On Thursday, August the 3rd, presidential troubleshooter Cyrus Vance and General John Throckmorton arrived at the White House to report on conditions in the city of Detroit. As of 12 noon on the previous day, the responsibility for law and order in the city had been returned to state authorities. There had been little in America's recent past to prepare her for the nightmarish war that hit her city streets during the summer of 1967. It had come with a sudden reality, crackling out of the overheated ghettos of New York and Detroit. And it had spread in a strange convulsive pattern through large and small communities, from Providence to Wichita. One thing should be absolutely clear. This matter is far, far too important for politics. It goes to the health and the safety of all American citizens, Republicans and Democrats. It goes to the proper responsibility of officials in both of our parties. It goes to the heart of our society in a time of swift change and of great stress. Gentlemen, for the last hour, almost an hour and a half, I have met with Secretary Vance and General Throckmorton, two of our most... Throughout a long hot summer, torn with racial violence, the man most heavily burdened with a quest for solutions played a deliberate calm. He knew that there were no sudden or sure answers. The slums were too large and the plight of the Negro too complex for any hasty economic cures. Hopefully, his newly appointed riot commission would accurately profile the causes and effects of the riots and provide some long-range answers. Meanwhile, the immediate task of the administration was to keep federal help to the cities at a constant level, while moderating any future violence with a mixture of firmness and restraint. Tragically enough, the administration's ghetto programs had been severely curtailed in Congress during the year. The congressional knife had cut deeply into the Model Cities bill, rent subsidies, school aid, rat control, and the teachers' core appropriation. The $2 billion anti-poverty package was in trouble. So was the administration's anti-crime bill. To President Johnson and the members of his cabinet, the prevention of crime and chaos in the streets was of prime importance. But so were other programs. Programs that could offer slum residents jobs, educational opportunities, and adequate housing. Programs that in themselves were major keys to some of the underlying causes of unrest in the cities. In early August, with defense and domestic spending higher than his January estimates for fiscal 1968, President Johnson sent a new budget message to Congress. Then he called in the press for a rapid-fire chalk talk. He had asked for a new tax package that would impose, at least through 1969, a 10% surcharge on all corporate and individual income taxes. Along with some borrowing and belt tightening and other fiscal measures, he hoped that the surcharge would put a sizable dent into the large probable deficit. Without the surcharge, this deficit would cause a spiral of ruinous inflation, brutally higher interest rates and tight money, and an unjust distribution of the cost of supporting the men in Vietnam. The war itself was now exceeding its earlier cost estimates. After listening to the recommendations of Secretary McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and General Westmoreland, President Johnson had decided to authorize an increase of 45,000 men to be sent to Vietnam, bringing the total of United States troops there to 525,000. And so, in August of 1967, contemporary American life entered a new phase of crisis, a crisis of national purpose that linked the problems of the city streets to the war in Vietnam, and both to the state of the economy. The President's position was clear. There were times in a nation's life when its armies had to be equipped and fielded, and the nation's business still had to go on. This was such a time. It was a time of change. Every day, old institutions, values, and beliefs were crumbling. Swift and transforming change had not only become an accepted experience of modern life, but also the source of an American dilemma. We had become the first generation to know with certainty that life would be different for our children, and even for ourselves in just a few years' time. On the morning of the 4th, President Johnson talked further about the commitment to change with the young delegates from the girls' nation. So I would ask you today to make the same commitment that generations of American women have made before you. The commitment to teaching, the commitment to healing, the commitment to inspiring a change in our country, where it is desperately needed. We must ever just become satisfied with the status quo. Later that same day, Presidential Assistant Cliff Alexander was sworn in as the new chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. This commission, like the Civil Rights Act that created it, had been bred for change. Its mission? To bring employment opportunities within the reach of every American citizen. I do not believe there's anyone in the United States. That is better qualified to achieve that goal for this government. And Cliff Alexander, he knows what prejudice is. He has endured it himself. And he has fought with it with every resource at his command. And if I have anything to do about it in this country, we are all going to be equal in seeking a job. Over the years, poverty has given growth to a vast and overlapping complex of federal programs and agencies. All of them trying to help the poor. In mid-August, Secretary Gardner of Health Education and Welfare would make a dramatic change. He would consolidate five major welfare agencies under one office. Its new title? The Social and Rehabilitation Service. Its new director? Government veteran Mary Elizabeth Schweitzer. To at least one person in Washington, the problems of poverty, urban reorganization and beautification are all interconnected. And if, in the process of even the smallest change, some of the sheer ugliness of the ghetto disappears, then America is moving toward a new expression. During the month of August, Project Trailblazer would inaugurate a weekly wage program for groups of youngsters working on beautification projects in the Anacostia and Northeastern sections of the city of Washington. Made possible by a grant from Lawrence Rockefeller, a member of Mrs. Johnson's beautification committee, its beginnings were modest. But hopefully, other men and women in other cities would attempt to imitate it. Late in 1965, President Johnson had ordered a study of the alternatives to home rule in the District of Columbia. The task had gone to the Bureau of the Budget, which, after study, had recommended that the three-man Board of City Commissioners be replaced by a single executive and bipartisan city council. On August 9, after nearly 100 years of refusing to give the D.C. area a voice of its own, the House of Representatives voted to accept the administration's reorganization plan. Within hours, the presidential search for a good executive to fill the new post of District Commissioner was underway. I look forward with great pleasure to exchanging views and ideas with you. I hope that our talks together will reinforce the already great confidence and cooperation that exists between the American people and the German people. We are so glad that you're here. We hope that you will enjoy your stay. Mr. President, Mr. Johnson, my Damen and Herren. Ladies and gentlemen, Mrs. Kiesinger and I, Vice Chancellor Brandt and my associates are most cordially grateful to you, Mr. President, for the solemn and warm reception you have been extending to us in this historic place, the official residence of the President of the United States of America. I come here as the head of government of a country, a friend and ally of the United States of America. Our talks will certainly deal with problems of interest to our two countries, but they will certainly also touch upon those great questions of peace, security and justice in the world. In this way, you have pointed that out already, Mr. President, we are going to continue the talks we had in Bonn earlier this year when you came over, and I may say that the German people were very grateful to you, Mr. President, for this gesture, to participate in the funeral of Konrad Adenauer. On August 15th, President Johnson