly recap the components of delta v due to a monolayer. The first point that we noted was the absolute potential for pure water v is in the range minus 0.5 to plus 0.4 volts and many researchers agreed on even narrow range of between minus 0.1 and minus 0.2 volts. We do not deal with absolute potentials anyway and as far as the influence of a monolayer is concerned, whether it is a spread or adsorbed monolayer on a clean water surface, the dipole moments would contribute in basically three categories. At this point maybe I should explain that the words have been chosen carefully here, spread or adsorbed. By spread monolayer, we would mean that we have a very thin film of the material in the form of monolayer in spread form. While as in calling it adsorbed, it would mean that there is an affinity for the interface by virtue of amphipelic nature of a compound hydrophobic hydrophilic combination and what it means is that spread may mean insoluble monolayer whereas adsorbed means soluble monolayer. There are components of these molecules which could actually dissolve but will prefer to be at the interface. The three dipole moments categories which will contribute to the overall dipole moment arise from first the reoriented water molecules. Water dipoles get reoriented in presence of a dipole which is anchored into the surface because of the adsorbed or spread monolayer and therefore mu 1 rising out of orientation of water molecules whose its existence to mu 2 which is the orienting dipole moment. In case of a long chain amine for example, it would be the cNH2 group which is anchored in water which would carry a dipole moment of mu 2 in turn giving rise to mu 1 from water. The third component of delta V comes from the upper limit of the monolayer that is the cNH at the top. This is for electrically neutral films so mu 1, mu 2 and mu 3 if they all contribute in perfectly vertical orientation to the overall dipole moment. We could use Helmholtz formula with n dipoles per centimeter square for the array of the monolayer molecules. Delta V would be summed up as 4 pi n mu 1 plus 4 pi n mu 2 plus 4 pi n mu 3. Water the head group anchored in water and the cNH dipole moment at the top. Since mu 1 cannot be measured but is direct result of mu 2, we may choose to combine it with mu 2 and mu 3 is practically constant because in most surface active molecules we have paraffinic chains. So, the dipole moment at the top end mu 3 is constant. So, we could add up all these 3 dipole moments mu 1, mu 2 and mu 3 into an overall dipole moment mu d and when we have this electrically neutral films only dipole moments contribute to delta V. Now, depending on the nature of the molecule or the head group whether it is symmetric or unsymmetrical we might expect to see effect of surface pressure. If the head group the dipolar head is unsymmetrical then upon compression of the film so that more surface molecules get crowded together we might actually cause a difference in the orientation and therefore that may be reflected in the measured or observed dipole moment mu d. For ethyl permeate the head group has a moment of 535 milli device whereas, the calculated or predicted value is 525 milli device that is provided the area available per molecule is greater than this number 72 angstrom square for ethyl permeate. This background will help you understand what might happen when we come to electrically charged monolayers that should be one simple extension of the physical idea behind calculation of delta V. So with the electrical charge now coming into picture we expect delta V to differ. We will take an example like for example this octa-dacil quaternary ammonium salt. If we take octa-dacil quaternary ammonium chloride for example in water then like we discussed earlier these ionogenic molecules should get dissociated upon dissolution in water. The octa-dacil ammonium cations will tend to adsorb that at the interface. The chloride ions on the other hand will remain dissolved in dissolved form in water and they may be distributed over a certain length away from the interface. Maybe we can have a quick look at the diagram or the figure here before we return to this discussion. So, let this line indicate the interface between either air and water or between a paraffin oil and water. The paraffin oil could be decaying and the octa-dacil quaternary ammonium chloride molecules when they are added to water they would dissociate to have this cation over here and the chloride in dissolved form. So when you dissolve lots of these molecules we will have number of these chloride groups in dissolved form but clustered around the interface. At this point you could think of some simple minded pictures of what might happen. If one way to take the oversimplified picture one may say that chloride ions are all exactly in one plane at a very short distance from the interface. That will mean your cations and anions are in very close proximity in two parallel planes. But more realistic picture could be that the cations are anchored and in place here at the interface but the chloride will float around. They will be close to the interface but not in a very tightly packed fashion. They would be rather present in a diffuse layer over certain distance here and one might actually go on to estimate the mean distance of the anions from the interface from the Debye Huckel length that we