Okay, great. So the recording has started. Let's continue. So we now will continue with the section here in our notes in chapter one. I am on page number 13, okay, power and authority. So since we are learning about spiritual authority, we will see, okay, from the life of Jesus and what has been spoken of for believers. We see that when the Lord Jesus sent out His disciples to minister, He said that He gave them power over unclean spirits to cast them out and to heal all kinds of sickness and all kinds of diseases. This is in Matthew 10.1. You see the same again repeated in Mark 3.15, Mark 6.7 and Luke 10.19. So what did He say? Power over unclean spirits. When we study that word power in the Greek, it is the term exsuzia. And exsuzia has to do with authority, privilege, right, or you could also consider delegated authority. So I give you power over. It's like once again going back to our examples of the owner and the tenant. Now the house belongs to the owner, but the owner can give exsuzia or this is delegated authority or the right to the tenant and say, I give you the authority to, you know, let's say based on the contract, if he says I give you the authority to do up the interiors, whichever way you want. So if someone comes and asks you, these walls were pink. How come you have turned these walls blue? You can say, I have the authority. I have been given the privilege or the right to do whatever I want to do in the premises here. So it is the right to do. It is the right to exercise the authority that has been given to a person. So that is exsuzia. Exsuzia is basically to have the privilege or the delegated authority or right to do something. So Jesus, coming back to our spiritual context here, he told his disciples, I give you the right. Now if someone asks us, how can you come against, you know, demonic spirits? Who told you that you can do something like this? We have been given the exsuzia or this is the power associated with authority. We have been given the authority. We have the exsuzia. Jesus told us to do it. We will do it. Okay. So Jesus gave his disciples exsuzia or delegated authority against the powers of darkness. Now the same word power. See English, we have these words. But when we go back to the root words in their original languages, we also find in the New Testament where this term power is used in a slightly different way. So Luke 4.14, when Jesus, you know, went into the wilderness, he fasted, he came back, we read, then Jesus returned in the power of the spirit to Galilee. The power of the spirit to Galilee. Again, power. What does it mean in the Greek there? So let me look it up. The term there is dunamis. Okay. Dunamis. Dunamis, sorry, refers to miraculous power. So earlier power is exsuzia associated with authority. Now Jesus came back with the power of the spirit or this has to do with miraculous ability, miraculous strength, miraculous might or miraculous power to do the works of God. So when we say as believers, we have been given authority from Christ. No, it is also associated with the power of God, which is dunamis. So exsuzia and dunamis go hand in hand. We have the authority to cast out demonic spirits. But at the same time, we have the power of God to do his works. So this also tells us that we can do miraculous works of God and we can release his kingdom here on the earth. So remember that we have power against the enemy. What kind of power is this? We have exsuzia, which is associated with authority so we can trample serpents, scorpions. We say similes. These are comparative words that are used to describe demonic powers, serpents, scorpions. It does not mean literal serpents, scorpions. Some people in the interpretation of scripture, they go literal and they say, this is what Jesus said. He said, yeah, you can do all this and it will not harm you. But the understanding, you have to let scripture interpret scripture. So what is Jesus actually saying? He is saying here that we can overcome the evil one. We can overcome the demonic powers because we have the authority to do it and at the same time, we have the dunamis. We have the miracle working power of God, working through our lives and thereby the enemy cannot harm us or the enemy cannot cause any destruction to us. So as believers, we must have this very clear in our hearts. Another reason why we want to emphasize this is because as believers, some of the thoughts we may have is, if I cast out demon spirits, what if they will do something against me? Believers have all these questions but when you really study believers' authority, we understand here Jesus has given us the right and the privilege and the miracle working miraculous power is also at work in us. So we are carrying both the exosia and the dunamis to do the work of God and Jesus said that you will trample over serpents, scorpions, nothing by any means shall hurt you. So that matter is settled. So as a believer, when I am exercising my spiritual authority, particularly against the kingdom of darkness, to be afraid and say, what will these demon spirits do? What if they do this? What if they do that? No, no, go back to the verse, even Luke 10, 19, nothing by any means shall harm you. That is settled. So as a believer, I will go by the principles which are in God's word for me and I can have the confidence that I have been given the authority. I am not trespassing any of the principles that are given over there with regard to authority. I am doing it by the book. So God is with me. I can overcome the powers of darkness. So that confidence is required in every believer. After having studied the subject on believers' authority, again, I would say meditate on this a lot because from my own life I can share with you. If you go by personality, I am the kind of person who doesn't understand authority much. I am more of a friendly sort of a person. So authority, that whole concept to have authority, exercise authority, it kind of showed in my walk as a believer. So coming against the enemy, even in my prayers to rebuke sickness, disease or to bind the demonic works, my prayers were never like that because I was always a little more toned down sort of a person. But meditating on this and for years, to be honest with all of you, meditating on believers' authority for years together, learning about it, hearing sermons, meditating on the verses, slowly. I have had some of my friends in ministry and they are very frank with me. So earlier they used to tell me, what you pray such as if you are fearful, those kind of prayers, be a little more bold, no, be a little more authoritative. And I would be like, I am trying, I know scripture and I am trying, but it is not happening. But as I have been growing in my understanding of believers' authority, today some of those same people, they encourage me and they say, you are so different in the way you minister. Something has changed, something has shifted, but you know what? It is the revelation. What is believers' authority? How can I apply it in my