Hello. Hello. I hope everybody is ready for our big Wednesday reveal. Exciting and long week. Yes. Hello. So let me tell you who we have here first and then we'll get things started. Now we have Dawn over here and she was the captain for this week. Below her is Shelly Murphy and Family Tree Girl and she was the one whose branches we worked on. And of course below me is Roberta Estes and we are going to be tackling her branches this week. So it's going to be an exciting one. So before we start out with all of that I'm going to say a little bit about Wiki Tree just in case you don't know who we are or why we're here. Now Wiki Tree is a community of genealogists who are working together on a single family tree. In other words we all collaborate to grow an accurate global tree and it's free. We're in the middle of the Wiki Tree challenge right now which is our annual challenge that goes with our year of accuracy. So each week we take a genealogist guest star's tree and we try and fill it out and make it more complete and more accurate than it is anywhere else. Our goal was to improve the accuracy of Wiki Tree to add more family connections and to make more friends which we've certainly done. Now once again Donna was Shelly's captain this week so we're going to go ahead and let her tell you a little bit about what we found. Okay you did give us some challenges this week of course which we knew going into this. So the first line we have is Michael Murphy William Michael Murphy's line and unfortunately he is still a mystery. After countless hours of scouring records we are not any closer to knowing when or how he died. We do know that his wife Nellie married a minor after he died and her sister also married a minor so there's a good chance that he died in a mining camp or an incident but no solid proof has been found. We did have members going through quite a few mining things looking for anything that you find. Nellie McCorkle Murphy your second great-grandfather John McCorkle appears to have taken the surname of a local pastor Francis McCorkle who was known for taking in homeless black children. Francis's great-grandson is Tennessee Williams the famous playwright of many stage-mate classics so that was an interesting little tidbit not a relation but an association. So Harriet Russell Curitan's line in 1895 too high excuse me we didn't break any walls on this line but we did however think that Anderson Russell deserved a little mention here because in 1895 two high women were being chased by the sheriff and his deputies. When they ran into Russell's house he bravely tried to lock them in after waving their guns at him he was forced to set them free. They were captured shortly after but not before shooting off about 18 rounds at the lawman. He was in his 70s at this time. I know and it was interesting because I've never heard this story. Right and you know it's always fun to get that little bit of personalization that you can and those brief stories that you can find but apparently these guys ran through like several people's houses they stopped to start a game of craps those people ran them off you know and then I know and then here they wind up in 70 year old you know Anderson's home and he's trying to be brave he's like you're not going anywhere the sheriff's on his way. Oh my goodness. Yeah I hear a Harvey Warden's line and on this line sometimes we have to trim the information so that leads away for the correct brick wall ancestor later on. In this case it was proven that William Green could not have been the son of John and Mary Warren Green as they were living in Massachusetts and William was born in Connecticut so hopefully this is allowing other research to find the correct parents for these guys. And I do have to say Shelly that you know every once in a while we have these trees where we have to trim a lot on and we always feel so bad but you know as a genealogist that sometimes that's what you need to do you know to break open the path to finding what else should be there and so you have some very dedicated people that ask me to tell you that they will still be working on this. Well it's interesting I've never heard a green surname connected with the Wardens at all anywhere. Oh wow. Yeah that that's where does that even come in I'll have to look at that. You'll have to look so that may have been trimming on our part you know because part of this process is making sure that. Yeah there's no greens in those lines. It must have been part of that. I hope Bob Simon's listening. Well and we did have some existing lines on wiki tree and of course you know your people were added to wiki tree so long ago there were other people that came along and added and you know one of our things we did was went generation by generation person by person to make sure that everything's fully sourced and accurate and we had people with different skill sets and you know different viewpoints looking at these so that's where some of that trimming came in and I have to admit that I was just guilty a little bit of teasing them about the chainsaw this morning. I saw that. But yeah but um but all in good fun you know they they all worked really really super hard to find what they did this week so. Yes so so it sounds like we added that branch on and then took it back up before even you even knew it was there. See how good we are. Yes you're awesome. Also on the Warden line we have uh Lydia and this goes way back in the 1600s Lydia was the first wife of a Puritan migrant Deacon Thomas Marshall and she died very young only five years into their marriage and so this line which is new to you had yes Percival Anne Grom and Elizabeth Ray Anne Grom who both died before the daughter even so this added three new direct ancestors to that line and that's on the Marshall line correct of the Warden line correct yeah yeah Arnold Ward married Abigail Marshall and that's the first Marshall coming in yes right and I think that's a couple generations back from Abigail yet so oh yeah and then had they somebody had found a little tidbit about the Atahualpa Warden your great-granduncle did you know anything about that one they were saying that um he was charged with assault him and I'm probably not saying it right so Oh yeah uh no I didn't know he got a but Atah is close enough their reference to him as Atah yeah that's a hero's brother oh okay yes right he was living in Washington at the time this happened yes and he got arrested yeah they said that he the other man he was with two of them actually were charged with murder he was not so so obviously he was not you know he was maybe just hanging out with a bad crowd he wasn't the one doing anything really bad um but you know that happens yeah yeah they they have to be notable or naughty or they don't you know we don't hear about them sometimes so so still on the Warden line we added um some extra generations on the Lepper line so we have Jacob Lepper who is now your fifth great-grandfather was a revolutionary patriot who was born in New York and Richard showed him to be the son of Conrad Lepper and Margrethe of unknown name yet and like his son he was born in stone Arabia New York and we only have three children identified of them we could find sources for but this is his file on him today I didn't have anybody has filed on him yet yeah my first one under him yeah he's a new patriot and he's not he's he's right he's not no one's filed under him yet so and that's wonderful right there so great let's see okay Mary Wilton Marshall I'm also on the Warden line I mean I'm trying to catch up my other slides here too yeah I think there were just a lot of expansions on the the wardens which you already had a lot of the work done um on that those sections too but you know they our people just tried to kind of weave in and out of what you already have right so on this line we added um her parents weren't on your tree and her birth record hasn't been found but she and her son Samuel are both listed on her father's probate record oh great so yeah that was a wife Catherine that was quite a fine because nothing was coming up of course for her and so you know our team members started looking at probate in the area for the right surname and yeah not only did the dad list her but he listed one of her sons you know and I left yeah and I left that's awesome property to Samuel so that was a really exciting find and that added seven new direct ancestors on right right oh I love it so here we're on still in the warden line they were in Elizabeth Boyer warden and we've got Sarah miscellus miscellus this was your third-grade grandfather already was on your primary tree but her parents were listed as a hasus has been me I don't know yeah he's uh huh but the uh that the his parents are her parents are actually proven to be surus marcelus and Anna Maria because the original asuras is close but the man that he had a daughter named Sarah and Sarah married a man named William Lightfoot so they're two different people. So you have to check out that profile. Yeah yeah and there's more than one asurus to all in the same timeframe and it was like oh okay which one? Yeah yeah you wouldn't think that'd be that common but no I think if I is that Dutch or something that last name. I'm not really sure on that. Yeah. What the origination is. Yeah.  Yeah yeah. And here it's just talking about you know with those corrections made to of course Sarah's line that added 20 new direct ancestors. Wow. That gives you all kinds of new people to look at Shelly and yeah we even we had our German expert Dieter looked really hard at the German lines that are on there now there are a couple of people stretched out further in the branches that were there somebody had connected them. He couldn't find records to fully support what they had attached but he did put records for what he did find and so but that's yeah. And they're showing up in the DNA which is interesting now I can attach you know look back because it's like okay who where so they're they're showing up so that's an excellent yeah because that will help to figure out what who that is or at least where they're coming. Yeah. And then on the Henry David Allen Davis line we're finally getting off the wardens there yeah into the goings the goings yeah goings. Shallot your fourth great grandfather lived in Loudon Luton County. Loudon. Loudon okay and by 1820 he and his family of five children and wife had moved to Jefferson County. The son Lawson was 48 in 1850 and was a documented boatman which I think we saw them the newspaper article for him showing that he ran a ferry so that made sense. He was still a boatman in 1860. We tried to find a connection to a Thomas goings who had purchased land from Jackson Newman but we were unable to find the connection there but it is said that the family of goings are all a free family of black men and boatmen were responsible for helping many slaves escape in Jefferson County and a Mr. Joseph Coyle noted that 589 persons were in Jefferson County in 1860 all being escaped slaves and slaves persons escaping in those large numbers is said to have been very unique to Jefferson County. And that's crazy that they were able to get that many people out you know where that ferry was. And I don't know if you guys know anything about Jefferson County Virginia but it's now Jefferson County West Virginia and that's where Harper's Ferry's at and that's where John Brown the whole remote and all that stuff happened the Tempton Arsenal and everything is as it was. When you go up to research you're going in the courthouse and everything except they added you know bathrooms and electricity other than that everything is still in the mode it was back in the 1860s. It's fascinating up there but and we've been trying to figure out there's another researcher up there because that Lawson he was the boatman and from some of the things there's two people that reported that they escaped by the help of a boatman only two and they basically