welcomed Chancellor Kiesinger of West Germany to Washington. In two days of private talks, they would delve into a portfolio of international problems. One of the most important was the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty under discussion at Geneva by United States and Soviet spokesman. But at the heart of their discussions was another more pressing problem, the strength of American and German forces in Western Europe. It had been initially reported by the press in Bonn that Chancellor Kiesinger had proposed a 60,000-man reduction in West Germany's regular army, a plan that would have considerably altered the German role in the NATO alliance. As it turned out, this report was unfounded, and he cuts in troop strength that would not exceed a 15 to 19,000-man limit and would be compensated for by substantial increases in West Germany's ready reserve force. We discussed the deployment of troops and the strength of the commitments of each of our nations. We both agreed that we wanted to see that that strength remained unimpaired and we were both very anxious to maintain those strengths. In the years following the end of World War II, America's role in West Germany had undergone many changes, from conqueror to occupying power, to ally and partner, each position in turn having its own brand of individual problems. I read in American papers that I am sort of a Chancellor who wants to make a more independent policy and I want to make an independent policy. I want it very strongly indeed, but independence doesn't mean that we leave the path of close cooperation and friendship with the United States. Despite many rumors, this government is firmly decided to preserve and strengthen NATO, not only the alliance, but the military integrated system of NATO. Mr. President, I am looking forward to our further discussions and I am quite convinced that this visit will strengthen the bonds of friendship and cooperation between us and all countries. I think the goals that we all seek together are quite clear and there's little difference about them. We all want a world at peace. We all want freedom for all men to better the quality of their lives. Charting the paths to those goals is really going to be exacting and require the very best that's in all of us. In mid-August, after still another arduous presidential review of the war in Vietnam and its prospects for peace, United States Navy and Air Force jets struck hard at one of North Vietnam's untouched sanctuaries, the 30 mile buffer zone along the Chinese frontier. For more than a year, the zone's rail and highway systems had been an integral part of the supply pipeline for Vietnam to the war zone itself. As a logistics complex, it had been instrumental in the shipment of thousands of tons of ammunition and weapons. Despite these military considerations, President Johnson knew that the mere proximity of the bombing mission to the Chinese border was certain to cause a barrage of complaints about the conduct of the war. Coupled with this was the sudden and disturbing decision by a group of congressmen to voice doubts about the honesty of the September elections in South Vietnam. So on August 18th, he called for a televised press conference. Our policy in Vietnam is the same. We are there to deter aggression. We are there to permit to the people of South Vietnam to determine for themselves who their leaders should be and what kind of a government they should have. It is remarkable that a young country, fighting a tough war on its own soil has moved so far, so fast, toward a representative government. I have participated in a good many, and I've never known one, where there weren't some who questioned the efficiency of the election or the accuracy of the election or the wisdom of the voters' expressions. We do that in this country, and you will expect more of it, that is really having its first overall national election under wartime conditions. We hope that whoever wins, a civilian or military leader, will work together and they will cooperate in the essential work that's ahead of them. But on Tuesday of this week, its lead editorial calls your permission to bomb within 10 miles of China a dangerous escalation of the bombing which could lead to war with China. What would your council be to this implied anxiety? First, I would like to make it clear that these airstrikes are not intended as any threat to communist China and they do not, in fact, pose any threat to that country. We believe that Peking knows that the United States does not seek to widen the war in Vietnam. The evidence has been quite clear, we think, that the strikes were made against major military staging areas. In answering still another question on the war in Vietnam, President Johnson described the step-by-step negotiations that had eventually led to the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. He reminded his audience and critics that because of an amendment within the resolution itself, Congress had always had the option of withdrawing its delegated authority. The remedy is there if we have acted unwisely or improperly. It's going to be tougher as it gets along. The longer these are fighting last, the more sacrifices required and men and materiel, the more difficult it's going to be. But I don't believe we're acting beyond our constitutional responsibility. On August 23rd, responding to an invitation from the South Vietnamese government, President Johnson selected a team of 20 prominent Americans who would travel to South Vietnam to observe the closing days of the election campaign and the elections themselves. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge was selected to serve as the group's organizer, coordinator, and escort officer. On the 28th, one day after the president's 59th birthday, the list of observers had grown to 25 and included three senators, three governors, and one archbishop. At the age of 59, he remained the superb political technician, a man charged with physical energy, a man with a string of legislative and executive achievements that had long ago put most of his senators in the shade. His 59th summer had been a rough one, a crucible of a kind that few other presidents had ever been through. While more and more people saw the war in Vietnam as the key to his most compelling problems, those who were close to him knew that the accomplishments of his administration did not begin or end with Vietnam. In August as in July, his administration continued to act as a major force for peace in the Middle East. On the European agenda, the problems of expanded trade with Eastern Europe and an atmosphere of relaxed relations with the Soviet Union continued to be sought after objectives. On August 27th, his country would play an instrumental role in the negotiations leading to the reform of the international monetary system. In Vietnam, there was reason for optimism. Our military effort was still on schedule. The Communist attempt to isolate Saigon and undermine it politically had been a complete failure. So had their efforts to bisect the country at its waist around Route 19. And their third and most ambitious effort to take the northernmost provinces by storm had been blocked. Realistically, it had become a war that Hanoi could no longer hope to win with military force. In August, one of the men who had helped his country realize the subjective was Marine Sergeant Jimmy Howard, the 17th recipient of the Medal of Honor since America's entry into the Vietnam conflict. Domestically, all of his programs and policies still converged on a common set of aims. Whether marshaling forces to fight the problems of mental retardation or signing a readjustment act to the Vietnam GI Bill, he and the members of his administration still sought to provide a living place which would liberate, rather than constrict, the human spirit, giving each American during a time of swift progress and change the opportunity to use his talents, the opportunity to share in one of history's most successful enterprises, the United States of America. One thing should be absolutely clear. This matter is far, far too important for politics. It goes to the health and the safety of all American citizens. It goes to the proper responsibility of officials in both of our parties. It goes to the heart of our society in a time of swift change and of great stress.


