Welcome to my channel. In today's video I am going to talk about some very very important Victorian novels which you must read if you are preparing for UGC net English literature exam. The first important Victorian novelist is Charles Dickens. Charles Dickens has written so many novels. You must know that from all these novels there are three most important novels that you must study if you are preparing for UGC net English literature exam. The first important novel by Charles Dickens is Tale of Two Cities. As the title suggests Tale of Two Cities is based on the story of two cities London and Paris. The story is said during the French Revolution and it opens with the beautiful line it was the best of the times it was the worst of the times. This line has been asked several times in net exam so you must remember that this line is from the novel Tale of Two Cities. The second most important novel by Charles Dickens is Great Expectation. Great Expectation is a story about Pip and his love for the girl Estella. The novel is important because it has two ending. One ending was given by Charles Dickens and another ending was given by Charles Dickens on the request of his friend William Wilkie Collins who asked Charles Dickens to give another and a more pleasant ending to the novel Great Expectation. Another important characteristic of this novel is that Thomas Carly said that this novel is appropriately termed as Pip Nonsense. Okay so Thomas Carly had his views on this novel. Also this novel has a special character called Mrs. Havisham. Mrs. Havisham is an old lady who is dressed in a wedding gown and she is dressed in a wedding gown since the day of her marriage because she was ditched by her fiancé on the day of her marriage. The third important novel by Charles Dickens is Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist is also called as Parish Boys Progress. So you can see how Parish Boys Progress alludes to John Bunyan's Pilgrim Progress. So there is a link in the two titles. Also you must remember that Oliver Twist is a novel which is based on the life of an orphan boy Oliver and this story revolves around the New Poor Law of 1834. This question was asked in UGC net exam several times so you must remember that Oliver Twist is a novel which revolves around the New Poor Law of 1834. The second most important Victorian novelist is William McPhee's Thackeray. William McPhee's Thackeray was born in Calcutta and he also worked in the East India Company. He has written several novels out of which Vanity Fair is very important. Vanity Fair is subtitled as a novel without a hero. It is about a Victorian heroine called Becky Sharp and the novel talks about her life during the Napoleonic wars. Also what is important about this novel is that the title has been taken from John Bunyan's Pilgrim Progress. In John Bunyan's Pilgrim Progress Christian the hero of Pilgrim Progress goes to Vanity Fair and this title Vanity Fair has been taken from the same Vanity Fair in which the Christian goes. Also at the same time you must remember that this novel Vanity Fair has a very very important closing line which says that which of us is happy in the world and this is how the novel ends. There are several other novels by William McPhee's Thackeray like Pendennis, History of Henry S. Morn. History of Henry S. Morn is important because it's a historic novel which is based on the life of a colonel who works in the courts of Queen Anne of England. There are other novels by William McPhee's Thackeray which are important and we cover all those novels as well as summaries and important points about those novels in my course which is available on my website www.arpithakarva.com. In the website you'll find a list of all the important writers that we cover in our UGC net English audio online course. You can subscribe to my course and prepare for UGC net in a revolutionary way. The third most important Victorian novelist is George Eliot. George Eliot's real name is Mary Annigan and she has written so many important novels out of which Middlemarch is very important. Middlemarch's subtitle is A Study of Provincial Life and this novel is very important because Virginia Woolf has commented that this is one of the few English novels written for grown-up people. The novel is set during the reformat of 1832. Also it has references from several places. In the prelude of this novel there is a reference to Saint Teresa and this was a question in January 2017's net exam. Also there is reference from William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. In Twelfth Night the clown says that by swaggering I could never thrive for the raineth reigneth every day and the same line has been quoted in this novel as well. Other than Middlemarch, George Eliot has written so many other novels out of which Mill on the Floss is important. Mill on the Floss is a story of a brother and a sister named Maggie Chulliver and Tom Chulliver and in the end we find that there is a very important line which says that in their death they too were united and this has also been asked in net exams several times so you must read the summary of Middlemarch and Mill on the Floss. Other than this George Eliot has also written a very important historic novel called Romola. The novel is based on this story of Italian renaissance but this novel was not at all popular during George Eliot's time and it was a complete failure so you must remember you must not read the summary of Romola but at least remember that it was an historic novel written by George Eliot and it was not at all popular during her times. The fourth important Victorian writer is Charlotte Bronte. Charlotte Bronte has written this beautiful work Jane Eyre, Jane Eyre's subtitelist and autobiography. This is a novel which is very important from feminist point of view because it has a heroine who