One of the important objectives from the lesson is to be able to calculate a simple radiation budget and interpret the calculations in terms of temperature trends for an object. So I want to walk you through the basic idea of a radiation budget and quick sample calculation. So to start with, radiation budgets are very simple. You can think about them just like the balance in your bank account. The balance in your bank account, to figure it out, you would just take the initial amount of money you have and you would add the deposits and subtract your withdrawals. So for example, if you start with $100 and you deposit another $100 and then withdraw 50, your balance would increase to $150 because you started with 100, you added 100 through a deposit and then you subtracted $50 through withdrawal to give you $150 and you would have a net gain of money because more money came into the account than you took out of the account. On the other hand, if you start with $100 again and then you deposit $50 and withdraw 100, your balance would decrease to $50 because you started with 100, you added 50, and then you subtracted 100 to give you 50. You would have a net loss of money because you took more money out of the account than you put into the account through deposits. Radiation budgets are very similar. If an object absorbs more radiation than it emits, then its temperature will increase. It will have a net warming because more radiation is coming in than is going out. On the other hand, if an object absorbs less radiation than it emits, its temperature will decrease. It will experience a net cooling because more radiation is going out than is coming in and being absorbed. So to figure out a net gain or loss of radiation, you would take your absorbed radiation and then subtract the emitted radiation. And a net gain in radiation or a positive value would yield a warming and a net loss of radiation would yield a cooling. That would be a negative result for that calculation. So here's an example. This graph is from Penn State University on December 12th, 2013, and the red curve shows downwelling solar radiation. That's incoming solar radiation that's coming to the ground and being absorbed. The blue curve shows downwelling infrared radiation, which is radiation coming into the earth from clouds and invisible gases in the atmosphere. And then the green curve shows upwelling infrared radiation, which is radiation that's being emitted from the earth. So we look at our calculation to figure out a net gain or loss of radiation. We just have to take our absorbed radiation and subtract the emitted radiation. And say we want to do this calculation at local noon, which is 17 Z at Penn State during standard time. So to figure out our equation, first we have to just figure out what our sources of incoming radiation are. Well, that would be downwelling solar and downwelling infrared, the red curve and the blue curve. And we just have to read values from the graph. So the incoming solar radiation would be about 470 watts per meter squared at local noon, that's 17 Z. And the downwelling infrared radiation would be about 180 watts per meter squared at 17 Z. Now the emitted radiation, that's the upwelling infrared on the green curve, would be about 280 watts per meter squared. So we would put that in our calculation to figure out our net gain or loss of radiation. And we would have our 470 watts per meter squared, that's the incoming solar. We would add the 180, that's our downwelling infrared, and we would subtract 280, which was our upwelling infrared. If you do the calculation, we get a positive result, that's 370 watts per meter squared. So since we had a positive result, that means we had a net gain in radiation, more radiation is coming in and being absorbed than is being emitted. So temperatures would increase at local noon on this particular day. Now there are other factors that impact temperature, but we're going to ignore those for the sake of this discussion. In this example we're just going to focus on radiation's contribution to temperature trends. So on this particular day, because on this particular time, more radiation is coming in than is going out, there's a net gain in radiation and temperatures would be increasing. Now note that there's a long period of time here where incoming solar radiation is zero. That corresponds to the nighttime hours when the sun's not up. So if you were doing a calculation at nighttime, your incoming solar value would be zero, and you'd be really looking at the downwelling infrared versus the upwelling infrared to do your calculations at nighttime.


So, are you Folly Con? Yes. Is it really? SARTAS! I KNOW SARTAS! Dear ex-sidiots, I'm Corbin. And I'm Desh and my left ear. Today, we're doing another Guess It actor, but this is a, from their childhood photo. Which I have been looking through just days worth of childhood pictures of actors from India. I'm unobsessed to stop. Saying you're looking at children's photos. I used to stop. So, I'm sure we'll do terrible. But, hopefully it'll be fun. I think there's like two photos per actor. Okay, two childhood pictures. So basically, each photo we can get a guess. And you get a point for each photo? Yes, well no. And because there's two photos, you get a point for each actor you guess right? If you can name the actor, two points. If you can guess where they're from, which it will be very difficult because it's a childhood photo. But like, it's worth their phone. Oh, he was in a movie. I thought you meant like where they were born. Like Kalki's from France. If you can guess their social security number, you win! Here we go. Not yet. Okay. It looks like her though, right? It's like a... No. It's probably a man. That one doesn't help. The other one was much better. Priyanka Chopra? I should have got it by the eyes. The first picture eyes. She looks familiar. I just couldn't place it. Yeah, which we should have because we just watched Devdots. But whatever. Actor number two. I think I actually know this. Yeah, I know. Dang it, dang it, dang it. I was just getting bad about that. I want to guess the film. Good. Well, if I guess the name, it cancels out your guess. Well, that's no. It can't do that because if I name the film, you'll know the name. I'm saying the films that he's in. He's in Under Under Hun. Well, that's who you think it is. That's who I think it is. No, that's no. He's in... Does it start with an A? Yeah. Yeah, that's him. What's his name? Ayushmen Korok. Yeah. I thought it was Ranbeer Kapoor. Oh no. Yeah, Ayushmen Korok. I need to remember his name. Tapsi Padu. Crap. Because Swarna was Tapsi Padu. Priyanka Chopra. You got one more here. Whoa, that... Whoa, what the heck? It was a girl. Isn't that... It was a girl. Is it the one... Is it the kid on the bottom there? Wow, I thought that was a girl and now it looks like it's a boy. I'm so confused. That's a girl. Shahrukh Khan. Yeah. Based on that face. I didn't know it's not him. Okay. Akshay Kumar. Really? Akshay? But wait, what's with... The first photo? No, no, the name. Rajahari Umatya Akshay. That's his real name. It's his full name. Oh really? That's freaking cool. Which kid was him? I'm guessing they were both. One. Ready? Here we go. Oh. Ah! I got it. You got it. I'll leave it on. This was a lie. Yeah. And I've seen pictures of her with her. That's her dad. Oh yeah, that's her. That's definitely her. Yeah. That looks like her. Ah! Okay. Here we go. Honor Khan. Yep. Is it really? I love the man. Oh, definitely. That's like PK right there. Just like Will Smith's ears. They're just... Yeah. Pronounce. Yeah. But that was definitely... No, I... Yeah, that makes me happy. I didn't know his full name was Mohammed Amir Hussein Khan. Full name. Out of guesses if it wasn't him. Oh, that's definitely Big B. Those eyes? In fact, born as... Inquilabs revastaba. Wow. All these people changed their names. I didn't realize that was such a big thing. Me too. It is. Like it is here with those stage names. I mean, it used to be at least.  It's like I used to be Lizzie Conano. Topeka? Yep. Good job. It's the eyes. It's the eyes. It's the eyes. I did. Well, it's good. Look at the eyes. And then he still has the same hair. The same hair thing? He has the exact same hair color. Wow, look at the abs. That's true. Born as Katrina. Torquat. Taquat. Taquat. That's true. I wouldn't have... I probably wouldn't have gone. Because it looked like such an older picture. I would have put somebody who was at least as old as you. Priyanka. Yeah. I saw it. Actually, I was like... No! I was distracted. Oh! Like, I see it. It's so flat. I got Priyanka and you didn't. I was drinking as you were saying. You got Alia? And I got Priyanka. Come on, high five. No, please. I should have got Priyanka. No, not at all. You don't get both of them. Because when Priyanka's happy, everybody's happy. Does that sound like Con? You can see the eyes now. Look at it. A little bit. Yeah. Right there. He has very olive eyes. Yeah, he does. Okay. Yep. Okay. Um... I know those eyes. I know those eyes. Doggone it. I know those eyes. Katrina Kapoor. The other picture. Is that SRK? Keep guessing until... I actually protest. I protest. Guys, I can see that. No. Yeah, now you can. Yeah, sure you can. Okay. Sure you can, Ashley. Okay. Now for the second one. Time to buzz in. Of course you can buzz in whenever. The next... Sakit. I guess the J is probably an H now. Probably an H. Why is that cheap? That's safe. I don't know. So what is that? 10, 7? Wait a minute. Let's see if there's another photo. Kid. It does a little bit. Mischief making there. The mischief making is what gave away... 9 to 10. The mischief maker is what gave away Shahid Kapoor. I thought you'd get that. 9 to 10. This is the last one. Oh, look at that suit. Wow. Good looking Shahid. This is the last one. Last one? Yep. And Sartaj, that's... I feel very happy and I stole Shahid from you. I was really shocked. You got rhythmic as you should. Neither. He's got reindeer. Again. I know. We blew it again with that. Again. I am so happy I got Sridevi. She was born as... Sri Amayangar Ayyapa. Really? I did not realize this many people changed their name. I know. Well, you finally won one, Rick. It's about freaking time. I think the two you got from me, both times I was drinking. And you can't blame Corbin for being more interested in their drink than the game. Well, good. Congrats, Rick. You finally won one. Oh, I feel validated. You can sleep at night now. That's true. Let us know what other kind of quizzing for you to do next. I hope you enjoyed it.  Sorry.


