Hi, it's Bridget. Welcome to Above Life Channel. The purpose here is to inspire your spirit and to fill you up with hope. Today's conversation is with Prince in the afterlife. If you're interested in hearing more or learning more about Prince from the afterlife, I would encourage you to visit thepurplemedium.com website and view the blog. And you can go back to 2016 and listen to just a whole ton of audios and read blog posts from my work with Prince in the afterlife. We've had a lot of connection and it's because of my connection with him that has really encouraged me to create this above life channel and offer the opportunity to connect you with other well-known spirits in the afterlife in addition to Prince. So today is Prince and I actually wrote down some, I actually have some questions written down to talk to him about very specifically. I think you're going to enjoy this. All right, so I'm going to take a second. It's just going to be conversation style. So I'm just going to take a second to calm my energy down. He doesn't, he gets a little, he's hypersensitive to me. I'm hypersensitive, maybe. Yeah, maybe that's more like it, to the energy. And so if my energy is too tense in my body or if I'm trying to be too business-like or too professional, he really just calls me and he's like, just relax, be who you are, you know. So, okay, some of relax myself. I have some specific questions for you today though. All right, so I'm going to ask Prince to come in and be present. Okay. All right, I can, I mean, I can feel him.  Kind of thing like, he's being kind of funny because I connect very clairvoyantly, which means I use my third eye to see and very visual. And so what he wears matters to me. Okay, so he's coming out.   And which I really appreciate. I love that humor, that sense of humor and playfulness. And so he's got a, this big white hat. It's not a fedora. It's different. It's bigger, really big. It's like a pimp hat on, but it's white, not purple. It's not red. I've seen red ones, seen purple ones. It's white. And it's got like this leopard print lapel on it. And then it's got this big like brown feather thing on it, kind of plume coming out at the top.  But then he's got this pimp hat on. So he's like, how's that? Yeah, does that work for you? Yeah, that great. Okay, come on in. Sit down. Make yourself comfortable in spirit form. All right. He's like, all right, what are we going to talk about? That's his clue or his cue to me that he's ready. He says, what you want to talk about? That's what he says. Today, I'd like to specifically talk about your fans. I know the term fan is a little touchy, because I know that referring to it as fan can be maybe a little bit disrespectful from your experience. And so, but that's the term I use. That's, I don't mean any disrespect to anybody who's watching either, but I'm going to say fan. So about your fans, your fam, people love you, like they love you. They're fiercely dedicated and devoted to you, to your music, to your legacy, to your memory. They are like, your fans are intense. I'm just going to be honest. Some of you guys are intense.  I mean, I know that your fans really just fiercely love you. And so, I would love for you to talk about that a little bit. Why? I mean, you're a great guy and everything to hang out with in the afterlife, but what is the deal? What's the bigger magnetic attraction or something? What's going on with that? Like, why do you think that is? He's like, what's not to love? Now he has red on the red suit, like Valentine's love, you know, what's not to love? He says, it's not to love. He's very, and then the word sexy comes in and I am so not attracted to Prince in that way. I'm just going to be a brill up front. It's like, he's like a brother to me.  And he's sharing that when he first began his career, and he was young and really, there was a lot of sexual energy that he expressed and shared and and he could just do that. Like he was free to do that on stage and very, very sexual energy, which I know, like intellectually, but he's talking about it.  And he's saying that he, he feels like it gave people permission to liberate themselves, to not feel so restricted or confined in their body as a whole. And he's sharing that it gives people permission to, to be okay with their bodies, to celebrate their bodies, to dance how they feel like dancing and not worry about what other people are thinking or looking at of them. They're just feeling it's about he's sharing, he's sharing about how that energy, that charged energy just feels like freedom to be your human self. But oh my, he's not using the word human. The word would be more body to be comfortable, not even comfortable. That's not the word. He's like to be free in your body, to be free in your body. That's what the sexual energy is about. And he says, and that's, you know, and that's a maturity thing too.  And you're not willing to put up with a lot of crap from outside sources or other people or even image or images you have of yourself. You're not willing to put up with a lot of stuff. And so when you're younger though, you have this deep, there's this huge desire that's just deep urge to just break out and just break out of your body and to utilize the body to do that is really quite beautiful. And he's like, that's very artistic to do that. So I'm going to share with you something interesting. So in this conversation with him, I feel like I'm getting information like in a big file box, and we're unpacking it. And so it's not like a word to word or sentence to sentence kind of thing right this moment. It feels like I'm connecting with him clarsentiently. So that means in the heart space or feeling sensing information and processing it that way. So I literally feel like I get a big file box, and then I'm pulling out the files and I'm unpacking the ideas or the concepts that he's sharing with me. So it's not a word for word thing. I'm not utilizing the specific languages, language or words he may choose. But I'm explaining to you what he is sharing with me. So I hope you can feel that energy. I'm sure with that, that, that supercharged sexual energy, you can probably feel that. Whoa, it's like, but it's interesting because it's not like a turn you on kind of a thing. It's not really that sexual. Actually, it's quite fascinating to me. It feels primal. That's how I would describe it, Prince. That's exactly how I would interpret it. It's a kind of this primal, like a divine feminine primal goddess energy, freedom to be your wild self and not living under any kind of shackles, you know, like not being held back or in chains, just very primal. And it's really not about sex. It's more about, and it's a little bit about gender and crossing boundaries that were traditional in the mind created in society. Having it be more intentionally breaking through borders, I'm going to use that word on purpose, borders of gender. And I know you were really known for that, but it feels like you, that's the energy that the lesson from that, especially your early on work, that is the message I'm getting is like, access that core passion within you, that desire, those dreams that you have and that, that breaking out of a molded confinement from school, from family, from parents, from expectations of society, wherever you pick that stuff up, even mentors, people who mean well, sometimes kind of push you in a direction well intended that doesn't really fit you.  