We have so far understood three different forms or three different fragments of surplus value. Industrial capital gets industrial profit, commercial capital gets commercial profit, money capitalists get interest and now the final and fourth form or fragment of surplus value is rent. We will now try to understand the origin of rent. The broad argument that Marx is making in volume 3 about rent is the following. In capitalist production there is often the need to use natural resources. Resources which are non reproducible so whose supply cannot be increased when the demand increases. An example of such a resource is land. Moreover by mid 19th century land or resources like land which could be used in the process of capitalist production had already been completely taken over by private ownership. So, all this land was now owned by private was under private ownership. So, if capitalist production can use or has the use of that resource then the owner of that resource can withhold the use of that resource unless the owner gets a part of the surplus value and the part of the surplus value that is thereby appropriated by the owner of the resource for making available the resource to be used in capitalist production is precisely what is rent. Now to understand the details of how rent emerges let us go back to the example that we have used earlier. The example with 5 sectors to understand the details of Marx's logic about the emergence of rent. So, let me remind you quickly our economy has 5 sectors. Sector 1 the constant capital is 80 variable capital 20 surplus value 20. Therefore, the value of output is 120. Similarly, sector 2 has 70 30 as constant and variable capital surplus value is 30. So, the value is 130. Sector 3 has 60 and 40 as constant and variable capital. Therefore, the total outputs value is 140. Sector 4 has 85 15 and therefore, the value of the output is 115 and sector 5 has 95 and 5 and therefore, the value of the output is 105. Now the constant capital as a ratio of the variable capital is the organic composition of capital. So, the organic composition of capital for sector 1 is 4, for sector 2 is 7 by 3 which is 2.33. The organic composition for sector 3 is 60 by 40 which is 1.5 and for sector 4 it is 85 by 15 which is 7.6 and for sector 5 it is 95 by 5 which is 19. So, we can see that the organic composition of capital across sectors vary and therefore, we can divide sectors into sectors which have high and low organic composition of capital. The sector with the lowest organic composition of capital is sector 3. Now, recall what does it imply about the amount of surplus value generated the implication of low organic composition of capital. A sector which has low organic composition of capital generates more surplus value per unit of capital invested than a sector which has high organic composition of capital and that is really reflected here. The total value of the output produced in sector 3 is 140 that is the lowest organic composition of capital sector. On the other hand the total value of the output produced in sector 5 is 105 which is the highest organic composition of capital sector. This column gives us the price of production. The price of production let me remind you is the price which ensures that every sector earns the same average rate of profit in this case 22 percent. So, the price of production here is 120 and so on for all the sectors. What does that mean is that in the process through which the price of production emerges there is a redistribution of surplus value. The redistribution of surplus value is shown here. Those sectors which have negative entries are the sectors which lose surplus value. Those sectors which have the positive entries have sector are sectors which gain surplus value. So, therefore, sector 5 for instance which is a high organic composition of capital sector gains 17 units of surplus value whereas, sector 3 which is the sector which the lowest organic composition of capital loses 18 units of surplus value. Now that is the beginning of our discussion of rent. This sector which has the lowest organic composition of capital sector loses surplus value when it participates in the process of redistribution of value and surplus value. It participates in the process of redistribution of surplus value because capital can move into that sector. So, it has low organic composition of capital and therefore, it generates high amounts of value and therefore, it generates more than the average surplus value that is generated in the economy and it is that extra amount of surplus value that is lost to other sectors in the economy in the process of the emergence of the prices of production and the average rate of profit. Let us say that this sector is precisely agriculture. Agriculture during Marx's time had these two properties. It had low organic composition of capital. So, low ratio of C and C to V. Moreover, since agriculture used land as the most important factor or input into production moreover since all the free land had been already used and since land was under private ownership that fact created a barrier to the mobility of capital into agriculture because land could be taken up for production only by replacing somebody some capitalist or some landlord who had ownership of that land. So, there was low organic composition of capital and the peculiarities of land created barriers to entry of capital. When these two conditions hold, what that implies is the sector because it generates more than the average amount of surplus value and because there is barrier to the entry of capital into that sector, the sector is able to realize all the surplus value it has generated meaning this extra amount of surplus value which would have flown out of the sector if there were no barriers to the entry of capital remains within this sector and it is precisely this extra surplus value what Marx calls surplus profit. Surplus profit is the amount of surplus value that is in excess of the average rate of profit the average surplus value that is generated if we use the average rate of profit prevailing in the whole economy. In this specific case, the amount of surplus profit is precisely 18 units of surplus value which move out of the sector. So, if agriculture had these two characteristics then what would happen is that agriculture would be able to realize the total of 40 units of surplus value it generates. Since there is barrier to the entry of capital, it would not participate in the generation or the emergence of prices of production and therefore instead of losing that 18 units of surplus value to rest of the economy, it would be able to realize the whole of the 40 amount of surplus value that is generated. So, therefore, in effect what would happen is this 40 amount of surplus value would be divided between the capitalist farmers. The capitalist farmer would get 20 units of 22 units of surplus value and the landlord would get 18. This 18 would be the rent income of the owner of the land. This 20 would emerge as the profit of the capitalist who is organizing agricultural production using the land. Now, why would the capitalist agree to give up 18 units of surplus value because from the perspective of the capitalist, the capitalist puts in 100 units of value as the cost of production and gets 22 units of profit. So, therefore, the capitalist from the capitalist perspective, the capitalist is able to get 22 percent rate of return on his investment which is precisely how much rate of return he could have got by moving to any other sector. So, from the perspective of the capitalist as long as he gets 22 percent rate of return on his investment, he is as well off as he would be in any other sector. Therefore, it is possible for the landlord to bargain with the capitalist to say that he will not allow the use of his land unless he gets 18 units of surplus value and it is the end point of this bargaining process which will lead to a splitting up of the total surplus value into these two parts. One part which is appropriated by which is appropriated by the owner of the land as rent and another part which remains after rent has been paid which is exactly equal to the amount that would be necessary to give an average rate of return to the capitalist who is using the land to organize agricultural production. So, this is the basic process that Marx describes in volume three of Capital. The essence of the process is that whenever there is a resource which is non reproducible whose supply cannot be increased just because demand has increased and if that resource is under private ownership and if that resource can be used for capitalist production then the owners of that resource will be in a position to bargain with the capitalists who use that resource in capitalist production to generate surplus value and the owners of that resource will be able to bargain away a part of that surplus value and that part of surplus value which is appropriated by the owners of that resource is precisely what is known as rent. Now, let us zoom in into this agricultural sector because there are some additional factors that we need to think about. What we see when we zoom into agriculture the agricultural sector is that the whole plot of land is of course, not owned by one landlord. The plot of land the total plot of land which generates this 40 units of surplus value is broken up into plots. So, the land is broken up into plots and the plots are of different quality. So, there is some plot which is very fertile and there is some plot which is less fertile. So, as a result of the difference in the quality of the plots of land this total amount of rent that is appropriated by the owners of the land which in this case is 18 gets further divided among the owners of different plots of land and that further division rests on two principles further division of the total rent into two into fragments which are appropriated by different owners of plots of land based on two principles. One the fertility or the quality of the plots of land and on the amounts of capital invested. So, depending on the quality of the plot of land and landowner owns and depending on how much capital he has invested he will get a larger or smaller fraction of the total rent that will be appropriated by all the landowners taken together. Now, this rent that we have seen is precisely this surplus profit the profit that is available to agriculture which is over and above the average rate of profit. Now, Marx's analysis also shows us that this surplus profit which is precisely which is appropriated as rent by landowners can be broken down further into three parts what Marx calls differential rent of variety one differential rent of variety two and differential and absolute rent. So, let us look at those three components of this total rent. So, for our analysis we will think of agriculture as having different plots of land. So, this is plot one this is plot two this is plot three let us say we have arranged all the plots