Our praise is due to Allah. Our praise is due to Allah's blessed us with Islam. And this great, great blessing of Islam has a characteristic. Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam he mentioned an Anas and radiya Allah wa anhu. He said that every religion has a distinguishing characteristic. And the distinction of Islam is shyness. The distinguishing characteristic of Islam is shyness. Our Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam was a shy person and we'll explain what this means subsequently but we all have a general meaning of shyness. It involves being reserved. It involves not being ostentatious, not being excessively loud in public or loud period in public, not drawing and calling attention to oneself. So these are general meanings of shyness. And shyness performs a serious function for a believer. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam he mentioned He mentioned So the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam he mentioned that faith has 70 Samad branches. The best of them is to proclaim there is no God but Allah. In other words, faith itself is a branch. So that's the best. The best is to proclaim La ilaha illallah. And the lowest branch is to remove the harmful thing from the path. And when we see the harmful thing, so we see a coke bottle in the street or we see a broken branch in the street or we see mattress that fell off a truck and we pulled to the side of the road and removed that. That's a great act and it's a manifestation of faith. But when we do that, we should say La ilaha illallah and by saying La ilaha illallah when we remove the harmful thing from the path we join between the highest, the most virtuous or the highest branch of faith and the lowest branch of faith. We join them together. So we move the thing La ilaha illallah and by so doing we join between the highest branch and the lowest branch of faith. And then he said sallallahu alayhi wa sallam So some have asked we can understand call La ilaha illallah being a manifestation of faith because that's the shahada, that's how we declare our faith and we can understand belief being involved with faith and we can understand action being a manifestation of faith but what about shyness which is a characteristic? How is that a branch of faith? And the scholars they say iman iman prevents a person from doing those things which are displeasing to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala So if a person has faith, if a person has faith they drink alcohol with impunity but a person who has faith knows this haram and knowing this haram, their faith says I'm a believer, I can't drink that I'm a believer, I can't smoke that I'm a believer, I can't touch that I'm a believer, I can't do that their faith prevents them from doing things and even some things they might love to do because that was part of their habit maybe they converted to Islam they were involved in a habit, they really loved that habit but faith empowers them to leave that I can tell you a brief story when I was studying in Syria, every summer I would come back and forth to the states and usually I would stop in England so during one of the stopovers in the United Kingdom in Birmingham there was a Jamaican, a lot of Jamaicans in England and others from various islands and different places were once part of the empire they said the sun never sat on the British empire now the empire is sitting on Britain there's another saying the sun never sat on the British empire because God didn't trust the British in the dark we'll leave that alone so there are a lot of Jamaicans in any case so one brother said I want to be Muslim so he came to a talk I gave I said I want to be Muslim but he said I love to smoke that ganja man I can't give up this marijuana I love to smoke it and I fear if I become Muslim and I still love it then I won't be a good Muslim I said listen, do you believe Islam is true? then you become a Muslim you're looking at your power to give that up from the perspective of someone who doesn't have faith but once you have faith then Allah ta'ala will give you the power to give that up and so he took the Shahada and then I left and when I came back the next year his brother comes running up he's got a kufi on looking like new money and the brother said you know brother you're right man I take the Shahada I know smoke that ganja no more I give it up man I said yeah because now you're a believer and your faith has empowered you your faith has empowered you so we should look to our faith as a source of power as a source of strength as a source of allowing us to do the things we couldn't do when we didn't have faith and we should always remind ourselves I'm a believer because that unlocks that power that power escapes us because we forget we become heedless and in our heedlessness we forget what a believer should be doing so we have to remind ourselves wait a minute I'm getting ready to go for it wait a minute I'm a believer this is not a suitable course of action for a believer and so they mentioned Hayat Shainis which isn't a belief and which isn't a deed so faith is what one says with one's tongue as an expression of what's in one's heart and that's what the tongue is if the tongue is foul that means the heart is foul one of the airports that speech is what's in the heart that speech is what's in the heart in the word but rather one of the airports the tongue is being made as an indication of what's in the heart so if a person says you know their filth is coming out of their mouth, that means filth is in their heart and of a person purity and light is coming out of their mouth that means light is in their heart and we should be mindful of this. We have some Muslims, we're not trying to indicate anyone but people say they're Muslims and they get involved in the music industry and not condemning that but some Muslims get involved and say you know to to get my foot in the door I have to make this kind of music and the music contains profanity, the music contains misogyny, the music contains denigrating other people and then the question is if that's what you do to get your foot in the door what kind of house are you trying to live in? We're trying to clean up the house and if we can't clean up the house we're calling in the demolition crew, we need to tear it down and build a new house that's how we should approach our reality that should be our contribution to the neighborhood we're here to clean up the house and if the house is beyond cleaning it's so dirty we try scraping it we've even brought in a jackhammer to try to chisel it off and it's not we can't move it we're calling in the demolition crew and it's time to build a new house and as Muslims this is how we have to approach our reality we have something with and there are parameters that guide our action and one of those parameters is shyness so the relationship between shyness and faith like faith shyness prevents a person from doing things that are displeasing to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala so I shouldn't be saying so I hold myself back that's shyness restraint shyness is fearing that one will be called to task for manifesting something displeasing to the one who will call one to task so our ultimate shyness is before Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala because we know at the end of the day people can call us to task and in some instances justifiably our parents our friends relatives neighbors teachers elders can call us to task but at the end of the day we have to answer to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala so we should be shy before Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is to him and I'm in Allah haqq al Hayat be shy before Allah as you rightfully should as you rightfully should so this is the relationship between shyness and Hayat well Eman and faith that faith prevents us and checks our actions prevents us from doing things that are displeasing to Allah ta'ala and shyness is a check on our action which prevents us from doing those things displeasing to Allah now point here if shyness is refraining from doing those things which will call lead us to be called to task then there are some instances where shyness the manifestation of shyness is to speak out so there's a situation where the truth has to be told so if we refrain that's not shyness oh should I say this should I I don't know that's not shyness shy because refraining from speaking the truth will call us to be caught what calls us to be called to task so shyness would involve our speaking out shyness would involve our manifesting the truth because that's what the situation calls for and to do the opposite of that would make us blame worthy there's a companion his name is Ashadju Ashadju bin al qais Ashadju the son of qais so he said the qalali rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam inna fika qallataini youhibbuhumallahu youhibbuhumallahu azzawajad qutu he said so there are verily he's Ashadju bin qais he said the rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam the messenger of Allah said verily they're in you two characteristics inna fika qallataini that Allah loves and that Allah mighty and majestic love youhibbuhumallahu azzawajad qala iqutu he said qadiman kaana fiyya yarasulallahu and hadithan he said are these things that are part of my nature or are they things qualities that are acquired faqala sallallahu alayhi wa sallam bel qadiman he said rather they are part of your nature qutu he said alhamdulillah alayhi wa sallallahu alayhi wa sallam alayhi wa sallam ala qallataini youhibbuhumallahu he said all praises due to Allah who has blessed me with two characteristics that he loves and that's an indication of his love for that person that he blessed them with these characteristics but the hadith conveys an important lesson to us one that are affran the two characteristics i mentioned one and we should be forbearing people for bearing meaning if bearing the abuse of people doesn't violate our right doesn't harm us doesn't violate the right of someone else doesn't harm someone else then we don't even bother with it so someone you use such an idiot mashallah it's not harming us it's not taking any right from us so we just ignore it that's mashallah alhamdulillah last week someone called me an idiot and a jerk so i'm getting better i'm improving thanks you know what are we gonna feel you you calling me an idiot you know who i am you know who i work for you know who i went to school man you should have called me an idiot you know how many insults i memorized you know how i can i can rip you apart you look like one of them things getting chopped up on one of those machines on late night television that you could order for 29 99 i'm gonna no just mashallah mashallah mashallah now if someone's rights being violated that's different but someone a little kid comes and kicks you what are you gonna do punch the kid well you little brat did it hurt you you know but no one kicks me i don't care who he is i don't care that little ron i'm gonna squish him i'm gonna put this size 12 upside his head oh mashallah mashallah it didn't hurt this you know you should really behave better where's your where your parents i need to talk to them that's him just for bearing overlooking and then moving on because we have business a person's islam being good is leaving that which doesn't concern him which doesn't concern her and our concern is jannah so our concern in this life is using this body to do the things to save the soul that it contains so it won't be tormented in the next life that's our business so you know back and forth with little petty insults