Hello everyone and welcome to the next in our series of the Friends Reading Room concerts. My name is Sally Mesh and I'm the Program Director for the Friends of the Robbins Library. When the pandemic hit in March last year, the Friends Sunday Afternoon Reading Room music series was brought to an abrupt halt by the closure of the library and I had to cancel the remainder of the season. I'm very happy to say that we've been able to rebook those performers, the duo Heartbeat, whom you'll hear today, and classical guitarist Aaron Laugier-Captain who'll be with us on Keeper 11th. As you may know, March is our item reads together month. This year's Community Read is the book Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria by Beverly Daniel Tatum. As part of the library's programming, the Friends are sponsoring a performance by musician and poet Tim Hall on Sunday, March 28th. You can find information about all our events on our website, friendsofrobinslibrary.org, and there's a link on there to register for the Tim Hall event. Just click on what's new to find the posting. But back to today's concert. The duo Heartbeat comprises Shelley Otis on Celtic Harp and Fabio Pirozolo on percussion. They're two amazingly talented musicians whose work is cleaned from around the world. I think you're in for a real treat. Hello everybody. Thank you for joining us here today. We're very glad to be here and we're also very grateful to the Robbins Library for continuing this concert series despite the pandemic. My name is Shelley and I'm going to be joined today by percussionist Fabio Pirozolo. We've been playing together for about three years, a little over three years, and we've really enjoyed finding a repertoire that works with harp and percussion together. And we're here to share some of that today and I hope you enjoy. This song is called La Peta Quita and it's a traditional Chilean folk song and I learned this from a Chilean harpist named Daniela. I had the opportunity to travel to Chile several years ago. I went there specifically to learn more about the Chilean harp tradition and she taught me this song. Fabio is going to be playing the maracas which are, his maracas are from Venezuela and they're filled with a very, very, very lightweight seed which is what gives them that particular sound quality. So La Peta Quita. The next song we're going to play is an Irish slip jig called The Butterfly and I learned this many years ago. I had gone to a dancing workshop and specifically a dancing workshop for musicians on how to play music for dancing and this was one of the songs we did and I fell in love with it and I've paired that, we're going to pair that with another slip jig, another slip jig called The Baltorium. This song is called Tarantale di Sanicandro and it comes from the southern part of Italy. The Tarantale is a dance form that's usually in 6-8 and played very fast and it comes from a tradition where historically people, if they would get bitten by the tarantula spider, obviously it's a poisonous spider. So what do you do when you get bitten by a poisonous spider? You call musicians and traditionally in Italy the musicians would come and the person who was who had been bitten was supposed to dance to this music very fast and very frantically until all the poison had come out and the tradition goes. Sometimes the musicians would check in and with the person dancing, the person who was bitten they're like are you feeling better? Are you still okay? And they would say no no I need I need more music please keep playing. That's the tarantula tradition. So this is um but this tarantula is called Tarantale di Sanicandro. This song comes from the south part of Italy and the town called Carpino in Apulia which is if you think of Italy as a boot it's in the heel of the boot and it's called Carpinese which means from carpino and the song is about a person who wants to go see their lover but they tell their mother they're going to gather firewood and instead they go and meet their lover. The next song is called Within a Mile of Dublin and it's an Irish reel and our arrangement sort of combines traditional Celtic harping with a modern Celtic harp style that's that's become popular in the past several years. The next song we're going to play is called Cozumel. It's one that I had written after visiting the island of Cozumel in Mexico and I had encountered a mariachi band there which included a harpist. I think it was two guitars and a harp and I absolutely fell in love with the music and I came home with all these sounds in my head and I had to do something about it and so I wrote this song with that in mind. The island of Cozumel and the beautiful people there and the beautiful musical traditions they have there. The next one that we're going to do comes from Macedonia. It's called Giovano Giovanche and it has become popular throughout the Balkans. It's a song about two young lovers that have been separated because their parents don't approve of the union. For those of you who are interested in music theory this song is in seven eight a seven eight meter and it uses a scale called Hijaz or Phrygian dominant and there's other names for it as well. It's popular throughout the Middle East. The scale or the mode is popular throughout the Middle East and Central Asia and Eastern Europe and also it also occurs in Spanish flamenco music. Giovano Giovanche. This song is called Per una Vorta and I'm going to play it by myself but it was actually written by Fabio. He didn't write it for the harp but when I found it I thought it was absolutely beautiful and I thought it would work very well on the harp so I learned it and I'm here to share it with you today. We've got one more. We hope that you have enjoyed our music today. If you would like to hear more well you could we hope next time is in person. We hope to play again and Fabio also plays with a lot of bands in Boston so you can check his website for more information or you can also check mine. I have an album on Spotify so you can look us up if you'd like to hear more of our music. This song is called New Real. I wrote it with a traditional Irish reel in mind. I kind of took the elements of a traditional Irish reel and then added my own twist. What a beautiful concert. I'm so glad that we've been able to share their music with you. As Shelly mentioned you can learn more about them and their music on their websites. Shelly is at Shellyotus.com slash store and Fabio is at FabioPirazzolo.com. When we can we add links to our concert postings on our website so you can enjoy them again or find one that you missed. Remember details about all our concerts and other events are posted on our website friendsofrobinslibrary.org. Join us again on April 11th for the music of guitarist Aaron Marget Catlin. To receive advance notice of our events I encourage you to become a member of the friends. To join or simply donate please go to our website. Through your membership you'll be supporting our wonderful library and the community that is served. Thank you everyone for being with us today. We'll hope you'll be back next month.


Recently I had the opportunity of visiting two army installations for the purpose of reporting on the reactivation of two army divisions with long and honored histories on the battlefields of the past. The principal reason underlying these reactivations is our determination to maintain our military strength. You and I and free people around the world have long recognized the aggressive threat of international communism. We have many clear examples of what happens to the way of life and liberty of nations that fall into the domination of its political and economic thinking. In the past year, as part of many steps taken to meet the threat, President Kennedy called the first armored and fifth infantry divisions back into service. Both units have basically been inactive since the end of World War II. The first armored division, affectionately known as Old Ironsides, distinguished itself in the North African and Italian campaigns of that war. The fifth infantry division, well known as the Red Diamond Division, and for its nickname Red Devils, wrote its outstanding record in both World Wars I and II. The reactivation of the first armored division occurred March 3, 1962 at Fort Hood, Texas. It arrived several days before the event, for the purpose of learning as much about the history and background of the unit as I could. I met several men who had been with the division during World War II. One of these was Master Sergeant Carl W. Gaylord, now Sergeant Major of the First Armored Support Command and proud owner of a Silver Star. Sergeant, it's very nice of you to invite me to your home today. It's certainly a pleasure to have you with us. We are always glad to have people from out of town come in to see our military establishment down in our quarters. Tell me, Sergeant, how long have you been in the Army? I've been in the service 26 and a half years. I first enlisted in 1935. I was an assistant pharmacist at Fort Benjamin Harrison Hospital. Then I went overseas and when I came back decided to make the Army of my career. I went back to the old hospital and while I was being interviewed