asserts herself as a true feminist character. She says in one of the chapters of the novel that I am not an angel and I will not be one till I die. I will be myself. Also towards the end Jane herself addresses the reader saying that reader I married him. Okay so this is how the novel ends and the ending line reader I married him is very important from net point of view. Also you must remember that this novel is important due to several characters who are the part of this novel. One is Mr. Brocklehust. Mr. Brocklehust is a school instructor who uses religion as a medium to justify duality. There is another important character named Bertha Mason. Bertha Mason has inspired several other writers who have written so many other works on this character Bertha Mason. One writer is Jean Royce. She has written this beautiful work called by Segura C which is a prequel to Jane Eyre. Also there is another important writer Suzanne Gilbert who has written an essay Mad Woman in an Ethic which is based on the character of Bertha Mason. So these are the things which make this novel very important from net point of view. There are several other novels written by Charlotte Bronte namely Professor Willet Shinde. They are not so important but you should remember the title and certain important characteristics of those novels as they have been asked in net exam several times. So this is all about Charlotte Bronte. Now let's move to another important Victorian writer. The next important Victorian writer is Emily Bronte. Emily Bronte has written this beautiful work Wuthering Heights. Wuthering Heights is a story of Catherine and Heathcliff and it is a story which is driven by passion and revenge. Matthew Arnold has praised this work saying that it beautifully portrays grief, passion and vehemence. Also at the same time we must remember that the story employs frame narrative. The story opens with a man named Lockwood and the opening scene is very important because the man is sleeping and in the dream he dreams about Catherine who is pushing the windowpane and she is trying to get into the room saying that let me in, let me in. So the opening scene is important. The characters are not so important from net point of view because they have not been asked in net exams till now. There are so many characters in this novel but you should at least remember the basic plot line in order to attempt the questions wisely. Next important Victorian writer is Elizabeth Gaskell. Elizabeth Gaskell has written a work North and South. This work is very important because it talks about the demerit and harsh effect of industrialization. The work was inspired by the writings of Thomas Carly. Thomas Carly is another Victorian essayist who is writing in the same period and has inspired Charles Dickens and Elizabeth Gaskell. This was asked in UGC net exam. Also you must remember that the basic plot of North and South is that it is the story of a girl Margaret who supports the labour class and the mill workers and clashes and stands against the mill owners. Elizabeth Gaskell has written another important work called Life of Charlotte Bronte. It is a prose work written by Elizabeth Gaskell on the request of Charlotte Bronte's father. Now let's look at one of the major figure of Victorian society who is Thomas Hardy. Thomas Hardy has written so many important novels. His novel under the Greenwood tree is important because the title has been taken from William Shakespeare's As You Like It. Other than that there are several other novels which must be read in detail if you are preparing for UGC net. Namely we have Mayor of the Caster Bridge. The subtitle of Mayor of the Caster Bridge is life and death of man of a character and there's a very very important line in this novel which says that happiness is but an occasional episode in the general drama of pain and this was asked in UGC net exam that this line is taken from which novel. Also you must remember that this novel is important because in this novel the central character sells his own wife. The protagonist sells his own wife unknowingly.  The second important novel which must be read is Test of the Durbalist. Test of the Durbalist talks about the moral sexual morals during the Victorian period. Also there are certain scenes which are very important. The scene when Tess writes a letter and slides Angel is not able to read the letter because the letter gets in gets under the carpet. That scene is very important. Also it is important to know that Tess is a novel which not only talks about the Victorian society but also talks about the condition of female and how females were treated during Victorian society. The third important novel is Jude the Obscure. Jude the Obscure is important novel because hair Jude the central character is compared to a character from Bible. The character from Bible's name is Joe and Joe is compared to Jude. So this comparison is important other than that he has written several other novels like Far From the Maggling Crown. He has written poetry also Darkling Thrush which is important. We talk about all the major novels summary important characteristics in my online course. So if you wish to study all the important novels in detail then you can join my online course. The details are available on the website. You can also go and like my Facebook page because we are running a Go Net quiz every day. You can subscribe to the YouTube channel because every Saturday and Sunday I post new videos for UGC Net aspirants. At the same time if you want to know more about me my educational background my Net certificate the links are given in the description box below. You can go and check for a list of writers which are important from Net Point of View. You can get the list on my website www.arpathakarva.com. So till the time we meet next bye-bye see you and keep loving the treasure.