We have just previously seen very, very interesting videos of which Mota has just changed my life and I don't know how someone can just anachagua nyoka kama. Eh, matunda, I am still traumatized, guys. It's still making me feel some type of worry, but anyway, we have moved on swiftly and now we are where we're supposed to be, that is strength of a woman right above now. We are talking about polygamy and polyandry and I am just going to have fun, guys. I am going to enjoy this enjoyment. But couple of days later, what's your guess? We are going to introduce you. Hi. Hi. What's your name? My name is Umina Hordley. PSA. Yes, sweet, sweet. No one gave you of the time. Mama needs you to cut TV. No one gave you. Tell us about yourself. Okay, I've already introduced my name. So I work with Angaza Youth Initiative, that is in Kilefi. I also work with the team name of foundation. That is best in Nairobi, but it is a CBO. This one, it focuses mainly on kids, both gender. It is all about giving back to the society. But now Angaza Youth Initiative, this one, it is best in Kilefi South. And then it mainly focuses on the young adolescent girls and young women. So it goes there maybe because to the interior parts of Kilefi, then it does the empowerment. It also focuses on sexual reproductive health and rights. Okay. First of all, do you physically go to Kilefi? You don't travel to Kilefi? No, it's very virtual. Actually, that is where I stay. I'm a student. Oh, I'm so jealous. I am so jealous. Okay, it's fine. Let me compose myself. Okay, so tell me about environment in Kilefi first. And why sex education? When it comes now to Kilefi, Kilefi as a county, we have so many issues. We have issues on teenager pregnancy. We have also the rate of HIV and STI, it's too high. So as a group, we decided rather than just focusing on maybe environment and sanitation, conservation, something of that sort, let us focus on the gas we want to empower them because we will find that majority of the people in Kilefi, those coming from interior, they are boys. So matters dealing with the gas, they have been a bit left behind. So that is why we decided to focus on the culture. Okay, so is this like a mentorship program? So every other day you talk about the parts of the body, what they do, what goes in where, what's not supposed to go in where at what time, what walk me through it. Okay, it is part of mentorship, I can say so. But we also do, we can also sometimes we can do the pads drive, apart from that we can also do the socio-economic empowerment, whereby we can maybe assemble a group of young mothers because we will find if a girl drops out at standard 7 due to pregnancy, she won't be able to go back to school maybe because of the environment or one, two, three things from the society. So we do the mentorship, we do socio-economic empowerment, maybe we can teach her how to make soap. So just from her within, rather than just sitting there idle and you don't have any source of income and you have to get a diaper because you have already given birth to the person who impregnated you. Anaruka story. Anachizakaya. So you have to be thick upstairs. Ya, so that is why we decided to come up with such. And you see, young girls they are getting pregnant. They don't have information on the use of contraceptives. So we have to come up as a group then to Nawambia, the benefit of using contraceptives to Nawambia. Because some of the cases you will find that mother and father broke up. So the girl decided to remain with the father. Waka telikwa na period for the first day. Ha kwa na jailewa. So she got maybe idea from someone you need to have a sanitary towel. So approaching the father Umwambia, I need sanitary towels. It is tricky and then you get someone who can give you $50 and then that is why now they get pregnant. So we still have to mentor them on the use of sanitary towels. Hi, it takes deep breath but... Adi sote me pute adeyo deep breath. Okay, I don't want to put in my thoughts just yet. But kuna time, I don't know if it was last year or the other one. That kilifili kwa na trend because of so many teenage pregnancy. Like it was a lot. Nivile tu me kuja kuju wa tu juzi, ama it's been happening. So many institutions have told their workers to go home. Kilam tu. Mwera fwa kuwa shulea mingiha hasol. They are trying to put food on the table for the siblings or their parents. So niyo ime encourage amani TV tunde me fika pumashinani de katuambia. But these things have been happening. No, it has been there. It has been a corona outbreak. Ikaribu manena. Because you could find most of the people going now to work. So many small households are locked down. So those tourists used to come along the beaches. Now hawa kuji because of the lockdown. So you can imagine. Sinashambapakulima because they were there. It is too hot. So even doing that farming. It is a bit tricky. You have to be just smart. So you will find. Musazi ameka apu, dekida kwa apu. Both of them. Then kwa roll says nanza to domestic violence. And you see some mothers wako. Wako like. They can't just struggle. Before corona. So no, they used to go to work. So kupata yo time you in touch violence. It was a bit low. Breakdown of corona. Dad is there. The mum is there. The kid is also there. And they are coming from totally low background. So we can't manage to get you a pad. Natina taka kukula. Mojelazma. And even if someone could have approached this girl. Now I am here. We can make reusebosanitari towels. But now. Mwenyangewafunza like me I know how to make. But now source of income. Haiku kwa because we have to sit in the house. No working. And then. Ataka maniku to miaki raka. We have also to know which type of raga we use. You seem to improvise the sanitari towels. We have no idea. So you find. Like Muschana na sama isuru wa sheikai. I need to get the easiest way of finding. Money. Then umtuwa jama menta moambie. Even if you go na wuklin mahali. Or even you hook food. Una hook and jogo. Just to get your money. Azahu mani. It will be your strongest protection. Nobody is there to tell them. So you get most of them become victims. Yeah. How do you make a reusable sanitari towel? I also don't know. Ni kama daipa. Ni kama napkinia kitamba. We have certain types of material. Just don't pick any material. Teach me. Teach us. Please, we are at your mercy. So we have three types of reusable sanitari towels. We have the loose reusable sanitari towels. We have inbuilt and self-contained. Yes, so it depends. I feel like writing notes continue. So for the loose, we normally advise. For those people who maybe were traveling the student people, they need to use those ones. But kama when you say when you are at home, we advise inbuilt and self-contained. Though for the inbuilt and self-contained, they are a bit expensive. But now, as you say, we don't have a machine. We don't have anything loose reusable sanitari towel. It's a bit cheap. Material are a bit cheap. Material gunia. We have different types of cotton. So we can use the linen. We have a normal cotton. We have the flannel cotton. And then we have to use plastic press button. What? Because if we use bakrolin, itachana rakajia kufua, then after using them, duration is three to four hours. It depends with your flow. So after using them, we encourage you wash and then you dry them properly. Because if they don't again dry well, you will get rasezu kuchini. Maybe you can get vaginal yeast infection. Boy child, I know this is making you a bit uncomfortable, but you'll be fine. Okay? Sometimes there are some things you need to know. Problems are going on. Continue. Ya. If you also don't air them properly, utanuka. Oh. Ya. Problem after problem. Okay. So they are good. They last. Duration is three to four years. Ya. Okay, okay. They last. We even get the donors, we even maybe we say the governments come to chip in, but you'll see they will donate the sanitary towel. They will even look for people to do the advocacy on girl child issue with menestrol hygiene, but they won't tell you how to use them. Ya, ya. Shuleni tu me kuja aaya. Tu na pangafu lene. Tu na piawa sanitary towel. Tuna pigwa picha aaya. Tu wei shika pats. But they don't tell us how do you use. What are the effects? Do you know there are some people when they use the disposable sanitary towels, okuna itching in our face. Ya, so it also depend na padinyu na tu mi. We have the other one Zito, so hekona kuton, hukiv rute hivi that one is not advisable if you use and then you're not washing your vagina well hekonoina tokaina ina stiku kuku so the moment you continue sitting you don't rinse yourself well you mix yourself with the detergent nini nini chemicals they affect ukuchini so you'll get we have what we call the groin kwa groin we have uvimpa ndogo ndogo, small bones, but they are very hard.  So when you force to press it, kuna kitu inaruka kandogo kama affid. Can you see that she's telling this story? It's affecting me blood. I'm getting a lot of damage, but it's affecting me. I don't know if it's affecting the story. So you kitu affid, iki ruka, like inaruka, and then damu inato. And then this damu, it is a combination of damu in the past, not playing past. That's uchongo plus, badoku na nuka. And then it toucha kitu kama shimu. So you will find some people on their groin, even mature ladies. We have to kuna, we to kama ball because alipambana kupresiyo kitu na alifil pain. So still ilipona, ikaji funga bati utapatapu, nikama to mountain to dogo to dogo. Because of poor hygiene. And remember it is not only one. Every time you have menstruation, you don't take proper hygiene. That is what happens to you. So it's very important. Hygiene is very important. All the time yes, but especially during your cycle.  