Yes, is that is working maybe so we can dance right away start so that we don't lose time because there are plenty of presenters perfect. Right. Looks very well. Okay. Do you want to do that I don't know. No, no, leave it because I think we will start with you first so. Okay. I don't know very nice presentation in the in the plenary so maybe they are asking questions. I see but I wait for instructions from the FAO colleagues what we should do. Yeah. Sure, I will have to leave at four o'clock so. I think you can I think we can start she was just giving the instructions to access to the to the parallel sessions. And I think it's finished now so you can you can start please. Thank you very much so thank you. Mayor welcome everybody to this parallel session. I think we have a very dense program actually, and we will address the theme number three of this conference which is actually addressing so by diversity in shaping the future of food systems. I'm Luca Montanarella, by the way, I work for the European Commission, and in charge of the European Commission of soil related activities, especially dealing with European soil data center and then European soil information system and all the related activities. Of course, this is a very dense program so I hope that we will manage to keep the time so that we successfully complete the program. We will have a first block of three presentations from two to three o'clock and then have a second block of four presentations from three to four o'clock. And I hope that the time will be enough to allow also for questions and answers. I will move the question and answers at the end of each block so that we can interact with the speakers. So, I think at this stage, I think really I would like to welcome now the first speaker, which is Mrs Veronica Andrea Mojtar. She comes from Argentina, and she will present to us so by diversity management for food security. So Veronica the floor is yours. Please. Okay, so good morning to everyone in this presentation, I will talk about review paper that we present publish sorry with my colleagues in 2019. The main goals of this article was to provide an overview of the relations between Solvia diversity, agricultural management and food production, and to provide scientific evidences of the potential of Solvia diversity management to improve food security and nutrition. So we perform a systematic literature search combining four different search strategies, and then we organize and classify the articles according to our scientific research topics. First, I need to introduce the framework that we use to organize all this information in the article. We classified soil organisms according to three functional groups, chemical ecosystem biological regulators and ecosystem engineers that are related mostly but not exclusively with nutrient cycling biological dynamics and soil structure. These three functional groups can vary in different soil compartments, according to environmental conditions. For example, the biosphere, the rhizosphere, the, the tritosphere or the aridatosphere and also with soil depth. Solvia diversity depends on biotic factors such as plant and animal diversity and on a biotic factors such as temperature and rainfall and etaphic traits. And also, as was mentioned yesterday in the presentations, there is an important relations between above and below ground diversity. So Solvia diversity influence ecosystem services and we focus mostly on food security and Solvia diversity is influenced by different drivers we focus mostly on land use change and soil management. One of the main results that we found is that we have a growing understanding and appreciation of Solvia diversity and its complexity. In this picture, we can see how the terms that we used to refer Solvia diversity change over time. In the beginning we use terms such as fauna and microbes and now we are using terms such as diversity communities, food, etc. However, 80% of Solvia diversity research came from northern hemisphere and therefore we have an important gap for research in southern hemisphere. Here in our research topics we found that most of the information was related with drivers of Solvia diversity and Solvia diversity and soil functions. But we also found that information of this by birth indicates that there is a potential of Solvia diversity management to improve soil productivity ecosystem services and food security and nutrition. Considering the relation between soil organisms and plant productivity, we found that most of the information is related with bacteria and fungi and therefore with chemical engineers and the soil process related with them. When considering land use management and, sorry, land use change and soil management, we found that diversity and diversity mediated soil processes are negatively affected by land use change and intensive agriculture. This is just one of the reports that we found, but there are also positive impacts on diversity by organic or agroecological farming. So the information indicates that we can manage positively or negatively soiled biodiversity. One aspect of Solvia diversity that is highlighted in the recent research is that network interactions could be more important than richness and abundance. Yesterday in her presentation, Diane Wall mentioned network interactions and one would speak of network interactions would refer to the relation between different type of organisms in the soil that can be affected by the land use change and soil management. So these three functional groups of soil organisms have direct and indirect impact on soil processes and through these soil processes with and conserving Solvia diversity, we can impact on ecosystem function and services and the food pillars of food security. Our research also revealed that there are two main emerging approaches for Solvia diversity management, the reductionist approach and realistic approach. In the reductionist approach, soil is considered mostly as a source for taping genes and organisms that can be used or modified through biotechnology. One of the main examples is the predictions of bio fertilizers based on chemical engineers and this approach is mostly based on chemical engineers, bacteria and fungi, and in particular with the impact of these organisms and plants soil biotabilogram interactions. Through these interactions, you can modify or increase ecosystem provisioning system and also availability and nutrition and safety these two pillars of food security. On the other side, the holistic approach think in the soil as a system and try to conserve as much as possible all soil processes and to do this, we need to conserve the three groups of functional soil organisms. And through these soil processes and their conservation, we can influence ecosystem services and food security. So just to present to one example of each approach, the idea of the reductionist approach is that if we have a divided resource for, we can use the knowledge that we have on the national resource for to produce an engineer rises for using carbon source and bio fertilizers. The idea is that we try to improve the rises for by using these soil organisms. On the other side in the holistic approach, we try to propose alternative agricultural system between these two extremes, the extensive system and the intensive system. One example is the ecological intensification. The idea is to propose a sustainable system in which we can have high productivity and high soil biodiversity using a moderate resource input low nutrient losses and having high rate of regulatory processes because we are conserving soil processes and acting on soil processes. So, ecological instant intensification is just one example of the implementation of realistic approach. Yesterday, in the presentation of Philippi Parisi, we observe another implementation of this approach. And this is all thank you for your attention. Thanks a lot. Thanks a lot. This was really very interesting. And I was impressed by your literature review that shows this divide between north and south. Maybe we can come back to that. It's really very interesting presentation. Thank you very much. I will have a question and answer session at the end of this block. So, I give now the floor to the next presentation so that we can then possibly have enough time at the end of the block for a question and answer session. So our next speaker is again from South America from Brazil. It's Mrs Karina Gonzalez David that I hope is with us. I hope so. Yes, welcome. And, and she will present to us from soil to table agroforestry systems as an alternative to regenerative agriculture, very promising title. Thanks a lot for presenting and the floor is yours. Hello, everybody, can I start. Yeah, please, please. Okay, share your screen with your presentation. Go ahead. Okay, one minute. You will show my screen or I do it. The previous speaker was showing it herself but if