Mr. President, I'm just fine. Thank you. How are you? The President has brought on you. No. Well, I had a spy up in the hill. He tells me what he did. You've done good. Thank you. Thank you for your encouragement and for your courage in moving ahead with this thing. I appreciate it very much. I can't tell you how much I appreciate it. Thank you. Thank you. And we've got Bob Gelbarth and Ty here to say hello. And we've got Bob who's from the United States Department of the United States. And I think you know Ty. Yeah, well, I think it went well. I used the whole thing about the relationship. Well, the whole thing is, what you said? Well, I told him about the card they dealt with. He referred to our foreign policy exam list. I think it's serious to that. I said, well, throw it out. I said, I'm three by five cars. Diplomatic, established diplomatic relations with the Vatican early January. It says, if Jerry Fowell raises health, tell him to put an embassy in Lynchburg. That's where it came from. Somebody said to me the other day, Lynchburg. I didn't know. Okay. Mr. President, Bill did a superb job in the hill today. I heard that. It went extremely well. Maybe what we ought to do is keep him back here to do some of the work that we have to do for the rest of the year. I'm a truckman friend. Get a copy of the budget. Oh, well, I appreciate it very much. I hope to see you soon. Maybe out in California. You're going out there a few days or a week or something. Yeah, we're going to do that. I'll see you out there. Yeah, all right. It was a wonderful week or so. You know, it just keeps haunting me that I get there and the people will be saying, you should have been here. Oh, yeah. You should have been fishing yesterday. You're right. Fishing was great. Okay. Well, you're in good shape for the bar. Mr. President, I get my papers back. All right. They spill all over. Well, I haven't had busy schedules. This is the first one that's been too thick for one of these to work on. I had breakfast lunch on this one. Yeah. We had a stuff meeting. Oh, it's good to see you. You know, I've been in the house for six years. Yes. And I've been as supportive of you as I can. We were confident in what we set out to do, I think, but we've got a lot left today. I brought you a Swiss knife. It's an army knife. It's one of the things they make. It's got everything on except the kitchen stove. All right. How you doing? I'm Ambassador Jack Cole. How are you doing? Good morning, sir. Nice to see you. Good morning. Good to see you. Good to see you. Hey! I can't wait. Young men and I, can't see you, boys. Wow. They use it on their right back. That is a tool których. You made it.  I thought, you've got everything on it, It's got a magnifying glass, and a corkscrew for wine. And then look what it's got right in here. It's amazing. You know, the better you are, the better you are. Do a briefing, of course. Thank you very much. People from Grenada, but also Canadians. I'm excited for Grenada. I don't know where the Caribbean people are. It took me trouble to send telegrams, and let them see cars and science. It was really, very appreciated. I was in Grenada on Monday. There were no stars in Grenada, but I think of the Caribbean in the 80s from the intervention in Grenada.


It's now time for the member's statements. The member from Bruce Gray, Owen Sound. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. I'm honored to rise to recognize a milestone agreement signed between Bruce Power and the independent electricity system operator that will create 23,000 jobs, secure the production of 6,300 megawatts of energy, and generate $6.3 billion in annual economic benefits. Most importantly, this deal secures the delivery of sustainable, clean, affordable base load power in Ontario for decades to come. This is indeed great news for my community of Bruce Gray, Owen Sound. Great news for my colleague and MP for here on Bruce Lisa Thompson and for the entire province. As more than 90 percent of Bruce Power's spend takes place right here in Ontario and supports some 160 supply chain companies throughout our province. The refurbishment of the Bruce Power units near Tiverton will ensure valuable jobs in the positive economic health of the area and the province. It will create long-term employment for materials building and construction trades as the Bruce site is home to boiler makers, carpenters, electricians, insulators, iron workers and rodmen, laborers, mill rights, operating engineers, painters, pipe fitters and plumbers, sheet metal and roofers, and teamsters. Over the past 14 years, Bruce Power has developed a strong working relationship with these trades, with millions of hours of tradesperson work being carried out on and off site. Having worked at Bruce Power as operations manager, I was actually involved in the work of restarting Bruce units 1 and 2. I can tell you first-hand that the Bruce Power is Ontario's success story. I want to take a moment and recognize and thank Duncan Hawthorne, Bruce Power's president and CEO, the board of directors and their workers, whose efforts over the years have helped develop to deliver this next phase of site development. Under their leadership, Bruce Power has returned this 8-unit site to its full capacity, allowing Ontario to phase out coal-fired power generation while providing low-cost, reliable and carbon-free electricity to families and businesses. Again, this announcement is a significant one. It will allow Bruce Power to immediately invest in life extension activities for units 3 to 8 to support a long-term refurbishment program that will commence on unit 6 in 2020. The deal will also see Bruce Power invest about $13 billion of its own money and assume full responsibility of any cost overruns on the refurbishments of the six reactors. The Ontario PC Party has always supported nuclear power and Bruce Power. We built nuclear, one of the most environmentally friendly forms of power we have, led by Premier William Davis. We need to continue to go down