of land in increasing order of quality. So, this is the worst quality plot and this is the best quality plot. The worst quality plot will be important because it becomes the benchmark against which we will be able to compare all other plots of land. Let us say alpha is the average rate of profit in the economy. Now, on any plot of land the ith plot of land where i stands for a general number could be 1 2 3 4 or any number n for the ith plot of land the amount of constant capital invested is c i amount of variable capital invested is v i. So, the subscript identify the land that we are thinking about. If alpha is the rate of profit the average rate of profit and r i is the rate of profit earned by capital invested on that plot of land then the surplus profit is the profit that could be earned by the capital if it earned that average the rate of profit that is earned on that plot minus the rate of profit the amount of profit which would be earned if that capital amount earned the average rate of profit prevailing in the economy. So, this is precisely what we have called the surplus profit and this it is this amount that is appropriated as rent. So, this is nothing, but the total amount of rent. Now, we can break up this total amount of rent into three parts. One is the amount of rent that is known as differential rent of variety 1. So, differential rent of variety 1 comes from comparing the rate of profit earned on plot i to the rate of profit earned on the benchmark plot of land. So, this is known as differential rent of variety 1. Second is differential rent of variety 2 which compares the amount of capital invested on the ith plot versus the amount of capital invested on the worst plot that is the benchmark plot multiplied by the average rate of profit earned on the worst plot in excess of the average rate of profit earned on the in the rest of the economy. This is known as differential rent of variety 2 plus there is the third the final third component of rent which is what is called the absolute rent which is the surplus profit earned on the benchmark or the worst plot of land. So, the total rent can therefore, be broken up into differential rent of variety 1 plus differential rent of variety 2 plus absolute rent. So, on any plot of land the total rent is composed of these three components. Now, you can immediately see that on the worst plot of land both differential rent of variety 1 and differential rent of variety 2 will be 0. Why? Because on plot when we are looking at the worst plot of land the rate of profit earned on that plot of land is equal to r 1 therefore, this quantity will be 0. On the other hand when we look at this the amount of capital invested will be exactly equal to c 1 plus v 1. So, this is 0 and therefore, this will become 0. Therefore, on the worst plot of land the only amount of rent that will remain is this. So therefore, we can go back and understand absolute rent as the amount of rent that is earned by the landlord who owns the worst plot of land. On any plot of land which is which is better than the worst plot the amount of rent earned is a slightly more than that and that amount that is more than the worst plot of the rent earned on the worst plot of land is known as the differential rent. The differential rent is the rent that comes from the difference in the quality of any plot of land vis-a-vis the worst plot of land. So, that completes our analysis of rent which is the final fragment into which surplus value breaks up in a capitalist economy. Let me end by making two points. One question that immediately will come to mind is that this whole analysis rests on the assumption that the organic composition of capital in agriculture is low. If we look at the agricultural sector in much of the capitalist world today it is almost as capital intensive as any other sector. Therefore, one needs to ask the question whether the analysis of rent in volume 3 is applicable to capitalist agriculture or in in much of the advanced capitalist country today. And the answer is yes even though Marx had worked with the assumption of low organic composition of capital that is not essential for his argument. What is essential is for there to be some mechanism through which a price of the commodity produced using that resource emerges which is higher than the price of production. Therefore, if that other mechanism is available even if that economy does not have a low organic composition of capital it will be able to generate some extra surplus value extra with relation to the average rate of profit and that extra can be appropriated by owner of resources as rent. Secondly, Marx's analysis really focus mostly on agriculture but it should be clear that the analysis can be applied to other sector of the economy as well. What is essential is that the sector uses some resource for producing commodities through which surplus value can be realized. So, for instance oil and natural gas, real estate and other sectors today which rely on the use of natural resources can be equally well analyzed using the the framework developed by Marx in volume 3 of Capital. With that we come to the end of the argument developed by Marx in the 3 volumes of Capital. We have understood the processes related to the generation of surplus value that was volume 1, processes relevant to the realization of surplus value that was the object of analysis in volume 2 and the processes relevant to the distribution and redistribution of surplus value that was the object of analysis in volume 3. So, by the end of our analysis of the 3 volumes of Capital we get a pretty comprehensive picture of the structure and dynamics of capitalist economies. One of the key things that we take away from this discussion is that all the the types of income that is earned by different fragments of the ruling class like profits, like rent, like interest, like dividend all of those are really forms of surplus value and we know from our analysis of volume 1 that surplus value is just the monetary representation of the unpaid labor of productive workers. So, finally, the whole edifice of income of the ruling class rests on the unpaid labor of productive workers. This is the key insight that Marx wanted to drive home through his analysis of the 3 volumes of Capital that just like other forms of class society, capitalism is a class society and therefore, it rests on the exploitation of one part of society by the other. The other thing Marx wanted to analyze and emphasize was the deeply contradictory and ambivalent nature of capitalism. On the one hand it generates enormous productivity, generates enormous technological change. On the other hand since technological progress and change is harnessed to generating profits, it completely ignores the possibilities that is opened up by technological change for larger human welfare. It ignores the effect of technology on the two primary sources of wealth, nature and labor. And therefore, we cannot but end by agreeing with Marx that the only way to realize all the potential opened by capitalism is to transcend it.


Eating healthily can be a challenge in our everyday lives. That's why we are proposing changes to support people to make healthier food and drink choices. We want to improve our local food environment by supporting local authorities to make decisions about food outlets in their area. Finding a healthier balance that meets the needs of the community. Helping to make the healthy choice the easy choice. To find out more about the Healthy Food Environment consultation visit gov.wales forward slash consultations.


We have a device here that's called a hand boiler. It contains some colored methanol, which has a fairly low boiling point. I'm going to place a damp piece of paper towel on the top of the hand boiler. Make observations about what happens in the hand boiler and explain what happens in the hand boiler.


A blood screening can help many people detect if they're at risk for health problems but one in Bemidji is also helping the community. Hedy Clatter tells us how the Bemidji Rotary Club is partnering up with Sanford Bemidji to bring health awareness and raise funds for a local playground. The Bemidji Rotary Club is an organization of local businesses and community members that do philanthropic work. The club hosted its third annual blood screening event at Sanford Bemidji. This event is a benefit to the community in that the Rotary Club is receiving part of the funds from the screening to go towards the inclusive playground. Last year 500 people showed up at the screenings and more than $5,000 was raised. The club made a hundred thousand dollar commitment toward the funds for the playground.  No appointment was necessary. Anyone could walk up, pay $35 upfront and then be seen. There was one requirement for the blood screening. We just asked that you be fasting to get accurate results for the test. The blood test includes screening for glucose cholesterol and hemoglobin. The low-cost screening also lets people be proactive about their health. It's just having some awareness and maybe catching something that you wouldn't have necessarily caught during your last routine visit. Many people from Sanford are in the Rotary Club so the partnership seems like a good fit. It's beneficial to the community from a health standpoint and a health awareness but it also contributes to some of the community initiatives that Rotary has. People can receive test results electronically through Sanford MyChart or they can be mailed. In Bemidji, Haiti-Claude, Lakeland News. The screenings will continue tomorrow and Wednesday from 7 in the morning until 10 in the morning at Sanford Bemidji. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Hello, this is LaptopMedia, and today, we will show you how to open the HP Omen 16 and what's inside of it. To get inside this device, you need to undo 8 Philips head screws. Then, pry the bottom panel, starting from the back. Keep in mind that you may need to use some force. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. Here, we see 2 M.2 PCI-EX4 slots. The one on the left supports Gen3 drives, while the other can house Gen4 ones. Interestingly, you will need to remove the right SSD, if you want to take the battery out. Speaking of which, the unit inside has a capacity of 83 watt hours. It lasted us for more than 9 hours of web browsing, or about 7 hours of video playback. So, removing the SSD reveals the hidden screws. Undo it, as well as the 5 other screws. Then, you can lift the battery and unplug its connector from the motherboard. Memory-wise, there are 2 Sodom DDR4 slots, which support dual channel mode. Last but not least, there is the cooling. It comprises 2 large heat pipes shared between the CPU and the GPU. A third one is dedicated to the graphics card and has its own heat sink on the left. It's also good to know, that the VRMs and the graphics memory are all covered by a cooling plate. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel.