You need to taftajilet. So you have to shave. So as in good circulation of hair. Also in any nachangia to surf. Okay, do you teach boy child this? Yeah, we have to teach them. You see it is a men special. So this mean we begin with men. So men involve men. We have teachers. We have male teachers in high school. We have male teacher in NGOs. Maybe in remote schools. And maybe we have girls there. So what happens if the ladies who are teacher they are absent. The male have to come in. That is where you will see nowadays. If the girl is in the period for the first time. You will find some male teachers. They chip in their pocket. They give to them. So it is not a must. Not all men what I teach. But we have those pieces still. Okay God is watching you. So they will do that. But at the end of the day. They want something in return. But we will find. That is why we will find some men right now. Even in our group. In our Gaza youth initiative. Majority are men. Majority when we come together. And do a pads drive. Men water. Still water to book on behalf of girls. So it is good to involve men. Even when we go to do the advocacy. In primary school. We normally like to involve boys. So that what you are now is going to be a fuka. Si kumcheka. Si kumcheka na kuruka. Mwantiyo umbea. Si ku. Everywhere you pass 2, 3 boys together. Ki na. Wanda wanda. Kus kwa kupilu kut standi kisha wanda. Kwa kupili kutanda wa kupili kutanda. Ati kwa kupili kutanda wa kupili kutanda. Adil kuta kutanda. Kwa kupili kutanda. Kutanda wa kupili kutanda. Kutanda wa kupili kutanda. Adil kutanda wa kupili kutanda. But if we are finally educating the boy child to know that this is normal, that okay, yes, some people do not experience their menses every month, but usually it's that's the case. So definitely in that tumizi, we too, definitely need some certain type of usafi during this time and all the hormones involved. So sayo nispo ringi, ingine, atrudin Nairobi. You told me there's something based in Nairobi that you're working on now that includes the boy child and the girl child. Yeah, that one actually is team name. So team name, we don't major on gals. It is type of a fun drive just within, we normally do, I can say within Kenya, because so far we have done in Kisumu, the drive that was feeding the street. No, ma tembe ya, na kwa na. Not really. Ha, ya'll be modest now. And then where else, that was in Kisumu. Kisumu, we went to a street just within the CBD. And then we also went to Kajulu Village to feed the old. Then currently we are going to Masaimara, that is second name on foot. So nenda kutana na nombikampel na kinawazungu. Not really. Tani beba ui. Ya, so it is a kind of giving back to the society. But apart from that, we also do the disability stuff. So with the disability because we normally say for our human home to be complete, we also need to include people living with the disability. Ya, because you know all of us, we have disability. Ya, it is only that.  That is disability. Wow. Ya. Okay, that's funny. So like last year, last year we organized for a talent show that was Kilefi Disability Talent Show. Ya, where we really wanted to crown Mr. and Miss Disability Kilefi County. But according to how we could have crowned the person, it depends on how that person despite being disabled has done 1, 2, 3 to impact the lives of people in the society. But because of ABC, Haikwenda Thru. So we are still thinking on how to do this year Bardo. Ya, because we still have time. We normally celebrate our world disability day on 3rd December. So we can still do the same. But currently we are working on how on 8th March we celebrate International Women's Day. That's 5 days from now. Ya, 5 days from now. So we will be looking at those women, maybe interior or just within Kilefi County. Whether they come from town or interior but just within Kilefi County. Who did a great impact to the girls. If not even to the girls, to the people living with the disability during COVID season and we will be celebrating them. I like that. Ya. Okay. Sisi ukutu na pendoksema, April differently. So I want to ask, is there a stigma? Ya ni, wanyu aneshi mashnani na wanyu maybe ni tawtaw kia say what are able differently but kuna stigmatization of sorts like to say muku mashnani instead of kusaidio I'm being accepted for huiwao na ambiwao ni uchawi and the wombarist junini versus town maybe even places again wanaenda that they're sensitive even the structures of the building kuna ramp as opposed to stairs ama kitu kamaeo do you think it's fair in both worlds ama to say di aji kwae fair Okay. Like in Kenya misiyo ni unless to lay that person was able differently na mayo moka tu wizo ni layi kia so you mayo mayo moka I think that when he's in a good position he can even express he or she can even express herself or himself well but when we go to masinani areas you will find tweme mother ameza a deaf kid at a skia because you need a lot of things zeni zina demoralize na kumuha to break but now when you come to town it is another story maybe you are living a life yaku iko you see some people they come to town but town niniwe the so called Nairobi hapuna job yeah so they struggle they struggle but still there's nothing so you'll find ana beg kwa street nubani stigmatization so mean I wanna like town people were able differently they suffer they just suffer well but the worst thing is like there was a time that was actually last year I was doing just some statistic on people living with the disability within Nairobi town whereby I found 60% of people who are this who are able differently like wako town and a half of them they are beggars so these beggars like they will sit there from morning wala lay up and then a half now there were 30 they drop in the morning evening someone comes to people but now I ask myself if I can drop you there why can't you why should I not give you like maybe niku kwa empawani kufun zeta kama niku tengeneza bidoak you do it by yourself yeah and then we'll get now 30% of these people they are hustling like utapata someone will chair but another mask another one another one but that's the problem with the Kenyans some of the Kenyans when they see a person who is just the able different they don't want to promote niku kwa nga wana thkiri anini wachatuni kupi example I'm really glad you said that kus kuna time a few years back nili kwa mamka ma perma niku kwa tau I don't know what I was doing I was waiting for something it had to be very early any kabla so in my head it was about to explode I was like now, how will I know who is telling me the truth nani anini pima nani anine unnitu help it's very difficult in this year's streets to know what is going on and who is who kuna wengine kuna konaflani kuna madam yushinda ameni ni wa totoa kia po o Siju ya nombam sahada alafun kwa kwa march naongelesha driver flani amemi ame umama me kuwa po for the past 5 years lakini mtotoa kwa hikuwa mkubwa soa na jina nenda nombam toi alafu ikuwa bieshada you just don't know who is being sincere in this new town now that is now the 10% remaining people are you saying they are faking ya so lakini mtotoa kwa kia nisha because me when I was taking the statistic ili nuchikwa almost one week na kuja? I just stand somewhere and then I'm like asbui pimerawa kwa town kwa na kwa galiya watu so and you just keep quiet na nga liya jana ni lemkuta hapa the next day ame locate shiz ako ako the other place asbui wa lakini mtotoa kwa kamali kwa hapa next day where you are sitting ya then kuna uletu mwenye aki ono atu anapita isha turn march ya see now that is the 10% pukuna ishinda sahu yu tanda ya mkita kwa uko sitam tani uko me kanda kanda pidongo tanda isi nipat but I am a firm believer in tenda mema nawa ndezako so if it's your heart is telling you to give or in your position if you are in a position to give where you just give nawa nde to see us juliza ati menda api wananda kwa ya nini oh no just down to it just give from the bottom of your heart and others will be added on to you I mean I am not getting my friends a hashtag when the morning alright maybe in conclusion what makes you do what you do bono kuna iroh okay for me like growing up ahead of vision this is a dream actually I am fighting I want to become a period is it period for ambassador ambassador for period let us just go with that one ya after becoming ambassador for periods then I go machinani you see bido machinani oh menda interior pene like in cost interior interior ya ni mtua mesi kwa numbaya makuti for 20 years nai meto boku meto boku na since one year rea kunyesha ya ni someone is 21 years old 21 years old she has 4 kids husband afani kazi and he sold maybe a land after selling the land to buy motorcycle so alkwa nai endesha rekesi after 2 years motorcycle you marry because so the husband is there and he just want to go to machinani kabisa then I do this reo sebo sanitary towels tutorials I teach them I explore everything on many straw ya then after that I give them I don't actually give them money but I give them empowerment you know it is good when someone give you an empowerment rather than a kupepesa I can teach you how to make the shagimats and then from there you can take it as a business to singo je to say a campaign to na kibiya so nai wana sabiwa ma nani maybe like 100 bomb you go buy soda or maybe unga from there what else but if I can teach you how to make the shagimat you can use it as a skill to wanna live because you just you are a drop out of form to class 7 mimi kumatim wana documentary not before there was empowerment before there were pad drives ya ni mtuak shikatuivi na cycle anaka kumchanga ya ni wana chimba shimo na make up for the next 3 days hasongi I am like lord at most wooo you know her cycles are different oh my gosh and then people like and now I am quite sure it is going to change we are so very proud of you thank you na kiyomoka wukumote kumboka liko wukum kushia wukumoka bado how can we support you how can we maybe give funds to the causes that you are part of how can we kama ni kujito leatu kama viewers na kama mimi how can we help you my name I take on Facebook Folic PSA P-H-O-L-I-C no kuna swag mimi givata Folic PSA na manisha kitu no I am a ministrating queen by the way if you can also check on that you will find me it's a hidden meaning twitter ni administrating queen omina folic I thought she was kidding she is not she is actually administrating queen I am proud of myself because that is now what makes me to be a woman you are going to change lives yeah I pray to God wow kama kwa roma swali ziletem bion bion kablata toka studio juchunenda kumon bia kai mali VIP because she is a queen like she said and remember it's white platform facebook white 254 channel onto her hashtag it's one of the morning next our panel coming up and again we will be talking about polygami and polyandri just one minute your thoughts about polygami is where a man marries many wives of course umtani rilete adi solomon you will bring the bible into this but polyandri which is not so common is where a woman marries many husbands and it might be a shock to you but it's something that happens quite often somewhere in the Orient it's very common for women to have more than one husband or even my brothers all three and of course a posasandota samasaitan nyuf nyuf nyuf but what do you think for me just from my personal view I can't accept which one they want to be married by one man marrying many of you or you marrying many men what I can't accept I can't accept I can't accept I am so itty with this conversation guys so very much anticipating so hit us up hashtag is white in the morning don't you go away