that path, Mr. Speaker, and make sure we're providing basal power that people can afford. Thank you. The member's statements. The member from Willand. Thank you, Speaker. I'd like to thank the hundreds of community members, dedicated volunteers, local business and unions, and elected officials from across the political spectrum who filled the Croatian national home in my riding of Welland last week to celebrate 40 years of NDP representation to our constituents and our strong community. The evening reflected the strength of our riding association and celebrated the outstanding work and fond memories of former MPPs Mel Swart and Peter Cormas. I'd especially like to thank Jim Wilson from Simcoe Gray and Jim Bradley from St. Catherine's for attending the event and taking part and sharing their stories about Mel and Peter. Our leader, Andrea Horvath, many of our own MPPs, also joined in the celebration. We shared stories, mementos, and many good laughs with the friends and family of both these political icons. As part of the evening, an inaugural Litki Award was presented to my longtime friend, Susan Prine. An award serves to honour a community member for dedicated service to a community cause and is in memory of long-time, for old NDP activist, Bill Litki. My staff in Welland described Susan as someone who is dedicated day in and day out when it comes to community service. So congratulations to Susan. Congratulations to the countless community members in my riding for an incredible 40 years. Thank you. Further member statements? The member from Sudbury. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. I rise today to announce that I have laid upon the table a motion to ask the government for an official apology to Ontarians for regulation 17. This regulation issued in 1912 under Premier Whitney prohibited the use of French in primary schools in Ontario. This deplorable regulation was an attack on the Franco-Ontarian community. It was also a blow to Ontario's rich and diverse history. Mr. Speaker, the majority of Franco-Ontarians knew very well regulation 17. They knew the history of the sisters in Ottawa and the mothers who resisted this regulation, this discriminatory regulation. The assembly de Francophonie de l'Ontario were created. Ontario's daily French newspaper Le Droit was born and in the 1920s liberal MPP from Russell, MPP Belanger, publicly denounced this regulation every chance he got. Aujourd'hui... Today I would like to recognize that regulation 17 is a strong symbol for the Franco-Ontarian community. Ontario government fully recognizes that French schools are absolutely essential in fostering and maintaining Franco-Ontarian culture and identity. That is why we must recognize what happened in the past. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Mr. Speaker, we know that humankind must reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but it doesn't end there. We also know that trees absorb carbon dioxide and humankind needs to plant more trees. On October 22nd, I brought forward a private member's resolution calling upon the government to establish an Ontario Green Legacy Program to mark Ontario's 150th anniversary as a province within Canada. This initiative, which would be based on the County of Wellington's Green Legacy Program, would seek to plant 150 million trees starting in 2017. My resolution was passed unanimously by the legislature, with members from all parties speaking in favour of it. I want to again thank the many people who support my resolution, both in this house and outside of it, especially want to acknowledge the role of the County of Wellington, and in particular Scott Wilson and the late Brad Whitcomb for their vision and leadership in establishing Wellington County's Green Legacy Program. Since my resolution was passed by the House, support has continued to grow. Last week I met with representatives from the Credit Valley Conservation Authority, the David Suzuki Foundation, Forests Ontario and local enhancement and appreciation of forests. They were all very supportive of the idea of an Ontario Green Legacy Initiative. On Wednesday of this week, I'm going to be meeting with representatives from the Highway of Heroes Living Tribute and Landscape Ontario to discuss it. I spoke to the Minister of Natural Resources on November 5th to follow up on my resolution, asking him to reach out to the County of Wellington and invite council and staff and many of their representatives to meet with him. I hope that he will do so, as well as publicly commit to moving forward on this initiative. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. The member from Hamilton East, Stony Creek. Thank you, Speaker. Ontario libraries have a long history of fueling community partnerships and collaborative programs. They are vital community hubs and critical infrastructure in the delivery of social services at all levels of government. Our libraries provide essential digital access to all, regardless of means. Our libraries offer over 200,000 programs every year, attended by over 3.7 million people. The proposed Ontario cultural strategy is intended to enable the province of various communities to tell their stories and preserve them for future generations. I ask that the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport recognizes the integral role of libraries in the development of his strategy. Libraries in rural areas and First Nations communities play a special role in their communities, which often lack access to the intensity and diversity of services found in urban centres. They provide agricultural and business development resources and important business spaces. They house municipal information desks and their key locations for local community groups, services and fundraising efforts. There is a library in almost every community in Ontario with a diversity of locations, patrons, expertise and programming. However, only 46 of our 133 First Nations communities have public libraries. Providing funding for First Nations libraries averages just $15,000 a year.  