by the first sergeant for reassignment, I saw a tank going by the window. And right then I decided that I was going to change my branch of service. I re-enlisted in the tanks in 1939 and have been with the tanks practically ever since. What is it about tanks that fascinates you? The ability to handle heavy equipment, I've always been fascinated and I was used to drive large equipment prior to coming in the service. And it's a challenge to a person to be able to handle that type of equipment. And not only that, I knew if there was going to be a shooting war, I wanted to be in something I could shoot back with. Sergeant Major Gaylord exemplifies the kind of men who have helped prove that ingenious weapons are only as effective as the men who make them work. As crude as our early tanks may seem now, they were still ingenious weapons when units of the First Armored came ashore at Oran in northern Tunisia, November 8, 1942, to challenge the Nazis' hold on North Africa. But it still took men with unusual combat spirit to make them effective. In the face of the hardened, more experienced Panzer units, the going was rough. For several months, the Allies pressed attacks in the area of Toborba, Medzis Elbab, Gafsa and the Casserine Pass against strong German resistance. Enemy launched air-land counter-attacks which drove our forces back with heavy losses. In January and February 1943, the Allies continued in their efforts to push the enemy back to the cities of Tunis and Bezerta, to trap them with their backs to the Mediterranean Sea and there destroy them. The battles raged with almost insane fury because of Hitler's determination not to forfeit North Africa. The tide began to turn. The Wehrmacht was critically mauled at Casserine Pass and driven back to Faid Pass. By May, the cities of Tunis and Bezerta were in Allied hands and the war in North Africa was over. After taking time out to reorganize and re-equip itself, units of old iron sides were called on September 1943 to participate in the invasion of Italy at Salerno. Ship-to-shore landings are always difficult and Salerno was no exception. The German command concentrated all its efforts in a desperate attempt to keep our forces from the mainland of Italy. The Germans failed. Following the capture of Salerno, the First Armored was deployed to take part in the amphibious assault at Anzio. Again, all went according to plan at first. Then the Germans began responding furiously. Back against the beachhead to force it back into the sea. Finally, after four grueling months of beating off enemy pressure, the Allies were able to break out of the beachhead and strike for Rome. While units of the First Armored participated in the liberation of this important city, the mobility and firepower of the division were required beyond Rome. Allied mission now was to maintain pressure on the Wehrmacht in Italy and prevent its withdrawal from the peninsula. This would serve not only to threaten the invasion of Germany from the south, but to help prepare the way for the forthcoming invasion of Normandy in France. The battles in northern Italy were as severe as those which came before. Yet by the spring of 1945, old iron sides had slashed its way to the Swiss border, cutting off the escape of thousands of enemy soldiers. By May 1945 and V.E. Day, the First Armored had in almost 1,000 days of combat fought on two continents and rolled its way across 1,000 hazardous miles in pursuit of a determined and fanatical enemy. Now, after several periods of reactivation and deactivation, it has been asked to stand again as a deterrent against those who would threaten our security. Reactivation ceremonies at Fort Hood last March began with the rendition of honors and the posting of the national colors. All around me I could sense the pride the men who would now serve with this unit felt in themselves and in the fact that they were part of the American Armored Division that had pioneered so successfully in the art and science of armored warfare. An officer from the Navy officially presented the unit with a painting of the USS Constitution, the famous Old Iron Sides. The division's history states that in 1940, when the unit was first activated, General Bruce Magruder searched for a suitable nickname for his new command. He chanced to look up at a painting of the old fighting ship and, since it stood for durability and daring, decided he had found the most fitting name for his troops. The division's present commander, Major General, then Brigadier General Ralph E. Haynes Jr., accepted the painting in behalf of his new command. On behalf of the officers and men of the Army's Old Iron Sides, I accept this inspiring picture of the Navy's Old Iron Sides. We will give it a place of honor in our division headquarters. A significant part of the reactivation ceremony was the uncasing of the battle colors earned in the past by individual units that are now to comprise the new First Armored Division. Each ribbon fastened to a unit's flagstaff represents a battlefield on which the blood of its men was shed. During its own experience in World War II, Old Iron Sides lost more men in combat than any other U.S. armored division. When the last battle flag had been unfurled, Lieutenant General Carl Henry Jark, 4th United States Army Commander, welcomed the division back to the service of its country. The First Armored Division is the first division to be activated under the Army's New Road concept. The speed and efficiency with which it is being organized into a fighting combat unit is a shining example of Army teamwork and effectiveness. Congratulations, Old Iron Sides, and welcome back to the active ranks. Following General Jark's comments, the fighting potential of the division passed in review. I was very impressed with your activation ceremonies, General. Well, thank you very much, Mr. Graves. I thought that the cadre personnel displayed a high degree of professional confidence in the ceremony. I think we've made a fine start in carrying on the magnificent traditions of Old Iron Sides. But we've got a long way to go yet, I must say. What is the program for your division in the weeks and months ahead? The division is currently being brought up to strength. We're receiving new men from all over the country. They've had eight weeks of basic combat training. Now, it's our job to give them the necessary specialized training and to make them members of the team. You expect to have your division ready in August, even under the new organizational structure? Yes, Mr. Graves. We'll be combat ready in August, as the President indicated we would. And, interestingly, we like the idea of being the first division to be organized under the road concept, which was devised, as you know, by the best brains in the Army. We like the concept. We're proud to be pioneering, and we're going to make the concepts work. As General Haynes had predicted, the men of the First Armored are now ready. Under strenuous simulated battle conditions, men and equipment are welded into a skillful and efficient team. Under these same conditions, this team again displays the great fighting spirit and capabilities for which old iron sides has long been famous. Full versatility, mobility, and firepower have not only been rebuilt, but have been tested under conditions that can be expected on the modern battlefield. At this moment, as in the past, the men of the First Armored are prepared to perform any mission against acts of aggression aimed at us, or our allies, and friends. Years of crisis with our opponents have demonstrated such acts can arise anywhere at any time. Korea, Laos, Vietnam, Berlin, Cuba. For this reason, the First Armored and Fifth Infantry divisions I learned were being organized under a new Army plan. Events in recent years have focused attention on the fact that our Army must be equipped to face a wide range of very different military situations in various parts of the world. It must have forces that can not only fight on the old world battlefields of Europe, but in swamp lands and jungles, on deserts, in mountains, and in such other difficult environments as the snow and ice of northern latitudes. These forces must be able to fight a large-scale nuclear war, or one that remains limited and completely conventional. These needs gave rise to a new concept called road, or reorganization, objective, army, divisions, designed to meet complex strategic and tactical problems wherever they may occur. Under road, every U.S. division will have a similar division base. This base will consist of a set number of command, combat support, and other support elements. On this base will be placed a varying number of combat battalions, armor, mechanized infantry, regular infantry, and airborne infantry, depending on the military environment in which the division will be deployed. In Western Europe, for example, armor and mechanized forces are required to meet those of the potential enemy. Divisions for this area will have the firepower and shock action of tanks plus the armor-protected mobility of mechanized infantry. In other regions where the terrain and other factors differ from those of Europe, the combat battalions will be mixed to include fewer tanks and