were under the boat when they crossed the river that's how they got to the other side. So it's kind of fascinating story I'd love to do some research and write that up because you know just not knowing that and then what you are saying here and the 500 and some folks that either ran away or sold or died or whatever it was you know there was actually another thing done by American University on this. A Civil War scholars guy that talked about this so this is fascinating I'd love it. Yeah and that Joseph Coyle I mean they're saying there could have been more too because he didn't even start marking it down at first and it was like he all of a sudden became aware oh my goodness there's all these slaves that escaped so he started marking them as escaped escaped escaped you know but he had already started doing his census rolls before you know they said he was like 11 days and before he even started marking them down and the Goans is a very much a freed line and the Goans line actually just intrigued the researchers those lines go to 1619 and the 20 odd Africans that came in that's the Goans line is coming from there so you ever want to go deeper call me yeah it's interesting been working on that for 30 years so but yeah this is amazing that makes me want to go jump in there and go do something about all those that left we can find them and now we get to Clara Marsh's line and although we did not make headway on the marsh line there was tons of hours spent pouring over records and we have this quote from a team member that they made she made for you and that said this was another week where I've learned much trying to put a little context around a period that Sarah Hart was born into and lived through apparently Virginia was the place to be if you were a freed person of color and there was a lot of possibly and you'll have to check out the heart because there's a lot of research notes we didn't break through on that but there was a lot of no there are hearts of mystery yes and I believe I don't know who Sarah Hart's parents are but I believe she's white and married a goings who are mulatto people and I've got too many choices basically to say who's your father yeah you know there's just too many and DNA is the only thing I can maybe connect it with you know well and one of our members did find a line from some of the hearts that were had lived in the household with them through a Benjamin heart and she said if you could find DNA that met someone that took DNA from that line hopefully that would help because there are parents on some of those but it's hard to connect them without the DNA there's some hearts still up in the Jefferson County yeah fascinating then we get to the military we found some that you know and hopefully some you didn't we have we found in the Civil War we have your great-grandfather Warden served in the mission infantry and then we have Anderson Russell who served that did not know about Anderson that's awesome yeah and then in the next would be the French Indian War which was in the 1750s and 1760s and this was both your warden line the father and the son served in the same company and they're they're related to you on two lines so that's why it says fifth and sixth the great-grandfather and fourth and fifth because they're related to you on more than one line and you know how that is is because uh here's wife is Elizabeth right and her mother-in-law is actually her first cousin so right yep it's a generation off but they're all right the same ones so so then also okay yep and then uh John or John as he served in the Revolutionary War as well which I think that's the one you are under yeah I went under DAR and they changed his name to John yeah it's it's it's been seen both ways but yeah and then we added the great it's just says grandfather Jacob Lepper but we missed the great sound there but that is also he died in the battle of Oruscany while your boyer survived the battle of Oruscany correct correct so that's interesting that you had one in each awesome I can't wait to tell mom about Anderson Russell I was gonna have her come sit in but she's up talking to somebody and then one of the things we find sometimes is interesting stories in areas where your family lived they aren't necessarily about your family been this one we found in Antrim Township Pennsylvania which was where William Davis and Mildred Brand had hailed from the first house that um Jack Wolgamot built in Sigler's Burg he was supposedly a reckless and rollety fellow that was often searched out by the constables so he had intentionally built half of his house in Maryland and the other half in Pennsylvania what or so or so he thought so then when the law would come a calling he would go to the other side of the house so if the Pennsylvania law came he'd go to the Maryland side of the house and say I'm sorry I'm not in your state you can't get me bye bye haha ironically it turned out later that he had miscalculated the state line everything but his chimney was in Maryland so only his chimney was in Pennsylvania but that wasn't until years later they never were able to use that so I'd never heard that I know that's that's funny green castles and Franklin County which Chambersburg is there and a lot of battles there and I'm sitting here thinking wait a minute you did what that's funny yep now we're giving people ideas yes don't do what he did no that's a do not do this at home moment oh my gosh any any time you think of a new idea just look back someone else has already thought of it this is wonderful yeah and that area was interesting anyways um you know and I'm sure your ancestors had to have known him because there really wasn't much there in each family from what you read about it that came in really forged the area for the future you know people to come in yeah one of one of the neighbors he was there for a full year before he sent for his wife and children you know to yeah make sure he got everything cleared and got a house set up and I'm not sure why it took a year but he eventually sent for him I love it now this would be our brick wall chart that we use and that's primarily used by me and the captain to keep track of you know where the available bounty points are so we can see everybody can see we already know that years a lot of them are really close in everywhere the yellow spots are where a possible brick wall ancestor you had some just really cement walls there and you know once again I put this right here for a reason you know that right I know from doing this Shelly you got it from and then on the you know pop out on the upper right you kind of see where and it looks like we had our color crowns out playing and you know on this chart but yeah where we were trying to mark locations and mark you know where there might be some pedigree collapse and mark where the corrections and the brick walls were and yeah it was a lot to keep track of and you know we really hope to have pushed some more of those walls out but boy they're in there strong and so this is now what your wiki tree tree looks like and you know the goal is supposed to be this is supposed to be completely accurate now so when you look at these profiles definitely if you find something that you don't think is right you can either fix it or you can contact one of us and we'll fix it and you know we want this to be great but this is how much your tree is expanded on wiki tree now I love it I'm so appreciative I've never had anybody help me but you know I mean per se without hiring somebody because you know because of having to work and do genealogy for work I just don't get to do this stuff as much as I'd like to or the intent when I retired so this is fascinating I love it I love it well anybody that does genealogy it seems like you spend so much time doing everybody else's yeah you know that when you finally get around to your own tree you're like yeah I don't know I don't have the energy for that right now I'll get to that line and that's what I do I'll catch that later let me go finish this one first yeah and stuff but oh I appreciate it so much the new ancestors are what's going to be exciting is to follow through you know looking at them so yeah right and yeah and you're still gonna have a lot to look at and you know like Donna said we tried to leave our breadcrumbs our research notes everywhere we love the white space we love the ability to do our logging right there you know what we've worked on what we would you know track our progress on it and so hopefully for the areas that we couldn't quite break it down we gave you enough information that you'll be able to got it okay and now I'm going to go into just a little bit about how we collaborate during our week when we're doing this on the left hand side what you see is a spreadsheet this is what we hope all of our participants use you know when you wind up with 25 35 people working on a tree at any given time or a set of branches you're going to be tripping over each other if you don't have some sort of organization so this is where we post our profile that we're working on and that way other people can go oh she's already got that I'll move over to this one you know or if they want to add kids they'll go hey I see you're working on that person do you mind if I add their son real quick I want to do this profile you know kind of keeps us from losing work and from being frustrated now on the right is the G2G post each week we have one unique for the guest and you will get a link to this shelly there are some people that do interesting finds here or say hey you know I'm working on this line but but mostly we use this for the brick walls so when somebody finds a brick wall ancestor or they find a correction that's important you know that's where that goes and then the last one is discord and that really is our our biggest one because we have people from around the world with this being a global treat so you know you get anytime of the day or night there is somebody in there talking and we can get translations we can get somebody to do a transcription for us some people are really excellent at looking at newspaper articles where you know others aren't I like to do will abstract we have some great people that love to sit there and do a full transcription so you know and sometimes we just cheer each other on it's all it's all helpful when you just do it you know I mean you just do it yeah and it's not all about the points but the points do help us keep motivated and keep track of where we're at so I'll tell you a little bit about how we do this now we have the big points which are the bounty points you get 10 points each for brick wall ancestor you find or an ancestor you disprove whether that's something we had on wiki tree or you had on your primary tree if they disprove it they get the points for it and then the individual points are for any nuclear relatives so siblings children those can add up if you start running into the bigger families and at the end of the week we look at those scores and we do our top five and our mvp and our mvp is actually a prior guest yes melanie mccombe yay melanie she she was working right there alongside the team like she has been recently and we had ellen smith who's did some amazing work our anonymous sharky who stays up in the top five a lot of course the captain donna bone and then kathy nava who's another regular she's really gotten into this and really learned a lot this year and then let's go ahead and take a look at this worksheet and see what else we have now i have to tell you they're like i didn't beat david david i know i know but i think the only reason honestly is because people spent so many more hours like in the books you know what i mean like their their heads were just buried in the books trying to trying to find something and so you still have a lot of points just not as many of the actual edits so now total points we had 214 total points and of course you see melanie had 43 of those of the created