Hi everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft thank you for watching today. This week's scrapbook layout is slightly different so this is going to be a picture of my, well I'm scrapbooking a picture of my nan her mum and her dad so my great-grandparents and my nanny. So this is a gift for my nan which she's now had this was given to her for Christmas and she adored it so I've made quite a few gifts from my nan this year and I wanted to do more of a homemade Christmas and I'm glad I did because I've thoroughly enjoyed it. So the whole process is very similar to a normal scrapbook layout so I'm just going through these gorgeous V&A papers from Trimcraft and just pulling out papers that I think will work well with the photo and I'm trying to kind of take my nan back to that moment in time I guess that era which is the 1940s so we think my nan in this picture is probably around 10 she could be 9 she could be 11 but she's around that kind of age and she was born in the mid 30s so I couldn't be exactly sure but it's the mid 40s that we think but I end up just in the title I just put in the 1940s for this one. So I have brought these frames from the works now these were seven pound these wooden frames and they had a plastic acetate on the front but actually I removed that and I wanted it to just be an open frame so I'm just going along at the minute I'm just really playing around looking at you know measuring the paper because although it's a 12 by 12 frame I had to take a little bit off the paper which you can see I'm doing here I think it ended up coming down to maybe about 11 and a half by 11 and a half and then I just start kind of layering up on top of that so it's a little bit smaller in terms of the actual layout but the whole piece is is 12 by 12 so the papers that I said this v&a collection is perfect for obviously what I wanted to do because they are vintage prints and patterns and yeah I just as soon as I saw them I thought this is what I'm going to do with it so I do a lot of distressing and a lot of this is a very vintage looking layout so I'm using my little kind of distressed tool there to just spray up all of the edges which again you'll see more of this in the photos so I've got all of my v&a collection here and I'm just bringing everything out some I do use pretty much everything I think there's maybe only a couple of bits that I didn't end up putting into the layout but everything pretty much does get used and I'm pulling in little trinkets I've got tiny little cup and saucer got a little cameo kind of pendant tiny little embellishments there's just so much stuff so it's just really pulling out and gathering everything that I needed or I would think I was going to use in this layout from this little box here you can see this just it's just full of all sorts of just bits you know you might find something I just kind of throw it in that box so again I'm just layering up this is another so I end up I'm just looking at it now in front of me so I do this greeny kind of color is the one that stays on the top and then I've got that other one that I just kind of set back behind and then there's this kind of I guess rosy kind of pink one which is that one you can see at the back which is the biggest there and again I'm just going to distress these I've already done the two you can see that I'm just distressing up that other one as well and I also end up adding a little bit of ink to these as well I'm not sure if that gets shown or not you can see the ink just to the right there and you can see now how I'm starting to layer them up now the reason I done that one which you think probably oh god that's a waste you can hardly see anything but I'm going to start exposing parts of it I wanted to have a look of kind of worn wallpaper or like peeling wallpaper so this wallpaper is meant to look like it's coming off and then revealing what's underneath so this is my nail file and this is what I like to use this for and I'm literally rubbing the the top of that paper until I go through to the white core and then break through so you start to reveal that other paper underneath and it's a really lovely way which you can see now you get a really natural distressed look in your paper which looks like that kind of worn you know wallpaper look so I'm just going over different parts of that paper and you can probably see there I do show you the the um it was the burlap distressed ink that I use here but you can see where I've kind of distressed other parts of that paper as well it's a little bit greener in areas that was from this so I'm just going around now and you'll start to see me really kind of dirty up this page because I use the distressed ink throughout the rest of the the layout really I even use it on in the embellishments the pegs the bunting everything else you'll see me use if you don't see it being done it has been done I've just edited it out but you'll see here I'm just going around I'm really starting to work in that burlap coloured distressed ink which was it was really nice it's got more of a slightly greeny browny kind of tone to it so there I'm just rolling that paper really breaking down the fibres you can see there you'll see that really well in the photos at the end but I'm just rolling the paper again just to look like that that rolled kind of wallpaper look so now I'm going to stick that whole piece down so you can see there where I've just just stressed and gone right the way through that one section you know you can do that all the way over it looks really good as well but I just wanted it towards the top left because that's all you're actually really going to see once the rest of that paper you know does get covered really with the photo and everything else so that's that bit's done so I'm really really pleased now I'm bringing in the photo and starting to have a little bit of a play around checking that that's right because the photos are 5x7 so it's much much bigger than I would usually use but it's all about that photo so yeah slightly it's a mixed media project as opposed to a real you know normal scrapper layout so just dirty that a bit more and now I'm going to start layering up the photo so I do back it onto some cardstock and then I start distressing it all up because this is quite a sepia colour photo so I didn't want that white that you see I do use but it does get distressed with the the ink again and stuff so I went and kind of distressed the corner of that photo just a little bit and I used the nail file not too much I just kind of scratched it a little bit but it's already a very old grainy photo so I didn't want to do too much to it and you can see now I'm just using my again just dressed ink I didn't want any white I don't want you to see a real crisp white because that's not what you see in the photo it's more of a cream like a third colour so you can see now I'm just going in and just messing all that up and you can see the colour a bit more they see it's like a greeny brown so it was really nice to use with this one and again just bringing in my distressing tool there and again I go over now because all the fibres have been exposed and just mess that up a bit more and you again you'll see this in the photos you'll see that in a bit more detail so again just get that all stuck down and start to layer up everything now and slowly start to kind of bring everything in and you know start to bring it together so this was the eight by eight pack that I'm using and again just deciding I wanted quite a pinky colour to frame the photo because of the green and light kind of creamy coloured you know wallpaper I guess I'll keep pulling that so you know what I'm talking about so this pink here then I'm going to stick it on really did kind of lift you can see now just it really did kind of lift and frame that photo nicely so again just bringing in that little tool just to go around and distress the edges and again I get them inked up and then start to stick it down so I have got these very old music sheets and they're great for again when you're doing mixed media or vintage layouts or projects great for you know covering albums or boxes and things like that so I'm just going in here and just kind of randomly tearing them up and I want to start layering different parts of the kind of music paper behind the photo now the reason I brought in the music paper is my Nan loves music she loves to dance whenever music comes on you know especially if it's you know older music it always takes her back to that moment and she she does if there's a party my Nan is eager and the first one up to dance so I wanted to to pull in parts of her personality into this layout so you can see now how that again that I just think that looks really really nice and start to kind of play around again as always I'm not sticking anything down so I'm treating it just as a normal scrapbook layout until I'm 100 percent so even now it's still not stuck down I'm just bringing in other bits and pieces and just playing around so these are a couple of wooden hearts that I've got and I'm just distressing them up rubbing my fingers over them just really kind of you know messing it up and they end up going on the frame itself which you'll see later so now I've got this huge great big doily but it's way too white way too perfect so I'm again using that same distress ink and just going in now and really messing this up I rip it I screw it up and I was going to tea stain it as well but I thought I'd just going to keep it with this this same distressed ink here so yeah I wasn't careful with this at all I wanted to obviously keep a little bit of the pattern but bearing in mind a lot of it was going to get covered with the photo and everything else but you