This is in, I mean, the breath goes out of the body. What's going to happen to me then?  How fearful. It's still either me in your right mind or your wrong mind. I think Dorothy's being facetious that that's how the ego looks at it. That's, that's, that's scariness is, yeah, ego. He says you have every right to be fearful the way you perceive yourself.


It sounds like most people are communicating through the chat. Hey, we're live now. Oh, OK, go Allison. I think I did something. All right, thank you. So now we're live on the tool. OK. So let's see if it's actually on this. We're fine with our team that it's working. Thank you all for being the first session. You're welcome. It's always a good evening. OK. All right, I'm trying to read back through the. I think we've covered most of the questions. OK. Well, I think we only have a couple minutes left here. I want to just that I think what we need to do is kind of identify the most top five interesting places that would be to go add messages to APIs, looking at things like volume migration and whatever we think people use a lot that are likely to have failures and kind of sketch out what the next few are that we should add. Because it's not terribly hard to add this stuff. We just need to kind of figure out what the useful places are to do that. Yeah, that's a good point. I think we should add that as a PTG topic because we're kind of light on those anyway. Yeah, so the client API can display the messages. As Eric said earlier, there's some integration with some of the calls. So if you're pulling, I think pulling on the volume create, an error occurs that also has a message associated with it. You will get the message. But also, you can just use the, well, the Python sender client, right? I don't know about the open stack. Yeah, I don't think it's integrated to any of the things like volume creation and open stack client. That could be done for sure. But I don't think that has happened. So yeah, some partial answer there. As far as the question about extending the message list for vendor drivers, I think probably we don't want to do that because in general, you probably want to end up with a message from the volume manager that tells you the back end failed to do X. Probably having vendor-specific info coming out of this API is not really the right place for it. Yeah, I agree. I think for the particular back ends and the drivers can log messages and then the operators can find them. But we want to keep these very generic so that we want them to be consistent across clouds. And we also want them to not give away information about the configuration or about the particular back ends in use. So that's with that. And I lost track of what time we're supposed to end. I think we have like six minutes left. OK.  Yeah, we go till 8.15. OK. Central. You just happened to be on the correct time zone. Yes. I got to do that for you, Mike. The version that just works. OK, we're up to 127 people. So that's pretty amazing. Yeah, that's crazy. And yet it's still quiet. I know. We've never had a room where it could actually fit 127 people, I don't think, for this. No, that's probably not true. We've definitely never had 127. OK. So someone asked, OK, there are just two Cinder discussions this week. Yes. So that's true. There's another one on Wednesday. Information's at the top of the ether pad. Also, I didn't want to say. So we have the PTG happening next week, which is where the design sessions are being done. So we're still in the process of planning exactly what we'll be discussing. So if there are particular items that you would like the team to discuss or bring to our attention, I put a link to the planning ether pad on the ether pad for this session. So feel free to put information on there. If you'd like to attend, that's fine, because we have plenty of room since it's being held virtually. But also, if there's something you'd like the team to discuss, there's a particular problem that you'd like to make us aware of, that would be a great thing to do to just put some information on the sheet. And if you can make it, that's good. If you wouldn't be able to attend, but still want to bring it to our attention, if you just put sufficient detail on the ether pad, that'll be great, and we can still discuss it. OK, if we need more time, we can run long. But that's a possibility.  I feel like I've got to fill the time, and that's not good. Yeah, so as far as the internationalization goes, let's come up again in the, we should be able to use the regular Python translation of strings. And then if we recognize the headers that are coming from Horizon, we should be able to reply with the correct language user message, just using the regular HTTP functions. So I'll look into that to verify that we've got that set up properly. And that's my understanding of how that's supposed to work. Yeah, so I think it's just a matter of making sure that the proper headers are being passed. But these are all marked as translatable strings in the code, so theoretically everything should work fine. OK, so we're closing in on the end of the session. So if you have general points or you want to follow up on this, the ether pads are a good place to put more questions. I also, in the Cinder project information, for general online 28 on the ether pad for this session, there's our contributing page. Even if you're not planning to contribute, it's actually a useful place to go to see all the deliverables of our project and how we communicate. So if you want to communicate with us, there's the mailing list. There's also IRC, and you can also show up to one of the Cinder weekly meetings to bring something to our attention. So please take advantage of those. We'd like to hear from users because it's really helpful to know what it is that people are focusing on so that we can focus our efforts as we stabilize the service and add features. All right, so I said it wasn't going to fill time, but I obviously did not stick to that. Thank you, everyone, for attending. It was quite a great number of people. And please continue to stay in touch with us as a project. We have another session at, I think it's 11 o'clock central time. So you can do the conversion to your local one on Wednesday. That one's focused on the third party CI. So you might want to attend that and also give you an opportunity to ask more questions. So thank you for everyone for attending and enjoy the rest of the conference. Cool. Thanks, Brian. Thanks, everybody, for attending. Yeah, you're welcome. Thanks. Thanks for taking the notes, Jay. Yeah, no problem. Back to my old demo. Bye. Bye. Yeah, thanks, Yvonne. Bye. So am I supposed to just end this? Or a question from my side? Sure. How to look into the server again to hope to another meeting? It is so overloaded, you even cannot look in anymore. Oh. Oh. Do not know. But if you have an internal communication channel, please let them know. OK. I will. There's like a speaker support email. I'll just send them something right away. So the problem is just that the general site is taking people off. You have a nice navigation on the page, which is you click your meetings. It's personalized, but you cannot even get a look in anymore. Yeah. All what you see is checking credentials, and then the thing is gone. That's been happening to me, too. OK. I know that's not. It's a try. Yeah, it's happened to me, too. One thing I did notice, though, partly, well, this only helped part way to get to a different error message. I have privacy badger on my web browser, and that apparently is interfering with some of the widgets that they've got on the site pages. So you might want to check to see if you've got any kind of blocking stuff in your web browser. I even use it in the home office. I even use my personal PC because with the PC at work, it doesn't work at all. And there are Firefox, and it worked at the beginning. Yeah, an hour ago, but now nothing happens anymore. OK. Yeah, I think you may be right that it's just an overload situation. But I'll send a message to you. Yeah, just so that they're aware. So thanks and sorry. Thank you very much. OK, have a good time. Bye-bye. Yeah, goodbye. Thank you. We still have people here, so I'll hang out for a while if people have questions and want to follow up. But officially, the session's over, so although it was Rudolph was saying, you may not be able to join the other sessions you want to join anyway.