ancestors there were eight direct ancestors created relatives 106 and there were yeah and there were more than that you know because we wind up going off into the in-laws and their kids and you know just hoping to to lead to a record that will help us and then our bounty points were a hundred points so that was really good so that's 10 ancestor changes and you need profiles edited you still have some big numbers here 572 profiles edited and then for the total edit so every time somebody went in made a contribution they added a source fixed a date worked on the biography 1735 so that's still a lot in a one-week period that's awesome though i'm not ashamed i love it i'm not ashamed at all absolutely love it and thank you guys it's beautiful yeah we hope we at least met your expectations oh absolutely absolutely this is the best thing since sliced bread you guys that you know and and you guys are all researchers but to have somebody come help look at that you know that's amazing i appreciate it so much and thank you really feel honored to to be able to go in there and know that at least the edits you know it's a proper edit because remember i said apa is my thing you know when i can put it in there so but no i love it it's absolutely amazing look out reverda yep and she is next up yes thank you i know shelly um it's really interesting because your ancestors and my ancestors were in the same place at the same time we're probably connected there i'm like i'm like haggard's town part i'm like looking at all these dealer i'm like looking at all these names going i was just waiting going i'm like just waiting for the right one to pop up and i didn't see it but i'm like oh yeah and it was interesting that melanie's number one because that isn't she at the new england you know all those wardens and all those boyers that's all new york new york new york massachusetts you know road island or the marshal well somewhat but got road island connecticut the wardens my direct line started in um stonington new london connecticut and stuff and so yeah she she would have caught right in on that you know and stuff so because i joined the organization to be able to tap in because there was so much new england base you know and not as much southern up there but there was more new england and i thought okay yeah i could see her being number one on that because that was right in her backyard yeah well yeah and i was waiting for somebody in the audience to jump on this without me asking you know because we can actually tell right now if the branches have spread enough for you guys to be connected i know that um shelly you and i are 17th cousins so right right distant cousins but we're out there so come on somebody jump on it and let's see how we're okay that's a distant cousin cousin russ and i are actually cousins so yeah the wardens and and the worthingtons are in lancashire back in the 1516 unders get married you know and stuff so we've been toggling along and the henrys and the boyers you know yeah we're probably connected you know and the populations are small in these areas back during this time so there's not much choice you know that you're going to connect so but i just think it's awesome you know what we all do and again um be interesting to see what bob simon says because he's the one that really started me you know because this was my go-to resource for the warden line was wiki tree and um because he had put it up and so i started following him so but anyway so thankful so your turn reberta it's gonna be up to you now your turn i love it for anybody that doesn't know reberta has this has been fascinated with genealogy since 1978 she's been a professional scientist and business owner for more than 25 years she's definitely a pioneer in the field of genetic genealogy she formed the estus serene project in 2002 she writes personalized DNA reports for family tree dna administers or co-administers 46 different genealogy projects and you know i have here at the end reberta is a quilter and gardener inner free time but i don't think you have any do you not a lot doesn't sound like it not a lot not a lot but you know i do love him i uh i'm trying to give up the gardening so i can do more quilting but i'm never giving up the genealogy right priorities priorities here now what initially got you interested in genealogy well that's really interesting because uh you remember back in the day when you could fire a woman for being pregnant well yeah yeah she was like yep i'm open up to know about that well i've got i was pregnant for my daughter and i got fired they said oh you know you're you're gonna need this time to take care of you i'm gonna have two children now and i'm like great so i didn't have a job and i you know you can only clean house so much and i'm like oh i want to find out something about my father's family because he died when i was seven and i knew my mom's side but he was from tennessee we grew up i grew up in indiana so i decided i and i called the operator like the oh you know on the rotary phone that operator and and i said you know give me any estes in tazwell tennessee and she says well honey you have to tell me which estes you want and i said well which estes is can i pick from like four or five names and there was a man who's like whose name was william which was my father my grandfather's name i said give me that one so i didn't know i was starting genealogy i just went to find out a little something about my father's side of the family and i called him and he told me to call somebody else who told me to call somebody else and a few weeks later somebody said oh so you're a genealogist i said oh heavens no i just no i'm not a genealogist i just want to find out something about my family those are famous last words what an awesome way to be introduced to it though i know so i always know how many years i've been doing genealogy because i know how my daughter is right now if you had to pick one who would you say is your favorite ancestor you know i was hoping you were not asking that question because i have so many so i'm gonna give you kind of like the cheap shot um you know i write on my blog i write the 52 ancestor series so i kind of i try to take one a week although i can't always get it done because you know that quilting and gardening and working interfere sometime um but it's kind of whichever ancestor i'm actually compiling information on and what i do when i do that is like i use wikitree but i use everything in my files i get everything i have out and read it again because there's so much that there that i didn't catch the first time you know um but i do have a little short list of my favorite ancestors and um one of them is james lee clexton because he died in the war of 1812 and he's he's a mystery his father i've been trying to find for decades who his father i can tell you a whole long list of who he's not but i can't tell you who he is i can tell you where he came from i can tell you i think they're related to the hatcher family and i think that's where my native segment comes from but i can't tell you for sure that's where i'm down the bird count um my gamble line are driving me insane they were just naughty boys uh god you know i think that's where i got it from um i'm not well behaved very often i'm always doing something and so the camels um so they're kind of favorite i have a whole lot of strong women on my mother's side you know women who did what wasn't supposed to be able to be done because they had to do it and god i just love those women and the more i find out about them the more i love them you know and i just so and then there's my ancestor who was who got shipwreck and you know we all have this the you know the three brothers and the shipwreck well he really did i didn't believe it he really did get shipwrecked on the way to america the mask broke in the ship they got they were half the people died they were drift and they shipwrecked in the norway and my friend found them in a record in bergen and i'm like no that can't be him he said it's him i promise you and i went there three years ago and i stood where they brought him ashore and i was in the church where they buried the baby the grandson that was born and died i mean it was almost a religious experience truly and it wasn't just him that was there it was his daughter who is also my ancestor and her parent who and they left there and we can't find the parents after that so we don't know they were older um and they on the way to america the second time they had another hurricane and so i know it's like i can't believe they survived that so you know my favorite ancestor is probably whoever i'm working on at the time because i find out such amazing things about these people and their strength and their resilience and the history surrounding them and the time in which they lived um and the challenges they faced and i just love that to learn those things about those people you know and i and i um i'm mixed race as well so i have all you know i'm african-american native american and european and lots of different countries in europe and the cultures and the clashes of the cultures and the plagues and the i just it's all just fascinating to me and then i like to use my dna to track back to the ancestors you know to try and find them because some of them i can't find any other way that's i i talked way more than the question you ask that's okay i love it you know the tools we have nowadays on hand are incredible but you have to use them i mean you have to utilize what you have so do you have any other interesting stories that you have found out on your journey well you know um some of the most interesting stories are i mean you know you know you don't know the ones far back those are the ones you know you don't know so you expect to find things there but i found things about my father my grandfather my great grandfather i'm like who boy you know my great grandfather married my great grandmother and she was pregnant um and he was a well i'm an extremely handsome well driller um and then i found out when i went to pennsylvania where he was born that he had a wife and four children that he didn't divorce until after he married yeah yeah that's probably where we're related at i saw that donna so you know it's like oh my you know that was and then after they he married her and aurora indiana and they moved away and then i kept finding him in the paper and he was involved with horse racing and he was involved i mean if you can you know it was like he he was just a naughty boy you know he was so interesting now and his wife you know then he dies he gets um tuberculosis and he dies and then she oh she starts she opens a millery thing and starts making quilts that's where my quilt making comes from and then she married some guy like three years later who got divorced the day before i'm like what the hell you know it's just that yeah and who are these people i thought i knew i know i'm like you know my aunt elise was her daughter i'm like nobody told me about that you know i mean i knew it elise to and i she didn't die i was an adult i'm like she meant she didn't mention this thing you know nobody mentioned those things right yeah i'm still finding those stories in my family yeah i found some old letters and i the way i found my brother i'm reading a letter from my aunt to my stepmother both of them were deceased by the time i read this letter my stepmother's daughter sent me a package of letters that had been my stepmothers and there's letter that my uh that had some from my dad and some other people that involved my side of the family so i'm reading this letter and my aunt talks about the boy that was born in 1955 and i'm like maybe she thought roberta was robert you know so i asked my mother and my mother got she got angry at me i'm like well that's an odd thing in my mind i'm not discussing that i'm like okay there's something here you know i'm a genealogist that was like throwing gasoline