had seen earlier. So one may take that view as a better representation of reality. So what is the difference between the potential that you may measure now compared to for the electric, the one for electrically neutral monolayers. We should have the ordinary dipole moments contributing like earlier those would still be present but in addition we will have an electrostatic term. This would be coming from unequal distribution of ions around the adsorbed monolayer. So there should be a simple generalization of the potential for charge monolayer compared to an electrically neutral monolayer. Now strictly speaking this potential that we expect from the unequal distribution of charges by definition it should be the psi potential. However in light of what I also just described the anions are not probably going to be in a very tightly packed form in a single plane at a fixed distance from the interface. It is likely that they would rather be present in a diffuse layer and if it is a paraffin oil in contact with water there is always that potential possibility of the anions distributing to an extent. So strictly speaking it is a psi potential but we take a different view here. We say that by very nature it is a distribution potential psi potential but it arises directly from the presence of monolayer more in line of what Bohr had thought. So here is a situation which is somewhere in between the situations visualize as extremes by Butner and Bohr. We definitely have adsorption here. There is a adsorbed monolayer. However the anions associated with this adsorbed monolayer are to an extent unequally distributed. So they would contribute some cations also could be present inside water. So they would cause a psi potential. But since this psi potential is linked intimately to adsorbed monolayer will rather include it in delta v. So the discussion that we had so far of what components delta v will have from the electrically neutral films will have only an additional term which is corresponding to the electrostatic potential. And we will call that additional contribution psi 0 that will be in nature of distribution potential but is being clubbed into delta v. Now why this subscript 0? By subscript 0 we want to indicate that this electrostatic potential which is originally distribution potential but is being attributed to the interface. So that means it is an electrostatic potential in the interface relative to the aqueous phase at a 0 distance from it. We just shift the potential all to the interface now. So that means that our equations which contribute individually 4 pi n mu 1 from the water dipoles, 4 pi n mu 2 from the cations but from the dipole moment part of it and 4 pi n mu 3 the dipole corresponding to the top end will have on top of it this psi 0. So we see delta v is getting a contribution from distribution potential but it is referred to a 0 distance from the interface. And like earlier we could replace the first 3 terms by 4 pi n mu d and we could add psi 0 to this or one may say that entire thing on the right hand side could be expressed as 4 pi n mu overall. So now we are choosing to express the entire contribution on the right hand side in terms of another overall dipole moment like term. We already looked at this diagram. The mean depth of counter ions or the mean thickness of the diffuse ionic double layer is 1 by chi. We then address the question of how to obtain psi 0. Calculation of psi at the surface in such situation has been handled by go in his 1910 theory which was based on some basic assumptions. Still even if we have air the counter ions they may not be all present at a fixed distance and they may not all be tightly packed. They will be distributed. They will be in a diffuse layer and they would still cause a potential which would not be operating from a single depth. So that all can be clubbed into the contact potential. So this one we will see here as you look at the Goethe theory it will become clear. First assumption in the Goethe theory is that the charge surface is impenetrable. Second the charge is uniformly distributed at this value sigma per centimeter square. Third the counter ions behave as point charges. They are able to write approach the surface right up to the plane of charges. So it is not necessary chloride ions remain only away from interface. They can come right up to the surface. But these are assumptions. Let us look at the pictorial representation. We have air or oil here the cations anchored in the interface and by these dots we indicate the chloride ions. In the bulk of water there is zero potential ok. So strictly speaking if it is air then they cannot be any chloride ions over here right. But they could be they could be some of these cations not just at the interface but inside this right. So you may say as an extreme explanation that you have zero or minimal concentration in air and a certain miniscule concentration here. So we may still attribute the distribution nature to such potential although we know that this is practically the contact potential. In that case we are safer because if it is oil then there will be a greater degree of nature of distribution potential in this extreme it is closer to delta v. So we might be even more justified in writing whatever distribution nature attributable now to a single contribution in the contact manner right. So with this go solve the equations