Let me show you a fun program that's installed in the Linux lab. It's called BLESS. BLESS is a hex editor, which means you can edit the hexadecimal values of files directly. The B in less stands for binary. You'll learn about less later in the semester. So basically it allows you to look at files at the binary level. Let me create a new file here. I'll call this file hello dot text. And let's just say hello cs101. I'm going to save this file, which is just a plain text file, and open it in BLESS now. Open desktop hello dot text. You'll notice on the right I have the text hello cs101, and on the left I have the hexadecimal value for each one of those characters. Let me make this a little bit smaller so it's all on the same screen here. 48, that's the hexadecimal value of the letter H. 65, that's lowercase e. 6c, now remember these are hexadecimal values, so the digits go from 0 to 9 and then from a to f. And the nice thing is down here on the right you can see both the hex value, the decimal value, and also the binary value of each of those characters. So right now we're looking at LLO space, or actually if I select this point right here, I have space cs space, so it's always showing you 4 bytes at a time. So where did these numbers come from? When you're reading the book you'll learn about the ASCII code. I'm just going to do a quick Google search for ASCII. It stands for the American Standard Code for Information Exchange, which is just a fancy way of saying this is the binary or hexadecimal value for every character. If I click on the images tab on Google I'll see a whole variety of ASCII tables. I recommend finding one that you like the way it looks. Let's take a look at this one. So here's the ASCII codes from 0 to 127. That means we're only concerned about 7-bit ASCII. And you'll notice a lot of the ASCII codes are characters that don't even print, like a tab character or a backspace or a new line character or a carriage return. But mainly the letters we care about are the capital letters a through z, the lowercase letters lowercase a to lowercase c, the digits 0 through 9, and then some other things like commas and punctuation and a tilde sign even. These are the codes that are interpreted by this BLESS file. So if I see 48 that's the hex character for capital H. Sure enough there's the 48 in my table on the left. So I'm not going to ask you to memorize conversion from ASCII to text. That's sort of tedious and computers do that for us anyway. But you should understand when you're looking at this series of codes in a hex editor that's where the text comes from. This Friday's lab will involve designing circuits. Let me give you a short demonstration of the tool we'll be using. It's called Logisim, which is short for Logic Simulator. You can find it online with a quick web search. L-O-G-I-S-I-M. There it is. Logisim is a graphical tool for designing and simulating logic circuits. This is the kind of circuit that you'll design in CS350 computer organization. We're just going to focus on the basics this week. By the way, every tool we'll be using in this class is freely available. I encourage you to install Logisim on your own computer. If you click on the download link, you can find instructions for Windows, Mac, and Linux. We also have it available in the lab. If you just click on the menu and type L-O-G-I, I guess that filters down all the menu entries that start with Logisim, you can click on Logisim. By the way, before I get into the actual software, make sure you look at this documentation on their website. In particular, I'd like you to look at the beginner's tutorial and work through those steps before coming to the lab on Friday. Now, let me show you an example logic circuit. You'll notice across the top here on the toolbar, you have the most common elements that you'll have in your diagram. I can put text in the diagram, or I can put pins, a knot gate, an AND gate, and an OR gate. I'm going to start by writing down in text what I'd like to do. Let's say if you study hard and if you come to class. That didn't quite fit, so I'm going to click the arrow sign and move that onto the diagram. And if I want to make a circuit that says, I study hard and come to class, I need an AND gate. Now, the inputs to this logic gate are pins. So I click Add Pin. I'll put one there, and I'll add a pin here. And these pins are what will represent studying hard and coming to class. At this point, I can draw wires between the pins and the AND gate. If I just put my mouse over the edge of the pin and drag a line, it connects into the gate, like so. And finally, the output of the gate needs to go somewhere. I'm going to put that in an output pin. So let me grab one of these pins, put it over here, and if you put it close enough, it will automatically connect the two. So now I have a circuit for study hard and come to class, and this little finger button here will toggle the values of those pins. So for example, I can turn that one on. You'll see the value of that pin is a positive charge. That's why it's 1 or light green. And if I toggle the other pin, look what happens to the output of the gate. 1 and 1 is 1, as we talked about in class. And you can play around with toggling those gates on and off to see what happens in the simulator. Now this is in a particularly interesting example. Let me make it a little bit more complex. So I'm going to move the output pin over here and add an OR gate to this. Let's say what I want to say in the end is whether I'll get an A in the class. So I'm going to make a little comment for that. Get an A. Looks like I'll need to move this over a little bit. And let's have a new input that says you already know the material. So if there's a senior computer science major taking this class, she already knows what we're teaching in this class from her experience in other classes. All right, I'm going to wire this up. So in this example, let's see here, I messed that one up just a little bit. Let's delete these extra wires that got added. All right, and I'm going to draw into that. And I'm going to say the output of my AND gate is an input into the OR gate as well. We got some extra wires again. So now either you study hard and come to class or you already know the material, and that determines whether you get an A. So in this case, the students in 101 are both studying hard and coming to class. If someone is coming to class but not studying hard, they don't get an A. So if they already know it and they're just coming to class, then they might get an A. So you can see how I have these circuits that connect three different pins with ANDs and ORs, and you can see the output of that operation by toggling them. Now let me show you a second example featuring the flip-flop circuit that's in the book. So if you look on, let's see what page was that again. Page 23 of the book, a simple flip-flop circuit. It looks like this. I have an AND gate in the middle, and this AND gate is actually facing the other direction. So I'll change the property here on the left instead of facing east facing west. I have an OR gate above that, and I have a NOT gate at the bottom. And there's two inputs to this circuit. I have one here and one here. Oops, that's an output. Let's make this an input. And finally, I do have an output on this side. We'll put that right up here. Now I'm going to draw the wires between the circuits, so this input goes into that gate, and this input goes into the NOT gate. Oops, got a little extra one there. Let's delete this one. And now if I wire up the rest of the circuit, sometimes if you want to draw a line that's a square, you have to let go of the mouse partway through, because logic symbol only makes a right angle. So now I can actually draw that loop back, and I can put the output of this circuit. Let go. Click again into the OR. And like we talked about in class, what really makes this circuit interesting is that the output of the gates are the input to the other gates, right? So the output of the OR becomes the input to the AND, and the output of the AND becomes an input to an OR. This loop structure is what makes it possible for this circuit to retain memory. And I'm going to take this circuit and put it into my output there. So I believe that's the whole circuit. Now let's play with this circuit and see how it works. Currently the value is 1. If I wanted to make it 0, I just clicked this bottom link. And notice that I can toggle it as many times as I want, and it still stays 0. But if I toggle the top one, it still stays 1. So this switch up here turns the bit onto 1. This switch down here toggles it to a 0. And regardless of what happens afterwards, that value stays the same. As long as the charge is flowing through these gates, this circuit remembers a single bit of information.