Where they exist, they serve as an accessible gathering place and information sharing resource. Our First Nations communities deserve good libraries, both as public service and as part of our responsibility to improve education outcomes. Good statement. Thank you. Further member statements? Member from Scarborough-Lews River. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. As we all know, individuals now live in longer and the number of seniors in Ontario is increasing. Our objective is to keep Ontario seniors healthy, active and independent for as long as possible and to feel safe and supported. I recently attended an event hosted by the Senior Guyanese Friendship Association, which was founded in 1973. They provide services to keep their seniors physically and mentally active, all through their own fundraising efforts. They organize bus trips to the theatre, farmers market and other social events. They also make mats and hats out of milk bags, which are sent to countries hit by natural disasters. Mr. Speaker, a few awards were presented at the event that I would like to highlight. Agata Schroeder, at 103, she's the most senior member in terms of age and membership. Lucille Calder, 92, received the annual Leyland Brewster Award for demonstrated camaraderie, enthusiasm, sportsmanship and friendliness during their activities. The Non-Generian Award was presented to Beryl Hall, a veteran of the organization who stays healthy by walking. Eugene Nestor, an accomplished artist and caregiver. Miriam Smart, a positive individual who's proud to reach 90. And Joyce Kowal, she still enjoys the dance floor to Caribbean music. Mr. Speaker, I'm proud that we recognize their contribution to our society and I encourage the government to continue support in seniors. Thank you. Thank you for your member, Mr. Speaker. Last week, the auditor general released a skating report on how Hydro-1 is a poorly run distribution and transmission company. In her report, she cited the government is paying $407 million to companies and $339 million to produce more power than we need and $32 million to export our excess supply. She stated the average family will be overcharged a total of $32,000 for electricity. If the government didn't have such ridiculous energy policies, imagine what families could do with that money. They could pay their bills, buy a car, put a down payment on a home or put their children through college to the directive to Hydro-1 to recover its distribution costs by a new single fixed rate instead of by usage. This means that Hydro-1 could raise the bills again for small, rural families by up to $140 per year starting next year. Enough is enough. As Ontario continues to sink deeper into energy poverty, this government needs to take a real hard look at its energy policies by putting Ontarians first. Thank you so much, Mr. Speaker. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to speak about the incredible courage of refugees and the generosity of so many Canadians. As you know, the federal government has committed to accepting 25,000 refugees from the Syrian conflict by the end of 2016 including those being privately sponsored. Many of them will make Ontario their new home. Mr. Speaker, I am proud that Halton residents from all walks of life are coming together to improve the lives of refugee families. Members of service organizations, churches, mosques and individuals are rallying to help in any way they can. In fact, a recent gathering of Burlington and Halton residents on this issue drew hundreds of people wanting to support refugee families. Mr. Speaker, I'm looking forward to seeing the first planes carrying refugees from camps in Jordan and Turkey landing on Canadian soil in coming days. It will be a proud day for all of us. But our job as Canadians does not end there. Mr. Speaker, it's going to take all of us, all of us working together to help refugees and their families get settled once they're here. The Halton region has already established a relationship with the Halton Multicultural Council to help developing issues related to refugees. I know Ontario will be working closely with settlement agencies community groups, hospitals public health units and community centres as they prepare to support the incoming refugees. I'm pleased to see how hard our government and our residents are working to ensure seamless, coordinated and caring support for refugees arriving in Ontario. It's the right thing to do. Thank you so much. Thank you. Good afternoon, Mr. Speaker. Last night, December the 6th was the first night of Chanukah, the Jewish festival of rededication which is also known as the festival of lights. Chanukah is a time when Jews throughout the world have begun an eight day celebration commemorating two miracles. The first miracle was the victory of the Maccabees over the mighty Greek army. The Maccabees were a small group of black weaponry and were vastly outnumbered by the Greeks. They rebelled in response to the Greek's attempt to force Hellenistic and Godless lifestyle on them and against all odds, they won. When the Maccabees liberated the temple in Jerusalem from the Greek invaders they found only one day's worth of pure and undefiled olive oil to light the menorah. The second miracle occurred when the oil burned for eight days and nights. For each of the eight days Chanukah Jews celebrated by lighting the menorah a special candelabra with nine branches each day after nightfall except for Friday when candles are lit shortly before sunset. The message of Chanukah can appeal to everyone regardless of one's faith or beliefs. The illumination of the menorah is meant to symbolize an end to war, persecution and oppression. It represents freedom of religion and the restoration of one's autonomy and the triumph of good over evil of light over darkness. This message is as relevant today as it was for the Maccabees two thousand years ago. Thank you. Thank you. The statement says now time for reports.


