Can everybody see my screen. Yes, sir. Okay, so thank you so much for the introduction and thank you for the opportunity to present. I wish I had looked at the agenda prior to accepting this talk because it's impossible to follow speakers like Dushan Bahar, Antonio and Kilarame but nonetheless, and especially cover the breadth of abdominal imaging in a case based review. And I'm going to give it a shot. I was able to collect a bunch of cases that I think are a mix of day to day things that we see on a common basis. And also some rare cases that I think, particularly that mimic lesions and stuff like that that I think might be helpful for the audience. So, without further ado, I have no financial disclosures and I want to thank some folks who were very kind enough to share their cases with me, including Dr. And rather should I bang bang Lee Dr. Ryan Chung from Mass General and Guilherme from UW here. So first case, you know, not a very complex case, just simple. And again, just because of the format I think I'm going to not go into questions but just sort of walk everyone through it and if we have time we can have questions at the end so on the top. On the left you can see a haste image where you can see a fat fatty lesion.  So containing exophiric lesion arising from the left kidney, demonstrating some heterogeneous enhancement. It's a renal angiomyelopoma most common benign renal and neoplas contains vascular smooth muscle and fat elements, and can spontaneously hemorrhage due to pseudo aneurysm formation, because of its rich blood supply. So this increases with increase in size, and hence, they usually recommendation is to embolize them if they start to grow beyond four centimeters. They usually sporadic 80% of the cases, 20% of the cases are usually associated with the phycomatosis, most commonly being to bislerosis. Moving on to the next case. So here we roll with the prosthetic cardiac valve. If you look at the T2 image you're nothing's very remarkable as any stock of normality that you see but if you look closely I think you'll be able to appreciate the bilateral symmetrical renal cortical high point density on both T2, on the T2 sequences here. And here's the cortical renal cortex that is markedly T2 high point tense. And this can be seen in the setting of renal hemosetrosis, not a very sort of a diagnosis that really helps at clinicians because they usually know the history. In this case, this was a case of a patient who had a cardiac valve prosthetic mechanical cardiac valve which can also cause this and it's essentially hemosetron depositing along the cortex that causes that appearance on T2 and T1 sequences as well. And it's also very common, as you would expect with hemolytic anemias and paroxysmal and octal hemoglobinuria. And here's a marked example of the same case, you can see that the CT you really do not appreciate any changes, but on the MRI you can see the marked T2 high point density of the renal cortex. Next case, this is a 22 year old male presenting with dysuria PSA levels were mildly elevated but not significantly. And as you can see on the images here on the axial T2 and chronal T2 images there's a heterogeneous mass arising from the left side of the prostate here, and you can see that it's sort of infiltrating into the adjacent structures. It demonstrates marked diffusion restriction as you can see with DWI and ADC on the images here. And on post contrast images there's heterogeneous enhancement. You can also see on these images sort of diffusion restricting multiple pelvic lymph nodes as well that show enhancement. So this was, so you know I'll just pause real quick here just give you guys a quick second to think about it is this a prostate lymphoma and a 22 year old prostate rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate adenocarcinoma non-musinus, prostate adenocarcinoma non-musinus or a prostate leomyosarcoma. So this was a prostate rhabdomyosarcoma alveoliotype and it is a malignancy arising from mesenchymal cells. The epidemiology is most common prostate tumor in the first two decades of life. It's rare in adults once the mesenchymal cells have evolved and the embryonal subtype more common better prognosis, whereas the alveolar subtype is the less common and the worst prognosis. The presentation is usually urinary retention dysuria in which in this patient, the patient did present with dysuria, abdominal and pelvic pain or prostate enlargement. Imaging features, which we saw in this case, a large infiltrative tumor with central necrosis sometimes which we didn't really appreciate in this case, but does demonstrate rapid growth. T1 iso intense, T2 hypo intense and markedly diffusion districting lesion with heterogeneous enhancement. Differential diagnosis, some of the options did talk about a prostate lymphoma, but a prostate lymphoma is usually T2 hypo intense, usually homogenous signal and enhancement and not infiltrative like it was in this case. A prostate adenocarcinoma would usually be seen in older patients, elevated PSA, and they have two types, non-musinus and musinus. And then obviously a prostate lyoma, myosarcoma, most common prostate sarcoma in adults. Moving on to the next case. This is my personal favorite. This is a 59-year-old man with a history of T1 urethral carcinoma of the bladder status post-induction BCG treatment presenting for prostate MRI for elevated PSA of 3.27. And as you see on the images here, you can see a T2 hypo intense lesion in the left anterior peripheral zone at the level of the apex that demonstrates marked diffusion restriction and peripheral enhancement. If you were to apply pirates as we heard Antonio talk about in his talk, this would qualify for a pirate's five lesion for all purposes would be marked for guided biopsy. But this on biopsy actually turned out to be a focal non-necrotizing canal matis inflammation consistent with non-specific canal matis prostatitis. And given the history that we had that the patient had PT1 urethral carcinoma of the bladder and had induction BCG treatment that could be suggested. But for all purposes, clinical purposes, rising PSA pirates five, that lesion doesn't need to be biopsy. But this is just the lesion that I think especially in the setting of recent BCG treatment, I think we can keep in mind. The key points being that it's clinically significant prostate cancer and canal matis prostatitis are indistinguishable on imaging. Both demonstrate marked diffusion restriction, most often in the peripheral zone. And in the event of a pirate's five lesion with negative biopsy for malignancy, you can then actually suggest this being a canal matis prostatitis if it's a non-diagnostic biopsy or a negative biopsy to prevent unnecessary additional biopsies. Scenarios in which it may be helpful to offer differential particularly like in this case we saw T2 hyper intense lesion, but usually for pirate's five lesions you should have T2 hyper intensity that is characteristic of prostate cancer. So when you see a T2 hyper intense lesion that's markedly diffusion restricting. Then you can suggest it but then again for all purposes of reporting it it still qualifies as a prostate as a pirate's five lesion. And then post contrast rem enhancement again if you look at this lesion sort of focal early enhancement instead of the focal early enhancement you have the rem enhancement of the lesion. So just if you correlate with the T2's here and sort of hallucinate it's obviously we don't have the luxury of scrolling through that there was sort of peripheral rem enhancement in this case. And the relevant technical history is I think the most important in this case. And I think having seen multiple of these types of cases whenever I see prior BC treatment while reporting prostate MRI and sort of cautious and just sort of take a second look. And the other indication other clinical history that is relevant is obviously infectious tuberculosis and I approach a neck inclusion post radiotherapy. Moving on to the next case. So these are multiple cases of adrenal lesions and if you look at these lesions. The middle case on your left is actually a right adrenal lesion sort of T2 hyper intense the middle case is a T2 iso intense lesion. And then on the right is sort of a mixed hyper intense and hyper intense lesion heterogeneous. So I think I just wanted to use all three cases an example to suggest that, you know, when you're looking at these adrenal lesions and particularly if you promise a few chromosomes, you can have sort of variability to intensity for the lesions. And the typical imaging findings on CT would be unenhanced lesion on unenhanced CT you would have a lesion that's greater than 10 Houndsville units. That's not an adenoma on portal venous phase you would get sort of 110 to 120 Houndsville units, and they can show wash out I think that's important to remember a lot of sort of I think there's increasing data to suggest historically we would, if these should wash out and be as unqualified as adenomas, we would leave it at that but I think there is enough data to suggest that then does clinical correlation is still required because a lot of them of your