personal life? How can I fight for my rights as a believer in whatever the enemy is doing in my family, in my house, in my church? So when I pray, even my church people, many of them, they tell me, oh, you have grown, you have grown so much. But you see, it hasn't happened overnight. Same things that I am teaching you for these things to become a reality to me and for me to walk in these things. I will be, you know, there is no shame in this, but it is taken time. It is not as simple as hearing it and believing it completely, but meditating on it, applying it, seeing the power of God. There are times, once I will tell you, there is a girl who came to my congregation and she doesn't visit often, but she came and she came for prayer and she came with like a tumor in her elbow or arm. She came and then she is like, ma'am, please pray for me. The moment I saw it, frankly, I got scared. I was like, oh my goodness, what do I do? I just said, Lord, you lead me by your spirit to pray for this girl and she was very upset. She said that they have taken a biopsy. They will tell me the results about this. I don't know whether I shared this in your class or some other class, but they will tell me the results, pastor, so please pray. So I just said, Holy Spirit, lead me the way you would want me to pray, you lead me. So before I could quote scripture, that's my general way of praying. Lord, you have said, your word says, but before I could go into that kind of prayer, suddenly I am finding myself saying things like I rebuked this tumor in the name of Jesus. I command you to dissolve and stuff like that and I'm like, whoa, what is happening? So really that authority, it just kind of began to come through me. And I said all those things and I told her, let me know, keep me posted on how this goes, what the doctors say. And in a couple of weeks, she came back and she said, I've had this for a long time. I don't exactly remember now how many months and if you could touch it, because I was ministering to a lady, I touched it and it was hard like a stone. And she told me, ma'am, it was so hard and it was not getting resolved, but that day when you prayed, from that day something happened and it started shrinking.    It's okay. Just be after it until it becomes a reality in your understanding. When it goes from theory concept to, hey, I believe this, I live this and I'm moving, ministering according to this. That's when you see the things changing. So I just want to encourage all of us, get the concepts in, but I would say keep going back to it. If I'm time to time, I love the subject believers authority. I just go back to it, meditate on the same scriptures again and again. Genesis 1, 26, 27, Psalms 115 verse 116, Psalm 24 verse 1, Luke 10, 19, meditate, meditate, meditate. When we meditate, what happens? More than, yeah, I know this verse. This is what it means. More than that, it becomes a reality in my life and then I apply it. I really apply exosia, dynamism. Okay, come on, demonic spirits, what are you doing? It's not right what you're doing. I'm going against you in the name of Jesus. So I just want to encourage you, make the journey. It's not about ticking off the concepts. Never. So it might also take a while for us to really start flowing these things, but you need to be a seeker. So when you seek, it'll happen. It'll happen. So it's really wonderful that we are getting the understanding. Even when you pray, you say, Holy Spirit, help me to apply my authority and God will help us. Okay, so that's about believers authority. Now let's move on to chapter two here, notes. And this is a little bit of an introduction of Satan and his demons. So where did this Satan come from and how did he start interfering in the world that God has created? So when you look at the history or the origin of Satan, people have written about it in scripture. You would go back to some of the things mentioned there and we take all those verses and we try to understand the origin of Satan. We don't have a chapter where you're clearly told, okay, God created the world. He created man and from his rib he created the. So we don't have that kind of a passage that gives us a straightforward answer. But from different passages, we have to put this together. And we also recognize that none of the human beings who have written the Bible have witnessed in history the origin of Satan. Because they didn't exist at that time. Mankind was created at a later point in time. So whatever has been given for us in scripture, it has come through revelation or revelation is God revealing something to us, God revealing the truth to us. So it's been captured through the revelation. So there are some passages that we can look at and we can understand. So in the book of Genesis, we see about the creation of the world. Genesis 1 talks about the creation of the world. When the world was created, you have the entrance of that cunning serpent that comes to deceive Eve. So the understanding is the serpent already existed. Or Satan, he already existed before the creation of the world. So yeah, we draw that inference. So he already existed. So what was his existence like before the creation of man? There are some passages like Isaiah chapter 14. We can look at that Isaiah 14 verses 1 through 25. You can read through it. So what I'll do is, I will ask one of you to read for me from verse 12. Isaiah 14, please read from verse 12. Till verse 21. Anyone, can you please turn to these scriptures? I'll go. Which one is? Yeah, it's Isaiah 14. And you can read from verse 12, Joy. Okay. Yeah. So how you have fallen from heaven, morning star, son of the down. You have been cast down to the earth. You who once laid low nations, you set in your heart. I will ascend to the heavens and I will raise my throne about the stars of God. I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly on the utmost heights of Mount Second. Nobody's just going. Yeah. Okay, I will ascend above the tops of the clouds. I will make myself like the most high. But you are brought. But you are brought down to the realm of death. To the depths of the pit. Those who see you star at you, they ponder your fate. It's this man who shook the earth and made kingdoms tremble. The man who made the world a wilderness, who overdrew its cities and will not let his captives go home. All the kings of the nations lie in state, each in his own thumb.  You are covered with this lane, with those pierced by the sword. Those who descend to the stones of the pit, like a corpse tremble on the foot.  