Good morning, hi. I'm David Millman. I'm from New York University. I think this microphone doesn't work. I will just talk louder. Can you hear now? Sorry. There's something making others an error thing in the middle. So hi, I'm David Millman. I'm here with Rick Gilmore and Dylan Simon to talk about the DataBerry project. DataBerry is a digital library for sharing video. Our current focus is in the behavioral sciences and our current focus is on a national scale size library. We've had inquiries from other disciplines and we've had inquiries from international colleagues because a lot of the infrastructure for doing this kind of data sharing applies in other settings and you'll see that a lot of the infrastructure for the policy and process also applies in other settings. So we're not sure where this might lead us. So I'm going to talk for a minute or two just to give you a broad outline and then I'm going to turn it over to Rick to talk about how we're implementing the data sharing process and the protocol and then Dylan will walk us through the data model which is pretty flexible and it'll show you how we're organizing a collection that varies really widely. We are not quite open for business yet so just a word on our status. We plan to have the first release available in February so we're almost open for business a couple of months and we have a number of contributors who are already lined up and ready to deposit materials so we're almost launched. We're small. There are only a few of us on the team so far but I want to recognize a couple of people. First the principal investigator of the project is Karen Adolf, professor of psychology at NYU and I'd also like to recognize Lisa Steiger, the project coordinator. Karen can't be with us today but Lisa is here. Can you wave high and Lisa will probably bail us out within the next 30 or 40 minutes. So these are the high level goals of the project and today we're going to focus especially on the first one the repository building and also the fourth one about the policies that enable data sharing. That's a fair bit of material and we want to leave time for questions so we'll see where we are when we get through those and then maybe we can backtrack and talk about the other stuff too. We're showing you all of these goals because these were actually the outline of our funding proposals so we're funded by the National Science Foundation and also by NIH. The oldest of those is the NSF award and that's a little more than a year old, about 14 months something like that. So what our intentions are are not going to be surprising to you all but I want to emphasize that just a couple of points about it. We're about sharing and not just about compliance so there are a lot of these kind of repositories where if you deposit there you're compliant with the NIH guidelines and then you can move along but those repositories don't necessarily encourage or find themselves easily shared and we're all about that so we're thinking about the use cases what kinds of things people would be able to do with our collections and we really want people to use it. The other thing I want to emphasize about these use cases is a lot of them come back to haunt us as consent agreements, policy, and release kinds of language because these are all or most of this is about what kind of things you can do with it and therefore about what kinds of permissions we're going to need to get from people to be able to do that. There's a bunch of these kind of trade-offs. Every time we enable something new we find that there are implicit challenges that are implied by doing something new so just a couple of them. One thing that's really neat about these collections is that the data is video and it's people participating in experiments and so you don't have to do anything with the data to use it in another domain which is just common sense but that's not the case in a lot of other research data sets so for instance if your research is collecting video for motion studies then somebody who's doing language research can use that same video immediately without doing anything to it they're just interested in a different aspect of it you don't have to recode anything you don't have to touch it at all. The flip side of that is that this data is pretty identifiable too for the same reason. It's video so it's very hard to de-identify or anonymize anything. It's pictures of people and so you can tell who they are. Another challenge and opportunity at the same time is that it's the structure of data varies really widely because researchers in this field and researchers in most fields have really different ways of organizing their material and it sort of depends on the purpose of their original research. That's immediately in contrast to trying to create a consistent metadata schema so that people who want to consume material can find it easily so we find ourselves walking that line all the time too. Another double-edged sword is that we've tried to encourage open data sharing but how open can it be when we have all of these privacy issues around it and so Rick is going to talk in much more depth about what we need to put in place so that we can encourage the appropriate level of sharing. We're getting into different kinds of territories with our institutional review boards for instance and in a sponsored programs offices and in a way that they're not used to doing business with us whereas the project otherwise relies on infrastructure in ways that are probably more familiar. It uses a lot of central IT. It uses a lot of the library for things like metadata management and preservation but it also is in touch with the IRB with the sponsored projects office and with University Council to a much greater extent than this kind of project would normally do so I'm just going to stop there and you'll Rick and Dylan will give you much more depth on the rest of it so Rick's going to talk about how we're enabling the sharing through policies and permissions. While we're in transition are there any preliminary questions that came up through David's section? No? All right so what we're our task is to create a set of relationships that allow Databrary to share identifiable data in a way that preserves the promises given to research participants protect their privacy. So that seems like a pretty tough nut to crack and it was one of the nuts that we knew we were going to have to crack for this to work. So before I tell you how we have how we think that's going to work let me tell you how or refresh your memory about how research with human participants now proceeds in a typical context. So in a typical context there are relationships between an investigator and an institution right that are bound together by an IRB protocol and ethics certification. So all researchers who conduct human participants research have to demonstrate ethics training that training is supervised or provided by an ethics board or an institutional review board and then when an investigator chooses to conduct research which has a specific definition an application is made to an institutional review board and approval sought. There are situations where approval is waived or different levels of approval but there are formal relationships that bind an institution and investigator together in order to make sure that research is carried out in a way that is ethical and does not harm human participants. Of course the other side of this equation are the people who are participating in a variety of research studies and the fundamental notion there is one of informed consent. So how many of you have participated in a research study that involves informed consent procedures? Okay several many people have not all have in our case many of our cases in my laboratory and in Karen's laboratory other laboratories what's involved is actually bringing children in my case in Karen's case babies and their parents or caregivers into the laboratory and in that situation parents or guardians