Around Dodge City and in the territory on West there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers And that's with a US Marshal and the smell of gun smoke Starring William Conrad the story of the violence that moved West with young America and the story of a man who moved with it I'm that man Matt Dillon the United States Marshal the first man they look for and the last they want to meet It's a chance a job that it makes a man watchful and a little lonely Chester if you put any more chili powder on those eggs you'll go up and smoke. I like them good and hot More coffee, will you dad? Oh, yes, of course, my dear By the way, did Matt say when he'd be back? Well, they told me the end of the week After all doc, it's a two-day ride to Tascosa and he didn't leave here till two days I only asked a simple question Chester and in a way. How was I supposed to know nobody ever tells me anything No, they don't have to are you snooper on a snooper? I What's Matt doing in Tascosa kitty talking to the man that sent for him what? What man kitty the Tascosa citizens committee Something to do with hiring a new sheriff for the town. I guess I figured Matt would know where to find one hire a sheriff What in the world for the man they got a sheriff now is no good the decent citizens can't get rid of him Well, if he's no good why'd they hire him in the first place? My I do not understand it the whole frontiers an armed camp Shooting and killing everywhere you look nothing left but the quick and the dead doc. Would you pass the chili powder? For goodness here Thank you kitty. I'm gonna tell you one thing I don't know how bad the trouble is down in Tascosa, but Matt better get back here quick. Why doc? What's wrong? What's wrong? You ask that when the only vestige of the law we've got in this town is a chili eating Cherry rocker like the fool. I'm sitting next to what's wrong You look here.  Well, maybe just a little bad But that's all it's a caution what happened to some people when they get out implied society. Oh drink your coffee both of you That's right the Marshall from Dodger. I'm Clegg Rollins Marshall I'm the man the citizens committee wants to get rid of what's on your mind Rollins Now a while back. They brought me here to Tascosa to kind of clean it up someone. I did that for him Now all of a sudden they want me out. I call that downright ungrateful Marshall. I go on I suppose they give you the money at the meeting last night Money to hire a new sheriff here. That's right Kind of forces me into talking business What I had in mind was Marshall don't make all the money in the world doesn't I wondered how long it'd take to get around to it Wait just a minute you might be missing a good thing the only thing I'm interested in is hiring a peace officer to come down here You're throwing Tascosa Rollins. I'll make up your mind man. Don't always give up that easy You're better Rollins. You got as much time left as it takes for the man I hired to get back here from that as short as that as short as that Dylan you know, there's an awful lot of prairie between here and Dodge Sure hate to see anything happen to you on your way back Get out It always seems kind of too bad when a man dies for something that ain't even his concern This is Bill Goodwin, you know someone once said humor is the true democracy And that's why we Americans can smile when we tell the stories of the legendary heroes who helped to build our country's great industries and Institutions such as the hero of our armed forces kill Roy Since the beginning of World War two kill Roy has popped up everywhere from Africa to Australia from quadriline to Korea Every serviceman claims to have met him some say he's tall and thin some say he's short and fat He's an Air Force pilot army infantryman a Navy seabee. He was on Guadalcanal in Climb, Moncassino We walked through Berkley's guidance and stormed Highbreak Ridge But more than that He's the spirit of the courage and the valor of the American men in uniform who accomplish the impossible and reach Objectives which are unobtainable the men who proudly say kill Roy was here Yes, it is a democracy which lets us tell the stories of such legendary heroes with a twinkle in our eyes and a chuckle in our Throat so long as we continue to laugh together as a people ladies and gentlemen. We live together as a nation Next morning I was in the saddle before dawn and by the time the Sun was up I covered a good 15 miles a Slight breeze blew apart the dust past my horse raves and I would be hard for anybody to follow me And for the same reason I knew that somebody could track me without being seen About noon I stopped in the shade of a grove of cottonwood to rest my horse I was easy and essential little when I saw a rider I'm fast. I pulled my rifle from the saddle boot and I waited and I put the rifle back I'll all right ride on in This is a long way out on the prairie for a lone woman. Can I have some water water sure? Yeah, thanks Thanks a lot You haven't said what you're doing out here. I followed you from Tascosa followed me You'd seen me sooner. You'd have sent me back and I can't go back Just who are you miss? Stella Stella Harkney. I'm one of the girls at the overland saloon You're lucky I might have shot you right enough on me that way. It was the only thing I could do follow you this way Besides, I didn't think you'd write out so early. That's why I did I Know all about your marshal and I know why they sent for you to come to Tascosa.  How do I know you're not still as girls? I'm a trapper some kind All right, I look Look at my shoulder We put those marks there. You think I'd stay with a man like that All I'm asking is to ride on to dodge with your marshal I've got a rifle and two rifles are better than one Clegg will come after you you can be sure of that seems to me you're awful anxious to help kill the man you belong to oh I belong to him right enough He brought me down here from Hayes City Gonna marry me as said, but I found out different. He just wanted me to work in this saloon He already has a wife down by Willis Springs Didn't exactly like that and I told him so that that's when he beat me Look, let me ride with you, please I don't know still I'm not going back marshal Now all right, I guess it doesn't matter now that you come this far Thanks, you may be telling the truth, but you better write a little ahead of me anyhow before It's just easy to keep an eye on you like you said you've got a rifle Okay, let's get started you pretty tired still up I'll make it as a nesters cabin not far from here if we can find it before dark. Maybe he'll put us up for the night, huh? Sure sure feel good to walk around. Yeah You saddle weary Well dance all girls don't do too much riding marshal Just lie still now don't make a move Where are they? What did they shoot from? That's off to the left somewhere. I think Yeah Probably in that clamp a box elder over there dirty cards I can't get them from here with a six gun and I can't get to the horses for a rifle Look, uh, if we played dead, maybe we can draw him out Marshal, I'm sorry. Just lie still and don't talk now here. They come two of them Just hold still now I've seen those men before they work for plague Stella When I give the word you yell as loud as you can huh scream it'll throw them off You ready? All right now I did I don't know but the fight sure out of them And if Craig's with him, he's still in that grove. Come on. Let's get out of here fast. I Can't get up. I'm hit My leg. Yeah Here I'll put you on my horse will ride double We better get out of here before whoever's in those trees gets a little braver. Come on I'll get you to that cabin. Sorry miss You just lie back now. My morning. You'll be fit as a fiddle Thanks, Mr. But that that that coal oil you poured on my leg like to set me on fire Now that's the best way to clean a wound there is Stella Less niche whiskey, of course. Yeah, that would be pure waste wouldn't it now? You two can afford to make light of it.  I'll be back direct me Marshall, yeah Having me along caused you a lot of trouble Slowed you down Click is probably gonna ride into dodge ahead of you. You'll be waiting there. Oh Why there cuz he's no good with a rifle. He needs a sixth gun on a town street Maybe he won't try again Stella after all there are other towns for him to take over It's more than that Marshall. It's a lot more now that he knows I'm with you He's a jealous man. He's crazy jealous and now he'll think there's something between us Between you and me I mean Let's not worry about that now You just better get some rest Foolish to think you might have any feelings about me, isn't it not knowing me any longer in your head I'm Stella. I don't suppose any man could take to a woman he'd known for only one day. Could he?  We've still got a long ride to dodge Yeah, I'm sorry Marshall Good night Good night. The next morning Stella's leg wasn't anywhere near well enough for her to ride So I borrowed a spring wagon from the nester and we started out for dodge It was a rough trip and a slow one Stella sat there not saying much just staring ahead Once or twice I saw a dust cloud on the horizon and I knew if it was clay growlings He'd be in dodge long before I would It was nearly dusk by the time we drove down the plaza and stopped outside Doc's office And it was a half hour later before Doc had clean bandages on Stella's leg And I waited with her while he went out on another call Marshall yeah, Stella I Had a lot of time to think today while we were driving in I was a rough trip for you not so bad, but What I wanted to tell you was I'm not gonna stay in dodge. Oh, where you going? Oh, I don't know Abilene, maybe even st. Louis Soon as I'm I'm well enough. I'm taking the Santa Fe out of here. There's no reason for you to leave Stella Yes, sir, it's like Rollins No What is it then? Well, it's not important. It's just easier if I go Easier for me. I mean Yeah, you can't forget somebody when you're living in the same town Marshall You you better go now Doc will be back directly and there's no reason for you to wait not no longer Yeah, well Goodbye Stella Goodbye Matt I've been waiting for you all the last time you sent a couple of your men to do the talking I don't know what you're saying. Oh, you're two writers who tried to drag gulch me. I Hope you buried them Rollins cuz I didn't have time I come here to tell you you and me can still work things out He didn't get me killed.  