But in order to trust yourself, you got to know yourself. In order to know yourself, you got to be free to meet yourself. You can't be in a cage like animals at the zoo, it's the vibes he's sharing with me. This is very fascinating because I didn't expect this. And I feel like I'm understanding you and some of that real erotic stuff that you did early on that, you know, I was like 11 or something at that time. So that's not really erotic time, wasn't really erotic time in my life. I don't know about you guys, but so it kind of felt like naughty or something like bad, like bad, like I shouldn't be interested in that anyway and stuff. And so right now as an adult woman, I'm having this understanding about what the energy that you bring forward for your fans, your fam in that regard and what when people are connected to that those genres and those those songs, those lyrics, those videos, those movies, it's it's because of that desire to be free, to break free and a deep desire to love yourself and your body. That's a big deal. Let's not lose that. So Prince, you would agree with that, correct? Is that am I describing this accurately? He says yes, yeah, yeah, for the most part. And so that must be the connection for women to you then.   Is that what would you would that would that be accurate? Sorry, goodness is that kind of funny, right? All right, thank you. Wow. Okay, so that's just the very beginning, the attraction energy. The magnetism is very strong with fans. I know. So talk to me about this is a great question. Oh my gosh, this is a brilliant question. Talk to me about that. Is there a difference then between people who discovered your work early on or who understand the depth of your library of of of music of lyrics of songs of all the different albums all throughout all the genres of your I'm going to say genres because there's so much different influence and all of the work that you have in each album could be some of them are kind of connected from what I understand. But some of them can be totally different aspects of you. People who loved you and followed you while you were in the human body. Is there a difference between that and people who discovered you after you died? Like, do you feel a difference in your connection or relationship with people based on how long they knew you? Or if they knew you as a person, or if they just know you from the afterlife, like when they discovered you? Do you feel a difference? Can you talk about that? He says there's definitely a power in the messages, isn't there? The messages that people receive and and what they choose to focus on is what he's saying. Okay, so you're not going to answer this directly, are you? No, I will. He says no, I will. I will. Yeah, there's a difference. There's a difference. But it's not what you think. There's not a difference one's better than the other. There's a difference because those people who open their hearts to me now, they know me in the way that God, Creator, God, Creator Source, knows me. They know me in, without, without pre-definement, without pre-determination, without expectation of how to feel me or know me. However, they got to get over their own guilt, because there is some guilt among people who found me, discovered me, or were drawn to me after I died, because when the body isn't alive, it feels like there's no right to have relationship with someone in the afterlife. There's really no right, but that's not true. That's a myth, people. That's a lie. Knowing someone in the afterlife is as profound of a legacy as knowing someone when they're alive in a body. And that's the truth. That's the truth. I love my fans. I have always loved my fans. I have always loved people who love my music. I mean, I do it for the fans. I can feel the love when I was on stage. I could feel it pouring at me, just pouring on me like rain, like just pouring at me, just coming at me. I could feel the power of the love that people would give to me. And when I'm on stage, that's what keeps me going. That's what carries me through the performance, even if my hip is killing me. I can continue because I feel their love and love is encouragement, and love is like this renewing, constantly renewing, recharging power. And that in your human body, and that as a human, as a person-to-person experience is so incredible and amazing. So love is just such a power. And I would say that the fans, the people who knew me when I was a person and had that relationship with me, even if I never met you, I didn't have to meet you to know you, to feel your love. I felt your love all the time. I felt your love all the time. I could feel you all the time.  And he's sharing such, I hope you guys can really feel this. He's sharing such an intimacy when he's performing, like performing, like just an intimate connection, like it's just you in the audience, whether you're in the third row or the 117th section, gee, feeling it, feeling it, feeling it. Because he's like, that's when you transcend the human body. That's when you free yourself from the human body and you're feeling the vibration of the music and you're just in this intimate flow.  It's like talk about erotic. That's, that's the ultimate connection. That just incredible, incredible flow of energy. Just, oh God, he's just, he loves, he's loving it. And he really feels, he's trying to give me this expression like literally feels intimate connections with everyone. There could be thousands of people and he feels every intimate speck of light. He looks out at you and like sees like literally like raindrops. It looks like raindrops. It looks like water. That's like kind of shimmering in the sunlight. That's what it looks like to me. So that's how he describes it. And I'm not trying to compare it to purple rain. I'm just saying that's literally he looks out and he sees these droplets of light water on each person and that's just such a beautiful, he's like, now that's God right there. That's God. That's God. And the love that's flowing just so, it's like a fountain. It just keeps spraying all over everybody then. He's like, it's just a cycle, cycle.  