Standing on a thin patch of grass between the road and a huddle of trees we waited for it to arrive. We leaned out from the signpost watching down the winding street of cobblestone and asphalt anticipating.  The two of us, my then partner Sarah and I, were visiting central Mexico staying with a local family and studying Spanish. Each morning and afternoon as we walked from our host family's house to the school and back again we had seen it pass us by. The bus. After the first several days of exploring our neighborhood we wanted to see what the downtown was like to visit the Cathedral and the Zocalo and that meant taking the bus. It was shorter than the city buses we were used to in the States painted white with tall backed comfortable looking seats. When we spotted it coming around the bend near the La Vandaria we flagged it down paid our fare and took our seats near the back. We watched together out the window as the new geography of our daily lives flew by quickly at a jostling pace. We passed Pharmacia Similares whose corporate spokesman is a round-bodied cartoon pharmacist with a bushy gray mustache named Dr. Simi. One of the employees was out front in their Dr. Simi suit dancing to Mexican pop music to attract business. He waved to the bus. We waved back. After ten minutes or so we'd gone further than we'd ever gone on foot before crossing into unfamiliar territory. On the right we saw the new Costco shopping center built on a hillside of flowering plants with an attached art gallery. For a little while I tried to keep count of the restaurants I saw. Most were either Italian or Japanese and Italian was winning. The newer and the older parts of town were so mixed but as the buildings got closer and closer together we began to see more people walking along the street and we knew we had reached the heart of the city. We watched for the cathedral, the stop where we were told we should get off. It never came. We did see it from a distance a few times. First up ahead but then later behind. After a while the buildings got further apart. The people thinned out and then nearly disappeared. The bus once filled the capacity grew more and more empty. We had gone too far. I reasoned aloud to Sarah that the bus must loop around eventually and go back along the same route. As we went further and further on I hoped that I was right. Eventually the houses outside our window just stopped.  It turned sharply and zigzagged back and forth down the hillside. At the base the bus pulled up to a little cinder block building with iron bars over the entire front face. It was a convenience store but customers weren't allowed inside. They had to stand at the grate and ask the clerk for whatever they wanted to buy. After that building the road ended. There was nothing but jungle ahead. The driver turned off the bus and got out. We too were the only passengers left. The sun began to set and the noises of the early evening began to seep out of the forest. We had no idea where we were. That moment sitting on a bus at the forest edge night coming on gently was the most lost the most physically lost that I think I have ever been. I had just enough Spanish that I might have asked don't day a stop where are we but not nearly enough to understand the answer now I may not always know what I'm doing but I usually know where I am and not knowing something as basic as that leads to a lot of uncomfortable feelings fear and frustration and regret and uncertainty and the feelings that come from being lost have a lot in common with the feelings that come from loss itself from losing a dream or a relationship or a person you love. Since I began in it the greatest privilege I have found in ministry is the humbling way in which so many people have invited me into the most tender and vulnerable moments of their lives. Both as a hospital chaplain and as a congregational minister I have been witness to death it is a sad and yet still potentially beautiful part of the job but more often than literal dying the deep loss I'm often called to attend to is actually the loss of role of some ability or identity that was a cornerstone of life and now the whole house has to be rebuilt without it when I am with folks struggling with such existential loss I sometimes think back to that moment sitting on the empty bus at the very start of night with nothing but jungle in front of me at the pace of modern life with all of the work that it takes just to live it is all too easy to forget that each moment of time is unique and irreplaceable we can remember the past and we can anticipate the future but we live in the present and as each new moment begins another moment passes into memory there is loss and renewal in every second of every day this to me is what is so powerful and beautiful about any sort of enduring love between parents and children or between close friends or partners that sort of love says I love you the you that I know and more than that I love you the you I do not know the you I have not met yet and will not get to meet until a month a year a lifetime from now that is the hopeful love of a birth or wedding it helps us feel the promise and potential of each new moment in time the other side of that not the opposite but the complementary experience is grief when we lose something truly precious to us it becomes hard or even impossible to feel the newness of each moment all we can feel is the loss in their essential work proverbs of ashes in which they challenge the faulty theology of salvific suffering Rebecca Parker and Rita Nakashima Brock speak to the necessity and transformative power of grieving they begin with these words grief knows that life has been altered with finality there are depths of loss for which there simply are no words both in the hospital and in the parish there have been times when I have sat with a parent or a lover of someone who has just died and that was the only thing that seemed worthy of saying there are no words grief with its anger and its sorrow and its fear is a thing we need in the course of life and those who need it ought to be allowed to have it continuing Parker and Brock speak of the creative power of loss when they observe that those who mourn experience the mystery of a