more mechanized infantry. In more rugged areas, such as Korea, the division will be designed to include primarily more regular infantry battalions with some mechanized capability. Finally, the airborne division will have a preponderance of airborne infantry soldiers reinforced with armor for missions requiring swift movement by air to such remote places as Southeast Asia or for surprise attack. The mixtures of these combat forces can be varied almost infinitely. Under road, the army will have great flexibility because a division can be specifically tailored to meet any situation, anywhere, and on very short notice. The history and background of the fifth infantry division ideally suited to be the first mechanized division under the new army concept. In the past, its men have made it a leading unit in many different ways. Having been deactivated at the end of the First World War, it was one of the first to be reactivated October 1939 when Hitler appeared to be making good on his threat to conquer the world. After our involvement in World War II and a period spent guarding the strategic island of Iceland against Nazi invasion, the division traveled to Great Britain for intensive invasion training. While the best-kept secret of the war remained just that, the men of the fifth somehow knew that the main assault on Hitler's fortress of Europe was imminent. On July 4, 1944, its men began moving into northern France by way of Utah Beach. Ten days later, it was in the line in Normandy, facing Nazi units that were among the elite of the Nazi army. Attacking west and southwest of Saint-Lô, it so successfully assisted in cracking the German defenses that it was a month before the enemy could establish a new front line rapidly eastward across France. Driving hard, the fifth employed every means to keep the Wehrmacht continually off balance. The Germans resorted to suicidal counterattacks to slow the advance. But by maintaining pressure in the air and on land, the Allies were able to keep Hitler's forces rolling back to their fatherland. In September, after the Allied momentum had been temporarily slowed at Verdun, due to a shortage of supplies, the fighting reached a new crescendo, crucially severe in the fifth division siege of the Fortress of Metz, a defense position which had never been taken by storm before. It was primarily the combat spirit of the American infantrymen that enabled our forces to break through its maze of thick concrete barriers and force its capitulation. Once achieved, the Red Devils drove on to the borders of the Third Reich itself. But they were destined not to cross these borders just yet. On the 17th of December, 1944, the enemy launched the Battle of the Bulge, in which they surprised the Allied forces in the Artans and ripped through the broken lines in a last desperate effort to turn defeat into victory. When General Patton was asked for assistance, he selected his Red Devils to hit the southern flank of the enemy and turn it back. The fighting took place in heavy snow, bitter cold, and against an unrelenting enemy. But the German drive finally collapsed, and the Fifth was able to return to its push through the Siegfried Line and on into Germany. Though the hard fighting was not yet over, full Allied victory was clearly in sight. The Fifth climaxed its many river crossings by making the first assault boat crossing of the Rhine ever recorded. Before the war ended, the Red Diamond Division had taken part in clearing out the Ruhr Pocket and a drive into Czechoslovakia. By war's end, May 8, 1945, the men of the Fifth had well earned their reputation as outstanding soldiers and the men to call upon when the mission was toughest. On February 19, 1962, after years of inactivity, this famous organization was recalled to active duty. While the reactivated First Armored Division remains what it always has been, an armored division, the Fifth Infantry reactivated, will now become a mechanized infantry division. At Fort Carson, Colorado, the scene of its reactivation last winter, I again encountered men who had served with the unit in the past. One such was First Sergeant Lester Malniks, a veteran of the Fifth in World War II. Sergeant, how long did you serve with the Fifth Infantry Division in World War II? I was with them for 16 months. I joined them at Vets as a replacement, went through all the campaigns, cross-rivers, cities, Frankfurt, into Ruhr, finally to Czechoslovakia, and now I'm back with the Fifth again. Sergeant, you mentioned rivers. I understand the Fifth was called the Paddlefoot Division. How did it get that name? That was probably because they crossed so many rivers. They had to cross a river every time they went someplace. Across the Rhine River, the Maine River, the Tepler River, I think we crossed that Mosel River about five times. Sergeant, I understand you've been in the Army for 17 years. Is that right? That's right, sir. No doubt you've served in many units during this time. What does the Fifth compare with some of the units in which you've served? I consider them head and shoulders above all other units I've ever been in. I think it was an excellent choice for the President to designate the Fifth to be reactivated. When the day for reactivation finally came, the Fifth was given the designation by which it will be known from now on. The Fifth Infantry Division mechanized. The ceremonies at Fort Carson began, as at Fort Hood, the condition of honors and the posting of the national colors. This was followed by other ceremonies which included the uncasing of the battle colors. The history of many of the units now part of the Fifth Infantry mechanized goes as far back as the Indian and Mexican wars. Most, of course, have fought battles in later conflicts. The principal speaker for the event was introduced by the unit's commander, Major General, then Brigadier General Ashton H. Manhart. It is my privilege and honor to introduce Lieutenant General Emerson L. Cummings, the commanding general of the United States Fifth Army, General Cummings. General Manhart, distinguished guests, members of the United States Army, ladies and gentlemen, I am proud and honored to be here today to take part in this ceremony activating the Fifth Infantry Division mechanized. This division has a most distinguished heritage. By accepting the historical heritage passed on today, every member of the division accepts also the responsibility of living up to the traditions manifested by the division's motto, we will, and if we are to be successful, the Fifth Division, as well as the entire Army, must live up to this same motto, we will. At the conclusion of General Cummings' address, the men of the Fifth passed in review. The newest and destined to be one of the most modern of the Army divisions, no one regards his assignment to it with more pride than its commander, General Manhart. General Manhart, what does the reactivation of the Fifth Infantry Division mechanized mean to you? We think it means two things. The primary one is this is one response which our government is making to a threat that, in our opinion, has not decreased in the last few months. The other thing we think is interesting is the fact that this is the first division of its type being created by the Army and the two principal objectives are to gain flexibility and mobility. General, President Kennedy has placed great emphasis on our ability to wage conventional warfare. Does this mean that we will not use our atomic weapons on the battlefield, should it be necessary? No, it does not. The Fifth Infantry Division mechanized will have an atomic capability which will exist in the Honest John, in the Eight-Inch Howitzer, and also in the Engineer Battalion. The division will be prepared to fight the full spectrum of combat which we may expect to meet today. General, what are the training plans for your division? We propose in the division to set the standards of the Strategic Army Corps and to maintain these standards. There are none higher in the Army today. The Fifth Infantry, as well as the First Armored, have both demonstrated that the training of organizations such as theirs could be accomplished in less time than was thought possible before. Six months later, the Fifth was ready. As the First Mechanized Division underrode, the men of the unit realized they were a showcase unit whose development would be closely watched by the Army and the nation. As a pilot unit, they realized they had a job to do and they have achieved it. Today, this fighting organization stands as a vital bulwark of our nation's defense posture. The men of the Fifth Infantry Division mechanized are prepared to have their motto, We Will, tested at any time, at any place, and under all conditions. You and I have witnessed the reactivation of two combat divisions whose continuing devotion to duty and mission will, we can be sure, always be in the highest tradition. While all of us hope that the tremendous fighting capabilities of the dedicated Americans who now constitute the First Armored and Fifth Infantry divisions may never be required on a field of battle, it is a satisfaction to know that two such outstanding organizations have rejoined our defenses should the need ever arise.