The most amazing in the last year Probably the trip to Geneva because well, I had never been to Geneva, but Just hearing from different missions at the UN, you know, I'd already gone in thinking I'd known the difference between them and I've been to UN headquarters because I've went to undergrad in the US But it really opened up my mind to more missions I'd never heard of that I could possibly see myself working for obviously very informational It was also good to see how the institution works And it was also good to get an overhaul course, the first in sight for most of us the opportunity to visit the head office of the United Nations in Geneva and That's very very unique and I think this is unique to so was NCISD department We learned a lot in that it was such a great experience Geneva was pretty cool because they're actually inside the belly of the beast they go to the you know Palais-de-Nation which is the United Nations headquarters in Geneva paralleled only by what happens in New York But all the international organizations are headquartered in Geneva They also get to meet with the you know the top level practitioners in the various fields whether it's WHO Whether it's the WTO whether it's humanitarian organizations Sometimes the Red Cross they're actually able to talk to these Practitioners who are very high-level you know at very high levels in their organizations and the international studies and diplomacy students actually get to host a huge reception for for diplomats for senior members of international organizations at the Palais where they had invited Diplomats from our respective countries and where we were then supposed to put our diplomatic and you know communication skills to test very exciting and Nervous you had the chance to directly talk with people working within the UN framework fast and very tiring we took a train up there and we were there for five days and so it was more like a nine to five kind of thing in Headquarters sitting listening to different missions and organizations presenting to us asking questions Obviously getting everyone's cards so that you could network later for example WFP talked about their experience in Afghanistan and it was interesting because otherwise you would not get Such an inside information. We not only got to meet people working in the UN and other organizations But we really bonded as a group and got to know each other better And I think that was a lot of fun. It was wonderful. I think this is the best thing about the course It's the highlight of the course. I got to chair one of the sessions and at the UN It was very nice because you you get to meet a lot of people that are doing very amazing work And you kind of hear how they got into the UN how they started their journey and what ways you can take to do the same So I actually I really liked it and just being in that surrounding it gives you confidence that you can do it, too


Do you feel represented? Do our representatives truly represent us? It's a representative democracy. Do they talk from me or others I do not trust? It's us. What moves their decisions? The ones who give them votes? Their electorate's opinions? Or is it other interests? Recent studies call us the opinions of most citizens of no effect at all. Politics is under their influence, plastered with its super PACs, tipsy on its interests, loopy with the lobbyists that wander the halls, the lobbyists who literally help write the laws. Technically, it's legal. The ones that we chose to represent us, come to represent those who can give them the funds but then I'll help them to win when the next election comes and we choose them again. I'm just a bill, I just made billions for companies that come to see their interests are built in.  Isn't it obvious? Limit the lobbyists. Don't make them lobbyists, just make them lobby less. Put a limit on what's given by lobbyists. If they pass the limit, then show them where the lobby is. You just held office. You shouldn't take a job with a company that just paid to make up a law that then will make you a law. You should probably have to wait. Don't trade stocks based on the laws that you made. Insider trading, outside influence, strengthen all the penalties that mitigate the incidence of intermittent city is commitments made to businesses that redefine the limits of what being a politician is. And for the candidates with nothing but their conscience and their reason. When it's election season, put a cap on what they spend. Oh, cap, it shouldn't matter what they spend, but what they said. It's been said that it's corrupt to the core, that it's all a vicious cycle and a revolving door. 47, yeah, we're just getting warm. Sure. But where does the work start? Won't they just ignore it like you said in the first part? It starts with your retention, because well, for them to represent us, we must represent ourselves.