Can you talk about, in case you've talked about fans and different times when they became fans that there's really, there's just a different difference for them maybe, but not really for you. He's like, no, there's no, there's really not like he doesn't say no, but he's like, there's no discernment. Like he doesn't, he won't, he won't even address any kind of difference. There's no difference because assuming that there's a difference means there's separation. And he's saying, I'm not going to get in the middle of that. They argue about all that stuff. Let them, let them have their own chaos amongst themselves. I'm not going to get involved in that. He like, he doesn't even want to validate that, that silliness with even a response. That's how he feels. He's like, I'm not dealing with that. I don't have time for that. Neither do you. He knows what I feel, how I feel about that too. Thank you. Thanks. Thank you. So can you talk about the actual music that in the albums? Like, if I listen to you, if I'm like having a dawn day and I'm listening to you in the kitchen and I start jamming, you know, just because I do. I loved your dancing. Like that's the cool part for me. I like just loved your moves, man. Your moves. He's like, I know. He's like, girls got moves. I'm like, yes, I do. Thank you. Okay. Hello. All right. So this is like so gonna be public like on YouTube. That's all right. This is a real me, you guys. Hey, having a conversation with my best soul from Prince. Oh my gosh. Okay. So talk about the music. I know that the music is so powerful. I know you've said in other videos that I've done that music is your church. You said that lyrics are the legacy, lyrics are medicine, music is medicine, music is vibration. You've talked about how music is intuition that connects. How when we listen to the music, how does that really connect us to you? I mean, really, how can we know? Because I think people wonder all the time they're like, it feels like you're singing right to them. I mean, how can we get that? How can we accept that? That that's true. And is that true? Like, are you singing right to me in that moment? Talk about the music and the frequency and the importance of the music. And he's like, music is he says, he says, I was saying human human terms.  He says, I'd say music is the legacy. It's my legacy. So if you want to know me, know my music. And there are parts of me you wouldn't like as a person either. He says, like, you wouldn't like all parts of me. There's parts of me that would maybe be annoying to you. He says, maybe habits I'd have that would bug you as a person, like if we were in relationship, you know, if we're friends or what have you. And he says, so some of my music isn't going to be for you. And that's okay. But if you want to know me, know my music, listen to my music, feel the story that comes through, listen to the words, learn about contrast. Because some of the lyrics are intentionally contrasting. They make you think they're like, Well, wait a minute, what's this, what's that? Don't take it for face value. It's not directly, it's not always a direct this is what it is take it as it is. You get what you get what you get kind of thing. Look beyond, let yourself feel the meaning. Let yourself feel the message that you are getting for yourself at that time that you're listening to that music. And you can get different stuff at different times. That's what I did. And he's like, he's showing me like listening to like soul. I don't know who these people are.  He's like, I can't even understand. I can hear it kind of half is what he's saying. But he's like, yeah, you get in there and it just moves you. He's like it moves you. It just shakes you in a way that you can't hold on to pain. You can't hold on to criticism. You can't judge yourself in those moments.  And he's like, that's what I would that's the energy that comes through with the music specifically with the music with the songs. Okay, we could spend a long time talking about this. I'm trying to think if there was another. Oh, I wanted to ask I did talk about this in another video with you, but I want to keep asking to see if we can get some more information about it. How can people connect with you now? Like, is there fan mail or something? Is there like spirit mail that could be sending you love letters or and how so how can they reach you? And how do you reply back? How does that work? You talk about that because I know it's different for different personalities, different spirit energy and the other psychs. That's what I've experienced myself. Can you talk about that a little bit? He's like, you can answer this question, Bridget. I'm like, I know half the stuff I ask you I could just respond to as a psychic in a medium and out there through the experiences I've had, but I people need to hear from you. They're your fans. They love you. So give them something. And he says, I come a lot in dreams. You're not making that up. He says, I come a lot in dreams a lot. He says it's so easy to slip right into the dream state and share, connect with somebody. He says, but it's not what you think it is either. So if we're having a dinner and I get mad at you or something in your dream, don't take it for face value. It's just like music. Don't take it for face value. Okay. Don't take it for face value. It might have to be something really intense that I show up for so that you believe it. So you can remember it and then you believe that, oh my gosh, it was so intense. So he's like, don't focus on the content. Focus on the experience. Don't focus on content. Focus on the experience. That's how you get it. You got to stop being so specific. Like, I have to have it this way. And the only way Prince would contact me is if he actually knew me as a person. He's like, that's not true. That's not true. That's the case. Jesus wouldn't be talking to nobody ever. Because you guys didn't know him as a person. Okay, Prince, thanks for bringing Jesus in. Prince loves Jesus just saying, oh, I mean, he always, he talks about Jesus a lot when we talk personally. So, okay, so we got a let go of our expectations and you talk to people a lot and you connect with people in their dreams a lot, right? Yes, I connect with people through my music. I say that over and over again, but that's the truth. He's saying that's exactly how I connect. You want to connect with me? Feel, take a second to sit for a minute. Just quiet the craziness and feel into yourself and let a song come up. Let a song bubble up. Then listen to that. That's your message. It's not hard. But just right. It's not, it's real simple. It's not complicated. I talk about that all the time, you guys. It's not hard talking to spirit, talking to afterlife. It's not hard. The hardest part is getting away from yourself, like your own expectations and your own former belief systems and, oh, I can't connect with Prince because if I believe in Jesus and then Prince doesn't really like Jesus because there's a hierarchy in the afterlife because I was taught that. And that's not true. That's not true. There's no hierarchy. There's no hierarchy. God is each of us. We are oneness. You've heard me talk about this before. I might be a little preachy here, but I cannot. I got to say that. Okay, Prince.  