I think in my elaboration on your first question, I have covered the sum of the ground which is would be in response to this question. But, to reiterate again Rand policy paper 2019 is a seminal document, I repeat the word seminal document on all the multiple strategies both military, political, economic warfare and financial warfare or warfare against the financial institutions of Russia. To overextend it means to draw it away in several directions distract in several directions and to and to cause it the most severe damage basically to attack its very very existence as a state as a Russian people. Whoever like to exist the largest territorial entity in the world and people who have long suffered for two century three century they suffered so many invasions including the nine nation and Tante which intervened in the after 1917 revolution. So, this is a multiple strategy it is not a ordinary strategy it was actually has already been in execution only the it has been moved from first gear to the fourth gear now that is the top gear now. So, what was it why was this strategy? She went all these strategies and think tanks in the world plan for all this they plan it against the background and the background was that the western banking system the western financial system since 2008 as a well-known date and even otherwise earlier has been going into a deepening crisis it has not come out it has not come out though the printed dollar allows it to allows it to become the greatest data in this in the world, but they can pick and people are generally generally reconciled to that so far they have been Saudi Arabia was a very big backer of this because is Saudi Arabia's ruler who agreed to the petrodollar in 1973 that is the origin of it, but gradually all the Gulf states also agreed to the petrodollar and everybody agreed to the other worlds reserve currency though which is a completely unfair system because these people can keep on taking debts live off the world import everything and not pay for it because the value of the dollar will go down nothing it can stop the value of dollar from going down so there is a deepening crisis the not the pandemic, but actually the way the system work because it became uncompetitive with respect to China all consumer goods and all even machinery goods even advanced technology goods even patents in the world were now with China and all this talk of that that they will stop the technology they will stop the chips and it is all for public consumption something like that is stopping all application with China and that will hurt China and China will put be put in its place, but the main thing was this competition that United States is actually out competed by China on almost all manufacturing and all design even the high tech area is now gradually being taken over by the US and once that happened Europe is already in decline Germany which is regarded the greatest I mean the finest precision machine making country in the world all the famous names in China famous firms there in the shadow even automobile even in aircraft even in computers even in any field of activity they were being outsmarted and out competed so the number of people who are unemployed after 250 years of democracy and capitalism in the world 50 percent of the people in the United work working people in the United States do not have economic security they live from paycheck to paycheck they live on the in the 10 cities of San Francisco if this is what capitalism has given the United States over 250 years what about our friends here who think that capitalism privatization inequalities will deliver India's million then we have got 1400 million not not the 200 million that there are 250 million that there are in Europe or US it's a completely absurd ridiculous argument it won't and our constitution doesn't say it but that's the side so you have a very very deep crisis of stagnancy over capacity over production against the capacity no way to export because they have they are losing markets as you know China and ASEAN have already come into RSEP RCEP regional cooperation economic agreement and the latest is that ASEAN is now dealing with China on a exchange of ruble with the local currency something which India is now likely to step in the oil area so the area of markets capture of markets is decreasing and it is Asia and China in particular which have made the American economy not able to compete in the world not able to compete in the export not able to compete in technology not able to complete all round so there's a very deep crisis and the aristocracy the oligarchs who rule the US actually there is a it's a oligarchy it's an autocracy same thing in your spite of the coverings of democracy basically it is less a lesser number of people who are determining the future prospects of more and more people in their own country so there's a level of dissatisfaction with the systems and in order to camouflage that and what they thought because the neo coins and the European far right wing is he always has this idea that we are superior we were we were superior we are superior and we will be superior and we can take care of these new kids on the block they have not been honest to themselves at least publicly except for few there are few there are a number of people in the base number of very good people I would say who understand their relative position with respect to China and with respect to it so thought they thought they will separate China and Russia that is not working that's not likely to work as far as my understanding is concerned so they have come up to actually put into effect this and this has been going on for years but if people should think that this is provoked by Russia it's wrong it is this strategy of containing Russia by were extended in several areas and by imbalancing Russia because they think they can deal with Russia through sanctions lots of newspaper articles have come out lots of very great strategists and thinkers and analysts have said that Russia will be affected with my humble submission is that they have taken care of it they have prepared for it and they will not allow in fact Russia will grow stronger out of these sanctions as it went with the first set of sanctions couple of years ago they will come out they have already come out people like Glasiyev I have talked about this five years ago and they will accelerate their movement for self-reliance so it's a make in India mean make in Russia actually make in Russia the in a very advanced technology area but they will not be they will be hardships but let me state the Russian people are strong enough patriotic enough have enough resilience in spite of this hardship of 20 to 30 percent increase in prices and roughly 20 to 30 percent people living below the desired standards it is true but they will suffer because for them their country despite certain of this cosmetic process protest in Moscow or Leningrad or Petrograd or or Peterburg are being even headlined here in our newspapers and amongst our thinking of history who should know better that they are great put us peace put us for they should be peace put us they will be peaceful why not young people want peace but young people also want they also understand what is happening to their country how they've been successively targeted and continue to be targeted that's the president Putin statement of 24th February very good says directions and directive to the Russian military Russian defense ministry is that our objective is first of all to save or intervene in the situation in Donbas that is in Ukraine save lives and make sure that since we have recognized these two republics Luhans and Donets and they are we have recognized them independent and they have invited us to come to the aid we are going on invitation we are not going on ourselves that's the usual diplomatic stuff to intervene then bring this secondly are two bigger objectives that is to demilitarize Ukraine now what he means by that is immediately immediately that's Ukrainian military assets air bases logistic depots ammunition depots missile structures air defense radars that will be neutralized and that they have been doing very successful in fact I can give you but you know yourself the ministry of defense Russia gives a daily briefing every day by a major general and he is outlined in what they call objects everything is object for them factory is object of a base is object so many thousand objects have been neutralized contrary to all kinds of fake reports that we gave at some Ukrainian aircraft shot down some other Russian aircraft much superior aircraft etc. and helicopters all that is completely fake and has been proved fake by but there are photographs of exercises of photographs of I mean videos of older years or simulated fights which are being shown around so that they have largely succeeded in that hardly that they will denazify now this is political military it is neither military completely nor political but it's political military it's a combination what is denazification the common sense common knowledge but more much more information documented information what to call is hard intelligence is there with the Russian or either the Kremlin or with the Russian Defense Ministry on what has gone on because from 2014 the Nazis or the Yadav battalions or organization semi armed some thugs some mercenaries some plane plane military trained people who have been trained in the U.S. have who have been drawn into the state apparatus they become part of the National Guard we demonstrated we demonstrated over 80 years in in Donetsk and the Luhans is not that this is some theoretical calculation they have been the president of the state and the president of Ukraine is actually presided has actually presided over functions of these other battalions and they have been upgraded to as our regiment and so on so forth so there is no nothing hanky there is nothing secret it's out in the open out in the open the gradual integration of the openly nazi outfits broadly referred to as the other regiments of battalion into the state military apparatus in fact there are estimates that 80 percent of the higher echelons including cabinet of the Ukraine are comprised of people who have affiliations with this kind of 80 percent secondly in the classical manner in which infiltration and subversion is done of any state any state it had been done even of Soviet Union earlier in those closing years and I was a witness to that and some of my friends are a witness to that that is how the state is subverted when the institutions of the state are subverted here the military institution the political institution the security institutions of Ukraine