Hello everybody, welcome back. So if you are interested in our dental assisting membership site for the board exam so you get full access to a board exam preparation per month and you only pay per month to make things more cost effective and you can cancel anytime if you don't want to learn more. But trust me there is lots inside this membership site where you're going to want to stay on for the full seven months. So let me talk about this a little bit. This full board exam prep course technically lasts seven months and in that seven months you get everything you need to know for the board exam a little bit at a time so it's much less overwhelming and you only pay per month. So for example, the first month we talk about the dental assisting profession and basic sciences. So everything you have to know that includes that. So think anatomy, you know basic sciences we learn all about that the first month you get full access to that right away so as soon as you sign up for the membership site that is month one, you get full access to that 30 days later another portion will open up. If you decide to pay for month two, and that is oral prevention and disease. So thinking about all things oral prevention that you have to know for the board exam, perio, gum disease, all of that we learn in month two. Month three, we talk about infection prevention so think infection control. All you have to know about sterilizing disinfecting what to do in the office. What is a critical item what is a non critical item what is a semi critical, we go through all about infection control month for is patient information and clinical foundations month five is dental materials, all that that encompasses month six is radiography a topic of mine. And month seven is dental admin and communications. So per month you will get new mock exams, new case studies, new PowerPoint and new teaching videos, where I actually teach you those topics per month. So you can either read through the PowerPoints if you decide you don't want to listen to me for once because you've had enough, you get PowerPoints but then if you're kind of bored kind of tired and you just want to listen to me teaching you then there are going to be lots of teaching videos after you learn all of that for the month. There are mock exams and case studies to test your knowledge, including interactive quizzes so you can pick an answer. And it tells you if it's right or wrong right away which is fantastic. You will also get full access to our monthly live tutoring sessions on that topic. So remember how I said month one we learn about the dental profession the dental assisting profession and basic sciences so we will meet live online with everybody where it's a question and answer live class so you can ask me anything. Plus I talk about that months topic so if you have questions. If you need additional clarification, if you say to me Andrea, can you explain bones of the skull I didn't really get it. That is what I am there for per month making studying so much easier and so much easier to to focus your studying per month. So you don't have seven months worth of board exam prep. And then say okay what am I supposed to study first I have no idea. I do all of that for you I tell you what to study and when to study per month. But let's say you want to move ahead and go at your own pace. You can do that to or take your time maybe for month one you did not have. You do not have to worry about months to read through anatomy at all and you're into month to where we talk about oral prevention and disease. You do not have to worry about losing month ones access all of those teachings all of all of the mock exams. You will have everything as long as you keep paying for the membership site so you get full access to everything. So if you have those seven months if you decide to stay for the whole thing. But again you can also learn at your own pace so if it takes you three months to go through a month one. That's okay take your time and I am always here to help you. Plus you also have full access to our previous live classes so if you missed one if you want to see a teaching live class that I did last year that has been recorded. You have full access to those also so you get everything inside this membership site per month and add a much more affordable price because you only have to have to pay per month. I try to make things as easy as possible for students because I know it's hard and I know it's extremely stressful to have to study for that board exam so I am here to help. Let me know you guys if you have any questions and I will talk to everybody soon stay tuned for the next video.


When Master Duel first released, I had a team of Yu-Gi-Oh scientists put together the best deck possible. That deck was the Gamble deck, comprised of two pieces, both rolling dice and tossing coins. And I had the idea that we were gonna steal from Team APS. They already did it. And look, my philosophy when it comes to Team APS, I love those guys, but they're like the Simpsons.  We're doing dice, me being dice, versus Dotto's little coin flip. I'm coin flip. I don't say little. And also, yeah, we stole, yeah, we stole the idea. What are you gonna do? Sue us, please don't. They didn't do it on Master Duel, so we hit it first. Let's get it.  And Dotto and I are also gonna canonically, in the future, go to Vegas pretty soon. Yeah. You know what? I'm gonna let fate decide this, too, Dotto. I'm gonna let fate decide this. Yo, you wouldn't be a true gambler of legend if you didn't. How is it gonna make you feel, bro, if you get cooked like gamble-wise, bro? And you're like the gamble that got. Well, honestly, I tested you against my gamble deck, and your luck proved to be pretty good as well. But honestly, Deon, let's just say I ain't worried about it. Let's just say that for real. Anyway, I'll start by setting three face stats.   Oh, what the... Oh, hold on. Did I start with the luck game right away? You'd be a fool not there. I'll play my dice-lops. Dice-lops? Once per turn, I can roll a six-sided... No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. Damn, you're a... If I get a one... You're crazy.  Why is this so... Hold on, I should probably just in case, you know, just just... Now that you've shown fear, you're definitely gonna get a six. No, I'm gonna get a one, Donald. I'm gonna get a one. Let's go! What? There's no way! I told you, Deon, as soon as you hesitate, Deon, you've lost respect in the eyes of the gamble. I got a six!  Deon! Honestly, when I added this, I looked at what I got for a one, and I just disregarded everything else. There's a... There's a freaking... What is the odds, man? I had a five of six chance that I'd get a bad freaking result from that. Yeah, I know you did. You played it anyway. That's fine, that's fine. I got another little game to play. Snipe Hunter! You got another Snipe Hunter? Yeah.   Now I don't have to worry about discarding him, is the point. Now I'll get a one. Let's go. Okay, a three. I'll have to discard one, except I don't have any. Loser. All right, let's go. Dyslops, let's keep it classic. Let's be crazy, Deon.  You better call it, brother. You better call it, or actually I'll call it for you. Heads coming up. It's a heads. Sorry, that's going to decrease your attack points to zero, my man. That is going to decrease your attack points to zero. That is 1700, Deon. Would you like to take another run? Don't run away!  I have 1500 attack base. I can't attack again. What do you mean? Well, too bad. I'm going to draw and put you away by drawing the other piece to my fusion monster. Blowback Dragon. Oh, what? Nothing. Oh, it costs 500 to keep it on the field, don't it? I got a hope that that works out in my favor in the long term. Dang, what do all my cards got a discard card? Oh my God, that is such a good card. Ever heard of head judging? If you don't call it correctly, that monster will become mine. Okay. What do you mean, okay? I don't know, man. You should be scared. Oh, brother. Okay, I don't know. All right. I just can't hesitate. I just have to be confident. That's exactly what you need to do. I should be my Snipe Hunter. Huh? Are you going to summon the this? For maximum six. Well, allow it, bro. Allow it, bro. I am going to allow it. Allow it, bro. You have to prove that you're good enough. Allow it, bro. I mean, just approve that you're good enough. And then you're good. What, what, what? There you go, there you go. Now I get to roll a dice and I'm going to gain attack. Okay. All right. You know what? It's enough. It's enough. Now dice slops. Eventually we're going to get a one. Well, how about this rough start? Oh my God. What if dice slops is my monster for the rest of the do? Unless you're feeling confident. Wait, can this is only once per turn? Oh, nope. Oh my God. I'm getting too many away, man. All right. Now I just have to win the coin toss. He he he he he he he he he. Very bucks coming up heads. No, it's every turn heads again. No, I'll show you ludicrous, Jerome. I have no card that get rid of trap. So go off, bro. You didn't throw in a dice food.  Hey bet your sweet Bippy.  You don't need this card. I do actually you don't When is it ever been heads for real for real? It's the same. You don't have any cards to this card I'll be honest to be honest though. I never really liked them. I never really liked that you having that monsters I'll just throw them away. Oh, you're so disrespectful to bring out barrel dragon. This is such Now all I need is three just give me three heads. I know I only need two but why not three bing bing bing Oh to that's a too bad You're gonna try to blow me off the map with that. Let's get into the next Well, you better you better spice this up for Reagan bro like what's going on? Bro them coin flip cars way better than You got dice jar I forgot about dice jar one and six chance mine you got Every time see the thing about dice jar is the yeah, you just hesitated too much bro The second you're right that first face down. You lost the respect of the gods. Okay. All right. All right God, do you hear me watch what I do now? I'm a change man. Did you pick to go first or second? I didn't pick at all.  I'm not scared man. I'm not scared, bro Would you look at that goodbye? How about a second dice food my Let's have a good old swimming time I'm no longer having fun.  I've got some face downs for you, mate.  