Let the offering, the offering of the wicked, never be mentioned again. Prepare a place to slaughter his children for the sins of their ancestors. And now to rise to inherit the land and cover the earth with their cities. I will rise again. Yeah, Joy, we could stop there. So verse 21. Okay. Yeah, sure. Thank you. So that's good. It gives us an idea. You know, you see how Satan fell from heaven and there is a mention of the name, Oh Lucifer, son of the morning. He had a name called Lucifer. Okay. And you also see his attitude, his pride comes through so strongly because he's telling himself, you have said in your heart, I will ascend into heaven. I will exalt my throne above the stars of God, stars of God referring to the hosts of heaven, many other creatures in heaven above everyone. I'm going to become greater than them. I will also sit on the mount of the congregation on the farthest sides of the North. I will ascend above the heights of the clouds. I will be like the most high. So he is trying to compete with God and he's saying, I will be like God. Remember, this is how he deceived Adam and Eve as well.  So he, in a sense, has deceived himself that he will be like God. He wants to be like God.  So through his pride, he is deceiving himself. He's exalting himself, but God says, no, what happens? Pride goes before a fall is what God's word says. So he's brought down. God says, no, you're not going to ascend, but you will be brought to the depths of the pit. And then it goes on to say how sad his situation is going to become because of his pride. Now let's also look at one more passage. So you see, we are getting some understanding about Satan through all these passages. That's why I'm making you read it. Now we can also read Ezekiel, Ezekiel chapter 28. Read from verse 12 to verse 16. Please, anyone? Ezekiel 28 verses 12 to 16. Ezekiel chapter 28 verse 12. 12 to 16, ma'am. Yes, yes, Rosalind. Son of man, take up a lamentation for the king of Tyre and say to him, thus says the Lord God, you were the seal of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty. You were an Eden, the garden of God. Every precious stone was your covering. The sardius, topaz and diamond, barrel, onyx and jasper, sapphire turquoise and emerald with gold. The workmanship of your timbrels and pipes was prepared for you on the day you were created. You were the anointed cherub who covers I established you. You were on the holy mountain of God. You walked back and forth in the midst of fairy stones. You were perfect in your ways from the day you were created till iniquity was found in you.  Therefore, I cast you as a profane thing out of the mountain of God, and I destroyed you, o covering cherub, from the midst of the fairy stones. Your heart was lifted up because of your beauty. You corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor. I cast you to the ground. I laid you before kings that they might gaze at you.  Therefore, I brought fire from your midst. It devoured you and I turned you to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all who saw you. All who knew you among the peoples were astonished at you. You have become a horror and shall be no more forever. Thank you. Yes, yes, Rosalind. That's good. So Rosalind read for us from Ezekiel 28. She read all the way, I think from verse 12, she read to 19. Yeah, good. Okay, so that's a, again, we are able to gain insights. You might wonder why does it say earlier in Isaiah 14, Babylon, and here it says, Tire, okay, King of Tire. Don't get confused by it. We also notice that, you know, these earthly kings, there is a mention of such names, but there is a parallel in the demonic hierarchy. Okay, so it's comparative. Satan is Lucifer is called as King of Babylon. And here, again, in Ezekiel 28, when you see King of Tire, Tire is a place in Palestine. So there are earthly kingdoms. However, in scripture, you would also see a parallel. So though Babylon is on earth, parallelly Satan is referred to as the King of Babylon, King of Tire. Now, if we study some more, you know, some more passages, Daniel chapter 10. There you have the Prince of Persia, the Prince of Greece. You know, they come to stop the prayers of Daniel. Is there Greece and Persia on the earth? Yes, there are these, you know, these places, these nations. There are physical human kings here, but we also know that there are territorial spirits. There are territorial principalities. So it's as if the kingdom of Satan has created a parallel kingdom. So to influence Persia, to influence Greece, there are demonic principalities over regions. And we see, you know, parallel kings. So Prince of Persia is a demonic principality. Prince of Greece is a demonic principality. And then, you know, again, here.  No, it's actually referring to the principalities. And also we saw how Satan is referred to as King of Babylon and King of Tire. What else did we see in this passage? We saw how God is actually praising him and saying that, you know, in verse 12, you wear the seal of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty. So what idea does that give us about this creature Lucifer, or this person Lucifer, that he was before the fall, he had beauty. So it's not a bad thing. He was made beautiful. He was created perfect. So there was beauty in him. But we know that, you know, after he became proud, that was corrupted. So it became like a corrupted beauty. But when God created him, he was made full of beauty. And again, wisdom is something that is pointed out in that same verse. We are told that Satan had, was, he was full of wisdom. So full of wisdom. But now what is he doing with the original good wisdom that God gave? Now it's all corrupted. So he's thinking the pattern of saving people, accusing God's, you know, we who are made in God's image. It's all been twisted now. So we use the term corrupted. So that same understanding, good understanding which God gave him, he is now using it in the wrong way. What else? What else is described about him?  So you were an Eden, the garden of God. Every precious stone was your covering. The sardis, the topaz, and diamond, barrel, onyx, jasper, sapphire, turquoise and emerald with gold. So wealth, precious stones, gold. Who has things like this?  Someone who is wealthy. So was Lucifer wealthy? Yeah. He had access to everything.  So well-crafted workmanship, meaning he does not just have musical instruments. Timbrels and pipes are music. So was he associated with music? Yes. So why do you think God made Lucifer? He is an angel. Who was created for worship? Created beautifully, you know, blessed with all the wealth, blessed with music, timbrels and pipes, and workmanship, beautifully crafted instruments. Why? Why did God create this angel so wonderfully for worship? God's intention was for Lucifer to worship him. Now, let's move on and see what else was he blessed with originally. He was anointed. We are told that he was anointed. In 2014, you were anointed, Cherub, who covers. I established you. You were on the holy mountain of God. So where was Lucifer as an angel in the presence of God? He was blessed, he was anointed, and you walked back and forth in the midst of fiery stones. So he was given a beautiful place in the presence of God. Now, let's also see what else is part of his original creation. In verse 16, we are told, by the abundance of your trading, you became filled with violence within and you sinned. So by the abundance of your trading means, he probably had some skill and understanding about business. So he knows, he understands business. And then we are also told, in verse, not here, but in Isaiah 14-12, we can relate rulership over nations. So all this capability was given to this angel, Lucifer. But unfortunately, from verse 16, we see that he became filled with violence within and you sinned. Now, who deceived? Many people ask the question, Satan is a deceiver. He deceives mankind. Who deceived him? Okay, let me ask you this question. Who deceived Satan? He created quite nicely. Originally, he was perfect. Who deceived Satan? What would be your thought on that? Any idea? Like, is it his own pride deceived him? Yeah, that's what it seems like, Zellie told me when we read that, you said in your heart, right? So, you know, this is a warning against pride. Pride has the ability to lead us into self-deception. So it did not take another person to deceive Satan. His own pride, he said, I will ascend, I will become like the most high.  