First Fig. by Ednison Vincent Millay Red for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes My candle burns at both ends. It will not last the night. But ah, my foes, and oh, my friends, it gives a lovely light. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Second Fig. by Ednison Vincent Millay Red for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes Safe upon the solid rock the ugly houses stand. Come and see my shining palace built upon the sand. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Recuerdo by Ednison Vincent Millay Red for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes We were very tired. We were very merry. We had gone back and forth all night on the ferry. It was bare and bright, and smelled like a stable. But we looked into a fire. We leaned across a table. We lay on a hilltop underneath the moon, and the whistles kept blowing, and the dawn came soon. We were very tired. We were very merry. We had gone back and forth all night on the ferry. And you ate an apple, and I ate a pear, from a dozen of each we had bought somewhere.  We were very tired. We were very merry. We had gone back and forth all night on the ferry. We hailed Good Morrow Mother to a shawl-covered head, and bought a morning paper which neither of us read. And she wept, God bless you, for the apples and pears. And we gave her all our money but our subway fares. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Thursday by Ednison Vincent Millay Red for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes And if I loved you Wednesday, well, what is that to you? I do not love you Thursday, so much is true. And why you come complaining is more than I can see. I loved you Wednesday, yes, but what is that to me? End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. To the Not Impossible Him by Ednison Vincent Millay Red for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes How shall I know, unless I go to Cairo or Cathay, whether or not this blessed spot is blessed in every way? Now it may be, the flower for me is this beneath my nose. How shall I tell, unless I smell the Carthaginian rose? The fabric of my faithful love, no power shall dim or ravel whilst I stay here. But oh, my dear, if I should ever travel! End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. MacDougall Street by Ednison Vincent Millay Red for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes As I went walking up and down to take the evening air, sweet to meet upon the street, why must I be so shy?  Little dirty Latin child, let the lady by. The women squatting on the stoops were slovenly and fat. Lay me out in organdy, lay me out in lawn, and everywhere I stepped there was a baby or a cat. Lord God in heaven, will it ever be dawn? The fruit carts and clam carts were rivaled as a fair. Pink nets and wet shells trodden under heel. She had haggled from the fruit man of his rotting wear. I shall never get to sleep the way I feel. He walked like a king through the filth and the clutter. Sweet to meet upon the street, why did you glance me by? But he caught the faint Italian quip she flung him from the gutter. What can there be to cry about that I should lie and cry?  I wish I were a ragged child with earrings in my ears. And he said she was a baggage to have said what she had said. Truly I shall be ill unless I stop these tears. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Singing Woman from the Woods Edge by Edneson Vincent Malay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. What should I be but a prophet and a liar? Whose mother was a leprechaun, whose father was a friar? Teeth done a crucifix and cradled under water. What should I be but a fiend's god-daughter? And who should be my playmates but the adder and the frog that was got beneath a fursbush and born in a bog? And what should be my singing that was christened at an altar, but aves and cradles and sulms out of salter? You will see such webs on the wet grass, maybe, as a pixie-mother weaves for her baby. You will find such flame at the waves weedy ebb as flashes in the meshes of a murmur mother's web. But there comes to birth no common spawn from the love of a priest and a leprechaun. And you never have seen and you never will see such things as the things that swaddled me. After all's said and after all's done, what should I be but a harlot and a nun? In through the bushes on foggy days my da would come a swishon of the drops away, with a prayer for my death and a groan for my birth, a mumbling of his beads for all he was worth.  He taught me the holy talk of Vesper and of Matin. He heard me my Greek and he heard me my Latin. He blessed me and crossed me to keep my soul from evil, and we watched him out of sight, and we conjured up the devil. Oh, the things I haven't seen and the things I haven't known, what with hedges and ditches till after I was grown, and yanked both ways by my mother and my father, with a which would you better and a which would you rather. With him for a sire and her for a dam, what should I be but just what I am? End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. She is overheard singing by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. Oh, Prue, she has a patient man and Joan a gentle lover, and Agatha's arth is a hug the hearth, but my true love's a rover. Mig, her man's as good as cheese and honest as a briar.  Oh, Sue and Prue and Agatha are thick with Mig and Joan. They bite their threads and shake their heads and gnaw my name like a bone.  And Agatha, arth's a hug the hearth, could live content in a cup. Sue's man's mind is like good gel, all one color and clear, and Mig's no call to think at all what's to come next year. While Joan makes boast of a gentle lad that's troubled with that and this. But they all would give the life they live for a look from the man I kiss.  And Agatha will turn awake when her good man sleeps sound, and Mig and Sue and Joan and Prue will hear the clock strike round. For Prue she has a patient man as asks not when or why, and Mig and Sue have not to do but peep who's passing by. Joan is paired with a putterer that bastes and tastes and salts, and Agatha's arth is a hug the hearth. But my true love is false. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Prisoner by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. All right, go ahead. What's in a name? I guess I'll be locked into as much as I'm locked out of. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Unexplorer by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. There was a road run past our house, too lovely to explore. I asked my mother once. She said that if you followed it where it led, it brought you to the milkman's door. That's why I have not travelled more. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Grown up by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. Was it for this I uttered prayers and sobbed and cursed and kicked the stairs? That now, domestic as a plate, I should retire at half past eight? End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Penitent by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. I had a little sorrow born of a little sin.  And little sorrow weep, said I. And little sin pray God to die, and I upon the floor will lie and think how bad I've been. Alas for Pius planning, it mattered not a whit. As far as gloom went in that room the lamp might have been lit. My little sorrow would not weep. My little sin would go to sleep. To save my soul I could not keep my graceless mind on it. So up I got in anger and took a book I had, and put a ribbon in my hair to please a passing lad. And one thing there's no getting by, I've been a wicked girl, said I. But if I can't be sorry, why, I might as well be glad. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Daphne by Ednison Vincent Millay. Why do you follow me? Any moment I can be nothing but a laurel tree. Any moment of the chase I can leave you in my place a pink bow for your embrace. Yet if over hill and hollow still it is your will to follow, I am off, to heal Apollo. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Portrait by a neighbour by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. Before she has her floor swept or her dish is done, any day you'll find her a sunning in the sun. It's long after midnight, her key's in the lock, and you'll never see her chimney smoke till past ten o'clock. She digs in her garden with a shovel and a spoon. She weeds her lazy lettuce by the light of the moon.   Her lawn looks like a meadow, and if she mows the place, she leaves the clover standing and the queen Anne's lace. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Midnight Oil by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. Cut if you will with sleep's dull knife each day to half its length, my friend. The years that time takes off my life he'll take from the other end. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Mary Made by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. Oh, I am grown so free from care since my heart broke. I set my throat against the air, I laugh at simple folk. There's little kind and little fair is worth its weight and smoke to me, that's grown so free from care since my heart broke. Lass, if to sleep you would repair as peaceful as you woke, best not besiege your lover there for just the words he spoke to me, that's grown so free from care since my heart broke. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. To Kathleen by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. Still must the poet as of old in barren attic bleak and cold, starve, freeze, and fashion verses to such things as flowers and song and you. Still as of old his being give in beauty's name, while she may live, beauty that may not die as long as there are flowers and you and song. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. To S.M. If he should lie adying by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. I am not willing you should go into the earth where Helen went.  Cressid could love again, Dido rotted in state is restless still. You leave me much against my will. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Philosopher by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. And what are you that wanting you I should be kept awake as many nights as there are days with weeping for your sake? And what are you that missing you as many days as crawl I should be listening to the wind and looking at the wall? I know a man that's a braver man and twenty men is kind, and what are you that you should be the one man on my mind? Yet women's ways are witless ways as any sage will tell, and what am I that I should love so wisely and so well? End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Love, though for this you riddle me with darts, by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes.  Oh heavy prince, oh panderer of hearts. Yet hear me tell how in their throats they lie who shout you mighty. Thick about my hair day in day out your ominous arrows purr, who still am free unto no quarrelous care of fool and in no temple worshipper. I that have bared me to your quivers fire, lifted my face into its puny rain, do wreathe you impotent to evoke desire as you are powerless to illicit pain. Now will the God for blasphemy so brave punish me surely with the shaft I crave. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. I think I should have loved you presently, by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. I think I should have loved you presently, and given in earnest words I flung in jest, and lifted honest eyes for you to see, and caught your hand against my cheek and breast. And all my pretty follies flung aside that won you to me, and beneath your gaze, naked of reticence and shorn of pride, spread like a chart my little wicked ways. I that had been to you had you remained, but one more waking from a recurrent dream. Cherish no less the certain stakes I gained, and walk your memories halls, austere supreme, a ghost and marble of a girl you knew, who would have loved you in a day or two. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Oh, think not I am faithful to a vow, by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes. Oh, think not I am faithful to a vow. Faithless am I, saved to love self alone. Were you not lovely I would leave you now, after the feet of beauty fly my own. Were you not still my hunger's rarest food and water ever to my wildest thirst, I would desert you. Think not but I would, and seek another as I sought you first. But you are mobile as the veering air, and all your charms more changeful than the tide. Wherefore to be inconsistent is no care. I have but to continue at your side. So wanton, light and false my love are you. I am most faithless, when I most am true. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. I shall forget you presently, my dear, by Ednison Vincent Millay. Read for LibriVox.org by Kristen Hughes.  Air I forget, or die, or move away, and we are done forever. By and by I shall forget you, as I said.  I would indeed that love were longer lived, and oaths were not so brittle as they are. But so it is, and nature has contrived to struggle on without a break thus far. Whether or not we find


Checking out polling places across our area. This election is a very significant source of stress, political and cultural discussions on social media. Indicators point to record-breaking turnout. And this is a big day to go out and vote. We're in Philadelphia today because it could theoretically decide who inhabits the White House. The rhetoric of the campaign has been such that people are questioning the sanctity of this process. I've been covering elections for almost two decades. Because of South Florida's history of difficulties for voters accessing polling stations or exercising the right, it is very important for us to report on these issues. Most newsrooms ask a very important question on election day, which is, who won? It's a great question, it's a super important question. We're asking a different question, which is, who can vote, who can't vote? Where are there problems that are preventing people from being able to vote even though they're eligible? The story of how voting actually happens at polling places and what the experience is like for the average voter, that's a harder story to track. So the idea behind Election Land was, let's take advantage of technology and data to allow newsrooms and journalists to work together across the country to collaboratively cover the experience of voting on election day. What's actually happening at the polls? I've covered Election Day all around the country and what I would use to do is look at a map and then just drive around to various schools because that's where polling places are to see if people had any concerns or get a sense of what voters were thinking about and talking about that particular day. It was a little bit of serendipity of being present at the right time, at the right moment where problems would happen. There are 1,100 journalists working on Election Land either here in New York, out at local newsrooms or in the journalism school. So it's an enormous coalition. We're not covering politics, we're not covering the candidates. This is about voting. Election Land is the first effort to really crowdsource voting place issues in real time with a nationwide network. We're beginning to see a small cluster of voting machine problems in Philadelphia. We're seeing a lot of that in New Jersey. Okay, so machines are working. We're the machines, only one machine. In terms of the access to information, what we have now is incredibly high-speed access. You know, as soon as something happens, somebody's going to tweet about it, or post about it, or search for it. It's going to be a bit more heated because they call police on that. The great thing about social media and technology is that we have tons of information. The problem is that there's almost too much and you don't know what's verified, what's true, what's misinformation. We're sorting signal from noise. All those tips are being brought in. Professional journalists are then looking at where they came from, who the source was. We were able to verify it. It would help if we could find out where it was. Yeah, I think it's in the Philadelphia area because I've got a link to Philadelphia at the moment. Before you put it in, can you just double-check? All of that data will go through a desk called the catcher desk, and they'll take the social media data that's been verified, other data sets that are coming in, look for big problems, and then pass those through to our reporters who are here writing, as well as about 450 local journalists to follow up on and hopefully publish our era story in time for the polls still to be open. Hi, Tracer. This is Paul from the Public Life. Is there anything over here in the election man? Is there an issue with the lack of Spanish-language within polling places in the Miami area? Okay. I'm going to put in a link to his post on Facebook. Perfect. Okay. Okay, okay. Thank you. Data is very valuable because it informs our actions. Everything that is presented through election land has been verified already. We do another layer of verification. There was somebody that explained it. Somebody's playing. It seems to be pretty smooth, at least in the polling sessions that we've been to. It looks like that situation that we got the tip was an anomaly instead of a recurrent pattern. Is that the woman over there with her daughter? She went home. She made signs. We came to this ward in South Philly because we got a tip, and we didn't hear of any intimidation, but we did see a bit of a confrontation over signs. You can tape them on the outside of the fence. You just can't have them inside because they're not official signs. Is that a Philly law? Yes, it's well basically, it's for any polling place, really. There's almost 1,700 voting places in Philadelphia. And Pennsylvania being a swing state, they can certainly change the election, which is why even these isolated incidents are important to keep an eye out for. The tone of the election makes me concerned that things could be uglier than normal on the streets, and that has not happened, at least in any sort of significant way. Elections is one of the most important things that we cover as media. Our ultimate goal is to tell stories that matter to our community. It is our job. I think that journalism on its best day can help, you know, ferret out truth and can hold government officials accountable and can make this a better, improved democracy. Democracy requires transparency. It requires us to be able to see what's going on. But this is where data can be really useful, because one thing to feel emotionally that things aren't right, is actually to know whether or not that's the case is really, really important. The deed overall, I think, is telling us that most of these incidents are isolated and that there aren't huge problems in many different parts of the country. Yes, there have been problems in certain areas, but journalists have been able to go and investigate individual cases and learn that those problems aren't necessarily as widespread as we had feared. There's been a lot of misinformation out there, but we're dedicated to reporting out the facts, and we're focused on making sure that the truth is what comes out in our reporting and in the reporting of our partners.


