Philosophy, video games, and the single most important question in neuroscience. How's that for a brain teaser? Hey, thunk fans. Sorry this video is a little bit late. I sometimes get crippling migraines, and I had one at exactly the wrong time yesterday. It was thematically appropriate, as you'll see, but at the time it wasn't very amusing. Anyways, thank you for your patience. Let's get started with physicalism. Physicalism is the idea that everything which exists is physical in nature. There are a few different ways of interpreting what that means, but in short, physics or bust. Physicalists, sometimes called materialists, believe that for everything that's real, even things that have very weird or complex properties, those properties must supervene or be entirely entailed by physical processes. That in the end, they are due solely to the interactions of matter and energy. For example, your computer is doing some incredibly complicated stuff right now. Memory management, communication with other computers, displaying information. The complex behavior that we see computers doing, like playing a YouTube video, supervenes on the behavior of that computer's hardware, like hard drive spinning or transistor switching, which in turn supervenes on the material properties of the atoms that make up that hardware, like copper and silicon. If you asked why is the computer doing that, there are different levels of explanations that you might give, like, well, because I clicked on that link, or, well, because YouTube servers are streaming packets to this computer to display over the internet. But for physicalists, all those answers can ultimately be boiled down to, well, because physics. Physicalism is discussed frequently in the philosophy of mind, mainly because it lies contrary to a popular belief that human minds have some existence independent of the material world, that there's something special going on outside of the raw chemistry of neurons and cells. Physicalists don't deny that minds are incredibly complex and amazing. They can still believe in things like love and intelligence and all that, but they do believe that all those phenomena ultimately supervene on standard interactions of matter. For any mental state, the argument goes, whether you're feeling a little bit hungry or thinking about what you're going to have for lunch, that mental state is the direct consequence of the velocities and positions of particles in your body. If you were to build an exact physical copy of your brain and feed it the exact same input, then it would feel and behave exactly the way that yours does right now. It's essentially the default position for all scientific investigation – cognitive science, psychology, neuroscience. All of these fields more or less implicitly assume that your mental state is identical with the physical structure and behavior of matter in your brain. Well, because physics. As anyone who's benefited from that science can tell you, whether they're getting meds for some sort of psychiatric disorder or recovering from a stroke, that assumption is definitely useful, both for discovering new truths about how brains and minds work and for rendering aid when they're suffering. And if you take it a step further, that's a powerful motivation to continue trying to understand the physical rules by which your brain operates.  Of course, we're a long, long way from building a perfect copy of your brain to prove or disprove cognitive physicalism for sure. A hundred billion neurons, several hundred trillion connections in a constantly shifting, self-modifying network. That makes it one of the most complicated, intricate, and sensitive mechanisms that we've ever discovered. I have trouble plugging in USB cables the right way. Despite this complexity, neuroscience, the study of the physical structure and function of the nervous system, has uncovered some really amazing insights. Like, we can use deep brain stimulation to simply switch off tremors in some people. We've discovered a specific brain region that's responsible for feelings of religious awe and rapture. But the holy grail of neuroscience is decoding exactly how human brains process information. When I show you a picture of a cute puppy, what exactly happens in here? What precise sequence does this vast network of neurons follow between receiving this pattern of colors and shapes from your eye and making you say, oh, I mean, we can make some educated guesses comparison of the image with memory, evaluation of its semantic content, emotional response. But how would you program that sequence using a hundred billion neurons? In other words, how do you make a functional brain? It's, shall we say, a tough question. Adding to the magnitude of this problem is just how hard brains are to research in the first place. They have this annoyingly large laundry list of operational requirements that aren't really conducive to research. I mean, look at this. Must have blood flow. Must not be exposed to excessive pain. Must be inside the skull and attached to a living body. It just goes on and on like this. Of course, neuroscientists are very clever people, and they've worked hard to develop analytical techniques on the data that they can get so they can try and work out what the hell's going on in there. For example, examining behavior before and after a lesion in a particular area of the brain might give us some idea of what that area is responsible for. Mapping out the links between neurons might give us some sort of wiring diagram which might tell us how it's structured. Many of these techniques aren't usable on humans, mainly because causing permanent brain damage or killing people is generally frowned upon in most research fields. That lack of information on the one thing that we're trying to figure out has been very frustrating for many researchers. We can get a very detailed picture of what's going on in animal brains or a very vague idea of what's going on in human brains, but neither one is very helpful. Crucially, we don't really know if any of these techniques would work. Even if we did find a way to use them safely on people, if we found some sort of high-resolution, unobtrusive way to record neural activity in someone's head, would we really be any closer to decoding the brain? In their paper, could a neuroscientist understand a microprocessor? Some researchers put these neuroscience techniques up against some hardware that we can get a ton of information about. Microchips. Specifically, the Moss 6502 microprocessor, which was used in the Commodore 64 and the Atari. This is a well-understood physical system, with some complexity in how its components are put together and a set of very predictable behavioral responses to certain inputs. For the purposes of the study, they chose some behaviors that you're probably familiar with. Donkey Kong, Space Invaders, and Pitfall. No, really. The Moss 6502 is simpler than brains are. It has about 28 million times fewer transistors than brains have neurons. But those neuroscience techniques for decoding how brains process information should work wonders on such a simple problem, right? Unfortunately, not so much. Although the 11 techniques tried sometimes uncovered interesting patterns in the behavior of the chip, they never really provided any help figuring out the rules of its operation. No matter how you analyze the unlimited and 100% complete and perfectly recorded data generated by doing various things to it, there wasn't really anything in that data that said, this is what's going on here. Now, obviously, these results are to be taken with a grain of salt. Brains and processors might be analogous. They might even function on similar principles. But trying to pretend that techniques used on one could safely extend to the other without any issues is kind of a stretch. It's a little like saying, look, my RC car looks just like your Chevy, so I know exactly how to fix it. Now, have you tried changing the batteries in the controller? However, the results do raise some worthwhile concerns about the ultimate efficacy of these techniques for understanding the human brain, even if we did have unlimited access to a slew of 100% functional and transparent brains to use them on. These concerns have resonated with researchers who have been questioning the underlying assumptions necessary for these methods. For example, take connectome modeling, the wiring diagram approach. Say that we did manage to map out every single one of the multiple trillion connections between every single pair of neurons. What then?  A piece of learning software designed to do more or less the same thing that brains do, strengthen connections between some neurons if those connections work, and weaken connections between other neurons if they don't work. Google's engineers can print out the connectome of their image recognition network with incredible precision. They know exactly which nodes are connected where and how strongly. And yet, they still don't really have any idea what rules it's following to be able to tell a strawberry from a puppy. As this study illustrates, it seems likely that there's some crucial insight that's necessary for interpreting the data gathered by these techniques. I mean, it's still possible that one of them actually contains the key that we need to figure out what's going on in here. But if this paper is any indication, we're still missing an important piece of the puzzle between the information that we might gather using these techniques and the understanding that we would need to build a working brain. But believe it or not, this might be great news. Rather than sitting around frustrated that they can't gather more information about real brains, this gives neuroscientists and other researchers a way to test new methods and find out what's helpful. Maybe with this new paradigm of reverse engineering microprocessors, when we finally do get a glimpse inside someone's head, we'll be able to tell immediately what they're thinking about, especially if they're thinking about playing Donkey Kong. What do you think of physicalism? When do you think I'll be able to slip into a nice new shiny robot body? Please leave a comment below and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share. And don't stop thunking.