you prefer we can ask here are colleagues of FAO if they want to do it for you as you want. Okay, I prefer. You prefer if they do it or you do it. They do it please. And let me ask them if they can. Carolina, are you listening or buffet. Yes, buffet is going to do it buffet. I just found here my presentation I can do that. Sorry. You're doing it. Okay. Are you. We see your presentation now. Okay, good. Hello everybody. I'm Carolina. I'm from Latin America. I'm an organic farmer. Me and my husband, we grow food in our lands here in the south of Brazil. We are in the state of Paraná in the city of Campo Largo. So in the same time you we are farmer, we are regenerating nature through our forest system. We are a member of echo Vida PGS. And we are a member of enough that is the Intercontinental Network of the organic farmers organization. I'm thankful and very happy to be here in this space is talking about our work here in agroforestry system. I'm very happy to have farmers on this space so I'm representing these people and I'm very happy for that. I'm sorry for my English. I'm not a scientific research or teacher, but I will do my best. So agroforestry system are an alternative for agriculture production where agro refers to the act of farming the land and forest refers to a system based on the principle of the forest. So we observe nature and learn with this manifestation, then we can reproduce that in lines. The agroforestry system can be practiced in whole worlds in different regions and climates, as long as it's respected and follow the logic of the forest with has general and specific characteristics. The practical experience has shown that agroforestry system contribute to the recover of the soil on several aspects, for example, this compression erosion humidity increase diversity of mezzo and macro fauna color texture and increasing production quality. So agroforestry is not like a cake recipe. So the first step to have in mind what is the goal of the farmer, what you can do, what you want to do, and then you can choose infinite kinds of plants. Once you have your objective, it can be planting vegetable, medicinal plants, mushroom, wood, fruits, etc. It's infinity. You need to observe and understand how the nature works, the mechanism, the principle, the engine, how the nature survive and reproduce in harmony, and then reproduce it in a smart agriculture. So in agroforestry system, we have lots, lots of principles. I will talk about a short of them. The first one is natural section. Is the dynamic process that refers to the timing and the function of each plant in the system, where one plants create condition for the others that keep coming. Of course, in this explanation is so basic and summarized. We can stay here days and when we are talking about the principles, these principles in the other one. Another principle is stratification. This principle are complementary to the principle of succession in the space that is the space of the plant occupy in the timing. According to the needs of some in nutrients for their development. It's the forest floors in the nature. And it's always important to remind that agriculture is the art of harvest the sun and cover the sun energy in food. There are plants that need less sunlight. There are plants that need more sunlight. So nature do and teach it and us with designing it. The other principle are pruning. Pruning is the engine of the system. In nature, it occurs through animals, rain, and other mechanisms. We as being below in this system and consider it large animals also contribute with the end of optimizing the system process. There are different tips types of pruning, such as fruiting, formation, and different kinds. All pruning seeks is to optimize life process. Unlike conventional agriculture, which seeks to maximize, we optimize and we optimize the use of the soil. And the other principle I think is the most important for this day here and not for the agroforestry is the soil cover. We never plant without that. If we enter in a forest that has grown naturally, we will never, never see the bare soil. Nature always has its mechanisms to keep the soil covered and protected. So why we didn't do that. The soil cover has infinity benefits, such as thermal and water balance, and availability of nutrients for the plants and for all the biota is structuring for water and air infiltration erosion protection, and many, many others benefits. After Ana Prima Vesa, it's a Brazilian woman, I think everyone know this special woman. She said a long time ago that a healthy plant is the result of a healthy soil. And another teacher and a sketch teacher that a healthy plant is the result of a balanced system. So when you do agroforestry, we keep approaching of this balance system. So here I will show some photos of our agroforestry here in the farm. This is the way we design our system. We do two lines of trees, and in the middle we plant vegetable, or it can be other plants that have short circles, circles. We do that in the middle until the sunlight come inside, then the succession continue. I wrote here in my presentation the name and the objective of each species, but I have a have not, I think I have no time to talk about each in this, in this space now. But I think the presentation will be available for everyone, and I will be available here, if someone need to talk more about that species. So when we arrived here in this farm, years ago, people, traditional agriculture, and we started this organic agriculture. We did a soil analysis, and we found these numbers. The H was 5.6, the micronutrients was so low, we couldn't see the insets in the soil. The aluminum will have 26% and the organic matter was only 20%. And what did we do in this time? We were talking about the step-by-step of the preparation to start an agroforestry system. So first we prepare the soil with this small tractor, we call that in Portuguese Tratorito, to this compact the soil, and it's important to remind that before they practices conventional agriculture. We need to put some fertilizer here in the soil, and we use rock pounder, manure, limestone, and vegetable ash. Just to start, because we didn't have your health soil, so we need some help. And then we delimitate the spaces, where is the space of the bed, where is the spaces to walk, because we never walk in the bed lines, never. The better way to start the agroforestry system when we have big tree, is to start implanting this big tree. So we start with this big tree, and then we cover the soil. Then we start to plant the smaller species. Once we have the soil cover, or we have the rain, or we do the first re-irrigation. And then we, I show here to you the first harvest before 20 days, we have the first vegetables that have the sharp circle. After 30 days, we still have some vegetables. After 55 days, we still harvesting vegetable. You can see the difference in how the plants are held. After 110 days, we start to harvest this kind of vegetables. And it's more easy to see how the soil responds to this kind of agriculture. And after 150 days, we still have vegetables, like potatoes, canned potatoes, manioc, and other kinds of vegetables. So after one year, practicing this kind of agriculture, agroforestry system, we can see the difference of the soil. We can see like lots of difference. The smell are different, the texture of the soil are different, the color are different. We can see lots of kinds of insects inside the soil. It's only before one year. And the health of the plants is the best to show the health of the soil. After one year, we did again the analysis, the soil analysis, and we found different numbers. The pH increases and goes to 6.3. The micronutrients was so, so higher. The aluminum is down for 17% and the organic matter 45%. This work I'm presenting here, it's about one year of work in this land. But we are here that are more time, and I am very happy to show the results of this kind of agriculture, agroforestry system before, four years later. The first picture is when we arrive here and we cut the matter that had here to start the agriculture here. And then you can see the other pictures before four years. It's so, so different. We can find the birds and lots of different animals bigger too. So here, the fruits and the harvest can talk more than me. We can see some fruits and some resets of this, this agriculture, more than, and in summary, agroforest is the way to agriculture in harmony with nature. Or we do like nature, teacher us, or we have a counting time in this planning. So thank you everybody for your attention and I'm here available to talking more about this, this situation. Thanks a lot. This was very impressive and you can already read from the comments on the chat that there were plenty of colleagues online that have been enthusiastic about what you presented, which is quite impressive. Please stay with us till the end of this first