We'll see Meantime Marshall, how was Stella?  Yeah, I know that now I Just thought maybe I see me back out the door. What happened? Who was he? It was a man named Rollins. What'd he do? He didn't want me to send a new peace officer to Tuscosa. Well, that ain't much of a reason to die. Is it? He figured it was Look Chester, you go tell doc about this. I got some business over at Del Vonicos. What you gonna do? Now doc told me there's a man. I want to talk to it on there. Who an ex-buffalo hunter I'm gonna ask to take the job of peace officer in Tuscosa Who is it? Mr. Dylan Slimtrant? No, it's somebody who just got in the town a little while back Kind of a hot-headed fellow, but he can get the job done. Well, who in the world is it Mr. Dylan? You don't know him Chester. It's a fellow named Hickok, Bill Hickok If you want you can come over and meet him after you get doc. No, I don't care about meeting no Bill Hickok I was hoping Slimtrant would get the job. I'll see you later, Mr. Dylan. Yeah, sure Gun smoke produced and directed by Norman McDonald stars William Conrad as Matt Dylan U.S. Marshall The story was specially written for gun smoke by Mr. McDonald with editorial supervision by John Meston Featured in the cast were Virginia Christine Lawrence Dobkin and John Daner Harley Bear is Chester Howard McNear is Doc and Georgia Ellis is Kitty Join us again next week for another story on gun smoke We pause now for a station identification


Let's look at question number three. Now question number three in the paper. This is what we call the structure question, okay? And if you remember for when we were reading through the paper and highlighting this question asked you to look at the Hole of the Source and it tells you that the text is from the start of a short story And you ask how the writer stretches the text to interest you as a reader Now as I mentioned as you can see from these first two bullet points You asked to look at the beginning of the source and how this focus changes I would say use these two bullet points in one paragraph, okay? So find something a quotation from the beginning of the source Versus a quotation from the end of the source and then talk about that in one paragraph and how it makes this passage Interesting fastest readers and then maybe you can pick up another structural feature, okay? So let's go back to the passage and pick out the relevant information, okay? So as I mentioned you could pick out the opening and you could contrast it with the closing, okay? So of course at the closing we've got Alice who is She listens to heartop and she takes up the floor flowers walks away vanishes, okay? Now this is of course when her father tells her to keep on going, okay? This is in contrast to the opening where we've got a general wide opening a focus on the van So you could argue for example using some evidence from here, okay? So let's have a look at what we can pick out here I would suggest either beginning by focusing if you notice this first sentence Ends in half darkness here, okay? So this sentence is Three lines and a few extra words long already what this shows you is that this is a complex sentence Okay, remember complex sentences sentence which has one or more main clause that's joined with subordinate clauses Okay, now what you can say about this complex sentence is that it begins by focusing our attention on the van It intrigues us, okay? We can see that there's a journey and it begins with a general and broad Description of this van so we are intrigued our attention is immediately captured then as the passage progresses You can almost see it as kind of this inverted pyramid shape, okay? So an inverted triangle it becomes more and more focused so it starts off quite broad Which is the top of the inverted triangle, okay? And when I say inverted triangle it's literally that right so it begins quite broad And then it focuses in on the family itself hard hop the family's appearance And then it ends with a really really specific focus on Alice, okay? So I would suggest juxtaposing at the beginning so this is you answering the two bullet points, okay? So as I mentioned here, you want to address the beginning versus change of focus Talk about how it starts with a broad description of the family van which intrigues us as readers Versus how it ends, okay? And here I would suggest maybe picking out this sentence, okay? Alice obeyed at once. This is what we call a simple sentence Okay, and remember a simple sentence is a sentence with a subject verb and of object, okay? So usually it has a subject verb It's very brief, okay?  She's quite stoic and we feel lots of sympathy for her I would say that's your first point Now I would also suggest the other point you can make when it go back to the question in terms of how this structure The sexist structure is just readers The mentioned the continuous reference to these chrysanthemum flowers, okay? So there's this repetition of chrysanthemums throughout the passage even here at the end, okay? So you can see here chrysanthemums Okay, which Alice picks up and of course also her dad is and of course even Alice says here that the thing that he Had run over which made him stop because he was wondering what's made the van stop and she says oh, it's only a bunch of chrysanthemums however When she is holding on to them her father who's furious leads her alone in the darkness holding these chrysanthemums, okay? So as you can see here the word chrysanthemums these flowers they are repeated throughout the passage, okay? And even at the beginning here as you can see chrysanthemums are referred to I would say the repetition of these chrysanthemums You could interpret them as Representing and symbolizing hope, okay, so chrysanthemums even think about flowers generally flowers tend to represent beauty They tend to represent hope okay, so perhaps we can see that the chrysanthemums is used as a motif By the writer to show that Alice even as she's holding these chrysanthemums at the end of the passage at the end of the extract She's still clutching onto a little bit of hope for her family Which is juxtaposed with her father's anger and her father's rage, okay? So the chrysanthemums which also Survive the dad running over it with the van this represents hope this also represents strength, okay? So now we have picked out the two bits of evidence or are the three bits Okay, because you have the complex sentence as well as the simple sentence for your first paragraph And then the repetition of the chrysanthemums remember repetition is a structural point. Let's now have a go at answering the question, okay? So let's go back to question number three and as I mentioned you want for an eight mark question to write two paragraphs, okay? Use the peel structure point evidence explanation link, okay? Now I will write the first peel structure here and of course I will use my trusty notepad for my second paragraph here Okay, now with this question always begin by using a bit of the question to start your answer Okay, so the question being has the writer structure to the text to interest you as reader Just talk about how the writer has effectively structured the text to interest us as readers and we're gonna begin with the beginning versus the change, okay? so You can start by stating the writer You can even substitute the word effectively for successfully. So the writer successfully structured The text to interest us as readers Okay, bear in mind. I'm talking about us as opposed to saying me, okay?  But try as much as you can when you're writing to write in third-person perspective, okay? It sounds more professional. It sounds more serious from the examiners perspective as a student So let's go back to the point the brightest success be structure the text to interest us as readers as they begin by depicting which means showing the van on Slow journey which intrigues us as the passage ends the focus shifts to Alice who is left alone in the darkness by her father and This ending Sustains our Interest as Readers Okay, so just to be clear Here is the point, okay? So I'm addressing these two bullet points when I'm looking at the beginning and Also the shift of focus and I'm talking about this focus being at the end the writer success We structure the text to interest us as readers as they begin by depicting the van on a slow journey Which intrigues us as the passage ends the focus shifts to Alice who is left alone in the darkness by her father and this ending Sustains our interest as readers so it began by directly addressing the question using keywords that I've highlighted in the question and also addressing These two bullet points. So now let's move on to the evidence Okay, and remember given that this is a fairly long piece of evidence something like this Which is a complex sentence. You do not have to write it all out. Okay? In fact, you shouldn't write out too long a quotation I will suggest picking just two or three words from the beginning of the sentence Maybe one or two from the end and then just use ellipsis. Okay to refer to this complex sentence And also you could say the same for this simple sentence at the end. I'll just obey that once you can write it all out However, if you just selected two or three words and use ellipsis the rest, that's also fine. Okay? So now let's go back to the answer so you can state at the Beginning of the paragraph or rather of the extract the writer focuses our attention on Ford Moto van dot dot dot In so now I can see here. I've jumped to squally November darkness Okay, so I'm going to select this bit to end my quotation So the writer focuses our attention on a Ford motor van dot dot dot in squally November And then I'm gonna put dot dot dot. Okay the writer opens by broadly describing