that's not our business that's not gonna help us to jannah you know retaliating for every little slight even when it doesn't harm us that's not our business our business is the business of doing what we can do with this body Allah has given us to get to jannah that's our business and hayyahu is one of the things that we use to get to jannah shyness and modesty the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam he also mentioned if you don't feel any shyness do whatever you want so there's two meanings of that two basic meanings one is if you're not ashamed of what you're doing then do whatever you want because you've lost your moral compass you have no morality your heart is dead so after that whatever you do is not going to benefit you because the foundation for your actions is corrupt the other meaning though is if you feel no shyness do whatever you want so if you're confident this action isn't going to call you cause you to be called to task by Allah Almighty then do it because as a believer you're sensitive to right and you're sensitive to wrong we know when we're right we know when we're wrong no one has to tell us when when the books are dispensed as for one who's given the book in his left hand he says whoa that i were never given my book and i didn't know what my reckoning will be he already knows we know we're not stupid we know that was wrong and that was wrong and that was wrong and that was wrong or and that was wrong oh whoa to me that i weren't given my book and that i did not realize we don't have to read the book yawm al qiyamah we have to read the book to know what was right and what was wrong we need santa claus making his list and checking it twice to find out who's naughty or nice we know what we're doing we know if we're naughty and we know if we're nice right or wrong and so Allah ta'ala captures that reality yeah late and and i didn't realize what my record is we know what our record is so it behooves us to fix it now to fix it now we could be like we're on a fault line earthquake could come right here bam it's all over the building comes down we're gone we don't know it can happen quick look at japan it happened quick one minute they're walking around minding their business the next minute the whole world is upside down hour later big wave comes we don't know it might be an earthquake it might be a car or truck it might be natural causes we don't know but we can go at any minute any moment not any minute any moment that could be it and there's no time to fix the book we can go back and erase things in the book now we can erase things in the book we have an eraser that Allah ta'ala has given us it's called toba it's called repentance erase it right out of the book but we have to repent we have to take advantage of the opportunity that Allah ta'ala gives us and because when we're we're given our book we can't erase anything and we know what's in it we know what's in it now we could go back start erasing things may Allah ta'ala be merciful unto us so abu huraywar radi allahu anhi also relates another hadith from the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wasallam that's mentioned in the collection of imam at tirmidhi he says qal an abu huraywar ta'al radi allahu anh qal qala rasulullahi sallallahu anhi wasallam al hayyau min al iman wal imanu fil jannah wal bada'u min al jatha'i wal jatha'u finnaar so he said that shyness is from faith and the people of faith will be in paradise yani ahlu l'iman and the people of faith will be in paradise and ah gruffness or or or a disagreeable nature is from gruffness and the people of gruffness the people of of of crudeness will be in the hellfire and this hadith reminds us that oh the previous hadith i mentioned there was a lesson that lesson is the hadith of ashaj bin al qais that the lesson of that is number number one that shyness can be a characteristic that a person is blessed with and it can be acquired this has him that forbearance comes through forbearing so if we forbear we forbear we forbear that gradually impacts on our nature and the same way with shyness so these characteristics can be inherent and they can be acquired and the job of Islam is to take those people who they're not inherently in them to put them in an environment where it's acquired and that environment is the community so a person who's out in the streets it is hard for them to acquire shyness it's hard to acquire forbearance forbearance because if you forbear forbear people are man that do soft something's wrong with him take his money take his wallet take his lunch money take his car keys so people think i'll be opened up to abuse but a muslim man saliman muslim al muslim on him in lisani he will get it the muslim is one whom the other muslims are the muslims are safe from their tongue or their hand so our community is supposed to create an environment where a person can be shy and not be talked about where a person can be forbearing and not be talked about but can be comfortable there's a one of the kids that went on a shooting spree a few years ago and and and san diego he said one of the reasons he snapped because everyone was picking on him because he just wanted to be peaceful and so everyone's picking on picking and he just snapped and when i read that at the time i said if only that child could have been in a real muslim community where if he was shy if he was soft-spoken he wouldn't have to worry about anyone picking on him and if people in the community understood their religion they'd be cultivating those and encouraging those characteristics not to the thought that the person couldn't stand up and defend themselves in in situations that call for it but as a general characteristic to live by as general character characteristics to govern his relationship with other people this is what islam is about community and we have to cultivate a community of shyness where we can come together in a space like this and the brothers and sisters can be in close proximity but their shyness lords their gaze and their shyness creates adab so not gawking at each other not being openly with someone they don't know approaching but maintaining the shyness this is what islam is encouraging this is beautiful and this impacts on society because people like that boy they don't like having to be who they're not no one likes to be who they're not and if a person is inherently respectful of others they don't like disrespecting others if they're in a situation that forces them to disrespect other if they're inherently shy they don't like to have to put up this front of bodaciousness because that's what the situation the environment calls for islam is about creating an environment where people can be themselves and then refining people to go back to this hadith refining people so they're not people of jeffat they're not people of harshness they're not people by that or by that they're not people of of of coarseness and crudeness this is what this society is trying to make us our young people bombarded with messages that are telling them be coarse be cruel be uncouth at one time we could tell it would be an insult someone say you're uncouth now it's a compliment you're uncouth man i'm glad you noticed i was practicing real hard no we want to make it an insult again you're uncouth man what i gotta do you have to become a muslim and you start to have to learn the adab of islam and so that refines us because this uncouthness this coarseness gruffness leads to hell so people who have these characteristics are being pushed to hell why because the shyness is not there an indication of his love for that person that he blessed them with these characteristics but the hadith conveys an important lesson to us one that uh afran here the two characteristics i mentioned one and he said so there are barely he's a shaj bin qais he said the Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wasallam the messenger of Allah said barely they're in you two characteristics that Allah loves and that Allah might be a majestic love you you love them Allahu azzawajat he said are these things that are part of my nature or are they things qualities that are acquired there's a companion his name is ashadju ashadju bin al qais ashadj the son of qais so he said the qalali rasulullahi sallallahu alayhi wasallam he said rather they're part of your nature he said all praise is due to Allah who has blessed me with two characteristics that he loves therefore the restraint to refrain from doing things is not there may Allah bless us to be those people and that was our prophet sallallahu alayhi wasallam that was our prophet sallallahu assalam in the battlefield he was a warrior but in society he was the shyest most gentle person imaginable sallallahu alayhi wasallam and so that's who the muslim wants to be a muslim wants to be a person who cultivates prophetic character and then form communities that push back against communities of corruption and I don't mean the local neighborhood I mean the people who are pulling the strings and calling the shots to introduce into the environment the things that pull people away from their nature that pull people away from their true self that instill in people ideas and concepts that are against the legacy of the prophets this is what I'm talking about pushing back against may Allah bless us in conclusion want to relate two sayings from two of our early predecessors one he said who was a convert from Judaism he said faith is naked iman u or yanun wa libasuhu taqwa its clothing is righteousness wa zinatuhu l-hayyahu and its jewelry is shyness wa manuhu l-itha and its wealth is self-restraint that's that's the muslim that's the person of faith a person who clothes himself for herself with piety a person who adorns himself or herself with shyness and a person who seeks their wealth through self-restraint and then the saying of al-fudaya l-u iyad who was one of our great great early sages he says he says five characteristics are signs of people who are on a path to hell may Allah if they have these characteristics take them off of that path al-qaswatuf al-qalb hardness in the heart a hard heart and again this environment that's being foisted upon people is encouraging and cultivating them hardness of heart the prophet sallallahu alayhi sallam had a soft heart he said a muslim is gentle and easy going that's a believer is gentle easy going sallallahu alayhi sallam so al-qaswatuf al-qalb hardness of the heart wajumoodu l-ain and frozen eyes in other words eyes that can't shed tears and again there's a lot of people out there that can't shed tears we should cry for them because it's not therefore they didn't come into this world not able to shed tears but what they were exposed to which they should not have been exposed to in a sane society what they were have learned which they should not have learned that the tools that they need to survive which they should not have to utilize have given their eyes the inability to shed tears but a person of faith can shed tears when the man came to the prophet sallallahu alayhi sallam said he didn't kiss his children the prophet sallallahu alayhi sallam said then mercy's been taken out of your heart the one who shows no mercy will be shown no mercy so we want to be able to be to be merciful to be able to cry because our hearts are alive and he said the third one a lack of shyness a lack of shyness so again we want to try to cultivate shyness and again not to be pushovers but to be people who have the ability to be restrained because there are higher principles there's a higher system of accountability that we respect and that's our accountability before Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and