block of presentations because we will have a question and answer session at the end of the next presentation so that we can then have maybe further discussions of what you presented, which was very interesting. I think we should move right away to the final presentation of this first block of theme three so by diversity shaping the future food systems. I'm pleased to introduce the next speaker which she connects countries or from Italy miss Anna Rosa's Procati from an air Kazakhstan Italy, and she will present to us enabling ballet production in Eric soils by only exploiting the indigenous microbial biodiversity. So, Rosa, if you are online, please, the floor is yours online. Do you hear me. Yes, yes. So please share your presentation or if you prefer maybe colleagues of FAO can do it for you. I don't know. I have the presentation just a moment. I should be ready. Okay. Okay. Oh, can you see. Not yet, but keep trying. This one. Okay, now it's coming. Okay. Okay. Very well. Yes, please go ahead. Good afternoon to everybody. I'm trying to show you a trial to enabling body production in every size by only exploiting the indigenous microbial biodiversity. And they are present on behalf of all consortium or co-author you listed here. And do you work is part of the project and it meant to project that supreme that has the objective to combat impoverishment of soils and to reduce the use of fertilizers and waters harnessing the spontaneous microbiome potential to improve plant growth functions in soil. It's a productive approach, respect to the presentation of holistic approach, but it was in some some way. The this project addresses local communities. Distributed over four Mediterranean countries that are said in Italy, Algeria, Cyprus, and Jordan. These countries have been increasingly challenged by water scarcity and by low agricultural productivity due to the scarce biogeochemical function of soils. In presenting a the work came out with the soil, a semi-arid soil of the agronomic station of a great agricultural station in Jordan, and where they they grow serious and especially in party. One was to characterize the soil for the microbiological aspect. So after soil sampling we extract the microbial community and then started the community by ecoplates, biologists to to observe the physiological profile at community level. And then we cultivate isolates the cultivable strain and we focus on bacteria and so we cultivate the bacteria on three different media nitrogen three nutrient and mineral medium to enhance the possibility to isolate the strains. Then all the strains were identified by the sequence of Erdien A16S and characterized for Plunger promotion functions features. Then the best, the more suitable strains have been selected to develop a microbial formula to be used as a biogmentation agent in pot experiments that were preliminary to the field trial now underway in Jordan. So the soil was of course a good agricultural soil but in semi-arid conditions so with a good microbial load with a good quite good functional biodiversity and we isolate 42 colony forming more for types that were distributed in main five flow genetic classes with prevalence of gamma protein bacteria and the actinobacteria. The Plunger promoting functions were a prevalence of nitrogen fixing while the phytomon production were the least represented function. This is the phylogenetic tree of the our isolates and all the strains are now from Jordan but also from the other experimental sites in the project. I collected in the collection our collection in Nea Miri that participated to the European Miri network for the cell guard of microbial biodiversity. So we selected the strain for the microbial formula based on two main criteria. One that the formula has to include all the Plunger promoting function. And the second one that have to reflect the structure of the microbial community in order to enhance the functions without perturbing too much the microbiological system spontaneous. So this is the microbial formula that includes all the PCB functions and we use this formula in two different experiments a POT experiment one at NEI in Italy and the second one at the Mutile University in Jordan. So the bi-argumentation was performed with our formula and both experiments envisage three different treatments the control just water chemical fertilizers and the bacteria in the first experiment we tested two water levels and optimal levels calculate on the water retention capacity of the soil and water stress one fourth of the optimal one in the second experiment we tested three different water levels so optimal middle and stress. The first experiment was carried out lasted 20 days temperature 70% of humidity and the lidar cycle of 14-10 hours. Here we can see some images in the presence of optimal water after 20 days during the tillering phase of the body there are no appreciable differences between the conditions and the soil under water stress only the bi-argumentation could sustain the growth of the plant roots. It's in agreement with the physiological profile that we can see only where bi-argumentation was performed both optimal water and water stress the metabolic activity of the soil was increased and also the functional diversity of the soil was maintained in the presence of bacteria under water stress also the plant physiological parameters confirm the results in the presence of fresh weight of aerial parts root system in optimal condition there were no appreciable differences statistically but under water stress the only condition able to sustain the growth was in the presence of bacteria the same for root system but no under water stress for the root system we analysed the average number of adventitious roots the lateral roots and the length of adventitious roots and also here we can notice that in presence of optimal water no big differences but difference under water stress the same for lateral roots while the length of adventitious roots decreased in the presence of bi-argumentation maybe because the bacteria it was evident looking at the ground at the soil and the roots needed less to go to explore for water the second experiment quite the same conditions lasted 8 weeks and the colleagues of the Muta University Professor Tael observed the biomass stem length number of roots and length of roots and we can see that for any parameters the best results were done by bacteria the presence of bacteria bi-argumentation especially under water stress that is the yellow bar here and that's some picture and in the presence of water stress we can see the big difference between the control chemical fertilizers and bacteria so in summary we established a tailor-made microbial formula and used as alternative to chemical fertilizers for supporting the growth of barley in the semi-arid soil in Jordan the formula is composed by 16 autonomous performing PGP strains selected to reflect as closely as possible the structure of the native bacterial community the formula was tested as agent of functional bi-argumentation to enhance the function of soil under water stress and in conclusion we can say that when optimal water was supplied no major differences are observed thus bacteria can replace chemical fertilizers in this case the material formula proved to be the only treatment enabling survival and healthy of barley plantlets so we think that a knowledge base bi-argumentation technique could be the key to develop new approaches to the recovery of degraded soil saving water replacing chemicals preserving and enhancing the indigenous microbial biodiversity on this basis a two-year field trial is underway at the anguiver station for the first year we had very positive results but the colleagues want to confirm the second cycle for the crop before before producing the results so I thank you very much for your attention on behalf of Supreme Consortium thanks a lot thanks a lot Rosa for this very interesting presentation and for the interesting collaboration across the Mediterranean which is of course quite good news so we have now completed the first block of three presentations for this afternoon parallel session so we have now some time if you want and if you have questions to directly put them to the presenters if you want by raising your hand or by putting them on the chat in writing I have several questions actually on the chat so I will start from them and then see if anything else comes in also colleagues who want to take the floor so let me first start with some questions that I see for Karina Karina are you there? Yeah I'm here so your presentation was triggering quite a lot what was the criterion for choosing the three species? So the criteria is the importance of the goals of this farmer the objective it can be wood it can be medicinal plants for having essential oils it can be plants that have the fiber for clothes it can be what do you want it's infinite possibilities