chromosomes can show or show. And the cystic change and like necrosis occurs in 20 to 97% patients, and this is based on CT literature, and they can also be hemorrhage but on MRI, when you look at the literature the cystic chain slash necrosis obviously MRI being better at evaluating that is 30 to 52% and as I showed in the three cases here, the T2 hyper intense signal is variable, and you can have, ranging from 35 to 65% cases depending on the literature you see. And here's a nice examples of basically cystic changes here within the lesion. And also, another case that where you see the cystic changes here. This is another example where you see the cystic change in the central of the lesion it's a right adrenal lesion as you can see and sort of T2 heterogeneous lesion focal areas of necrosis in the center. And then another case of a 40 year old female with incidental findings of a left and a right adrenal lesion as you can see the left adrenal lesion has marked central necrosis on post contrast images that way you can appreciate it. Both in this case both are marked T2 hyper intense lesions. The T2 chromositomas, they are tumor arising from chromophilic cells of the adrenal medulla. They, the extra adrenal fibrochromis, the tumors are known as paragangliomas. The presentation is usually episodic or proxysmal symptoms. The cases, if you may, then you have few chromositomas is usually presents with headaches, hypertension, palpitation, sweating, tremor, arrhythmia and pain. The classic fried, which is 90% specific but an uncommon presentation is headache palpitations and sweating. The atypical features being labile hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke. And like I mentioned earlier it's important to be cautious when reporting adenomas, adrenal adenomas as there's increasingly more literature saying reported that you do need to clinically rule out some of these to be few chromositomas with 24 are you re-infractionated net and effort in levels. The demographics females more common than males middle-aged adults sporadic, usually sporadic in the middle-aged adults and hereditary in some young adults and they're obviously as everybody, everybody knows they're associated with several fake chromatosis that are being the most common in this group. On imaging, I think we went over most of those in a number of cases but you cannot reliably distinguish from other adrenal lesions and you need that lab and histology as I stressed earlier. All have metastatic potential based on presence of the chromophilic cells and tissues that don't normally have them and cannot reliably distinguish on path. So on CTMR, we went over the features that on portal venous phase you can have even greater than 120 household units and may have washed out with heterogeneous enhancement. Nukea medicine or MIBG scans are very specific but more so the dota-tate scans and they bind to the SSTR which is found in neuroendocrine tumors. I'll skip the slide for sake of time so moving on to the next case. This is again one of the run-of-the-mill cases, right adrenal lesion again just sort of going over a lot of adrenal cases here, a fatty lesion in the right adrenal gland that you can see on both axial and non-coronal images. And on the axial in phase and axial out of phase MRI, you can see there's not significant signal drop and this is sort of representing macroscopic fat in this case. And as you can see on the fat side you can because of the of it being macroscopic fat you can see the signal drop and on post-contrast images you do not really see a lot of enhancement there. Here's a companion case of the left adrenal gland, again a fat-containing lesion in the left adrenal gland over here.   Next case again another one that could qualify as one of my favorites but a very nice diagnosis that you can make once you've seen one of these. And usually at least add to the differential. So here's a pre-sacral lesion on the sagittal CTs as you can see on the axial CTs and on the haze sequences you can see that there is sort of a fat signal intensity lesion with some of which suppresses fat on the T1 pre-fat sequence here. And on the post contrast you can see that there is heterogeneous enhancement of the lesion. I'll give everybody a second to just think of what differential they can think of and just moving on to the next slide. So this is a nice case of a pre-sacral extra adrenal myeloepoma just to be in sync with the previous case that we saw. You can have extra adrenal myeloepoma like POMAS account for 50% in the pre-sacral area when they're extra adrenal 50% of the time they are pre-sacral and they're usually seen in early females. They are asymptomatic occasionally symptomatic from mass effect on adjacent organs and imaging features like we went over in this case. Just to stress that if there is a question of a differential diagnosis, a lot of time the sulphur colloid scan can help differentiate from other differentials just because of the presence of reticulo endothelial elements, the lesion will demonstrate sulphur colloid uptake. And differential diagnosis in this case is a lipoma, liposarcoma, pterotoma, and lipomatosis, as you would expect all fat containing lesions in the differential diagnosis. Moving on to the next case. So this is a 40 year old male who had a prior left nephrectomy as you can see. Over here you don't really appreciate the left kidney. The right adrenal gland demonstrates on the inner and outer phase you can see signal dropout consistent with an adenoma. But then moving on two years later in 2012, you can see that between 2010 and 2012 this patient has now developed an area of sort of hyper intense signal on the in phase and a hyper intense signal. On the outer phase sequence that on post contrast images, you can see there's some heterogeneous arterial enhancement that kind of persist from the post portal venous and delayed phases. I'll just pause real quick there if anybody has any thoughts for the differential diagnosis. And just again, so this case, the same patient, as you can see on the T one three, there's a high point intense lesion here on the T one freeze in the pancreas that enhances our T really on enhances our T really and sort of persist on the portal venous and delays phase imaging. And this turned out to be a case of RCC meths based on the history that I've provided earlier, the patient have had a left left nephrectomy for clear cell. Renal cell carcinoma. And this is a very, very nice example of a renal collision tumor. So at renal collision tumors, they can coexist to adjust in histologically distinct tumors, and they can be two benign tumors to malignant tumors or one of each. So the most common being an adenoma and a myelolipoma additional cases you can get an adenoma and a metastasis as in this case that we saw in patients with lung breast and melanoma. And including RCC, which it was in this case, imaging features, you can see the change in characteristics of the previously seen benign lesion, particularly in patients with non malignancy. And yeah, so moving on to the next case. 58 year old female with right up a quarter of pain and weight loss. You can see a heterogeneous mass in the liver. And if you sort of follow it, you can see that it is sort of particularly located in a segmental area of the liver. And if you can hallucinate somewhat of a tubular appearance and the MRI again shows mild T2 hypentensity, heterogeneous enhancement, you can see central areas that do not enhance sort of almost if I can sell it to your biliary kind of pattern here. And this is, this was a nice case of hepatic fasciola or kind of liver flu that has two hosts and eventually make it makes its way into the bile ducts. And I did have another companion case with this that unfortunately could not pull up the images but I think, you know, once you see a couple of these cases, which I happen to come across, I think, you know, you, it sort of always stands out when you see it again. Moving on to the next case. I just wanted to very quickly just before I go on to some of the atypical tumors of the liver, just for completion sake just highlight a laryx 5 lesion which is my definition, a definite at CC. So you have here at T2 mildly hyper intense lesion that on free contrast you can kind of see here, and then on enhances arterially and you have a wash out. You can see the capsule very clearly so a laryx 5 lesion by definition definite at CC. Moving on to the next case. And this just keeping that in perspective. Guillermo was kind enough to share this very nice case with me. This is the heterogeneous mass and the MRI here you can see that there's capsule of retraction. There is peripheral enhancement and gradual centripetal enhancement in this in this case. And if I asked anybody a differential here I think Colandia carcinoma would be your top of the differential, which this was in this case, but just to add to it. This lower slice CT from the same case. And you can see a utterly really enhancing lesion with wash out. So this on biopsy was actually a. And you can call it what you may, but essentially it is the Colandia carcinoma and it's CC on histology or crane