of Boltzmann for distribution of cations and anions in terms of a potential psi near the positive surface relative to the bulk of liquid. Maybe we should look at some of these equations. Like earlier Boltzmann equations will be given by S c plus equal to c into exponential minus epsilon psi by k t. Likewise for anions it is S c minus equal to c into exponential plus epsilon psi by k t. And by solving these equations in terms of potential psi near the positive surface go a proposed that the psi 0 will be approximated by this psi g which is given as 2 k t upon epsilon sin h inverse sigma by c i to the power 1 by 2 500 pi by d r t to the power half where c is the ionic concentration. This subscript S represents the surface sigma is the uniform charge per area c i is the total univalent electrolyte concentration that is in moles per liter epsilon is the electronic charge that is your absolute temperature. And d is the dielectric constant for water it is 80 at 20 degree centigrade decreases somewhat at 25 degree centigrade centigrade to 78 r is the usual mass constant. Now this equation which is the solution of the Boltzmann equations could be simplified as we see in the next slide. At 20 degree centigrade we find that psi g becomes 2 k t by epsilon or that reduces to 50.4 sin hyperbolic inverse 134 by a c i to the power 1 by 2 where psi g is expressed in millivolts and area available for each ionogenic long chain is this capital A expressed as angstrom square per charge group. N is the number of charge groups per centimeter square 1 centimeter is 10 to the power 8 angstroms. So, we could express A in terms of N as 10 to the power 16 divided by N provided all ionis ionizable groups are dissociated here. At 50 degree centigrade our original equation reduces to this equation 38 55.3 sin h inverse 139 by a c i to the power 1 by 2. Now there is one special case which arises at high potentials psi g which is 2 k t by epsilon into psi h inverse 139 by a c i to the power 1 by 2 reduces to a different functional form. This is when the potentials are greater than about 100 millivolts high meaning greater than 100 millivolts. I would like you to spend a few minutes and see how you would get this equation 39 from 38 under these conditions. This is more to stimulate the idea that you should be also thinking mathematically in certain parts over here. The important thing is we are moving from sin hyperbolic inverse to a ln function the logarithmic function and the condition given to you is the potentials are high greater than 100 millivolts. So, think about how possibly this could arise. Exactly expand the sin hyperbolic inverse and then use this condition the potential is large and you would be able to see that it can be now expressed as a logarithmic function. Those of you who are not able to see it I recommend that you refer to the handbooks of mathematics work it out for yourself jot down this result the equation 39 should follow from 38. This is not difficult if we accept that result then we could also say that from 39 dou psi g by dou log c will be equal to minus 2.303 kT by epsilon. This equation could be alternatively obtained from Stern equations or from thermodynamics and therefore is not as selective as the basic equation 35 that go ahead provided. How good is the validity of this equation? That may be the next question or how far can we identify this go potential psi g with psi 0? Monolayer strictly do not obey our equation 35 that is the first equation, but the objections that charges are discrete as you can see from here the cations and anions are discrete charges. So, one might think that the electrical lines of force are not parallel as presumed in the theory that could be one possible objection to Gois's theory, but that is not very important in the sense that these lines of force actually become parallel very close to the interface. Although the charges are discreetly distributed the electrical lines of force are nearly equidistant and parallel to each other. All are perpendicular to the surface at a very short distance below the surface or interface as visualized in the Gois theory. We could look at this sketch to understand what I am saying there. We have these ionic groups over here. These are the associated chains and arising from this set of cations the lines of force may be represented roughly as shown here. At a quite short distance these lines of force become nearly parallel and the hydrophobic chains of course are oriented upward in air. The positive charge groups, these ionic groups are immersed to a depth of about 3 angstroms. In any case direct measurement of size 0 and size g cannot be made unless of course we know mu d. We will see later that the problem related to measurement of mu d could be handled in a different manner especially when we look at the reactions in the surface, but presuming that mu 1 the dipolar contribution from water dipoles is unaffected by electrical field mu d should be constant at constant area. And in neutral films mu d should be practically independent of the ionic strength of the electrolyte and if size 0 and size g are equal then we can write delta v minus 2 kT by epsilon sinh inverse 134 by Aci to the power 1 by 2 equal to 4 pi n mu d. The right hand side would be a constant at a given value of A or n, n being the number of adsorbed ionogenic groups. And if we make a plot of