he said warraghbatu fid dunya longing for the world now we should be telling people you might end up being poor but you don't have to be undignified because you're poor because you understand this world is not the end of everything the akhira is that's what's called the akhira what comes at the end this world is not the end so you might be poor but you can be poor with dignity you can be poor knowing that the prophet sallallahu alayhi was poor and he loved the poor and he prayed he was resurrected amongst the poor but his poverty did not rob him of his dignity and if we come together as a community we can make sure everyone has dignity we're not might not be able to make people rich but we can give people dignity and that's what we should aspire for brothers and sisters to to dignify poverty to dignify poverty and if we find some ways to make folks rich that's good too but the nature of our times people losing their jobs left and right the economy being restructured in a way to take people's jobs structural unemployment this is a reality of our time so we're dealing with structures of oppression structures of inequality structures of of economic disenfranchisement and until those structures can be addressed a lot of people are going to be poor and so islam should not seek to be the gospel of the rich to deceive people you come to islam you get rich the prophet didn't say that sallallahu alayhi wasallam a man came to him said oh rasulullah i want to follow you said it a couple times what did the prophet say to him sallallahu alayhi wasallam prepare yourself for poverty this is the gospel of the poor this is the gospel of the poor and people don't want that gospel spread people don't want they want the gospel of of prosperity to be preached why because when the gospel of prosperity is being preached people would be out killing each other to get their little bit killing each other to control the block so they can control the trade on the block killing each other for the jacket or the sweater so they can make believe they have what they don't have that's the that's a consequence of the gospel of prosperity being preached the poor people they didn't want our esteed back in Haiti baby doc could come back that's fine no 25-year dictator tear the country apart line your pocket with the people's money send out the tantan makut killing people death squad fine come back baby doc they didn't want our esteed to come back because our esteed was preaching to the people the gospel of poverty and he said his first interview he said we know we can't make everyone rich but we can make poor people dignified we can make poor people dignified we can make poor people satisfied with who they are because their connection with the law tile is strong he didn't say that i'm saying that because their connection with the law is strong because they know they're following the way of the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam because they're content with the little they have and contentment is the key to wealth contentment is the wealth is in contentment i have a bicycle i don't need a lexus the bike keeps me in shape it's free i could park anywhere for free i don't have to worry about getting tickets all day running back and forth to the meter all day i don't contribute to the pollution and the global warming so i like my bike and so that person is wealthy because he has a bike that's all he needs he has his basic diet he doesn't need ice cream it's not good for you anyway he doesn't need to splurge on the pizzas he's got his brown rice he's got his veggies get a piece of fish once in a while free-range halal chicken once in a while that's all he needs he's healthy doesn't overeat doesn't have to count his calories they're already counted he's rich she's rich she has dignified clothes three or four outfits they're clean neat no rips no tear got a good iron works real good steam comes out clothes always neat well pressed that's all she needs she's rich she doesn't need to go to macy's every other every week to buy the latest thing she doesn't need a summer winter spring and fall outfit there's only two seasons in the bay area why you need four outfits why you need a fall outfit there's no fall there's winter there's summer that's it why you need a spring and a fall outfit because someone programmed your head and now you think i'm poor because i can't go spring shopping he said there's no spring in the bay she's rich she's rich that's what we have to teach the people because this madness will destroy us so that was the fourth the fifth tool of amal tool of amal along having long hopes which means procrastinating doing right oh i got tomorrow i'll go to hajj when i'm old i'll wear hijab when i get married i'll you know i'll do this i'll start praying five times a day when i retire because my job it'll be kind of embarrassing i have to do more on the job you know i'll do them when i get home you might not get home you might end up driving off the bay bridge it's happened before it's happened before you might be number two you don't know if you're gonna get home the tragic story of the doctor we were out searching for an oakland and think maybe some disgruntled patient had had killed her the muslim sister it ended up in the fog she drove off the dock in alameda she never came home that night may Allah bless her soul and may Allah elevate her place in jannah and may Allah reward her for all the service she was loved when when the brothers and sisters are out marching down in fruit well people from the community were coming out because they love that sister she give you a free checkup free medicine but the point is she never made it home that night we not can assume i'll do all my prayers when i get home you might not get home there's no guarantee may Allah bless all of us to get home to our real home all of us to get safely home may Allah bless all of us to return to the home of jannah in that the home of the hereafter that's our real home may Allah bless us to be content may Allah bless us with shyness and the real shyness that doesn't prevent us from speaking truth when the situation calls for it from giving true witness when the situation calls for i'll call you call me hatha wa astaghfirullah li walakum wa disa'iril mu'mineen ya qaum astaghfirullah


Namaste and welcome back to the video course on Watershed Management. In module 2 on Sustainable Watershed Approach and Watershed Managing Practices lecture number 6, we will discuss today soil erosion and conservations. So, the topics covered in today's lecture include soil erosion, causes, processes, erosion factors, water erosion, types of water erosion, estimation of soil loss, wind erosion and soil conservation practices. So, some of the important keywords in this lecture are soil erosion, water erosion, wind erosion and soil conservation. So, we have already discussed earlier the various problems in a watershed and then what are the causes of that problems and then the deterioration of watershed. So, one of the important issue which we have discussed during that lecture is the soil erosion. So, soil erosion is a major problem of the deterioration of the watershed, since the soil erosion happens then the fertile soil will be lost and then the agriculture yield will be reduced. So, soil erosion is a major problem. So, the soil erosion we can define as soil erosion is the detachment, transport and deposition of soil particles on land surface temmed as loss of soil. So, this we can measure as mass per unit area like tons per hectare or kilogram per square meter. So, soil erosion is one of the major problem in most of the watershed and today we will be discussing the what are the aspects various issues as far as the soil erosion is concerned and then what are the causes of soil erosion and then how we can control the soil erosion. So, these issues will be discussed today in today's lecture. So, soil loss is of interest primarily on site effect of erosion such as loss of crop productivity. So, as I mentioned when the fertile soil is gone due to erosion problems then say the crop productivity will be reduced. So, we have to deal such conditions then offsite effect of erosion are siltration in ditches, streams and reservoirs. So, you can see that when the soil is eroded this as sediments this soil will be carried by the running water or within the runoff and then that will be taken through the streams, rivers then it may reach to lakes and reservoirs and finally, to the ocean. So, that way there is problems of say sedimentation in reservoirs and streams and then lakes etcetera. So, the sediment generated by erosion process are prime carrier of agricultural chemicals that pollute the streams or lakes. So, another problem related to the soil erosion is the sediment generated by erosion. So, that will be also carrying the contaminants of the chemicals like pesticides, then fertilizers etcetera and that will be especially non-point source of pollution in rivers, lakes, ocean etcetera. So, with this introduction let us see what are the important problems as far as soil erosion is concerned and then what are the causes of soil erosion. So, as mentioned here in the slide soil is the most precious gift of nature. So, soil is the prime resource for food fodder etcetera since we have to grow plants, we have to say the for the agriculture products say all these plants are growing the soil. So, that way soil is the most precious gift of nature. So, we have to we should have fertile soil for better agricultural production. So, that way the soil mismanager then there will be less productivity. So, for better productivity fertile soil is essential. So, we have to stop this soil erosion. So, for example, if you consider India say more than 100 million hectares that means more than one third of the land there are various problems of soil erosion like a soil is either degraded, eroded or some places it is the soil is unproductive and about 17 tents per hectare soil is detached annually. So, this is an rough approximation as far as the erosion problem in India is concerned and then 20 percent of this is transported by river to the sea. So, that means, so this much of sediments which is the soil due to the soil erosion is generated and that is transported through the river to the sea and then also 10 percent of the deposited this sediments are deposited in many of the major reservoirs and that results 1 to 2 percent loss of story capacity. So, there are various issues as far as the soil erosion is concerned. One is the loss of the fertile soil. So, that agricultural productivity will be affected and then the secondary issues like the pollution which will be coming to the water resource say like rivers, lakes etcetera and then we have the problem of the siltation or the sedimentation of the lakes, rivers and other water bodies. So, that there will be story capacity will be reduced. So, you can see that here in this photo you can see that due to the rainfall so much of soil is eroded and then that is going through the flowing water and it is reaching to a small stream here. So, if it keeps on going then you can see that in this other figure here you can see that so much of the banks of this river is eroded and then so many places the fertile soil is eroded. So, that these are the so you can see that the fertile soil in the land is gone and then many places you can see the exposed rocks. So, that way the agriculture or the farming become say difficult and the productivity will be reduced and also the nearby the reservoirs there will be sedimentation problem and its capacity will be lost. So, as far as soil erosion is