on the fire yeah sure enough my dad that he i have a brother who was born in and and um well four months before me and have brother and so i found him i found him and several years ago and he took a dna test and you know we were both ecstatic he didn't have any living family all i i had my mom left at that time but um really not very many other people and then we took a deal we took a sibling test before out of civil dna and it came back really strange and they're like uh we think you're cousins i'm like no no it's either have siblings or neither one you know you don't get cousin it's one or the other it's not right so i'm like okay so then he took a wide dna test and he didn't have match my estus line but that could have been because my father or my grandfather because we didn't have that many people then i'm like okay i still can't well then autosomal testing and he took an autosomal test and we didn't match yeah so my father thought he went so my father was cheating on my mother but the girlfriend was cheating on my father i got a soap opera going on yeah i love it but i have to tell you i love that brother to death oh yeah we were very close right up until he passed away and i'm so grateful that i found him um um so you can't just reberto know why samuel has a surname clarkson and his dad and siblings are clasked in yes i know why because that's how they say it in in handcuff that's how they say it in handcuff but tennessee see no yeah that's how they say it yeah so it's clarkson um but then here's the thing there's another line that's actually clasked in out of um north carolina that we match the y dna and i also match on autosomal and that's the one where he's married to he he handles the estate of a hatcher man whose wife was native american i think he was the son-in-law but i can't prove it and i've gone through i so many records but that's my mystery line james clarkson that's one of my mystery lines he's found in rustle county virginia in 1799 when he marries just before he marries sarah cook um and we know who he's related to because of dna but i can't we can't find the common ancestor and we don't think it's the james in north carolina even though it's the same name because he supposedly had a son james who went to that other county in tennessee that i match all those people in so it's you know i'm telling you i come from this long line i do have a few ministers but now the rest of them well i have an immaculate conception and they started off with it because i believe william michael murphy is is my immaculate conception guy i'm with you i'm with you i think they're all hanging out in the same place and they're drinking yeah well you know my it's really funny because i have you know my cation line i got all these catholic people and then i have a brethren line out of hagers town and so i got all these pietist people and then out of tennessee you know my william murphy was a baptist minister back when they you know weren't allowed the episcopals ran virginia and so he was a dissenting minister so he got in a lot and the rices they got in a lot of trouble and the moors married the rices because of their religion so i got all these people and they're some very religious so i'm sure they've been rotated in their graves a few times now looking at their descendants i know my quakers are i got quakers too i've been fragrant county virginia yeah that's where mine are at seriously for borden's okay is that it it's the same area it's the same people winchester area and the hope world meeting house is right there it's the same house so i've got edward mercer and i've got the families and they're in the same meeting house and hope well oh wow well you know what that's interesting because depra borden is my fifth grade grandmother she married a henry their son william is the one that um had two children with one of their slaves now you got the quaker family on the mama's side and you got the henry's you know and it's i was trying to understand that and then the hope well house and the whole thing you know and i'm thinking okay we got the borden's hanging out here but we got little mr henry over here and he leaves after the revolutionary war and goes to county tennis no he goes to greenville tennessee after the revolutionary war the one and that's where green county is right green yep that's not in the corkles area that's where the crumbly's in the bams where you go we're on that 14th what was that donna you said we were connected what 14th cousins we're going to make that closer by the time we get these branches our family lines hurt and mine are they're just like in lockstep like this together yeah yeah intersect and see i've got brick walls back in there so there's some of my brick walls like we don't know who henry mercer's wife was we don't know who william crumbly's wife was we don't know those things you know that that's some of my big brick wall is some of those lines that i'm just shocked and i even have i've got mitochondrial DNA on some of them and i know who we match but i can't separate it out to another family you know what i'm saying yet so i'm still stuck back there but you know it's interesting because some of that sometimes when you accidentally you find somebody and then i'm going to go when we get down here we got to figure out if we match with our matches and see apparently that'll look at something already we need our DNA we're gonna have to look at my DNA is up on on wiki tree and yeah i'm in put it this way living DNA my heritage 23 and and and yeah yeah and i i did one of those uh what was it called what was one of the first ones about 2005 um i can't even think of the name of it it wasn't and i got family tree DNA also so i got a brother with a y and my mama with the m you know mitochondria but wait what was that first test i took and i can't even think of the name of it now um it's not sorenson it was a national genographic on geographic project yeah and of course that's gone now or they got taken over whatever it was that was way back i think 2004 or five or something like that that was my first DNA to didn't even understand DNA but took the test yeah well when we're done here we have to go check and see because i'll i'll check your number and see if um you match me or any of my cousins because even if you don't match me if you match my cousins or i match your cousin and i've got moms too yeah yeah so that's interesting and we could match on either side because the one group we've been talking about is my mom's side and the other group's my dad's side we could match on either side or both um all of the Borden's and all of them are dad's side and the Henry's is dad's side because i'm trying to connect that Henry to Patrick Henry because the DNA is taking me to Aberdeenshire Scotland and that's exactly where that Henry family comes from and my Henry family and it's like well how many Henry's in one community we're going to have well we know that answer but still it's going to be worth just checking because it's like oh don't know about your descendants do you mr Patrick Henry you know stuff and so but i was tracking back and i got the Aberdeenshire but there were several Johns and and the birth years were you know two or three years i could do a couple years but i think the furthest was five years so i backed off us and they're probably not connecting but they could because we're talking about the 1600s and how big could Aberdeenshire be in the 1600s you know i think it's all the same family so we'll see we'll see i'll call your cousin anyway and be done with them we don't even have to do the research no we gotta do the research because we could break down each other's brick wall yeah you're only got it yeah and the McCorkles actually they just took that name and so i don't even know what it is but that John McCorkle and again his parents probably don't have that name but um they actually root back to Virginia and so his parents and he's of course born in green county Tennessee so we'll see i'm excited i'm too hey if we can break down that brick wall oh my gosh and you know what the hardest thing is going to be though reberda is you know you can't touch your tree oh my god that was the worst thing that was the worst oh my god wait you guys are going to want to go look at all that overlap oh my god you couldn't touch it i just need her jetmatch number so you can message me shelly it's it's right on wiki tree i know but if i can't look that's what there's i can't look right you can look at shelly's profile you can't look at your own tree so you can go look at mine but don't look at yours okay all right and i can give you the number we're public right well yeah but if you don't want to do that you can message me we'll be good we'll take care of it we'll get a kick step yeah because i gotta know if we're related i mean i can't wait on that it's in the chat i mean oh all right of course i know that number and my mother's might my mother's um my mother's might you know would be a generation closer yeah oh yeah but wait she's not tennessee she's the virginia and all new england well that's all right i'll check that too because i got a bunch of new england up in kinetic stony new new london kinetic it 1728 fifth grade grandfather's born and and yeah i'm like i kept hearing them talk about you i'm like i haven't heard the right name yet but i hear all the names are around mine yeah yeah but to melanie say no we don't have enough to do i'm trying to pack the move and in addition to everything else so yeah i got a big project okay let's try a full-time job in here yeah i have a full-time job researching you know i'm trying to squeeze in my stuff in between that job but you know and stuff so and the ancestors don't let you rest they really don't you know you get a clue or a link or something you you have to work it you know so it makes it rough so i don't know if y'all can see what chris's message to me or not i don't know if that's pebbly but he asked that i did i did a blog about the estate family in ferrara and he asked what brought me there and the estus family out of kent england well we know they're out of kent england now but that's where the lawyers are from oh god so all those years ago though back in the day before i started people said oh estus and estay so there was this oral this myth that the estus family was descended from the house of estay and of course there had the myth was there had been this son that got kicked out of the family and went to belgium and if you did any if you did any of the research you could poke like a hundred holes in this because it's like okay there was a son that did you know leave for belgium but he couldn't have been the father because the the years are so it's not possible you know and then it was like and then he went to england okay he's royalty and in england they're mariners they're poor mariners they're fishmongers no i'm sorry you know i just so i that story would not die so when the y dna came along i took you know the y dna points very clearly to not italy and the what i wound up doing was i used the y dna and i compiled all those oral history stories and then i did the actual research and i poked 173 holes in the you know in that balloon trying to get it to die and so that was my point of writing that story that article because i don't want bad information to be out there right you know i do not want it and so i document what i find and you know there is actually one descendant alive of that the estate family by a different surname today that's actually in that blog article um and if that fan royal family would ever decide to test a y dna test then we could actually find out but i'm sure they're not going to but i have i am i'd be dumbstruck if that was true it would have to violate so many laws of physics you know it was just an interesting story you know estee estes yeah sure it's the same we've got them in virginia and central virginia too estes there's relatives but you know that's