The best part of Launchpad has definitely been the organization of the curriculum. There's a lot of resources in PL, which is really nice, but having it all laid out in like a really nice, easy-to-follow format is amazing. And Koloik has been really cool. I think learning about all the projects in the ecosystem was just immensely useful. I really enjoyed today's session on the computer for data. It was just great. Great to see where the whole Filecoin vision is moving to. Basically, just getting a bunch of new time when you join the PLN to learn and get paid to learn all the technology involved. Not just time to learn, but time with the people who made it, as well as just the Launchpad staff who already know a lot of the stuff. It's super valuable to be able to ask questions when you get stuff and immediately go on to learning more. The best part for me was getting to meet all the people in Koloik. All the people in the cohort who joined at the same time, went through the same experience, learned Web3 for the first time. Most people hadn't worked in Web3 before, and so there was camaraderie with learning together, being together. And then just meeting people and having a good time, you know, with the lunches and the dinners and the socials and stuff like that. The best part of Launchpad is the uncomped session. People get to see the picture of the talent within Protocol Apps, how Protocol Apps found, keep and nurture these talents, which turns into the beliefs and trust. This program helped me embark into the PL Network by showing me how complex it is. There are so many things happening at the same time in different projects with different people, doing different things that I wouldn't have no visibility on. Having the new connections with new employees is super helpful, especially with this cohort. I feel like there's a lot of teams that I don't interact with on a daily basis, and now I can put faces to those teams, which is really helpful. I think with just two days here, I started having good ideas. The companies that we met here and people from Protocol Apps, we see some common things that we could collaborate on, where we could definitely give the value to the network, and at the same time kind of leverage our product for that needs. It is a networking opportunity where you get to see course material from a lot of people who are doing those various things, and so suddenly you've got faces and names around a bunch of the different parts of the org, so you know who to ask and where you should be going, and that's a useful thing to demystify and make more personal. By the end of day number two, I think I have 15 new contacts in Slack, so I kind of have a better understanding of what is going on, like maybe a longer-term roadmap, so I also had a chance to chat to quite a few people about what projects I built on Filecoin, so it's really interesting to see what real stuff that is happening right now. Having the dedicated space to learn things and to ask questions and engage with people that are part of different teams is going to be super helpful going forward. I think also having some of that structure of a cohort that you go through helps you not feel quite as alone and gives you also a set of other people who are coming through at the same time as you that you make friends with. It's a nice cross-cutting set of people that you can make connections with who go through that cohort with you, where there's a lot less of that feel of awkwardness in asking questions. The members who go through Launchpad have a much better, broad understanding of Filecoin, Poor Call Labs, and the Web3 community than people who don't. They not only have connections with people that are part of PLN, which is huge, so getting those connections is super important, but also just the deep knowledge that comes with going through the program I think is super helpful no matter what role you're in. So even if you're in a non-technical role, like having that knowledge and having the resources for it is like super helpful. The Launchpad program is a great jumpstart that is able to bring on new people to our team who already have the vocabulary throughout the space. It offloads a bunch of that sort of ramp up education and gets people functioning much faster than I think they otherwise would. We've now encouraged new crypto econ lab members to go through Launchpad because you kind of get this learning experience through the curriculum and through the members in your cohort that really can't be replicated anywhere else. There's like core concept to everything that they do. So for example, like the icebreaker, the questions that they ask really brings people closer. Like without having a small talk or spending time to talk, I really know who to go to. I have these instant connections because the questions and the way they frame their icebreaker really reveal the person in a deeper level. I got to meet people who were in previous cohorts and also people who would come to the Launchpad social or the events that happened during the same week as Launchpad. I highly encourage people to do Launchpad, but not only that, I highly encourage Launchpad alumni and protocol lab members to come out and meet the new cohort because they're always a great group of people. And you learn a lot and you get to meet new people.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. I am Paranjoy Gohatakurtha and today we are going to discuss a most unusual development that has revealed that there appears to be a big fight going on in the country's premier investigating agency, that is the Central Bureau of Investigation also known as the CBI. Now a report which was published on the 16th of July in the Indian Express written by Sushant Singh has pointed out how the current director, the cinemost person in the Central Bureau of Investigation, Alok Verma has written to the CBC, the Central Vigilance Commission arguing that the second most senior person in the same organization that is Rakesh Astana who is the special director should not represent the director. Never before in the history of this country has the division between the senior most person and the second most senior person in the CBI out in the open as it has at present. To discuss this issue I am very happy to welcome to the studio of NewsClick Sri Shantanu Sen. Shantanu Sen was one of the first directly recruited batch, he was in the first directly recruited batch of gazetted officers who was specially recruited for the CBI. He is an ace police officer, he worked with the CBI from 1963 to 1996 when he retired as joint director of the CBI. Now I am going to tell you more about him as we go on but first let me ask you Shantanu Sen thank you so much for giving us your time, pleasure. What do you make of this very unseemly fight that has been going on between the two senior most persons in the CBI? What I have heard and what I have read is that the director CBI is in Uruguay participating in the Interpol conference. Punta de Leste. Yes and during his tenure there which lasts about 14-15 days the CBC which controls the CBI into corruption wing and otherwise administratively also has scheduled a meeting to induct few officers in the CBI and as they have to take the approval of the director according to the CBC act they call for the director to join the conference. The director not being here they says number two can come and join. I believe the policy division of the CBI spoke to the director on telephone and his instructions were that I am the director I should have a word in this matter and therefore tell the CBC to postpone the scheduled meeting. From the 12th of July to any day after the 19th of July and that's this letter which was signed on behalf of the director CBI Mr. Alok Verma was signed by the joint director policy Mr. A. K. Sharma who according to NDTV says to be close to the Bharti Janta Party president Mr. Amit Shah I'm just quoting NDTV. I know I read that too and he may or may not be close but that is a media reading. Once you are working in the CBI your closeness to a politician really doesn't matter but the media takes it up that is why you know it was thought by the founders of the CBI which came into formation in 1963 that CBI should have a order of its own. As you know police officers who work in the states are bound to get to know the politicians and they get close to politicians. Politicians meet them curry favor with them. I'm going to ask you more about this. Therefore it was thought best to have a CBI order and that would be secluded from politicians. I had hardly any political context. Okay I'm going to come to I'm going to ask you to elaborate on this point in greater detail but before that what was unusual is that the CBC the Central Vigilance Commission was informed that several officers who were being considered for induction into the CBI were themselves under examination by the CBI as either suspects or accused individuals in various criminal cases. Now this was very very unusual and what was subsequently added that Mr. Rakesh Asthana himself was under a quote unquote scanner and I'm quoting the letter as has been published in the Indian Express that in order to maintain organizational integrity it was pointed out that Mr. Asthana cannot be consulted for inducting officers into the CBI in the absence of the director. What do you have to say? It's very unusual to even consider an officer who is facing investigation. So I would like to see this letter. I'm not too sure. You see standards of induction to CBI are very high and there is a procedure of inducting. The man's name is forwarded, his background is checked and the director CBI especially asked his units in the branches to check on the officer and if he is an scanner even without an investigation or without an inquiry but in the scanner he is ruled out. Okay. So how was he considered? How are these officers being considered? Is it correct? I don't know. You will recall that it was in November of sorry October of 2017 that a petition was moved in the Supreme Court by an organization called Common Cause and in all fairness I say it's a disclaimer. I'm a member of the governing council of Common Cause. Now Common Cause its petition was it was Common Cause was represented by Prashant Bhushan the advocate. Now what was at that point of time Rakesh Asthana's appointment as special director was challenged and this was rejected by the Supreme Court said everything is in order but let me just give you a little little background. Mr Asthana has held a number of important positions in his career. You have worked with him. He was Inspector General of Police Vadodara. He was Joint Commissioner of Police. He was SP when I was a joint director of CBI working directly under me as SP Dhanbat. So you knew him very well I'm sure. Now it's interesting he held various positions. He was Joint Commissioner of Police Ahmed Abad. He was Commissioner of Police in Surat and Vadodara but importantly and this is the important point he was he was heading the SIT the special investigation team appointed by the government of Gujarat to inquire into the infamous Sabarmati Express train burning episode in Godra in 2002 February. Quite so. And it is rightly or wrongly perceived that Mr Asthana is close to Mr Modi. Now one more set of facts and if you will be I'm sort of reading out bits and pieces from that petition which was dismissed by the court that's the Supreme Court. In April 2016 Mr Asthana was post as an additional director of the CBI and between the 3rd of December 2016 and 18th of January 2017 that's a short period of time just about a month and a half you can say he served as an acting acting director or stroke interim director of the CBI for a brief period during the period when Mr