concerned as per India's land degradation as per the state of environment report Ministry of Environment and Forest here the land degradation say area in million hectares shown here in this graph. So, here you can see that water erosion problem is there for about 94 million hectares then wind erosion is affected about 10 million hectares then water logging in about 14 million hectares then salinity in 5.95 million hectares then soil acidity in about 16 million hectares then complex other all this so many other problems like land degradation you can see. So, the degraded area is say about 146.8 million hectares. So, that way the total geographical area is only 329 million hectares out of that you can see that a lot of so many problems related to the soil erosion. So, it can be either water erosion or wind erosion or it can be the degraded land. So, all these issues are coming due to the soil erosion. So, as far as in watershed management is concerned soil erosion is a major problem. So, soil erosion deteriorates the soil quality and reduces the productivity of natural agricultural and forest ecosystem. So, these are the major concern and soil erosion deteriorates quality of water also. So, we have seen the sediments will be carrying this pollutants and that you also deteriorate the quality of the water. Then it increases the sedimentation and that causes reduction of carrying capacity of the water bodies like reservoirs, lakes and the rivers. So, now with this background let us look into the various causes of soil erosion. So, as far as the causes are concerned we can classify into may lead to one is the natural causes and second one is the human induced causes. So, natural causes anyway we have a limited control over the natural causes like due to the climatic conditions, then the hydrology, then the flooding problems or the earthquake problems or landslide. So, like that those kinds of natural causes it is difficult to control, but there are so many other problems like a human induced problems are also there. So, some of the causes important causes are related to either human induced and natural causes are listed here. So, like land use. So, land use changes may lead taking place due to the human induced causes like overgracing by cattle, then deforestation, then arable land use for faulty farming, construction activities, mining etcetera. Then as far as natural causes like climatic conditions precipitation like high intense rainfall, then high velocity winch. So, these are some of the climatic conditions. Then also the soil erosion depends upon what is the nature of the soil. So, soil characteristics are very important. So, this some of the important characteristics which is affected as far as soil erosion is concerned like a texture of the soil, structure of the soil, then water retention and transmission properties. Then hydrology of the locality of the watershed is concerned like how much is the infiltration, then surface detention, overland flow velocity, subsurface, water flow etcetera. So, these are some of the hydrological issues which causes soil erosion. Then as far as land geography is concerned you can see that what is the slope of the land, slope length, shape of slope, total physiography of the land. So, all these say put a lot of inputs or causes the soil erosion as far as a watershed is concerned. So, we may have to when we are dealing with the soil erosion we have to deal with the not only human induced causes, but also the natural causes as discussed here. So, now let us see what are the different types of soil erosion. So, we have seen various causes. Now, we can classify the soil erosion into like geologically erosion, natural erosion and erosion from activities of human and animals. So, as far as geologically erosion is concerned like say for millions of years the due to the rock is degraded and then soil is formed and then that is also say transported to some other location. So, that is some way the erosion also helps to transport the soil from one place to another place. So, that way geologically erosion is concerned of soil forming and distribution takes place, but only here you can see that it is a long time process. Then human and animal related soil erosion like tillage that means, when we plow the land then it is related when the rain comes lot of soil erosion takes place, then removal of plants and other vegetation. So, this all causes erosion in an accelerated way. So, this we can classify as accelerated erosion. Then in a especially in rainy season we can see that the banks of rivers or streams will be get eroded like this you can see that this is small stream then its sides are eroded here also you can see. Then the natural causes like landslide work on eruption flooding. So, the erosion due to these kinds of we can classify into natural erosion. So, in all this say like geologically erosion, natural erosion or say the erosion due to activities of human and animals in the major factors which causes this erosion are either water or wind. So, major factors of soil erosion we can say that in soil erosion takes place either due to the action of water or due to the action of the wind. So, with this perspective now let us see in the soil erosion processes. So, we have seen that the main agents of soil erosion are water and wind. So, the agents of soil erosion in this chart as given by G Das in his book Hydrology and Soil Conservation Engineering. So, the agents of soil erosion can be either wind, water or gravity. Gravity means like mass movement like what happens in the case of landslide. So, water is concerned which is the major cause of soil erosion. So, it can be either water forms or glaciers movement of the glaciers or say when snow melts takes place or due to the precipitation and runoff. So, the water is concerned it can be water forms or glaciers and then water forms again we can classify into rainfall that means due to direct impact of the rainfall the soil erosion takes place and then the runoff so happening on the overland or the channels. Then also the soil erosion that means especially deposition will take place in reservoirs and oceans. So, that is another water form and then as far as runoff is concerned the runoff can be either surface runoff or subsurface runoff. Mainly the major soil erosion process is mainly due to the surface runoff. So, that we can classify into sheet or inter really erosion then really erosion then gully erosion and stream bank erosion. So, these are the major processes taking place as far as the soil erosion either due to either wind or due to water or the mass movements as in the case of a landslides. So, now say we what we have seen is various processes taking place with respect to the erosion what is happening especially in a watershed or in a river basin. So, now what are the important soil parameters? So, let us look into important soil parameters. So, soil erosion we can show that it is a function of erosivity. So, erosivity means what is the so depending upon the intensity of rainfall depending upon the drop size of the rainfall. So, the erosivity varies. So, the impact on the soil varies. So, accordingly there can be say more erosion or less erosion. So, erosivity which depends upon rainfall and then second one is erodibility. Erodibility it is a property of soil. So, the say depending upon the nature of the soil depending upon its texture depending upon the material. So, it may be more erodible or less erodible. So, that way another important function or another important parameter is erodibility. Then third one is as far as a watershed or as far as an area is concerned topography.  So, accordingly the soil erosion varies. So, it is a property of the land. Then the fourth function is the or the fourth parameter is management. So, management of the land especially. So, this management is concerned the as we have already seen the previous slide this is contributed by man or a man or a catalyzed and various activities. So, like it depends upon the land use and then the agricultural activities within the watershed or within the area which we consider. And as far as this erodibility. So, that is a property of the soil. So, that depends upon the detachability and transportability. So, detachability means when the say for example, when precipitation takes place that the splash or the rain drop hit on the soil. So, how easily the soil grain will be detached from the the land and then that detached soil particle will be transported from say with the movement of the water from one location to another location. So, this erodibility depends upon the detachability and transportability. And then another. So, as far as topography another function topography is concerned the topography of the land. So, like a slope length relation to other area. So, like that so, the depending upon the topography the soil erosion varies. So, as I mentioned as far as management is concerned mainly we have to see the land use crop management then grazing by the cattle etcetera. So, these are some of the important soil erosion parameters as far as the the soil erosion is consents. So, we have already seen two important agents as far as the soil erosion is concerned one is water another one is wind. So, now we will discuss in detail the erosion due to water and erosion by wind. So, first let us see the water erosion as far as soil erosion is consents. So, as we already discussed the water erosion happens due to detachments and transport of soil particles from land mass by water including rain, runoff and melted snow. So, this this is what is happening as far as water erosion is consents. So, the water erosion depends on the soil nature and capacity of water to transport. So, we have already seen the depending upon the soil texture, soil material. So, the detachability that means, due to the force of the precipitation or the water movement. So, soil grains will be detached from the land and that will be transported. So, that way the water erosion depends on the soil nature and the capacity of water to transport. So, you can see that if you go to field during rainfall or due to when the soil water erosion takes place you can see that water erosion will be more on slopey lands. So, if the water velocity is higher then more transport will be taking place more soil will be eroded. So, we can see that the water erosion is accelerated by also the agricultural activities grazing and construction activities as far as the water shed is consents. So, water shed on water shed basis. So, the water erosion can be increased by agricultural activities then also grazing and other activities like same quarrying and other activities within the water shed. So, now say as far as water erosion is consented let us see what are the important factors which affects the soil erosion. So, we have already seen these factors earlier, but now we are critically analyzing with respect to as far as water is consented. So, as far as water is consented climate is one of the important components say like the various processes taking place like a precipitation then temperature then wind, humidity and solar radiation. So, the factors climatic factors mainly it is depending upon the precipitation then soil. So, size of the grain then type of soil, soil texture structure organic matter within the soil. So, depending upon that the water erosion will be more or less. Then another important aspect is vegetation cover on the land or the water shed which we consider. So, as we discussed earlier say when rainfall takes place some of the rainfall will be intercepted by the vegetation cover on the land. So, the interception of rainfall reduce surface ceiling and