give consent for their minor children. So that informed consent the notion of informed participation in research comes along with it a promise of confidentiality so I promise to research participants that I will not reveal their identities and even if their research study involves nothing harmful at all. So that those important promises are part of what we have to find a way to maintain as we move forward with data sharing and you might think well that seems to be antithetical to the notion of sharing so but in fact we think it's not. So here comes data worry we're the new kids on the block how do we change the situation and again our our insight was rather than to reinvent wheel a wheel of any sort but was rather to build upon the existing infrastructure and strengthen it. So our innovations our our notion is to ask participants who are engaged in research whether they give permission for their session that's been recorded to be shared. Very simple extension of the notion of informed consent and many of our colleagues in our field actually ask research participants now whether the recorded session can be shared in educational scientific context with others for illustrative purposes. So there's already a foundation and framework a framework for that that exists. Then we couple that with an institutional agreement or an investigator agreement excuse me between the institution and the investigator and data brain I'll have more to say about that. That enables that research protocols information to be shared with data brain. So when a new investigator arrives and wants access to data brain resources all that new investigator will need to demonstrate is that they also have ethics certification that they're with an institution that is supervising their activities they have to promise to treat the data ethically to maintain a confidentiality of the research participants and sign an agreement that binds them to data burry in that way. And this is for are we envision this in the context of a situation where one of the use cases say that David suggested say that that a hot new study comes across your email yesterday about babies understand social relationships in a way that they that we didn't think they did before and you'd like to see the result yourself. So if perhaps the finding was published in an outlet that allows supplemental material but supplemental materials are often limited what if the full data set the full videos and coded videos were actually available on data burry as an investigator I could go on and look at the videos and decide for myself whether I believe the finding or not. Perhaps I could even look at the methods and evaluate them critically that's not really research right it's sort of it's what many institution review boards think of as pre-research or it's scientific activity nonetheless must be carried out in an ethical way that respects the privacy of participants but it's not exactly research and therefore may not require a formal research protocol and our belief is that many use cases for data burry will not involve research they'll involve pre-research activities scientific activities that that may not require institutional review board approval now of course IRBs were designed to be the local review of research activities in the diverse set of communities in in our country and so IRB standards vary somewhat so what NYU allows Karen Dillon Lisa and David to do may be different from what Penn State would permit me to do but we think that that for in many situations access to the to data brace sensitive resources can be limited to those individuals who have this sort of ethics certification and not require be certification however when the activity that the investigator wants chooses to do involves research the next step would be to seek approval from an IRB and that would be the arrangement and the relationship between the investigator and data burry would already be established so just a review for you again our our innovations or insights here were and perhaps insight is too strong because what we're essentially doing is building upon the existing infrastructure is to seek permission to share from people who are depicted in recordings which extends the idea of informed consent and restrict access to recordings that have for which those individuals depicted have given permission that includes authorized researchers who have ethics training and researchers who agree to maintain privacy now there will be we will say shortly there will be aspects of the database that will be open to the public but that that requires its own range of sharing so how do we enable this process well the first the first mechanism is to create template language that other investigators can adopt add to their existing research schemes that embodies these principles and so we've created template documents and they're on our our website and also we have a github repository which I will give the url for here shortly the template and we won't go through it line by line but essentially it points out to the research participants that that permission to share is not the same as participating research and that was important for for our research community who was concerned that asking participants to do one more thing might in fact be the straw that broke the camel's back and make them refuse to participate talk about data privacy concerns who has access how long our goal is to store the information indefinitely and that actually poses a challenge for some researchers in the sense that even for example my own protocol that I have modified recently has a data destruction clause I've promised to destroy recordings after five years beyond the project deadline and many IRBs encourage people to destroy data which of course is antithetical to to the goals of this project that there's no compensation there are special provisions for having a scent from minors and describing different levels of sharing so here are the levels of sharing that we're asking people to agree to the first would be none right so no sharing has to go forward and though that permission that particular level of permission as with all of them has to be then maintained with those records throughout the lifetime of the information shared but again our the shared data would be shared only with authorized researchers who've met those ethics and other criteria these are individuals known to data brewery their identities are known there's you know anonymous identities within the system so it's not youtube or reddit or tumblr there's another level of sharing which is excerptable what that means is that individuals can get permission to share videos and they may also get permission for sections of those videos what we're calling excerpts to be created and shown by authorized researchers to the public so this would be allow in the right circumstance for the use case that I mentioned before perhaps a video that that illustrates a given finding might be associated with a the public the publication of a particular paper and so forth or may not be so may not be particularly notable but one that illustrates that the range of findings and then finally there's an open level of sharing which would be a sharing with the public that we at least contemplate as being something we will support although we we're not certain how how far that will go all right we need to record those levels of permission accurately right now this is a heavily paper based system in laboratories so there are paper consent forums there are paper video release forms and so forth so we've spent a lot of time developing a template form that records very clearly what those permissions are on paper and that includes and this is different from a research study it includes anyone depicted in a recording and that's important because some of our colleagues record in natural settings home settings where the focus might be the infant or child but in fact other individuals are depicted incidentally and their permission