You go, you tell him. Like he's like, be my guest. All right. So music, song. Let the song come up. Let it come up. Dreams. He connects a lot in dreams. A lot in dreams. A lot. Okay. Those are the two things. Though that's new. You never really talked about the dream state before. Thanks for talking about that. A lot of people do talk about that. That's a really common way for people in the afterlife to loved ones to connect with you. So if you have a conversation with your dad who's in heaven, then you had a visitation with your dad in heaven. Again, it's not about the content. That's beautiful, Prince. Actually, I got to write that down because that's freaking fantastic phrase. It's not about the expectations. It's about the experience. How are you feeling? You got to trust the sensing, the feeling from it. Don't diagnose. Don't go diagnostic.  It's not capable. It doesn't have those skills. It's going to mess it up, but you're going to think too much about it.  You're going to talk yourself out of that. Why would you do that? So Prince is right. All right. So it's not about the content. It's about the experience. All right. It's about the experience. All right. Thank you. I didn't expect this to be that long. Well, when we get together, we talk. We talk. Now, this is really a conversation because you're seeing this real comfort level because we know each other really well. Like, I know them really well. It's easy to talk to them. And so I get real comfortable with my guard down in, you know, be real casual. So I hope you've enjoyed this conversation with Prince in the afterlife, where he talks specifically to his fans about his relationship and connection with you and why you are so drawn to him.  There is no judgment about any of that. All right. And so I hope we've been able to respond to some really important questions. I think that Prince Sam would have. So this is Bridget. Thank you for being here at Above Life Channel. If you like this video, give it a like. If you've got some comments or additional questions that we could chat with Prince about in a future video, go ahead and put them in the comments below. It's totally fine and encouraged. And be sure that you share this with others that you feel could really benefit from understanding this, especially other Prince fans. They deserve to have this information for themselves and to feel the vibrations of the Purple One in the afterlife too. Thank you so much for being here.


Welcome back to this session the NPTEL course on supply chain digitization in which we will be looking at this particular topic which is channel structures of the supply chain. We have already had a brief introduction to this idea and how we want to connect this to the concept of platform economy. This was discussed in the last lecture and we had also seen an overview of the kinds of channel structures in supply chains namely the decentralized and centralized channel structures. In this session we are going to continue on the thought process of decentralized versus centralized channel structures and how they can be implemented or how they can be considered when we are looking at making decisions within the supply chain. So, what we will currently do is look at the idea of an example for decentralized and centralized decision making in a news vendor problem. We will look at two types of settings, one is what we call as a deterministic setting and one is what we call as a probabilistic setting. This will set the background or the foundation for understanding the role of coordination which needs to be carried out within supply chains. The kinds of challenges that we can observe when we are trying to coordinate supply chains and this is the idea that we will further connect to the platform economy concept as we go through the various sessions. So, I am going to take only one type of an example and try to extend it in the deterministic setting and probabilistic setting, but there could be a variety of settings and types of channel structures that are possible which we shall also look at when we are considering few examples in relation to the platform economy. So, the example that I am going to pick up right now is not connected directly to the platform economy concept, but it is a very standard case of a news vendor problem. Now, in this particular case going back to what we had discussed earlier supply chain coordination would be related to how do we carry out decision making within the supply chain and there are variety of decisions this is just a list which is not exhaustive there could be many decisions that can be taken up in a supply chain or in a supply network and accordingly these decisions can be centralized or decentralized. For the purpose of this specific session or this lecture I would be considering one of the types of decisions which is namely how much should be ordered. This type of a decision making is actually very common in supply chains namely what should be the lot size that one should order within a supply chain and frequently there can be some kinds of difficulties in deciding upon the right kind of lot size. There is a large amount of literature which talks about how we come across the economic order quantity when it comes to managing our inventory holding costs, inventory carrying costs versus our setup costs or ordering costs or batching costs and how we can come across the economic order quantity. This particular setting does not apply to the kind of example that we are going to right now discuss which is namely the new Spender model. However, the ideas are very similar as we are going to discuss. So, considering this is the type of decision that we are going to look at we shall be analyzing this particular decision making problem within the context of a news vendors decision making problem. Now the example that we have picked is that of a news vendor who is going to supply newspapers to the local market and who has to procure newspapers from a regional supplier who prints these newspapers or distributes these newspapers and carries out various upstream tasks related to this. As you can see it is not necessary