So there are all those ways of overcoming these challenges, but we have a very strong warning against pride and scriptures say that God resists the proud. Okay, and he gives grace to the humble. Okay, God resists the proud. Let me just give you that verse. First bit of five. First bit of five. Yeah, let me post it for us. It's a good scripture for us to be reminded about. So first bit of chapter five and verse part of that verse says five and five. So God resists the proud but gives grace to the humble. So it's challenging thought. You know, you don't want God to be in the opposition. You want to be on God's team. I want to be on God's team. So what should I do to be on God's team? Walk humbly before the Lord. Walk humbly at all times because you see the characteristic of Satan. Everything was perfect. He started out very nicely. Even if you say that in ministry, he was appointed. He was a worshipper. He had everything but he became puffed up. Maybe he would have thought, oh, nobody worships like me. Nobody is beautiful like me. So at some point, he just became so proud and that pride leads us to self-deception. Self-deception is we no longer have the ability to accept truth. We accept a different truth or a different reality and nobody can convince us otherwise. I think I'm the greatest. Even if 10 people come and tell me, no, you're not. It's not correct what you said. In my own head, I'm self-deceived. I'm saying, no, what all of you are saying is wrong. What I'm saying is correct. It's a very dangerous place to be for anyone. And you see from the life of Lucifer that he became proud. That led to self-deception.  So you will go down to Sheol. And again, in these same passages also, we read about the fall of Lucifer, that he would fall to Sheol. And again, another good passage would be from Romans 12. Revelation 12, it's a prophetic passage. So when we read the portions there, some of it is from history and some of it is in the future. So in prophetic passages, it happens. The way God speaks, we have to understand which part is for which time and then the whole interpretation of the prophetic passage. So some portions of Revelation 12, particularly verse 4, we see that God, Satan left heaven with one third of the angels. So God cast him down and he left heaven with one third of the angels. So with all this, we understand, oh this is how Satan was a beautiful angel created by God, but through pride, he became self-deceived and God, again in Revelation 12, verses 8, 9, we see that he was cast out of heaven. Revelation 12, 4, he took one third of the angels and he left heaven. And several other, it's all in your notes. You can go back and refer to all these verses. Verses tell us, Luke 4, 6, John 12, 31, 1 John 5, 19, all this tell us that he gained rulership of the earth by deceiving Adam and Eve. So that is how he has become the God of this world. And when we write that, God of this world, it's not capital G because obviously there is only one almighty, sovereign God, Creator God, Father God whom we know. But Satan has become the ruler of this world. That's what it means. So small G views.  In 9, I will only go through that for us. Yeah. So here it says, yet Michael, the archangel in contending with the devil. So there are many names given to Satan. We will study some more about this creature Lucifer for our understanding. He's also called as the devil. So Jude 9, it says, contending with the devil when he disputed about the body of Moses, dare not bring against him a reviling accusation but said the Lord rebuke you. So, you know, what I told us earlier, when we talk about exercising our authority, there are boundaries. There is a way of doing it. We can't go about, here archangel Michael, another heavenly creature, somebody who is sent by God and we read about archangel Michael in certain places. Having the authority of an archangel, even the angel is not rebuking the devil directly because the angel is not given the authority to do that. The angel says the Lord rebuke you because the angel is functioning by the boundaries and the authority structures that God has set. So, is it because the angel was respecting the devil? No, it's more like the angel was respecting the structure of God, the boundaries of God. So, the angel also did not go out of his given authority to say, I rebuke you Satan, the angel didn't do that. So, what do we understand here? You see, there is a way in which we have to go about exercising our authority against Satan and just because he is our enemy, God is against him, we can't do it in our own way. We have to go by the principles of God's word. So, when I go against Satan, I would go against him with the name of Jesus and his origin and all of that. So, any thoughts, any questions at this point? I have a question about the boundaries that God has set for the kingdom. It's like, how do I know what are the boundaries that I cannot abuse of them or how can I say that? Not doing what belongs to God in terms of authority. Yes, yes. Good question, Joy. So, you see, we can get that understanding as we read through scripture and how things are done in scripture. For example, let's take the angels. Because we see in Hebrews chapter 1 verse 14 that angels are ministering spirits. Ministering spirits means spirits of service. So, their task is to do the work of God and very specifically we see in Hebrews 1 verse 14 that they are ministering spirits to the heirs of salvation which means you and me. For the believer, the angels are sent to help us. Now, just because I have angels as my ministering spirits I can't go ordering around. I can't say, oh, angels come, do this. Angels take care of my house. Angels do this, take care of my child. You need to do this. I can't command like that. So, if you go back to the Psalms, I don't know what verse it is but there is a verse which says that they go by the word of God. Let me try to get that for you. So, I think it is Psalm 103 verse 20 which says you his angels, you mighty ones who do his bidding, who obey his