Go on That's only when you battle a monster. Okay. Got you. I know yeah, he's just here for fun You know what I know I'll save that. I'll save that go ahead. What'd you talking about?  You're just on the wall Let's see what we get Sasuke samurai has never lost a game.  They get animations the card. They should have banned bro.  I'll play my shadow knight archery. Damn. Why he has so many attacks You you only take half the damage though. Go ahead. Damn. Why does he have negation? Well, I like to make my trap card proton blast. Okay. Okay. What's that do when I toss a coin I get bonus effects by how many heads I get. Anyway, it don't matter because if I get a heads All right, you'll take 500 dead. Oh, all righty, and here's 500 damage for you. All right.  I got a 1 in 6 man. It's a number It's a guy first. I'll tribute something for blowback dragon.  What happened? Oh, I got no heads. Never mind. Wait, you should you should there should be a proton blast It hurt you man. You you messed up man. You got you got nothing. Then I'll activate the spell card polarization My god To fuse blowback dragon and barrel dragon into the ultimate gattling dragon city of doom I could destroy as many monsters on your field with three coins Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, what but you don't have any monster coin three times Okay monsters got you got you three coins coming up and there's only one heads. Enjoy your 500. Damn it.  Look, yeah, I'm got no monsters in my head right now.  I had some monsters I didn't read now.  I just got so excited to summon gattling dragon. I saw it in your eyes, Mike You ain't got no monsters Oh, man, I didn't have Once you see all the deadly traps I have Yeah, okay. You what you don't you don't believe me. No You ain't got no monsters bro, but I do have sniper. I'll blow Me away, man.  Ain't nothing lucky about it. You're really god's favorite.  Oh Nice bro. Are you killing it? Yes, I am real.  Oh, dammit Just don't get a three.     Don't get a three It's getting real spooky in here. No, ain't it five needle walls. We go crazy. It's getting real spooky in here, isn't it? It's getting a little spooky.  It's getting a little crazy I think you're lucky, mate. You're lucky. Oh, that could be a flip effect though.  I need that card. Maybe baby God, it's just pretty decent defense. I'll activate skull dice skull dice Come on, baby. Yeah Let's go.  Unfortunately, I do have to call the coin toss correctly with heads And he's out of there. Bro, you just call heads every time. Mix it up a little, mate. And boom, here's your free 500 damage scrub. All right. I'm about to give you these free hands in the five seconds, bro. You keep talking Yes, I told you this was going to happen. Didn't I? Time was it? Time rule left. I'll activate blind obliteration I roll dice and if you have less level than what I roll Would you look at that? Goodbye.   I was so scared of time. I should have just let that rock Blind obliteration actually a pretty decent card with the buck. I'll end my turn. Yeah, dammit That's a non-targetable removal blind obliteration. Yeah, I know I'm it's blind, bro I can't target him from blind just just like love. Honestly.   I know I didn't get any heads Shut them just letting you know bro.    Just watch brother. Just watch.   Are you?  Just don't draw another monster. I'm not targeting the gods I'm targeting the ground beneath them. Anyway, uh twin barrel dragon is cool and everything But I'm trying to blow you back out dragon with the big dragon And I'm only doing this because now I get to toss three coins If two of them are heads, I'll get the effect. If three of them are heads, I'll get the ultimate proton blast With three heads, I can destroy yet another card This is awful. And then also I get to discard one of your cards. This is more interesting. I'll allow you to keep I'll let you keep maximum six, but it looks like this duel is ending soon anyway.  All you got to do is roll two sided dice I have it brother. Uh, can you do that once per turn?   Tell me the truth. Yes playable. Yes, I'll play it Please bro. Don't use your effect to play. All right.  You had a little calm over here. Yeah, I was way, bro playing another monster, brother Damn Yeah, we're gonna change which result do you want to change? I want to change this one I had a six and a one. I want to change this one Oh, coin toss time.  Goodbye. Well Proton blast God damn, bro damn a little bit of 500 burns goes a long way Bro, hold on bro. Now I truly believe I see the error of my ways and I see how I'm supposed to beat you Just a couple gamblers of legends out here, you know, bro. I'm just a gambler. You're the gambler It's because I believe I'm just out here losing all my money in vegas the coin would never steer me wrong Bro, these guys bro.   Oh devlin devlin. Yeah, dude devlin Oh like mine I'll play another card And then I'll proceed and I'll set a card face down and I'll end my turn Not the most inspiring turn I'll start it off pretty easy as well by setting one face down and then you know what I'll leave with ol sasuke samurai You're familiar when I battle with him. I get to call a uh a coin and if I'm correct your monster will simply explode Okay, so your monster's going to simply explode as I always get this correct It's going to be heads and you'll simply go to the graveyard you and your dice.   Hey, you don't get threes with needle I don't know how to I don't know how to explain it to you any better than that You ain't got it like that.   Come on. Come on.  I'll play sniper hunter activate sniper hunter discord What was that destroy dark master zork? You need some of the zork have to do with dice.   I'm not and it's my proton.  So it looks like you couldn't get rid of proton blast this time Looks like you couldn't get rid of it this time. Good. You might I've got a four of six chance every time Ah, yes, finally. I drew my card that they put in the game.  I'm gonna get heads and then I draw two Draw draw And then also take your 500 course This is absolutely new Then I'll do you a favor. I'll play misjud.  I know not one. I have school dice my Shit, well, that's what misjudge would have said if I didn't get two heads to negate it.  You're so much better, man. You're struggling over there brother.  Give me a three. I'll activate my second proton blast.  Give me a three. I'll activate the pass of destiny Wait, what if the we both get to toss a coin and if their heads we gain 2000 if their tails we take 2000 So don't get tails basically as for me. I'll go ahead and get my heads now. Thank you very much Now it's your turn to young Wait, whose turn was that? What wait Dummy all right, come on give me a three Ah, sorry brother Two heads coming up. Yeah, nice.  I have to keep riding the walk. Dice spoon Ain't that just a shame?  You will an attack murder.    What is happening? Hey, why don't I sweeten the needle wall deer for you, bro? Why don't I sweeten the deal for you my man? Here you go. I'll activate the spell card Polymerization, what do you mean sweeten the deal? I'm going to take you to the future the land of tomorrow deon by sending kairul and time wizard to my graveyard I can bring forth the wizard of tomorrow What does the city even do destroys many monsters? Oh monsters. Okay. Yeah. Yeah, it'd be nice if I had those There was ever a time bro. It's now We God, I can't make this up the time wizard of tomorrow. What do you mean? You can't make this up. Do you get another dice food? Yes I drew dark master zork I'll do the pass of destiny again Oh no Tails on that first one, please. Oh, okay. Okay. I can live with that Oh, hey, what's the problem? Take 500. Also. I got two heads. So get out of here Oh, and boom Take another 500 with you. Yeah Proton blast.  Go ahead, bro. That's what you supposed to do.  As many heads as possible one I only get to destroy one of my own cards Don't destroy the gambler of legend. Yeah, but sadly it was one head So take 500 take 500 more. Don't ever talk to me again.   What is going on? This game doesn't want me to succeed with luck I have to carve my destiny with skill and raw bow. Well, it looks like it's time for me to start making my way downtown You know what I'm saying? Satsuki samurai? This guy's so annoying. I gotta say proton blast has been a very effective burn method for me. Yeah You just made a big mistake, man.   You shouldn't have played a pathetic card Why because now I have something to target and when I have something to target I have coins to toss the with what queen barrel dragon I drew him just now with one card targeted. I can toss two coins blind obliteration. It's too late I've already tossed the coins. Don't do this. That's fine. It was thought roll two ones coward. There's no way I'm out of here. I'm out. I'm good I'm good. Now, let me do it. There. That's what I'm good. That's fine. I'm good. Take a proton blast Take a proton. Now we gotta do one more.     I'm getting more laughs in as well. Yeah, man, mate. I am my bloody. Well, I am it's Doin wizard doin.  Oh, no 500 I'm feeling good now. I'm doing good. Come on. Hey, hey, hey comment section blow on the dice really quick Thank you. All right dice. Boom. Let's go. I knew it was dice for me. I'm good Oh Boom the pass of destiny bad day. Oh, and not I'm glad I got rid of this other freaking fairy box And now it's time dotto doya. Yeah, contract with the dark monster. You actually have zork You're subbing dark masters zork I sure am by tributing these two monsters.  Well, you already sound nervous. No, I'm not. No, I'm not. Not nervous. Not nervous No, no, yeah, get out of here, brother. Damn. Yeah Yeah, let's top it off with little snipe hunter snipe hunter.  It's a little less scary Yeah, but it's like swords are revealing light in a way. Yeah, except you got a coming up heads again I mean Like what what are we doing right now? What do you mean? What are we doing? I'm winning my duels And now all I need is one draw and this duel is over That's what I was hoping for for real But I'll pay for it and now I just need cup of ace to come through cup of ace Please come through for me, man Please come on. Yeah, you're done. You're cooked kid.   Go ahead snipe hunter. Don't do it snipe hunter Go ahead snipe hunter six six six. Nah, nah, my tough go ahead snipe hunter Go ahead snipe hunter. Yo, what are you doing?  There you go.  Oh, nice draw. Do they make it for med? We'll see if you can make it past giggling like snipe hunter is not about to just snipe that card off the face of the earth I'm gonna keep giggling all the way to the sandbox.