so it depends on the goals the objective Ok second question that you can see is what is the system of agroforestry called? Does it have a name? Yeah the name is agroforestry system or synthropic farming where do you sell your products? We sell that in a street market and now with pandemic time we started to do delivery so we sell directly in the houses with our car and do you allow me myself a question because I know a little bit about agroforestry and one of the biggest challenges if you want to adopt agroforestry is mechanization you show the little tool that you're using but you know one of the biggest hurdles for agroforestry is that usually you must have a very labor intensive type of agricultural system which of course is at least for us here in Europe meaning a very high cost pretty uncompetitive prices of what you want to bring to the market so can you tell us how you address the issue of the difficulty of mechanization do you have a very intensive labor force that you must apply to do all this? Yeah that's a big challenge we have no technology for agroforestry system we have a research in this subject in Europe to develop this technology but it's not still available for us but one point is agroforests demand lots of work in the beginning but once we are going through the years this work is less because the nature it's more in harmony so we don't need to intervention like in the beginning but it's a big challenge to this technology we are waiting for these machines to develop this kind of agriculture okay thanks a lot and good luck with your work I will move on there are plenty of other questions in the chat so thank you very much for your presentation sorry first was the bacterial inoculum wild or native to Jordan imagine this is for anarosa native or native to Jordan soils? not native from the same soil of the agroforestation so we studied the population the microbial community and we just enhanced the function we want the spontaneous function in the soil so we tried this approach we call functional bio-recommendation because we want to improve the function of soil target function, in this case plant growth promotion we also work on bio remediation and also in this case for instance hydrocarbon degraders so we look for the function we need we select the spontaneous bacteria or fungi and we enhance this function we bio-augment the concentration of this group trying to respect the structure of the community okay I hope this was clear for the person who has been putting the question next question was did you publish this work to you anarosa I suppose the question is thank you very much for your presentation have you published already this work that you are okay I see another question for Karina how heavy are the operating activities for a five years old agroforestry system it depends what you consider it heavy but it's kind of it demands lots of work but how I say the work in the years is less than less because when the succession happened we started to collect fruits and yerba mate and other plants to have the essential oil so in the beginning we need lots of heavy work because it's smaller works but in the time passing it works it's less this work is less thanks a lot I see another question for you anarosa thank you for your presentation I want to know how do you prepare the bacteria to use as inoculant isolate the bacteria from your own soil from the soil where we want to grow crops so we prepare individually the strains we grow the strains in laboratory and until the plateau phase the best physiological conditions then we separate from the growth medium at the end we pull together the different strains in this case we have 16 strains we pull together the different strains we dilute to have a concentration of 10 to 7 on the soil just we pull together just with water it's very very simple if we have the possibility to grow strains that is very simple because we try to do it in the simplest ways as possible thank you I see many questions coming in I just want to remind that 3 o'clock we will to stop this because we need to move to the second block but I see here another question for you anarosa what is the way moving forward to scale this up they are already moved and they are they produce a lot of bacteria in fermenters and at the university and they are now a field trial is active a field trial so with a real scale a production of barley and that's already the second year of field trial we have I hope at the end of this season the results of two years to show you to publish to share with you okay I don't know which one to take now there are several other questions one from Julio what are the limits of adaptation of bacteria in terms of pH and aluminium saturation in the soil I suppose this is for Karina but it's not specifying to whom for us it's not so because we selected directly from the soil is the native population is the native community so they are already adapted to this soil so any pH because the principle is to try to exploit the spontaneous biodiversity you have there microorganisms and bacteria are ubiquitous you find any kind of bacteria everywhere the important is to to reinforce to enhance the potential inside the community for instance we found plant growth promoting bacteria in mining sites so it was not a soil it was a waste of mining sites and we found there bacteria and we were able to go and we made a phytoremediation assisted phytoremediation for the control for the heavy metals so you find bacteria you have to know them and to collect them and to help them to come back in the soil okay thanks a lot I just wanted to put one question from my side to Veronica she didn't get any question from the chat so I was intrigued by your statement there is such a divide between the north and south of research publications that you have been reviewing do you have any idea why this is happening I think that first we are developing countries and we have not so many money to perform studies so we are more limited to publish and also because I use or we use Scopus database and we choose information in English and maybe there are a lot of information in Spanish that we can use and now we are actually performing a revision in our country to see the level of information that we have in terms of specifically soil biological indicators but I think that this is a pattern that we can observe in all the reviews around the world in any subject that we are developing but in terms of soil biodiversity it is important because different hemispheres have different patterns of plant biodiversity and animal biodiversity climate change and different patterns are respected so we need to have information from different hemispheres and we need to have a good understanding of this and I think that is a good opportunity for our culture I hope this conference will help so I think we had an opportunity to voice our concerns and again thanks to all three of you of course for having participated in this first block of this session I would like to reply over the chat to the colleagues who have been putting questions to you by the way I learned that the presentations will be put online so people will have the possibility to go back to your presentations in case they didn't completely get some of the points you were making and again congratulations to all of you for the excellent work and thank you for your time and thank you for your time until 4 o'clock we will have four additional presentations starting with Mrs. Cristina last from the University of California in USA I don't know if Cristina is ready with us I'm here Yes, I will do that Go ahead Okay, perfect Good afternoon everyone and good morning from California where I'm speaking today I would like to thank the FAO and the organizers of this symposium for inviting me and for making this virtual meeting possible My name is Cristina Lascano and I'm from the University of California Davis and today I'm going to be talking about a case study where we evaluated the importance of rightosphere, ecological interactions and specifically interactions between plants and microorganisms for improving plant health and supporting nutrition of strawberry plants under low production systems and this is more and more evidence of the important role of the low ground ecological interactions for supporting ecosystem processes and therefore directly affecting the health of soils plants and the environment and so in that way ecological interactions have direct and indirect benefits for human health and this is a bit of the questions and the connections of the research program but for today's presentation I'm going to be focusing on the connections between below ground ecological interactions precisely between plants and microbes and the relevance for plant health so one of the areas of soil where these ecological interactions are the most important and the most relevant for plant health are the plant