come up in the abamaro county is where it's at they the estes my abraham estes the immigrant settled in king and queen and had 12 sons and they were very prolific and there's estes everywhere people ask me they're like are you related to so-and-so i'm like probably yeah and and that's borden's not boyer the kent england it's the borden's that you know yeah this borden that whole line yeah they came the kent england and into the british america per se united states yeah my boyers were somewhere else uh they were england england so and where is your african side coming from do you know yeah my estes line out of halifax county virginia um well that's a p line from abamaro to halifax right yeah a lot of migration we have a lot of um i i don't know exactly where in that line because we have combs who was a slave owner we have the younger family who we don't know who his father was we have uh he freed his slaves and he called him his family so i mean literally he wrote that my family you know so uh and they wouldn't let him leave in his will they wouldn't let him by law he couldn't leave them money so he talked he told his white family that they had to take care of his black family so i mean so it is very so but then mary younger mary george estes and then here i so somewhere up in there that's in that dna somewhere but because we don't know who marcus's father was we don't know who i mean we just kind of got a mess up in there and then i also have another line and it's it's um i'm not black from that line but my ancestor had a black wife and a white wife and he had he built him both homes and he he was known for having fights with both of them and he he and they want they live there i love this mary oh i know and so what he do is he he he'd move over with you know with harriet and she'd get pregnant and then she'd get mad at him and throw him out and he'd go back over to mary and then she'd be pregnant and then she'd be mad at him and she'd throw him out and he'd go back over to harriet and they lived on the opposite side of his land and harriet harriet died and mary took his children harriet was the black life and mary was the white life harriet died and then he died and mary took harriet's children and raised them as her home as her own they're all family they're all family and so we knew we didn't know who was mixed and who wasn't we couldn't we we didn't know so my cousins found me years and years ago now and we did a thing up in cumberland gap this was in hancock county tennessee but it was clay born at the time so we did a big reveal at cumberland cumberland gap so we got all the pictures together and we did the dna test and the first day of this conference my my my cousins who are african they identify as african america and they all came and i came and then we all stood up and we showed everybody the pictures and we told them the evidence and then we made them guess and then we told them the next day we would reveal the truth right we weren't gonna tell them that day so the next day that was at the holiday inn in middlesbrough and the next day the place was swarmed the fire marshal came because we had too many people they the mayor was there the press was there were you at the rodeo oh my god i i i walked down there and i'm i'm like what is going on and they're like uh everybody came to hear your reveal i'm like why are all these people here they're all related what so the fire marshal says you can't do this and i'm like but what am i gonna do i i i you they said we have a solution so the national park has a big auditorium up at the national park center there at cumberland gap and they said well we called up to the national park and they have enough room for you so you're just going to everybody go up to the national park and you're going to do this there i'm like okay so we did oh gosh that's awesome it was it was and i just i love my cousins you know i'm so grateful to find them and yeah i know so yeah that was our big reveal and yes we are cousins you know i have a sd's lady i've been working with over the years in obamao county and she her line goes right to king and queen so i'm going to make sure i put you two together she's african-american yep and you go right to the sd's line and goes right to king and queen um you know franklin smith he was the african-american genealogist at the clayton library he just retired i've heard that name yeah well he's my cousin too through the dodson line okay out of virginia there so uh we share ancestors there too awesome sorry mini we just okay i know i was going to say i think i think we'll wind this down now and you guys can email all your contacts to each other our merton just can't look at her trees and change anything i want i want to i want to thank everybody that worked so hard on shelly's tree this week you guys always amaze me you do such a great job just really wonderful wonderful work and you know thank you shelly and reber to both for joining us and for allowing us to play in your branches and for anybody else out there watching there's more to come yeah you can come back next week and we'll tell you what they found i mean what we found also for reber to branches any big discoveries that we have and if you want to find out more you can check us out at wikitree.com don't forget to subscribe if you want to get alerts to the broadcast good night thank you


In 1965, Bell Labs engineers Arno Panzazz and Robert Wilson discovered an isotropic background radiation in the microwave frequency range. Over the years since then, ever more accurate technologies have increased our measurements of this key piece of evidence for a small, hot beginning to the universe. To understand how important this discovery is, we need a temperature history of the universe. The Big Bang theory holds that there was a time when the universe was very small and very hot. The contents of the universe would have been in thermal equilibrium at that time. Particles in thermal equilibrium all have the same temperature. Roughly speaking, temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the particles. In this example, we have a small volume of protons and electrons in thermal equilibrium at 10,000 degrees Kelvin, the temperature at the surface of our sun. At 10,000 degrees, the electrons and protons are too hot to combine into hydrogen. If we add photons, they will scatter off the charged particles. Light cannot travel far through this space because it is constantly interacting with these free-moving charged particles. The plasma is opaque. As the universe expands, it cools. At some point, it cools enough for protons to capture electrons to form electrically neutral hydrogen. This process is called recombination. Once the transformation to electrically neutral particles is complete, light will travel through space without any further interactions. This is called decoupling. The radiation is said to have decoupled from the electrons and protons. The plasma becomes transparent. In addition to all the electrons and protons in the universe packed into this relatively small space, there were around 1.6 billion photons for every baryon in the universe. Baryons are the protons and neutrons in the plasma. Being in thermal equilibrium, these photons would be characterized by the black body radiation curve. Knowing the energy that it takes to separate an electron from its proton in a hydrogen atom, we can calculate the temperature at which recombination and decoupling would occur. The current figure is around 3,000 degrees Kelvin, the surface temperature of a cool star like Proxima Centauri. As we observe the space around us, we see our solar system, our galaxy, and our local group of galaxies first. We then see significant numbers of large, well-formed galaxies in our local supercluster. The further out we see, the further back in time we go. And the further back in time we go, the more we notice a reduction in the size and structure of the galaxies. Eventually we reach as far as the first galaxies to ever form from the first stars that started to shine. Before that, it was just hydrogen and dark matter. No light was being created for us to see. As we look back in time, we are also looking back at an ever-shrinking volume because the universe was getting smaller and its temperature was getting hotter. Eventually it reached 3,000 degrees. At that point, hydrogen atoms began to disassociate into protons and electrons and space became opaque. Coming back the other way, the surface where the transition from opaque to transparent occurred is called the surface of last scattering. At that time, all the photons in the universe were released. These photons are still with us today. We see them all across the sky in tremendous numbers. They are the cosmic microwave background photons, CMB, and they tell us a great deal about the past, present, and future of the universe. Here's a projection of the celestial dome as seen by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy probe factoring out all local and local group motion. The mapping preserved the relative sizes of the surface objects. The key observation is that the light fits the black body radiation curve perfectly. Its mean wavelength is around 2 mm and its peak intensity has a wavelength of 1 mm. That's in the microwave range. This gives us the temperature of the radiation today. It is 2.725 degrees. We know that at decoupling it was 3,000 degrees. So the temperature has been reduced by a factor of 1,100. We also know that the ratio of the current temperature to the temperature at decoupling is equal to the ratio of the current scale factor to the scale factor at decoupling. So the universe has expanded by a factor of 1,100 times since decoupling. The black body radiation formula also gives us the number density of CMB photons. There are over 400 million of them in every cubic meter of space throughout the cosmos. This is a thousand times more than all the photons from all the starlight ever created by all the stars and all the galaxies for all the billions of years that stars have been shining. Earlier measurements of the CMB indicated that it was homogeneous. That would be a problem because if it were 100% homogeneous, the resulting universe would be 100% homogeneous and it isn't. But our measurement technologies have improved dramatically over the past half century. The Planck satellite measurements detected small amounts of temperature deviation called anisotropy, meaning different in different directions. The image uses color to show variations from the average with blue for minus 200 millionths of a degree through green and yellow to red, which represents plus 200 millionths of a degree. That temperature deviation comes to one part in 100,000. These temperature deviations come from small mass density deviations in the plasma at the time of decoupling. For example, suppose we had a small mass density excess in this region. Light from this region would be gravitationally redshifted. These mass density deviations would be the same magnitude as the temperature deviations, one in 100,000. It is also important to note that these anisotropies have structure. We see large structures, small, even tiny structures, and giant structures. We even see structures within structures at every scale. In other words, they're quite fractal. These small-scale anisotropies in the CMB are what led to the large-scale structures such as galaxy clusters, filaments, and voids that we see today. For example, a very tiny spot of red on the surface of last scattering, representing a small decrease in mass density in that region, will have expanded 1,100 times to the size of the coma cluster today. The fact that there is a cosmic microwave background with all these characteristics is one of the most important pieces of evidence we have that verifies and validates our current Big Bang model of the universe. Just how the universe evolved from small-scale matter deviations at the time of decoupling to filaments