A very good evening aspirants, welcome to Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankarae's Academy for the date 10th of December 2022. Displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. Without any delay, let's get into the article discussion. We are going to start our discussion with this friend page news article. See yesterday around 10 PM at Marmalibram coast, Cyclone Manders began its landfall near Chennai and this brought more intense rain to coastal areas of Tamil Nadu. See the Cyclone moved at a speed of 14 km per hour and as a precautionary measure over 15 flights from Chennai airport to several cities were cancelled. See as per the article over 470 personnel of National Disaster Response Force and State Disaster Response Force were deputed to high alert zones. So in this backdrop let us understand some of the basics about tropical cyclones, its formation and its landfall. Now let's begin with tropical cyclones. See tropical cyclone is nothing but an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and move over to the coastal areas. See they are irregular wind movements involving closed circulation of air around a low pressure center. So they are characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds and heavy rain and that is exactly why they can cause large scale destruction. See remember the cyclonic wind movements are anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere and it is clockwise in the southern hemisphere. See this is due to the Coriolis force. See the Coriolis force is an apparent force caused by earth's rotation. See in simple words the rotation of earth about its axis affects the direction of wind. Here the force which is responsible for affecting the direction of wind is called as Coriolis force and as we all know it has a great impact on the direction of wind movement. See Coriolis force is nothing but force caused by earth's rotation and it affects the direction of wind movement. This is all you have to know about Coriolis force and know that the cyclonic wind movements are anticlockwise in northern hemisphere and clockwise in southern hemisphere and this is due to the Coriolis force. Now with this information let us move on to see the conditions which are needed for the tropical cyclone formation. The first condition is that there should be a large sea surface with a temperature higher than 27 degree Celsius and the second condition is that there should be presence of Coriolis force and the third condition is there should be small variations in the vertical wind speed and fourthly there should be a pre-existing weak low pressure area or lower level cyclonic circulation and fifthly there should be upper divergence above the sea level system. So under these favorable conditions multiple thunderstorms originate over the oceans and these thunderstorms merge and create an intense low pressure system and this is how a tropical cyclone originates. Now talking about the early stage of the cyclone see the energy that intensifies the storm comes from the release of latent heat from the condensation process. See the condensation process occurs in the cumulonimbus clouds surrounding the center of the storm and with continuous supply of moisture from the sea the storm is further strengthened. On reaching the land the moisture supply is cut off and the storm dissipates. See the place where a tropical cyclone crosses the coast is called the landfall of a cyclone but if the ocean can supply more moisture the storm will reach a mature stage. See a mature tropical cyclone is characterized by strong spirally circulating wind around the center which is called as I. See the diameter of the circulating system can vary between 150 and 250 kilometer. Here the I is the region where it will be calm with subsiding air and around the eye there is this eye wall and here only there is a strong spirally ascent of air to great height reaching the tropopause. See here ascent means rising. See here the wind reaches maximum velocity in this region that is the eye wall and it may reach as high as 250 kilometer per hour and torrential rains occur in this area. See from the eye wall rain bands radiate and rows and rows of cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds drift into the outer region and this expands the diameter of the storm. See the diameter of storm over Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean is between 600 to 1200 kilometer. So these are all some of the informations regarding tropical cyclones. See remember as I already said the tropical cyclones dissipate and when do they dissipate when they no longer get sufficient energy from warm ocean water and how do they get this energy through the release of latent heat from condensation process. So when this is disrupted or when there is no longer sufficient energy from the warm ocean water the tropical cyclones dissipate and we saw that while reaching the land the moisture supplied to the cyclone system is cut off and this is the major reason why the storm dissipates and remember one important fact the place where a tropical cyclone crosses the coast is called as landfall of the cyclone. Now that's all regarding this article discussion. In this discussion we saw about tropical cyclones the conditions which are needed for its formation we saw about Coriolis 4 and we saw the process of tropical cyclone and its dissipation. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now for our next discussion we are going to take this editorial article. See this news article talks about the food safety expansion. See as we all know the National Food Security Act 2013 provides a crucial safety net for around 800 million people and how it is doing it it is through the public distribution system but it was noted that too many are still excluded from the PDS that is nothing but the public distribution system. See during the COVID-19 crisis the entitlements of the 800 million people were doubled that is from 5 kilograms of food grains per month per person to 10 kgs and this is the increase in entitlement but this increase in entitlement it did nothing for those who did not have ration cards. So the author of this article is talking about this food safety expansion that is the subsidized food should go to all the persons those who are not having ration cards as well and this is the crux of the news article given here in this context let us see the reason for excluding people from such food safety measures and then we'll see how the issue is addressed by the court and also the government and finally we'll see some of the measures that are to be taken to address this issue but before that the syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference please go through it. First of all let us know briefly about this public distribution system see this PDS which is expanded as public distribution system our targeted PDS was providing a food security at the household level but the enactment of National Food Security Act 2013 brought a tremendous shift see it shifted the approach of food security from welfare to rights-based approach see right to food is not explicitly mentioned in the fundamental rights of the constitution but it is implicitly mentioned under article 21 so what is article 21 it is the right to life and liberty so under this article it is indirectly mentioned that right to food is a fundamental right see the eldest woman of the household of age 18 years and above she is mandated to be the head of the household for the purpose of issuing ration cards under the national food security act and this is a step towards women empowerment and know that the national food security act covers two-thirds of the population to receive highly subsidized food grains highly subsidized food grains means food grains available at low prices okay but the population coverage has to be increased because even now there are many cases where people do not have ration cards see we all know subsidized food grains are accessible to people who has ration cards right so for this only the author is saying that the population coverage for the provision of highly subsidized food grains has to be increased now you may all wonder what is the reason for the exclusion of population from getting subsidized food grains see there was less coverage due to the fact that there is a freeze in coverage in absolute terms that is around 800 million see the previous coverage is determined by section three of the national food security act 2013 so what does this section three say it states that the entitlements of eligible households shall extend up to 75 percentage of rural population and up to 25 percentage of urban population see this cap it was fixed stating that the standard of living of people would improve over a period of time now take section nine of national food security act it says that the total number of persons to be covered should be calculated on the basis of population census see the problem here is that the population increase between 2011 census and today it is not accounted for determining the number of ration cards why is that because we do not have 2021 census yet and this directly means that a decadal update has not happened and that is why there is exclusion in determining the number of ration cards and that is why we are rounding it and saying around 800 million people and this leads to the exclusion see this issue became very serious during COVID-19 time at this time many who were excluded from the issuance of ration cards suffered a food crisis we all know how we suffered right likewise people who do not have ration cards experienced the worst so through a petition the problems and miseries of migrant laborers were taken to the supreme court so the supreme court also agreed the request to increase the coverage of the food security measure to a wider population and thus it directed the union of India to come out with the formula or any appropriate policy or scheme this is to be done so that the benefits under the national food security act are not restricted to people as per the 2011 census this means that more and more needy citizens get the benefit under national food security act now this is the direction by supreme court has the government followed the supreme court's directions no instead the government filed a delayed response see the response stated that since there was no latest census published the coverage remained the same and also the government said that for any increase in the population the act has to be amended what is the act that the government is talking about it is the national food security act the government is saying for any increase in population the national food security act has to be amended but like we discussed about the supreme court has already taken into the account of the delayed census issue for this the supreme court suggested a solution to use the population projections know that the official population projections for the year 2021 are available with the registrar general of India but the government it has not considered this suggestion the government it followed the cap which it has fixed to before itself that is 75 percentage for rural population and only 25 percentage for urban population and it has supported its decisions by stating that the per capita income of population has increased and it also said that the percentage of vulnerable population has come down considerably now you think about it how come an increase in the average imply an increase