runoff and it will decrease the surface velocity and then that way the soil erosion will be reduced and then improvement of aggregation increased biological activity and aeration, transpiration, physical holding all this helps to reduce the soil erosion. So, that way as soil conservation is consented one of the important aspect in soil conservation is say we can increase the vegetation as far as the water shed is concerned same as like in the case of grass or other plants whenever more vegetation is there the soil erosion will be reduced. And then next one is topography as we discussed earlier this depends upon the degree of slope shape and length of slope and size and shape of the water shed. So, on a water shed scale so, it depends upon the shape of the water shed size and slope of the area. So, now, so we are discussing about the water erosion. So, water is one of the major factor causing soil erosion. So, depending upon the same conditions we can classify water erosion types as follows like in the real which is we can combine like rain drop and sheet. So, that is called in the real then real gully and a stream channel erosion. So, in the real erosion say combination of rain drop and sheet erosion then real erosion gully and stream channel erosion. So, that these are different types of water erosion. So, let us see first one the rain drop erosion or splash erosion. So, here the soil detachments and transports from the impact of the rain drops directly on the soil particle or on thin water surfaces. So, when the rainfall takes place you can see that depending upon the intensity of rainfall the directly there will be an impact on the soil surface. So, that again cause detachment of the soil particles. Say after some time of the rainfall there may be the runoff will be taking place. So, but that also the depth of runoff may be very small. So, still intense rainfall takes place again this impact will be there. So, that way splash erosion means it is the soil detachments due to the impact of the rain drops. So, say for example, on bare soil about some calculation says about 200 tons per hectare soil is splashed into the air by heavy rains. So, especially in the beginning of rain fall season. So, say about 200 tons per hectare soil is splashed. So, we can identify relationship as far as the say the various erosion problems like by considering the erosion rain fall momentum and energy. So, like a rain drop mass size, shape, velocity and direction we can get some relationship based upon various field studies. So, one of the important relationship derived by Foster and others in 1981 is a relationship connecting the rain fall intensity and the kinetic energy. So, according to Foster et al is equal to 0.119 plus 0.0873 log i normal log i where e is the kinetic energy in million joules per hectare mm and i is the intensity of rain fall in millimeter per hour. So, like this and depending upon the for various types of water erosion we can derive relationships based upon the various field experiments we can derive the relationship as far as the various types of water erosion is concerned. So, now let us look into the sheet erosion or the indoor erosion. So, sheet erosion means uniform removal of soil in thin layers from sloping and resulting from overland flow. So, actually this is an idealized type of idealized form of sheet erosion very rarely occurs. So, generally say the intensity will vary from one location to another location. So, that way the sheet erosion varies from one location to another location. So, it is the unit it is the removal of soil in thin layers. Then next one is the combination of splash and the sheet erosion sometimes combined together and it is known as interval erosion. So, interval erosion is concerned it is a function of soil properties rain fall and land slope. So, Watson and Lahtrin has derived an equation as shown here d i is equal to k i i square S f where d i is the indoor erosion rate in kilogram per meter square second and k is the indoor roadability of soil in kilogram seconds per meter to the power 4 and i is the rainfall intensity in meter per seconds. And here S f is the slope factor which is defined as 1.05 minus 0.85 exponent minus 4 sin theta where theta is the slope in degrees. So, like this depending upon the conditions various conditions and then based upon various experiments some of the equations are derived by various researchers. So, what we have seen now is the sheet erosion or in the real erosion. So, now let us look the next type of erosion what water erosion called a reel erosion. So, reel erosion means detachments and transport of soil particles by concentrated flow of water. So, you can see in this figure. So, here this is a watershed. So, due to heavy rainfall say water is keep on coming from the various locations and then finally, small small channels and then you can see that soil particles concentrated soil particles are detached and then transported by concentrated flow of water. So, this is one of the predominant form of erosion. So, most of the watershed reel erosion is one of the major type of soil erosion and reel erosion depends on the hydraulic shear of water flowing in the reel reel rodability and the critical shear. So, here critical shear means shear below which soil detachment is negligible. So, you can see that the especially when the rainfall high intense rainfall is continuing then the water is keep on coming from different direction and then say the reel erosion takes place and that become a major cause of the soil erosion. Then reel detachment rates DR it is defined as erosion rate occurring beneath submerged area of the reel as shown here. So, an expression as reported by Rajivir Singh is written here DR is equal to k tau tau minus tau z into 1 minus q s by T z where DR is the reel detachment rate. Then k tau is the reel rodability resulting from shear and then tau z is the critical shear below which no erosion occurs and q s is the rate of sediment flow and then T z is the sediment transport capacity of the reel. Then tau is the hydraulic shear of flowing water which can be written as rho g r s where rho is the density of the water g is accession to gravity r is the hydraulic radius of the reel which is considered and s is the hydraulic gradient of the reel flow. So, like this say we can have a relationship as far as reel erosion is concerned. Now, another say important water type of water erosion is gully erosion. So, here this is advanced form of reel erosion. So, forms larger channels than small, small reels you can see that here this is a larger channel where the gully erosion took place. So, this is an advanced form of reel erosions. So, which forms larger channels than reels. So, there can be four stages as shown here like a formation stage, development stage, healing stage, stabilization stage. So, like that depending upon the gully formation we can have a formation stage, then development stage, healing stage and stabilization stage. So, gullies may be small like 1 meter or less or it can be medium from 1 meter to 5 meter or it can be large say like more than 5 meter. So, that is another important type of water erosion as far as soil erosion is concerned. So, next one is stream channel erosion. So, here now the water say when the rainfall takes place say in a water shell. So, all the water comes to measure stream through small small streams. So, due to the velocity of this flowing water there will be erosion will take place. So, that is how called stream or channel erosion. So, this is removal of soil from the stream banks or soil movement in channel. So, that is called stream or channel erosion. So, that is what is finally happening and this stream or channel erosion that you will be taking this sediments to the either to reservoirs or to lakes or to the oceans. So, that way the different types of water erosion what we have seen like a interval real erosion then say real erosion gully erosion and the say channel erosion. So, now as far as water erosion is concerned we can measure the water erosion as soil loss. So, the measurements generally we can conduct as far as typical water erosion is concerned we can conduct experiments in small say in runoff plots like 1 by 250 to 1 by 125 hectares small size runoff plots.  So, that we can collect the sediments. So, the runoff can be measured by flume and from that we can identify how much is this oil eroded as far as the water erosion is concerned. And then in streams measurement can be done using a silt observation post. So, this can be say the erosion say in streams are concerned it can be due to suspension saltation and the surface creep like a bed load. So, suspension and bed load is concerned both separately measured and added together say for example, if you are doing sampling. So, we can take samples and then identify how much will be the erosion type space. So, say we can use this equation say for example, AC is equal to P into Q into 86400 divided by 1000 where AC is the amount of material transport in turns per day P is the amount of material then Q is the rate of stream flow. In meter cube per second. So, like this say we can do sampling in channels or rivers and then from that we can measure how much will be the soil erosion say especially due to the water erosion. So, now say we have seen as far as water erosion is concerned various factors various causes and then various types of water erosion also we have seen. So, now say if you want to predict say as far as a watershed is concerned or as far as an areas concerned many times we have to predict how much is the soil erosion taking place for an area say for example, for a watershed is concerned. So, different methodologies are available. So, one of the commonly used equation is called a universal soil loss equation. So, out of the many methodologies available we will be briefly discussing one equation commonly used equation called a universal soil loss equation. So, this equation has been developed in United States through a large number of experiments. So, this is reported in various test books say for example, the various relationships here in this lecture is taken from the book of Rajveer Singh. So, the relationship for the average annual loss in 10 per hectare per year can be expressed as r into k into l into s into c into p. So, a is equal to r k l s c p. So, this equation is called a universal soil loss equation USL. So, this is one of the most commonly used equation as far as estimation of soil loss due to water erosion is concerned. Of course, number of modifications are available for this USL like modified USL, revised USL etc. But the basic equation is relationship connecting the average annual loss with respect to the r which is the rainfall and runoff rossivity index for the geographical location which we consider. Then k soil erodibility factor, then l slope length factor, s slope steepness factor, c cover management factor and p conservation practice factors. So, various relationships are available for this various factors and based upon the watershed or based upon the area we can assign values for each of these parameters and then we can calculate or we can estimate the average annual soil loss using this universal soil loss equation as far as water erosion is concerned. So, now let us see this radius parameters like this r k l s c p is concerned various parameters some relationships as defined in the book of Rajivir Singh let us see here. So, first one is a rainfall and runoff rossivity index. So, that can be expressed as EI 30 is equal to Ke into I 30 divided by 100 where EI is obtained by multiplying kinetic energy of storm into maximum 30 minute intensity