that we have just one supplier or one news vendor there could be many, but for the context that we are considering right now and for demonstrating the ideas of centralization and decentralization we are going to consider the presence of one news vendor and one regional supplier. So, what is the scenario? The scenario that we see here is that there is a news vendor who observes market demand for newspapers and then takes decisions on procuring from the regional supplier for selling in the immediate future period. So, the news vendor has observed market demand made an assessment and then takes decisions as to how much should be procured from the regional supplier. So, the question that we were talking about which is how much to order is present over here which is taking decisions on procuring from the regional supplier. And in this particular case what should the news vendor do? In order to operationalize this further we can see that this decision can be denoted as the decision where the news vendor decides the number of units that should be made available to the market basis his or her potential profits. So, that decision that is being taken up by the news vendor is going to be based upon a profit objective. Now, this is not necessary that this is always the case it could be cost based objectives, profit based objectives or the you know the particular supply chain player could also be looking at emission based objectives what could be the kind of decision that lowers emissions to a certain extent so on and so forth. However, for this particular case that we are considering we are going to be looking at just the potential profits as the objective. So, in other words for the news vendor the news vendor would like to decide upon the order quantity that has to be purchased from the regional supplier and make it available in the market with the objective of maximizing their potential profits. For the supplier if we were to look at this as the decision making process being staged chronologically we would see that first the news vendor is deciding how much to order and places this order to the regional supplier so this is the first step which happens. Now the supplier gets to know what is the order that the news vendor wants this is the second step and here the supplier actually can take a decision whether they accept this order and supply to the news vendor so basis this the supplier can actually choose whether to supply to the news vendor or not and again the decision making for the supplier would be based upon their profits or their costs and we are going to see how these costs and profits are going to be calculated and impact the decision making. Now if we were to look at this particular case this is an example of a single period decision making which means this is a one time order that the news vendor is actually placing that is why this is a very popular problem if the news vendor has to take a decision for one particular instance then what would that decision be is the question that we are trying to address over here and what would be the impact of this decision on the entire supply chain that is what we are trying to analyze over here and we will consider both the decentralized setting as well as the centralized setting. So in order to do this the first and foremost thing that we need to look at is the news vendors problem because the news vendor is trying to place the order to the regional supplier. So what do we do over here the first thing that we need to know is what are the revenues and costs for the news vendor. So they could be marginal revenues they could be marginal cost or fixed cost whatever it is we need to understand what are the various payoffs as well as cost that the news vendor is actually going to incur and whether it is worthwhile being in this particular business setting. So for that purpose I am just taking a simple example let us say that for the news vendor the news vendor is aware that if the newspaper is sold in the market there is an earning of gross earning as we can say of 30 rupees per unit that is sold that is for every newspaper the price which is there in the market we can also call this as the retail price this is going to be 30 rupees. In order to do this the news vendor might actually incur a cost for distribution let us say this cost relates to the number of times that the newspaper boy is sent out to various houses or it could be related to the cost associated with transportation whatever efforts related to managing the distribution this is also considered to be as a variable cost over here. Now remember this is just an example it is not necessary that we have such costs always but it is quite possible that we have cost associated with distribution. So the cost associated with distribution we take as 10 rupees per unit. So the net you know payoff that the news vendor gets just by selling and distributing the newspaper would be 20 rupees per unit but at the same time the newspaper has to be procured by the news vendor from the supplier so it does not come for free. So he is also paying or she is also paying 10 rupees per unit to the supplier. Now this is where things get a bit interesting. One of the observation that we can make is that the news vendor actually makes a marginal profit of 10 rupees per unit provided the number of newspapers that are being sold and the number of newspapers that are purchased is one and the same. So let us say you have procured from the supplier 100 newspapers and the demand in the market was also 100 then your marginal profit for selling newspapers would be 10 rupees per unit but this is not always the case if the demand and supply are not matching and this is what we are going to also examine shortly. So what is important over here the knowledge of what is market demand is actually required to determine how much should be purchased given that the news vendor would like to improve their profits right. So this is ultimately the most important piece of information given that we know what are our costs, what are our unit costs, what are our unit revenues that we are going to incur whether it is through our own activities of let us say distribution or through the procurement process that is from the supplier and the kind of revenues that we can earn which is a retail price. So given this information and given the fact that you want to maximize your profit you would also need to know whether the demand is enough for you or not and accordingly you can actually take a decision as to how much should be purchased. Now let us consider this same problem and look at the perspective of the regional supply. So here we examine the regional suppliers problem the supplier we consider has knowledge of his or her