for everyone it is not so right if there is improvement in an average basis then it does not mean every single person's standard of living has improved and this is what author is trying to say see so far we saw about the entitlements under national food security act and the reason for exclusion directions by supreme court and the government's response to the supreme court's direction now let us see what the state governments have done regarding this see state governments they are ready to provide the ration cards once the order for increase in coverage is announced by the central government and also know that though it is not a state's responsibility several state governments have used their own resources to address the issues faced by their people and this includes states such as Chhattisgarh, Odisha etc see they had tried to expand their coverage of population beyond the centrally determined quotas but the major problem here is that these beneficiaries that is who are excluded from the national food security act they are subjected to less entitlements when compared to the national food security act beneficiaries and this is the major problem so from this we can say that state governments are taking efforts to address this issue but there is a limit to which they can provide aids to the people right now what can be done to address this issue see there should be an increase in population coverage as said by the supreme court and secondly there should be comfortable and sufficient food stocks see only if this is ensured then the expansion of the policy coverage is affordable by the government so this should be taken care of and thus the author concludes by saying that if the government takes actions as per the supreme court's directions then there will be an increase in coverage by roughly 10 percentage that is the national food security acts coverage will increase from 800 million people to 900 million people and this is nothing when compared to doubling of food subsidy that was done during the covid-19 crisis and the author also says that since the government's responses are not satisfying the supreme court should be firm in directing the government to do an additional coverage of roughly 100 million across the states see only then the states can start identifying the new ration card beneficiaries and finally the author says that failure in conducting the 2021 census should not affect the vulnerable population anymore and that's all regarding this article discussion in this discussion we saw about the national food security act public distribution system national food security act beneficiaries the reason for exclusion of vulnerable people from national food security act supreme court's directions regarding it government's response state government's efforts and the measures that are needed to be taken to address this issue now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion now look at this article see the news is that supreme court asked the union government to respond to a petition filed by national commission for women and the petition it seeks to rise the minimum age of marriage for muslim women as we all know the legal age for marriages 18 years for women and 21 years for men and the marriage below this age is considered to be a child marriage and we all know it is an offense see under the muslim personal law the marriageable age of a muslim woman is considered to be over 15 years so the ncw that is the national commission for women argued that allowing this practice would expose muslim women to abuse and harassment and the ncw also said that allowing a muslim woman to marry below the age of 18 years is arbitrary and discriminatory see the poxo act that also did not permit marriage below the age of 18 years so the petition by the ncw which seeks to rise the age of marriage of muslim women is in consonance with the statutory law like poxo act and this is the crux of the news article given here in this context let's learn about ncw that is the national commission for women its composition its objective and some important functions of ncw first of all know that national commission for women was set up in january 1992 and it was constituted under national commission for women act 1990 so from this we can say that it is a statutory body and what is the mission of national commission for women see the main mission of ncw is to enable women to achieve equality equal participation in all spheres of life see this will be done by securing the due rights and entitlements of women through suitable policy formulation and it is also done through legislative measures effective enforcement of laws and implementation of several schemes and apart from this ncw also aims to devise strategies to solve specific problems arising out of discrimination and atrocities against women and this is about the mission of ncw the first one is to achieve equality and equal participation and second one is strategies to solve problems faced by women now talking about its composition see the composition of ncw it consists of a chairperson five other members and a member secretary see they all are nominated by the central government now you may think is there a qualification for these members is that is firstly let us see the qualification of chairperson see the chairperson should be committed to the cause of women and this is the one and only qualification for the chairperson now coming to the qualification of members see the five members who are to be nominated should be from amongst the persons of ability integrity and standing and the members should possess experience in various fields like management of industry potential of women women's voluntary organization education administration economic development and social welfare and this is about the qualification for the members of ncw now the qualification of member secretary see the member secretary shall be either an expert in the field of management organizational structure or social movement or the member secretary should be an officer who is a member of civil service of the union or all India civil servant or an officer holding a civil post under the union with appropriate experience and this is the qualification for the member secretary and totally these are all the qualifications for chairperson members and member secretary of ncw now finally let us see some of the important functions of ncw see firstly ncw reviews the constitutional and legal safeguards for women in the country and secondly ncw reports to the central government about the working of the constitutional and legal safeguards and also it recommends for its effective implementation by states and center thirdly ncw suggests remedial legislative measures to address the shortcomings in the existing legislations and finally ncw it can see a motto consider matters of deprivation of women's rights and then non-implementation of laws and non-compliance of policy decisions regarding women see these are all the major functions of national commission for women and with this we have also come to the end of this particular article discussion in this discussion we saw about ncw we saw that it's a statutory body and after that we saw about its mission composition and the qualification of the members of ncw and finally we ended our discussion by seeing the functions of national commission for women and with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion now have a look at this front page news article see we saw this news article before itself right during that discussion we saw the formation of tropical cyclone the conditions for it and its landfall but we didn't concentrate much about cyclone mandus right so in this discussion we are going to concentrate on how the cyclones are named we have come across several cyclones and several names of those cyclones over the period of time but now we are going to understand how these cyclones are named see tropical cyclones forming over different ocean basins are named by the concerned regional specialized meteorological centers so what is this rsmc see worldwide there are six regional specialized meteorological centers and there are also five regional tropical cyclone warning centers which is shortly referred as tcwcs see they are mandated for issuing advisories and naming of the tropical cyclones and here if you take india the indian meteorological department is one of these six rsmcs so what does this mean this means that they provide tropical cyclone and storm surge advisories and these advisories are provided to 13 member countries under world meteorological organization here you have to know about wmo or escap so what is this see in the year 2000 a group of nations called world meteorological organization and the united nation's economic and social commission for asia and pacific decided to start naming the cyclones in this region and this comprised of eight countries which include bangladesh india maldiv's meanmer oman pakistan shrilanka and thailand but later in the year 2018 the panel expanded to include five more countries they include iran katar saudi arabia united arab emirates and yemen so totally eight plus five 13 countries or member countries of the wmo escap panel so what do they do after each country sent in their suggestions the wmo or escap panel on tropical cyclones finalizes the list see these 13 countries they recommended names for tropical cyclones which are formed in the north indian ocean and each country gave 13 names so totally 13 into 13 169 names are now readily available for naming the cyclones now coming to india specific information see indian meteorological department while serving as a regional specialized meteorological center it is mandated to name the tropical cyclones developing over north of indian ocean which includes bay of bengal and arabian sea see here our naming is done by following standard procedures for example the proposed name should be neutral to politics political figures religious beliefs cultures etc then the maximum length of the name should be eight letters and then the proposed name should be given along with its pronunciation and voice over also see the current name which is the cyclone manders it was given by the united arab emirates i have given here the table of names which are provided by 13 member countries here the panel members name are listed alphabetically country voice and then the names will be used sequentially column voice that is the first name will start from the first row of the column one and it will continue sequentially to the last row in the column 13 and then note that the table will be used only once see this table it includes only one name given by each member country i haven't given you the full table which consists of 169 names here i have given this just for your better understanding so that's all regarding this news article discussion in this discussion we saw about regional specialized meteorological centers and the WMO ESCAP panel the member countries of the panel and the naming procedure and the conditions for naming a cyclone now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion now see this article here the news is that ISRO has conducted the hot test of scramjet engine see this was conducted at ISRO's propulsion research complex at Mahindragiri which is located in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu and as per the article the test was successful see this is the crux of the news article given here now in this context we are going to