roots where plant secret exudates that attract microorganisms and those microbes help plants cope with diseases and support plant health by mobilizing nutrients so because of that the rightosphere has been compared to the human gut because of the important role in plant health but the role of the rightosphere has been traditionally disregarded in agricultural production and in order to take advantage of these interactions we first need to understand the relevance and the drivers of these interactions so the role of rightosphere interactions could be particularly beneficial in those crops that require really large inputs of agrochemicals such as strawberries that rely typically in the use of heavy applications of pesticides like methyl bromide to fight soil-borne diseases that decrease productivity and the thing is that methyl bromide has been faced out and the industry needs alternatives to these strong fumigants at present the industry is really interested in these and there are several commercial and experimental strawberry cultivars that are known to be resistant to soil-borne pathogens but the mechanisms behind this resistance are not well understood yet and it's possible that the rightosphere microbiome has something to do with it so the questions in this study were first of all to assess whether there is a distinctive rightosphere microbiome community in strawberry plants second whether breathing has affected these rightosphere microbiome community and if so what is the relevance for plant health and nutrition in this crop so to answer these questions we carried out two field trials that were parallel asynchronous to test the resistance of 90 different cultivars of strawberries from the six main breathing programs that are being used around the world two soil-borne pathogens verticillium delie which was naturally present in the experimental soils and macrophomena faciolina which had to be inoculated we planted these cultivars in plots that contain 20 plants of each cultivar and then the plots were arranged in the field following a randomized block design with four blocks so four replicates at the end of the trial that was harvest time around July we selected out of the nine cultivars we selected ten that showed a range of resistance from very high resistance to very low or very high susceptibility to the pathogens and in each of these ten cultivars we gathered samples of the rightosphere and the bulk soil that was subjected to 16S RNA high and we collected samples of the shoots to assess prokaryotic diversity and we collected also samples of the shoots to assess above-grant trades such as biomass and nutrient content in the leaves so I'll show you some of the results of this experiment and I'll start talking about the first question whether strawberry plants have distinctive characteristics so you can see sorry if I interrupt you but people are asking if you could put your presentation in full screen because they don't see it well sorry for interrupting you okay sorry now it's just that they okay now maybe you can put the presentation mode maybe you should put it in presentation mode sorry if I interrupt you no worries yes and it should be in presentation mode but now now it's perfect alright no worries let me see so I'm going to talk about the results of this trial so the I'm going to start talking about the first question which is whether strawberry plants have a distinctive rhizosphere microbiome so here in this graph you can see the better diversity of bulk soils represented in with full circles and rhizosphere soils represented with open circles red and the macrofumina fasolina trial in blue so as you can see the rhizosphere community of the bulk soils were significantly different between the two trials but also within each trial rhizosphere and bulk soils were significantly different as well we looked then at the alpha diversity and the differences between bulk and rhizosphere soils but they were different in each trial so but the trends were different depending on the trial for instance in the case of the macrofumina trial the rhizosphere microbiome community had a lower alpha diversity than the bulk soil and the opposite trend was observed in the VDLA trial where the alpha diversity was actually higher than the rhizosphere so what this is showing is that in fact the strawberry plants have exerted a really strong environmental filter in selecting microorganisms to the rhizosphere and this effect was consistent across the fields but the identity of the specific microbes selected was very much dependent on the initial bulk microbiome available we looked a bit more closely to the relative abundance of different prokaryotic phyla in the rhizosphere in the bulk soil and we saw that for the plants grown in the presence of VDLA the rhizosphere soil had significantly higher amounts of verruco-microbial bacteria deeds and proteobacteria in the case of the macrofumina fasalina then the same phyla were more abundant in the rhizosphere but also we found that actinobacteria was significantly higher as well we looked specifically at the abundance of certain bacterial taxa that are known to be beneficial for plant growth because they increase nutrient uptake or they are fungal antagonists and so you can see here they represented the abundance of these taxa in the rhizosphere and in red in the bulk soil of the in the two trials the VDLA and the macrofumina fasalina and so you can see that the number of these beneficial taxa was higher in the rhizosphere of the plants in the two trials and that included genera such as pseudomonas, athrobacter and rhizobium which are known to be beneficial microorganisms the second question was whether breeding affected the rhizosphere microbial community so we compared the diversity in the rhizosphere between the different cultivars as you can see here represented with the different colors what we saw is that for the two trials we had significantly different rhizosphere microbial community and in addition to that we used distance-based redundancy analysis to correlate this rhizosphere microbiome with above-ground traits such as the biomass of the plants, the mortality and the nutrient contents in the leaves and we saw that there was a significant correlation between the biome and the rhizosphere and the biomass of the plants and in addition in the case of the plants grown in the presence of BDLEA there was a correlation with nutrient contents in the leaves and specifically magnesium content and so the last question was all right and so what's the relevance of these for plant health and resistance compared the rhizosphere of the plants which have different resistance and so you have represented here in this NMDS plug plants that have moderate resistance in yellow susceptible plants with low resistance in red and resistant plants in green and squares represent plants grown in the BDLEA trial circles represent plants grown in the macrofumina trial so we did find significant differences in the rhizosphere microbiome of the three resistance groups especially in the case of BDLEA in the case of macrofumina fasalina it was only between the high and the low resistance that we found differences these differences were accompanied by higher abundances of certain beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere resistant plants those were Bercordelia and nocardioids in the case of plants that grown were grown in the presence of BDLEA so plants that were resistant to verticillin daily had higher abundance of these two bacterial genera and in the case of plants resistant to macrofumina fasalina these plants had higher abundances of non-murellina and atrobacter so overall strawberry plants showed to have a distinctive rhizosphere microbiome which was enriched in beneficial bacteria the structure of this microbiome was highly cultivar dependent and associated with plant biomass no synaptic and resistant to soil for fungal pathogens and the resistant was associated with higher abundance of specific bio very well known biocontrol microorganisms so all in all this shows that the selection of rhizosphere microorganisms could be a genetic trait that could be targeted through breeding to reduce the input of microchemicals in this type of crop but the role of environmental conditions and soil health in driving the presence of beneficial microorganisms should be investigated first and with this I would like to thank you for your attention and I'm happy to take any questions later during our Q&A session thank you very much great great thanks a lot Christina and sorry again for having interrupted you no worries thank you for letting me know it was very interesting although to learn we can improve strawberry production with less environmental impact so I'm moving forward then to the question and answers I remind again everybody that we will have a Q&A question and answer session after the end of the four