word. So, based on this understanding, yes, they are spirits of service but I have to build on it. Another verse is saying that they obey the word of God. So, if I want to activate angels in my life, I have to go through the word. Okay? That would be the boundary. You understood Joy? Yeah. Yeah. So, whenever I make a declaration, if I say like, you know, the angel of the Lord encamps around those who fear him and delivers them. It's a scripture, the word of God. So, the moment I say it, the moment I believe it and I say, okay, I have angelic protection because it is written that the angel of the Lord encamps. When I say that based on the word of God, the angels are activated. They take their position as, you know, for my protection. So, that's how it works. Yes. And for us, like the children of God, how it works. Because, okay, the Bible says that Jesus has given us authority. But in what way we are not, like, trying to be like God and having like them. Like trying to act like how He only has to act. Okay. Yeah. Sorry. Like, I have heard this teaching, like you cannot cast out principalities or some other stuff. Like demonic beings that are like stronger and, you know, because it's, I don't know, they say like only God can do that or just like you're not, you don't have this authority. But I don't know, in the Bible says like Jesus asked us just to be actually like what He did and better things that He did here in the earth. So, how this teaching is like giving me some understanding of the word. Like principalities is like this kind of kings over nations and all that stuff. And then we kind of fight against them because they are above us and blah, blah, blah. So how to start. Yeah. So, yeah, Joy, I think this is also, this kind of teaching is also because it has been around for many years. And I think it goes back to the teaching on ground level warfare and, you know, higher levels of warfare. There is some teaching on that, which is very popular. And also, you know, Jude nine that we just said, you know, the angel Michael said the Lord rebuke you. So based on all these scriptures, there is an understanding that as believers, we don't have authority. We only have authority on spirits on the earth. So, you know, when we are casting out a demon out of a person, yeah, we can do that. But if it is a territorial spirit, you know, like a prince of Persia or a prince of Greece, it's a principality. Okay. We'll study about all these things later. So without going into too much of depth on this, what I would say is now we see in God's word that as a believer, we can content against principalities and powers of darkness because Jesus has given us authority over everything, all the works of the devil. Okay. So you don't have to be afraid to take on a principality as a believer, but there is a way of doing it. Okay. Okay. Okay. Again. Thank you. Yeah. Yeah. No problem. So what way of doing it? Again, let me just tell you, see Daniel, he was praying for an answer for something. Daniel 10. He didn't really have to rebuke and do all those things. What did he do? 21 days. He prayed. He only prayed. So how is he, how is his authority working in this, he's only praying and God sends Michael. Michael is fighting Prince of Persia, Prince of Greece to bring the answer to Daniel. So when I'm praying, you just understand. So there are different ways in which you can actually exercise the authority. So it doesn't look like you're always standing and commanding and binding and rebuking. It doesn't look like that all the time. Okay. Thank you. Sure. Sure. So we'll, we'll build on all this as we go along. But yeah, good, good thoughts, good questions. You're thinking that is important. Okay. Let me just take the question here on the chat. Nicholson says, Pastor, what possible trade could the devil be involved in at heaven? What could he possibly be trading? Honestly, I've never thought about it, Nicholson. And this again would be in the realm of speculation because we don't have, at least from what I know right now, I don't think we have information. So maybe you can ask this question in the mentoring our pastor Ashish can answer it hopefully. I don't know. I mean, I really don't know. Yeah. Sorry for disappointing you. Okay. Great. Thank you. All right. So fine. Let's wrap up today's class. Let's pray. And I want to request someone else so far whoever has prayed. Thank you for praying, but anyone who has not prayed in this semester, please go ahead and pray. And we can close today's class. All right. Can I pray? Yes, please. Yes. Good. Heavenly Father, we just thank you for this time. We thank you for this Bible college. We thank you for this opportunity that we can all gather together and learn from your word and grow on your word. Even as we learn to be prepared, your word will just take seed in us. And we pray that we walk in your authority, Lord, and in your through your word. We thank you for all this learning. Amen. Amen. Amen. Amen. Thank you. Thank you, Nicholson. Yeah. Bless by that prayer. And thank you everyone for connecting. Keep growing in your understanding of the believers authority and also use it. Okay. So God bless you. Thank you. Thank you. Amen. Amen. Amen. Amen. Amen. Thank you. Thank you, Nicholson. Yeah. Bless by that prayer. And thank you everyone for connecting. Okay. So God bless you. Bye for now. Meet you later. Thank you, Pastor. Bye. Thank you. Thank you, Joy. Bye. Bye, everyone. Bye. Rosalind Nicholson, Anita will be.


Finally, last talk in this session is on multiplicative masking of AES in hardware, and it will be given by Laura and the Mayor. It's a collaboration with Oscar Reperas and Pegul Bilgin, both from COSIC or former COSIC. Hi, so this is the third talk of the session, and it's the third day of chess, so I'm going to give a very short introduction, because I'm going to assume that everyone already knows what the situation is, which is that we have a problem, the problem of side channel attacks. And luckily, there's also a solution, or many solutions, and one of them, a very popular one, is masking, which basically means we're going to split the sensitive variable into multiple shares. And this is the hardware masking session, so we are also dealing with an extra problem, the problem of glitches. And that makes hardware masking quite different from software masking. And over the past few years, we've seen a lot of works dealing with this problem, and we've seen a lot of implementations that are secure in the presence of glitches. A lot of these implementations have used Boolean masking, which means that the sum of the shares is equal to the sensitive variable. That makes linear functions super easy to mask. I mean, no one's writing any papers about that. But nonlinear functions, on the other hand, are very tricky. For example, the AES S-box is an inversion in a HALWA field. And it's very tricky to implement. And we've seen a lot of works trying to, I mean, successfully implementing AES and trying to do it as efficient