the left hand side versus log C, extended data reveal that there is a near constancy at a level of 400, at level of 200 millivolts. So, if you make a plot experimental plot of this versus log C, we get a value about 200 millivolts. What is surprising is the equation actually seems to be giving correct value for size 0 even at very high ionic strengths. What do you expect at very high ionic strengths? You expect the mean thickness of this ionic double layer to be quite small. At high ionic strengths it can be as low as 2 angstroms and yet size g seems to be a good approximation to size 0 as revealed from experiments. What is striking about this is that this distance of 2 angstroms is less than even the radius of hydrated chloride ions. So, the justification that the electrical lines of force are nearly parallel at a very short distance from the interface leading to size 0 being well approximated by size g works out to be fine. The electrical potential of a film of C16 quaternary compound like hexadecil ammonium ions at water oil interface decreases from about 300 millivolts to 200 millivolts when the area per long chain ion is increased from about 100 to 400 square angstroms and the size 0 and size g calculated agree well for a constant mu d of 450 millidibis independent of area A. Same value is found at air water interface for various long chain quaternary ions and this is possibly a consequence of symmetry of the structure of the quaternary ammonium ions. Contrast this against the asymmetrical n groups like sulphate long chain sulphates we do not find such constancy. We may also remember that the application of our equation 41 is restricted to a given orientation that is we are not altering the orientation of the adsorb molecules as a result of compression. For very large areas per group charge group each charge will act as a separate entity on its own counter ion and the Debye Huckel length could be calculated from this expression 1 by chi is 3 by C i to the power 1 by 2. We can look at some numbers arising out of this. For dilute solutions it will mean a significant ionic separation. If you take a sodium chloride solution 10th of a milli normal or 110,000th of a normal NaCl the Debye Huckel length is about 300 angstroms. If the concentration of NaCl is increased to about 2 normal then that shrinks to just about 2.1 angstroms. So, we should be able to estimate Debye Huckel length from an expression of this kind. One last point I want to make today is the effect of applied potential on the property that we have been dealing with again and again that is surface tension. The equation which allows you to account for variation of surface tension because of applied potential is as simple as this dou gamma by dou E is equal to minus sigma. E is the applied potential and the decrease in the surface tension with a unit increase in the electrical potential applied is simply equal to negative of the charge density. So, this will help you understand probably the behavior of interfaces or surfaces when an electrical potential is applied. This might also help you understand what might be happening in that extent where we visualized an interface between mercury and water and saw that upon application of electrical field we might be able to get spontaneous emulsification, one phase getting dispersed in another. That is not unexpected because when you apply this electrical potential according to this equation the surface tension is going to diminish. When you decrease it to a value momentary less than 0 we will have the opposite of the contraction. Now, the interface will continue to expand leading to buckling of the interface. So, the spontaneous emulsification becomes better understandable in terms of Liebman equation. All right, we will stop here for today and resume with the monolayers next time.


what's going on, how are you guys today? I'm gonna give you a quick look around my fridge and pantry to give you guys an idea of every single thing I'm consuming. And this helps when you're sourcing ingredients, getting everything high quality, as well as eliminating things that could be causing problems in your diet. If you're only eating 10, 15, 20 foods, what could really be the culprit? And it's really broken down into protein, fats and carbohydrates pretty simply. But let me show you guys. So in my fridge for the past week, I've been cutting steaks off of a rib-eye roll.   But I take a rib-eye roll from Frank E. Srinage Meat, cut the steaks off over the course of a week, and then I'll go down and grab another one whenever I need it just to minimize space in the fridge. Because none of this is really mine besides the cauliflower, which I will have on occasion with some of my meals. Onto the rest of the kitchen. You guys have seen me show you these cookies many, many times. We have a recipe, Hitomi's Vegan Cookies. You can search for that on my channel. Recently, this past week, I've been making some garlic bread. When I made those croutons for the Caesar salad, I really, really liked them. So I bought more bread. And what I'll do is I'll take some garlic infused oil, just saute garlic and garlic powder for like five minutes and then let it infuse overnight. I put the oil back in the jar. So I'll drizzle this garlic oil on the bread, little more garlic powder, a little bit of salt, done that in the oven for a little bit. I don't have