marginal revenues and costs which would look like this. We have already seen that there is a wholesale cost that is incurred by the news vendor this would nothing be the wholesale price that the regional supplier is actually charging for this paper in the market. Now you can observe over here the retail price of the product is actually 30 rupees but the wholesale price is 10 rupees there is a difference of nearly 20 rupees between the retail price and the wholesale price and you can also observe that this is happening because there is an absorption of costs that is occurring within the supply chain namely the distribution cost for the news vendor and for the regional supplier there are also other costs that are incurred namely the manufacturing and operating costs which we can see are also marginal in nature that is variable in nature which is rupees 5 per unit. So if I were to consider the regional suppliers net payoffs it would be 5 rupees per rate 10 minus 5 if there were no other costs which were going to be present within the system. But if we observe over here the regional supplier is also facing some additional costs which is fixed costs for the facility where the manufacturing is being carried out and in the case of the supplier we can say that this is where the printing has been carried out but it could you know like I mentioned earlier we could have more tiers above the regional supplier as well which could be printing and then the regional supplier could be packaging. Right now in this particular case I am assuming that the manufacturing starts at the regional suppliers end and ends over there. So what we observe here there is some amount of fixed costs which are going to be operated. Now these fixed costs as you can see these are not going to be related to the number of units that we are manufacturing or printing and one of the assumptions that we are making over here is that we can print as many newspapers as possible. Of course this is not realistic there would be limitations on that as well. There could also be a requirement that there should be some minimum amount of printing that is carried out and there would be a limitation as to the maximum amount of printing that could be carried out which is essentially what we call as a capacity limitation. But for the requirement of this problem I am keeping this quite simple and assuming that we can print as much as possible and we can obviously add all of those constraints and limitations in order to have a better understanding of this problem. So if we were to consider this setting for the regional supplier if we were to observe the regional supplier actually has a break even point of 30,000 newspapers to be printed. Why is that so? The reason is that the regional supplier has to recover the fixed cost for the facility that has to be operated irrespective of how many newspapers are to be printed in that one particular batch. Remember this is a single period setting. So in that single period we are assuming that fixed cost is going to be 150,000. So this single period could be a year in which things are going to be procured but as you can think in the case of a news vendor the you know the single period could be as small as one day. So naturally over here if the regional supplier actually has to be profitable at least a minimum of 30,000 newspapers have to be printed. So you can observe that we did not have to give a minimum threshold that minimum threshold is being calculated basis the kind of revenues that can be generated by the supplier from the news vendor and also the cost being incurred in terms of variable cost as well as fixed cost. So the minimum threshold we have already calculated to be 30,000 newspapers. Another observation that we can make is once you have started printing more than 30,000 newspapers the regional supplier is going to earn a marginal profit of 5 rupees per unit. So what would be the regional suppliers intentions in order to function within this particular value chain? Definitely the regional supplier would not want to print less than 30,000 newspapers if possible because then it would not be profitable. So there is definitely a threshold for the regional supplier. So we can see that the regional supplier actually has motives to not print as well and if you recall in the initial discussion I was mentioning that the supplier can actually choose not to function within this business partnership. So the news vendor might order let us say 1000 newspapers. Now the regional supplier is going to look at their fixed cost, operating cost and the wholesale price and decide that this is not viable. So the regional supplier might actually want that the news vendor orders more than 30,000 and since we do not have any upper limit on how much manufacturing can be carried out at the supplier side this can go to as much as possible which is over here 30,000 units or more. So if we were to decide what is the decision of the regional supplier this would be related to the knowledge of the order size placed by the news vendor. So now let us try to understand this particular case in the context of a deterministic setting. Now what do we mean by deterministic setting? A deterministic setting is one where we are able to gauge the value of the variable with complete confidence and in some cases we can also say that the value of the variable can be determined maybe through a formula which is a function of other parameters so on and so forth. Typically in supply chain management problems or problems related to demand analysis within supply chain when we speak about deterministic settings for demand as the variable of interest for us. In such cases the demand we can characterize either as a constant value that would be deterministic because we know what is the value or we can say that the demand is going to be a function of another parameter. Let us say the demand is going to be a function of price a very popular way of connecting demand and price is to show demand as a decreasing function of price that is as the price increases the demand is going to reduce from the entire market potential. So the first setting that I am going to consider is a purely deterministic setting in which we know what is going to be the demand for sure right. Now this is ideally the case that Newswender would want to know they would like to know for sure what is going to be the demand whether it is realistic or not is something that we are going to discuss but that is the first basic setting that we are going to consider and then we will move to a setting in which the nature of demand is actually going to be probabilistic and these two settings will have their own differences as we are going to observe. So I am considering like I said