simultaneously and they develop this informatically and when advanced present with right up according to pain weight loss and obstructive there's 2010 Wichita classification sort of differentiates into two types classical and the stem cell features, but one of the key features I think that should make you point towards them as Mark diffusion description and the two components if you can deal with it like we could in this case it within the same lesion. Moving on to the next case. So pseudo lesions of the liver I just wanted to talk about this real quick for the next two cases. And so lesions mistaken for primary hepatic tumors or meds are most often due to hemodynamic alterations without going into details I think just to highlight that the portal in obstruction can sometimes cause increased arterial flow and kind of can cause a pseudo lesion but on conversely you have third flow areas within the lesion that is actually flow coming in from adjacent veins and anastomers with the portal in branches that can sort of cause these to the lesion so just a diagrammatic representation that as we all know, these are very common areas that are called blood of Fossa, but essentially highlighting that these are aberrant veins or parts of normal veins that are independently draining into the portal venous system and causing lesion and so here you can sort of see a lesion along the called blood of Fossa that in this case was called a LR5 lesion, but I think ended up being called that twice and both the times actually the biopsy showed that this was just stear hepatitis with cirrhosis and no evidence of Casinoma and again called LR5 lesion and biopsy again showed that this was not a Casinoma. Moving on to the next case in the in the scheme of lesions in the liver that are atypical. So on the ultrasound you can see a hyperquake mass with peripheral flow within the lesion. And then when on the MR, you can see a heterogeneous mass here on T2 with sort of heterogeneous enhancement again doesn't really fit the bill of a typical liver lesion and in this case this was biopsy then this was a hepatic plasma Cytoma and without going into details just again one of those rare diagnosis that I think one should just keep in mind, given that when it doesn't really fit the bill, these eventually need to go to biopsy I don't think you can make out these lesions prospectively on imaging, but one of the differentials in the rare lesions. And on the same bread, here's a well encapsulated lesion no significant arterial enhancement over here, as you can see, and sort of heterogeneous enhancement within the lesion with some edema and man mark diffusion this friction. So this is again another of those lesions that are atypical in the liver, but one to keep in mind and it is a inflammatory pseudo tumor, and rare benign hepatic lesions, not only theology but definitive diagnosis always requires a biopsy, but plasma Cytomas and pseudo tumors I just wanted to highlight in addition to the third space flow of the liver, just to keep in mind when you're sort of chasing it CCs and obviously it's helpful to see that the liver is not and then last case, just keeping in mind time. This is a CT from 10 years ago, and there's as you can see along the right paracolic out of there's a heterogeneous enhancing soft tissue lesion, and on the sort of anterior the rectum you can also see a lesion. I do not want to provide the history in this case that which will clearly give it away, but four years later after the CT you can see sort of anterior to the rectum you can see enlarged mass if you may knowing that in hindsight, and that shows T2 hypotensity and T1 hypotensity. Oops. And now if I can sell it to you this is that same lesion that has now grown and similar images of T2 images of the lesion here in the right paracolic data and then on post contrast enhancement you can see it with homogenous enhancement and on the chronal images you can see the same lesion. And if I can sell it to you again this is the same lesion that has now grown. Just pause the real quick two seconds just let people think of what this possibly could be. And this is a nice case of peritoneal leomyomatosis. They are basically Lyoma is dropped within the peritoneal cavity during uterine surgery mostly myomectomies and sometimes hysterectomy and C section. But this is essentially smooth muscle metatlasia in peritoneal lining stimulated by hormones and the epidemiology is females of reproductive age as you would expect. And you can see circumscribed round lobulate in masses with a tenure signal that would be typical for a uterine Lyoma and they can grow just similar to them, like in this case. And the differential diagnosis obviously if you were worried about malignancy would be peritoneal carcinomatosis. And here's just a companion case in a 45 year old female with right upper quadrant pain, who had a history of hysterectomy you can see sort of along the liver margin, a heterogeneous mass and along the margin of the stomach so quite a few dropped. Leomyomas in this case that were both consistent with peritoneal Lyoma myomatosis. With that, I would like to thank you for your time. And I hope these cases were helpful. Thank you so much. I think they were wonderful cases. I don't have any questions.


When you've had enough The narcissist does this You did everything you could to please the narcissist You did everything you could to make them happy But nothing was ever good enough for them. They never appreciated anything you did for them Or there was always something wrong with it They always wanted you to do more They always wanted you to fix something else They made you feel like it was your duty to help them You became their caretaker You became their therapist Your life revolved around taking care of them and it made you very tired It drove you into the ground Because no matter what you did for them It was never enough They pushed you to the limit Until you got to the point where you couldn't do it anymore You had enough But just because you've had enough That doesn't mean that it's going to stop The narcissist has no limits for what they demand or expect from you because it's all about them They lack empathy So they cannot share your experience They don't care about what you're going through They don't care about how their behavior is affecting you All they care about is what they want and they have these insatiable desires Desires that can never be fulfilled Even if you managed to meet the impossible expectations The goalposts would move They would want more or they would want something else You will never get that feeling of satisfaction with the narcissist When you feel like you have accomplished something They never want you to feel that way Because then that would mean that you could jump off the hamster wheel Then that would mean that you could stop and they don't want you to stop They want you to keep fulfilling their needs until the day they die Or until they no longer have any use for you So when you've had enough of the narcissist They're not going to understand They're not going to give you a break They're just going to push even harder They're going to run you into the ground As long as you are physically capable of fulfilling their demands They will continue to pressure you They will intimidate you. They will put you in a state of fear So that you feel like giving up is not even an option If you get to the point Where you're no longer physically capable to carry out their demands They will blame you for that or they will blame someone else But they're never going to look at what they're doing And think that could be the problem Because they don't even care They already know that what they're doing is wrong But their only concern is what they can extract from you if you have a luxury car You will understand that it needs to be maintained It needs to be taken care of It needs to be cleaned at least once a week It needs fuel. It needs to be serviced So that it can be kept in good condition So that it can serve you But narcissists do not understand this concept They don't understand that by giving you what you need It would then put you in a better position to serve them Because they lack empathy They cannot share your experience They're only concerned with their own feelings and needs And they have nothing to give anyway The most beneficial thing a narcissist can give to you Is space But even then they're not really giving you anything But it is their absence which will help you to recover The narcissist just wants to milk as much out of you as they can You become their worker Because they're very entitled And they see you as their subordinate They think that you're just supposed to do what they say But they can also be very manipulative When you first met them They loved bond you They gave you this illusion of value As though they had something to share with you They use future faking They make you think that what you're doing for them is in your best interest And they're very arrogant They show an exaggerated sense of their own abilities and importance Because that makes you think that they deserve everything you're doing for