can see there when I rip it up and then distress it you get to see all the crease marks and stuff so now I'm going to start placing that that goes down first and then I start to layer up the music kind of behind that and yeah just keep playing around until I'm kind of happy with where I'm going to put everything so I don't actually know what song this is there was nothing actually wrote on it so it's just lots of I think I picked it up from a charity shop so again it was already ripped out of a book it was just kind of scrap pieces but they're the perfect for doing these kind of projects so yeah I wanted to make sure you get enough of the doily enough of the music still you know not taking anything away from the photo itself so another thing my nan loves is bling so she loves a bit of sparkle and shine so I'm using the cosmic shimmer paste and this is the gold and I'm just again knowing that the photo and what that's kind of you know going to be mostly covered I just wanted a little bit of this gold just peeking out so yeah most of that does get covered I did I didn't want there to be loads but just enough so you can see now how how shiny that is but see it just kind of peeks through and there's some off to the left hand side where that really distressed corner is and you can see it down the right hand side near where my nan is and where my finger is you can see it all there so again it wasn't meant to be in your face glittery but just nice bits of sparkle because this is going to go up on her wall and you know I just want I thought that would be nice to shine so now I'm just using my glue and just kind of sticking that down I didn't stick everything down because the frame is set back I can have a lot of dimension in this layout tons of dimension so lots of the paper isn't stuck down right to the edges I didn't want that I want it to be lifted up and I wanted it to be really 3d so I've just popped some 3d foam on the photo and now I'm going to stick that down I keep it dead straight but just down towards that bottom left hand side I'm sorry bottom right hand side of the 12 by 12 papers there so now before I start working on the actual layout I'm going to start decorating the frame because I'm going to then finish decorating it in the frame because it helped me better with it being in the frame for me to get all the proportions right so I wanted to decorate the four inside sides of that frame so I'm cutting these strips here it was just over an inch I think it's about an inch and one eighth and I'm using this really nice textured paper from the pack and again I thought it looked like a wallpaper print so you can see that I've already done the three other sides and you just see me put the last one in there just sticking that down along the sides and until you look at it closely I guess you wouldn't really see that so much but you can just see it there when I lift it up so now I'm going to start playing with the frame a bit more and then I end up fixing it into that actual frame itself because like I said it makes it much much easier for me to start adding bits to it and knowing that it's going to fit so you can see me there just popping it in the back the back all gets sealed I cover that all up as well but now you can see how that kind of looks inside the frame itself and then I can start adding everything to it so I'm already pulling in bits and pieces there again nothing is going to be stuck down yet but I wanted to get the title fest for this one so I'd keep it very simple and just go for mum and dad because it's my mum's it's my nan's mum and dad she doesn't have she has hundreds of photos she doesn't have any albums though and she doesn't really have something that really would tell anybody that that's her parents so I wanted to have something up obviously us as family know that they are her mum and dad but I just thought it would be really nice to have it up so that she sees it every day as well so I'm using my favourite wood chip cardboard I guess coloured letters but they were too dull and too boring so I'm using my distressed crayons so just make sure I get the right one there distressed crayons by Tim Holtz and I've just gone over them and then I'm just rubbing the it's kind of like a wax a wax crayon and it's just a very very you know pigment crayon I guess so I'm just rubbing that all in you can see just how quickly they've all changed now and they're much much darker in colour and they look loads better because they would just look lost against that colour that I had so now you can see I start to lay it out and it really does work much much better on that background and I just think looks really really nice and again when she opened this she cried and it was just it was just lovely it was again I'm just I'm so pleased I done it and again very inexpensive to do for me you know so I've got all the supplies but yeah I just loved it so now I'm sticking them down I've just used glossy accents just because that's what I had at hand and it dries nice and clear and it's very very strong now I also end up going over the letters with glossy accents which I did do in a scrapbook layout called happy hour of me and my grandfather my other grandfather and you'll see that later on so these are the really lovely paper flowers from the V&A collection and they've got a really lovely gold kind of edge to them so you can see now I start to build up this cluster in the corner with my hot glue gun and you'll see there I'm adding in a tiny little teacup tiny little saucer I add a button even the smallest flowers you see the hearts there are being added there's little embellishments sequins a butterfly a cameo everything kind of just gets put into this this layout now and I'm just using my hot gun and just basically going through everything I had pulled out before that sat around me and just start layering it up so the top right there I'm just these are wooden hearts and a wooden oval with butterflies on them Simon Ann really likes butterflies although Nan loves any animal really to be fair she yeah nature and all that kind of stuff she loves so now I'm starting to work on another little cluster towards the top right of the frame so it's a very similar cluster to the bottom left but this one's just a little bit smaller on the top and now I am bringing in even more stuff so these are stickers they're butterfly they're vintage stickers but there's a butterfly on each one which you can see I've already peeled off and they are sitting on how many butterflies to go through yeah two one is you'll see me there just molding it one is above the mum you see it there and then one is just on that bottom left cluster of the photo so this is what I mean now so I'm going over the mum and dad with the glossy accent so you just just basically just almost you know use it like a paintbrush and then once it dries it will dry clear and it looks really nice this is the bunting from the same collection so this is the pack you get loads you get 60 of these little triangle buntings and you also get the rope as well to stick it all on so I've just popped that along the top there and that was just the bunting was used obviously a lot when they would have street parties and I just thought it would look really nice again and works perfectly obviously because it all matches but it works great for this layout these are the ribbon bows again from the same collection so I'm popping one at both ends of the bunting ribbon there just kind of reshaping them trimming them a little bit because I wanted them the tails were a bit too long so I've just shrunk them a tiny bit then I'm bringing in this is the Nuvo drops cool the colors completely gone from me I've used it a few times now but again it's got a really nice vintage it's almost like a pearlescent you know it's got a nice greeny pearly kind of color to it so that gets added then I'm using the glossy accents with the sequins again from the same collection just to bring in more of a shine you'll see I've added a bow to the hearts in the bottom left along with a little metal bird cage um what else have I got going on there I've added the love with love which was one of the stickers from the pack the two words to the left of my grandmother there as I hold up one says happiness and one says remember this always there's little sticky hearts there's puffy stickers yeah there's so much but can you see now you just get little hints of the glitter you see the glitter on the flowers see that bumblebee bumblebee that butterfly see the heart there there's just it's just an absolutely beautiful layout I really really did love doing this you'll also see in the photos I've added a paperclip to the bottom right hand side of the frame and on there it says Albert Clara Evelyn 1940s so that's my great-grandfather my great-grandmother and my nanny and it was in the 1940s so there's also a key hanging from that cluster I've just noticed as well I've got the word vintage amongst it there's just lots of little things and that's what my nan really enjoyed when she looked at this she kept finding other little bits every time she looked at it she'd find something new and yeah I'm just thoroughly pleased with it so I just wanted to show you another way of maybe making a scrapbook some people have said to me they don't know what they will do with their scrapbook layouts I keep mine all in a scrapbook album but if you want to make one and give it as a gift this is a perfect way to give this as a gift so I hope you've enjoyed it I hope I've inspired you and I'll be back again next week with another scrapbook layout thanks for watching bye


Friends, at a time when the world faced the worst crisis in a century, India had been a bright spot. Be it the world's largest vaccine drive, food security for the poorest, or being the world's growth engine, India has shown what it is made of. The world expects India to do great things because India's future is in the hands of a came-do generation, came-do generation of youth, youth who not only accept challenges, but also enjoy them, youth who not only question, but also find the answers. Youth who are not only fearless, but are also tireless, youth who not only aspire, but also achieve. So my message to the youth graduating today is you are the builder of New India. You have the responsibility of leading India in its amritka the next 25 years.