a deterministic setting in which we are saying that we know the demand with certainty. So in this case I am looking at a deterministic demand scenario. So what have I done over here? Let me first explain the left hand side column first before we move to what is the right hand side over here and before we go to the summary of all the analysis that is presented over here. The idea of this slide is to actually provoke some kind of a thought process among the viewers as to what kind of possibilities could occur within a supply chain. Many a times we forget that we are functioning within a supply chain and the actions of a specific entity may be completely at odds with the incentives or the objectives of another entity. So this causes issues and sometimes the supply chain may not function properly because of that and that is what I have tried to demonstrate over here considering a deterministic demand setting in which the demand is known. So let us say we have the first scenario. In this scenario we observe the demand. So the news vendor knows for sure that there is going to be no demand for the newspapers. A little bit unrealistic but you know considering the kind of technology advancements that are happening nowadays it is quite probable that in some regions or some localities there would be no market demand for the newspaper that is the physical editions of newspapers. So in this case if we were to look at the idea and look at the fact that the news vendor has certain profits as well as costs associated with their decisions we have to look at what could be the decision taken by the news vendor. So what would be the decision taken by the news vendor? Let us look at it this way. So we know that let us say the demand is going to be shown as D and let us say the order size is going to be S correct. So if the news vendor has to define what should be the amount to be ordered the news vendor has to look at what is the demand and accordingly what should be the order that is placed. So the demand over here is actually 0 that is there is no demand at all and the order size that is being placed by the news vendor is 2000 units. Now let us see how does this figure out if I were to procure 2000 units I will procure these 2000 units as a news vendor from the regional supplier. So let us see what kind of benefits and cost does the news vendor incur. So if I were to look at what will be my revenues as a news vendor the revenues would be whatever was demanded in the market or whatever is available on hand and whichever is the minimum among the two right. So the demand is 0 and I have procured 2000 units I cannot sell 2000 units I would be able to sell only 0 units. So the revenue that I am going to get is my demand 0 into how much ever I am going to incur in terms of my revenues which is as we have seen earlier that is going to be a retail price of 30 rupees per unit. But at the same time if I were to sell I would also be incurring a distribution cost so that is 0 into 10. So this is going to be 0 so no revenues to be earned when my demand is going to be 0. But let us see what is happening on the other side. The other side is I have purchased 2000 units. So the net profit that we get also needs to consider the procurement cost. So if I were to consider procurement cost I would be incurring 2000 into the fact that I have actually paid 10 rupees to the supplier in wholesale which is 20000 rupees right. So you can observe over here my net revenues after distribution is 0 and my procurement cost is 20000. So if I were to look at my profit my profit let me denote as pi this is going to be 0 minus 20000 rupees which you can see over here is going to be the new spenders profit. Since I have ordered 2000 units from the supplier we can look at what is the suppliers profit. The suppliers profit is actually going to be dependent upon how much ever was ordered. It is not going to be dependent upon demand it is dependent upon how much was ordered and the supplier can choose not to function that is a decision that we see later. But we can observe over here what is going to be the suppliers profit. So the suppliers profit would be how much ever was ordered which was 2000. So on 2000 they will earn wholesale price of 10 rupees and they have carried out printing for 5 rupees per unit. This is the revenues net revenues marginal revenues but they will also incur a fixed cost of 150000 rupees. So if I were to consider this this would be 10000 minus 150000 which comes out to be negative 140000. So in other words if we were to consider the first scenario neither of the parties but is news vendor or the regional supplier is actually profitable. So similarly in the second case the demand is 2000 the news vendor has placed in order of 40000. In this case obviously we can see that the procurement cost is going to increase like anything and the demand is only going to generate a revenue of 20 rupees per unit on 2000 your 20 rupees per unit on 2000 units. But the procurement cost is going to be quite high 40000 into 10. So this is going to result in a cost of 360000 for the news vendor. However if you think about the supplier for the supplier the marginal revenue that is going to be earned will be 40000 units into 5 rupees less 150000 which comes to 50000. In this case the supplier is being profitable. Now let us take a same kind of scenario which is scenario 3 2000 units and 2000 units is the market demand news vendor places an order for 1500 that is less than 2000 units and here the news vendor is still profitable in the similar way if we calculate the supplier however since this order quantity is very small the supplier is not going to break even because it is not more than 30000 units and it is going to incur a cost. In this case only the news vendor is profitable. Now in these 3 cases we can observe that either none of them are profitable or one of them is going to be profitable ultimately this is going to be based upon the decision taken by the news vendor. Now let us look at scenario 4 scenario 4 we are again considering 2000 units and as the market demand and the news vendor places an order for 2000 units the news vendor actually makes a profit of 20000 units however the regional supplier does not make a profit. This is because the break even is 30000 units and the order placed is only 2000. However we can see that in this particular case the news vendors profit is 20000 which is more than 15000 if the news vendor were to order 1500. So if I were to consider between scenario 3 and scenario 4 the news vendor would actually choose to order 2000 units instead of 1500 or 40000 units when the demand is 2000 units that is exactly matching the market demand and however even if this is done the news vendor only is