presentations that we have on the program today and we plan to close at four o'clock our time here in Europe so 16 hours central European time this session so I hope we will have some time left for the next presentation which is from Nigeria from our colleague Antony Ozermaman Uzoma from Minna in Nigeria who will present to us symbiotic relationship and effectiveness of soybean risopia and soils of the Nigerian savannah Antony are you with us? Luca we have been searching for him but it seems that he is not here yet so let's start with the next presentation okay so while Antony gets online we will move on to the next presentation which is from Mrs Johanna Aguilar-Cuba from the University of National Agrarian La Molina in Lima Peru Johanna will present to us exploring the potential of three risobium strains from Peruvian soils as bio fertilizers for the common being Johanna Aguilar, would you like to introduce yourself? Hello yeah perfect I see your presentation so the floor is yours please go ahead Good morning my name is Johanna Aguilar I work at the Microball Ecology and Biotechnology Laboratory of the University of Aguilaria La Molina in Lima Peru I will present the study exploring the potential of three risobium strains from Peruvian soils as bio fertilizers for the common being the common being is the most important legume in Latin America an important source of protein calories, vitamins and minerals such as iron for human consumption being present as a biotic association with bacteria called risobium which is one of the most important fixations of nitrogen take the molecular nitrogen found in the environment and convert it in ammonium which is an assimilable for the plant bacteria will grow in gem medium supplemented with the L-tryptophen the Naliquid was removed and centrifuged Serkowski's research was added to where the redish is shared for the visualis and quantified in a spectrophotometer for the calcium phosphate solubilization bacteria will grow in gembroth and inoculated to the place where inquired 28 degrees celsius for 50 days and the diameter of the solubilization halos was measured but those were carried with three reputations per risobia strains to obtain the identity of the strains under study the DNA of the bacteria was first extracted using an extraction kit, subsequently to conservate genes were amplified the sequences of the amplifiers were aligned with the strains of risobia recovered from the gene back database so evaluated the effect of the symbiosis in common bean variety canary and centenario these seeds were pre germinated with 17% alcohol and 3% sodium hypochlorite the inoculation with one milliliter of bacteria was installed in pots with vermiculite substrate and seeds all under stale conditions the experiment was conducted in a grown chamber at 20 or 25 degrees celsius these were used completely randomly experimental design with three replicates per treatment results and discussions phylogenetic analysis using the sequences of two housekeeping genes confirmed that they were in the risovium strain and revealed that H strain belong to different risovial species the 20 c strain could be added to the risovium tropical species the 30 c to the risovium species and the 8 6 strain to risovium so for the radishes IEA productions was detected in the three risovial strains I think that indicates the existence of endolacetic acid phosphate solubilisation was observed only for strain 30 c and 20 c phygor 2 show the formation of solubilisation hares risovium inoculation was evaluated at 20 or 25 degrees celsius for 6 days while the inoculated treatments show the same or the better responses in the parameter of fresh and dry weight that the noninoculated control treatment that the risovia chemical nitrogen is produced while the combination of risovium ethyl and risovium have the best results for the weight of the fresh and dry parts the dry width of the nodus was bid for for risovium tropical while the interaction of risovium ethyl and risovium are great number of nodus will not necessarily give a great nitrogen fixation if essential this will depend on several factors including the efficacy of the bacterial strain the most efficient stage of the plain risovium interaction in the treatments consortia are used in the fixing capacity of the strain when they are in combination is important. In this slide, we will see that there is a good relationship between the chlorophyll content and the results of the which of the path. The measurement of the chlorophyll content but spot indices with carried out using a chlorophyllometer. This will give us an indirect measure of the nitrogen content. The combined treatment of Resovium Epidium Resovium Sephora dishes presented the best values at 36 and 56 days. That's showing a good correspondence between a high width of the path and better and constant increase in the chlorophyll content with time. The chlorophyll content in plants inoculated with Resovium Tropicy, increasing to the 45 by the decrease. This may explain its better performance in width of shoes versus path conclusions. Three species of the bacterial genus Resovium able to nodulate the common being were funny Peruvian soils. Although the strain were able to promote the problem of being a combination of the species Resovium ethyl and Resovium Sephora dishes stands out in chlorophyll content and path gel. More studies are recommended to this the resovial strains on their field conditions. This work could be developed thanks to fund the seeds from a Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico tecnológico y de innovación tecnológica in Peru. To the BRI from Universidad Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru. Finally, I would like to say that you said your comments or questions to my email and it will be answered with patience. Thank you. Thanks a lot. Thanks a lot, Johanna for this very interesting presentation and concerning questions. Yes, of course, people can write to you but we will have hopefully sometime at the end of this series of presentations sometime for questions and answers and please stay with us till the end of this session so that eventual questions can be forwarded to you. I don't know if meanwhile we have been able to have our colleague from Nigeria Anthony Zoma with us. Anthony are you with us. I don't see any. Well, I would suggest that in the hope that Anthony will connect sooner or later that we move on then to the next presentation, which is from our colleague from Morocco, Mr. Yes, yes I'm here. You heard me. Great to have you with us. Yes. He will present to us influence of soil type on the biodegradation of pesticides by reason bacteria, the case of glyphosate and Paracoa so challenging title. I hope that you share your presentation or you would prefer. Yes, I should. Okay, thanks a lot. It's clear. It's clear. Thank you. Yeah, perfect. Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. First of all, I would like to thank the organism committee for the great work already accomplished for the success of this symposium. I would like to thank the scientific community and all the participants, professors, experts and students. I'm one of them Daniel from Morocco. I'm from university. I'm here now in Italy for Erasmus program. I'm here today to present a part of my research work entity influence of soil type on biodegradation of PC side. In the case of two PC side very famous PC side and all the world. So, in the, in the first part, you will give a general idea of the problematic about the problematic and the objective of this study. Then in the second part, I will explain the methodology and the result obtained. And the final I will give a good to a good. I will go to conclude and give some aspects. What the why the soil very important for us. So it's our life support system. So it provides encourage for schools and hold water and nutrients and home of myriad micro gets in the six nitrogen and decompose organic matter and armies of microscope animals as we are to war. So, what the relationship between the soil and our program, according to me to the United Nations report in 2016, the world population except rich 9.7 billion by 2015. The inner this inner most demographic growth is one of the causes of intensive agriculture, which lead to the increase of chemical input such as PC side. So increase use of PC side automatically increase problem and pollution, and the soil is one of the most affected components by this pollution. When we talk about soil pollution, we automatically talk about the influence of this problem. And it is a pollution on the soil components. So are there solutions to eliminate this problem. In fact, yes. So, we have the objective of our study was to evaluate the office of soil type on the degradation of two PC side. We believe was that our park by using the bacteria by using the basical soil respiration needed that we assisted to a village of the