When I was a teenager between ages 13 to 15 I developed a deep hatred for television because on the part of the world where I grew up TV is 99% about entertainment while entertainment itself isn't a bad thing What I saw around me were people whose entire lives revolved around entertainment as a young guy I decided I will work hard on myself to make myself resourceful and productive. I Borrowed and read every single book. I called I dreamt of becoming the best student in my school And I achieved that then I dreamt of building a company having a great marriage and leaving the exact way I want I achieved all these dreams and not because I had better opportunities than most people But because I focused on taking care of my days You see Jordan Peterson said and I quote if you fulfill your obligations every day You don't need to worry about the future if you pay attention to the 24 hours you have now and do that each day You won't need to worry about the next 24 years If you take care of today and each day your future will take care of itself The problem with most young people is that they focus too much on the future These people think about a future when they will have all the money But they avoid the daily discipline that least is such a future these people wish they could become successful artists Athletes writers entrepreneurs or anything like that, but they wouldn't make daily sacrifices that lead to such a future Stop deceiving yourself tomorrow doesn't exist. It will never come today is the only day you'll ever see So if you don't take care of today, you can't have a meaningful future.  You don't need to worry about the future Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29 1958 when he was only five Michael Jackson started his music career and went on to become one of the most successful musicians ever in the history of our planet But wait a second Michael Jackson didn't become a successful musician because he wanted to be More than a decade ago I read a newspaper story about how Michael Jackson practices dance and music for eight long hours every day I later watched a video of him where he confessed that he would always stay awake at night Practicing his music again and again Some of Jackson's assistants confessed that he would practice each of his steps 100 times and would still not be satisfied in 1979 Michael Jackson broke his nose during one of his rigorous practice and after his death on June 25 2009 Michael Jackson's autopsy report revealed that his feet were seriously deformed Possibly from the excessive dance dance, which was the reason why he always wore socks Now you can see Michael Jackson didn't become a great musician because he wished wanted or waited to be It was his daily commitment and sacrifices that made Jackson the king of pop now Let me ask you this question. What do you want to do with your life? It doesn't matter what that is the only thing that matters is your daily commitment to a stat goal If you can pursue it every day you can have it if you can't make sacrifices for it day after day You'll never get it if you fulfill your obligations every day. You don't need to worry about the future Born February 5th 1985 Cristiano Ronaldo started his life pretty roughly in fact his mother attempted to have an abortion when she was carrying him Simply because the family was too poor to care for another child But the abortion wouldn't be allowed by the doctor as a young child Ronaldo fell in love with football He would spend hours and hours practicing instead of reading for school and later got expelled from school at age 14 One year later at age 15 Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football Ronaldo underwent heart surgery where a laser was used to catarise multiple cardiac pathways into one Altering his racing heart rate. He was discharged from the hospital hours after the procedure and resumed training a few days later Aside from his heart challenge Ronaldo was belittled by different people for being fragile and this his critics claimed will stop him from being a successful Footballer, but young Ronaldo wouldn't listen day after day He would spend hours and hours working out and practicing his skill up till today Cristiano Ronaldo still sacrifices six difficult hours every day to become a better football player Even though he had become one of the most successful footballers in the world if you fulfill your obligations every day You don't need to worry about the future There's only one single day in your lifetime and it's called today No other day matters because you'll never live in them You can't live in yesterday and you can't live in tomorrow Your life's obligations is to take good care of today because that's the only day you'll ever have It doesn't matter what goal you have for the next decade or even the next year If you wake up each day and expect your life to be better one day It will never be better people who achieve greatness in life are those who take care of every day of their lives Whether you talk about business music Politics or even science the successful people in any field are those who take Responsibility and make a daily sacrifice for the long-term goal if you fulfill your obligations every day You don't need to worry about the future My journey to becoming a writer about 20 years ago. I was still in secondary school in a small town in Nigeria I would leave my parents home on weekends and go to a lonely place to write if you ask me today I don't know what I was writing The only thing I know is I loved to join words together But listen to this that you love to do something doesn't mean that you'll ever become successful doing it To become successful in any field years and years of daily practice and sacrifice is needed pay attention to these words Daily every day in my own case I have spent the last seven years consciously writing as many days as possible as at the time of making this video I write about 6,000 words every week. That's an average of 900 words per day These days I receive messages from people who tell me how good my writings are Well my writings aren't good by accident. They are good because I practice making them good daily If you'll fulfill your obligations every day, you don't need to worry about the future new year resolution is Nonsense usually towards the end of each year people's emotions get to their way of thinking Since everyone wants to achieve something bigger people figure out that the best time to pursue such a goal is at the beginning of a New year hence they set new goals for the year and make new resolutions But new year resolution is a waste of time According to the US News and World Report 80 percent of new year's resolutions fail by February a 2007 study by Richard Wiseman from the University of Bristol Involving 3,000 people showed that 88 percent of those who said new year resolutions fail Despite the fact that 52 percent of the studies participants were confident of success at the beginning of the year The University of Scraton's research suggests that just eight percent of people achieve the new year's goals Which means 92 percent of resolutions fail, but why do most people forget the new year's resolution by the second month of the year? Well, you can't ever live in the future. You can't take care of the future You can't even plan for the future the best and only important goal You can set for yourself is to take care of today. I mean today you can't take care of next year Not even next month by focusing on a year You give yourself the ticket to waste as much possible days as possible Since your focus is on the year by taking care of today by seeing today as the only day you'll ever have You put yourself in a position where you get the best out of each day if you fulfill your obligations every day You don't need to worry about the future. Here's what you should do Sit down and make a list of three important things you'd like to achieve in the next 10 years Then determine what you must sacrifice each day of your life for those things to be achieved This can be practiced. It can be reading and studying. It can be a brainstorming session with someone It can be taking actions and making mistakes The point is you have to do something every day that takes you a step closer to your goal Or you'll never achieve such a goal if you'll fulfill your obligations every day You don't need to worry about the future


matter which one both good both good Take questions for Aaron Anthony on the left And what do you remember most about the atmosphere here in 17 in the playoffs? atmosphere No, it was a good good atmosphere. You know crowd was good crowd was into it Yeah, it gets loud. It's a dome basically so whenever they keep the roof closed it gets pretty loud in here sweetie Aaron this is a match up the lot of fans have Been anticipating all year. Have you as a team kind of been looking forward to this kind of top two teams in a league? That's tough to say, you know once you get into the postseason, you never know what's gonna happen You know you always during the regular season, you know try to maybe map it out Okay, we'll probably see these guys here and these guys here maybe these guys later down the road But once you get in the postseason, you never really know what's gonna happen. So You know once we won the three games in Minnesota, we're just kind of waiting around and Whoever we get we get you know, so it's uh, but we're excited to be here in Houston You know excited to be back and just get ready to start the CS And if you gain confidence against pitchers that you do really well against What does it do for your confidence for pitchers that that handle you? How do you deal with that? What goes into trying to change that? Yeah, if a pitcher has your number Don't do what you keep doing, you know change up your playing because it's apparently not working you know, but uh You know just going against any any pitcher, you know just come up with a good game plan You know stick to it and then once the game starts You know just see how they're trying to pitch to you see what see what's working See what's what pitches are working for them because sometimes you might face a pitcher and you know Usually you're facing when they got a good fastball slider of good fastball change up all sudden you see him today And it's like wow their change up isn't doing much or he has no feel for a slider So then you kind of you know work from there and you know formulate a new game plan What to try to do so it's uh Yeah, it's just all but it's a chess match. It's all about you know moving your pieces and see what works Erin a lot has been made obviously of their starting staff you've made comments in the past throughout the season that you like Facing the best. What is it about the challenge of facing elite pitching that you enjoy? Just a fire you see from those a lot of guys on the mound, especially nice.   So Yeah, that's that's what I really love watching about, you know about Cole Especially it's just how he's able to go out there and you know works the edge as well with all his pitches and Just getting that strike one. That's that's huge especially in the postseason right And clearly at 2017 was your first postseason experience of looking back at that and then going through what you guys went through last year How different are you as a player and how are you better prepared now for this point to get to this point for a chance to Maybe go the wall series.  