must be sought as well and in order to share we need to essentially follow the lowest common denominator if if any one of those those individuals depicted says no we have to follow that that that choice explicit yes no boxes and differences for minors and adults are part of our system we have to get this right getting permissions right is fundamental to the enterprise and so we're in the process of planning and we'll be moving very quickly to a system that electronically records permissions that's specifically linked to session of participant level metadata and we think this is critical for avoiding data entry errors and some of these cautions have come from our initial efforts to curate some data sets at NYU we realized how easy it is for permission to be to be recorded inaccurately now of course our default will be none but we need to we need to get this right and so we think that an electronic system is on the on the roadmap to to doing so possibly through some sort of spreadsheet template possibly something slightly more sophisticated as a web-based permission system this is a small part of what we're what we think is going to become an increasingly important aspect of the project and that is a system or set of systems for laboratory data management that and the self-curation of scientific data that will make it possible and easier for researchers to share the more we go the more we build on the library the more we realize how important it's going to be to have those scientific products organized from the very beginning in a way that would enable them to be shared so we think that this system is better and I want to say why we think it's a little it's better we think it's better than the existing video releases because the language about the level of risk is clear and unambiguous we make it clear that the consent to participate in research is different from the permission to share data sometimes those are commingled and others in other contexts we think it's easier for participants we think that we that we communicate a more realistic conceptualization of risk and that we standardize this across contributors via templates and I should say the realistic conceptualization of risk stems from our realization that many individuals these days in scientific or educational settings carry with them a digital video recording device how many of you have a video capable phone or twice in your pockets right most of you do so in fact if I were showing private information here in this talk and you you could just hold up your phone and you could record this session and that information is already in the public and the same thing is true in any class where I teach or the scientific meetings once it's been shown in a outside of a laboratory setting it's in the public and any guarantees otherwise are very difficult if not impossible to maintain so that's why we made that simple distinction no sharing sharing sharing plus excerpts that toss it conveys the the risk in a in a clear way and at the same time we have confidence based on our our experience with video release forms that many participants will agree to sharing plus excerpts so that we're not we're not talking about a small fraction certainly not a hundred percent but a significant number so in order for this to work we have to build a user community that means that our colleagues need to become authorized investigators we need they need to we need to design a registration process we have an investigator agreement that I will be talking about just here shortly which covers data contributions these non-research and research uses and we're also have been encouraged to work closely with our institutions as David mentioned to get institutional sign off on this process so that so that sponsored projects offices at Penn State the legal office is reviewing it as is the risk management office we want to cover all of our bases to make sure that investigators who might be participating in data brewery are known to their institutions and that there's a level of mutual trust so with respect to this investigator agreement where research conduct is concerned what we've essentially done on the other side is create a document an institutional agreement we're now calling it a data use contribution agreement that essentially describes who does what at different stages and for different levels of use so whether it's access to data what the responsibilities of the investigator are which applying for training what the institution's responsibilities are what data breweries responsibilities are and what these components are I just sort of point out that data breweries main contribution is to maintain the sharing permissions that have been provided to us by the investigators we're browsing your viewing data is concerned everyone has to maintain our privacy of the data data brewery and the institution with a debris will be keeping information about data who's accessing what kinds of data we may share those with institutions and importantly based upon advice from some of our advisors who have been pioneers in data archiving we've been encouraged to ask institutions to take responsibility in the event that their ethics breaches so our institutions will be a promising to treat violations of data very policies as research ethics violations at their home institution and take that responsibility on so sometimes informally among the group we talk about extending a web of trust which exist which currently exists between an investigator and research participants and we're extending that web or that network to include data brewery and an associated set of investigators who have agree to certain ethical principles and agree to abide by them with the permission of their institutions so this project is an open source project from the very from the get go it has been since before we even got the grants for data brewery our our video coding tool which we will not mention is free and open source and you can find it here but all of our policy documents are available at data brewery on the github site and also on our website we welcome your thoughts or contributions or suggestions that's how this thing builds and that includes not only the two documents that I talked about but term definitions our philosophy about data sharing and investigator rights and so forth and best practices so now I'm going to turn the presentation over to Dylan who will talk about the data model for the kinds of diverse data sets we expect to be curating so before I start I just want to say that in building a data model for data brewery we really wanted to start with a very simple lightweight model that would be enough to represent the kinds of data that researchers have and also to allow discovery and so obviously a big part of this website will be finding allowing researchers to find videos that will be useful for them and so that's really where we're starting here at the same time we need to realize that we don't want to impose any strict ontology on the kinds of data that people have and also there is as far as we know nothing in the field that researchers are actually following in terms of standardizations for storing their data or for representing it in fact lots of people are still using pen and paper for a lot of this data so when we started we started thinking about this concept of study and this is a very common concept within researchers in terms of representing a particular research enterprise within a lab but as we followed along with this we realized that actually different people mean different things by the word study for some people it could be a single statistical analysis for some people it could be a multi-year project that could actually generate many research papers the other problem we found is in fact the definition of a study can change over time so if we decide okay this this package of data is going to represent a study the researcher could later decide actually I want to split this into two studies or add