of superclusters and vast voids can be explained by a physical process called caustics. Originally developed to explain light behavior, it works just as well for protons and dark matter. Picture a set of uniformly distributed particles on a line, each with slightly different velocities. They start out with a uniform particle density. But because of the small velocity differences, the particle density will vary as time goes by. Areas of high and low density will develop. The density at a later time, t, is described by an equation. The equation has hotspots when the denominator approaches zero. Here's a plot of the rate of change in velocity with respect to location on the x-axis times time. Naturally we get a very small curve when time is small. But as time goes on, the deviations grow. When they reach the critical time and beyond, we get hotspots. Expanding this to two dimensions, we get density peaks along curved lines that themselves intersect at points with maximum intensity. I see this phenomena in my own backyard. The lines at the bottom of a swimming pool are examples of caustics caused by small waves on the surface of the water. And when we extend this to three dimensions, we get curved surfaces with increased density that intersect along lines that intersect at points. This is the web-like pattern we see in the large-scale universe. This is what you get from the initial conditions characterized by the cosmic microwave background. No additional forces are involved. Gravity is the key to the formation of stars and galaxies within these filaments of dense accumulations of baryons in dark matter. But it was caustics that took the minor anisotropies that existed at the time of decoupling and turned them into giant walls around great voids. We've mentioned dark matter several times in reference to the CMB. It was the largest matter component of the opaque universe at the time of decoupling. And it is the dark matter density anisotropies that produced the filament structures we see in the universe today. But this only works if the dark matter doesn't fly off at near the speed of light like neutrinos do. In this respect, it is said to be cold, cold dark matter, CDM for short. Using galaxy rotation rates, galaxy cluster dynamics and gravitational lensing, the best estimates for the dark matter density parameter in the universe is 0.262. The baryon matter density parameter is measured to be around 0.048. Radiation mostly from the CMB is significantly less than that. The problem is that all of this isn't enough to account for our flat universe observations. But there is one component of the universe that we have not yet taken into consideration. And that is that empty space, the vacuum itself, has energy. You may recall from our video on the Higgs boson that empty space is not actually empty. It is filled with matter and energy fields. We model the waves in these fields as quantum harmonic oscillators. And given the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the zero point energy for any wave in the field must be greater than zero. In the 1940s, a physicist named Hendrik Kazemir proposed that this zero point energy was real and for the electromagnetic field it could be measured if you place two parallel low mass conducting surfaces close to each other. The fluctuations in the quantum field will be limited in between the surfaces but not outside the surfaces. This will create a negative pressure on the surfaces and push them together. Negative pressure is called tension. This effect is called the Kazemir effect. It wasn't until the 1990s that instruments sensitive enough to register the very small amount of force involved were available. Here we see that the force on one square centimeter plates placed one micron apart is equivalent to one one hundredths the weight of an average mosquito. The Kazemir effect shows that the vacuum energy is real, it's small, and it has negative pressure. But this is only for the electromagnetic force field. It's only one of a number of fields filling empty space. We do not know how many there are, so we can't predict the total amount of vacuum energy. Vacuum energy has a key implication for our flat cosmological model. We have seen that radiation with w equal to one-third dilutes by the cosmic scale factor raised to the fourth power. Relatively still matter that exerts no pressure has w equal to zero and dilutes by the scale factor cubed. The vacuum energy density with w equal to minus one is a constant. It does not dilute. Therefore the total amount of vacuum energy increases with the volume of the universe. In a small universe it would have a little impact, but today it is almost seventy percent of the energy density of the universe, filling the gap left by the matter radiation only number. Through this model the universe was matter dominated for most of its existence since the Big Bang. It was radiation dominated for a mere forty seven thousand years, matter dominated for nine point eight billion years, and currently in transition to complete vacuum energy domination. The name we use for this zero point quantum vacuum energy is dark energy. We use the symbol lambda to represent this component of the universe. The symbol was first used by Einstein as a cosmological constant to account for a static universe. It went by the wayside when Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe was not static, but it has now been repurposed to represent this vacuum energy. Well before the major role played by vacuum energy was understood it was assumed that the universe was matter dominated and that the matter was slowing the expansion of the universe. Two major efforts were started in the late nineteen nineties to prove that the universe's expansion was decelerating. Both groups used distant type 1a supernova as their standard candles. Supernova provide a luminosity reading that enables us to determine their luminosity distance via the inverse square law. And they provide a redshift reading that gives us the cosmic scale factor at the time the light was emitted. The redshift also enables a correction for the expected luminosity due to the expansion of space. Luminosity and redshift combined can tell us if this expansion is constant, decelerating or accelerating. Here's how it works. If the expansion rate is constant, the relationship between the luminosity distance and the redshift will be constant. Given a redshift we can compute the expected luminosity distance and therefore the expected observed luminosity. Comparing this to the actual observed luminosity, we would find them equal. But if the expansion is slowing down, the expansion rate in the past would have been greater than what we see now, which means it took a shorter time to expand from its size at light emission time to its present size compared to a non-accelerating universe. This results in a shorter light travel time, shorter distance and brighter supernova. By the same token, if the expansion is speeding up, the universe was expanding more slowly in the past than it is today, which means it took a longer time to expand from its size at light emission time to its present size compared to a non-accelerating universe. This results in larger light travel time, larger distance and fainter supernova. This is what both of the supernova study teams found. The supernova observations that discovered the acceleration of our universe's expansion also provided key missing information for our benchmark model. What astronomers do is to plot the expected luminosity distance for a variety of scenarios concerning the contents and curvature of the universe. Then they lay the actual observed luminosity distance over the graph to see which scenario is the best fit. Here we see that the lamb to cold dark matter scenario with matter accounting for 30% and vacuum energy accounting for 70% is the current best fit. It is the current benchmark model. With this benchmark model, we can map the expansion history of the universe from decoupling to the present and on into the future. To illustrate, let's take a final look at GNZ11's numbers. Its redshift of 11.09 gives us the scale factor at emission time, which gives us the time the light was emitted. All the other numbers follow. For the CMB radiation, the redshift tells us that the light we see now was only 42 million light-years away from our location when it was emitted. It traveled for just under 13.8 billion years to reach us and its starting location is now 46.5 billion light-years away, making the diameter of the visible universe 93 billion light-years. Type 1A supernova redshifts provide a measure of the scale factor back to near the earliest galaxies. The cosmic microwave background provides the scale factor for the surface of last scattering. We can tie scale factor and time together given the vacuum energy, radiation, baryonic and cold dark matter contents of the universe. So we can say, with a fair degree of accuracy, that decoupling started around 250,000 years into the expansion, and the surface of last scattering occurred around 370,000 years into the expansion. But how did we get to the cosmic microwave background? Where did the matter come from? And how did a fractal landscape form? To address these questions, we need to go beyond the surface of last scattering. Back to the time when atomic nuclei formed, called nucleosynthesis, kicked off by neutrino decoupling, and back further still to the time when quarks and protons were created from radiation, called baryogenesis. It is in this time frame that cosmologists propose that a super rapid increase in the size of the universe happened, called inflation. In these earliest times, the universe was radiation dominated, and we have a fairly simple relationship between time, scale factor, temperature and energy that we can use as we cover each of these key areas. Neutrino decoupling triggers the start of nucleosynthesis. Both processes happen in the unobservable realm, so we have to rely entirely on theory. But the theory is well established in nuclear physics laboratories. When the universe was just one-tenth of a second old, its temperature was around 30 billion degrees. That's about twice the temperature of the interior of our sun. At this temperature, photons can create electrons and positrons, and neutrinos are coupled to protons and neutrons. That coupling enables a fluid flow of protons to neutrons and neutrons to protons. This puts the entire mix of photons, neutrinos, electrons, positrons, protons and neutrons into thermal equilibrium. Given the mass difference between neutrons and protons, we can calculate the expected ratio of neutrons to protons for any given temperature. Note that the number of neutrons decreases exponentially as the temperature cools. Not unchecked, the universe would have had only one neutron left for every million protons by the time it was only six minutes old. But as the universe continued to expand and cool, the neutrinos decoupled from the protons and neutrons. Using the best available laboratory information, this would have occurred when the temperature cooled to 9 billion degrees when the universe was around one second old. At that point, two things happened. One, without neutrino interactions, the ratio of neutrons to protons froze. Computations show that at the time of neutrino decoupling, the ratio would have been one neutron for every five protons. This neutrino decoupling process would have lasted around one second. And two, while the neutrinos were coupled to the protons and neutrons, they could not travel far. But once decoupled, they were free to travel across the universe, like photons did at their decoupling. The end of neutrino decoupling marked the beginning of nucleosynthesis. The universe was around two seconds old, with five protons for each neutron. Here we track the predicted ratios of each kind of nuclei as these processes evolved. At the start, there was sufficient energy for protons and the remaining neutrons to combine