Anil Sinha had committed office on the 2nd of December and this was the first time in a decade that the CBI had not been headed by a full-time director for more than a month that is till Mr Alok Verma the present incumbent was appointed to the position. Now it's interesting that on the 30th of November 2016 two days before Mr Sinha Anil Sinha he completed his term as the CBI director the officer who was then second in command in the CBI Mr R. K. Dutta he was transferred to the Ministry of Home Affairs as special secretary internal security a post that was specially upgraded from the level of joint secretary to special secretary allegedly kicked upstairs media speculation okay let me go on few more points sir and may I just yes please yes please there is a post of special secretary security and it has been there since I was in the CBI but sir it was specially upgraded from the level of joint secretary I don't know but there is a post of that right you are Mr Kakkar has held this post very senior officers have held this post and they were there later on gone as DGs so I don't know about has been kicked upstairs no I'm I'm merely saying sir that this post was specially upgraded from the level of joint secretary to special I'm quoting from the petitions from joint secretary normally you become an additional secretary but it was upgraded to special secretary so that is that is surprise and I am not aware of all right now on 2017 on on the that is then sorry on 21st of October 2016 there was a selection committee which was constituted it was headed by the CVC Mr KV Choudhury and the two vigilance commissioners and the secretaries to the home ministry the department of personal and training to consider Mr Asthana appointment as special director of the CBI now various reports were presented to the Supreme Court and as I mentioned earlier the Supreme Court did not consider it one was that the then that the CBI director Mr Verma had objected in writing to Mr Asthana being promoted to there was a handwritten document alleging receipt of bribes this was alleged by Prashant Bhushan and Yogendra Yadav on the 7th of November this document is among many that is annexed to a first information report filed in August 30th 2017 pertaining to search and seizure rates conducted on a group called Sterling biotech part of the Sunday Saria group of companies several suspicious transactions Nigeria Dubai British Virgin Islands USA and it alleges that this FIR that Mr Asthana who was then commissioner of police surat had had acted in a manner that was favorable to the group and further allegation significantly that one of the alleged bribe givers was one Irfan Bhai who is supposed to be Irfan Siddiqui husband of Mumtaz Patel daughter of Amit Patel member of the Rajasabha belonging to the Indian National Congress said to be close to Congress President Sonia Gandhi I am merely reading out for you sir various media reports media reports so this Mr Asthana and his elevation has became a very very controversial thing so how do you put all of this in today's context Mr Asthana worked in the CBI and he was selected as SP and he's probably from Bihar therefore he was posted to Dhanbad and he's from the Gujarat no no he probably belongs to Bihar and he's got Gujarat Kader that's right if I remember he's a is born and brought up in Bihar probably so he chose to so he wanted a Bihar posting and he did a very good work in Dhanbad and you know Dhanbad is a minefield cold mafia cold mafia and he was not did not come into any disrepute that fact his work was appreciated what he did in Gujarat I'm not aware of you people may be better no I'm merely stating there is there are reports and these reports are pretty specific and naturally he has faced an inquiry and the Supreme Court has gone into the whole thing and he's having been brought into the CBI despite those adverse reports in Gujarat shows that the people who brought him in did not consider those reports seriously the common cause took it up bought it before the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court also threw it out therefore as saying there's no legal validity therefore Asthana apart from legal validity he cannot be kept down all right and his stand when he took over as director CBI he was not senior enough to occupy that position fully he was only acting director now when when Verma along Verma came into the CBI along Verma as you know is a Delhi police officer and he has never worked in the CBI in the past in any rank CBI is a vast organization runs into various states and people who do not have any experience of CBI find it normally very difficult Vijay Ram Rao was my director I know how difficult it was for him even to get to know the names of the units in the CBI so how many people are there in the CBI 4000 inspectors and branches all over India and some in some states two branches and it does it has humongous amount of cases and court and it every year investigates 1200 to 1300 cases and the most important cases of crime corruption economic fraud I passed on to this that's correct at one level we talk about the CBI being compromised being not politically neutral at the same level when you look at the ordinary person when you look at the person he looks after the CBI they have far more faith in the CBI than they have in their local police authority quite right so it's an important organization you if you didn't have the CBI you would have to invent it okay I want to go back to Mr. Rakesh Asthana you see when when the government decided to to induct him and promote him in fact that particular committee it was a appointment of the ACC the appointments committee of the cabinet and and the prime minister Narendra Modi and and the home minister Mr. Rajnath Singh were all appointees of joint direction above is by the ACC that's correct and at that time it was pointed out that Mr. Asthana has an outstanding career and there were 40 cases apparently of a very sensitive nature very significant nature which he was handling and I mentioned only the Godra Sabarmati Express and the Sandesh Siria cases but he's also been handling the Vijay Malia cases he's also been spearheading the cases concerning Lalu Prasad I was coming to that Lalu Prasad experience is CBI so Alok Verma relied fully upon him one moment sir I'll mention four more two more cases so it's not just the Vijay Malia cases and Mr. Vijay Malia is still in London yet to come back the VVIP helicopter case Alastavistan that's right the the coal gate the coal scam case and also the cases pertaining to the Rashtra Jantadal leader former chief minister of Bihar Lalu Prasad Yadav who's currently behind bars and his father the father so Mr. Asthana was handling a number of these highly sensitive and I should say politically sensitive cases except Lalu Nanatham is political Augusta Vislan there are more people involved in the bureaucracy okay let me put it this way these were high-profile and sensitive cases very important investigation involving a lot of money so that showed that his background in the CBI his five to six years in as SP where you are the main investigating officers of all the cases under investigation it may be on paper being investigated by the inspector of the DSP but the SP is in charge he is answerable to his DIG then I investigating officer is not that is how the CBI functions okay now so he was considered competent and Alok Verma must have relied upon it all right let me go back a little bit and say that the reason given my Mr. Alok Verma is telling the the central vigilance commission that please give us sufficient time in advance before you induct officers into the CBI and he said this time is required why because the CBI should be able to conduct what is described as due diligence checks on the the on the officers which are who are proposed to be inducted now these were two letters according to the Indian Express one dated 18th of May and the others dated the 6th of July and both of them cite section 4C of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act which requires the directors of 1936 as amended by the central vigilance commission act of 2003 kindly explain the legalities you are saying this simply means that the director has to approve it is it director has to approve director and not anybody else so that is a legal requirement not the acting director or the or the special director number one I am not very clear about these letters because the procedure of induction to CBI is initiated by the CBI itself these names which have gone to the CBC should have been forwarded by the director CBI to him it appears that there were the you know the the where the names brought from outside so again I don't have all the facts but from what I understand that once a month the central vigilance commissioner who is currently Mr. K. V. Choudhury and the director CBI Mr. Alok Varma are supposed to meet they are supposed to have regular monthly meetings so I am presuming that these were jointly decided CBI and the CBC have a relationship formally the CBI used to work under the department of personnel then after the Vinit Narayan came after the Vinit Narayan came the CBC was made given that position the CBI is subordinate to the CBC now to formally subordinate to the ministry of personnel so technically the the the boss of the CBI director is the CBC the central vigilance commissioner as far as the home minister as far as the anti-corruption is concerned okay and I don't think the CBC has a boss okay I don't think CBC is like the election commissioner so he's a constitutional authority he's no no he's not a constitutional authority in that sense because he's not created by the constitution but his position is higher than the CBI director CBI director reports to the secretary personnel okay now now here it's interesting that it's supposed to come under the DOPT the department of personnel and training for administrative or administrative reasons but NDTV recently asked on the 16th of July asked the minister of state in the prime minister's office Shri Jitendra Singh and what was the response he and I quote I quote NDTV quoting Mr. Jitendra Singh he says we are just an administrative head and deal with administrative and policy issues now can the government wash its hands off after Vinit Narayan it's such an unseemly after Vinit Narayan the government stays away from investigation and induction of offices because then questions are asked whether it is able to stay away altogether that's a big question whether it has political control that's a big question I'm not sure that is completely divested of any all political control despite the CBC I'm not too sure okay I'm going to come to that I'm going to ask you a few questions but let me ask you two straight straight questions is this all about who's going to become the next director of the central bureau of investigation after Mr. Verma Dimmitt's office in January 2019 yes he completes two yes and then the next director is Arrakish Sanna but there is also Mr. YC Modi who heads the he's no longer in the CBI he's no but he's the head of the national investigating that is a separate unit but sir technically the ACC can choose an outsider Rakesh Asthana I think is the prime contender for the post of director CBI with his background in the CBI and with his closeness to the president prime minister okay so are you can it be said that the government is favoring him it can be certainly said the government wants him with the act to see if it wanted him from the very beginning okay I mean it was even pointed out there was three senior officers of the central bureau of investigation they removed Dutta correct no it was also pointed out the number of three senior officers of the CBI were sent back to the parent