more data to this study and so we need to so this study concept has to be very flexible instead we start we focus at the beginning on the raw data themselves so so within what we call a session a participant often comes into a lab you have a video recording that video recording is going to stay pretty much as it is for the lifetime and then you can do further kinds of analysis and research on this video but the video is really what's important for us and so this creates this concept that we're calling session and a session is simply a period of time in which you've collected some amount of data it's usually a single video but it could be multiple videos collected at the same time or overlapping there could be other kinds of data that you've acquired audio data eeg any any raw data that was generated in that session will go into this concept of a session so for us a session is really defined by the the date that the exact time in which that says that session data were those session data were collected and also very importantly as Rick mentioned the release level that the all of the participants have agreed to and that covers that will affect the permissions applied to the study but also of course we'll have all the files and other kinds of metadata which I'll talk about soon so this is probably pretty straightforward for you for an audience like this but to sort of represent this to our users we say a session is kind of like a folder and you can think of this as having a timeline you can add your video files and specify where in time they were they were taken if you have overlapping files if you do other kinds of data collection you might have a document that you scan in you can add that to this container and then these last two rows on the bottom are different analyses you might later go back and add so you can do what's called the coding pass of a video and that specifies some sort of quantitative analysis of this video and add that back on top of this session later so for each file in a session we store pretty basic straightforward stuff just a name and description and this is just something for the researcher to identify how this is how this is different from any other files that might be in the session of course we keep track of file formats and for now we're only allowing particular sets of particular types of files that that we understand and in the case of video or the time series data we also store of course the length of the video and the position in time as you saw on the previous slide and most importantly for every file we also need to know whether it contains identifiable information so videos with faces do contain identifiable information whereas something like motion tracking information is not necessarily identifiable or even a video that just includes somebody's hands is not counted identifiable in terms of HIPAA requirements and so that then also affects the permissions that were on this file so once you have a set of sessions we can collect them into a data set and often people are are collecting the same kind of data from different participants that different people visit the lab they do the same thing and so you collect all those sessions into a single data set but of course the next very important thing is how do you actually organize the sessions there's various kinds of metadata associated with these sessions that are very important but the data set as a whole first is associated with various types of descriptions that are common across all of these sessions so we ask researchers for a title and a short description of the data set we ask them to specify and maintain permissions on this data set so users and groups of users who should have access whether or not they wish at this point to share it with data barrier and of course these are all things they can change at any point we also require them to explicitly specify and select excerpts if excerpts are allowed because we need to know which sections of video actually can potentially be released to the public also other kinds of documents files that just describe the procedures blank forms they used anything like that and various other information that could be interesting to researchers and also then we ask them to specify metadata on the sessions and so to do this we've come up with a kind of annotation scheme on the sessions and for users we describe these as groups so you can apply annotations or equivalently put your sessions into groups and these these groups could represent various different things they can represent a single participant they could represent a condition if you if you do have different kinds of procedures with different subjects if you have people come back for different visits you they could represent that and of course as an annotation system each each session can be applied can be placed in arbitrarily many groups and all of these groups are contained within that data set so for example in the case of a a group representing a participant we ask for various for particular kinds of information that are that are relevant to researchers and this is actually what we think is most and what we found from talking to people is actually the most important pieces of information so for a participant we ask them for a participant ID usually people just have unique IDs that they generate themselves usually just numbers we ask for birth date gender and race ethnicity those are sort of the most important three things and once we have the birth date here and of course we have the session date and session we can calculate ages and ages for researchers are are one of the very important things that that inform their research we can ask for various other things all of these things of course are optional and and in fact this is a very generic kind of measurement system you can add your own measurements so if you have other kinds of pieces of information that you collect and you want to store with your sessions you can add those on and this is sort of our our way of of while not enforcing any ontology allowing people to create their own so if somebody adds a measure to a particular participant or to some other kind of grouping a condition or something like that other researchers will see that this is now available to them and they can reuse this measurement so just to make this very concrete and this should be pretty straightforward you can add if you have all these sessions you can group them by participant to say which participants were in each of these sessions you could also add a grouping for visits if it's actually important which day they came or something like that and and so for example this this might represent something like a longitudinal study where people come back every year I mean you maybe have a partial data set like this and the thing that this this allows us to do that having this this general grouping system is be very flexible in terms of of representing and both import and export of data and so what we found is people often organize their data already in a folder structure that kind of represents these groups but people have different folder structures depending on what they're thinking about some people might think the participants are actually the most important thing and have participants as their top-level folders by subject ID and then have separate vision visits inside those other people actually might focus on visits in the longitudinal studies a year one year two year three and so in this case we can allow people to export their data in either of these forms depending on on what they want or equivalently imported so i started talking about studies and and studies we see are sort of now this layer that you can place on top of data sets data sets provide a very good organization for what people are doing in their own labs to keep track of data as they're collecting it to keep track of analyses they're doing but often they want to present their data to other researchers in a very different way and so studies