as possible. Here we see only some of the many works that have implemented AES using Boolean masking. And what they all have in common is that they use the tower field approach of Kenwright, which is a very nice approach. And it has given the community the chance to develop their inner artists a bit more, as you can see by these nice pictures. But it's also a very complex method. And the good news today is that for this talk, you do not need to understand any of this, because we're going to do something a lot simpler. I will skip ahead to our results for a second and tell you what we're going to present. So I'm going to present you a first-order AES S-box, which is 29 percent smaller than the state of the art. And when I say state of the art, I'm comparing to the two best implementations of the last years, which happened to have been made by the previous two speakers of this session. And I'll also present a second-order AES S-box, which is 18 percent smaller than these previous results. And these area results we obtained for similar randomness and latency costs. And best of all, we didn't need the tower field approach. So then the big question is, how did we do this? What you see here is the round function of AES, which everyone knows. And we have three linear blocks, which are easy to mask with Boolean masking. And we have one nonlinear block, the S-box, the Halwa field inversion, which is very difficult to mask with Boolean masking. But suppose we would use multiplicative masking. Then the S-box would be super easy to do, and the linear blocks would be very tricky. So a logical idea is to just do the S-box with multiplicative masking and the linear blocks with Boolean masking, and just convert between the two types in between. And this is an idea that people already had 17 years ago. And it was presented at chess 2001. And that's the idea that we decided to revisit, because for the last years, it seems like everyone wanted to use Kenright. And we really like the simplicity of this idea. It has already been revisited for software masking in 2010 in a work of Janelle and co-authors. And that work was a starting point for what we did. We have to be careful, though, because 16 years ago, people realized that multiplicative masking is not as great as they originally thought. Because we cannot effectively mask the zero element. No matter how many shares you're using, you will always have a first-order flaw. Because a single share can reveal whether your secret is zero or not. The solution to this problem can be found in NPC literature, as well as software masking literature.   So what we're going to do is we're going to change our zero into a one before the inversion and then change it back afterwards. And this way, we never have to mask the zero multiplicatively. The only thing we need is a function that can detect if the input is zero. And everyone knows that function. It's a Kroniker delta function. So that's basically what we're going to do. We have here the masked AS inversion. We start with Boolean shares at the input. The input goes through a masked version of the Kroniker delta function, which has at the output a shared version of one or zero. This is then added to the input, which means we can safely convert the Boolean shares to multiplicative shares. When we have multiplicative shares, it is trivial to do the inversion locally on every share independently. And then finally, we go back to Boolean masking for the rest of the RIND function. And I will now zoom in on a few highlights of our implementation. Let's start very easy with the first order Boolean masking of X. We want to convert this to a multiplicative masking. So the first step is to add a multiplicative share. So now our X is shared by three shares of which two are Boolean and one is multiplicative. And then, since we're dealing with glitches, we're going to add a register to stop the glitches from propagating and to synchronize the wires. And finally, we're going to go back from three shares to two shares by compressing the two Boolean shares into one. And voila, we have a multiplicative sharing of X. So easy. Now we want to get the inverse. And if you look at the inverse, you can see that we already have one of the shares in our circuit. So we only need to invert B to obtain a multiplicative sharing of X inverse. So that's pretty cool. Instead of two inverters, we only have one. And now we're going to go back to Boolean sharing. And we're going to use the same three steps. We're going to first expand to three shares with an extra Boolean share. Then we're going to synchronize to stop glitches from propagating. And then we're going to compress back into two shares by multiplying the multiplicative shares with each of the Boolean shares. So that's easy, right? And the second order is very similar. It looks a bit more complex, but really it's just the same. You can see here the three stages of expansion, synchronization, and compression. And we repeat it because we have to go from three shares to three shares. There's two things I'm going to point out here. First of all, we need an extra remasking here and here. The reason for this is that we found a flaw in previous works that were using this methodology. And we were able to solve it and make the circuit second order secure by adding this extra remasking. And then secondly, what's really cool is that we still only need one inverter. It doesn't matter if you're going to do this with four shares or five or if you're crazy, 10. You always need only one local Halwa field inversion. So that's really pretty good for scalability. And the reason for this is that we're using two types of multiplicative masking, which you can find more information about in the paper. Now let's look at this Kronecker delta function. This is the function that's going to detect if our Boolean shared input is zero. And you can do that with a big end gate of eight bits or with a tree of two input end gates, which we prefer because we have Boolean shares. We're going to implement this circuit by replacing each of these end gates with a first or second order secure multiplication gadget. Now let's count the inputs of this circuit. For example, for first order, we have eight inputs each in two shares, so that's 16 bits. And then we're adding seven more bits of fresh randomness in the end gates. So 23 bits of input. How many outputs do we have? There's one in two shares, so two bits. That's a very expensive two bits if we're computing that with 23 bits. I mean, if you think about how much entropy is in these inputs, and we're all shoving it only in two bits. So we were thinking we should be able to recycle the randomness to make this method more efficient. And for that we find we observe something interesting about the end gates that we're using. Some people notice as the domain oriented masking gates that Hannes presented, also known as ISW, multiplication, but the most important thing is if you look at one output share, it depends on the XOR of the two