a Trip and We wish to know more by the end we Focus on Alice and then so let's embed the quotation from the end of the passage who obeyed At once okay, so I've embedded the quotation here baited at once when her father told her to stay in The darkness Okay, so this is a slightly longer Evidence because don't forget we're doing two jobs here. Okay, we're highlighting the Evidence, which addresses the beginning bullet point as well as a change of focus. Okay At the beginning of the extract the writer focuses our attention on a Ford motor van in squally November Okay, so I've embedded my first quotation from the beginning the writer opens by broadly describing a trip and we wish we knew to know More by the end we focus on Alice who speech marks obeyed at once when her father told her to stay in the darkness Okay, so I've added two pieces of evidence. Of course, you don't have to write out the full quotation. Just use ellipsis Okay, now let's talk about the explanation. Remember in your explanation You are adding technique and of course the technique you want to mention is a structural technique Okay, so of course a structural technique you're considering is the complex sentence Joke space the simple sentence So let's move on to the explanation the writers Use of a complex Sentence at the beginning makes Us curious to learn Why the characters in the story are traveling in such dark and forbidding weather by the end we learn of the tension in the family and the simple sentence shows How mistreated Alice is by top Which makes us sad Yet highly Engaged Okay, so this is my explanation. Okay. I've added Sentence structure. So of course I'm adding structure within my response. So let's go over the explanation The writers use of a complex sentence at the beginning makes us curious to learn why the characters in the story are traveling in such dark and forbidding Weather by the end we learn of the tension in the family and the simple sentence shows how mistreated Alice is by heart up Which makes us sad yet highly engaged. Okay, so now let's link back to the question Of course, I don't have enough space So I'm going to move on to my trusty notebook. Okay, so this is the link back to the question Remember, of course in your link, you can still use some of the elements in your point in your opening point to link it back to the question Okay, in terms of how this interest us as readers. So you could say thus the writers Opening which is vague Immediately apertures our interest as Readers and The ending of the extract Sustains our intrigue as we feel intense Sympathy for Alice Okay, so that is it with the link back. Okay, so that's the writers opening Which is vague immediately captures our interest as readers and the ending of the extract sustains our intrigue as we feel intense sympathy for Alice So just to go back. I've used the pill method in this opening Structure question, okay, and I've addressed both bullet points So now let me address the second or rather the third bullet point where it's talking about structural features And we're going to talk about the chrysanthemums I don't need to look back on the insert because I'm just going to talk about repetition throughout the passage of this Particular flower. Okay, so I'm going to talk about repetition, which is a structural point That's going to be my final peel paragraph for question number three So I'll add additionally So this is my opening point additionally The writer maintains our interest in the narrative narrative instead of story Okay, but it's the same thing with the extract through repeated reference to the flowers Which makes us wonder what these flowers symbolize. Okay, so now let's move on to the evidence of the chrysanthemums and I'm talking about repetition the writer Okay, so this is my evidence. So obviously this evidence is much more brief than the previous one So let's just look at the evidence. So the writer repetitively refers to chrysanthemums and the repetition is effective in intriguing and entertaining us As readers remember repetition is a structural point. So let's move on to the explanation Remember by the way, you don't have to say that they definitely symbolize hope beauty and strength They could symbolize something different for you I would suggest always look at things like flowers as symbolizing beauty, okay But they can also symbolize strength. However in the context of this story I definitely would argue that you should definitely consider that but then also it's not so much about always interpreting it Make sure you also explain why you've made that interpretation. Okay, so that's not going to be going into my explanation. Okay, so Going back to this Okay, so this is my explanation. So let's go back to the explanation The reference to this species of flowers throughout the passage is interesting for us as readers because the flowers appear to symbolize hope beauty as well as strength We can see that even if heart operand over these flowers, they still survived as Alice clutched on to them Representing her holding on to hope. Okay, so that's my interpretation. That's my explanation. Let's think back to the question therefore Okay So let's look back at the link So therefore the writer successfully interests us as readers by using Cruisanthemums as symbolic flowers as they seem to represent hope and beauty in the midst of darkness So now I've linked it back to the question and how this makes us interested as readers. Okay, so just a recap Let's go back to the first paragraph I've used to peel with my first paragraph and I've addressed these first two bullet points within my peel structure And of course here is the link and then in the second paragraph I have addressed the final bullet point. Okay talked about structure And in this case I've used repetition and talked about the Cruisanthemums. Okay, so that's really it when it comes to answering question number three So that is it if you enjoyed this style of video Why give you a more direct demonstration of exactly how to go through each question piece by piece Do let me know. Okay, because I'd be more than happy to produce more videos in this style and more Lessons within this framework. Okay, so if you have enjoyed this video Do make sure you let me know and I'll be more than happy to produce more videos in a similar format. Thank you so much for listening


There's an indication of just how strict our share is. I got a one minute sign as soon as I sat down at the desk. So plenty of pressure. So what we're gonna be talking to you about today is border development zones, which I imagine is not a term that we hear a lot about in many conferences. In Southern Africa, when we talk about borders, what we're actually often talking about is customs posts. It's about one-stop border posts. It's about making our customs officials more efficient. But what we're talking about when we're referring to these border development zones is actually developing the town and the areas around the border itself. So border regions particularly. This is a first part of a two-part study that myself and Clarence are doing, which first of all attempts to look at international examples of how border regions have been developed, what policies have been used to drive development there, and then to apply it in the second part to two examples within South Africa, in Massime and Mafeking, and try and develop some strategies that could take advantage of the unique location of these cities to really drive development. So why exactly would we care about border zones? Really, we see three key factors that would drive these border development zones. The first is regional integration. We tend to think about regional integration as this big macro-level trade policy, perhaps coming down to trade facilitation and customs and things like that. But what border development zones do is they create a direct space through which you can have some kind of co-production between two countries. It's the meeting point of two countries and you can kind of use it as an experimental place where you can have some experience of producing across countries and having direct creation of value chains. The second thing is about the distribution of growth, and I think this is really the most important thing. We tend to talk about growth as happening to a country, but of course it's extremely differently distributed across the country. In Southern Africa, growth tends to be concentrated around big urban agglomerations, and smaller areas and more rural areas often just don't get the same level of attention and don't have the same level of development policies. And this is one example of a small town development strategy focused on one particular part of that. And then the third thing is that there's certain unique features about borders that make them very interesting from an economic perspective. The first is that they're a small town, sure they're kind of like most rural villages, most rural cities, but they're on major logistics through fares that mean that they're much better connected and tapped into different markets around the country. And then the second thing is that you have the advantage at times of two separate productive structures that can be combined in interesting ways. We tend to think about in economic theory that places that are very close together will create, what we'll tend to trend towards one type of productive structure, one type of economy, but we don't see that in practice. Where there's a border that creates a very distinctive difference between the two economies and that's rigid even in very integrated areas like the European Union. And what you can do in cases where you have different productive structures and different complementarities is you can mix the two sides of the border to create something unique and something more productive. The classic example of this is the US and Mexico where you have a large consumer market on one hand and a large productive base based on low cost labor which can be combined to basically benefit both sides. So that type of interesting complementarity. So the way we're