into deuterons, the nucleus of deuterium. As the deuterium density climbed, significant amounts of helium and hydrogen isotopes were formed, along with lots of tightly bound hydrogen. This diagram illustrates the various nuclear interactions along the way. Hydrogen resists combinations with protons and neutrons, so the creation of beryllium and lithium went more slowly, producing far less of these elements than helium. By the time the temperature of the universe had fallen to 300 million degrees, when it was around 1,000 seconds old, the nucleosynthesis energies were no longer available, and the epoch was over. The vast majority of the baryonic matter wound up in the form of hydrogen and helium nuclei. The percentages of deuterium and tritium were much smaller. There were just traces of beryllium and lithium, and the remaining free neutrons decayed over time into protons. The best way to measure the primordial percentages of these elements is to look at the spectra of distant quasars like this one. The actual amounts of hydrogen, helium, beryllium, and lithium in the early universe does match the predicted levels. This represents significant evidence that the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis process did occur. The inputs to nucleosynthesis were baryons, protons, and neutrons. This is the process that created these baryons. Quantum chromodynamics shows how photons can create matter-antimatter pairs, and how matter-antimatter pairs can create photons. If we go back in time to when the universe was only 20 trillionths of a second old, its temperature was over 1,000 trillion degrees, and photon energy was around 100 gigaelectron volts. At that level, no baryonic matter could survive, and all of space would have been filled with pure radiation. Then, when the temperature of the universe cooled to around 1.74 trillion degrees, 33 microseconds into its expansion, created quarks and anti-quarks could survive. These quarks were not confined within baryons as they are today. Instead, they formed a sea of free quarks, a quark soup, a quark plasma. During this period of quark-anti-quark production, the number of quarks, anti-quarks, and photons were in thermal equilibrium, and therefore present in equal numbers. But the universe today has almost no antimatter at all. Now, suppose nature had a very tiny tilt in favor of quarks over anti-quarks. For example, let's say that for every 800,000 and three quarks, there were only 800,000 anti-quarks. Then, when the universe cooled to the point that quark-anti-quark pairs were no longer being produced, all the existing quarks and anti-quarks would annihilate each other. In our example, only three quarks would remain, and these three quarks would be surrounded by 1.6 billion photons, the product of the annihilations. As the expansion continued and temperatures continued to cool, the free quarks were bound into protons and neutrons, with the resulting baryon-to-photon ratio to our familiar 6 times 10 to the minus 10. Baryogenesis was over. Before the 1960s, elementary particle theory held that the laws of physics were exactly the same for matter and antimatter. The arising a process that selects one over the other to create a small imbalance was at odds with this equality premise. But in the 1960s, small differences in K on decay showed that nature does treat them differently. But so far, no good explanation for how things happened during baryogenesis has been developed. We have taken the history of the universe back to the first few microseconds of its expansion. At each stage, with baryogenesis through nucleosynthesis to recombination and decoupling, we had the universe in thermal equilibrium. At this point, there are two notable issues with the flat lambda-cold dark matter theory. One is that nothing we have covered so far gives us the anisotropy we see in the CMB radiation. In two, the universe appears to have been too large to be in thermal equilibrium during recombination. This one is called the horizon problem, and it's a showstopper. You'll recall that the horizon distance is the furthest distance that light could have traveled in the time available. Assuming a matter and radiation dominated universe appropriate for the time, we get a horizon distance that is 2% of the distance across the region. In other words, there is no way for the vast majority of the particles in recombination to be in causal contact as required for thermal equilibrium. To solve this problem, a theory of cosmic inflation was suggested by cosmologist Alan Guth in 1982. We know from quantum field theory that the universe is permeated with any number of matter and force fields. Like Higgs proposed a new field to explain W and Z boson behavior, Guth proposed that the universe contains a scalar energy field with a very large vacuum energy, much larger than today's cosmological constant. The field is called the inflation field, and its force particle is called an inflaton. If we assume that this large potential energy isn't changing appreciably, the large Hubble parameter would be constant and as we have seen before, the universe would expand exponentially. Here's a graph that relates the potential energy density of space against the changes in the energy of the field. A large enough vacuum energy density would cause the universe to double in size once every 10 billion trillion trillions of a second. At the end of the plateau, there is a sharp fall in the potential energy. We don't know what triggered the start of inflation, and we don't know what triggered this end, but during this split second fall, the inflation theory has it that all the potential energy and all the inflatrons were converted into all the heat, matter and energy in the universe. This is the fiery Big Bang we had entering the bariogenesis epoch. The horizon distance at the start of inflation would have been submicroscopic. The horizon distance at the end of inflation, a tiny fraction of a second later, would have been the size of a whale. And the horizon distance at the time of last gathering would have been 652 million light years, 800 times larger than without inflation. This puts every particle in the decoupling process that created the CMB into causal contact with every other particle, easily enabling thermal equilibrium. The zero point energy quantum fluctuations are short, small, and create localized deviations in energy density. Under normal circumstances, the restorative force returns the deviation to normal almost instantly. But an exponentially expanding space weakens the restorative force. Each wave stretches with the expansion and freezes once it reaches the size of the horizon. So we have a large ambient population of waves of every wavelength undergoing this expansion. This way large numbers of small, short localized energy deviations become small, long-lived extended deviations. In fact, these quantum fluctuations persist long after the inflation ends. We can tweak the variables to produce an energy density deviation on the order of 10 to the minus 5, the amount of the temperature deviation we found in the CMB. These tiny quantum fluctuations are the origin of the anisotropy in the CMB that eventually led to large galaxy superclusters and great voids we see around the universe today. The ability to solve Big Bang problems like the horizon, CMB, anisotropy, and others have given the theory of inflation a great deal of credibility among cosmologists. Here's a summary of the Big Bang timeline. Quantum mechanics has a notion of a smallest length called the Planck length. It's theoretically impossible to determine the difference between two locations less than one Planck length apart. This gives us a smallest possible time interval called Planck time. It's the time it would take light to cover the Planck length. And it gives us the highest possible temperature called the Planck temperature. We'll start here. Cosmic inflation created a radiation-only universe that cooled into a quark plasma following an exponential expansion. Baryogenesis turned the quark plasma into baryons, eliminating antimatter. Neutrino decoupling freed neutrinos to travel across the universe. Nucleosynthesis filled the universe with hydrogen and helium. The photon epoch was the long time period that followed nucleosynthesis. The universe was filled with a hot opaque plasma of photons, atomic nuclei, electrons, and dark matter. Recombination united electrons with protons, creating a sea of hydrogen and helium atoms filling the universe. Photon decoupling freed photons to travel across the universe. At this time, the entire sky was as bright as the surface of our sun. The sky darkened as the expanding universe stretched the bright surface of last-gattering radiation into the infrared range. With no stars having formed to give off light, the universe literally went dark. During this time, the caustic process worked the dark matter into filaments, with the baryonic matter tagging along. During this time, the universe left thermal equilibrium. Eventually, the dense clouds of cosmic gas in the filaments started to collapse under their own gravity, becoming hot enough to trigger nuclear fusion reactions between hydrogen atoms, creating the very first stars. Galaxies of stars formed and gravitational attraction pulled these galaxies towards each other to form groups, clusters, and galaxy superclusters. Our sun is a late-generation star, incorporating the debris from many generations of earlier stars. It and its solar system formed roughly 8.5 to 9 billion years after the Big Bang. Today, the universe is dominated by vacuum energy and is expanding in an accelerating rate. Eventually, everything gravitationally bound will be in a galaxy, and all other galaxies will be beyond the visible horizon. CMB radiation will disappear. No intelligent species will be able to detect that they exist in a universe bigger than their own galaxy. In addition, all star fuel will eventually run out and the universe will go dark forever. When it comes to the cosmos as a whole, there is far more that we don't know than the little bit we do. Based on new information and discoveries, the benchmark model is changing all the time. Some of the key unknowns are being investigated by intensive efforts across a spectrum of scientific projects. There are just a few. There's a hunt for the nature of dark matter. For example, the LHC at CERN now reaches 13 trillion electron volts. That's enough energy to find support for, limit, or eliminate various dark matter theories. There's a hunt for the behavior of the hot-cork plasma in existence during barogenesis. For example, thousands of times a second, the Brookhaven National Laboratory's relativistic heavy ion collider creates a cork-gluon plasma. This research can reveal subtle details about the cork-gluon plasma and by extension the origin of matter. There's a hunt for neutrinos with new detectors like Diab Bay in South China. They hope to detect neutrinos from the neutrino-decoupling epoch and eventually solve the riddle of why so little antimatter survived barogenesis. There's a hunt for early gravitational waves with projects like the laser interferometer space antenna, LISA. The laser arms will be millions of kilometers long, making it sensitive enough to register weak gravitational waves like the remnants of waves created in the earliest moments of the Big Bang. And the hunt for more Type 1A supernova continues along with deeper analysis of each and every one of them. This will provide a more exact measure of the scale factor dynamics since the end of the dark ages. And to further our knowledge, a new space telescope called the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope is in design and scheduled for launch in the early 2020s. This telescope is specifically designed to further our understanding of these key standard candles. As these researchers uncover more of nature's secrets, we can expect significant changes to the benchmark model. So stay tuned.