for that storm. So, where Ke is the kinetic energy of storm I 30 is the maximum 30 minutes rainfall intensity of the storm. So, where we can write this kinetic energy of the storm is we can write like this 210.3 plus 89 log I in say where I is the rainfall intensity in centimeter per hour. So, this using this equation we can find out the rossivity index EI. Then a rodability factor k it is indicates the soil rodability factor k can be found by regression equation as reported by Foster. A number of equations are available one of the commonly used equation as reported by Foster is written here k is equal to 0.8 into 10 to the power minus 7 m to the power 1.14 into 12 minus a plus 4.3 into 10 to the power minus 3 b minus 2 plus 3.3 into 10 to the power minus 3 2 c minus 3 where m is the particle size parameter like a percentage of silt plus percentage of verifying sands into 100 minus percentage of clay and then a is percentage organic matter b is the soil structure code. Say like a verifying granularity can be 1, a fine granularity 2, medium or coarse granularity 3, then blocks platy or massive it can be 4 and then here c is profile permeability class like for rapid profile 1 moderate to rapid 2 moderate 3, slow to moderate 4 and the slow to moderate 5 very slow 6. So, like that we can calculate the rodability factor k. Then another important factor in the USLE equation is slope length factor L. So, that is is defined as L is equal to I by 22 to the power m where L is the slope length factor, I is the slope length in meter and m is the m is a dimensionless exponent as defined by this equation m is equal to sin theta divided by sin theta plus 0.269 sin theta to the power 0.8 plus 0.05 where theta is the field slope steepness which is x plus does tan inverse s by 100 where s is the field slope in percentage. So, using this equation we can find the slope length factor. Then another factor is slope steepness factor s. So, that is say defined by various equation for various conditions like this slope length shorter than 4 meter equation is s is equal to 3 into sin theta to the power 0.8 plus 0.56. Then for slope length longer than 4 meter and the percentage slope say field slope less than 9 percent s is equal to 10.8 sin theta plus 0.03 and slope length more than 4 meter and s is greater than equal to 9 percent s is equal to 16.8 sin theta minus 0.5. So, this gives the slope steepness factor. Then another important factor in the USL equation is universal soil loss equation is crop management factor C. So, that is it is combined effect of crop sequences, productivity level, length of growing season, delay practices, residue management and expected time distribution of erosive rain storm with respect to planting and harvest data with respect to planting and harvest data. So, this depends upon the locality say for example, say various test books gives this crop management factor that depends upon the locality and the type of crop say for example, Hyderabad region the crop for cultivated soil loss can be 10 per hectare it is 5 10 per hectare and value of C is 1. For the grass region it can be soil loss can be 0.59 and the value of C will be 0.12. Bejara soil loss can be 2 10 per hectare and the value of C can be 0.38. So, then another factor is conservation practice factor P the USL equation it is a ratio soil loss with a specific supporting practice to the corresponding loss with a up and down cultivation. So, this also depends upon the type the geographical location and the what kind of practice we adopt. Say for example, up and down cultivation of Jowar the P factor is equal to 1 then control cultivation of Jowar it can be 0.39. So, this depends upon the practice and the geographical location. So, like this using the USL which is one of the commonly used equation we can estimate the water erosion the soil erosion due to water we can calculate for a given watershed. So, as I mentioned the modified USL revised USL different versions of this equation are available in literature. So, one of this equation we can utilize to estimate how much will be the soil erosion taking place due to water within a watershed. So, now we will discuss the other important type of erosion. So, one is water erosion, second one is the windy erosion. So, here let us discuss about the windy erosion. So, wind erosion so, it is a process of detachment, transportation and deposition of soil by action of winch. So, in some of the areas where the windy velocity is very high the soil will be soil particle will be detached and then it will be transported and when the wind velocity comes down it will be deposited. So, you can see that say for example, in areas like Rajasthan desert area especially desert area arid and semi-arid regions you can see that the wind velocity is higher this sand will be taken by winch and that it will be transported and then it will be deposited by action of the winch. So, as obvious it depends on the wind speeds the soil type topographic features and the vegetative cover. So, if there is a good vegetative cover then the it will be the wind erosion will be reduced. So, as you can see that this major issue will be there in especially in arid and or a semi-arid region. So, this also depends upon especially depending upon what kind of soil and a texture of soil. So, say for example, in India say this kinds of major wind erosion takes place in Rajasthan, Gujarat and some parts of Punjab. So, now let us look into the mechanism of wind erosion. As far as wind erosion is concerned the wind erosion the first there is initiation of movements. So, this is due to turbulence and wind velocity. So, the when the wind hit on the soil the loose soil. So, due to the velocity and then that the wet shear stress changes and then the turbulence. So, it will be transported. So, next mechanism initiation of movement then next one is transportation. So, this depends on the particle size. So, if the soil particle is fine then you can see that the transportation rate will be higher then gradation wind velocity and the distance. Then the third mechanism is deposition. So, deposition occurs when gravitational forces is greater than forces holding soil particles in air. So, when the especially when the wind velocity comes down you can see that deposition takes place. So, as far as types of soil movement by wind is concerned here the various types are listed first one is a saltation. Saltation means fine particles lifted from surface and following specific path with respect to wind and gravity. Then second one is suspension. So, this is suspension means floating of small particles in the air media with respect to the wind. Then surface creep that means rolling or sliding of large soil particle along soil surface. So, as we have seen for the water erosion. So, as far as wind erosion is also concerned we can estimate the wind erosion by using various equation available literature. So, this interruption is concerned the average annual loss we can generally represent as a function of E is equal to as a function of ikclv where E is the estimated average annual loss 10 per hectare per year and i is the soil erodibility index k is the ridge roughness factor c is the climate factor l is the unsheltered length of eroding field then v is the vegetative cover factor. So, say for example, i which is the soil erodibility index say some equations are available in literature. So, like i is equal to 525 into 2.718 to the power minus 0.05f where f is the percentage of dry soil fraction greater than 0.84 mm. So, like that various relationships are available in literature and then say the other factor like roughness factor. So, it is a measure of effect of ridges made by tillage implements on wind erosion. So, ridge roughness we can express as 0.16 x square by d where h is the ridge height in mm d is the ridge spacing in mm then say k r we can obtain from the first we can calculate k r and using this we can find out the roughness factor k. So, k is equal to 0.35 plus told by k r plus 18 plus 6.2 into 10 to the power minus 6 into k r square. So, first we can calculate k r from which we can find the roughness factor k and then another important factor as far as wind erosion is concerned it is climate factor climatic factor. So, this is an index of climatic rossivity. So, this depends upon wind velocity and soil surface moisture. So, this depends upon the mean wind velocity profile. So, how the velocity varies from as far as depth wise variation is concerned. So, if u is the wind velocity at z height it can be mentioned as u is a d is equal to u star by kappa natural log z minus d by z 0 where u star is the friction velocity and then tau 0 is the shear stress. So, this friction velocity we can write square root of tau 0 by rho and rho is the air density then kappa is the Karman's constant z d is the height above reference surface d is the an effective surface roughness height z 0 roughness parameter. So, depending upon the location we can say define d is equal to 0.7 h z is 0 is equal to 0.13 h where h is the if height vegetation is there which is the height of vegetation. So, then another important factor in wind erosion is unsheltered belt and vegetative power factor. So, unsheltered distance we can identify it is a distance from a sheltered edge of a field to end of unsheltered field then we can identify this vegetative cover as a factor represent by relating the lance quantity and orientation of vegetative material to its equivalent of small grains residue as given by v is equal to a to r w b where v is the vegetative cover factor expressed as small grass equivalence then a and b are crop constants and r w is the quantity of residue to be converted to small grain equivalence. So, like this various parameters can be determined and then we can calculate the wind erosion. So, two important erosions one is the water erosion and another one is the wind erosion. So, we have seen various relationships to estimate the soil loss soil erosion due to the water and the wind. So, now, let us see how we can prevent the soil erosion. So, some of the important points are listed in this slide. So, to prevent soil erosion so, that requires say it is a it requires political economic and technical changes. So, of course, the things what is to be done in the field is so, the technical intervention, but say a lot of say money is required for this. So, that way economic reasons and then political will power and then say how the administrative administrators can go for various soil erosion prevention. So, which way we can implement it. So, accordingly it can be political, economic and technical changes. So, as far as technical changes are concerned. So, we can various measures are listed here like use of contour ploughing and wind breaks and then leaving unplowed grass strips between plowed lands then making sure that there are always plants growing on the soil and that soil is rich in humus like a decaying plant and animal remains. So, that erosion will be reduced and avoiding over gracing and over use of crop lands and allowing indigenous plants to grow along the river banks. So, that soil erosion will be reduced and engaging biological diversity by planting several different types of plants together. So, the advantage that at different levels the plants are growing. So, that the effect of water erosion or soil erosion will be reduced and then conservation of wetlands. So, these are some of the measures which we can be adopted as to prevent soil erosion either the water erosion is concerned or the wind erosion is concerned. So, now as a final topic in this lecture. So, let us look into the various soil conservation practices. So, the