looking at this is we're first of all trying to create an international study about examples of border development zones because there hasn't really been a lot of work on bringing all this research together into one place. So I'm gonna mainly talk to you about the international examples we looked at and then Clarence is gonna talk to you about some of the ways we're gonna apply this or our preliminary recommendations about applying this in South Africa. So this is an overview of the countries and the places we looked at. Excuse me. This double counts a lot of the case studies we looked at. There were really 43 case studies that we examined of different border development strategies. You can see two here on the side are based around the Mexican productive hub along the US border and you get a couple of smaller ones like Turkey over here which just has the one example. But the overwhelming majority are based in East Asia and centered around China. China is really the center of most of these border initiatives and they drive a lot of development in the border areas. China and to a less extent the Mekong Delta the countries like Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam. So that's kind of our geographic distribution. I'll go through them more or less as a whirlwind tour but focus mainly on China because as I say China is really where a lot of this is centered. China has of course a huge land border that covers a whole lot of countries and every time you see an arrow here that's one of their border economic cooperation zones. Now if I was to just go back for a second the US for example and Turkey their border strategies are very much based on more general things like trade. So having special exemptions on customs and in the case of Turkey developing certain export strategies. The rest of the countries are really focused on basically having special economic zones at the border but special economic zones that are specifically crafted to the border environment. So that are targeting cooperation with the country across the border. So there are SEZs like anything else you'd see but they have specific changes that have been put in place and they vary across the different regions. So China of course has a history with special economic zones that has been very important. It was a key part of its opening up and most of the SEZs that you saw the classic Chinese SEZs are along the coast around your Shanghai, Guangdong type areas. And what this was was an attempt to try and spread that out to other parts of the country particularly to the border areas. Each of these border zones with different countries tend to have different rationale behind them. They're trying to do different things. At the top left over here you can see you've got four border zones that are focused on Kazakhstan. Largely because Kazakhstan is the land route through which China can reach Europe and the European market. Moving across you've got a linkage with Mongolia which only has one crossing. It's a pretty small country but it's basically just focused on developing the infrastructure linkages that you have with the country. Up above that is Russia which is a large consumer market for China. North Korea which is largely driven by political considerations. And then down south your East Asian productive hub and the land route by which China connects to it. That border of course is very contentious. There's been clashes there with Vietnam until the late, until 1990. Myanmar was closed for a long time. So this was trying to catalyze development around that border that's gonna connect China with East Asia. So that's your big picture, your overview of what's happening in China. Within China there's really three types of border development zones that they use. Let me get some water. So this is the first type and sort of border economic cooperation zone. And there were 12 of them created in the early 1990s around those areas that we identified there. This one is on the Vietnamese border at Hecou. And this is in 2003. As you can see this is an incredibly rural underdeveloped area. There's not a lot there. It's pretty much just a border crossing. At this point there wasn't even really a bridge across the river. But what would happen is traders would wait across the river trying to sell their goods within China. So you had this very rough border that didn't really have a lot happening in it. And then a part of China that didn't have a lot of development and where there were concerns that the distribution of this Chinese growth story wasn't quite reaching this part of the country. But what we can see is that by implementing the zone there's been pretty rapid growth around this area. Now the main principles of this zone is that this is modeled on the coastal SEZs. They're trying to liberalize in the same way. So that's mainly about allowing foreign investment, allowing free movement of capital, empowering local governments to exercise incentives and put in place policies. And that's quite a remarkable growth. Now this policy and this model is basically that you have an SEZ in a border town. You have a small town in Heku which held two SEZs and that were focused on trying to facilitate trade across the border. Because it was a border focused post, this is mainly logistics industries operating within this specific SEZ. So it's mainly focused on creating warehousing facilities, creating logistics linkages, transport assistance, all those different types of things. So it's using the fact that this was a crossing point for trade between the countries to develop the area itself. Slightly different one is at the Chinese Myanmar border. This is the second model that China uses within its zones. And this is a little bit more interesting. So this zone you can see is not in a town on the border. It's actually at physically the border. The yellow line crossing through it there and kind of outlining the zone is where the border happens. And what that allows is that it allows special crossing basically of that border of goods and people in capital with special rules. So it's almost like the zone itself is its unique customs area. These are not required to travel into the zone. There are exemptions to customs duties paid entering the zone. And basically just everything flows a lot easier within to that zone itself because it's physically on the border. And then the third and the model that really is they're moving closer and closer towards is this one, which this is just an empty piece of land as you can see, but it's slowly developing. This is on the border with Kazakhstan, the Korgos International Center for Boundary Cooperation. And you can roughly see an outline of where it's gonna come up. This is still being developed, but this is I think the most unique example because it actually physically crosses the border and stands as its own customs area. You can enter the zone visa-free for about 30 days from either side. It's gonna have a vast array of different businesses and corporations there that don't abide by the same rules as either side of the border. It's like its own little country almost that you're developing. So these zones, they haven't been quite as successful as the coastal zones, but that's relatively to be expected because they're not in as much a high potential export area. They're in areas that otherwise wouldn't have had much development, but that through the use of these different strategies have been able to catalyze a little bit of development. Now my time is very tight, so I'll just do a whirlwind tour through the rest of them. This is an overview of the three types of zones that I spoke about, the three models that we've identified within China. Looking beyond China, so China is very much the center of all of this and we're going to a lot more detail about how the zones work, how successful they've been within the paper. But I'll look just quickly at these five examples as well. The greater Mekong sub-region is mainly about Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and I'm missing one, Myanmar. And so this is a very interesting region just because it's mostly countries that aren't very developed. They're all at relatively similar levels of development and geographically the places that these zones are being created were extremely underdeveloped, extremely isolated without many different types of people. So at this area for example, this is on the Laos-Vietnam border. Both countries relatively poor, both countries still developing 80% rural population within the region in which this was developed, but has seen relatively significant growth as you can see through those pictures. This has attracted about $168 million investment through 50 firms. Again, a lot of it is focused in logistics at the crossing point, but there is also some light industry coming through in a lot of these types of areas. Things like textiles in particular, but also looking at things like bicycle production, basically you're simple like manufacturing. So that's the case of Laos. Now obviously when you're creating these zones, there is a bit of a risk. You're trying to swim against an economic tide by locating them in a place where there isn't a lot of structure already. And so you get cases like this one for example, which is on the Laos side of the China border in Botan. This zone, as you can see, also had quite significant growth, but largely failed because it sits in a regulatory black hole effectively between the two borders. It ended up becoming a bit of a criminal nest. There was a casino base there in which the casino started taking hostage the people who owed their money.  