them But they also never give you the compliments and praise That you deserve for your hard work Because they don't want you to think that you're better than them Because then you would look at them and realize that they're not doing anything for you And then you would wonder what you're even doing around them Because they're not bringing anything to the table If you look back You will see that they never did anything that benefited you It was all about them And when you've had enough It's still all about them That's when you will see how selfish they really are Because even when they can see that you're sick and tired They're not going to stop They will force you into submission They will make threats against you They will put you in a state of fear They will start a smear campaign against you They will tell everyone that you abandoned them without help or support Because all they care about is what they want They don't care about how it's affecting you Which is how they were able to manipulate you They kept you under a spell Where you were doing everything to please them While you never received anything when in return to replenish yourself And they used all of these tricks To keep you serving them To stop you from seeing what it was doing to you You might not even see the effects that this has had on you Until you finally leave them Because you've been under their spell for so long You've been taught to neglect yourself And to focus on them But when you leave And you're able to focus on yourself again You may find that you're not the same person you used to be You will realise just how sick and tired you've become You may experience a lot of anxiety and stress Because this is the beginning of the healing process From narcissistic abuse It will take time for you to get better The narcissist will do everything they can To stop you from slipping away But if you manage to escape And you stay away for good You will start to see the light at the end of the tunnel You will start to see the sunlight emerging from behind the clouds Because they were keeping you down the entire time you were with them They were preventing you from elevating It's only when you leave That you can then find your true power Because your power comes from within But while you were with the narcissist You were forced to hand your power over to them Which they then used to control you But now you can use that power to heal If there is one good thing that comes out of this It's that it can help you to find your true power It can help you to realise that it exists inside of you And nothing repels a narcissist away more than that If there's one thing a narcissist cannot stand It's a person who knows their worth A person who knows what they are capable of A person who knows what they deserve So be that person And you will never have a problem with narcissists again Because they're looking for someone who will doubt their worth Someone who doesn't realise just how great they are So that they can keep you chasing after their validation So validate yourself Realise your worth Realise that your power comes from within And live the life that you deserve Thank you for watching I hope this video resonated with you Please like, comment, share and subscribe If you would like to donate My PayPal link is in the video description Coaching inquiries You can email me at coaching.narcsurviver.uk Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


I'll go back to another one. If you are new to this channel, I am GoPrin and I do new car truck SUV reviews on YouTube. And today we're in the brand new 2024 Toyota RAV4 courtesy of younger Toyota in Hagerstown, Maryland. For more information on their inventory, please feel free to check out the link in the description box below. So today we're in this one because there is a new color for 2024. That's not the full reason, of course, but there is legendary reliability as well. You got to appreciate that. The RAV4 does compete with the Honda CR-V and the Mazda CX-50. And ultimately, this is the number one selling SUV in America. And that says a lot right there. So ultimately in this video, we will be testing out and going over everything about this one from acceleration to braking, steering feel, ride quality, sound system exhaust, all that fun stuff. So having said all of that, what do you guys say? Let's just go ahead and jump right into it. And as always, let's start with pricing. So as you can imagine, there are several different trim levels for the 2024 RAV4. First one being the LE starting at $28,475, which is actually a $900 bump from the 2023 model year. XLE for $29,985. XLE Premium, which is the one we are in today, starting at $32,875. Adventure for $34,670. TRD Off-Road for $38,095. And lastly, the Limited starting at $36,780. And so out of all of those trim levels, all-wheel drive does come standard on the Adventure and TRD Off-Road. All the other trims come standard with front-wheel drive. If you wanted to add all-wheel drive to any of those other trim levels, simply add $1,400 then to any of those prices. But regardless of trim level that you go with, the power plant on the RAV4 is actually going to be the same. Powering the beast is a 2.5 liter naturally aspirated inline four cylinder for all trim levels, putting out 203 horsepower at 6,600 RPM, 184 pound-feet of torque coming in at 5,000 RPM, that power being sent to the front wheels or all wheels through an eight-speed automatic, 0-60 time coming in at approximately 8.4 seconds, with MPG numbers coming in at 27 in the city, 35 on the highway for the front-wheel drive, 25 city, 33 then on the highway for the all-wheel drive taking regular unleaded fuel. And so before we do any kind of fun acceleration test here on our RAV4, wanted to mention to you guys the drive minutes. So there's a bunch of buttons located just to the left of the shifter. Drive modes will include eco, normal, sport for the on-road drive modes. But then it's also going to give you off-road drive modes as well, including snow, mud and sand, and then rock and dirt as well. Ultimately adjusting things like the shift points, the throttle response, the steering sensitivity, and actually the all-wheel drive system engagement then as well. And so now having got all of that out of the way, what do you guys say? Let's go ahead and find a straightaway. Let's put the 2024 RAV4 here to the test, and let's see how quickly we can get this one here up to speed. All right, in three, two, one, go! We're in sport drive mode by the way. It's okay. It's not going to win any races for sure, but you know what? This is built for reliability. It's not actually built for drag racing, believe it or not. So it's enough to get the job done. I'll just put it that way, but it's certainly not the quickest thing in the world. And that was even in sport driving mode, but it'll get the job done nonetheless. But anyways, to go along with that acceleration, as always, braking is equally important. So up front, you will find 12-inch ventilated front discs. In the back, 11.1-inch solid rear discs. As far as that 60's easier stopping distance goes, that comes in at 126 feet, which is kind of average, pretty much par for the course there. Usually with SUVs, you find anywhere from 120 to upper 130. So 126 feet is pretty much right in the middle there. So as far as braking feel goes, since there's no one behind us, it's 100% on the softer side of things. Again, as expected in most SUVs, not all SUVs, but most out there. So wouldn't have minded if they firmed up the braking feel a little bit. But having said that, it's what you would expect in SUV to brake, like I'll put it that way. But then touching on suspension and handling up front, you're going to get an independent McPherson strut front suspension. In the back, independent multi-link rear suspension, front and rear stabilizer bars. As far as ride quality goes, as we are cruising over some of these smoothest roads in Hagerstown, it's really good right now. So absolutely no issues there. Ride quality has been perfectly fine, absorbing the road of perfection is just fine there. As far as steering feel goes, it is a little bit on the looser side, but it's not too bad. And you can noticeably tell the difference, depending upon the drive mode that you put it in. I'm going to put it back in sport for a second and it definitely weightens up that steering wheel. 