shares of B. So it only depends on the value of B and not on its sharing. And that's a subtle but very important difference, because it means that any randomness that was used to obtain the shares B1, B2, that randomness is canceled by the time you get to the output of this gate. And what does this mean for us? It means that this point of the circuit is going to be completely independent of any randomness that was used in this gate. And this point in the circuit is independent of any randomness that was used in this gate. And so on, the output is also independent of the randomness that is used in this part, the lower half of the circuit. So that's pretty cool. And we use that to recycle some of the randomness. We reduced the fresh randomness cost from 7 bits to 3 bits. And we did something similar for second order. It's a bit more complicated. And we went from 21 bits of fresh randomness to 13 bits. And finally, this circuit takes three cycles to compute, because we have three stages of a nonlinear block. So that could mean that you have to store the S-books input in three stages of registers while it's waiting for this output to be ready. And those registers can make this method very expensive. It almost makes this method more expensive than what we already had in the state of the art. So what we did was we reorganized the state and the key array so that this function is pre-computed while the input is still stored in the state. And that way, we avoid these registers. And that's one of the reasons we were able to obtain the results we got. So let's look at these results again. This you already saw, our S-box is 29% smaller in first order and 18% smaller in second order. If we look at the entire AIS implementation, we have an improvement of about 10% for both orders. And as you can see, our randomness is pretty much the same as the one that was obtained by Gross and his school authors. And also, the latency does not differ much from state of the art. Finally, I will tell you about the evaluations that we did. In the paper, you can find theoretical evaluations that we did and simulations. Now, I will only show you our practical lab evaluations. And for those who are not familiar with TVLA, it's a hypothesis test that allows you to detect leakage by comparing the distributions of two groups with a fixed plaintext or a randomness plaintext. And on the left side, we see what happens when we turn the masking off. As you can see, leakage everywhere because our T-statistic surpasses the threshold everywhere. When we turn the masking on, we see that the first-order leakage disappears. We still have leakage in the second-order moment, which is normal because this is our two-share implementation. We did the same thing for our three-share implementation, which is second-order secure. Again, when we turn the masking off, we have leakage everywhere. And the leakage disappears when we turn the masking on. However, this is a univariate leakage detection test. And in a second-order attack, the attacker is allowed to combine multiple time samples. So we also did a bivariate leakage detection test. We applied it first to our first-order implementation, which naturally shows leakage peaks. And then when we applied it to our second-order implementation, the leakage peaks disappeared. So to conclude, we wanted to keep it simple. And we found some very nice inspiration in works from almost 20 years ago. And we really wanted to push the limits, recycle randomness, and customize this implementation. This is why I presented to you a first- and a second-order implementation and not a generic higher-order construction. Because for any order that you're implementing, the customization, only customization is going to make it as optimal as you can possibly get. Thank you for listening, and I'm ready to receive your questions. Questions for Lauren. Amir. Do you hear me? Yeah. I have two questions, actually. One is related to how the mask is generated. You know, in multiplicative masking, you have to get rid of the mask 0, right? Yeah. And then I can imagine that you had a buffer, probably. You had a buffer that you saved masks inside, because you need to this fresh randomness, right? R0, R1, and so on. And none of them is allowed to be 0. And then if I consider it straightforward implementation, then you need to have the output of the PRNG, and then check whether it's 0 or not. If it's 0, then you need to regenerate. You cannot map 0 to another random variable or another random value, otherwise you get a bias. And then if you don't have such a large buffer, then you have to stop holding up the system to generate another random mask, which is not 0, and then continue. Yes. So we believe that you can do this with very little overhead. So if you have your randomness being generated offline, there's basically no problem, because you can check it in advance. If you normally have an online PRNG to generate your fresh randomness, and you want to get a non-zero mask, so the way if you look at our round function, the clock cycles in one iteration, not all of them need randomness, because some of them are spent waiting for the result in the pipeline. So we use those extra cycles. During those cycles, we're getting extra randomness. So we're storing that randomness in a buffer, like you said. And in the paper, you will see we computed how large this buffer has to be to get a negligible probability that you will have to stop the pipeline. Because you can compute how many cycles one encryption is, and how many randomness you're getting in total. And you really don't need that big a buffer. OK, then the problem would be for me is that the comparison with your scheme and the state-of-the-art, which doesn't need that buffer. Yes, but there might be, that's true. But again, we think that the overhead is negligible. OK, thank you. Then slide number 27, can you show, or even that one was OK or still? It doesn't matter here or in the first or the first of the secure design. The inversion that you have, I can imagine, that you use a tower-fill approach, which makes it very small. No, we use the Boya Peralta one, because it's smaller. That's also small. And how about the multiplications? I mean, the inversion is only one you need, independent of the order of the masking. But you need many multiplications. And these multiplications are not cheap, right? And then did you just implement the straightforward-of-the-school book multiplication of boredom, or you did something else? I don't, I have to remember now what we used, but I don't remember spending a lot of time on this. I think we used a pretty straightforward GF2-to-date multiplication. I'm just thinking loudly, yeah? I mean, does it make sense to have the, sorry, I ask a lot of questions, sorry. I'm sorry. Does it make sense that you change the field here at the start for all of the variables? And do the multiplication also in the hover field and also do the inversion in the hover field? That's a very interesting question. And we should definitely try that out. Okay, we can have one more short question or not. Okay, let's thank the speaker and all the speakers in this session.