So that actually, it doesn't have that much economic relevance, but I think it's a nice story. So I'm running out of time and I want to give Clarence some time, so I'll just quickly push through this. This is the Singapore, across the way from Singapore, across the Straits of Singapore, you get Batam and Bintan in Indonesia, the northern islands of Indonesia. Again, very underdeveloped. I think in Bintan there was 11,000 people living on the island when the zone was created on the island. And that population then grew up to 125,000. So what's interesting about these initiatives is that they are taking place in places that shouldn't be economically successful and they are having some effect in creating some kind of private sector growth. Again, here you see the use of two complementary economies. Singapore, which doesn't have land and doesn't have labor, and Indonesia, which has lots of both. Singapore, which also, of course, and was cited as being very important from businesses who invested here, has a great reputation as an economic manager and that reputation helped offset Indonesia's less than fantastic reputation at the time. ASMEX, this is very briefly, is a regional organization between the five countries that you see there. Very interesting just because it explicitly promotes border development zones from a regional organization level and that has helped facilitate these develop on both sides of the border. So you have zones across the border from each other and that kind of shows the role that region economic institutions can play within this. North Korea, very interesting. I won't go into it, there's no time. Basically, there's even amongst a very divisive border, which is very dangerous. There's lots of mines and soldiers. There has been attempts to be developed between North and South Korea. This is the K-Song Industrial Complex in 2002. As you can see, pretty much just empty land and this is it in 2015, where it employs now about 41,000 North Korean laborers. Again, because you have radically different economic structures on either side of the border. And then very quickly, just to mention Mexico and the US, this is the biggest example of border development. Mexico is Mequiladores, which go across the entire border between Mexico and the US, employ about 1.2 million people and have been perhaps the key driver in Mexico's industrialization. It's now one of the regions that produces the world's most TVs. The most many cars come from there, many light electronics. And it's because, again, you have that complementarity that the borders are particularly played off. And then, Clarence, I will give you two minutes to finish up the rest of it. The chair's indulgence, I'd like to ask for an extra minute because as you'll realize from this nifty little stick, if you look at our paper, you see it's incredibly long. And I think it's about 50 pages long and initially it was a lot longer than that. So please, give us... You're a little lost company, man. Okay, so on the practical end of things with respect to South Africa, our recommendation is to establish two border development zones. One between Mahi Keng Ramatlabama and the other at Mussina and Brightbridge. The issue here is that with the Mahi Keng border, you have Botswana, which depends for a lot of its exports, a lot of its imports from South Africa. And on the other side of the border, there are a number of villages and the closest big town is Lobatse. But then it's still not too far from Chaburone and across the border at Mahi Keng, you have only, I mean, 29 kilometers from the border, you have a fairly well-developed town with a bit of light manufacturing and there's calls to establish a special economic zone there. So our idea is that this should go further and the plan should be broadened to include a border development strategy which straddles both borders. And at the same time, we have Mussina and Brightbridge. I mean, this is the busiest border in the whole of Southern Africa, but then you have issues with the integrated border management system, you have issues with corruption, you have issues with delays. And I mean, we can still tout Chirundu as an awesome one-stop border post, but I think we need to go beyond that and add a few more, particularly at Brightbridge because it's so busy. And also another issue there is Mussina and Brightbridge already have cooperation agreements. The issue is implementation. We are suggesting a public-private partnership because it seems that at the political level, they're not doing too much to cooperate at that level because despite these agreements, one from 2005 and one that was recently signed in April of this year, the cooperation agreements have not yielded much. And without going further into that, I mean, we can go into details of that in the discussion, but then our preliminary recommendations for the border development zones in terms of how they should operate, we recommend that there should be easier movement of people. The lessons learned from the examples that Chris presented on are pretty useful in showing how movement of people could work and the uni visa that Zimbabwe and Zambia have implemented at the moment is brilliant because it's a useful testing ground for what could potentially happen. Movement of goods would also be brilliant and then testing and certification in terms of agricultural produce across the border. We can have duty-free retail centers across the border as well. And also in terms of the public-private partnerships to have border development zone works councils which would include customs people, immigration authorities, traders, business people so that they can work together to determine how the border functions. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.


So, the central problem with the U.S. invasion of Iraq and U.S. war policy generally is that it is in fact a crime, aggression, to attack or invade another country. The judges at Nuremberg called aggression the supreme international crime, because as they said, it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole. None of the other crimes committed in the war would even happen if somebody had not started the war in the first place. So they held Germany responsible for all the destruction and all the crimes committed in World War II and in the same way the U.S. is responsible for all the death and violence and chaos in Iraq. If there is any question that the U.S. and British invasion of Iraq is in fact a crime of aggression, we can thank the Iraq inquiry in the U.K. for declassifying a number of documents in which the senior British legal advisors, including Sir Michael Wood, the senior legal advisor to the British Foreign Office repeatedly and consistently warned Prime Minister Blair and Foreign Secretary Jack Straw that to invade Iraq would in fact be a crime of aggression, which they called, quote, one of the most serious offenses under international law. And when we come to other war crimes in Iraq, which generally fall under violations of the Geneva Conventions, we have extensive documentation that senior officers in some cases going all the way up to the White House issued orders to U.S. forces in Iraq to commit war crimes. These generally fall under rules of engagement issued to the troops on the ground and they include dead checking, which means killing wounded enemy combatants or resistance fighters, during some operations to, quote, kill all military age men, orders in at least one case to use 360-degree rotational fire if a platoon was, you know, hit a mine, even on busy streets packed with people. It was standing orders for many infantry units in Iraq to call for fire, which means to call in airstrikes on any buildings from which they received incoming fire, regardless of whether that was an apartment building full of civilians or a village full of civilians. Fallujah and other areas was designated as weapons-free zones, which was simply an updating of the terminology used in Vietnam, where they were called free fire zones, in which any person, civilian or otherwise, was regarded, was to be treated as a legitimate target for U.S. troops to fire upon. Torture in Iraq was much more widespread and systematic than media reports about Abu Ghraib or U.S. officials ever acknowledged. The best documentation of that is a leaked report from the International Committee of the Red Cross from 2004, based on 27 visits to 14 U.S. prisons in Iraq, documented horrific tortures, a wide range of different techniques that, you know, too many to list in this short testimony. There, all of this is documented in the written testimony, which I submitted. Human Rights First commands responsibility investigation looked at 98 deaths in U.S. custody in Iraq and Afghanistan. These included at least 12 people who were definitely tortured to death, 26 other cases of suspected or confirmed homicide, and 48 more that escaped any official investigation altogether. Human Rights First found that no officer above the rank of major was charged with a crime, even though torture was authorized from the highest level. The most severe punishment handed down was a five-month prison sentence, even though the U.S. war crimes that defines torturing someone to death as a capital crime. So documents already in the public record appear sufficient to convict President George W. Bush, Vice President Cheney, Secretary Rumsfeld, and many other officials under for what are capital offenses under the U.S. War Crimes Act. Another under-reported aspect of U.S. operations in Iraq is that the U.S. recruited, trained, and deployed at least 27 brigades of Iraqi Special Forces Commandos who detained, tortured, and murdered tens of thousands of Iraqi men and boys in Baghdad and elsewhere in 2005 and 2006. At the peak of this campaign, 3,000 bodies per month were brought to the Baghdad morgue alone, and an Iraqi Human Rights Group matched 92% of the corpses one month to reported abductions by these U.S.-led Special Police Commandos. This has been reported in U.S. media as if these forces were not under U.S. command and control, but they were. U.S. Special Forces officers were assigned to Special Police training teams and then Special Police transition teams. None of these units ever operated independently of U.S. command and control, and they were controlled through a high-tech command center set up by U.S. forces and staffed by U.S. and Iraqi personnel. So throughout the reign of terror that they conducted in 2005 and 2006, they were under direct U.S. control working hand-in-hand with U.S. Special Forces.