conservation practices these are the measures to reduce soil erosion say by the major factors of water and wind. So, what kind of measures we can adopt? So, various measures are possible. So, some of the important measures are listed here like a tillage and cropping practices as well as land manning practices. So, this directly affect the overall soil erosion problem. So, this is a direct intervention in a water shed or in an area. So, the cropping pattern say according to the cropping pattern the erosion can be have been found to be erosion has been found to be reduced. Then combination of approaches like a corn root plowing then strip cropping terracing etcetera. Then other measures like a seal fencing, erosion control blankets, sediment traps, plastic covering, bank stabilization, pipelines and bagging, check dams, draining leads, filter beams, seal dives etcetera. So, there are so many measures available as far as soil conservation practices are concerned. So, like check dam or corn root bonding or say like say we can go for blankets or sediment traps. So, like that various measures can be introduced to reduce the soil erosion. So, that is all conservation practices depending upon the area depending upon the conditions available for the concerned water shed and of course, the resources available we can go for say particular practice which is suitable for that particular area. So, some of the soil conservation practice types are listed here. So, mainly two types one is the vegetative practices. So, that can be like a corn during. So, like that on corn dures we can particular corn dures we can plant various types of vegetation, then strip cropping, then tillage operations mulching. So, these are some of the vegetative type of practices which we can adopt and then next one is mechanical practices. So, the mechanical practices what can be done for soil conservation is construction of terraces, burns like graded and corn dure, then like check dams, then vegetated outlets and water courses. So, that the whatever soil is eroded that will be a hole there and the soil erosion problem will be reduced. So, like that as far as soil conservation practices are concerned can be vegetative practices or the mechanical practices. So, before closing today's lecture. So, let us have a look what is the Indian scenario as far as soil erosion is concerned. So, here say in this slide the soil erosion rates in India is shown in terms of ISO erosion lines. So, soil erosion is a big problem in India. So, actually in the 1960s and 70s and 80s government of India implemented many programs to reduce the soil erosion problems as in terms of soil conservation. So, almost 55 percent of total land is affected especially Himalayan and lower Himalayan regions highly affected by soil erosion. And say as far as major reservoirs are concerned more than 25 percent of the reserve capacity has lost due to the sedimentation problems and the soil erosion problems. So, here this figure shows the ISO erosion lines. So, this is the unit is the erosion rates in 10 per square kilometer per year. So, you can see that here say for example, here 1000 here it is 1500 and this is the Himalayan regions it is much higher. So, the next table shows for various regions depending upon the land use the soil loss in 10 per square kilometer is listed like North and Himalaya then forest region then Punjab, Hariya and Alluvium. So, here you can see that where alluvial plain or the red soil region alluvial plain and then black soil region the depending upon the land use especially in agriculture region the soil loss is much much higher. So, this table is taken from Dajivius in watershed planning and management. So, this is the scenario as far as India is concerned. So, in India the soil erosion is a major problem. Soil conservation practices are already going on in many locations and now soil conservation practices are part of the watershed management practices. So, some of the important references used in today's lectures lecture is listed here. So, before closing today's lecture so some one tutorial question. So, illustrate the possible soil conservation measures within the perspective of sustainable watershed management practices. So, you can identify the components of soil erosion scientific interventions identify the problems identify the vegetative mechanical measures importance of soil conservation and if you self evaluation questions like what are the causes and consequence of soil erosion what is wind erosion and under what conditions does it occur. Enumerate measures adopted for control of soil erosion posed by winch then a few assignment questions differentiate between geological and accelerated erosion of soil illustrate soil erosion processes what are the important factors affecting soil erosion by water what are the different types of water erosion discuss each type. So, finally, one unsolved problem as usual say for your watershed study the soil erosion problems identify the problems find out the ways to control the soil erosion problems. So, you can carry out a survey and then consider traditional practices to control the soil erosion and you can suggest scientific methods for soil conservation in your watershed. So, with this lecture on soil conservation is over. So, we will discuss further the other aspects of say water watershed management practices in the next lecture. Thank you very much.


Spoiler alert for the entirety of Stephen King's catalog. You've been warned Hello everybody E here. Welcome back to an extremely late Thursday theorist I mean, I know he all of his books I did those, you know decades after they came out But this one I completely forgot and I apologize. I completely forgot that I did not finish this Thursday theorist I still had two episodes left to upload and I guess I have since deleted those videos So I'm doing I'm adding on the the first two that I did and then I'm going to tack on These two also and then have my new editor cut them all together If you guys don't know I have a new editor. His name is Craig Craig Fez Perry He will be editing all the longer videos from here on out or any videos that need a hella editing just to give me more time In case you haven't noticed videos have been few and far between And if you're watching this later later on I'll put a time signature down there So you can skip all of this stuff when the actual Thursday theorist begins, but uh, yeah, he'll be helping out the channel Hopefully that means that I can get more videos out to you guys because I'm hella busy right now Anyways on with the theorist video, okay I'm gonna be reading from my notes that I took forever ago So some of this stuff doesn't make sense or if I don't remember why I wrote it down I apologize, but we're gonna try and do our best here So I have a few very small Small things like right off the bat if it bleeds opens with Holly watching TV just like Bill in Mr. Mercedes We'll keep coming back. That's the the outsider. I believe is talking about that Another like him the outsider. So it's not the same outsider that was in That was in the outsider so it's confirmed that there's more than one of these things and There's no way was it Eddie destroys it. No, it's not Eddie Anyways, whoever destroys the eggs at the end of it. I think it's Eddie, but I could be completely wrong I'm blanking completely on that scene read the book 18 times What the hell's wrong with me? Anyways, but if it's if it's those if the outsider are those eggs And it's just been you know, these eggs have been traveling the the country just taking over people changing, you know Changing the way they look. There's a mention of hibernation just like the 27 years and it I all the all this is gonna connect very hard to it and not so much the dark tower overall, but maybe some Tommy knockers a Chain of faces going back years. I Don't know what that means. If you guys want to whoever knows the part that I'm talking about down there A chain of faces going back years. I guess all the different faces that that he's been I'm not sure you have to believe that I might you have to believe to be able to see it Holly feels there's a source of good the turtle so she she's talking about if if there is a source of evil I remember this rather clearly then there has to be a source of good So if you have this monstrosity this outsider that can do all these things there has to be a good side So the turtle I'm thinking anyways You called an oh That's just my I literally like all cats you called undiskey and it and it goes on to to talk about Undiskey as an it over and over and over again It was rather heavy-handed. I felt in this one if you guys If it did if you missed the connections in this one, please let me know down there If if you if you missed and I want to know if it's because I have read so much Stephen King that I caught all this stuff Or if people reading it that haven't read it or seen the movies, which is probably gonna be like three people But do don't know it Did you did you not catch any of this stuff? I want to know I'm not gonna pick on you anything But I do I want to know if it was obvious to someone who doesn't know all of the lore That's how people believe in UFOs and killer clowns. Okay. There's I believe this is a this is a line from the book That's how but this is very specific wording get me very specific wording and this is what got me so excited that the last time And I I remember shooting a video and just stumbling all over my words because I I was so excited So I'm glad I kind I went back. I'm still stumbling on my words But it was barely coherent the first time if I remember correctly But that's how people believe in UFOs and killer clowns UFOs killer clowns. I have long said that Pennywise is like the aliens in Dreamcatcher and Tommy knockers I've said that I don't know how many times and that is very specific language Unless Stephen King watches these videos and he's like, I'm gonna write this in just for that fat man. Anyways, so Inside Edition and Night Flyer Well inside Edition is mentioned That's from Night Flyer and numerous things in the King universe. It's mentioned in Richard D's work for there. He was in the Night Flyer. He's the main character. It's mentioned several times in the dark tower Inside Edition is like a tab tabloid of this Stephen King verse tabloid alien brain all caps Not entirely sure why I remember that but it says alien brain exclamation point If I ever go back and reread this one again because I've read it twice so far I read it and listen to the audiobook if I ever go back again. I will update this with what I meant by a You know Lastly we have give me what I want and I'll go away if you know where that's from Comment down there in the doobly-doo. I don't know The I don't know if I missed anything this time. I think I left something out as a Something for you guys to find I can't recall like I said It's been over a year since I read the book because I read it back to back when I reread it I read it then I listened to it If you guys found anything that I did not mention here Or if you want to explain some of the stuff that I was vague on please do so down there in the doobly-doo Of course, there's going to be spoilers for the entirety of Stephen King's universe So that's it for the if it bleeds section of if it bleeds so that the titular titular titular I like that word titular am I even saying it right now? It doesn't even sound like a word. Anyways for the If it bleeds, that's it for that one now. We're moving on to rat in rat There's the mention of TR 90 which is out there by dead score Lake. I think It's it's a not miss. I think it's a made-up TR was it something root? I can't remember what the T stands for but TR 90 is mentioned in Song of Susanne It's mentioned in bag of bones. It's mentioned in numerous ones al stamper I put three question marks after this because that name sounds awfully familiar if you know who it is Please let me know down there in the doobly-doo. I feel like it was Mike Noonan's caretaker Maybe not. I don't even remember who the character was in this one, but uh No bill the next one bill the care the caretaker from Bag of Bones was bill the caretaker from Bag of Bones Al Stampler. I have no idea why I highlighted that but there you have it And is bill the caretaker from Bag of Bones. I can't remember Everything was eventual is a quote in the book once again Stephen King referencing himself his short story collection Everything is a venture. Everything is eventual. Sorry. Everything's eventual Dairy is mentioned in the rat So that's a hard connect to the dark tower universe because that's where it happens and it ties in directly to the dark tower and Then the the rat quoting Franzen is interesting to me Highlighted this because going back and watching interviews with Stephen King Stephen King was asked what he thought about Jonathan Franzen and He said Jonathan Franzen Franzen is a terrific Writer, but he has absolutely no sense of humor.    