This lecture is part of Berkeley Math 113, an introductory undergraduate course on number theory, and will be a little bit about applications of number theory to cryptography. So cryptography is just the art of writing or decoding secret messages. So I'll just give a bit of background. The main problem is we have two people, traditionally called Alice and Bob, who are communicating with each other, and there is someone who's intercepting their messages, traditionally called Eve, which is short for Eve's dropper, I guess. And Alice and Bob wish to communicate without Eve trying to figure out what they're saying. So one example, Alice might be a submarine, Bob might be the admiral controlling the submarine, and Eve might be some sort of enemy trying to sink the submarine. Another example, Alice might be, say, Amazon, Bob might be you trying to buy something on Amazon, and the person in the middle might be someone trying to steal your credit card number, so there's to be some sort of thief. So in particular, all of internet commerce depends on being able to communicate with someone without someone decoding what you're saying. So there's a traditional way of doing this, which is for Alice and Bob just to agree on something. For instance, there could be a code book. This was often used by submarines in the Second World War. The submarine would just have a code book where the message AAAA means attack at dawn or something like that, and you would just send the message AAAA and the submarine would be able to figure out what that means. Another method is to use something called a one-time pad. This is a one-time pad is just a collection of supposedly random numbers where Alice and Bob have this one-time pad and add these random numbers to any message they have so that Alice and Bob can decode it, but Eve can't. The third one is something like the German enigma machine in the Second World War. This was sort of very ingenious machine that turned messages into seemingly random garbage and then decoded them at the end. So Alice and Bob would both have this enigma machine. Well, there's a big problem with all of these. These require Alice and Bob to share something. So the submarine and the admiral need to be given the same code book or they need to have the same one-time pad or the same enigma machine. And this is sort of sometimes okay. I mean, it works if you've got a ship which starts off with a code book and can then use it. It has several problems. First of all, if the code book or enigma machine is compromised, then it can be very difficult to change it. In particular, I think the British in the Second World War, for example, their ships used code books and they eventually figured out the Germans were reading the code books and there wasn't very much they could do about it because their ships were several weeks away from their home base and they had to travel back to their home base and get a new book and travel out again. So even though the British knew their code books had been compromised, it wasn't anything they could do about it for some time. Similarly, if you're trying to buy something on Amazon, you can't sort of get Amazon to send you a code book every time you want to buy something and this would be sort of quite hopeless. So it's very useful to be able to communicate between Alice and Bob without them actually exchanging a physical object beforehand or trying to exchange information that Eve doesn't know. So you assume that Eve knows absolutely everything that passes between Alice and Bob. So if they exchange a code book, then Eve intercepts the code book and gets a copy of it. And if they're using enigma machines, then Eve steals a copy of the enigma machine, which is incidentally what happened in the Second World War at one time. The Germans sent an early copy of an enigma machine somewhere via the Polish post office and the Polish post office quietly took a copy of it. So we have this problem. How can you communicate securely even if someone can intercept all your communications? And the provisional method of doing this was worked out by Diffie and Hellman using something called a trapdoor function. So let me try and explain what a trapdoor function is. A trapdoor function is a function F such that it is easy to compute, but the inverse is very hard unless you know some sort of secret code. I'll explain how you can do this in a moment. So what this means is it's a function. It will usually be a function between two finite sets. And these finite sets are really large. So it might be a finite set from all integers less than 10 to 1,000 to all integers less than 10 to 1,000, say. And it's easy to compute and the method of computing it is made public. On the other hand, you can't compute its inverse very easily and you may say, well, if you know how to compute it, why can't you just compute its inverse by trying all numbers in the domain until you find something with that image? And that's why this set needs to be very, very big because if this set contained only a million elements then you can compute the inverse just by trying each of these million elements until you found the right one. So it must have this funny property that the inverse can be computed easily if you know some sort of secret about this function F. And we'll explain how you can arrange that a little bit later. But first I just show you how you can use this to communicate. So what happens is A and B are trying to communicate. So A chooses a trapdoor function F of A and makes this makes F of A public. In other words, everybody, including Eve and B, no F of A. Right, B sends messages to A by encoding them using F of A. So if B's message is M, then B sends the message F of M and Eve intercepts the number F of M but can't decode it because the trapdoor function is very hard to decode. But A can decode it because A knows the secret method of decoding it. Well, that shows how B can send messages to A. Well, how does A send messages to B securely? Well, first of all, B also chooses a trapdoor function F of B and makes it public and A uses B's trapdoor function to send messages to B. So if we can find trapdoor functions, then A and B can communicate securely because each of them chooses a trapdoor function and publicizes it. Well, the problem is how do you find trapdoor functions? First of all, I just described the difference between a trapdoor function and a secure hash. So we have a secure hash function or a trapdoor function. And these are rather different. So these are both functions from a set with, say, 10 to 1,000 elements to 10 to 1,000 elements. And they're both reasonably easy to compute. For a secure hash, the inverse F is very hard to compute. For the trapdoor function, F the minus 1 is hard to compute unless you know some secret. So this is a sort of trapdoor. So secure hash functions are also very useful. They're actually used in blockchains. So I'll briefly explain what a blockchain is. So a blockchain consists of a whole lot of blocks. So each of these blocks will be some sort of collection of data. It might typically be a million bytes of data. And it's sort of chained in that each block in the blockchain contains a secure hash of the previous blocks. In other words, you take some sort of secure hash function of everything in the previous blocks and add it to here. And this means it's impossible to change anything in one of the previous blocks if someone knows the latest block because they've got a secure hash, which contains all the contents of the previous blocks. And knowing the secure hash of the previous blocks allows you to verify that nobody has changed it because no one could change them in a way that kept a secure hash unless they could compute the inverse of the function, which by assumption is very hard to do. So cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin often make use of a blockchain. These blockchains