My middle school offered a STEM program that allowed us to gauge in different activities and build different things. I really enjoyed this and decided that I wanted to pursue engineering at the DCL STEM Academy. Beyond the knowledge that I've attained, there's a very specific skill set that I've learned. I'm able to look at problems and find abstract solutions to those problems. Being in the program has given me insight into finding unique ways to solving solutions to problems. My name is Kasper Seiler and I'm a student of the DCL STEM Academy of Engineering.


We understand that the rural crossings have become pretty rough and that the citizens and residents of the security wide field area and fountain have been calling with concerns about these crossings and that the county is going to do everything in its power to ensure we take care of our residents and our citizens. We're working with BNSF on the schedule. We're planning the beginning of March and they'll be done separate weeks so the plan right now is to do the fountain crossing first and the main street crossing second and we're hoping that we'll finish it early March. Unfortunately, if it gets postponed there are some other projects that get in the way and these projects will probably be extended to May. El Paso County will be responsible for all the pavement work. We'll be saw cutting the pavement. We'll be replacing the pavement. We're also responsible for the sidewalk and the curb and gutter. We'll be replacing the concrete with asphalt sidewalk and asphalt curb and gutter. We'll also be putting pavement markings in and El Paso County is going to be doing the traffic control for the projects. BNSF will be responsible for the track itself over the crossing itself and they're going to be replacing the track, the ties and coming back and raising it up so that it's back to its original elevation. The residents are looking at a detour and all the traffic when we're working on the fountain crossing is going to be moved here to Main Street. When this crossing is being worked on all the traffic is going to be moved to Fontaine and it's about a mile and a quarter each direction so it is going to be an inconvenience for the traffic at that time. Obviously there are other alternatives. They can go farther north to Academy or farther south to Mesa Ridge Parkway. The detours are expected to last three days but again that's weather dependent. It could last a little bit longer. We're hoping to confine it to a week so that we don't have one of the crossings closed over a weekend. I ask our residents for patience as we address these issues and we apologize for any inconvenience as we address the situation here with the railroad crossings.


Hey stampers, welcome to another week of watch it weekly Wednesday I'm Beth part of the stamping gel creative team, and I wanted to show you a technique today I have this technique.  I love making Masculine cards. It's I feel like it's so hard to have Masculine cards on hand for the men in my life that suit them and fit them So I like to make kind of general masculine cards so that I can use them when Anita rises One way I love to make masculine cards that are more all occasion is to focus on the color or the technique that you use more than The occasion or like the time of year or things like that So I thought of this fun idea because I love some of the embossing folders that we have available right now from stamping up We have some fun ones. Absolutely Argyle We have the hammered metal and We have the coastal weave and I thought these three lent themselves really well to this technique I want to show you I am going to take a stamp pad. I'm gonna use soft suede Which is kind of like a light brownish color and I'm gonna ink directly onto The embossing folder. I really like to ink up the top of the folder I like the impression that it gives when it pushes into the creases of your embossing folder Let me show you what I mean So I'm gonna ink up the top of this with this embossing folder I really like to go really inky on the inside of the image There's kind of like this woodgrain look on these little grooves So I want to use a lot of ink for this I'm gonna put my paper down on the bottom part That's not inked and I'm gonna flip this over Just like that Then I'm gonna run it through the big shot. This is what I come up with Do you see what I mean about getting a lot of ink in those little grooves? You get that definition so well on that weave on that really cool texture. I love love love it I did this on crumb cake with a soft suede I played around and tried a bunch of different colors and there wasn't many that I didn't like It kind of just depends on what you like to go with but for a masculine card I'd like to stick with an our neutral family of colors So let me show you the project that I came up with using this technique. So here's my first one I use this technique paired with the well-written dies and the well-said stamp set This is a bundle that we currently carry with stamping up. It is so fun to work with I really like it and when you want to do a masculine card It's great just to keep your cards nice and simple This technique takes up a lot of space in the back here and then I just added the hello friend You mean the world to me with a cute little guitar and some bakers twine Super cute and just simple. I also love this look. I use the hammered metal embossing folder on this one Hooray time for a new adventure. I stuck with my neutral palette just using the soft suede ribbon This is basic gray and I use night of navy for the color on top of the embossing folder So cute and then I did a happy birthday card. This is using the absolutely argyle embossing folder This one is really fun. I love it's a little bit different because this embossing folder is a little more detailed So you get kind of a fadey look when you do this one, but I really like it I think it turned out really fun So this technique has been so much fun to play around with and I'd love to see what you come up with I'd love if you could share your projects on our stamping Jill Facebook page or email them to us directly at su Demonstrator at gmail.com and we'd love to share them So I hope you have fun and feel really creative playing with this technique and we'll see you next week for another watch at weekly Wednesday Done


Good afternoon everyone. My name is Mila Nussela. I'm a research associate at Uni Wider and the chair of this fireside chat. So welcome everyone. So a few points. This chat takes about 20 minutes and after the opening words and the introduction to the topic everyone in the audience is most welcome to join the discussion. So you can either ask for permission to share your insights live by clicking the blue square on your right and asking permission to join or you can write the comments to the Q&A tab on the session on the side. So today we'll discuss the geography of the public response and understanding of the science for COVID-19. So the questions that we are discussing today and seeking to find answers are the following. So we know that there are great differences geographically in how and where people and governments have followed scientific advice. So why is this so? And why has science not shaped policy as well as one might have hoped? Is there for example a divide between global north and global south? Or how all kinds of reasons? But without further ado it's a great pleasure for me to welcome Professor David Holm to this fireside chat. He is a professor of development studies at the Global Development Institute at the University of Manchester. And I think he has been interested for a longer time on this topic and is happy to share his views I think and his findings so far here. So one welcome David. Floris yours. Thank you very much. Okay it's very warm in the UK, the fireside chat I'm melting but anyway thanks very much for coming to this session and apologies for the very long-winded title we've got there but this is something which has interested me over the years not with COVID-19 but the way in which politics and technical analysis interact and many technical people are just frustrated that the advice doesn't get taken they sometimes say it's all politics but very rarely is it all politics. Usually politicians even very populist politicians listen towards technical analysis and scientists are are saying and so I think it's very important issue because if we're involved in technical analysis and we want our work to impact on policy then we have to think of these different strange lenses through which technical knowledge and advice proceeds. I became very interested in this during lockdown because of my personal experience I was locked down in New Zealand actually in Auckland when the lockdown occurred and that meant I spent two months there and if you're ever going to be locked down for a pandemic be in Auckland in New Zealand and what I witnessed there watching New Zealand television was very competent government listening to the science helping to link the public to that knowledge and explaining to the public the way in which policy was going to use or not use that science and helping the public to understand that we didn't really know what was happening in a pandemic that it was emerging knowledge so we we'd have to be taking decisions not knowing what was happening. A week later I came back to the UK and for the first time in my life I was truly horrified I felt privileged because when I come back to the UK there's law and order I have a pension the roads work the phones usually work but I found chaos compared to New Zealand. In a way very mixed government competence a very good civil service sometimes being listened to sometimes not being listened to sometimes with people like Dominic Cummings a political advisor sitting in on a scientific meeting very strange and looking in a way at the science of the pandemic as it emerged our government Boris Johnson's government was looking at it from the public relations perspective how do we listen to what the scientists are