are sort of a data reuse mechanism in which you can in it within a study say i'm going to use these sessions from this data set and these sessions from this other data set in in any flexible way here the here this is how i want to represent them and that will be the face of your research data to the world and we found that this is a very important thing to to make researchers feel comfortable about about how how their data actually look and so so once along with pulling in the sessions to a study you can also then add other kinds of analyses you do that was the thing i was talking about in terms of layering coding other kinds of of aggregate analysis you do within the session and so just as for example the diagram you have all these data sets and in particular these data sets do not necessarily need to come from the same researcher people can aggregate across different data sets from different labs from different locations and pull these into a study represent how all of the raw data that went into this study represent the products of of this study represent pit associate that study with published papers journal articles presentations they've done anything like that so just to talk a little bit about our ingest process the ingest process really starts by talking to a researcher talking to a contributor and asking them to identify data that they they want to contribute in that they can contribute if they have the appropriate release forms and then it's up to them to sort of determine how to group their files into data sets and studies and also to verify that they have all the correct permission information so we ask them to start by doing those things and also providing all of the top level information associated with the study description publications things like that and of course all of these things are things that they can change later times once we have all this information right now we're in a very manual data curation mode so we collect information spreadsheets things like that all of the files that they that we have we try to organize these into flat files representing the list of all the sessions the list of all the participants any other kinds of groupings they have right now we're just using simple csv to import things into the database and also of course we want to collect all of the raw data themselves the videos and we try to get as close to the original video as high quality as possible often this is not possible people transcode them into remove the originals very early in their process or do some kind of processing but we try to get as close to the original then we we transcode videos into a standard format we're using h264 so we specified a format that is appropriate for our needs in particular this is useful for us because it allows streaming via html5 video which which lets people get very direct immediate access to the data and right now a lot of these processes are fairly manual but we're working to automate these more and more and and i that's actually before sort of a big part of what we're focusing on right now is starting to move many of these processes from a very manual curation mode to more sort of self curation where users can do these do these things themselves and review their own data and yeah this is obviously a hard thing just to we have to have a system architecture diagram but basically we're have a simple sql database representing things i've already talked about and then store files on nfs file system we have a replica site and we have a web front end on how to solve all these things people have specific questions about that i'm happy to talk about it too but things we're planning for 1.0 which will be early next year as david said is of course appropriate study views and this is a big sort of refining this process to make studies look the way researchers like them implementing search and discovery features starting to do a lot more of the policy driven automating a user authentication things like that and self curation features i've talked about most of this stuff and overall of course we know that our goal is really we want to build a community and and that's really about doing three things at once we know we need to get more interesting data and that's one of the things we're focusing on right now we're going to high value data sets doing a very manual careful curation process on on these data sets which have not necessarily been for even been digitized in many cases and these are data sets that are users potentially will be interested in that of course will attract more users which will allow attract more people to actually contribute their data and hopefully we will be able to grow our community in this way so yeah just to summarize our aims again we've talked we've talked really about data barriers a video sharing platform and about our policies but if you have questions about any of that or our other aims thank you all


Hello everyone, I am here with Senate candidate for 2020 Steven Cox He's running in Kentucky against someone who you may or may not have heard of His name is Mitch McConnell and he is one of the worst politicians if not the worst in the country doing just Irreparable damage and he is here to tell you why he's the best to go up against Mitch McConnell Thank you so much for coming on the program Steven Thank you for having me. Yeah, so I wanted to talk about this primary because there's a number of people currently running I know there are still some candidates that are jumping in the race, but a lot of people thus far They're more familiar I think with Amy McGrath who is someone who I believe was recommended by Chuck Schumer to run And we got a little bit of a snippet of you know What she's going to do to defeat Mitch McConnell and I'm gonna play that clip for everyone very briefly So they can get a test a taste as to why she has a very horrible strategy You know Kentucky voted overwhelmingly for Donald Trump and you can say Kentucky's a very red state But it's a very pro Trump state and if you if you think about why Kentuckians voted for Trump they wanted to drain the swamp and Trump said that he was going to do that Trump promised to bring back jobs He promised to lower drug prices for so many Kentuckians And that is very important. And you know what who stops them along the way who stops The president from doing these things Well, Mitch McConnell And I think that that's really important and that's going to be you know My message that the things that Kentuckians voted for trump for are not being done He's not able to get it done because of senator mcconnell Essentially what she's saying is i'm going to run a pro trump campaign I'm going to be a pro trump democrat The problem with this strategy is first of all, if you run as republican light Nine times out of ten voters are going to opt for the real deal and second of all All that it would take for this type of campaign to implode is donald trump to say four words I endorse Mitch McConnell. So steven What are you going to do to defeat Mitch McConnell because I don't think anybody is under the illusion that this is going to be an easy process But what is your strategy because I think it's clear that nobody has faith that any magrath is going to be able to pull this off Well, I mean honestly my strategy is One i'm a working class person. I know a lot of people around the state and a lot of people around the state Know me just as a you know a regular person And um, i'm being very unapologetic very genuine in everything that I do um If my stances aren't popular I'm still rolling with them I've made some people mad, but um You know, there's a reason I take the stances I do it's because I believe in them and you know You know with with Amy, especially, you know, you'll see her flip-flop on some things just given public opinion but That is um That's part of the strategy.  Kentucky used to be heavily You know a blue state, but over the last, you know, 30 years It slowly went more red and red and red because you know their first Reaction is oh the republican one.  