learn about scramjet engine in Prillam's perspective see to know about scramjet engine you have to first know about jet engine so first of all what is jet engine see it is an engine that converts energy rich liquid fuel into a powerful pushing force here the pushing force is what is called as thrust and know that this thrust only pushes the plane forward and the jet engines they are also known as air breathing engines that is they get their oxygen from the atmosphere and there is no need to provide separate supply of oxygen for the combustion process see there are three main processes involved in the jet engines now let's see them one by one firstly there is this compression process this process increases the pressure of the air which is trapped inside the combustion chamber of the jet engine and then secondly there is combustion process this process increases the temperature of air fuel mixture and this is done by releasing the heat energy from the fuel and finally there is this exhaust process see this process increases the velocity of the exhaust gas and this helps in powering the aircraft or jet now this is the basics about jet engine we saw that there are three processes and the jet engine converts the liquid fuel into a powerful pushing force which is known as thrust now before learning about scramjet engine let us know what is ramjet engine see ramjet engine is a type of air breathing jet engine that relies on the aircraft's forward motion to compress the incoming air for the combustion process can you grasp what i'm saying consider the engine is moving forward and the air is coming inside the chamber and this movement or the motion is used to compress the air for the combustion process and this ramjet engine it does not have the rotating compressor in the ramjet engine the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber and then the fuel mixes with the hot compressed air and it gets ignited and this helps in the movement of aircraft now i'll give you some specific facts about ramjet engine see the average speed of ramjet engine is 3 to 6 mac here the term mac is nothing but the speed of sound see the efficiency of the ramjet engine starts to drop when the vehicle reaches hypersonic speed here hypersonic speed is typically above 6 mac and here only scramjet engine becomes relevant see scramjet engine resolves this issue how let's see about it see the supersonic combusting ramjet which is also known as scramjet is a variant of ramjet engine as the name suggests it involves supersonic speeds of air and it is a variant of ramjet engine see the scramjet engine is an improvement over the ramjet engine see though it is an improvement it has similar features of ramjet engine scramjet engine also does not have the rotating compressor it relies on the aircraft's forward motion to compress the incoming air for the combustion process now then what is the improvement see the scramjet engine efficiently operates at hypersonic speeds and this is what is impossible with the ramjet engine see scramjet engine allows supersonic combustion here the speed is greater than 6 mac that is six times the speed of sound now this is about the scramjet engine see this is only about the basics of the scramjet engine ramjet engine and jet engine see basics are very important for upse examination only if you understand the basics then only you can conceptually understand a particular topic so make note of all the points that we discussed today and with this we have come to the end of this particular article discussion in this discussion we saw about jet engine three main processes involved in the jet engine and ramjet engine and finally we ended our discussion by seeing the scramjet engine now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion now for our next discussion we are going to take this news article it talks about private member bill now suddenly it is in news because yesterday a private member bill was introduced in rajya sabha by a bjp member see the objective of the bill was to implement uniform civil code across the country but the bill has witnessed severe protest from the opposition members in rajya sabha so in this backdrop let us quickly go through the difference between the public bill and the private bill see the first difference lies in who introduces the bill see if a bill is introduced by any member of the parliament other than a minister then it is called as private bill here by the word any member it includes members of parliament of both the ruling party as well as the opposition so if a bill is introduced by a minister then it is called as public bill if it is introduced by any other member other than the minister then it is called as private bill but remember both the public bill and private bill can be introduced in either house of the parliament that is both in loksabha and rajya sabha now this is the first difference now the second difference lies in the objective of the bill usually the public bill reflects the policies of the government that is the ruling party while the private bill reflects the stand of opposition party on public matter some of the examples include unemployment allowance bill 2019 see it sought to provide an allowance to all of the unemployed people the second example is financial assistance to unemployed post graduates bill 2019 and this bill restricted the unemployment allowances to unemployed post graduates only so like this many bills are there which reflects the stand of opposition party on public matter and this is the second difference which is the objective of the bill and the third difference is with respect to admissibility of the bill see the admissibility that is the permission to be discussed is decided by chairman of rajya sabha and speaker in the case of loksabha and the house secretariat examines it for compliance with the constitutional provisions and rules on legislation before listing it see roughly the procedure is same for both the houses the member must give at least a month's notice before the bill can be listed for introduction now here also there is a difference if a public bill is introduced then its introduction in the house requires only seven days notice but the private member bill its introduction in the house requires one month's notice and apart from this there is also one more difference see a government bill can be introduced and discussed on any day but a private members bill is only discussed and introduced on fridays see the number of private member bills has been restricted to three per session of parliament so these are all some of the major differences that you have to know about private member bill and public bill remember these points take note of it it will be very useful for you to mention it wherever it is required with this we have come to the end of this particular article discussion in this article we saw about the differences between the public bill and private bill the first difference that we saw is with regards to introduction of bill the second difference is objective of the bill and the third difference is admissibility of the bill now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion now let us take up this news article for our discussion the news is that yesterday the supreme court collegium has approved the proposal for appointment of three additional judges as permanent judges in the kerala high court and this is the cracks of the news article given here in this context let's learn about additional and acting judges of the high court first of all know that article 224 of the constitution deals with the appointment of additional judges and acting judges for the high court so whenever you think about additional judges and acting judges of high court you should remember article 224 we'll see what is this article 224 in this discussion first of all let us take clause one of article 224 see clause one provides for the appointment of additional judges it says that the president may appoint duly qualified persons to be as additional judges of the high court now when are they appointed see if the president feels that there is any temporary increase in the business of high court or if there are any areas of work then the additional judges are appointed by the president see know that additional judges are appointed for a period as specified by the president and also remember as per clause one of article 224 the term of additional judges should not exceed two years so the president is obliged to appoint additional judges for a period not exceeding two years and this is about clause now coming to clause two it provides for the appointment of acting judges of the high court and these acting judges they are also appointed by the president now when are the acting judges appointed see they are appointed in three situations now we'll see the situations one by one firstly when there is an absence of the judge of the high court other than the chief justice of that high court okay if there is any absence of chief justice of high court acting judges cannot be appointed but if there is an absence of judge of the high court then the acting judges are appointed the second situation is that if the judge of high court for any reason unable to perform the duties of his office then the acting judges are appointed now thirdly there is this situation where a permanent judge of the high court is appointed temporarily as the chief justice of high court now what does this mean this means that high court is having one less judge because a judge is acting temporarily as the chief justice of high court so at this time an acting judge will be appointed so these are the three situations when acting judges are appointed see if these three situations arise then the acting judges are appointed by the president and know that the acting judges will remain in office until the permanent judge resumes his duties and this is about class 2 of article 224 now coming to class 3 it says that the additional judge or the acting judge of high court shall hold office till the age of 62 years so they cease to hold office after attaining the age of 62 years see know that this is a general condition and what about these specific conditions regarding additional and acting judges see in case of additional judges the term should not exceed two years and in case of acting judges they will remain in office until the permanent judge of the high court resumes his duties so that's all regarding this news article discussion in this discussion we saw about additional judges appointment and some of the conditions related to it and we also saw about acting judges and the three situations when the acting judges are appointed now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion now see this final news article here it talks about three medicinal plant species that are found in the Himalayas and as per the article these three medicinal plant species have made it to the IUC and red list of threatened species after the recent assessment so now we'll see the species and its category in IUC and red list the first one is mesotrophous pellet and it is assessed as critically endangered the second one is fritilloria keroza and it is assessed as vulnerable and the third one is dactylorhiza hatagire and it is assessed as endangered see the first plant species is mesotrophous pellet it is commonly known as patva see it is a perineal shrub with restricted distribution that is endemic to uttarakant see the essential oil extracted from the leaves of these