telling us and get a spin on it that makes it sound as though what we're doing is right and that might work it was confused I think it frightened the public particularly as the mortality rate went up and the infection rates went up and that was an incredible contrast this competence in New Zealand this sort of chaos sometimes getting it right but quite often just confusing the scene. The other TV channel I tended to watch was CNN when I was in New Zealand and there one saw completing competence one saw a government that was contesting science a president who knew better than the whole of the medical establishment all knowledge to date a genius in his own words who clearly could diagnose what the problem was and knew that it was flu and we'd all get over it that led to incredible confusion in public understanding really fueled public misunderstanding of the pandemic and I think which has left a big legacy legacy of people who still think that Trump is right an amazing legacy in the evangelical churches which seem to have got very confused about how they relate to scientific knowledge and in the whole republican party which appears to be able to ignore science and so I just thought what is happening what's happening in these countries what's happening in developing countries and so as I've looked around then I think we can see that there are these complicated patterns whether we're looking in high income countries or whether we're looking in lower middle income or low income countries. If one looks for the New Zealand model then definitely originally it was Vietnam. Vietnam really geared up closed habits border with China got a good test and trace system running and planned amazingly for it. I think they're having some problems now but they certainly managed to avoid the first two waves. Senegal has done incredibly well building on existing knowledge it had tried to avoid Ebola and had set up a pandemic monitoring center and that went into action when the pandemic came along and it's managed the pandemic pretty well for a relatively poor country with real problems with with communications. If one looks for the chaotic the sort of UK model of behavior then I think that might be India where the Modi government has switched and had a very fierce lockdown without thinking through the consequences the informal sector failed to get the oxygen supplies that were going to be needed by its middle class that could afford privately to buy oxygen and just generally sometimes got some things right but sometimes got them wrong and if one looks for incompetence then it was really Brazil one needed to look to so we've got Bolsonaro to see the similarities with Trump and a government that believed that the scientists were wrong you just don't need to listen to the scientists you just make it up as you go along and you'll be okay. The fascinatingly I mean certainly the India and Brazil are both in the sort of democratic and election camp and in those we have this chaotic and this incompetent model and that. So I've been watching TV what's my analysis very quickly of this TV well the first thing is that certainly any idea that we've got some global north and global south I'll talk about this a bit later in the closing session that we have the old international development is not right here there is really competent response in high-income countries in what we used to hold the north and in low and low middle-income countries what we used to call the south but there is also chaos and there is also real incompetence so I think yeah our north south divide really doesn't work on this the experience is mixed at different levels in that and the second one which is clear is that it's not actually democracy or autocracy and democratic theory would say well you know politicians are transparent they're accountable they have to try to get it right they can't have large numbers of people die they can't have the economy closed down and not take some responsibility for good decisions or bad decisions but that doesn't seem to be the case and in both democracies and autocracies one seems to have political processes which can help get it right or which can help get it wrong and a lot of this depends on the public understanding of science what the political leaders think the public understand and how they try to shape that that understanding so it's not serious research it is but something which deeply interests me and pretty what interests me now is the legacies that these legacies certainly with Trump they continue very strongly in the USA with the belief in science really undermined in the country which has the great greatest scientific analytical capacity in China science has been followed much more and there hasn't been that public undermining so we may see major systematic changes if countries that used to be guided by science are now misguided I think I've probably said enough Miller to set the ball around thank you very much this was a good synthesis revealing some of the also emergent patterns maybe that we see here so I think we could next well into into a little discussion about what could remain possible why is then behind this be why has science not shaped policy as well as one might have hoped why do we see these great differences would you like to start or shall I look at please you proceed now okay thank you so I was thinking of all these reasons that came into my mind while mind storming this as well as kind of our previous a little preparatory discussion over the email and I was thinking maybe one could brought these explanations that we could discuss in detail in a while into into two groups one is to do with the scientific knowledge so the knowledge everything that's around knowledge so levels of human capital state public investment in science inclusion of science in decision making previous direct experience accrued from controlling infectious diseases and the kind of overall crisis of knowledge that has emerged through the pandemic and the second set would be to do with the power and the trust and the politics so we have the reasons like trust in states and government the government emphasis on on maybe prioritizing economy or you know health the liberalist trust based approach of Sweden or the libertarians who champion individual freedom the bodily autonomy or the history of medical racism or political polarization and populism and and the strong political identity which causes them political irrationality and and and without the scientific curiosity weak support from traditional leaders or religious leaders misinformation and social media of course so maybe we could go deeper into these reasons is there something that you perhaps yeah I think you've I mean you've you've sketched that very well and certainly thinking of the nature of the scientific knowledge and the sort of the processes around creating it and then the the power and trust in politics does that help us to think on this and certainly I mean what would be interesting is that if one looked at human capital I suppose in first of all in a general sense then it is intriguing that in the USA which has very high levels of education then in fact you know the the actual the trust in science and the use of knowledge was so limited whereas in Senegal which has a much less developed educational system than actually science has been used better by the politicians and the populations seem to have been able to come in and not try to negotiate something different um I mean obviously when one starts to think more broadly about the processes around the pandemic then those countries that have incredibly high levels of human of specialized human capital have been able to get onto the vaccine and in a way that's that's created the possibility for them maybe to escape is the wrong word to to to to to to have a less severe impact in terms of infections and in terms of mortality though interestingly a lot of that has also depended on your second point the politics and some countries like the UK actually took a good decision and contracted for excessive amounts of vaccines from everybody other parts of the world initially the EU were more cautious and wanted to know whether the medicine worked before they said they'd buy it and that made it more difficult to get access to them but there is that state investment in in research is is clearly very important but again in the USA that's turned out to be important for the production of the vaccines not for the public understanding and with the USA has as one would expect being able to get very involved in developing the vaccines in producing them in being able to distribute them after initial hiccups and that and clearly it is much more difficult for any of the low-income or lower middle-income countries to at all engage with the actual identification of the vaccine processes though interestingly if you take the science into technology it is interesting that India is absolutely foundational to most of the inputs and that wherever you're producing the vaccine whether it's in Europe or the UK or in the USA or in China quite often you're dependent upon supply chains that go into India or go into China to get the the ingredients that are going certainly the previous experience one seems to have worked but I think there's probably a really interesting study for someone to do though looking at the West African states and looking at the fact that in a way all of them had a big fright with Ebola all of them had a reason and many countries have been looking at pandemic possibilities but it seems to be yeah maybe a meteorite will hit us it's it's that sort of level but when they have that Ebola risk and had the problems and had the exposures and 10,000 people died then it looks as though some of the West African countries may have performed better than the others so interestingly I think if one looks across Africa West Africa has still in relative terms escaped COVID friends in Ghana tells me it's not too bad whereas in Uganda and South Africa and Malawi and Zimbabwe the news all seems to be very