You support medicare for all free college You essentially check all of the progressive boxes so to speak But what it seems like you're kind of implementing is a um A stacey abram's type of strategy which she did in georgia where rather than trying to run to the right You just have a massive get out the vote campaign like you get people in kentucky Who are non voters and you get them to come out and vote. Is that the type of strategy that you're trying to carry out here? Absolutely, absolutely. I mean you saw it in the 2016 elections.  Um, I mean I voted for her Just because I felt like I'm definitely not voting for donald trump but I mean it's it's Awful that you know, we have to make that sort of decision like I don't really like this candidate But it's the best chance we have of not having that candidate You know, we should really have good candidates with actual ideas that will help people Yeah, and part of the problem is that you have so many people who I think Are misguided who run for office and they try to replicate the strategy that republicans Have been utilizing like, you know the same problem back in 2014 with allison londragon grimes You know, she was criticizing mitch mcconnell For not being right-wing enough, you know, she was saying mitch That's not how you hold a gun and I have you know used her ads As an example of how you don't run a campaign because here's the thing If you give voters an option between someone who is a republican and someone who is saying no, I'm the real republican They're not going to believe that like they're not going to buy that you're more conservative When you have a d next to your name like for these voters I don't think you can win them over like I and you can kind of give me your thoughts on this Like this strategy this idea that we need to win over trump voters I don't think that is a strategy that will be conducive to win I mean sure you can maybe get back some of the voters that were previously pro obama But then flipped and went to trump But I mean I think that the problem with the democratic party and where they've gone wrong Is that they listen to strategists they listen to these people who say no, this is a red state So you have to be a moderate you have to be relatively conservative But what do you say to those people who say steven, you know, you're running against mitch mcconnell This is going to be a bloodbath if you are going to go to the far left Which we know that they will call you in the event you win the primary I mean how do you respond to that because I think this type of criticism is absolutely inevitable But you have the right strategy and this strategy has led to progressive victories in democrat victory So how do you respond to that if they bring you on for an interview you just win the primary and they say Okay, so mitch mcconnell is going to win.  They're gonna call me a socialist I mean, that's kind of his key word right now is you know fight socialism But um, you know, if I ran to the right and tried to appeal to those people They're still gonna call me a socialist and it's just gonna You know alienate my actual audience of people that believe in me and you know I want to move forward with you as ideas or I can you know stick to those ideas stick to my base and just grow it and You know the truth is Even if they don't like my ideas, I guarantee they'll like somebody being honest with them for a change And if that gets some of those voters over that's great, but that's not who I'm trying to get out to vote I can't guarantee. I mean, I can't I can't um, you know Expect them to win this for me. I've got to get the people that are tired of everything we've got and Think that if they vote for Amy, it's just going to be like voting for mcconnell anyway We need to get rid of those sort of doubts Get people out to vote organize them say hey, you know, steven cox may 19th 2020 get out there We need you, you know So talk about mitch mcconnell because you said that he's not very popular in kentucky and you know more than anyone else And part of like there's there is this issue where politicians are not very popular But they keep winning but name recognition is such a powerful thing So can you explain what people's grievances are with mitch mcconnell because I could name like a thousand But what are people in kentucky saying about mitch mcconnell? Why are they dissatisfied with him? Well, you know, that's the interesting thing some people don't really know exactly why they're dissatisfied. They just know that he's a bad person um And then you talk to actual people around the the state and they have interesting things that aren't always to do with policy I um, you know, I worked for a retail drug chain and I was talking to some of my You know peers in peduca and they said, oh, yeah, you know, I he came into my store one time And he was just absolutely rude. He was a sniveling little, you know, did to the and You know, like, okay, so it's not just policy.  He votes to cut medicare. He votes to cut health care in general I mean the whole reason that we have a need for campaign finance reform is because He engineered our current system a campaign finance so that superbacks can just, you know, throw everything out So talk a little bit about that because I wanted to ask you I feel like one thing that That It's incredibly popular is when you talk about corruption and mishmackano is the corruption king So I feel like that's one way that you can absolutely hit him if you're running against him not this Oh, well, he's not helping trump carry out his agenda nonsense. Mishmackano is as corrupt as they come So talk a little bit about that. Have you heard anyone in kentucky express concerns with corruption with his wife in trump's Administration being overtly corrupt with the conflicts of interest Well, I mean not just that but you look at his net worth Um, it basically jumped from two million to 28 million In a matter of like six years So, you know, what's that about? Obviously, it's not because of his pay because his pay is 175 thousand dollars a year and it doesn't add up Also, you know, his family or well, you know, his wife elaine chow Her family they own a large shipping business three times in the past six years three times You can you can google it they keep getting busted because Their boats are being used to smuggle cocaine and into the u.s.  He's uh Bringing in, uh, you know an aluminum factory to kentucky. So that'll bring jobs, but It's heavily funded by a russian oligarch um So it's kind of a deal with the devil Um, not to mention, you know, he's not pushing forward with any of the uh the voter protection laws that they're pushing into congress because He owns the best entry interest in the companies that create the voting machines Which is kind of a scary thing, you know, even for me looking forward like Okay, is he just gonna, you know, hack the vote if it doesn't go his way? I don't know But I mean he might have that ability because He owns part of the machines. Well, it's just a matter of why wouldn't you want, um, election security because you can't have a democracy Function properly if people don't have faith In democracy and they're like what you're speaking to really is a microcosm of you know, broader issues There's a conflict of interest Everywhere when it comes to Mitch McConnell. He's so corrupt that it's just brazen and shameless So I don't know why the people of Kentucky continue to tolerate this and it seems like there hasn't really been someone who wants to run against mitch that Calls it like it is Until now with you So let you're gonna, you know, if you win the primary you will be going up against mitch And that's when you can hammer him for the corruption for everything that he's doing But you're in a primary currently So you've got to win the primary in order to take on mitch mcconnell. Can you talk a little bit about the dynamics of this primary? I know that you have at least two other primary opponents But talk about the people who you're running against and how you're different from them Well, um There is a mic. I can't really think of his last name. You know, he's got the no labels Uh ad going around right now. I'm different from him because I'm actually from Kentucky um People don't realize but he uses the label. He talks about no labels, but he uses the label of kentucky farmer He's a journalist from wisconsin. He moved here in 2006.  