Hey guys Alex here from alexfigus.com and today I have a quick review of the Advantage 1500 from Red Light Rising. Now we'll be doing a deep dive review on this exact panel very soon actually so be sure to subscribe for that. In the meantime though I want to give you a quick rundown. So this panel is the new Advantage range from Red Light Rising. They have been in the Red Light Therapy space for a few years now based in the UK but they sell their panels all across the world. Founded by a bunch of bio-hackers and guys that are very passionate about their health and wellness and also Red Light Therapy. The cool thing is you can head over to their website redlightrising.co.uk and jump on a free 20 minute call with them which is cool. You can do that whether you get a panel or not and learn a bit more about Red Light Therapy and of course the products are selling. But back to this panel. So in 2019 I featured or I included the Red Light Rising full stack in my comparison series and their panel actually placed third. It was more of a basic budget panel, no bells and whistles but it did a pretty good job from a performance point of view. This new Advantage is new and improved range. It has a few new features such as modular capability and then built timer and improved internals. Red Light Rising have claimed that this is the most powerful panel on the market.  Yes they were good but it definitely wasn't the most powerful panel I've tested which is a bit of a bummer. However there were some really good things. So this particular panel, the Advantage 1500 has 500 LEDs, the 503 watt LEDs hence the 1500. You can get a slightly smaller one, the Advantage 900 which has 300 LEDs or you can go totally down the other end of the spectrum and get the Advantage XL which is 1600 LEDs. Yes that is correct, massive huh. You have two wavelength, 660 and 850 so you don't get multi-wave design. There's no app function or anything like that. The control panel, yes it works and does everything. You'd expect from a control panel and a red light therapy panel but it doesn't do anything other than that. Not that, that's a bad thing but in today's age you can see all sorts of bells and whistles out there. It is large, 44 inches tall, 1.12 meters tall, obviously 500 LEDs you've got to pack them in there. Those LEDs speaking of packed in there are packed in. It is quite concentrated because the LEDs on here use a smaller bulb so you can get more LEDs in a tighter space. What that does mean though is in my test theme there are no hotspots. You get a nice balanced radiance across the panel and I noticed that with my spectrometer and also in some hotspot testing. So that's good. It means no matter where you are you know pretty much exactly what you're getting. Some other panels don't do that. There's some massive peaks and troughs. So that was good. Like I said the power ends were down. I really expected some good things given the claims that red light raising had made and given that those LEDs are packed in nice and tight but yeah it was a bit of a disappointment. Now this panel sells for nearly $3,000 US dollars, well $2,667 after use discount code at AlexALEX that will save you 5%. So maybe I should say it sells for a bit more than two and a half grand. Still big chunk of money especially for something that doesn't have all those advanced features or multi-wavelengths or pulsing or a fancy timer or anything like that. It's a big chunk of money. From a value point of view when I compare this to some other panels on a dollar per LED or dollar per wattage output it isn't doing very well. In fact it's one of the worst performing from a pure value point of view. I'll be putting all this data over at alexfegers.com in my red light therapy buyers guide so be sure to check that out. But most of all be sure to check out my full review which will be published soon or may be published already but depending on when you're watching this. In summary though what do I like and dislike about the Advantage 1500? First thing is the two wavelengths. I think with an elite premium panel like we have here from Red Light Rising with this sort of price tag I would like to see a couple more wavelengths thrown in there. There's plenty of science now showing that those wavelengths are beneficial and most other companies are using multi-wavelengths in their panel design. So that is a bit of a lead down. And secondly the power, you know reading those claims and seeing the price I thought hey this is going to be a really powerful panel. But the numbers were on the lower side and yeah to be honest it's a real big lead down. And thirdly that brings in price. You'll pay a lot of money for something that isn't super powerful and doesn't have all the bells and whistles. You could go out and buy like a Mitre Mod or a Mitre Pro or a Biomax or a Light Path LED panel. Sure you're only getting half the amount of LEDs, you know 200, 300 LEDs but you can get two of them and you're probably still saving money compared to what you would buy or what you'd spend buying one of these. So that is a bit of a blow. On the upside though there are a couple of good things I want to mention. Firstly you can get that free call with the founders. That's awesome. I mean 20 minutes with someone who lives and breathes with like therapy and biohacking that's you know that's probably worth you know 50 bucks easy hundred dollars. Take advantage of that. Secondly the new advantage panels all have five year warranty which is unheard of in the red light therapy space. I believe all other companies are two maybe three years. I don't know if there's anyone above three years so well done to red light rising there and that is nice to know you know if you want if you ask me a lot of money you know you've got coverage for a couple years so good job there. Thirdly the design and the color is nice. I think it does look good you know the black with the smaller LED bulbs it does look good on the wall whether you're hanging it or leaning against the wall like I am at the moment and finally you do get that consistent blend of light. It's probably the best performing or at least out of all the panels I've tested recently it's probably the best performing in terms of consistent power output right across the panel. There's no hotspots or anything like that so that is a massive plus as well. To wrap it up though if you do want to get one of these panels head over to redlightrising.co.uk into code LXALEX that will save you But be sure to subscribe and check out my full review which will be out on my YouTube channel soon. I'll also be doing more testing and more comparisons unboxing first impressions and other full deep dive reviews on red light therapy panels and other products I should mention here at LXALEX.com and on my YouTube channel so be sure to subscribe. Alright that's all for now I'll see you later.