parent carder in in Tripura ostensibly because the new chief minister of Tripura wanted there but many believe that there was more to it than meets the eye Rakesh Asthana is slated to be director CBI if Mr. Modi the prime minister of India has his way okay let me also pointed out something that is appeared in the news reports in NDTV in Indian Express among others and and what has been said that you know this whole issue about the CBI officers being inducted in the CBI who had questionable integrity now one such candidate or one such person whose candidature was being pushed by Mr. Asthana was Jyoti Narayan of the Indian Police Service Uttar Pradesh carder 1996 he was being pushed for the position of joint director now it has been pointed out that he's being investigated he's par he's being investigated in the upendra rai case regarding the person the the journalist who was given the airport airport entry pass he was arrested by the arrested by the CBI then his connections yeah he got bailed from the high court and then the enforcement director arrested him so it was said that he was pushing his candidature wrong if it if the if he might have come to the mistake where it is wrong to push someone to CBI whose integrity is doubtful okay mrs. n my last question to you and this is the personal question to you you worked with the CBI from 1963 to 1996 you retired as joint director after a while you were there you handled a number of very very sensitive cases concerning the Birla group their textile businesses operation bluestar 1984 there were death of or the unnatural death of Saeed Modi the bad bad binton player in 1988 the Harshad Mehta security scandal in 1992 the alleged misuse of power by mr. V krishnamurthy the then member of the planning commission in 1993 you were a consultant to after you retired you were a consultant to national fertilizers limited where you investigated the urea scandal in may 1996 during the 13-day term of the watch by government and that scam allegedly involved the former prime minister mr. P. V. Narasimha Rao's own son Prabhakar Rao thereafter you have served as an advisor of the home department to the deli government under the left-wing governor Tejendra Khanna for two terms 97 98 in 2007 to 2013 we've seen in the Colgate case the supreme court observing that the CBI was a caged parrot do you believe as an institution the CBI and its efficacy and its credibility has been undermined more than ever before I'm not saying this government or only responsible but over the years what are your views and this is how do you react how do you put what has happened now in the last few weeks in this wider bigger context CBI is a good organization and CBI is one organization on for which the people look up look up to but then there have been many occasions when the CBI has not fought look at the emergency period we had an outstanding director then decent but then those textile inspectors were investigated when they should not have CBI has been missing about the Birla group the textile inspectors separately if you look look up your records mentioned in the Shah commission thing CBI came into a lot of an excana during for the by the Shah commission CBI later on when the new government came all the cases with CBI started against in the emergency were all closed by CBI itself so CBI has quite a few skeletons let me be very frank it is not pristine blues C but CBI has done extraordinarily good work where it is counted any organization like the CBI is prone to be misused it all depends upon the men in position if they are able to stand up then they can stand up if you are not able to stand up then you fall that is why the founders of the CBI did not want that it should be manned only by officers from various states they had decided that CBI should have its own detective carder I was one of them and that recruitment continued for 10 years but then something has happened with the government the government found these offices not easy to handle they didn't have are you suggesting shantanu babu that the government wants pliable officers and and are you suggesting that in the last four years under the present regime you know this has happened long ago okay this has not happened last four years this started happening from 1983 itself is there anything new about what has happened in the last four years where the top two individuals now this day it's an open fight now these officers those officers are no longer there now all officers in the CBI are those who have come from states that is mr. Modi has chosen officers from vijrath certainly they want in certain cases not in all cases CBI investigates 1200 cases every year a few of them which are significant or politically important the CBI likes even the Uriah scam after all where all those guilty prosecuted that was not mr. Modi's government that was the Narasimha Rao's government mr. Bhashma's government and mr. Devgoda's government what happened only the select few were prosecuted so CBI has been misused not for the first time yes the misuse was less now it is much more and the best part is you all are talking about it is that a good thing it's a good thing that that the media the the press absolutely it's absolutely a good thing this is democracy working mr. Datta's you were maneuvered out people spoke about it and they could not make Astana the director then if nobody had spoken about it Astana might have become director then he was not due all right so i know you already written a book called the insider speaks i look forward to publishing you when your new set of memoirs come out come out and and and i want to thank you mr. Sen for being so candid in explaining this most unusual situation that is currently prevailing and before i sign off would you like to have a last word and say what are the big lessons that we have to learn from this present episode i really wouldn't wouldn't be able to say what lessons we are learning lessons every day something happens you learn lessons you take instructions the thing is the cbi officer should continue to look upon the law as its chief and if they do that cbi will function well if they look upon their political masters as their chief the cbi will dip thank you so much mr shantung says the pleasure giving me your time thank you so much for coming


Welcome to this course on NMR in structural biology. NMR stands for nuclear magnetic resonance. This is a technique which has grown over the last 5 decades enormously important technique with applications in all branches of science. It originated from physicist, entered the domain of chemist, then biologist, then medicine and what not. It is a highly interdisciplinary field. In this course, we would like to emphasize the applications of NMR in the area of structural biology. Structural biology itself is also very interdisciplinary field. Various kinds of biochemists, biophysicists, computer specialists have participated in this course. We will draw from all of these different disciplines wherever it is required, but emphasize on the application of NMR in this course. This course is being conducted by two people, myself, Professor R. B. Hosur. I was formerly in TIFR, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and now I am associated with Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay and Professor Ashutosh Kumar who is in the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering. These set of lectures are being recorded in IIT Bombay and it is intended for the students of chemistry and biology. Some of them may have the background in mathematics and physics some may not have, but the main emphasis is on the application of NMR. Therefore, the basic physics and other mathematical rigor will possibly be kept to the minimum necessary and the emphasis and the focus will be on the application into the different fields of biology. The developments have occurred in various ways in the technique in an unimaginable manner during the last few decades. So, we will try to cover as much as possible to give the message of success in this field. The students can learn from this how to use NMR for addressing the problems at hand and a variety of problems in structural biology can be dealt with. Structural biology deals with structures of macromolecules, interactions between macromolecules, interactions between small molecules and macromolecules and we will try and cover all of this in a fair amount of detail so that the students can pursue in their research career. The faculty can also benefit by this in the sense that they can actually design a course in their own departments taking specific aspects of this either they can expand on this in different fields on the methods side or on the application side. So, therefore, this is a multipurpose of training the young faculty and the PhD students for pursuing a career in NMR and its application in chemistry and biology. I hope you will all enjoy this course benefit from this course and contribute to the research in this field contribute to science in general to understand biological systems the intricacies of the biological systems demonstrate the phenomena demonstrate the mechanisms of the various processes that are happening in a living system. So, with that we will begin the various topics these include initially the development of methods some details of the methods then we will go over into the applications into nucleic acids the proteins the dynamics in these systems and the interactions between the macromolecules both in the solution state and in the solid state because NMR encompasses both the fields both of the solution state and the solid state. Although the emphasis more on the solution state results because that is where the initial contributions where and that is the area where it has grown quite enormously applications in solid state are also growing and therefore by this initial background students and faculty can contribute to the developments in both these areas. I hope you will enjoy the course.