presence that is not wholly lost that accompanies the living with a tenderness and power that alters their lives the world changes the surface mask thins life becomes luminous with fire the heart expands its breath love is as strong as death getting to that place however and moving through the emptiness to a new relationship with life is rarely easy the Buddhist teacher Pima children explains how she came to be a Buddhist by telling the story of the end of her marriage she writes we lived in northern New Mexico I was standing in front of our adobe house drinking a cup of tea I heard the car drive up and the door bang shut then he walked around the corner and without warning he told me that he was having an affair and he wanted to divorce I remember the sky and how huge it was I remember the sound of the river and the stream rise the steam rising up from my tea there was no time no thought there was nothing just the light and a profound limitless stillness that I regrouped and I picked up a stone and I threw it at it it was anger a powerful overwhelming anger at her husband that set Pima children on the road to finding not only her religious identity but her life's work when her marriage ended she found that she could not get comfortable she could not find solace or refuge in her new reality as the person that she used to be she tried hard for a long time but it didn't work to regain some sense of comfort and well-being she had to change this week one of you reached out to me to offer your feedback on last week's reflection that is something that I welcome and I hope that it we will be able to have such open communication for all the time that I am in your midst I thank you for your permission to share this little bit of our conversation that you wished that I had shown more vulnerability I take that to heart so I will say a little more here than I might have otherwise although I have told that story about riding the bus all the way to the end many times before both from the pulpit and just in conversation a year or two ago I could not possibly have shared it with you because although that marriage that partnership ended on the best possible terms that I can imagine a relationship ended it did end and yet in my memory and in that story we are still both sitting at the back that empty bus still married still in love what had previously been a metaphor to me my experience of being physically lost to pair with someone else's experience of being emotionally lost had turned in on itself the membrane of the metaphor collapsed but today thankfully is not a year or two ago as the author Zadie Smith wrote in her essay that crafty feeling there is a weird inverse confidence to be had from feeling destroyed because being destroyed having to start again means you had space in front of you somewhere to go think of that revelation Shakespeare put in the mouth of King John now my soul has elbow room when my almost teenage daughter was very young we got her a little multicolored plastic fish with grooves and nubs on it for texture it was the sort of chew toy that can make it hard to tell whether it was meant for a young dog or a very young human but this one was of the human variety I assure you before she had any teeth at all my daughter already showed an interest in biting things so after being bitten more than a few times by her surprisingly strong gums we decided that she needed a toy specially intended for biting and we went and got her a little plastic fish that was fishy number one Mimi my daughter loved to bite that fish and we would carry it around with us when we went out of the house she particularly liked to gnaw on it while sitting in her car seat then one day we looked around for fishy one and couldn't find it we look behind things in things underneath things but it just didn't seem to be anywhere so Mimi may do for a little while she was and is a very adaptable child there were times though when we wanted to give her a toy to chew on particularly as her first teeth began coming in we found what we really needed in that situation was that same lost toy so we went and bought another one that was fishy number two we lost fishy number two about two days later it was that kind of lost where you don't even bother looking for the thing we've been out of the house all day before we even realized it was gone once again we had no fishy chew toy to give to Mimi and by now we felt committed so we went back to the store and we got fishy number three now the next week we found fishy number one it had fallen down behind her changing table and when we happened to move it one day there was the original fishy the lesson that I take from the story of the three fishies is as follows there are some things that we can lose and then find again there are some things that we lose that are not coming back and there are some things that we can only find because we lost something in the first place back at that bus at the edge of a jungle in central Mexico we could not stay lost forever eventually the driver returns to the vehicle and we wound our way back up the steep hill on the ride up we could look out over the forest and appreciate its lush beauty for the first time passing through the ancient city after sunset the dim lighting gave the people in buildings a ghostly beauty we wound our long way home through the night and found our stop and left the bus behind for our beds my friends the next time that you are lost at the edge of the forest I hope that your journey through the night might be as easy and that wherever it takes you you do not have to make it alone