profitable and not the supplier. Now let us look at scenario 5. In scenario 5 we see that the market demand is actually 30000 units the break even point and we can observe that the news vendor has now decided to order exactly the same as the market demand in which case a profit is being made and we can observe that in this case the supplier does not make a profit in fact it is just break even. So we can conclude that only the news vendor is profitable. In scenario 6 and 7 we can observe the market demand has increased since the market demand has increased and the news vendor is matching the demand. The profit also increases from 3 lakhs to 4 lakhs and for the supplier also the profit is actually positive in nature which is 50000 rupees and in scenario 7 when we further increase the market demand using the same kind of decision making we can see the news vendors profit increases and the suppliers profit also increases. In these two last cases we can observe that both are profitable. So if there was a choice between these two scenarios obviously the news vendor would go for scenario 7 because it is the most profitable and even the supplier regional supplier would go for scenario 7. In summary if we were to consider this particular deterministic setting if we looked at a decentralized decision making by the news vendor in the case where the demand is known with certainty if we were to look at the decision making when demand is known with certainty and particularly we considered decentralized decision making where the news vendor takes a decision and that decision is trying to improve the profit of the news vendor. So it is not improving the profit of the supply chain but improving the profit of the news vendor. So the news vendor obviously is going to see to that the order size which is placed is going to be greater than the demand but not exceeding twice the demand and it is also observed that the news vendor is most profitable when the demand and order size are matched and it does not matter how much is the demand actually as long as the demand is increasing the news vendor is going to try and match the demand. On the other side if we consider the impact of the decisions of the news vendor on the supplier we can observe if the news vendor faces a demand less than 30,000 units and decides to order exactly what is the demand the supplier would not be profitable. So we have seen those scenarios over here right. So this is the scenario less than 30,000 units the news vendor is profitable but not the supplier. Let us say the news vendor faces a demand less than 30,000 but orders more than 30,000 units which is this scenario scenario 2 we can observe that the supplier is profitable but not the news vendor and if the news vendor faces demand which is more than 30,000 which is these scenarios and orders exactly as the demand the supplier would also be profitable. So in such cases we can see that in there is possibility where both the players within the supply chain are at odds with each other when it comes to their profits due to decentralized decision making if we were to consider a centralized decision making scenario instead. We would come to a final conclusion that we have to find a scenario where both players are going to be profitable and in such a case this would apply to any scenario which is of the nature of 6 or 7 right that is more than 30,000 units. So first and foremost the demand that has to be observed in the market has to be more than 30,000 units. Secondly the news vendor will match the demand and if this is satisfied then both the supplier as well as the news vendor will agree to work with each other and will be profitable as well. So we can see the impact of decentralized decision making is going to be quite poor when we are finding that the news vendor either does not follow the demand properly or the market demand is very low and this causes issues for both the players. Now one interesting attribute that we can observe that scenarios 1, 2, 3 will not occur at all and the reason being that there are better options available for the news vendor in comparison with this scenario which means if the market demand is 0 the news vendor will not order 2,000 units the news vendor will not order anything if the market demand is 2,000 the news vendor will not order 40,000 units and will not even order 1,500 units because the news vendor knows that the maximum demand that is most profitability occurs when the demand matches the order size. So these scenarios actually do not occur because a better alternative would be present for the same demand which is going to be present. However in these scenarios we can observe that perhaps the supplier is going to be profitable but they do not occur at all. So we can observe that the news vendor is actually taking a lot of power within this particular supply chain by being the player who places the order and who is going to determine what will be the profits that are earned by each of the players as well as the entire supply chain. So we are going to discuss a little more on this particular example and further continue it in a probabilistic setting in the next lecture. The basic summary that I want to provide on this particular example in the deterministic setting is the idea that the supply chain players may not necessarily take the best decisions if left on their own. So the supply chain player might actually try to accept for example in this case the news vendor might actually accept scenario such as scenario 4 which is not at all profitable for the other player and which might hence hamper the process of delivery of products to the market. So in such cases what should be done because the supplier is not going to give you 2000 units. So what should be done in such a case? Similarly for larger amounts of orders to be placed by the news vendor the news vendor is going to incur costs if the order size is going to be more than the market demand. But this is going to be very much profitable for the supplier as seen in scenario 2. So how do we make the news vendor actually make 40,000 units when the demand is 2000 is it even possible? These are the kinds of ideas that are going to be addressed when we are going to see how we can coordinate the decision making between the two players. So in the next session I am going to look at the same kind of a scenario but in a probabilistic setting and we are again going to observe these kinds of problems that are going to arise. We will summarize the challenges and then we will see how can we coordinate the supply chain. And in such a case using this as a setting we are then going to link this with concepts in platform economy. Thank you everyone. I hope this session was useful and informative.