four nitrogen fixing bacteria to be degradation of glyphosate and paracord as well the influence of soil type. We have chosen for nitrogen fixing bacteria, the first one point to a agglomerance. Resolubrium new Potom Resolubrium radiobacter Resolubrium Chibichicum and for type of soil. 30 souls 30 attic calcium anise and the isoamic sample from the from Morocco in making a city and two must ever be said famous ever be seduced in all the world and also in Morocco, Gryphosat and Paracord. Papa showed the area of the soil that's where we are sampling to establish this study, we have adopted the method of buzzer respiration in the laboratory. All so we will sell lies that by auto clubbing 100 gram of soil we added in hermitic soil and hermitic a glass one of the one later inoculated with two email of inoculum of each string at 1.5 10 to 10 to 28. For each soil. And each is turning to try to meet with adults and one for the griffin that at the concentration 1.8 gram per liter and the second one for the part of what one gram per liter and one without treatment with the treatment adopted as a control. The Gryphosat and Paracord be degradation in different soil type was evaluated by carbon dioxide evolution method descriptive referring and button in 1991 and realized of carbon dioxide was a ticket at the day number two, four, eight, 16 and 24 and 32 after of course the application of the two PC side Gryphosat and Paracord. As a result, firstly, this slide present the physical physical chemical parameters of the reasons soils soil texture analysis shows a significant differences when comparing the four soil with each other. The domains of clay was observed in vertisol by 4031 35% calcium and zinc soil with 50, 55% will, will facilitate it so we will reach it in sand by an 85 and is a mix so we will reach it in slides with 46% more over, that is all and calcium and zinc soil where the richness rich clay in clay will facilitate soil contains the lowest proportion of clay by 6195%. Moreover, calcium and zinc soils at the high calcium and calcium contents by 4044175 million equivalents for 100 gram of soil and that is all had a high level of organic matter by 518% and the calcium was the most dominant element in all soils with high content in calcium and zinc soil with 44175 million equivalents for 100 gram of soil. Moving now to the results of the experiment this slide show a carbon dioxide evolution from four soil type with Gryphosat inoculated by Pontoy agglomerance, rhizobacteria, rhizobium newpotum, rhizobium radiobacteria and rhizobium tibitico. Significant difference for the four soil tested in this study during the experiment time and for all the treatment the total respiration increased at the first four days. Total respiration was minimum in which the amount of carbon dioxide ranged from 46 to 114 for verticil and from 46 to 151 for calcium and zinc and from 46 to 61 for versioletic and the last one from 46 to 126 for isoemic soil respectively. From the first for the an important increase was observed the quantity of carbon dioxide realized was doubled and the continued with the increase until the last day of experimentation which proves bacterial activity. As the graphic show isoomic soil demonstrate high carbon dioxide production with the versioletic soil demonstrate low carbon dioxide production. This slide show the carbon dioxide evolution for four soil types with Paraquat inoculated with Paraquat. Significant difference for the four soil tested as the Gryphosat results during the experimentation time and all for all the treatment the total respiration increase. The results indicate that the application of Gryphosat and Paraquat simulated soil microbial activity to set and success that Gryphosat and Paraquat was the direct source of increased microbial activity. According to our host cities in 2020, 2020, in this study they have shown that the soil with high microbial activity promote the rapid Gryphosat mineralization as well. According to the literature, Paraquat is strongly absorbed by soil particles, particularly in clay soil. According to among them, a steady strength turns our results for soil rich in clay, the amount of carbon dioxide realized was low compared to the other soil. And Gryphosat is degraded very rapidly in soil surface between zero and 20 centimetres which is rich in clay and organic matter content, then in the deep between 20 and 35 centimetres which is poor in clay. Also when soil is rich in organic matter content and poor in nutrient elements in Gryphosat absorption and facilitated, it's degraded reducing the risk of PCI despite its adsorbent on soil components. These results correlate positively with our results that share with the important carbon dioxide production was observed in Vertisor and in Clasimanizic soil which are rich in organic matter. Finally, to conclude, the data confirms that soil parameters such as organic matter, content in clay, soil texture influenced the beauty gradation of Gryphosat and Paraquat, and also soil parameter are a key factor of PCI availability for me to make the organisms. And thank you so much for your attention. Thanks a lot, thanks a lot for the very interesting presentation, especially on this very interesting topic of Glyphosat and Paraquat. Besides, as we know, I'm sure that there will be some question for you at the end of the session, so please stay with us. Actually, I don't know if we could find the connection with our missing final presentation from our colleague from Nigeria. Is Mr. Anthony also a Menan Muzoma with us now? I don't see any signal. Are you here, Anthony? Apparently not. So, I would suggest that then at this stage that we move on to the question and answers, as I said before, we will open the floor for questions over the chat to the three presenters that have been presenting to us their work in this final block of this session. So, I will read the questions, but if you want to take also the floor and put questions directly to the presenters you are welcome. You can raise your hand and we will try to give you the floor for putting your question directly. For the moment, let me go through the chat. I see a question for Johanna. Is it possible to replicate your study in legumes, tree species? Johanna, you are with us? Yes, it is possible, but we have to convince you to co-nodulate. Sorry, I want to answer the question in Spanish because for initially. Well, I'm going to repeat, it is possible, if it is possible to do the tests, some tests in tree species that are leguminous, but this does not make us sure that they are really going to nodulate, that is why it is important that these tests are done. So, it does not make us sure that they do not nodulate, but it could in the tests see some effect, such as growth promoters. So, it all depends on what species can promote growth and in reality, if it is possible. Thanks. Thanks, I hope that Iveta Makia is fluent in Spanish. I hope so. Anyway, let's move on to the next question for Christina. Did you conduct metabolomic analysis to know the extent of support from plant resource fairs since microbial community structure in your case was highly cultivar dependent? Thanks for the question. Please go ahead. No, we did not. We didn't do metabolomics, we just analyzed the diversity of the 16S RNA, so taxonomic diversity. But it would be really interesting. I guess that's the next step. Yeah, once we demonstrate that there is something happening in the rhizosphere, then the next step is to maybe kind of try to disapart the mechanisms and exactly what's going on there. Okay, thanks a lot. And now one for you, Mohammed. Did you test different strains or just those four different bacterial species? No, just for this for bacteria, because we have a small bunk in our laboratory. We tested different kind of bacteria. And this four bacteria is bacteria able to fix nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen. For this, we decided to test this bacteria if they able to describe this kind of two kinds of PCI. And then we have another work that we tested different bacteria that solubilize, phosphat solubilizing bacteria. And we tested the effect of these two PCI in this kind of mechanisms. And then we have another work of the effects of these two PCI in germination. And also we have a part of isolation and new bacteria from with from solely without any historic with PCI and or contact with PCI. And Christina, one for you. Did you check the root exudates which might send signal to the resource fair organized near strawberry plants? We didn't analyze exudates. We just sampled the soil, the rhizosphere soil at the end of the experiment. And we did that with dry seeding. So we sampled the roots and we got rid of most of the soil and then we just selected the soil that was immediately around the roots by seeding and taking the roots really, you know, really well. But we didn't collect the rhizosphere. Sorry, the exudates in a in a second study that we did, we analyze the end of fights as well. And that's something that we're working on analyzing right now. But we didn't collect exudates. Okay. Thanks a lot.  