species possess strong antioxidants and it can be a promising natural substitute for synthetic antioxidants in pharmaceutical industries and this is the significance of this plant species see the study stated that the species is listed as critically endangered based on its limited area of occupancy that is less than 10 square kilometer and the study also stated that the species is threatened by deforestation habitat fragmentation and forest fires now this is about mesotrophous pellet and the second plant species is fritillaria cirroza see it is also known as himalayan fritillari it is a perineal bulbous herb bulbous in the sense round bulky okay see in china the species is used for the treatment of bronchial disorders and pneumonia and the plant is also a strong cough suppressant see regarding this plant the study stated that it is reasonable to conclude a decline of at least 30 percentage of its population over the assessment period that is 22 to 26 years and considering the rate of decline long generation length poor germination potential high trade value extensive harvesting pressure and illegal trade the species is listed as vulnerable so these are the reasons why fritillaria cirroza is listed as vulnerable and this is about the second species and the third listed species is dactylorhiza hetagire see it is known as salampanja it is extensively used in ayurveda siddha unani and other alternative systems of medicine to cure dysentery gastritis chronic fever cough and stomach aches and this is the significance of salampanja see this plant species is threatened by habitat loss livestock grazing deforestation and climate change and that is exactly why it is listed as endangered under iocn red list now this is about the news article given here now additionally we will also see about the iocn red list categories and criteria now what are the iocn red list categories see the iocn red list categories they indicate how close a species is to become extant so each and every category indicates how close the species is moving towards extant see there are nine red list categories they are extant extant in the wild critically endangered endangered vulnerable near threatened least concern data deficient not evaluated see species in the vulnerable endangered and critically endangered categories or collectively described as threatened categories and know that there are five broad criteria based on which these species are categorized as vulnerable endangered and critically endangered see those criteria are given in this image from a to e now the first criteria is population detection the second one is restricted geographic range and the third one is small population size and decline and the fourth one is very small or restricted population and the fifth one is extinction probability analysis know that species are assessed against these five criteria and these criteria only determine which category is the most appropriate for the assessed species see the deciding factor here is the numerical thresholds see there will be numerical thresholds like if a particular species undergoes this much percentage of reduction in population then it will be included in vulnerable or if it undergoes a higher percentage of reduction in population then it will be included in endangered like this there will be numerical thresholds based on which the most appropriate category for the species is decided and this is about the basics of IUCN red list categories and criteria for the threatened categories now we'll see about the remaining categories in the coming discussions and with this we have come to the end of this particular article discussion in this discussion we saw about three Himalayan plant species which are medicinal plants which are listed under IUCN red list of threatened species the first one is mesotrophus pellita and the second one is fritilloria cirrhosa and the third one is dactyloriza hattigire and finally we ended our discussion by seeing the IUCN red list categories and the criteria for the threatened categories which is nothing but vulnerable endangered and critically endangered now with these points in mind let us move on to the next part of the discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion today we have five questions for discussion I'll solve four of them and one of them is a quiz question for you now let us solve this first question with reference to national commission for women consider the following statements statement one it was set up in the year 1992 as a constitutional body see the statement is incorrect it was set up in the year 1992 but as a statutory body we saw in our discussion itself right it was constituted under the national commission for women act 1990 so statement one is incorrect now coming to statement two the chairman and the members of the commission are nominated by the government of India this is correct this also we saw in the discussion now statement three the report submitted by the commission or binding on the government this statement is incorrect see the national commission for women only has the powers to recommend amendments it also submit reports to the government but they are not binding on them know that they are not binding on both the states and union governments now what has the question asked the question has asked for the incorrect statements we found that statement one and three are incorrect so the correct answer to this question is option c one and three only now moving on to the next question consider the following statements regarding cyclones statement one the cyclone circulates in an anti-clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere statement two anti-cyclone rotates in clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere see cyclones are rapid inward air circulation around a low pressure area whereas if you take anti-cyclones it is the opposite of a cyclone it has an outward spiraling air circulation around a high pressure center now look at this table here it shows the pattern of wind direction in cyclone and anti-cyclone see these points they come under static portion you have to remember each and every fact okay so please take note of it the pressure system cyclone it has low pressure center and in the northern hemisphere it circulates in anti-clockwise direction and in the southern hemisphere it circulates in the clockwise direction whereas the anti-cyclone pressure system it has high pressure center and in the northern hemisphere it circulates in the clockwise direction and in the southern hemisphere it circulates in the anti-clockwise direction so from this what do we know we know that both the statements given in this question are correct so the correct answer is option c both one and two only now moving on to the next question see this is a previous question which was asked in the year 2017 with reference to the parliament of India considered the following statements statement one a private member bill is a bill presented by a member of parliament who is not elected but only nominated by the president of India see this statement is wrong because in the discussion itself we saw that private member bill can be introduced by any member of the parliament other than the minister so it includes members of parliament both of the ruling party as well as the opposition so it includes elected members as well so the statement one is incorrect now statement two recently a private member bill has been passed in the parliament of India for the first time in its history see the first private member bill which was passed was the muslim wax bill and it was introduced by syed muhammad ahmed kashmi in the year 1952 and know that till now 14 private member bills were passed in the parliament since independence and the last private member bill passed by the parliament was supreme court enlargement of criminal appellate jurisdiction bill in the year 1970 so the second statement which says recently a private member bill has been passed in the year 2017 was incorrect so what is the correct answer to this question it is option d neither one nor two now coming to the fourth question with reference to the ad hoc judges of supreme court consider the following statements statement one article 127 of the constitution empowers the chief justice of India to appoint the qualified person as ad hoc judge of the supreme court see this statement is correct there is this term called ad hoc judges they are appointed for specific purposes and know that the appointment of the ad hoc judges is for a temporary period only now moving on to the second statement no previous consent of the president is required to appoint the ad hoc judge the statement is incorrect see here for the appointment of ad hoc judge previous consent of the president is required apart from this consultation with chief justice of the high court is also needed where the ad hoc judge belongs so this means that if a judge who is going to be appointed as ad hoc judge belongs to a particular high court then the chief justice of that high court should be consulted so the statement saying no previous consent of the president is required for the appointment of ad hoc judges incorrect now coming to statement three the ad hoc judges can be appointed at any time to the supreme court see the ad hoc judges can be appointed by the chief justice of India if there is no quorum available to hold or continue any session of the supreme court so what does this mean this means that ad hoc judges cannot be appointed at any time if there is no quorum of judges of the supreme court then only the ad hoc judges are appointed so the statement three is also incorrect and what has the question asked here it has asked for the incorrect statements so the correct answer to this question is option B 213 only and this final question is the quiz question for you think about it and carefully attempt the question and post your answer in the comment section aspirants i have displayed here main questions for your practice so interested people write it and post your answer in the comment section and if you have any queries related to the articles that we discussed it today post that also in the comment section and with this we have come to the end if you find the video useful like share and comment and do subscribe to shankaray's academy's youtube channel for further updates thank you


Hi, my name is Dong Jun Yu. I'm from China and I'm a junior right now. My major is business and marketing concentration with music technology. Music technology is not focused on playing any instrument. So it's kind of like we can use the pro tools of some other software to create music. Right now I'm the minister of planning from Chinese Student and Scholars Association. And we usually just organize events and activities for each semester like this thing in commutation. We are just trying to make more people to understand what Chinese culture is and also to help Chinese students to fit into the UVM or like feel what they can feel in China. There's a program called English and Chinese Language Partner. And there are some students who are studying Chinese in UVM. I teach them Chinese. They teach me English at the same time. Help me to make a friend with more American students. If I don't understand like an English word in English, they can help me out with Chinese. And that surprised me as a Chinese student. You don't need to worry about if you can fit into UVM or not. Because UVM is a community. It can accept everyone from anywhere else.