100% much heavier steering feel in the sport driving mode that if you were to put it in eco, it does instantly loosen up. But either way, it's not bad. I definitely prefer the heavier weight in the sport driving mode just for that steering feel alone though. That was, that's pretty darn good. But anyways, then touching on cabin noise, we're going 55 miles per hour right now. So I'll let you guys kind of be the judge here with my road mic. There isn't a whole lot of really wind noise or road noise. There's a little bit, but it's pretty much as you would expect it to sound like as far as cabin noise goes in the inside here. Touching of visibility, 100% perfectly fine. Because of the shape of the RAV4, you're definitely not going to have any issues, especially with rear visibility. But I did want to also mention one more thing with forward visibility, you do get rain sensing windshield wipers for the XLE trim leveling up. So as it's supposed to start raining today, whenever it starts to rain, RAV4 is automatically going to turn on those windshield wipers for you just like automatic headlights. Just one less thing you got to worry about. So that's a pretty darn convenient feature there for forward visibility then as well. But that pretty much rounds out the performance segment of this review, you guys. Let's now go ahead and take a look at the exterior of a brand new 2024 Toyota RAV4. All right, so here she is you guys, the new 2024 Toyota RAV4 finished in midnight black metallic. I think this color looks absolutely freaking amazing on the RAV4, but there is one new color for the 2024 model year that is going to be Army green. Toyota's had that color on some of its other vehicles. They have now brought it to the RAV4 as well. But that color is only available on the adventure and TRD off road trim level since it is more of an off roadish color, I guess you could say. So do want to mention that. But as always, let's go ahead and start with where the RAV4 is made. Taking a look at the VIN first character is the number two indicating that the RAV4 is built and assembled in Canada, our neighbors up north. But let's go ahead and start up front on this one. Projector LED headlights do come standard for every single trim level across the board. You got to love that because they are projectors as well as opposed to the LED reflector. So this is the very best possible lighting setup available right now on every vehicle out there today. So that's pretty cool. LED daytime running lights coming standard. You got the automatic feature as well along with automatic high beams. So if you have your high beams on at night and it senses a vehicle coming in the opposite direction, it's going to automatically dim them back to low beams and when that vehicle is gone, it's going to automatically bounce it back up to high beams for you there. So very nice. Down below, you will find LED fog lights for the XLE Premium trim level and up. I should have turned them on for this portion of the video. I'll throw some B roll over top of it here, but I do love that. I didn't have that in the LE that I reviewed last year, but the front grille is going to differ amongst the trim levels. I did want to mention that as well. And actually the ground clearance is going to differ amongst the trim levels as well. So take for example, if you were to go with the LE or XLE trims, you're going to find 8.4 inches of ground clearance. Let me get down here just so I can show you guys. And then 8.6 inches of ground clearance for the XLE Premium trim level and up. So if you have a little bit more of a off-roading type of driveway, perhaps maybe the XLE Premium trim level and up is going to be better for you. But anyways, that pretty much rounds off the front end of this one. Let's now go ahead and make our way to the side. All right. So now since you are around to the side of the four roof rails, do come standard on the XLE trim level and up. Therefore, the LE is not going to get them. You will find a floating roof line on the C pillar in the back there. Can't really tell the difference because we do have the black exterior, but there is a black kind of accent piece that separates the roof from the rest of the body. That's what that is essentially. Rear privacy glass does come standard for every single trim level across the board. Taking a look at the side mirrors. They are body-colored power adjustable side mirrors. They will be heated for the XLE trim level and up, and then LED integrated turd signals for the XLE trim level and up, then as well. Then if you were to go with the TRD off-road, you're going to find gloss black side mirrors. Then the limited trim is going to add to that some puddle lights as well. So that is pretty cool. Let's take a look down at the wheel setup. They will differ, of course, amongst the trim levels. Yet again, 17-inch steel wheels with covers for the LE, 17-inch gray metallics for the XLE, then 19-inch chrome alloys for the XLE Premium and limited trim levels. That's what you guys are looking at, of course. 19-inch matte gray alloys for the Adventure.  But I think it looks dang good from the side profile here. But now let's go ahead and make our way to the back. All right, so now since you are around to the back of the RAV4, all the way to the top, you will find a body-colored shark fin antenna. Just below that rear spoiler with an integrated brake light. Just below that rear window wiper, you will also find LED tail lights coming stated for every single trim level across the board. That isn't always the case, so I'd like to emphasize that. You do have some like the video and subscribe lettering found on the real tailgate, of course. Or it might say RAV4 and XLE all-wheel drive. But either way, if you are into new car reviews, I've been doing this now for approximately nine years. So go ahead and smash the subscribe button if you are into that kind of thing. But then just below it all, you will find dual exhaust outlets with chrome tips. They look dang good down there. But as always, I do believe you guys know what we have to do next here is that exhaust clip. All right, so now since we are around to the back of the RAV4, when it comes to opening that rear tailgate, you are going to find a power tailgate if you go with the XLE premium trim leveling up like we have today. So there is a button on the key fob. There's a button on the tailgate itself. But if you go with that XLE or the LE trim levels, you're going to find a manual tailgate just to let you know. But once opened up, cargo capacity comes in at 37.6 cubic feet. If that was not enough space, there is a 60-40 split, meaning the rear seats do fold down, bumping that up to 69.8 cubic feet then behind the first row. Also in the back there, you're going to find a cargo cover for the XLE trim leveling up. It is going to be optional for the LE trim level, though. LED cargo lighting does come standard. That was definitely nice to see because that isn't always the case. 12-volt power outlet for the XLE trim leveling up. Then if you were to look underneath of that cargo floor, you are going to find a spare tire. There's a little bit of storage around there, but there's some indented storage on the back right-hand corner there. And there are some chrome-plated tie-down anchors then as well. But then making our way up to the rear legroom, that comes in at 37.8 inches. For reference, I'm an even six feet tall. This is how much space I had back there. You will find a 12-volt power outlet for those second row passengers as well, along with rear ventilation. There is a rear center armrest with cup holders that does come standard as well. And then heated rear seats will come on the limited trim level only. But then making our way up to the front seats, manually adjustable cloth seating for the LE trim level. Power adjustable driver seat with power lumbar for the XLE trim leveling up. Soft-tex upholstery for the XLE premium trim level. You're going to find some orange stitching for the adventure TRD stitching in the headrest for the TRD off-road. Heated front seats coming on the limited and the power adjustable passenger seat on that limited trim level as well. Overall, seating was plenty fine. I definitely didn't have any issues, at least in my short little test drive here today. Then taking a look at the steering wheel, it is tilt and telescoping. And it's going to be wrapped in urethane for the LE and XLE. And then leather wrapped for the XLE premium trim leveling up. And if you wanted the heated steering wheel, that is going to be optional on the XLE trim leveling up. But it doesn't come standard on any particular trim level though. But then making our way to the startup, let me start by showing you guys the key here. You got your Toyota and RAV4 badging on the one side. Then when you flip it over, pretty basic lock on lock and that button to pop the rear tailgate there. But it is all keyless entry with the push button start for the XLE trim leveling up. And then it's going to be that traditional turn key start for the LE trim level. So all I'm going to do here is simply put my front of the brake and press that engine start button located kind of just by the driver's right knee. And so once started up, you will find a seven inch digital screen in the center for all trim levels, but the limited that limited trim level is going to give you a full digital gauge cluster, 12.3 inches to be exact. But since we got the seven inch screen here, you can adjust what is on there by using a steering wheel mount to controls found on the left side of the steering wheel. And it has absolutely everything you could possibly need up there. There's your outside temperature, how many miles you have left until you hit empty, you could choose to display a digital speedometer if you wanted to their safety information, radio information, trip A, trip B and list goes on. So like I said, everything you could possibly