No, no. I told you that we have a small bank in our laboratory. We have a different kind of bacteria. That's bacteria able to degrade the chemical of a different kind of chemical that bacteria that's able to stabilize and force that that's bacteria that's able to fix night atmospheric nitrogen. And we decide to, to, to assess the different kind of this bacteria with the PC side and to show the different, if they're this bacteria able to do it, to differentiate, fix nitrogen or stabilize phosphate and the other side degrade the PC side. Okay. In what next here I see many other questions we said a lot of compliments for all of you, of course. Johanna, do you believe that rhizobium species can work together with antagonistic strains? Yes, it's possible. A question in Spanish because for me it is. Maybe I'm not that good in Spanish but maybe you can answer in Spanish and then I even so I'm not sure that Miriam understands Spanish but let's see. You want to answer in Spanish or maybe you can answer in writing in English or later on what you think. If it's possible to do rhizobium, they're good to work in front of bacteria or bacteria or a little bit of pathogen. But you also have to try this rhizobium. Generally, rhizobium has the most systemic effect of induced resistance. So in plants like these nodules, the bacteria nodules and the plant, let's say, infects with some fungus, these can be done in front of this fungus. So yes, of course it's possible. Rhizobium has a lot of potential, not only as a nitrogen fixer but also as antagonists in front of phytopathic fungi. Okay, I can go with that. But maybe you want to translate Cristina. Yeah, I was going to say that apparently rhizobium, Johanna, tell me if I'm right, but rhizobium can have an effect of inducing systemic resistance in the plant. So not fighting the pathogen directly but more like enhancing the health of the plant by improving resistance of the plant. Okay, I think it was a good translation, thanks a lot for the teamwork. And I have now in front of a very complex and quite wide-ranging question from Monica Tatar, who I don't know if she's online, but I think such a deep question will need an entire conference probably. But nevertheless, if you want to take the floor and maybe explain a little bit your thinking, maybe it would be helpful. I don't know if you want to speak yourself. Otherwise, I would maybe first address the questions directly to Cristina. There is a question here, Cristina, here are a few questions. First, if you determine whether the strawberry cultivars are only different in disease resistance, would the soil rhizosphere be affected by the factors from the plant per se? The second question you mentioned, the rhizosphere could be used as selective traits, but how is it that different by just selecting resistance cultivars? Third question, how was the beneficial and beneficial bacteria determined and forced the applicability of all to another crops? That's a lot of for you, Cristina. That's all now or maybe in writing later on, but please go ahead. I can try and answer most of them. So the cultivars were actually different in other things besides resistance. So they had different yields, different fruit quality. Lots of different traits were different. So it is possible that those traits also have an effect on the rhizosphere, right? Bigger plants produce more exudates, for example, right? They have different nutrient uptake efficiencies so forth. But we specifically looked at resistance and we include a lot of cultivars to kind of increase the power of our analysis, and we did see differences between different resistance groups, and that kind of went together with the presence of specific beneficial microbes that we think might be involved in the resistance. Now, obviously that needs to be accompanied with more specific tests to kind of keep testing these hypotheses. But we think it's a really good start. And then in terms of beneficial microorganisms, we use a literature and there is literature already that show that certain bacteria are either showed to promote the growth of plants or to be fungal antagonists. Or to directly enable the activity of soil borne fungi. So that's how we kind of selected that subgroup of beneficial microorganisms by using the literature and what has been shown in other studies. That's quite comprehensive. I really would like to hear from Monica Tata, her question. Would you not like to take the floor and explain us a little bit more? Because I'm not familiar with this Satish Kumar trilogy soil, but I'm very interested. So if you want to take the floor, you can. I mean, I don't know how to do that, but I'm more than happy to give you the floor and listen to you. We have still a few minutes left. I don't know how to do this, but maybe the technicians can help me. Yes, they have unmuted me. Oh, perfect. And please tell us. Okay, so my question was the informal culture of the farmers before pharmaceutical industry actually got involved in the production of food as an industrial measure. The farmers were very knowledgeable. So they actually were in the first years of agriculture the farmers were mimicking nature in every sense of the word because they had no other option. They were replicating the methods. And there we didn't see, or there is no record invalidated science of the past and so much of what is then afterwards a result of the industry trying to let's use it marketing the benefits of pesticides and chemicals in the soil. So in the last decades after the Industrial Revolution, and in order to accommodate the waste from the oil production and the warfare. We introduced the big machineries and all the chemicals in agriculture. So how is it that today we are now trying to sell the idea again. Nature creates within its cycles, pests and diseases. And therefore we need the contribution of an industry that actually creates more troubles than produces the solution. That was my question. Was I able to explain it. Absolutely. Yes, for me at least I think it would deserve an entire conference but I really want to benefit from the last minutes we have to give the floor to the presenters if they have any opinion on what you just said please. Any of you you are not Christina or any or Mohammed or also the other that have been presenting before the floor is open please any views. That was a very loaded question. And I do think that a lot of the problems that we're seeing agriculture and there's evidence, there are costs by the practices that we're using, and including, you know, the diseases pollution, etc. So we need to kind of work ourselves our way back and and learn from the natural processes that occur in soils and how they could help us produce more sustainably. I totally agree with the comment. Yes. And there's a lot of traditional knowledge that needs to be used and taken advantage of for these these approaches. Okay, thanks a lot. And I hope that Monica is happy with a very first attempt to address her points because I repeat is a very far reaching considerations and I hope they will be taken up by by FAO and others in more broader discussion. Any other points that you would like to discuss. I still looking if our colleague from Nigeria eventually could manage to connect Anthony with my mom, and so ma, because I really feel it's a shame if he cannot present his work. Unfortunately, that's the problem when you do this type of meetings remotely. It's just some minutes that he could use but otherwise the floor is open if anybody else wants to take the floor of present any questions to the to the people who have been presenting their work doesn't seem so. So everybody seems very satisfied of what we have done in this session, I hope. Personally I am so it was very interesting. And I hope that also you will benefit from the fact that the presentations will be put online so that you can go back to the what was presented. I suspect that there will be also proceedings hopefully from this conference and from this symposium. I would like to leave now the floor maybe for the very final considerations if any colleague from FAO or from the organizing committee wants to say anything concerning their way forward after the closing of the session. Please take the floor otherwise from my side I would be more than happy to close the session and wish you a good I don't know day evening night whatever is the time in your place. Christina or buffet. Carolina, sorry, not Christina. Anything from the side of a field. No no barrier. Thank you.


Shalom, ladies. You ladies looking at my scar? Yeah, took two moils to do that. John? Thank you very much, Rob. We'll be right back. You started the Schmitz, huh? Hey, who wants to loop a baddies took us?