That's that's that's a lot of fun That's that's where you want to play but in the postseason. It's a whole different animal, you know, no matter where you go So just getting a lot of games, you know underneath my belt with you know 50,000 screaming booing yelling all that just getting used to that and just hey, it's it's still the same game He's still 60 feet six inches away. It's still 90 feet the first, you know, so That's the biggest thing is just once you get experience now you're comfortable in those situation and then it's just you know time to roll Fresh row here on the left How exciting is it for you all to be in this position or the you know, the adversity and the injuries that you all went through in order to be here? Yeah, it's it's amazing to think about, you know, it's amazing to think about the injuries and the setbacks That we that we had all season, you know, despite, you know, some of the guys you lost in spring training guys You lost early in the year, you know, we didn't have our ace until you know, just recently getting Severino back We missed John Carlo me quite a few guys for you know I think you can go up and down that whole lineup except for a couple guys that haven't you know been on the aisle for a little bit so But when it comes down to in our goal going into spring training was the winter division You know was our main goal, you know, so we talked about in our very first means We got to go out there and win our division to set ourselves up for the postseason and you know We were able to accomplish that and I think everybody just bought in on the idea of you know, Booney went up there in front Everybody and said hey, I don't care if you guys Double a triple a you know big league guy fighting her job at some point You're gonna impact this team and make a difference and I think guys just bought into that they say hey I know I might be starting on double or I might be starting on triple a I'm mad I'm not in the big leagues, but you know at some point my my number's gonna get called and I got to produce And that's what guys did and then it's It's fun to be around it be around a group like that. That's that's hungry That's selfless and just all they want to do is win And the left and to your point you may before about Cole being good at getting strike one When you have a guy like that that you know is might throw you a strike in the first pitch Does that make you want to be more aggressive swinging early in the count? Or is that getting out of whatever your plan would be? Yeah, it's tough, you know, that's why it's it's a chess match. You got to see how the game is kind of folding Okay, I got like that. It's you know been so successful You know getting you know strike one and getting ahead and well, you know We might see three pitches into the game that you know, it's fastball commands a little off So now it's okay guys really shrink that zone into a certain spot or you know, do this and that so the game plan just depends on You know the game at hand, you know, because we got all these numbers We got all these stats, you know past numbers he did this is past this or you're over here you got 10 for your last this but You can throw all those numbers out the window when you step between the lines because anything can happen You know, so it's just about watching the game and you know make your moves from there Okay, just taking two more here Brian And we've talked a lot about that 2017 ALCS when you think about that series Is there like a moment or a snapshot that comes into your head? What comes to mind? I think about You know first the three games at home, you know us having the Two-game deficit, you know, and I've been able to rally and get three and you know Give us a shot, you know back here for two at Houston. You know, that's what I think about is just how Resilient that team wasn't how they just fought to the very end, you know Fought to the very end because a lot of teams might have rolled over after they go down to especially against a good team like Houston And we continue to fight, you know, we you know used our home field advantage a little bit in those three games and Just came up short and I think about game seven, you know, CC going out there and you know One the ball one to pitch in that situation and you know just us coming up a little short, but Yeah, just it was just an intense series all around, you know good baseball, you know They got a good team that only can you know hit for power but get guys on base they can steal good defense go pitching staff You know same with us we guys and get on base it for power. So And I'm looking forward to it One more left in the back James Astros have made a living off of pitching high on the zone like the four seamer I mean how and that's like I mean other teams have caught on and done the same Like how does one combat that as a batter if they're throwing you high like can you lay off of them? What do you do? Well, it's tough because those high ones out of the hand, you know It looks like it's right in the middle and also it's 99. It's your that's your neck and you're swinging at it Like why did I just swing at that, you know, so?  You're gonna be swinging at stuff.   That's the biggest thing Thank you. Thank you


We are called the Urban Indigenous Education Center, formerly known as the Aboriginal Education Center. We are a central department within the TDSB and we offer a wide range of services for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit students and families. We are also committed to ensuring Indigenous students have success and support them throughout the TDSB in their education as well as their personal lives with wraparound supports. We strive to create more culturally safe, inclusive, and trauma-informed learning environments that enrich the education of all students as Indigenous education is for all, by promoting centering Indigenous perspectives and by providing support and guidance to staff who work with Indigenous students. And we have a number of areas that we work through the board throughout and that is professional learning for all staff, community engagement, centering Indigenous student voice, as well as partnerships both internally and externally with other community organizations. Our programming is quite extensive and we also do research and development. We also vet resources and are involved in the Ministry of Education initiatives through curriculum development as well as curriculum resource development. And a lot of our work is informed by the Urban Aboriginal Education Project, which was a project that the Ministry of Education funded to three urban boards, including the Toronto District School Board, looking at Indigenous education within the TDSB. And from that, a report was developed called Decolonizing our Schools Aboriginal Education in the Toronto District School Board. And this was done by Dr. Susan Dion through the partnership with York University. Dr. Susan Dion is an Indigenous professor and researcher. This does inform our work as we continue to move forward. We also work very closely with the Aboriginal Community Advisory Committee. We have an Indigenous Steering Council as well as a Council of Elders that we work very closely with. In terms of governance, we are working towards a parallel system of governance that fulfills the TRC, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Calls to Action, and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People. With regard to the TRC calls to action, I'd like to further reiterate that the TRC has 10 principles of reconciliation, and the 94 calls to action, and the 46 articles of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, that this is really the instrument of reconciliation. And so the first principle of reconciliation confirms that the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is the framework for reconciliation for all sectors of Canadian society, including education. The other nine principles serve as guides to assist in repairing the damaged relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada. The calls to action are an appeal to mobilize all levels of government organizations as well as individuals to make concrete changes in society. They list specific actions to redress the legacy of residential schools and advance the process of Canadian reconciliation. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is a framework for the establishment and maintenance of mutually respectful relationships. It represents the minimum standard of the survival and dignity and well-being of Indigenous peoples, and we hope to go beyond the minimum standard, obviously. And our hope is that having all these documents together will enhance knowledge and understanding that lays the groundwork for reconciliation. With regard to the Urban Indigenous Education Center, we do provide student support as everything that we do undergirds student achievement and well-being. Right now, we are committed to having staff development for all 37,000 employees. We have a staff of 16 people, and they include the teaching and learning, as well as community liaisons and student success teachers and social workers, Indigenous social workers, and child and youth counselors. We provide leadership in fostering Indigenous education in the development and implementation of culturally relevant and culturally safe programs and services, and we work collaboratively with both internal and external partners to position the board as a leader in urban Indigenous education. Internal learning is for all staff, is designed to ensure that authentic First Nations Métis and Inuit perspectives are a part of all classrooms and schools benefiting both Indigenous and non-Indigenous students. Our community engagements are vibrant and represent diverse Indigenous communities, as Toronto has the highest population of Indigenous peoples in all of Ontario combined. We are very unique within the urban construct, as we are incredibly diverse. The Aboriginal Education Center, the Urban Indigenous Education Center, works very closely with community organizations, Indigenous community organizations, and we sit on many advisory boards to enhance Indigenous education throughout the GTA, strengthening relationships based on reciprocity and respect and responsibility. We do hold a number of community events throughout the GTA that brings community members together in celebration of indigeneity and our achievements and accomplishments and contributions. Through this, we are able to identify and address educational issues and our concerns that may impact our communities and families. We also liaise with external partners, including the City of Toronto, the Ministry of Education, colleges and universities, and appropriate community agencies to collectively broaden the impact of Indigenous education and programs and initiatives. Okay, thank you, Tanya. What in your opinion makes it an example of excellence in Indigenous education? Indigenous education, it's important to centre the voices of Indigenous peoples in terms of leadership in the path of reconciliation, to enact the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada calls to action. In Ontario, there is mandatory curriculum around Action 62 and 63 and to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as a framework for reconciliation, understanding that we are still very much within a colonial construct, within systems of public education, and thereby we need to be able to identify the barriers that continue to marginalise, harm and silence Indigenous peoples and dismantle the barriers that oppress Indigenous peoples, whether it's recruitment and hiring and mobility within the organisation and have a very strong protocol around accountability and transparency as well as working with and learning from Indigenous peoples, being led by Indigenous peoples, because all of the decisions that are being made have huge impacts within our communities that support Indigenous student success and wellbeing and achievement. So in continuing with that particular question in looking at what contributes to the efficacy of Indigenous education, I would like to also say that it is important that Indigenous knowledge is centred and what is the contribution of Indigenous knowledge, how can that be used in reconciliation through policymaking, I think is critical in terms of moving forward and enacting Indigenous practices and principles within respectful engagement and protocols. So consulting and collaborating with Indigenous peoples with free, prior and informed consent to use the statement, nothing about us without us, also when we're talking about research and data collection and adhering to the principles of OCAP, ownership, control, access and possession with regard to that and really focusing on restorative practices and practices that not only restore but are about reparation when we further the discussion around reconciliation and we need Indigenous student leadership, we also need Indigenous trustees, we need Indigenous peoples in higher levels within public education at the superintendent level, at the executive superintendent level. We need to be able to mobilize Indigenous peoples into those structures of governance as they exist now and also to an adopt an approach to Indigenous education that puts Indigenous student and well-being at the center and provide those opportunities for Indigenous student leadership and all of this affirms and respects and promotes Indigenous peoples and Indigenous knowledge and also to recognize and affirm treaty rights, Indigenous rights and the revitalization of Indigenous languages that also support the development and implementation of Indigenous knowledges and looking at innovations in education, looking at Indigenous education within the 21st century and re-envisioning ourselves as a part of that conversation moving forward and also commit to and ensure measures of effectively dealing with discrimination and racism and looking at and creating the context for culturally safe and trauma-informed schools through professional learning and continued dialogue and to provide opportunities for that professional learning that includes the impact of colonization both historically embedded and also contemporarily practiced as the colonial project still continues on through various areas including looking at First Nations communities, for example, food safety and security, environmental racism, really centering UNDRIP in terms of working with Indigenous peoples with free and informed consent and also looking at