want on the digital portion, at least of those gauges. But now let's go ahead and take a look at overall interior quality of power moon roof is going to come standard on the XLE premium trim level and up. So I loved that overhead sunglass holder for all trim levels, LED interior lighting though, all trim levels across the board. That definitely isn't always the case whom the controls are going to be optional for the RAV4 doles and climb control for the XLE trim level and up wireless phone charger also going to be optional. But we do have that option actually it's located just in front of the shifter here. So that is pretty cool. I'm going to go ahead and put my phone there and let it charge up a little bit. But overall interior quality was perfectly fine. One of the cool things about the RAV4 I remember seeing this last year is just above the passenger side glove box, you got a little bit of rubberized storage there. So passenger could perhaps put their self in there if they wanted to. Just behind the shifter you got your cup holders of course and within the center armrest. Actually a decent amount of space in there a good bit and you actually have a couple USB charging ports in there as well. So overall I do like the two tone color theme and interior quality will definitely get the job done. But so now let's go ahead and make our way to the infotainment screen here because this thing is massive actually. So eight inch color touchscreen display was clearly not what we have today coming standard on the LE XLE premium and adventure trim levels. However there is a 10.5 inch color touchscreen display coming standard on the TRD off-road and limited trims. But then it's going to be a $1410 option on our XLE premium trim level at least and we do have quite a few options. So if you're seeing a lot of stuff that just doesn't make sense it's because there's plenty of options for all of those trim levels essentially. But Bluetooth and audio streaming does come standard wireless Android Auto Apple CarPlay also coming standard. That is amazing. Most vehicles don't do that even today. So you don't have to fiddle with any USB cables on this thing so that's pretty cool. You can check out your driving statistics up there of course as well along with your radio information. And so when it comes to the sound system six speakers is going to come standard on all trim levels but the limited. However that limited trim is going to give you an 11 speaker JBL sound system that is optional on the other trims. We have that option as part of that $1410 optional package that we have with us here today. So that's pretty cool. I didn't test this one out last year. So what do you guys say? Let's go ahead and turn on the radio see what we got playing today and let's test out our JBL sound system that we have with us here today. Okay yeah there's a ton of bass. I don't know if you guys remember seeing it when I shared the cargo area clip but there is a subwoofer in the back. There's also an external amp so clarity was perfectly fine as well but yeah you could definitely tell there is an absolute ton of bass. That sound system is overkill for the RAV4 and that is definitely a good thing but last thing I wanted to mention to you guys on the infotainment screen of course is when you do put the RAV4 in reverse you will find a rear view camera and it actually does take up the entire screen which isn't always the case. So that's pretty cool. That's going to let you know who or what is behind you which is always is going to lead us into safety and so to start IIHS top safety pick which is a very good start right there. Front side side curtain airbags do come standard to get a driver's knee airbag as well along with the front passenger seat cushion airbag that doesn't always come standard. In the back you're going to have latch aka lower anchors to tether to children for the rear car seats, rear child door locks, tire pressure monitoring system but also coming standard will be Toyota Safety Sense 2.5 that gives you a pre-collision system with pedestrian detection, dynamic radar cruise control, lane departure alert with steering assist, lane tracing assist and roadside recognition then as well and then if you were to go with the XLE trim level and up you're going to get a blind spot monitoring system with rear cross traffic alert and then the limited is going to add on to all of that front and rear parking sensors as well so overall with a custom my final thoughts here of the RAV4 safety is very good I'm going to start by saying that but the real selling point has always been for the RAV4 the legendary reliability that is why this thing is going to last over 200,000 miles if you take care of it I'll just put it that way and that is what it's known for check out consumer reports magazine that'll verify that for you also I do like the new tech on this one I would have loved to have seen that 12.3 inch digital gauge cluster but this massive infotainment screen is absolutely wonderful and even the gauges that we have here with us here today absolutely wonderful as well so new issues there and I do like the wireless Android Auto Apple CarPlay that's part of the tech too that was pretty cool you don't always find that but the only room for improvement I could possibly find is it's kind of a basic interior quality it doesn't bother me personally but if you were to compare it to some of the competition with let's say Hyundai Hyundai usually outdoes themselves with the interior quality like rather than these rubber knobs that we got here on the RAV4 they would be a nice kind of aluminum feel to them it's not that it's bad it's just some of the competition offers a little better fit and finishes than the RAV4 but anyways let me know what you guys think the RAV4 in the comment section below that is about it for this one you guys thank you so much for watching if you're free to follow me on social media at the bottom of the screen if you want to see what's coming next on the channel before it gets to YouTube be sure to hit subscribe and the bell notification button if you're into new car reviews because that is what we do here on this channel after all do appreciate you guys watching more than you know and I will see you guys all in the next video stay gold


Hi, I am Dr. Vidyadara here, head of the department and consultant spine surgeon at Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. It is usually the sideward bend of the spine which is called as foliosis and that was very gross to begin with, but nowadays we believe that it's a three-dimensional deformity. It is not just the sideward bend, it's also rotation and also the loss of backward bend. So, it is commonly seen in children. When we say that there is no specific cause, then it is called as videopathy. It is the commonest. Maybe it constitutes about 80,000 of scoliosis. It can be present because of birth defects in the bones of the vertebrae and then it is called as culminator. Or it may be neuromuscular, like patients with problems with the nerves or muscles developing paralysis of hands and legs and also the pelvic muscles developing the bend in the back which is called as neuromuscular scoliosis or degenerative, wherein with aging, elderly people getting a bend in the back because of aging process which is in excess or in accelerated nerves is again a cause. And lastly, ayatrasil. Following surgeries or interventions done by doctors, the patient developing the bend in the back is the last one. Let me talk briefly about the commonest that is the adolescent videopathic scoliosis which constitutes to 80,000. See, this typically happened to the girl between the age group of 10-15 years and it is a pain left unnoticed. It goes unnoticed, whereas in the West there is a school screening program in which they ask the child to bend forward and the doctor or the paramedic looked at the catalyst. The rib hum, if it is there, then they are taken for an x-ray and x-ray can detect scoliosis. Usually less than 10 degrees is not scoliosis. 10 to 25 degrees of bend, we keep the child under operation. If it is between 25 degrees to 45 degrees, we give a brace to the child so that it prevents progression and if it is more than 45-50 degrees, the child needs the surgery. Now this is a completely preventable problem. If you detect it early, it can be braced so that the need for surgery can be prevented. And the next commonest that we see is the degenerative scoliosis. An elderly person having a stoop either forward or sideways is again common, but this is very painful. And the patient develops more and more back pain, back pain on change of posture and also tingling numbness in the lower limbs and heaviness of lower limbs and so on and so forth. Now this again can be treated if the patient develops deficits or weakness of lower limbs or bowel blood and involvement or if the pain is more than 3 months, definitely the benefit of surgery is a big thing. If the patient's medical condition doesn't allow us to get a surgery done in this patient, we can always intervene by way of some spinal injection like fetish block or transferan melocidial injection and so on.