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss how to convert units of volume and how to choose and integrate scale in graphs and data displays. First of all let us see how to convert units of volume. Now units of volume are of the form cubic foot, cubic inch, cubic centimeter etc. Now as we used unit ratios to convert units of length similarly we use unit ratios to convert units of volume. Now let us discuss an example for this. Here we have to find that how many cubic meters of concrete are needed for a sidewalk that has a volume of 280,000 cubic centimeters. Now let us start with its solution. Now here volume is given to us so we can write volume is equal to 280,000 cubic centimeters. Now we know that volume of 280,000 is equal to 1 centimeter into 1 centimeter into 1 centimeter. So 280,000 cubic centimeters can be written as 280,000 into 1 cubic centimeter which is equal to 280,000 into 1 centimeter into 1 centimeter into 1 centimeter. Now also we know 1 meter is equal to 100 centimeters which can be written as unit ratio 100 centimeters upon 1 meter. Now centimeter is a smaller unit and meter is a larger unit so to convert smaller unit centimeter to larger unit meter we will multiply it with ratio of this unit ratio. Now ratio of this unit ratio is 1 meter upon 100 centimeters. So here 1 centimeter is equal to 1 centimeter into 1 meter upon 100 centimeters. So this is equal to 280,000 into 1 centimeter into 1 meter upon 100 centimeters into 1 centimeter into 1 meter upon 100 centimeters. Now here dividing out the common units this will be equal to 28 upon 100 cubic meters which is equal to 0.28 cubic meters. So we get 280,000 cubic centimeters is equal to 0.28 cubic meters. Now cubic foot and cubic inch are some of the examples of units of volume in the customer system and cubic centimeter and cubic meter are examples of units of volume in magic system. And now let us discuss units of capacity. Now units of capacity and units of volume are very closely related. Material system is very convenient in finding capacity than the customer system. First of all let us see one of the units of capacity that is millimeter. Now 1 meter as here will set the cube of 1 centimeter by 1 centimeter by 1 centimeter. Thus 1 cubic centimeter as capacity 1 meter and rewrite 1 cubic centimeter is equal to 1 meter. For example if volume of a container is 5000 cubic centimeters then its capacity in milliliters is 5000 milliliters. Now let us discuss another unit of capacity that is liter. Now 1 meter of a fluid will fill a cube of 10 centimeters into 10 centimeters into 10 centimeters. That is the cube with dimension 10 centimeters thus 1000 cubic centimeters has capacity 1 meter. So we write 1 meter is equal to 1000 cubic centimeters. Now if volume of a container is 5000 cubic centimeters then its capacity in milliliters is equal to 5000 cubic centimeters into 1 liter upon 1000 cubic centimeters and this is equal to 5 liters. Or we can find using relation 1 liter is equal to 1000 milliliters which can be written in unit ratio 1000 milliliters upon 1 liter. So 1 capacity is 5000 milliliters and if we have to convert in in liters. Now we know that milliliters is smaller unit and liters is the larger unit. So to convert smaller unit into larger unit we multiply it by reciprocal of the unit ratio. So 5000 milliliters is equal to 5000 milliliters into reciprocal of the unit ratio which is 1 liter upon 1000 milliliters. Now divided out the common units this is equal to 5 liters. And now let us discuss kilo liter. Now 1 kilo liter of fluid will fill a cube of 1 meter by 1 meter by 1 meter. It means 1 cubic meter has a capacity of 1 kilo liter. So we write 1 cubic meter is equal to 1 kilo liter. And now let us discuss scale.  Now see this picture of thermometer. It is another line starting from 35 and ends in 32. And here the numbers denote temperature in degrees centigrade. So the scale starts from 35 to 42 and here the temperature is given as 35 degrees centigrade, 36 degrees centigrade and so on up to 42 degrees centigrade. Thus there is a gap of 1 degree centigrade between two numbers so still interval is 1. Now between two temperature values say 36 and 37 there are four lines which indicate division. And each division represents 0.1 degrees centigrade. It means between 36 and 37 the temperature will be read as 36.1 degrees centigrade, 36.2 degrees centigrade and so on. Similarly when we have a brain scale we see the scale measures till 1 kilogram. The half way is 500 grams and there is a gap of 100 grams between any two larger lines line adjacent to each other. So scale factor is of 100 and here the arrow is showing weight of 700 grams. Thus we can find scale and interpret a situation from various representations like graph, bar diagrams, histograms etc. Now let us see how to choose an appropriate display and scale. Now when we have distinct categories we use bar graphs and to display data over time we choose line graphs and we choose circle graph or you can say pie graph to display when data is in parts and when we have to compare frequencies of data that fell in equal interval we choose histogram. Now scale interval depends on range of data. Now if range of data is from 0 to 100 then scale interval will be appropriate rather than using scale interval of 5 or 25. Now to interpret a graph two things are essential one is title of graph and maybe of x axis and y axis. For example let us study the following graph and here we are given a title there is weight. Now here on y axis we are given weight interval and on x axis we are given age in years and these units help us in interpreting the results. Also we can see on x axis there is a difference of 1 between every two consecutive numbers. So scale interval is 1 on x axis and on y axis there is a difference of 10 between every two consecutive numbers. So scale interval is 10 on y axis also here we can see when age is 7 years guys weight is 30 kilograms. So in this session we have discussed how to convert units of volume and capacity and how to interpret scales in graph and data displays. And this completes our session hope you all have enjoyed the session.


Salicylic acid, SA, a natural plant hormone, can help plants grow better when exposed to salty soil. When applied at low concentrations, 0.5 millimeters, it reduces the amount of sodium, chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and thio-barbituric acid reactive substances, T-bars, in the plant, which helps reduce damage from salt stress. Additionally, it increases the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in the plant, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione, which helps protect against oxidative stress. This allows for greater photosynthetic efficiency and yields when exposed to saline soil. This article was authored by Nafes Khan, Shabin aside, Asim Masoud, and others.