He's a guy who farms in kentucky Um As far as you know, Amy McGrath, she's the you know, best known person um I know I'd like to think that her heart's in the right place, but she's either pandering to try to get votes with her strategy And you know that that just means that she's lying or She actually does want to support trump, which is you know scarier Um anyway, because how can you be a democrat that wants to support the leader of the republican party? You might as well be a republican Yeah, and when I saw that I thought man, if I were in kentucky to hear a democrat Basically promote themselves as pro trump It's nauseating, you know, it's just unacceptable and and I I agree with you. I don't think that like she's a bad person I think her heart is in the right place. I think she is doing what she thinks Will make her electorally, you know successful But it's it's a it's a disaster like it's we're watching a train wreck in real time And of course if she defeated mitch mcconnell in the event she won the primary I would be thrilled I would vote for you know a ham sandwich over mitch mcconnell. Anyone is better than mitch mcconnell You know, so I would be excited with anyone defeating him But we have to get someone who knows what to do a get out the vote campaign Where you energize the left in kentucky and nobody has said that they want to do that except for you So let me give you one last pitch the website is coxford us.com If you want to make this happen If you want to try to take on a political behemoth then you have to support someone who knows how to do that And I think it's uh, steven gox. So make your last pitch and just share anything that you think my viewers should know Um, well, they should know that I am pro choice um, there was a little bit of a debacle with that just because Um, originally I'd taken a stance of saying that I was pro life But I believed in the constitution which gave people the choice But really, um, you know, I talked to several women about that and they let me know. Well, it's okay to not be For abortion, but as long as you believe that it's people's choice and that means you're pro choice So yeah, absolutely 100 pro choice. That's a good clarification not taking any, uh Donations from corporations special interest groups nothing like that. It's 100 by the people for the people Um, I'm not going to be bought and sold because the only thing I want Is progress That's that's excellent. Now, let me ask you because you you touched on the pro choice thing Let's say I'm a republican voter in kentucky and I say steven Life is absolutely precious. How can you say that you're personally pro life but support somebody's right to End what they deem life like what how would you respond to that?  I am a christian I believe that You know, god gave us free will and with that free will was supported by the constitution It is no one's place to choose a person's path, but their own And people really need to grab on to that they need to stop using god as a crutch To try to shove their ideas in people's space because that's That is not god But then there's the rebuttal we ban murder.  I understand science, right, but religiously that was The law, you know, and this is such a wedge issue. It's gonna come up Like I have a feeling that this will be something especially in kentucky where this will come up Look, this is my advice to you. This is what I would say if I were in your position I am unapologetically pro-life in every sense of the word But that means I support choice and the reason why is because regardless if we have abortion Abortions that are legal or illegal abortions will continue to happen It's just a matter of if we make it illegal then this will lead to, you know Unsafe abortions and that means that women are going to die. So I'm pro-life But that means I protect women's lives and also I'm pro-life in the sense that I don't support wars like mitch mcconnell He supports every single war and he doesn't care that there are women and children being bombed in yemen By saudi arabia and they're using our bombs So I think that when you really if you broaden what it means to be pro-life and explain why that leads to you being pro-choice I found like you're not going to convince 100 of people But I think that it's a really it's logically soundproof. I think and people can't question it But what I think your best I mean, honestly hope is to get them to understand Yeah, if you if you honestly support life and you believe that life is precious you're going to arrive at pro-choice It's just a natural outcome Um, because what they consider pro-life Has nothing to do with actually caring about life At all I mean it's it's pro-birth But I mean once a person's born you want to say that you know taking care of them as entitlements and you know unnecessary benefits Yeah, or hey, you know, you want to support what isa is doing at the border Is is is that pro-life? No, they're treating those people like animals Exactly and honestly I guarantee that a lot of these people have animals as pets that they treat better than we're treating the people at the Border yeah, which is sad which is super sad and bodily autonomy is a human Right. So look, you you know the campaign just started So you have a lot of time to kind of like listen to feedback and what types of questions will come up And it seems like the abortion one has come up So, you know, I'm glad that you still have a lot of time and it looks like You know, you have the right approach in terms of getting out the vote And that's really what I wanted to hear like I never want to hear someone Who's you know a progressive running in a red state say look, I'm just gonna I'm gonna shift to The right in order to win votes from republicans because it's it's not a strategy That will ever I mean, it's gonna work sometimes right? I mean Joe Manchin did it But I mean most of the time if you want to win anybody like Joe Manchin nobody like everybody hates Joe Manchin Nobody likes him so you activate your base. So thank you for understanding that So, uh, it's cox for us.com. If you want to support him, um, tell us what we can do Well, yeah, um, definitely cox for us.com Go there you can sign up to be a volunteer It's got a link a donation link that is a secure link to act blue And you can follow me at steven cox usa on twitter You can also go to facebook.com slash cox for ky That's cox f or ky Um connect with me there If you want to actually help um and and you know do things I have all my Contact information completely public if I get elected to the senate, it'll still be public I'll be here for the people and you know, if you want to help me just reach out to me I'll talk to you just like we're talking right now And when's the primary? Primary may 19th 2020 so you've got plenty of time to take action if you're in kentucky Um, and certainly if you don't live in kentucky, I'm sure that you will have phone bank Phone banking established for people outside of the state, correct? Absolutely, absolutely. There's actually been a lot of support come in to say hey, you know, we'll gladly make phone calls for you Okay, well we're gonna get this set up That's great. Well, thank you so much for coming on the program Stephen will be following your campaign and you know, we we wish you luck because so far It seems like uh, nobody else has the right strategy and I think that you um, you have the right ideas and um Let's just hope that we can take down mitch mcconnell because that would be um, that would be pretty great for the country To say the least especially great for kentucky One way or another. He's done.  Uh, let's get him out Stephen Cox. Thank you so much for coming on the program