can be pretty large. For instance, the current Bitcoin blockchain, there are several hundred thousand of these blocks. Each of these blocks is typically somewhere around a megabyte. And the total size of all this blockchain is hundreds of gigabytes. But you don't always need to pass around these hundreds of gigabytes because if you know the last block in the blockchain, you can verify that all the previous blocks in the blockchain haven't actually been changed if you get suspicious about what's going on. The secure hash function is also used to mine Bitcoins. So mining Bitcoin means finding a value A such that f of A is small or nice in some sense. You might want to try and find A, so the last 20 bits of the value f of A are zero. Maybe small is the wrong word. It has to be nice in some sense. And you can do this by trial and error by testing, say, 10 to the 20 possibilities. And this just takes a very great deal of work. You've got to do 10 to the 20 operations. And this is basically why Bitcoin mining is difficult to do and uses enormous amounts of power and so on. So Bitcoin miners are basically racing to find numbers A, such that f of A has some sort of nice property. There's a bit of a problem about whether secure hash functions have trapdoors. So some people have published what are supposedly secure hash functions for people to use. And whenever people do that, there's always some speculation about whether they've secretly hidden a trapdoor that makes these secure hash functions difficult to invert. I haven't actually heard of any cases where this has happened, but if you're paranoid, this is the sort of thing that keeps you awake at night. Anyway, we now have to solve the following problem. Find a trapdoor function. So this is a function that's easy to calculate, but it's very hard to calculate as inverse even if you know how to calculate the function. The first solution was found by Clifford Cox, who didn't publish it for various reasons, and it was later rediscovered by Rivest Shamir and Adlaman, and is now known as the RSA method. And it works as follows. What you do is we choose large primes P and Q, and what does large mean? Well, this is a bit time dependent. As we'll see in a moment, there must be sufficiently large that it's very difficult to factorize P times Q. So making them 100 digit is probably not secure enough these days. Making them 1000 digit primes is probably good enough. And we choose a large integer K. And now what we do is we publish M equals P times Q and K, but not the individual numbers P and Q. So P and Q, knowing the factorization of M is the secret trapdoor. And now how do you send messages? Well, we define F of X to be X to the K, modulo M. So this is your public function. So tell everyone what K and M are, and they can work out what X to the K mod M is very quickly because they all know about the sort of Gaussian peasant method of calculating exponentials mod M very fast. So typically X, K and M will all have hundreds or thousands of digits in. So we're doing exponentiation on these very big numbers. So how do we compute F to the minus one, the inverse of F? Well, we know that X to the phi of M is congruent to one mod M, at least if X, M are co-prime. X and M will almost always be co-prime unless some weird coincidence happens. So this means X to the J, K is congruent to X mod M, if J, K is congruent to one modulo phi of M, where this is Euler's phi function. That's because we're using the fact that X to the phi of M is congruent to one mod M. This is just Euler's theorem. So if we know, if we know P and Q, we can compute this. So phi of M is just P minus one times Q minus one. So we can then use Euler's algorithm to solve this equation. So this implies means we can find J using Euler's. And this means that we can invert our message because F to the minus one is just given by X goes to X to the J because taking the Jth power of X followed by taking the Kth power of X gives you back X. So this is the inverse of X. So to compute the inverse of X, well, we can do this if we know J, which we can find out if we know the factorization of M. So if you know the secret factorization of M, then you can invert messages. If you don't know the secret factorization of M, then you're kind of stuck. You either have to find a fast way to factorize M, which nobody knows how to do, or at least if they do, they're not admitting it, or you have to find some other way of inverting this function. And so far, nobody has figured out how to do this. So this method relies on the fact that it is easy to find large primes and hard to factorize large numbers. So if we've got a number with 1,000 digits, we can sort of test whether it's prime with fairly high probability, but we don't really know how to factorize it in general. And we can find large primes as follows. How do you find large primes will pick? Here's one way, pick a random large number and just apply, say, a probabilistic primality test. And we just keep going until you find one that works. So how long do you have to go? Well, a 1,000-digit number, the chance of it being prime is one in 2,000 or 3,000 or something. So you can try a few thousand large numbers. And of course, you could speed things up a bit because you could speed things up a lot by not bothering to test numbers that are even or divisible by three or whatever. So finding large random primes is actually quite easy, but factorizing them is hard. So this is the RSA method of sending messages. By the way, I should say there's a bit of a problem that people have found. It's actually quite tricky making sure that your number is sufficiently random and several people have been caught out by using random number generators that turned out to be rather less random than they thought they were. First of all, do never use a built-in random number generator. The problem is that random number generators are not actually random. So many programming languages will have a random function that supposedly produces a random number. In fact, it only produces pseudo random number. These are actually produced by a very simple procedure and a random for many applications. If you want to do Monte Carlo integration or something, they're probably good enough. But of course, you can assume your enemy knows your random number generator. And if they know their random number generator, they can probably figure out what prime you're using. So this is useless. People have also tried using things like basing your random number on the time of day or something like that. And the trouble is once you figure out someone is basing their random number on the time of day, you can simply figure out the time of day yourself and work out what their supposedly random number is. And it's actually pretty difficult to get a computer to generate random numbers because computers more or less by definition are not random. One of the things computers do to produce random numbers is they will ask a user to type on a keyboard. And if they typed several thousand letters on a keyboard, you ignore the letters because humans are actually quite bad at typing random letters. What you do is you time the timing of these keystrokes to within a millisecond and use these, the last bit of the millisecond time as a sequence of random numbers or something like that. But this takes effort.  