He has some horrible horrible views But I do like the fact that he doesn't care I like damn near anybody who doesn't care what other people think about him But I thought it was funny for King to mention Franzen so heavily in this one and all the writing advice I remember that much and it wasn't really writing advice It was just it was offering a bit of solidarity to people who who might think that King is out of touch with other writers He still knows even though he doesn't believe in writer's block neither do I not because of him But you know, I've never I've never had it so it doesn't exist. No, I'm just kidding. I'm messing with you I know people have it, but he he wrote the story It felt like to tell those people to give it a little bit of solidarity with the people who struggle with writer's block Because there's nothing scarier than a blank page. I think that's from writing dot not writing dot com from on writing his memoir and Book on writing Anyways, it's more of a memoir than anything else, but what I'm getting at is there's There's a lot in this story to make you go Okay, well if other people suffer if other authors suffer like this then maybe it's not so bad that I do But I don't know if you're a writer and you struggle with writer's block and you read the story Did you get that feeling whatsoever? I don't know. Let me know down there in the doobly-doo Also, let me know if I missed anything and if it bleeds or if I missed anything if I missed anything Any connections whatsoever in all four stories? Let me know down there in the doobly-doo. I Always forget the name of this story It comes to me rather quickly, but I always stumble thinking of the name of this book I I really enjoyed the the structure of this one Today we're gonna be talking about connections with the Langoliers if you're new to this series I highly suggest going back and watching it from episode one I have over 50 episodes at this point for Thursday theories where I connect all of Stephen King's work to the dark tower And the King universe as a whole With with this one and my connection for Langoliers real quick is the the Finney, you know that they they travel through Or the the Aurora Bray Alice or the rip in time or whatever you want to call it. I consider it a Finney That's my my connection to the dark tower. This is a theory. It's not been supported Well, I I support it in the video that I did for it, but it's not supported by King or on the dark tower Threads that kind of thing or the official connections to the dark tower with with this one that This one's gonna cause maybe maybe not controversy But maybe some This is gonna be one of those ones like Carrie a lot of people disagreed with my theory video for Carrie that you might disagree with me On this one.  This isn't facts, okay? So with this one, I got a very very strong Vibe from this one that it connects to the Langoliers There are certain scenes in the book and the book is told in reverse It starts with act 3 goes to act 2 goes to act 1 and then it ends Another a theme of the Langoliers that I find interesting is the idea that we need to live in the moment There is no going back. You need to enjoy this life as it comes about and if you try to go back back You're all you're going to find is destruction or Or nothingness by the end of it and one of the things that really connected hard for me was watching The stars in the sky blink out and just completely disappear as if the universe was being eaten So I'm going to connect this to Langoliers in that aspect because I do feel like time is being eaten up If that's the that's the best way I can describe it and it's the way that you know the Langoliers Just take up time or eat up to they they devour it and that's kind of what it feels like Here. I don't really agree with the idea that this book ties into the stand I don't I don't I don't see it. Yes, it is an end of the world scenario But other than that, I feel it ties more into the Langoliers now I may be completely off and if you want to explain to me why I am Completely out of touch Down there in the doobly-doo. Please do. I don't mind it. In fact, if you make a good argument Opinion. Um, so this one that's how I'm going to connect this one. Sorry these videos These individual videos are short. Um, but like I said in the last one I'm doing these because my internet isn't so great and trying to get them up And if I put all these things together, I am pretty sure it will be a 30 45 minute video. Tell me What you didn't like why you thought this book was meh or it was terrible or whatever Let me know those things and if if I don't have anybody to pin for other reasons I'll pin you I I do want to know how many people actually feel that this ties into the stand So I'm going to leave that question for you also How and why do you think this one ties into the stand outside of the apocalyptic scenario or end of the world scenario For mr. Harrigan's phone the connections are very very simple. Um, if you Have been a long time fan of the show or if you know about the the Thursday theory series that I do Or if you don't this message is for you. Um, I have over 50 episodes so far in this series where I connect every single book Uh, that steven king has ever written even the short stories novellas everything to the dark tower universe Um, I'm very behind on that. I'm working on storm of the century right now That one's a little it's a little harder to do because It is a script and I don't like reading scripts Um, I've thought about just doing the movie But there's some stuff that I remember in the script that didn't actually make it into the movie So I need to reread the story itself On to mr. Harrigan's phone and how it connects to the dark tower universe in my uh episode for revival I connected uh revival to the dark tower universe. I will link to that video down there in the doobly-doo Um, but this one occur this story occurs in harlow Which is the same town in which revival begins. So there's your there's your hard connect because Uh revival has a hard connect to the dark tower universe Um and things like uh the black house the talisman that kind of thing Uh in this one also there are Numerous mentions of castle rock and the things that happened in castle rock And I of course connected castle rock to the dark tower universe also Um some spoilers for the book this story was was fantastic. Um, there's nothing really new here But I did love the writing and I love the story It's a bit of uh harvey's uh phone call or whatever whatever it's called from uh just after sunset I think is the collection that's in Um that one mixed with a bit of guindy's button box It's a story about a boy who and an hearts in the land It says a bit of that also because it's about a young man named craig who reads to Mr. Harrigan who's an elderly rich man. Um, who's you can't see Well, I think that's the reasoning for the reading. Um, I can't actually remember uh, but the uh The the plot is built on the chassis that the phone that mr. Harrigan is buried with Um, the technology he's buried with craig uses it to enact Revenge on on people. Uh, he he keeps calling mr. Harrigan telling him about his problems And even though craig it's a it's a passive thing He he's not well There is a one point where he he brings up specifically that he wants something bad to happen to somebody And mr. Harrigan or whatever is lurking in place of mr. Harrigan through this phone Is uh, it is enacting revenge on craig's behalf I think one of the most the one of the most striking Points of this story is the relationship Between the main character craig and mr. Harrigan because these two characters are so vastly different And all the books that craig reads to mr. Harrigan are about greed are about corruption on top of that Their authors are problematic. Uh, this is from no information of mine. My buddy Scott Kemper He's the one who told me about this. I have not read the books by those authors because I did know that they were problematic Um, and I just don't care to read that also It's just not my uh genre of choice But I find the not that really the world the character development without actually talking about the characters using the fiction That mr. Harrigan consumes and prefers to consume uh balanced with uh How craig reacts to it I think that that's the most striking part of this book and while he does reuse concepts The theme is holy Original I feel Um, especially the delivery like I said you have you have nothing that comes right out and says Um that mr. Harrigan is a terrible person or that he's corrupt or that he's greedy or any of these things It's all it's all built in the subtext and that's why I love this book so much Um, of course, I've been hearing a lot of people going man. It was okay Or is overdone or whatever and that's completely valid completely valid points But I loved it. I really enjoyed it and the way it connected to revival being in the same town of harlow I appreciated that also So did I miss anything? I know I didn't go down. Um, I actually wrote down all of the connections to kasa rock on a uh The back of an envelope and then I lost the envelope But I know that there were numerous things in kasa rock So if somebody wants to put down there in the comments, uh telling people exactly Which things that uh, they found specifically in kasa rock. Please feel free to um, the I'll I'll pin whoever you know has the most concise Uh, I comment down there in the doobly-doo. Anyways, so Like I said, if I missed anything, please let me know If you would like to talk about spoilers You can fully talk about spoilers down there in the doobly-doo anybody who comes across this video And is upset about the spoilers It's going to happen on these thursday theorist videos because I have to talk about the content of the book So be wary down there in the comment section. Um, but let me know what you thought about certain scenes I know we talked about whether or not people liked it in the actual review of the book Now I want to know the scenes that you liked the most or the scenes that you didn't like the most I would love to hear those things because I thought this story was fantastic And I would love to hear your opinions on why you think it wasn't so until next time. I have an e you have an u This has been another thursday theorist review. I'll talk to you guys later. Bye. Bye