Hello, and welcome to this short introduction to microphones. In this video, I'm going to cover some general aspects about the principles on which microphones are based, as well as a comparison between several microphone types. Generally speaking, a microphone is a transducer that converts sound pressure into an electrical signal. The main components of a microphone are a capacitor with a fixed plate, the back plate, and a movable one called the membrane. Acoustic waves make the membrane move, or define the distance between the plates, while the total charge is constant. This generates a change in the capacitance, which is reflected to a variation of the voltage measured at the output. This signal represents the output of the microphone, and it's proportional to the sound pressure impinging the membrane. The capacitive principle we just went through is very common throughout microphones types, but a first distinction can be made based on the technology used to build them. We are going to compare the two most known and adopted families of microphones, traditional ECM versus MEMS microphones. ECM microphones are composed of discrete components, and they usually include a variable capacitance, usually based on a permanent electrode, a transistor used to amplify and buffer the variations in capacitor voltage. ECM microphones output an analog signal, which must be further processed and filtered to be used. On the other side, a MEMS microphone is a dual-dye device consisting of two components, the sensor and the integrated circuit. The sensor uses MEMS technology, and it is basically a silicon capacitor. The integrated circuit can perform several operations, depending on the type of the microphone. It always implements a first analog stage to amplify and filter the capacitor output. It can include an analog-to-digital conversion stage. For this reason, depending on the features implemented in the integrated circuit, MEMS microphone output can be either analog or digital, as the microelectronics offers a wide range of MEMS microphones, both analog and digital. For a detailed explanation about MEMS microphones, you can refer to application note 4426, a tutorial for MEMS microphone, or refer to this YouTube video. A different way to categorize microphones is based on the kind of signal they produce as output. The output of an analog microphone is an electric signal whose voltage is proportional to the sound pressure. ECM microphone and analog MEMS microphone both belong to this family, but there are significant differences between them in terms of acoustic performances, side, and power consumption. We will go into those differences in the following slides. On the other hand, the kind of operations they require in order to be integrated in an application are very similar. The signal produced by an analog microphone requires a first step of analog preprocessing, consisting in a set of operations needed to filter and amplify the signal. This is usually implemented with additional discrete components, like operational amplifiers or passives. Big care must be taken in all the phases for possible noise which can be added to the analog path. Work-to-digital conversion may be needed as well if digital signal processing will be implemented in the product. This is performed by a dedicated ADC, which must meet stringent acoustic requirements and be specific for audio applications. At the end of the process, a PCM signal is available for the application purposes. This signal is usually acquired using an I2S or a TDM interface. On the other side, a digital microphone moves the complexity of the analog front end as well as the digital conversion inside the component itself, providing the user with a digital signal which is far more easy to handle and transmit. The output of a digital microphone can be directly acquired by the host. The most common format used in digital microphone is PDM, or Pulse Density Modulation. It consists of a stream of pits in which the relative density of the pulses corresponds to the analog signal sampled. This format is simple to obtain from a Sigma Delta 1-bit ADC and can be easily transmitted using two signals, a clock line and a data line. In order to acquire a PDM stream, the host must have a serial interface and provide a clock to the microphone. An additional stage for PDM to PCM conversion, which can be performed in software or with specific hardware interfaces, is needed to obtain the stream in PCM format. We will refer to this as a PDM microphone, and we will go in details on this format in the following video. Another option which is more rarely used as output in digital microphones is PCM. Pulse Code Modulation is the well-known digital format in which each sample is represented by a number of pits running at a standard audio frequency. This is the standard for non-compressed audio processing. There are a few digital microphones on the market which are able to perform PDM to PCM conversion themselves and provide the user directly with a PCM signal ready to be used. Since PCM streams are usually transmitted using an I2S interface, we will refer to this kind of microphone as I2S microphone. PCM's analog microphones are widely used in a hearable device, like headsets, earbuds, through wireless stereo devices, due to the lower power consumption and the minor latency of a full analog processing, enabling functionalities like active noise cancellation. Also mobile phones were traditionally using analog microphones due to the lower power consumption and the legacy with ECM. Even if you can see a trend for them to switch to digital MEMS now. Acoustic presence detectors, due to their low complexity, often adopt analog microphones and a full discreet implementation. On the other side, digital MEMS microphones are widely used in personal computers, smart speakers and the Internet of Things in general, where PDM interface reduces interferences in case of long cables or electrical noise environments. For the same reason, automotive applications are rapidly adopting digital microphones for their hands-free applications. ST Microelectronics offers a wide range of MEMS microphones. The MP23-APS-1 is an analog bottom-port single-ended microphone. It's the perfect companion of earbuds, active noise-canceling headset or application based on noise-canceling algorithms. MP23-DP-01-HP is a bottom-port digital multi-mode high-performance microphone with PDM interface. The multi-mode operation, leveraging dynamics which between low-power and normal mode, makes this microphone the proper candidate also for low-power applications. MP34-DT05-DT05-A and DT06-J represents this ST offer in terms of top-port digital microphones with the best performances for audio fielding. In this table, we will resume a set of pro and cons for microphone categories. Analog MEMS, PDM MEMS, I2S and ECM microphones. In terms of power consumption, we can see how MEMS, both analog and PDM, are the best performers. In terms of dimensions, ECM microphones are much bigger than MEMS, and they are not easily integrated in hearable or mobile devices. About signal management, digital microphones are much more easy to handle, and they don't need analog front-end or specific care in the signal management. In terms of pin-out, I2S has the bigger number of signals to be managed and routed, resulting in a more complex layout. About acoustic performances, analog and PDM MEMS microphones offer the best and more advanced audio result. Given the advantages offered by PDM microphones in terms of acoustic performances, ease of adoption, low-power consumption, digital output, and digital interface, from now on, we are going to focus on the adoption of PDM digital microphones. You can refer to those links to have an idea of the ST microelectronics offer in terms of MEMS microphones.