very bad so previous experience certainly seems to be very important on that I mean do you want to come back and elaborate? Yeah it's an eco eco when I start taking out the muting but just to add also to that point like the Sierra Leone kind of experience from the the previous like the Ebola and and all this sort of also raised the other voices saying that okay they were very early on starting with all these restrictions and people were complying very well but then there's a toll for the poor so so there's also this literature that came recently about okay was then the toll actually too high for that for the poor just to add there and certainly I mean as with most things in life poor people and those who are disadvantaged have been disadvantaged with the pandemic and have tended to have occupations and livelihoods that require to expose themselves and get least access to vaccines but interestingly what moves on to that political framing so much of the early political framing was actually wrong then it was presented as we have to choose between lives and livelihoods we either go for the health or we go for maintaining the economy but I think the data increasingly shows that it's not either or it's both and if you manage to deal with the pandemic on a health basis well as in Singapore as in Vietnam as in China as in South Korea then you didn't have a big hit on your GDP if you didn't as in Peru as in Brazil as in Colombia I think Latin America really somehow got this wrong then you have a big hit on your GDP and you have a lot of deaths as well and so it's interesting the way that the the politics to make the dialogue presented it as either or when no it was both and you can avoid both or you can get really clobbered by both exactly it's a good valid point and now that we have discussed for a little while what do you think if we take some questions from the questions and answers so we have Salam al-Badi would would would you like to um can I see these um Mila you're breaking up a little bit so um Salam if you're still here if you'd like to come on stage to ask your question just click on the top right and I've lost sound on you Mila you in uh Mila's just gonna update her browser team um David you can also let's see there's also if Lauri Hamer would like to come on to the stage to ask your question you can also do that otherwise David you can see them which is of technology I don't know who can hear who I'm back good I think the sound is working again so um did the person who posed the question did the um shall I try and invite to the discussion somehow perhaps I'll read it out loud and the um so question is do you think that the United States to some extent has dealt with some racism with China at the political level when the virus has called the Chinese virus this is the question first question Mila Lumie are we still uh Lumie is gone I think she's refreshing her browser because she started to sound like from the outer space so now she's coming back I'm a technophobe and you're adding to my technophobia no no I just went away because this is your fireside chat not mine Mila maybe your sound was fine to me um so it didn't seem that anybody wanted to come on stage to ask their question so um yeah Mila if I think it's best if you check from the Q&A you did ask a really the one question about the racism in China but did you say you did catch that question or the Chinese virus or the notion of the Chinese virus and this sort of um I would say um this this is tapping into kind of countries pulling down their lights and locking their doors and promoting the national approaches and saying like the enemy's outside or it's not our fault and this is coming from uh outside rather than kind of international cooperation to fight the pandemic to kind of create a functioning international framework to kind of do joined decision making and and kind of construct the decision making or what do you think David um I'm sorry everybody can hear me now I've been I haven't been able to hear anything or say anything for the last five months okay so we were we were talking about the kind of um the naming the pandemic of the virus as a Chinese virus um is is there some some racism there um uh from some countries uh like United States this was one of the kind of um yeah no I think if we put it into your one and two the scientific knowledge on the politics this was the politics obviously of certainly promoting a nationalist agenda that was trying to point the finger and identify others to blame for what was happening in one one's own country so I think that yeah was a mixture of nationalism maybe with some racism thrown in with it the really fascinating thing scientifically is there was no system for naming these virus that was comprehensible to the public there was a complicated coding system that scientists could use but uh you know the introduction of the idea of of delta and beta was trying to quickly come up with something that um that the public would be able to remember uh on that but that was a hasty system to avoid this geographical naming of course the geographical naming is very unfair because countries that have scientific capacity can identify new mutants much quicker so you're always likely to um you have scientific capacity to identify the wrong country that's happened with the Spanish flu that didn't come from Spain exactly exactly um then we have another question from from lauri hey ma would you like to come live to ask your question to click the um if not I'll read it um so one common theme among lauri is here great if you love this and mute yourself can you hear me yes okay so uh you you mentioned uh uk us india and brazil as as examples in and so what I was wondering would uh it would seem that one common theme among among these countries is right wing populism up to a certain extent so do you think that that could be a relevant that could be relevant relevant in interpreting the adoption of scientific advice um certainly yeah right wing populism does seem to make it more likely that scientific advice um may find it's negotiated with and does seem to create a strong potential likelihood of it being rejected um of a populist leader believing that he or she um has a greater understanding usually most of these uh leaders are he because the other example I did that was new zealand where yes I mean that would support your argument because in a way um one hasn't got a populist one's got a popular but not a populist leader there who is prepared to give bad news to um to her population and is not looking to blame somebody else all of the time so the anyway the politics of the last five to ten years in which we've moved to right wing populism certainly mean that there are now probably more countries that um that will find it difficult to actually apply science effectively thank you um I think it's slowly time to wrap up so I think the next what we're going to do is to provide our key takeaways and and what kind of what what do we think is the most important in this discussion um maybe three key takeaways or main messages okay well for me there's I mean there's one big one which is that um I want to encourage as many people as possible to try to analyze this as the pandemic becomes less and less important but to actually look back probably to to the two-year period from just as the as the pandemic was as COVID-19 began to move across China and move into other parts of the world um certainly up until the end of 21 but I think we need to look closely really at um late 2019 to the end of 21 to look at the different ways in which um different countries different parts of the world have handled this to see if we could come up with some in a way evidence-based conclusions about which countries use scientific knowledge effectively and why that was the case politically but also perhaps in technical terms because obviously one of the difficult things with this pandemic has been it's not one thing you keep on getting waves of it as you get mutants and you get variants and those are dealt with differently depending on your access to vaccines and whether you can persuade your population to use those vaccines so I think this is a topic that really needs looking at so that we'll understand future pandemics but also so we will just have a deeper understanding of the way in which science um can and cannot be used effectively and certainly if we could identify what the factors are that have encouraged um some countries to use science effectively and others um have allowed them not to use it effectively I mean a second thing to look at is what that means um in both democratic and autocratic situations but particularly in democracies whether uh leaders who get it wrong get punished at the ballot box or whether the public relations allow them to actually blame other countries or blame the scientists or blame the opposition and whether one can get forms of governance particularly populist forms of governance that actually don't listen to the science take a set of bad decisions and then manage to effectively blame them on other people so they're not held to um to account and that's certainly I think one of the worrying processes that we're here to be seeing in some of the democratic um contexts it'll be very interesting to see in the USA whether the total mishandling um of the pandemic by Trump actually weakens his position and the idea of Trumpism and the republican party or whether they managed to put a spin on it which shows it wasn't their fault when it was their fault. Thank you very very much with you I think really just a very short that it is really a crisis not just not um science progress is through trial and error and so forth so Mila you're very busy again okay well I think we we could perhaps wrap up because we are over time and I would have to refresh in order to start better. Thanks very much then Mila and Lumie for setting the session up and for running it thanks very much for for the this conversation and the earlier conversations we've had Mila. Thank you very much thank you