Hello friends, good morning and welcome back to Centrum Academy again. Friends, last class we have discussed resonance and application of resonance we were discussing. And the first application we have already seen that the calculation and comparison of bond order. So, in that we have two cases. First is when we have equal contributing structure. That is we have already discussed and we have seen that we are taking the average value in equal contributing structure. So, here today we are going to discuss about the comparison of bond order in unequal contributors. Whether resonance or we can say the pi electron or lone pair is not equally delocalized that is nothing but the unequal contributors. So, today topic we are going to discuss here is the comparison of bond order in unequal contributors. Friends, if you remember last class we have written here calculation of bond order in case of equal contributors. Here I am writing down comparison of bond order. So, the point here why I have written this comparison because in case of equal contributors, in case of equal contributors we cannot find out the exact value of bond order. Unequal contributors we cannot find out exact value bond order. Exact value we cannot find out but we can compare we can compare the bond order. Why is it so and here also we cannot find out since we cannot take the average value. The reason behind this is what the lone pair or pi electrons are not completely delocalized are not completely delocalized. Since it is not completely delocalized so we cannot take the average value. Remember in case of equal contributors what we were doing we were just calculating the number of bonds right pi bond and sigma bond divided by the total number of it has the rating structure which is nothing but the average value. But here we cannot take average value since the electron pairs are not completely delocalized ok. So, now here you see if you take one example with this example I will try to explain that is CH2 negative C double bond OH ok. If I draw the resonating structure of this resonating structure will be this negative charge or lone pair comes over here and this pi electron will go on to this oxygen atom. So, the bond here it is CH2 double bond CO minus H ok. It is a conjugated system ok type of conjugated system we have also discussed negative charge or lone pair sigma bond pi bond ok. So, it is a conjugated system ok. Now the point here it is if I calculate or if I ask you what is the bond order of carbon and oxygen bond here ok and the bond order of carbon and oxygen bond here ok. Here since we have double bond bond order is 2 here we have single bond. So, bond order is 1 ok. So, obviously since the electrons are not completely delocalized we cannot take the average value of these two ok. So, what we can say exact value we cannot find out ok we cannot get the exact value but we can one thing we can obviously say that the bond order of carbon and oxygen bond will be in this range right. It is greater than 1, but less than 2 this is the range of the bond order ok. Now if I ask you whether this bond order is closer to this value or this value ok that is one question they may ask you. So, how do we assign this and how do we decide this? First of all you see whether the bond order is close to 1 or 2 it depends on whether this resonating structure is more stable or this resonating structure is more stable ok. Who like whatever resonating structure I have drawn here depending on the stability of this and this we can say the bond order is either close to 1 or close to 2 close to 1 is what lesser than 1.5 closer to 2 means what more than 1.5 ok. So, again what happens we can compare the stability of these two easily ok and if you see the number of pi bonds are equal ok. And we know there is one rule which is what when the negative charge present on more electronegative atom it is more stable and positive charge present on less electronegative atom is more stable ok. So, here we have negative charge on carbon atom negative charge on oxygen atom. So, since oxygen is more electronegative element. So, this particular ion here it is more stable ok. So, this form is obviously more stable right this one is less stable ok. And hence we can say since the stability is more for this one where the bond order of carbon oxygen bond is 1. So, we can say the bond order of carbon oxygen bond is close to ok. So, this is what how we can compare the bond order of the unequal contributors or resonating structure in which the pi electrons are not completely delocalized. So, always remember one thing in this case we cannot find out the exact value, but we can compare the bond order of the resonating structure ok. The structure which is more stable the final bond order will be closer to that value right. So, this is the thing we have. But to sum up all this discussion exact bond order we can always find out for equal contributors for unequal contributors we will compare the bond order of the resonating structure ok. Now, one more thing one more example I will write down here. Here also we have known there we have to compare the bond order of this bond which is alpha and this is beta suppose ok. So, we have to compare the bond order of alpha and bond order of beta ok. So, you see here here we have resonance possible right, but here what we can say resonance is not possible, but here we have resonance possible right. So, because of resonance what happens here this lone pair comes over here and we will get a partial double bond character ok. Like you see if you draw the resonating structure of this one this is how we will draw the resonating structure ok. And then further more we can draw further resonating structure, but we are concerned with the bond order of carbon chlorine bond ok this bond alpha bond. So, I am just drawing one resonating structure here right. So, you see here in this particular molecule since we have resonance possible. So, bond order will be what bond order will be according to the same logic we can say it will be in this range depending on the stability of the molecule right it will be either close to 1 or close to 2 that is another thing, but here the bond order is always 1 right in this case the bond order is always 1 for carbon chlorine I am talking about there is no way so that the bond order is more than 1 because there is no resonance here right. And we can say since the bond order in this range. So, what we can say here the bond order of alpha is more than the bond order of beta right bond order of alpha is more than the bond order of beta ok. So, this is how we can compare the bond order one more thing we can compare if bond order is more bond strength will be more more bond order means what more will be the number of bond between the two atom. So, more will be the bond strength. So, the next thing we can write here that the bond order is directly proportional to bond strength and inversely proportional to bond length sometimes they also ask you to compare the bond length ok. So, obviously the bond length order if I write down here. So, bond length of alpha is less than bond length of beta bond strength of alpha is more than to bond strength of. So, this is the you know the whole thing that we have discussed either they can ask you the bond order they can give you the option like close to 1 close to 2 like that ok maybe 1 and none of these they can you know give you options like this ok. But depending on the stability we can say the bond order is either close to 1 or 2 or whatever it is. Similarly here also if we write down the comparison of bond strength. So, bond strength of which one is more since we have only one molecule and in these two if we compare the bond strength ok since this is more stable right. Suppose I write down this is molecule B and this is molecule A right. So, this is more stable. So, where we have single bond right. So, bond strength of A is more than to the bond strength of B and bond length will be of A is less than to the bond length of right. So, like this we can compare the bond order bond length and bond strength ok. So, these are two examples we have discussed I will give you some more examples in which bond order we have to compare ok. So, we will discuss this one by one you see here on this oxygen we have lone pair present and hence the resonance is possible ok and because of resonance what happens this double bond will convert into single bond ok. So, obviously this carbon carbon bond order if you calculate it will be it will be in between one and two right, but here we have lone pair on this oxygen right, but resonance is not possible. So, the bond order of carbon carbon is one only here right. So, here the bond order is one and here the bond order will be less than two, but greater than one. So, obviously the bond order of first one is more than to that of second one ok. Now, here you see again this nitrogen has lone pair sorry one lone pair this nitrogen also has one lone pair here we do not have resonance. So, bond order is what one, but here the bond order is again less than two greater than one. So, bond order of first one is more than to that of second ok. Here we do not have resonance. So, bond order is two here we have resonance I have already discussed. So, bond order is less than two greater than one this question only ok. So, this is the bond order of this one ok. Now, this bond carbon carbon bond we are comparing here we do not have resonance bond order is two here we have resonance possible right. So, bond order between one to two ok. So, bond order of first one is more here we do not have resonance bond order is two here it will be between one and two here it is exactly one ok. So, order of bond order will be this right we have resonance possible here because oxygen has lone pair. So, bond order of this will be between one and two and here the bond order is two. So, bond order is this ok. Again you see here we have resonance here also we have resonance here we do not have resonance. So, bond order of this will be