have been subverted by these elements but this is a way this is the most challenging I would say the military objectives are you can say almost achieved because if you see the latest map as of today I got the latest map or chart of them is here defense structure which is in public it is in the public domain that all their initial objectives military objectives have been achieved theirs they are not going into Kiev for this isn't that similar reason that we did not go into Lahore in 1965 or 71 because you don't want to get mixed up into street fighting military is not not ideal institution to fight a street battle or street you know shooting so they are staying outside this is the further actually many commentators have commented that this is very strange phenomena not having studied the Russian or Soviet military literature that the Russians are not marching into places like the capital but they asked from there is the fifth round of negotiations I think which is on today that they have been negotiating the marching I mean going ahead militarily in one particularly in road past places like Mario pole etc but this is strategy which every day while fighting some fighting is going on has been going on and military assets are being destroyed by either by missiles or by drones or by aircraft etc they are negotiating now they know they understand the character of this government in Ukraine they know that they are working for time they are hoping that something will happen hoping that the US will intervene some NATO country will intervene but they are not going to they want don't want to burn their hands they don't want to burn their fingers they just use this as a catch for and secondly to bring pressure military pressure and civilian negotiations because morale is a very important factor in life these very people who are negotiating comprise of different kind of people some are hard solid what you call Ukrainian patriots the others are not and the hard strong patriotic or you could call it Ukrainian elements in the negotiating team are also human beings they also realize what is the what is the factual position they are going back now they are on video they are online conference they are not even coming to Belarus so they know the what is the balance what is the what is the what is the head what is the head in 24 hours 48 hours how long can this go on how long can this go on that you entirely the entire country is being neutralized or is being weakened or does not have logistics or does not have petrol and diesel all does not have ammunition or does not have other does not have communications and its citizens are leaving according to some estimates 3 to 5 million Ukrainians have left civilians have left through the western corridors apart from the eastern corridors so they know where the do you know what lies ahead and there comes a time this is but the strategy is completely different in other wars the negotiations have always been at the end even in the Vietnam war negotiations were right at the end in any war negotiations or negotiations of the of what are the term is it complete cylinder is it partial cylinder is it a signing of agreement signing of treaties all that is different but here it is both are going side by side which is very normal for the west but for any student of Soviet or Russian history it is a normal normal strategy with they have adopted so the political strategy which I said I have no hesitation in admitting that dean asification is a very difficult challenge very is a formidable challenge because I mean you even if you take Kiev which is the capital of the state with the best intelligence in the world with many Ukrainians who are actually Russians and Ukrainians and their brothers they are the same people even then it would be very difficult for them to weed out neutralize the place with genuine Ukrainians who love their country who love their people it is not easy that is the one which is going to take a little more time a little more determination little more a more intelligent a more a more and more intelligent way of dean asifying so that is the military and political and politically of course the one single objective is politically that they will sign on the dotted line that they will never join the NATO it will be a very good legal document and ratified to be ratified by the security council and other world organization but then they will never join that they will not permit on their territory hostile acts of intent to actual acts of intent like pre positioning bases pre position military bases or or the or the basing of military facilities if I may say or bases which will which can harm their neighbors namely Russia Belarus etc so that is a political detail I think also also a message would go to Poland it will go to Romania it will go to Europe it will go to Hungary because apart from these objectives there is a unstated objective in my view in my humble view as a person who studied or has been a watcher of the of this country of this union of states Russia and so between it that this is a turning point in the dollar hegemony of the world is a tectonic shift in the balance of forces in the world this is a tectonic shift to demonstrate to the world I think the message has gone to many countries like United Arab Republic Qatar Saudi Arabia think they would never touch Russia hardly ever touch but now they are almost declining to talk to their Biden administration and to Biden himself and that's a very strong message other countries are watching they are not fooled they may have voted for the UN general submissive vote but they know in hearts of hearts and they have said so that that is a one vote we didn't have a sort of effect of the de facto situation but they are watching this is a turning point in the in the whole scenario of the of the balance of force in the world the correlation of force in the world and therefore that is that is really the political objective in my view the unstated one but which in fact becomes the kind of it is it becomes the inevitable inevitability to this whole affair by Ukraine a puppet government in Ukraine a government which is which is run on the advice and consent of the U.S. and and and NATO at best is being disturbed what happens to individuals in that government I don't think is that important because it is the character of the government which has happened which should happen which must happen by this by this particular specific military operation which have been launched on 24th February and they are not even a month this still seven eight days to go for the month to happen I think any sense any person any administration with the modicum of common sense and the modicum of realization the hard realities on the ground and the modicum and and and the realization of the balance of forces the fact that it's friends and masters or masters and friends provoked it to pick up this at this point of time maybe it could have been proved earlier maybe it could have been picked a little later but at this point to have accepted the assurance that they will come to their aid means hard aid troops and military hardware actually come to Ukraine's help and also to also any other type of help economic help other help logistic help he said not materialized nothing of the sort except token token kind of help and lots of talk and lots of shabash they say in Hindi the election kind of slogan which is area so I don't think we should pay too much attention to the names of the head of the state so he's the head of state now of course he's and the Russians have said but he's not even you know he's they President Putin has agreed that we will talk face to face but but they can't be a talk of tea and coffee there has to be substantive agenda which is a greed agenda which has got a some kind of meeting point that has not happened but it is like something will happen either this way as I said in the in a kind of Zelensky-Putin meeting or outside the Zelensky meeting through the negotiating people depending on whether he appoints a plenipotentiary who will negotiate seriously and come to terms of but there is no question and I will repeat it the Russians have no intention of interfering with the sovereignty of Ukraine no attention no intention of occupying Ukraine for any moment longer than it is necessary that I'm talking in days and weeks not once in years as has been the scene elsewhere in the world and that they have they want to in fact make every possible attempt and use to shall we say solidify and regenerate and resurrect the brotherly relations between the Ukrainian people and the Russian people because there are so many relations on both sides they have the same language they have the same church the Russian Orthodox to go to church for I mean many people do go to church and years and years and years thousands of years of hundreds of years of living together working together marrying with each other speaking the same language these are very strong bonds they cannot be they should not be replaced by some kind of a foreign ideology which is after all the fascist ideology is not Ukraine's ideology 99 percent 98 5 percent of the people there are people who have had experience of both Tsarist Russia as well as socialist Soviet Union and now a modern nation state Russia which is which is free of all the hangups of revisionism of regressive ideas or backward ideas itself with a is a developing democracy very keen to make up with the West very keen to live with its partners as president Putin keeps on saying but it has no ambitions of any other kind except to say that please just be a good neighbor just be a good neighbor is that asking for too much with people not from these people who are in in the regime but the people of Ukraine the people of Russia are very something tells me spiritually and materially both both wanting to live as good neighbors as as as as brothers like they were in the past there's not a really question but I think India so far has taken in accordance with the traditional approach that is follow the UN charter that it is for avoidance of any military conflict with anybody we buy a larger structure outside though others may think that in Bangladesh etc we did not follow that line sorry it has been seeking a dialogue through diplomatic channels through levels high contact diplomatic negotiations and every level which is now being followed more or less so India's position of course is that while Russia has been a very close friend and traditional friend Russia means so between in and Russia Ukraine was a part Ukraine has supplied as many items of interest both military and non-military to the Indian Indian to the Indian government to the