that with pasta. I have a nice chubby Italian boy meal. But while we're over here, we have the lemons that we're putting in the water kefir. I have some of the organic garlic that I used for that garlic oil. And this is all of the second ferment water kefir that I have right now. So I'll take water kefir out of the first ferment, put more sugar in it, and then it'll sit in these bottles. And it's highly, highly carbonated. It'll actually kind of start exploding after two or three days, which is a good sign. It means things are working. And if I don't have this in my diet, guys, my gut health really goes down the tube. I'm still kind of recovering from the liver issue. So water kefir, incredibly important component. Frankie Syringe Foods, we have the water kefir grains. And if you guys really, really want to, I can sell you water kefir like this. I'm not really sure what I'd have to charge for a bottle this size. I mean, just the filtered water costs $2, another few dollars to make it. And then that doesn't even include the shipping cost. So I'm thinking at least $15 for each of these bottles. Let me know if you guys would be willing to pay that. But in this is the water kefir grains, sugar, molasses, and then some lemons to keep the acidity correct and add a little bit of flavor. Next to that garlic oil we have just the regular oil I used to cook, the molasses and sugar I just mentioned for the kefir. And I also use the sugar for the cookies. I just have some salt back there. That's my sourdough fermentation. I have to really make you guys the burger buns this week. And then there we have just some mastic gum and some digestive enzyme powder that I will have with every meal. We did a video on H. pylori last week. We did a video on my secret enzyme formula. And we'll also show you guys this again next week when I do my day of eating. So I ran out of the pasta that I like eating, but I still have some a little more affordable. This is the organic spaghetti from Whole Foods which is still made with durian wheat semolina and it tastes pretty good. And this is I think $1.50 or $2 compared to the $5 or $6 one I buy which I enjoy the flavor of a little more but this still gets the job done. So with the ribeye, the garlic bread and spaghetti and you guys saw what I did with this with the ground beef. But what I'm doing now is boil this in salt. Then I just toss it in a bowl with some garlic oil and some more salt. And then we have some nice garlic pasta combined with the garlic bread. We have a nice chubby Italian boy meal. And I'll show that to you guys next week. As many of you know, I'm kind of changing my meals around on like a few monthly basis depending on what I crave, what I want, what I enjoy. You know, we were doing a lot of rice, steak and cauliflower. Now I'm doing steak, pasta, garlic bread. Who knows if I'll go back to my venison stew next month. We'll see. So I don't have a crazy amount going on in this pantry. It's mainly the cooking ingredients. So at the top here, you guys can see just the organic flour I have way too much of. This box is from Pasha. It's just white chocolate chips. And honestly, these don't taste too good, but it's really the only white chocolate chip on the market that's organic. And the regular chocolate chips, which I have down here kind of keep me up sometimes. Just a little more oil. The rice that I prefer to have, just organic white basmati rice. And then here we just have some sugar and molasses back up. And there is some coconut milk that we have in the cookies. And here I have some water that I've been using for the water kefir. You guys said that Starkey has arsenic in it, but a lot of times those mom vlogs, that post information like that, don't have credible sources. And they're usually just trying to deter people. That being said, I am going back to using Mountain Valley. I'm actually out of water. I have to run to Whole Foods and buy some more. And I'm also looking to find like a wholesale supplier. So I don't have to keep spending way too much money on glass bottled water from a retailer. But basically I have some cheaper water that's still bottled that I'll use to like rinse my mouth. I'll use it to wipe my face. Like that's what I'm using the Starkey stuff for. And then I'll drink the Mountain Valley. And then with the Garrel Steiner, I'll put one or two bottles in the water kefir. I try not to use too much of the Garrel Steiner because the calcium content's really high. And I do start getting insomnia, but keeping one or two bottles in there does seem to help a lot. I mean, that's really it. That's all I've been eating. Just steak, pasta, bread, the cookies on occasion keeping it simple. My stomach's been doing pretty well and I'm feeling pretty good. So I'll definitely show you guys the updated meal next week. But just let me know if you guys have any questions. I don't see this changing too much. You know, the theme of lean meat, predominantly carbohydrates and then some coconut as fat. So thanks for joining me today guys. If you could please drop a like on the video, leave a comment down below, subscribe so that YouTube can unsubscribe you next week. And be sure to check that notification bell so they don't notify you of my videos. Therefore, you can go to frank-to-found.com, check out all my businesses, and you guys can support me. Thanks again. I'll see you guys tomorrow.