chef's day bear here today we're back in easy recipe for supper, lunch, whatever it's really easy with these cans of chicken and these homemade noodles that we made together last night stay tuned, I'll show you what we're going to do this is a lot of noodles, this is in a gallon bag we're going to strain them and we're going to put our other stuff in okay guys, we have here cream of chicken I mean, I'm sorry cream of mushroom we've got two cans of that and cream of chicken, this is just the condensed soup now I don't know if these cans are going to be big enough 10 and a half ounces each they may be, maybe enough, there's another 10 and a half ounces we'll just have to see, I use excuse me guys we usually use the big cans, so um I think we've got plenty of chicken here so we've got this stuff ready to go you can substitute whatever you want with this, you can use as little or as much as you want and these noodles, you can use them with any other thing you would you would make with noodles, like tuna noodle casserole things like that, that's kind of what we're making with the chicken you know, we're not going to bake it or anything like that, we're just going to mix it up you know, into a pan and you'll see and it's quick and easy and you know, fairly cheap, I mean sometimes the chicken can get expensive but this is cheap and if you make your homemade noodles, that's even cheaper so you know, yeah it's easy, you just throw it together you'll see when we're done we're just going to add our stuff in here we're going to put it back on the hot burner you can add a little water if it's too thick the good thing about these noodles, you can make a bunch of them and freeze them and of course just add whatever spices or whatever you want I have heard of putting mayonnaise in here though, I've never done it so I don't know if that would be any good or not, but I have heard of it now we're going to slide it over to the other where the heat is still on here, we're just going to heat this up, keep stirring it so it don't stick or burn and then we'll show you what it looks like okay guys, this is what we ended up with remember this is with homemade noodles it just so happens that monkey made it home you may have heard her talking in the other club um, so she's she made it home just in time for a hot supper, now let's get her out here she's our taste tester and let's excuse me and let's see how she likes it okay, there's monkey with her big eyes flashing and she's going to give this a try, she's never had my homemade noodles no, they have not so she's going to give this a shot and see what she thinks of it I think I have six there now yeah, I told you they do thicken up, that's why I said that's a lot of noodles yeah, kept looking in the bag, I didn't think there was enough I was like, are you sure there's going to be enough? they swallowed up, so homemade noodles too they do too oh man, that's good you like it? yeah okay, so do we get one or two monkey paws up? we get more than that two two thumbs up, alright? well, we're going to let her eat, she just got home that's good, very good ready to eat, I'm going to eat with her then we're going to go from there yep alright guys, thanks for watching monkey says she's out for now and Shea Bearer, I'm going to say myth man, let him go and for now thanks for watching this episode of Chef Shea Bearer and remember guys, if you have kids that are graduating this year potentially going to college next school year you know, buying a bunch of cans of the cream of mushroom or cream of chicken, whatever they like get them a bunch of cans of that, some bags of noodles and they're dorm, boom, hot plate and they've got it made thank you oh, easy, easy peasy you like them? or make a bunch of them, they can freeze them yeah, freeze them up and then when you're ready you can just take them out because that's what we're going to do, that's what she kind of hinted this morning about that so you're saying you could make a bunch of them and freeze them, huh? so now I'm into making homey bread and homey noodles so, anyway he did it to himself, I can't say anymore she's right, I stepped in it alright guys, thanks for watching, appreciate it don't forget to comment, rate, subscribe give me a thumbs up if you would and click the bell icon to get notification close enough notified of more awesome videos like this and more of her shenanigans alright, thanks guys, bye bye sorry


Well, my name is Daniel Swain, I'm out of the Atlanta area, as I was saying. My agency is JDS Web Design, and here's how you can get in contact with me, my Twitter account, my Facebook, and Instagram, and that's my email. I'm going to go through this presentation relatively quick, because generally speaking there's a lot of questions, and so I'm going to try to go through it within about seven to ten minutes, and then have the last seven to ten minutes for questions, since this is a lightning session, it's only going to be twenty minutes. So how did you get your second client? One of the things that I always do is there's a lot of different techniques on how to get your clients. Some of the things that I'm not going to talk about is I'm not going to discuss job boards. I'm not going to talk too much about code calling, and I'm not going to talk too much about what I call walk-ups or drive-bys, where you go with somebody's conducting business and try to get business for yourself. These are techniques that people use and are successful, but the reason why I'm not is because generally speaking it takes a process, and so I'm going to mention some techniques that really don't take as much work, because like a walk-up, if you try to do a business or try to get your second client using the walk-up, like you go to somebody who might need your services, usually it's a soft approach to try to get to a position where you can make the hard call or hard approach. So it's a different technique. I'm going to give you guys some techniques that really are things that are at your possession right now and ways in which you can get second clients and really, really simple things, and they're probably techniques that you probably just haven't thought or haven't explored. So what are those three techniques that I'm going to talk about? Well the first one is your family and friends. And tell us to people all the time, whenever you're going into a business, make sure you're reaching your inner circle.  If it's something that you're really interested in, let them know. A lot of times people will say to me as, man, they don't know anybody that need my services, and that's just not so true. I always give this story, about nine months ago, I was at Louisville's Word Camp, and I was talking to a young lady, and at the time I had told her I'd been in business for 10 years, and she was just now starting out as a web designer. And so she was looking to find clients. And one of the things I said was you need to let people in your inner circle know that that's what you're doing. And she just kept saying, well, you know, nobody really knows anybody that would be looking for her.  And a week later, I called her, and of course she was like, well, I'm really having them still struggling. I said, just let people know, especially if you're in your inner circle. So about three or four days later, I get this phone call, and it's somebody that's super excited. And so I'm trying to figure out what's going on first. And secondly, when I realized it was her, the story is that she finally told her mother that she was a web designer. And her mother kind of says, okay, that sounds nice. And the following day, her mother, who had been playing bridge for 30 years, discussed her partner, who she's been partner with for 30 years. Said, hey, my son is looking for somebody to build a website. And she said, well, my daughter builds websites. And so they exchange each person's information and that led to a potential job for her. And it was simply because she let her inner circle know that this is what she's doing. Her inner circle kind of became her voice, because it's people that they trust. And so they was able to say, well, if I come across somebody who might need your services, this is a good way to expand and to get your second client. Another thing that I think people don't realize and think about is your existing clients. Let your existing clients know that you are looking for work. Your existing clients are really your mouthpiece. And if you've done a great job and you should do a great job with your clients, they don't mind referring you. They don't mind giving you referrals. They don't mind even going to Yolster, I mean, the Yelp or something like that and saying, hey, this guy did a great job for me. This person did a great job. They hit everything and they went above and beyond. But it's just a matter of you reaching out to your clients and letting them know they're asking for those referrals. So don't be afraid to do it. Your clients can become your biggest source.  So it's a great technique that people don't realize that these are things that you control and not anyone else. And a lot of times clients are looking.  And they might have a different business venture that they need the same services, but they don't realize that you might have time and available to do those services. So don't be afraid to reach out to your clients. And the third one, and it's the one that I think a lot of us struggle with is our community. Whether you're in a meetup, whether you're even this weekend, make sure you're reaching out to people. Then people know what you do, where you are at in your journey. You never know because a lot of times someone might be doing the same thing as you. And what I hear a lot of times is people say, well, they're my competitors, so why would they help me? Well, they might be at a different stage of the journey. You might be relatively new. And at a stage where you take projects that say $2,000, where their base cost might be $7,000.  So they need to refer those clients to someone.  I remember the other day I was speaking to a young lady. And she was very excited and she was really busy. And I was like, wow, what's going on in your business? And she said that she had went to a meetup and she was talking to somebody who was an SEO expert. And so she just asked them, do you build websites? And he was like, no, I really don't. So what do you do when someone needs a website? And he was like, well, I just tell him that they need to have a better built website. And she was like, well, would you mind referring those clients to me? And he was like, sure. And that conversation in the community turned into her having, I think she said she had about four or five projects over the next two months, just from that conversation. It was somebody in our community that ran across potential job opportunities. And that person said, hey, that's fine. Here's something that you need before I can start building out your SEO program. You need to have a website presence. And that person didn't know anyone to contact or trust anyone. And they were saying, oh, by the way, I wouldn't mind referring you because this person builds really good websites. And so don't be afraid to look inside the community because community can help you. A lot of times a lot of us have niches. So we only do certain designs. You might not fall outside of that niche. Your niche might be something totally different. And we run across a potential prospect and we're like, well, we don't really do that work, but I can refer you to someone. I can give you someone's information. So take advantage of your community. If you do not have a meetup or organization in your area, start one. You don't need to be, people think that I need to be where I've been doing it for 30 years before I can start a meetup. No, what you're doing is starting something in your community so you can share with one another. And that's what the community's all about, sharing. So those are the three areas that I really wanna talk about with regards to how to get your second client. Again, I would be, I was in Birmingham and I was told or instructed that anytime you use images, you gotta make sure you give credit. So those images that you guys saw on my slide, they came from Unsplash and those were the people. But this is my information again and I'd be more than happy to answer any questions that you guys might have with regards to the three techniques as well as even if you have a concern or question about the three techniques that I decided that. I don't know if that's why those other techniques can get you business. I don't think there's as simple as your family, your clients and the community that you should be invested in. And this is the ending session and this is Lightning Talk. I did that in about seven minutes. So, Mike. I think that that's a two-folded question and a lot of people always ask me that. The first fold of that question is if in your portfolio you do not have work, I think it's okay to create work at a minimum or no cost to build up your portfolio. But I think at the same time that you do that, you have to let people know what that value and what that cost is. You don't want to build something free for somebody and not let them know that this is a $5,000 website because what they will do is go to their friends and say, my brother built this website for me. He can probably do the same thing. You want them to say, my brother built this $5,000 website for me. He can do the same for you. The second side of that