the child welfare system in Canada and other areas where Indigenous peoples are largely represented in in our jails and institutions but also not to position Indigenous peoples as the other or the poor pitiful other and that really focuses on a damaged centered construct because we're still here and honoring Indigenous survivants and strength, our accomplishments, our achievements and how non-Indigenous people can learn from Indigenous peoples as the way forward centering Indigenous knowledge and thinking about sustainability and the environment that those systems come into play which they are already in some different contexts and to continue to build respectful relationships with Indigenous peoples rooted in reciprocity and participate in the decolonizing and indigenizing of our public school systems and to embed Indigenous education in all areas including the board action plans, the school improvement plans and to really look at how Indigenous education is positioned differently from the discourse of equity. There are intersections however looking at nation to nation building looking at that relationship and not embedding Indigenous education within a multicultural construct because Indigenous peoples are the first peoples of Canada and we were never involved in Confederation. However we've been legislated you know through the Indian Act and looking at those amendments etc there's a lot of work to do ahead and we call upon all people both Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in systems of public education to redress the harm that has been done and to move forward in a good way. How do you measure the success of your program? We measure the success of the program and you know not necessarily using dominant and Western ways of measuring would really be based on the four Rs as identified by Verna Kirkness who's an Indigenous scholar who talks about respect, reciprocity and relevance and responsibility that we are working in a good way in relationship with non-Indigenous peoples to really support the needs of Indigenous peoples articulated by Indigenous peoples and Indigenous education led by Indigenous people for Indigenous peoples and understanding that relationship that is also a part of the two-row Wampum the Gasuenta Wampum that really clearly articulates to that relationship in terms of creating ethical space so that's more organic in terms of are those relationships working well are they based on mutual trust and reciprocity and in terms of measuring success is really I would say community engagement seeing Indigenous peoples involvement in decision making and coming out to community events are ways of seeing that the work of the Urban Indigenous Education Center is working well that we do see an increase for example in attendance that we are getting the resources that we need to set Indigenous students up for success and really addressing and positioning Indigenous education in terms of challenging the biases and the power and the privilege of the people working in education and understanding the impact of colonization I think are very key in terms of creating the potential for spaces of transformation I would also say that an increase in recruitment hiring and retention and mobility of Indigenous peoples within systems of public schooling particularly within the TDSB are definitely indicators of of success as well as seeing more participants Indigenous peoples involved in the Aboriginal Community Advisory Committee the support of trustees the support of the senior team the support from the director to really see and articulate the needs to elevate and amplify the voices of Indigenous leaders in education and Indigenous parents and students an increase in programming that supports Indigenous students needs for example land-based learning opportunities for students looking at different pathways funding for students in terms of carrying forward into those pathways whether they choose colleges or universities or the workplace that there is a plethora of choice and options for Indigenous peoples the 21st century is changing quite a bit and we're looking at you know the technology and global competencies that we are fully engaged involved within those conversations as well from your perspective what is Indigenous education Indigenous education is an education that centres Indigenous knowledge Indigenous knowledge is Indigenous voice First Nations Métis in Iuit looking at Indigenous ways of knowing and being and that it is articulated by Indigenous peoples to me that is what Indigenous education is it's an education that considers the whole being the mind the heart the body and the emotion and also centres Indigenous ways of knowing and being and that works within principles and constructs of the importance of elders Indigenous education ultimately supports the well-being of the self the family the community the land the spirits and the ancestors it is about a holistic education it is reflexive reflective experiential and relational relationship is paramount focused on connectedness on reciprocal relationships and a sense of place it involves a multi-generational construct looking at infancy to to elders it is cyclical it also involves generational roles and responsibilities and also it recognizes the role of Indigenous knowledge and it embeds memory and histories and stories of Indigenous peoples by Indigenous peoples it involves patience and time and is about centering identity and addresses the harm that has been done through the legacy of residential schools and the colonial construct of the public education system as it stands now and it involves recognizing that some knowledge is sacred and is only shared with permission and or certain situations Indigenous education also involves the oral tradition it understands the significance of balance and the interaction with community understanding that everything is interrelated everything is interconnected everything is alive and everything has a spirit and that we continue to learn from the elders as we continue to unlearn to relearn to learn and center Indigenous perspectives there's also the importance of silence and the importance of listening in terms of ethical listening and respecting Indigenous protocol and the group process and the role of family and community and making all of these connections to the land and the importance of storytelling within that narrative what is your vision for Indigenous education over the next 10 years well over the next 10 years we'd like to see a lot of creativity and innovation and we are evolving into an urban Indigenous education that is like a community hub a center for Indigenous thought Indigenous practices etc and that that will be rooted in Indigenous teachings reflecting the diversity of First Nations Métis and Inuit peoples and community as well as being a welcoming and inclusive environment for all students both Indigenous and non-Indigenous across the Toronto District School Board we'd like to see increased partnerships with community agencies as well as post-secondary institutes in terms of the revitalization of Indigenous languages we really would like to see that program grow across the TDSB as well as offering other Indigenous languages and offering more Anishinaabe Mohan programs for students and that this intent is combined with other various Indigenous initiatives undertaken by the Board in this central urban location reflecting Indigenous pedagogy Indigenous ways of knowing and being and to center Indigenous voices and the broader community in creating a learning environment which will be designed to foster Indigenous knowledges, values and cultures and the intent will be to welcome all into the Indigenous context we want to see an education that is worthy of children Indigenous children and all children looking at also seven generations forward and the new Urban Indigenous Education Center will welcome all students from K to 12 who seek a unique learning environment grounded in Indigenous ways of knowing and being where students are supported to be confident critical thinkers and engaged learners and you know to provide high quality education in the highest expectations of success for every student as defined by Indigenous peoples and support Indigenous students in realizing their full potential through the transition to post-secondary education to see the Urban Indigenous Education Center grow and how it will contribute to the growth of knowledge in the Urban Indigenous context and also be dedicated to increasing cultural capacity across the board through the implementation of inclusive curriculum enhanced by professional learning and innovative and creative practices in promising practices in Indigenous education that we continue to support and actively engage participation by Indigenous parents and members of the diverse Indigenous communities and that it is welcoming to the community or communities and also responsive to the community's needs partnership with Indigenous service providers, post-secondary institutions and arts and culture are a priority as well as looking at all subject areas across the curriculum. We would like to see a building that honors these ideas that are informed by Indigenous knowledges, an environment that is about healing and about celebrating who we are as Indigenous peoples, a building with lots of light made from sustainable materials that centers Indigenous ways of knowing being, lots of indoor outdoor space, a place for elders, a place for early childhood education and a place where our foods, our traditional ways of knowing and being and Indigenous foods are a part of the construct, a place of healing and a place of celebration. What information, materials, resources do you need to achieve that vision? So aside from funding we need to see legislative change in this country that honors the TRC and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. So that legislative change will also promote support from the various ministries, not only the Ministry of Education but all ministries that have influence and authority in terms of Indigenous education working together to provide the best education possible for Indigenous students and create welcoming spaces in Canada to uphold the dignity of Indigenous peoples.


Our understanding of the structure of the atom has developed by the use of many different tools. Thompson used electricity to separate electrons out from atoms, showing for the first time that an atom was not a homogenous, indivisible ball. Rutherford and many other scientists used the phenomenon of radioactivity, still not well understood at the time, as a tool to probe further, leading to the discovery first of the nucleus, and then of the separate nucleons, protons and neutrons. Since then, most of the progress in our understanding of atomic structure has been all about the electrons. How are they arranged in the atom? What shifts and changes and forces are involved as they whiz around the nucleus? And the tool that we use to probe the electrons, to stimulate them, to get responses from them, to make them share their secrets with us, is light. So to understand how the 20th century got to grips with the electron in its atomic habitat, you first need to have an appreciation of what light is. I should say that the title of this video, The Nature of Light, is kind of misleading. There's no way I can do justice to the beauty and the complexity and the sheer usefulness of light in a short presentation like this. For that, you need to go and do more physics and chemistry at university and become a laser physicist or a solar engineer or a spectroscopist. But hopefully, I can at least give you a feel for how light accidentally became the most useful tool that we have for learning about the atom. Firstly, you need to know that the light you experience, you as a human, is only one tiny family inside a much larger ecosystem called the electromagnetic spectrum. A spectrum is something that can have any one of a continuous series of values. People talk about a spectrum of political opinion, meaning an opinion that lies somewhere in the range from progressive to conservative thinking. Or there's the autism spectrum, describing a range of different levels of autism. The electromagnetic spectrum describes electromagnetic waves and the range of different wavelengths that they can have. Electromagnetic waves are a kind of wave that can carry energy through empty space. This is in contrast to waves such as sound or earthquakes which can only travel through matter. You're familiar with many forms of electromagnetic energy even if you didn't realize that that's what they are. X-rays, UV light, visible light, infrared light, which you experience as heat, microwaves and radio waves. In fact, all of these things are electromagnetic energy or in fact forms of light. Being electromagnetic waves, they are waves of energy that can travel through empty space, as I said, and that can be absorbed or emitted or reflected by particles of matter.