maximum and since we have more conjugation here pi sigma pi sigma pi. So, more resonating structure we can draw right and what happens in this resonating structure you see I am drawing taking this one this is the resonating structure ok. And how it forms this pi electron comes over here and this pi electron goes here in a second structure this lone pair comes over here this pi electron comes here right. So, there are three resonating structure possible right and in all these resonating structure the number of carbon oxygen single bond is more two resonating structure will have carbon oxygen single bond and one will have carbon oxygen double bond right. Even in this molecule there is only one structure possible which is here to here right. So, if you compare this two since the carbon number of resonating structure containing carbon oxygen single bond is more. Hence, the bond order of this will be lesser than this one right order will be this here it is completely two here it is lesser than this because it has more number of resonating structure containing carbon oxygen double bond here we have only one resonating structure containing carbon oxygen single bond ok. So, all these examples you can understand it is not always necessary that due to resonance the bond order increases ok. It depends on the type of molecule we have we may have because of resonance bond order may decrease or increase depending upon the molecules ok. So, what we can say here one more thing that what we can say that the bond order of carbon oxygen bond is lesser than this molecule since there are two resonating structure containing carbon oxygen single bond ok. This is how we compare one more example we will see which is important here. Suppose this is alpha ok. Now, if you compare the bond order of this one ok. So, the answer here it will be bond order of beta is greater than the bond order of why is it. So, I will tell you here you see this molecule this molecule and this molecule will have steering repulsion because of this molecule and this molecule will have steering repulsion ok. So, because of steering repulsion what happens the molecules change in its plane minimize the steering repulsion ok. One of the molecule this side will go in a different plane ok. So, this molecule becomes in that case this molecule becomes non-planet and we know in non-planet molecule resonance is not possible ok. So, here this lone pair since it is non-planet so, lone pair will be is localized localized means what it is there at the nitrogen atom molecule delocalization means what if it is spread over the entire molecule ok. So, lone pair is localized resonance is not possible. So, bond order here it will be one, but here it will be between one and two right. So, obviously the bond order of beta is more than that of ok. There are a few examples you have to keep in mind especially this one where the steering repulsion is there according to that we have to check the bond order. So, this is it for the calculation of the comparison of bond order of unequal contributors ok. So, I hope you understand all these right. So, in the next session we will see the another application of resonance which is nothing but the mesomeric effect. Thank you. Hello friends, so far we have discussed the application of resonance and that is nothing but the calculation and comparison of bond order ok. So, second application we have of resonance is mesomeric effect is mesomeric effect right. We also call it as resonance effect or resonance effect ok. So, what is mesomeric effect? Mesomeric effect is the electron donation electron withdrawal withdrawal through resonance electron donation or electron withdrawal through resonance ok. This is also a permanent effect right and this effect there is no involve like the sigma electrons are not involved like we have also seen in inductive effect only sigma electrons are involved ok, but here we do not have any sigma electrons, but only pi electrons and lone pair of electrons are involved in this. It has nothing to do with sigma electrons ok. So, that is the difference between resonance and mesomeric effect and inductive effect we have. There we have sigma electrons involved here we have pi electrons and lone pairs of electrons are involved ok. You see like i effect where we have plus i and minus i plus i is electron donating effect and minus i is electron withdrawal effect ok.   These are the few you know points or you know key points I have already I have discussed here. Now like I said that there are two types of mesomeric effect it can be plus m also or minus m also depending on electron withdrawal tendency or electron donation tendency So, first effect we are going to discuss here which is the plus m effect plus m effect like i effect you see plus i effect is electron releasing group right electron releasing effect it is. So, plus m also it is electron releasing tendency electron releasing tendency it releases electron ok and when it is possible where it is possible you see if the group is this x y attached to any other group. So, if you have pi bonds present between first and second atom then it has electron withdrawing tendency where the condition is what the electronegativity of y is more than that of x this is the condition we have if there is multiple bond present between the first and second atom first atom means what the atom which is attached to the molecule multiple bond like I said then we can have x triple bond y also again the same condition or the atom with which the group is attached has some vacant orbital ok this is the vacant orbital in all these cases electron withdrawing tendency is there and the group will withdraw electron from the molecule. Like I said first example if I write down here n O 2 ok you see between the first and second atom we have lone pair present and the electronegativity of oxygen is more than to that of nitrogen. So, it has electron with drawing tendency and only pi electrons are involved this pi electron will come over here and this lone pair this pi electron will come onto this nitrogen on onto this oxygen ok. So, the resonating structure of this will be this is the resonating structure another structure we can draw where this pi electron comes over here and we get this we have positive sign and everything will be as it is next and the last resonating structure will be this where this pi electron comes over here. So, these are the resonating structure we have ok and all these structure you see it has the sigma electrons are not all involved only pi electrons are involved here. So, if they ask you how many resonating structure possible we have 1 2 3 4 and this is the one total 5 resonating structure possible here ok. So, now you see if you see one thing if you observe will have positive sign present at ortho position right then at para position and then at again ortho position ok. So, in this case what happens whenever what we can you know conclude here whenever an electron with drawing group is attached to the benzene ring right and resonance if it is possible then we will get carbocation at ortho and para position ok. So, if an electron with drawing group EWG through resonance electron with drawing group if an electron with drawing group through resonance is attached to the benzene ring attached to the benzene ring then carbocation forms at ortho or para position ortho and para position. So, if I tell you the ortho and para position in benzene ring if any group is attached. So, there are 2 ortho position here this one is ortho this one is also ortho this one is para position this one is meta this one is also meta. So, we have 2 ortho 2 meta and 1 para position in a benzene ring and whenever an electron with drawing group through resonance is attached the benzene ring will get positive charge at ortho and para position and hence any nucleophile if you have they have more tendency to attack on ortho and para position in comparison to the meta position. So, that is the thing we will see some more examples in this one mistake I made here just make the correction see I have taken electron with drawing group by mistake I have written here plus m plus m are electron releasing this is minus m minus m effect are electron with drawing effect. If I have written here electron releasing just change that it is electron with drawing that is the thing I have taken this example this is electron with drawing example by mistake I have written plus m here so you just change this minus m effect. So, there are few groups which shows electron with drawing tendency my


Well, thank goodness for the BSU rec center because Bemidji boys tennis opened their season today and the weather wasn't ready for it. High hopes for the Jacks coming in the 2018 returning some key pieces. The talented roster triangular this morning and afternoon. One of those matches against Crookston. Let's start with doubles. The Hess brothers, Luke and Silas. They were dominant. Luke, the forehand volley. They went 6-0-6-1. Two doubles, Ben Hess and Colton McAllochek and again a Hess at the net. Ben with the final winner. 6-1-6-0 straight sets and finally the top pair. Nick Palmer and Cody Hendricks. Palmer keeps up the theme of controlling up front. Takes their match in straight sets as well. The singles start with number four James Palmer and the Southpaw works the backhand cross court for the point. 6-1-6-2. Most exciting match of the day. Three singles. Quincy Wilson started slow but finished strong with shots like this. He wins in a tiebreaker 10-6. Two singles. A new comer Nick before had himself a pretty strong debut backhand winner down the line. 6-0 in straight sets and finally Spencer conditioning the top singles player. The lengthy assassin doesn't waste any time with the forehand. 6-4-6-0. What a start for the Jacks at home. They would roll over Crookston with the sweep 7-0 and also in the morning match against Grand Rapids. Different opponent. Same result. They also would roll there 7-0 as well. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.