equation is I think it's okay to go to family and friends and I'm assuming that you're talking about at a reduced or free cost. I think it's okay to do that. But I wouldn't do it if I didn't need it to build up my portfolio. Meaning I wouldn't just create a free website because you're not, unless you just want to because I'm assuming that you're in the business to make money and you always got to keep that in the back of your mind. So when someone says, hey, I'm looking for a website, I thought it would be $300. You got to kind of say, I have to pay my mortgage. I got, if you have a family, I got a significant other. I've got, if you have kids, I've got kids. I got to feed them. I got to clothe them. I got to pay my electric bill. So you got to kind of treat it like it's a business. And while it's okay to go to them for referrals, you also got to let them know that this is what your job is or this is what your second income is or this is what you are trying to do. Because if you don't, then it becomes a hobby. It becomes a hobby. You start building websites, which is great, but you're just paying for building those websites or whatever, logo builder, content writer, SEO, whatever, whatever area that you're dealing with. Now I'm from Atlanta. Yes. Yes. And university, when you reach out to them to build a relationship with them, that might be a sense of potential business. Community colleges, small business centers. It is. The universities would be a small business development center. It is. In North Carolina, most other states also have tourism development departments. Yes. And they get one even in opportunity tax. So they have hundreds of businesses that are important in the development industry that are either meeting websites or upgrading websites. They'll be connected then as a potential remote source. And I want to say, look where the flow is and know how to create a little flow yourself. Look at how you are doing that, where you can get business and then your cost-pract position is a lot less. Excellent points. I didn't hear a question, but that's excellent. I was, you know, just a harbor also on that, is that one of the first things that I did when I started my agency was I joined our chambers of commerce. And I joined it because I realized that I needed to be in front of people who needed websites. And so it was a great way and a great opportunity for me to talk to small business owners and kind of get a good feel. And the interesting thing that I realized about that was because we were all members of the chamber of commerce, it was such an easier conversation, as opposed to me reaching out on social media, trying to make a hard sell, you know, those guys were a lot more comfortable with saying, you build websites, it sounds great, my website's kind of crappy, which I'm not looking at it. And then I would, and in the following week, we would have a conversation about potentially doing a redesign. I've found it just as successful with people who do the same thing. Here's the thing that a lot of people don't realize is we've got a saying in WordPress that the pie is always growing. So everybody's got their own slice. We can both say, hey, we build websites. But that's really not true in the sense that your niche could be I build websites at this price point or I build websites in this industry or I build websites in this geographical area. You could have just different niches and my lane could be totally different. And so she could come to both of us and say, hey, I need a website and this is my criteria. And what we'll find out is a lot of what she's looking for might be areas of expertise that you do. That's not saying that I couldn't do the same job, but what you're looking for is what he does on a regular basis or vice versa. What she's looking for is what I do on a regular basis. So that's why I say a lot of us feel like, man, I'm going into community and I'm sharing, but I'm really doing it with my competitor. What I found is that's so untrue. The truth of the matter is the community will help you. And I mean, I've dealt with meetups in Louisville and Pittsburgh and the Atlanta area here. And it's the same thing all around is that, oh, this is what you do. Well, I build websites too, but I don't build those type of websites. Here is the type of websites I build. Oh, here's the logos that you do. Well, I do logos too, but I don't do those type of logos. Here's the type of logos I do. And so you see a lot of cross, because the worst thing that you wanna do is take on a client that you have no idea how to do that project, because that just becomes a three month nightmare. And so if you can turn around and say, yeah, build websites, but I think this person is more suited to what your needs is. You'll find a lot more success that way. So if you're in the community, don't feel like just because you say, hey, I build websites that somebody else won't reach out and help you. Because a lot of times when we say, well, what type of websites? And if you don't know, if you're just new to it, that's okay too. Because a lot of times when we're looking for, I don't like to call them junior developers or designers, but essentially that's what they are. Somebody really new to it. And so a lot of times we'll say, okay, here's a thousand dollar project that my price point is well above, but it's a good job, a good start, a good second contract or a good second client for you. It's driven by two things. The first thing that it's driven by is the ability to get the content that's needed. The second thing that it's driven by is making sure that we realize exactly why my client needs a website. A lot of times people say I need a website and then you start asking questions and you come to find out that they really don't need a website or they really have no need for a website. So if I can, on average, I usually can figure out that pain point within a couple weeks. And if I can get the content within a couple of weeks, you're still looking at about a 60 day period. People can build websites within a week or within a day, but usually those are 10 place and they just move and contact out and put content in. Yeah, they're not really, they're really not solving a problem. Well, they are solving a problem, but that problem is they just, the person needs a presence online. And that's okay. There's a lot of people out there that make good money doing that, but they don't, but they do. But in my opinion, that's something that you have to do seven or eight times a month. Or as I rather do a project, one or two projects every three to four months and not have to worry about these $600, $500, taking a template, swapping out content. You have a question? No? I won't bite. I would probably, and I'm assuming when you say you have a wide variety, I'm assuming that you're marketing yourself as I'm a web designer and I can build anybody's website. I would probably tell you to narrow your niche because the problem with that is there's so many different elements that goes into each type of website that it's almost impossible for you to know all of those different elements. I mean, you can get in the situation where someone is a therapist and they want a website and they want the ability for someone outside to schedule a meeting. You could get into a situation where someone has a bowling alley and they just want the ability for people to know their pricing and have a really great gallery. And also have the ability for somebody to go and register and reserve an alley. And that's a different type of plug-in or feature and functionality. You could have a situation where somebody's a college and they want the ability for a parent to be able to reach out and speak to a professor or not even a college, but just an educational situation where somebody can reach out to a teacher, see a blog, it's a different element. So if somebody walked up to me and said, hey, I just want to build websites for everybody, I would sit them down on a cup of coffee and say, let's think about this. Because literally there's hundreds of different functionalities that you would have to master and it would just be impossible. I would say to you, I would say to them, find what is a passion of yours and create those type of websites. So if your passion is education, then figure out how to do a really great educational website. Because there's a market for that. See the thing about it that people don't realize is yeah, there's three billion websites. You don't need to build all three billion of them. You can just do 10,000 and make a lifetime and a great living. It's a small sliver of that pie. That's why I said the pie's always growing. We just need to figure out what our lane is. That's all we gotta do. Now I wouldn't discourage you, but I would say if I'm you, what's your passion? And only you know what your passion is.  You're gonna be just as passionate as that person who's like, yeah, this guy knows his stuff.  This is what I would recommend, this, this, this, this. And that person's gonna be saying, yeah, that's a pain point of mine. Yeah, I got people calling me or emailing me and they won't schedule this time and this person won't the same time and this always causing a conflict. You've already decided. I know the plug and it can solve that. So you get that job. Now, if you build a website for everybody, you're gonna have to do research to figure that out. Do you have a question? Well, I'm Daniel. You wanna know how to get your second client? Okay. Well, have you told your family and friends what you do for a living? Well, when I say family and friends, I really talk about, and that's just your family, but any organization or anyone that you have a regular contact with and you don't let them know what you do for them to hire you. The reason why you let them know what you do is in case somebody in their circle needs your service. They can refer you to them. The second thing is your existing clients.  Okay. And third thing, are you part of any community? And are you actively letting people in the community know what you do and that you're available for jobs? Okay. Well, we'll stay in contact. And I'll stay on top of you to make sure that you're doing it. Okay. And that's how you'll get your next client.  Okay. Well, I was gonna apologize if you did.  When I go to a lot of meetups, I speak at a lot of word camps, I speak at a lot of events, I get to know people. If you put anything on Twitter this weekend and put the hashtag on it, I liked it. If I met you out there, regardless of through whoever, I introduced myself. I'm constantly growing my community. And if I sat down and talked to you for any second, I'm asking, what do you do? This is what I do. And how can we help each other to grow? Because there is, I've yet to meet a web designer who does exactly what I try to do. I don't think he insists. But now I meet a lot of people or potential clients who are looking for web designers, and I can't do it, but if you can do it, you better believe I'm gonna say, well, I just found somebody who can do it. Here's their information. As a matter of fact, give them a call, let them know Daniel sent you. And they might never, Daniel who, okay, yeah, but I don't mind doing that. Because your success is my success in a sense that if you're successful, hopefully you'll continue to contribute to the community which will make me successful. Any other questions? Well, thanks, guys.


Mama culinary is lemon pasta with a Dano's twist. Start out by zesting three lemons. And now we juice them.  Lay in your pasta and ladle in some water. Now that we're al dente, turn off the heat, pour in your lemon juice, add most of your zest, toss in your fresh parsley, basil. Hit it with another pop of that spicy Danos. And we plate it up.