From DailyDoseOfWeirdNews.com, I'm Darren Marlar and this is your Daily Dose of Weird News. This episode is brought to you by The Audio Book Bed Bugs by Jason R. Davis, narrated by Darren Marlar. If you love horror but hate bugs, this is the audiobook for you. Here are a free sample and support Marlar House by downloading the audiobook for yourself at DailyDoseOfWeirdNews.com. Trump's, say, Earth's son may have had a long-lost twin. Heh, and you think global warming is a problem now? President Trump's sons are starting a new American-themed hotel chain inspired by their father's campaign. Eric and Don Jr. plan to launch a patriotism-themed hotel chain called American Idea and will start with three locations in Mississippi. It's exactly the kind of place the Trumps would never stay. You think Americans suffer from lack of education? You have no idea. A new national survey in Food & Wine found that 48% of American adults aren't sure where chocolate milk comes from. Meanwhile, I can't believe this is actually true, a full 7% 16.4 million Americans think chocolate milk comes from brown cows. I'm not kidding about this. These figures come from an innovation center for U.S. Dairy Survey of more than 1,000 people. While nearly half of Americans are not being clear where chocolate milk comes from, agriculture and nutrition experts are not surprised about this.  The co-founder of Nonprofit Food Corpse says, We still get kids who are surprised that a french fry comes from a potato. For the record, in case you are an American and you don't know, chocolate milk is defined by the Center for U.S. Dairy as cow's milk with added flavoring and sweeteners. Now you know. A man is suing New York City after he leapt drunkenly from the back of one of the city's ambulances while it was moving. Well, at least he already had an ambulance there. Dairy's latest trip to North Korea, former NBA star Dennis Rodman has presented Kim Jong Un with gifts, including Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal, a copy of Wears Waldo, a mermaid puzzle, two sets of soap, and two autographed jerseys. A mermaid puzzle. What is Kim, a six-year-old girl? Those who planned to spend this past weekend in the waters off Florida's Sunny Isles Beach near Miami got a huge surprise. The Florida Department of Health shut down a two-block stretch between 172nd Street and 174th Street until further notice for safety reasons. No, no shark sightings or unusually rough waters, it's far worse than that. Water samples showed that bacteria levels were too high because there's too much poop in the water. Yeah, the beach did not meet the recreational water quality standard for enterkakai, a bacteria in animals' intestines, meaning there was too much human or pet poop for it to be safe to swim. Well, that just put me off a swimming ever again. Soupman, the company of Seinfeld's soup Nazi fame, they have filed bankruptcy. No success for you. A Belgian movie theater is being criticized for handing out goodie bags at a showing of Wonder Woman that contained a scourer, bathroom wiper, dish sponge and a pamphlet for slibbing pills. Women are understandably upset while men are looking into what it would take to relocate to Belgium. According to a new study, happy people average 7.1 hours of sleep a night. The challenge is sleeping exactly 7 hours 6 minutes. Amazon is buying Whole Foods for $13.77 billion. Of course, at any other store that probably only been around $5 billion. Elizabeth Banks criticized Steven Spielberg recently for not having directed movies with a female lead. Uh, yeah, three words for you there, Lizzie. The Color Purple. Oregon has become the first state to allow you to choose X for sex on your driver's license, rather than choosing between M and Y. Marvel X-Men fans are said to be ecstatic. It is hot in Spain, so much so that overheated students near Madrid were moved from their school to a cooler place, the local air-conditioned funeral home. The unusual decision is just one of several measures taken in recent days as the country goes through a crazy heat wave, and instead of being sent to the corner when misbehaving, the students are forced to lay down in the body freezers. Airport Customs Authorities in Frankfurt, Germany confiscated 35 tons of fidget spinners and plan on crushing them out of existence. They say they tested the toys, which came in multiple shipments from China and found that parts could fall off and pose possible choking hazards for small children. So what do you call the destruction of 35 tons of fidget spinners? A good start. If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up and be sure to subscribe if you want to see more. And click that little bell icon next to the subscribe button to be notified when I post new videos. And if you're already an official Weirdo, please share this video on your own social media. Find even more weird news that I didn't have time for on the Facebook page at Daily DoseOfWeirdNews.com. I'm Darren Marlar and I'll see you next time, Weirdos.


Measuring resistance is relatively simple for a multimeter, but capacitance can be a bit trickier. If you need high precision, consider an LCR meter designed to measure capacitance and more with greater accuracy. Still, a multimeter can be handy for non-mission critical testing. First, remove the cap from any circuit or connected components. Bridge the leads to drain any stored charge. A screwdriver works for this. Set your meter to capacitance mode and, if needed, the appropriate range. At this point, you might already see a value displayed. If your meter has a relative value button, press it now to zero the display. Connect the test lead to each leg of the cap for polarized caps. Connect red to positive and black to negative. After a few seconds, your meter should display the measurement. If you see OL, the capacitance value may be greater than the meter's range.


Hello everybody, welcome back to another HitFilm Express video on this one. I'm gonna show you how to basically brighten any piece of footage using free video editing software. HitFilm Express is free to use, it's free to download, and if you have dark footage that you filmed at night or you filmed it on your phone and it's too dark and you can't make something out or you got a project due and it just doesn't look good enough because you had the wrong lighting, I got you covered. I'm going to teach you how to do it in 60 seconds. All right here, here is the original shot. I'll just show you how to hit spacebar and you'll see it's a dark night because a little bit of lightning. There's a car here, there's a light here and you can't really make out much else. I've applied the curves effect and I'm sort of left-click on that little thing and presto. It is completely relit and this does not have any external lighting. This is all synthetic lighting. There's a second car, there's a sign in the driveway here, you can see another car over there. It's pretty crazy what you can do. So let me show you how to do it from scratch, okay? So I've got some footage here, like I said, I'm going to hover over top of it. What you want to do is once you've got your footage into the timeline like this, you want to go to the effects panel right here and then type in curves like I have already done, C-U-R-V-E-S. You'll see color correction curves. I'm going to left-click on curves and I'm just going to drag and drop it on top of that video. There we go. I did it wrong. There you go. Now it automatically takes you to the controls panel and we can start making some adjustments. Also notice that there's a check mark inside the curve box, so that means we're basically we're cooking here. So what you want to do is you want to click on this little left dot here and you want to move it. You want to move it quite a bit to the left more than you would normally think because this will show you the effect. So just by doing that, if I click off on, you will see already quite a difference. Now what I'd like to do is I will add another point and then I sort of slowly pull it out and I sort of try and figure out what type of look I'm going for. So I don't know. I mean, you guys get the point. You can you can change this as you see fit. Ooh, that's way too bright, right? But here's the thing. Just by adding this curves here and maybe we want a smoother curve. I don't know something like that. Let's say, okay, there you go. Just by doing that, you can already see all that detail to sign the cars, the lights. You will notice there is a little bit of noise that's been introduced into the shot because it's, you know, it's got some noise in it. But that's how you add in synthetic light and you relight dark footage in seconds. I've also done it here on this clip as well. This is just a dark cabin in the woods. I'm going to click on it here and then I go to the controls panel. Here's the original shot. It's kind of just bleached out and dark and it just there's no contrast, nothing. It's kind of ugly, right? Left click added a curves feature. I've just made the curve here. So I've just made it a nice simple curve and presto. That's it. It's a completely different shot. It's relit. It looks professional. It can be done with anything guys. That's all you need to know. Thanks for watching. I have a ton more stuff coming up. Stay tuned. I'll be back soon.