Indian state to India so therefore we have no basic interest and India sees the point of view of Russia that you cannot have this kind of activity being permitted which is a grave security threat to the existence of the Russian state it is not a question of some minor trouble being caused it's a very existence of Russia as a state was at stake because of the unfortunate activities which are permitted or actions which are permitted by Ukraine government that it will they will see they will seek a sense after all they are they are sensible people and that we will do whatever is required whatever we can do diplomatically to exercise our influence in favor of negotiations in favor of completion of the early negotiation the wardens of civilian casualties our own students are involved and that story is another story so not the story which is being presented by the Indian media it is actually Russian facilitation which has got many of these people back particularly through the eastern corridors and and that we will continue to have after this good economic trade diplomatic relations cultural relations with Ukraine with the already existing good relations and economic and other relations defense relations with Russia which are we actually it's for us it is if you ask us people like us who have been to both countries and may have known both both people we don't see the difference we see that both are potentially both are potentially very good and strong friends of India that's the way I have the rest of the detail is who said what is not important and these these very binding shall I say these very bonds are so strong so visible so proved over the last 100 years and more that I think any government in Delhi would be would would pursue this line which has been our traditional line in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of External Affairs and so on so forth so I only I'm very optimistic that with all its ups and downs this process will finally lead to good happy neighborly relations in accordance with the United Nations started and as old friends no I think abstain is a was a very very very very measured very balanced step because there was no need to vote with the resolution and there was no need to vote against the resolution either because once the veto has been exercised the votes become redundant to that extent it is only symbolic it is only conveying a message that we do not stand with that the truth is only on one side that the facts are only on one side that there is a there is a there is a certain amount of genuine certain amount of say a position which has been taken which is which has justification because you cannot permit you cannot permit the basing of weapons of mass destruction biological and chemical weapons this is the fact which we have taken earlier and that you cannot permit a one-sided genocidal quasi genocidal if you like murder and killings of of a particular community like the Russian speaking people the Russian people speaking people speaking people are within Ukraine itself to go on like this in the murderous manner that they that God it is a it is a I would say on the balance on the balance it is a very very sensible position that India took in that vote this is I know the Cold War is already going on the Cold War to a certain extent depending on how you define it is already in progress because the one is the side which was the hegemonic size for 100 years more actually more 100 years roughly 100 years where the dollar then supreme the other side is the side which is worked hard its people have worked hard they have studied hard they have organized themselves in a in a scientific way both in China and Russia against I should not be unfair but against the side which is lived off its past both its colonial services in Latin America, Asia and Africa and the capitalist enterprise that is formed but they became more and more monopoly capitalism therefore they became more and more exclusive they did not include their own own population their own people who are if one may say if one can judge so it is not it is not for us outsiders to judge other people but that they have been they are being driven into unemployment they are being driven into punitively they have been the social security the all but lost and and and there is there is there is there is not a genuine democracy and that if a man can court president Putin in this case there is an ornamental electoral system which passes which tries to pass itself for the democracy or democracies that is the change in the situation that is to a certain extent it is inevitable to an extent it is inevitable in the rise and fall of nations or as some people like to rise and fall of empires or rise and fall of great powers at the time of the great historians like Arnold Toynbee etc but the facts of life are that China is progressing by leaps and bounds into a modern fourth industrial revolution going on to the horizon of fifth industrial revolution and Russia in its play with all but some of its inherited past which we discussed for a while a very very sorry decade from 1990 to 2000 is also modernizing itself though it has further way to go longer way to go as far as the welfare of its people are concerned but they are the foremost concern of the administration of the of the state administration Russia so there the cold war is a kind of a byproduct of this facts of life it is a it is a it is a terminology very very much a favorite technology the terminology of the diplomats of all the paper tiger paper of the all the analysts and people who pretend to be experts to be writing articles after articles after articles we have it we have in our own newspapers these kinds of people who will continue to talk about cold war without actually without actually in fact I would say that in America there are and in Europe there are people who are realists on the score that they have evaluated the stability and the progress being made both in China and Russia and recognize this as a kind of a phenomena which should the truth should be expected and not become cold war warriors there is no place for cold war warriors now and they can shout and scream and make fake stories and plant articles and plant stories but they will get nowhere this is my this is my unfortunately minority view of of what is


Hello, this is one from one dot TV and today I'm going to be tasting another madrina's coffee. Yes. This is called madrina's cafe vanilla I'm live on my sub-a-thon at toys.tv just last one a we stream every night 10 p.m. The 6 a.m. You should be here every day So I'm wondering Wednesdays the Sun is nice Sunday nights cafe vanilla Now I've already tasted a couple other flavors check out my youtube videos there's cafe mocha and also another flavor called the Black it's called the cold brew black. It was praying plain praying Cold brew black and this is cafe vanilla and let me read some of the stuff It has 140 calories and two servings. So it's 280 calories five milligrams from cholesterol Let's see. This is per serving by the way a hundred milligrams of sodium 26 grams of carbs 25 grams of sugar five grams of protein blah blah blah dietary 50 grams Blah blah blah blah blah. So this one's one. There's more sweeter ones if you remember from the from the black one The cold brew black it was very very You know not on the sweet side. They had a lot less sugar a lot less calories It's probably good for people who are dieting or want to control the sugar cafe vanilla. However, is One of the sweeter ones and they have a little rating here. I don't know if you can see it There's like little dots that goes from sweet to bold Right there and this one is like one dot from all the way over on the sweet side All right, so cafe vanilla again this is these these coffee samples provided me free of charge by madrina's and Madrina's coffee.com. You can check them out. Use the code one and when you check out you'd say 40% But anyway, here we go. We're gonna taste it. Let's pop it live on the screen because people think I'm Popping something else. Oh right now. Oh Man, I'm just joking. I'm joking. Here we go cafe vanilla live. Here we go Did that pop all the way? There we go Cafe vanilla, here's the taste Very very smooth Reminds me of the cafe mocha. You can tell Let me read the ingredients. Does this have milk in it brewed coffee water coffee reduced fat milk sugar Natural flavors and pest pectin. Yeah, this definitely contains milk. They have an allergen warning on the side of it It says contains milk very smooth. That's the first thing I notice Not too sweet just like cafe mocha Mildly sweet not too sweet. And that's what I love about it vanilla strong strong strong vanilla flavor, so You ever got you ever had Edie's ice cream Edie's vanilla ice cream has real vanilla beans in it and That's what this reminds me of there's a very strong vanilla flavor to it That's why it's one of my favorite vanilla ice creams Edie's Edie. What Edie why pospies? It's a very strong vanilla flavor, but not overpowering I Know sometimes you have vanilla ice cream is just it's kind of bland This tastes like a vanilla shake almost like a vanilla coffee shake Yeah Melted of course if you were to pour this in some crushed ice and maybe add a little bit more milk and blend it up You have a very nice coffee shake It's got some incredible flavors. You put this on some ice. It'll be perfect. It's actually really really good right now No lingering aftertaste that's one of the things I liked about the cafe mocha it is very very good And it stays good. It doesn't give you that crazy chemically nastiness after it's over This one's pretty good I Like this one. I would drink this again. I would definitely drink this again I get 140 calories per serving two servings per can so it's 180 total five milligrams cholesterol 26 grams of carbs 100 milligrams of sodium you guys are counting that stuff which I do a hundred milligrams of caffeine per can That's important as well. So half a serving is 50 milligrams roughly give or take Very very good man the cafe vanilla. I Like it like it a lot. This is one of them one that TV This is madrina's coffee. You can check them out madrina's coffee calm again They sent me these samples for free to taste for you guys. They didn't send them for me to taste I just decided to make these videos so that you guys can watch and Assess for yourself if you'd like to buy some again madrina's coffee calm I got a two-week campaign going on use the code one on when you check out 40% off You might like it so far I've tasted mocha The black and this is cafe vanilla. I have a few more flavors left and hopefully you guys will enjoy that take care Have a good day Potato. All right, we're done