Your Coca-Cola bottler presents Claudia based on the famous play and novels by Rose Franken Brought to you transcribed Monday through Friday by your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola Relax and while you're listening refresh yourself. Have a coke and now Claudia David Telephone, I know it was a telephone. I can recognize the telephone darling. It's only quarter of eight Who would be calling us at quarter of eight in the morning? I can't imagine. Why don't you answer it and see David? You don't suppose no darling. I don't suppose it's mama. Oh, I hope she's all right You just saw her yesterday in town David the telephone is ringing and it might be you want me to go answer it No, no, no, no, you're just afraid if it isn't you isn't for you. You'll never find out who it was Hello Tucker it's you. Well, how are you this morning? Good. We haven't seen you in a long time. Oh Yes, yes, I intend to come over and visit you any day now very very soon. Well, is it mama? No, Delilah Tucker What are you supposed she wants at this hour? I don't know. She's talking but she hasn't said anything yet. Oh, yes, miss Tucker Your brother No, he's not here. Oh Of course, nothing's happened.  Why he's he's indestructible. Thank you. He's indestructible miss Tucker. Yeah, goodbye You see David other people worry about other people they love and I am not the only one Are you comparing mama to an 86 year old man? Rather favorable to mama isn't it Well, what's the old man of the mountain up to now? I don't know Delilah said he raced out of the house this morning in the fury She probably told him he should wear an extra sweater and he didn't want to be pampered Oh, you poor man. You have such a hard time of it with us women. We certainly do What she said was that Jared read the Eastbrook town crier and something in it made him wild before she To him you dashed out or more credit to him when an 86 year old man can dash let him day No, you women are always getting upset you men are always taking sides Better finish your coffee David. Where's our copy of the town crier? I don't know came yesterday late afternoon. I haven't seen it yet I think it's uh in the kitchen. Oh It's gonna be a lovely sunny day today. I can put the baby outside Bet you 20 cents that's Jared Tucker right now You win your bet. Hello. We're in the dining room. Mr. Tucker. I wasn't on the latch. Oh, I just walked in Well, that's what the door was off the latch for I'm so dog gone crackling mad this morning.  I could choke a hog with my own bare hand Delilah just called. Oh Sister mine what she on my tail first. She's worried.  I ain't got no time to worry about her worrying She's always worrying what you're so mad at have you seen your copy of the Eastbrook town crier? No, this issue here just come out yesterday. No, we were just mentioning that we hadn't had a chance to look at it I look here son. Look here. Well, you'll see what I'm so dang blasted sore act I can't imagine. What is it being a man's privacy smearing his picture around pulling all his skeletons out of his closet Spreading them out on the pages so they can sell more copies of the paper What this year world's coming to hey a demand got a right to his own known privacy Can we see that paper you have in your hand ever since man had the brains to invent itself the wheel He's got so concern cocky with the shelf He thinks he's got the right to do anything that comes comes to his mind How about looking at your paper and he goes and invents a print and press starts publishing newspapers Gotta fill up all this space. So what's he do starts rob another man of their privacy. I'll show them. That's what I'll do I'll show them please show us what it is. Oh, ain't you seen it? No. Oh, we told you we why didn't you say so well I I tried to but you saying I'm 92 years old. They got a nerve why I won't be 87 until Until bugberry season comes around Making an old man of me. I'm so dog gone be good go on go on have a look where right there Page one there. Oh Way down here to the corner of the page At least ways you'd think they'd have the sense to put it up in the center of the page But no they invade a man's privacy and then they tuck it away in the corner of the bottom of the page Sometimes I think there ain't no more brains in the parcel of men who run this here paper then in a in a in a Partial old shoes historic personality of Eastbrook Jared Tucker of duck pond Lane Hold it so I can see the pond Lane. Where'd they get that? Hey, well, it's not the name of the side road your farms on Oh, oh, yes, one of our foremost citizens who has lived in this community for the last 92 years 92 there ain't no need to exaggerate about Jared Tucker. He's good good just the way he is Family first settled in Eastbrook some 200 years ago property lines on River Road This is a wonderful article. Mr. Tucker. I don't see what you're some out of 92 years old duck pond Lane One of the foremost citizens why I be the most Foremost citizen. Well now we all know that here it goes on. Mr. Tucker is well known for his rather acid commentary on Current events and habits of his fellow man. That's right Greeted the other day on Main Street in front of Dorland's pharmacy Dorland's pharmacy women here turn it over In Eastbrook Center, yes, Mr. Tucker tossed us this tidbit the trouble betweeks men and women is The trouble with men and women. Yep. That's what I said, but that ain't one of my better sayings That's that's what it says though. Well, I think this is a very fine article. Mr. Tucker We're all very proud of I have half a mind to shoe that editor young will Blake all you mean you didn't know this article was to appear Oh, well will Blake said something about it. Oh, this is kind of an anniversary issue with the paper So when I was accosted it by the reporter on Main Street I had kind of an inkling of what was in will Blake's head But I didn't think he'd be such a fool is to actually come out with it Well, I still don't see why you're so upset. No, I think this is very fine. I believe in the progress man. I Believe we humans got to pull ourselves up by our own bootstraps and start getting some place in the universe My ancestors showed their cells out of piece of land build a farm on it And they didn't get no publicity now Just because I happened to be kind of toothless Scrawny in the arms stringy in the hair brittle to the bone and loose in the tongue Will Blake thinks he's got a right to expose me and all my ancestors for the entertainment of his readers Nobody did this out of fun. Mr. Tucker. This is serious. The newspaper thought people would be interested in knowing about you What for well because you're because you're an interesting character that it hey I'm only an ordinary sardar fella, but I am superior to everybody else and that's reason enough You old man of DuPont Lane. It's what it said What kind of respect can a man get when he's got a monitor like that stuck on? That's not so bad every time I walk down Main Street I'll feel like there like a goldfish swimming around in a glass bowl. Personally. I think it's wonderful I love publicity and we are terribly proud to know you mr. Tucker. We certainly are Hey darling, what about calling Delilah? Oh, yeah, remember? She's at home worrying that Jared has done something fearful to himself. Oh, don't mind Delilah. She's wishful thinking I'll call her this minute. Well, mr. Tucker have a cup of coffee. Yeah I ain't got no mind for coffee. My insides is all Snarled up over this. Yeah, come on. Calm down. I'll walk into my barnyard and my hen's little cluck cluck and cackle at me in fun No, I think you'll find aren't and smile at me as if to say Jared Tucker. You sure be one old fool I know such thing and you know it and you're called Delilah now. I don't want to talk to her I don't want to talk to nobody. I'm gonna hold up like a bear in November. Hibernate. That's me. Oh Telephone again Hello. Oh miss Tucker. I was just going to call you.  I I don't think he's as angry as he acts.  Well fine. I'll tell him you called. Goodbye Well, that was your sister mr. Tucker. I told her you were fine Why'd you go and tell her that far? I ain't fine. Well, I mean I mean compared to other men you're fine Oh, yes, it's all very interesting and I'm certainly honored to have my breakfast in the company of the sage of Eastbrook But I'm afraid it's time. I'm on my way to work guess. I'll get back to my duck pond lane farm and tend to my barnyard Oh, there's a phone again. I was certainly popular. Maybe it's mama this time Just wait till I tell mama how famous mr. Tucker. Don't use that word in my presence young woman Hello Mr. Tucker. Oh, yes, he's here just a minute, please. It's for you, mr. Tucker I guess your sister referred the call over to it. She would mean I ain't got no problems. Oh, what he was privacy privacy is no fun Tucker here Yep, this is him How's that? Speak louder man. Stop mumbling. These instruments are bad enough without you mumbling What's that to say? No, no, I ain't interested in having my picture taken. I ain't interested at all Not even with a cow. I'm a farmer man. Not a talkie pictures star See what I mean, I'll be hounded that's what I'll be hounded won't be able to call my life my own I think it's exciting.  I would have started years ago Why I could be a first-class celebrity if I'd have set my mind to it ain't nothing to that Probably for you again. Why don't you just take the phone out for yourself, mr. Tucker? Well, that's of course you think you need a secretary. Oh, it's the end of my peaceful days Tucker here Yes This is him How's that?  No. No.  Tucker. Let him interview you Uh, hold on a second. What's that there you say, ma'am? Why shouldn't you let them interview you what well what fur those other folks can repeat what I say and then and then Call it their own plagiarism is the greatest compliment in the world Hello You still there? Hey, how's that? You'll you'll give me twenty five dollars. Well, don't you realize twenty five dollars is money? Oh, oh you do and I'm worth it to you. Hey well For $30 I'll allow myself to make the effort to let you write some lines about me Yes, well, I'll I'll call you when I'm ready. Mr. Mr.  Oh, mr. Farringholt at the Hartford press Yes, well, I'll call you as soon as I get my pigs back Hear that 30 dollars Hey, hey, hey, not bad. Hey, Mr. Tucker, you're in business. Yeah Guess what I got say is kind of pretty important yep the sage of Duffpond Lane Sonner Got kind of a ring of dignity to it the sage of Duffpond Lane What's the attraction at your house the mother of one teenager asked another the second woman laughed It's no secret. She said I guess it's just that we buy coke by the case and the kids know there's always enough on ice for the whole crowd Ice cold Coca-Cola is a major attraction where teenagers are concerned as you know If there are young people in your family, how about bringing home a case of coke this afternoon? It's only a dollar. Well, Joe Don't you feel proud of the sage of Duffpond Lane personally? Well, it's quite an honor, David Did you know so mr. Tucker is starting to think so mr. Tucker has always thought all he needed was someone to agree with him Well, I better be on my way. That's right, David You've a train to make oh, I'll make it weather's good driving the station to be fast Then make hay while the sun shines David because Monday at rain. Well, thanks for the weather forecast rain means rubbers I never wear rubber wait and see and right now you'd better step on it. I'm on my way Every day Monday through Friday Claudia comes to you transcribed with the best wishes of your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola So listen again Monday at the same time And now this is Joe King saying or a bar and Remember whoever you are whatever you do wherever you may be when you think of refreshment think of Coca-Cola Or Coca-Cola makes any pause the pause that refreshes and ice-cold Coca-Cola is everywhere The parts of Claudia and David on this program were played by Catherine Bard and Paul Crabtree and the entire production is supervised and directed by William Brown Maloney And now here's a word from your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola


When you go down on the water, the partial pressure of the nitrogen in the air you breathe gets higher and higher because the pressure gets higher. Your body cannot use this nitrogen. So it simply dissolves into all of your tissues. As the partial pressure increases, more and more nitrogen dissolves in your tissues until they are saturated.  The difference in the partial pressure of a gas between two places is called the pressure gradient. So you can say that the pressure gradient of nitrogen in your breathing air and the nitrogen dissolved in your tissues becomes higher and higher when you go up. The difference becomes higher and higher. If the pressure gradient stays low enough, nitrogen can come out of your body without causing any problems. But if the pressure gradients become too high because you come up too quickly or you stay too long at a depth, then you might have a problem because this can cause big bubbles to form in your tissues and in your blood. You can think about opening a can of coke and bubbles forming in the liquid. But it's not quite as simple as that. Bubbles can only develop when there are tiny micro bubbles in the liquid, such as your blood, to form a round. These tiny micro bubbles are called gas micronuclea or gas seeds. For instance, if you pressurize a glass of pure water, no matter how quickly you release the pressure, no bubbles will form. There's nothing that can act as seeds. However, if you shake the water to make tiny bubbles before releasing the pressure, big bubbles can form around them. Now your blood is continuously being shaken in the arteries and the veins, so there are many micronuclea available. The quicker your blood flows, so the more you exert yourself before, during or after a dive, the more of these gas seeds. Very small nitrogen bubbles form during any dive. No matter how shallow or how short, this happens mainly in the capillaries. Usually this is not a problem because these small bubbles enter the veins and flow back via the heart to the lungs without causing any blockages. When they reach the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs, they diffuse into the alveoli with no problems and you breathe out the nitrogen. We call these bubbles, that cause no problems, silent bubbles. We can see silent bubbles with a Doppler ultrasound flow meter. Using this ultrasound machine and volunteers in hyperbaric chambers, we can find the safe limits of pressure and time. Because we can see when there are too many bubbles to be safe. If you accumulate a lot of nitrogen by staying too long at depth, or if you come up too fast, more nitrogen has to leave your tissues as you ascend and this will make the bubbles larger. When bubbles become larger, they can block the blood flow in narrow blood vessels and this makes the problem bigger. Because now it becomes even more difficult to transport the nitrogen to your lungs. The bubbles become larger and larger, blocking the blood flow more and more. Bubbles don't only form in your blood. They also form between tissues, particularly in watery tissues, such as your ligaments and joints. And as the bubbles grow, they can compress nerve cells and that hurts. To make things worse, your immune system attacks foreign bodies in the blood by forming platelets around them. So they also attack the bubbles. This increases the size of the bubbles and this causes further blockages. This is called decompression sickness. The good news is that nitrogen bubbles almost never go into your arteries. Because they usually diffuse through the alveoli in the lungs and are gone before the blood flows back to the heart and into your arteries and the rest of your body. It takes time for the bubbles to grow. So the signs and symptoms of decompression sickness do not usually appear immediately after a dive. They usually appear a few hours later and even can be up to 48 hours later. Symptoms often get worse slowly because the bubbles slowly get bigger and slowly flow to places where they block the bloodstream. This means most cases of decompression sickness are not immediately life-threatening. But in all cases of suspected decompression sickness, the diver must go to a doctor. There are two types of decompression sickness. Decompression sickness type one is the least dangerous and three-quarters of all cases of decompression sickness are of this type. The bubbles are usually in the joints, in the ligaments or underneath the skin. Bubbles under the skin appear as red blotches and are most frequently found under the skin of your shoulders and chest though they can be anywhere. It is itchy but it's not serious. If the bubbles are in a joint or a ligament they cause pain and make moving difficult. Divers with decompression sickness type one must go to a doctor because the bubbles can get bigger and keep moving and become decompression sickness type two. Decompression sickness type two is rare but it's serious and can lead to death. The most common form of type two decompression sickness is nitrogen bubbles that interfere with the functioning of your central nervous system. In very rare cases bubbles are taken back to the heart from the lungs and are pumped to your arteries and onto your brain. They can even form in your brain directly, cerebral decompression sickness. These bubbles block blood flow in the brain and depending on the brain area where this occurs you can experience tonal vision, dizziness, confusion, tingling, numbness, loss of bladder control, difficulty with balance and in the worst cases paralysis. If bubbles block very important areas it can lead immediately to death. Nitrogen bubbles can very occasionally block blood flow back to the heart causing your blood pressure to drop which means that you'll become unconscious. About a quarter of people have a hole between the left and the right sides of their heart. This hole is called a patent for Raymond O'Valley, a PFO for short. We are all born with this hole because in the womb we do not breathe so the blood has to circulate without going to the lungs. After birth this hole normally closes in a few days. If this does not happen perfectly only a flap of tissue forms over the hole but this does not normally cause problems. However if a diver with a PFO has big nitrogen bubbles they can pass through the hole and enter the arteries. And then they can travel anywhere in the body including the brain. Nitrogen bubbles that affect the lungs, pulmonary decompression sickness, are rare because bubbles usually dissolve in the alveolar but if there are too many bubbles they can cause a blockage. This irritates the lungs causing shortness of breath and coughing. The risk of decompression sickness is very very small when you dive within the limits of your table or computer. The chance of getting decompression sickness on a recreational dive is one in ten thousand and the chances of suffering from life threatening decompression sickness are even smaller. Most cases of decompression sickness are caused by diver error. If you follow the rules and stay within the limits you really have nothing to worry about. The majority of cases of decompression sickness occur after technical dives because these dives are deeper and longer and there is a lot more that can go wrong. Why do nitrogen bubbles cause decompression sickness and not oxygen bubbles? The first reason is that your body uses oxygen and so it is quickly taken out of the bloodstream by your body cells. The second reason is that most of the oxygen is attached to your red blood cells rather than dissolved in your blood plasma and so it cannot form bubbles. The third reason is that more nitrogen than oxygen can dissolve in the blood without saturation. Twice as much oxygen than nitrogen can dissolve in your blood and tissues without any problem. And the fourth reason is simply that there is a lot more nitrogen than oxygen in the air that you breathe.


Daniel Koons is the lead director of Chesapeake Gold Corporation Dan. Welcome to the investor Intel studio via Skype Thank You Fred Dan you've been a senior officer of many different public companies and mineral exploration companies And you've been on the the team that found the huge deposit that OU Tolgoi in Mongolia You're part of the bench strength of the Chesapeake management team and board What's your view of the current market for producers needing to replace ounces? Well, yeah Fred I've been involved in production side and exploration side and the exploration business Is feeds the majors and we know it's been no Surprise in the last five years been quite difficult on the major mining companies most of them They've had to clean up their balance sheet to sort of retreat a little bit do some major write-offs and change personnel But we start to see now they're coming back We're starting to see activity Livening up, but it's been a tough five years therefore the exploration Pipeline might be less attractive than it was and I think the Sort of 20 million ounce gold deposits are hard to find Well Matate's project the Chesapeake project in Mexico is a huge gold silver and zinc project and In 2013 there was a pre feasibility study Another one updated things in 2016 What what are you giving? Producers looking for a potential asset in these studies Well Matate's the two studies demonstrate that it is a scalable project So we can start out small and then allow your cash flows in the future over a five-year period to To increase production to an expansion level or you can start out large and move straight to the largest possible production mine and either one of those has its own Rationale attractiveness etc lower capital is attractive in the smaller case Higher IRRs and production and throughput is is the attractive feature of the larger case So I think what we've done is demonstrated that it is scalable the two studies also show that we've de-risked the project Significantly as we move forward. We were using best best practices state-of-the-art technical uses for environmental Dry-stacked tails for example water that's been traded for desalination plant that we're putting up near the the coast and we also are using essentially Infrastructure in Matate's that is quite mature. There's a gas pipeline that Mexico just built and we're close to Cities labor. We have very good relationships with the with the social communities there My understanding is that the water has been a huge issue for a number of other operators Huge increase in cost in the last year alone in Mexico It's very true and the the nation is starting to View it quite seriously. Of course, there's been there's been subject to drought Subject to depletion of waters Let's call it ground waters and local waters. So as such, it's a very important issue I'm a totes will use water But we've gone through quite a bit of engineering and study to recycle as much as possible And also as I said to trade water that we will produce fresh water from the sea and then that will charge systems closer to the to the Plant and then we'll trade those waters for water up near the mine Essentially, you're fixing the cost of water for a future producer Absolutely right for the 30 plus year in my life Dan, what's the what's the expiration? Potential in the Matate's area Well, one of the big Issues about Matate is that we have a large deposit, but a higher capital Front-end associated with so you might say that capital intensity per ounce is pretty high If any of the features you look at that would be the one that that's a challenge and as such We've looked at satellite Deposits that may exist near Matate's and we have a program. It's going very well We're pretty excited about two of the nearby properties. So we're advancing those we see some potential there that could be very very beneficial to the The long-term live of the Matate's project by being able to feed some of the ore from a satellite bit into that existing Equipment and plant when it's built a couple of the reports that I've seen on Chesapeake suggests that the ounces in the ground valuation Certainly at the end of 2015 was substantially lower than some of the other public companies that have very large assets Is that still the case? It is still the case. We have seen an attractive run up from a very low share price At the bottom of this terrible market. We've been in over the last several years We're now up several hundred percent But this is nowhere near where we would be if we just did a simple comparison to a couple of our peers in North America here For undeveloped projects. We also have other features that are quite attractive We have a very low strip ratio at this project We have a non-artic environment for development when you compare us to some other properties up north and so when you start to look at these things It's really the cash costs of production the all-in cash costs that then make a project bulletproof through the next cycle And this project is quite attractive So we think we have a long way to go on getting our valuation recognition for what we have here at Matates Dan thanks for the update always good to chat with you. Same here. Thanks, Brad