So it's actually quite tricky producing random numbers in a non-random way. So let's comment on a bit on how you might break this. Or more generally, I'm just gonna briefly summarize a few methods of breaking codes. One would be to factor the number M. This is hard with current technology, but if you had a big quantum computer, you would actually do this. There's an algorithm called Shor's Algorithm for quantum computers, which will actually factorize large numbers very fast, providing you've got a sufficiently big quantum computer. And it's not quite clear how big the quantum computer has to be to do this. If you could have a quantum computer with a few hundred thousand or a few million qubits, that might be enough to seriously dent internet commerce using the RSA algorithm. Of course, people doing internet commerce know all about this problem and are busily trying to invent various methods of sending information that are proof against attack by quantum computers. At the moment, quantum computers are somewhere around 50 or 100 bits, so they've still got to be scaled up quite a lot. And at the moment, it's unclear whether it's going to be possible to do this. It's also the interesting side effect that we don't actually know what the current best factoring algorithm is. We know the current best public factoring algorithm, but if someone ever came up with a really fast factoring algorithm, they might well just keep it secret because it would be so valuable. I mean, you could break everybody's codes and steal all credit card numbs on the internet and so on. So factoring algorithms have now become military secrets. You could try and decode without factoring M. And so far, nobody has been able to find a way of decoding the RSA algorithm without factoring M. And conversely, I don't think anyone has found a really convincing argument that isn't such a method. So that's still open. And there are all sorts of other methods that there's a well-known method called rubber hose cryptography. And this method works by capturing someone who knows the secret code, putting them in a basement and hitting them with a rubber hose until they tell you what the secret code is. And this has in the past been a quite effective method of breaking codes, which is sometimes overlooked. There's also something called a man in the middle attack. And this works as follows. What you do is you have Alice and Bob communicating with each other using what they think, using an open channel. But Eve actually runs one of the servers between Alice and Bob and is actually capable of changing the message that Alice and Bob are sending to each other. And when Alice thinks she is sending Bob her secret code, she is not, she is sending it to Eve, and Eve then changes it and sends Eve's secret code to Bob. And Bob then uses Eve's secret code to send messages to Alice, but Eve then intersects this and then re-encodes it using Alice's method and Alice gets it back. So if someone has control over one of the servers between Alice and Bob, then they can actually subvert this and read all messages between A and B, even if they're using the RSA method of encoding.  So Ian Castles was a number theorist and he used to work for British code breaking in the Second World War. And he said once that the British never managed to break any German code without somebody on the German side doing something really stupid that gave them a break into the code.   Suppose you're using two primes P and Q to communicate. Well then, so Alice might be using these to communicate with Bob, but maybe she wants to communicate with someone else using a different code. So she uses two more primes and decides that finding hard primes is a lot of work. So she will just reuse the prime P and use the primes P and R in order to communicate with somebody else. Well then she publishes P times Q and P times R. And here we have two numbers that are the product of two big primes. So each of these numbers is very difficult to factorize. But if an attacker gets hold of both of these the attacker can compute the greatest common divisor of P, Q and P, R, which is just P. And factorize both of these numbers.   For example, people used to use one time pads to communicate and as the name suggests you should not use a one time pad twice. If you use a one time pad twice, then it can be broken. I think the Russians were using one time pads and to economize they to use them twice occasionally after the Second World War and the Americans and sort of noticed this and managed to break the codes and catch a number of Russian spies in America by doing this. So you should never underestimate people's stupidity. I mean, as they say, people who try and devise foolproof methods always underestimate the ingenuity of fools. Next, you can just monitor traffic. So suppose Alice and Bob are planning an attack on Eve and they send this completely secure messages to Eve and Eve monitors them but is unable to decode the messages. Well, that doesn't really matter. Eve might notice one day that the number of messages between Alice and Bob has gone up by a factor of 10 and this will give Eve the information that Alice and Bob are up to something even if they don't know what is going on. So you can get advance warning of an attack just by monitoring the number of messages going on and this is why quite often military communications traffic will constantly send messages all the time even if most of these messages don't actually contain any information so that the enemy can't get information about what's going on. Another thing you can do is just direction finding. So if Alice is on a ship sending messages then Eve might not be able to decode the message but they can still tell where the message is coming from and thus get information about where the ship is. So an example of this comes from the Second World War. The Japanese, when the Japanese attacked on Pearl Harbor the Americans got no warning of this because the Japanese ships were maintaining radio silence. They weren't sending any messages at all. Furthermore, the Japanese had taken the radio operators on the ships and put them on other ships because the Americans could tell which radio monitor was which because when you were typing Morse code people in slightly different ways of tapping Morse codes. This was known as the Morse codes operators fists. So the Japanese took the Morse code operators off these ships and put them on other ships so the Americans thought all these ships were somewhere where they weren't. Another thing Eve can do, so Eve can send fake messages to A or B. I mean, if A and B have published their public keys then anyone can send messages to B purporting to come from A and there are ways of doing this because A can actually sign messages using the inverse of A's public key in such a way that nobody except A could have sent this message. So if you're feeling paranoid about Eve sending fake messages you probably want to look into this problem of signing public messages. Next you can just do social engineering which is a surprisingly common way of getting people's credit card numbers. Social engineering means you basically just ring someone up and ask them for to send them your credit card number. It's amazing how often you can just ring up a random person, say they've got a free offer or a very cheap offer for something as long as they send their credit card number and many people will simply give their credit card number over the phone to some who just rings them up. It's not just credit card numbers, they're also things like passwords. For example, you can send someone an email message saying your password has been compromised, please log on to this site to change it and of course you send them a fake site and they log on and give you that and tell you their old passwords so they can change it to a new password and then you've got their old passwords and can use that to log on to their accounts. So you've probably all had phishing messages on the internet asking you to log on to some site because your account has been compromised or you've run out of memory or something. So social engineering is a very common way of breaking codes. Another thing is that messages, at least in earlier times, often used to start with pre-set phrases. For instance, you would say, dear Admiral, what's it at the start of every message? And if you know how a message starts or how a message ends, then it can make it a lot easier to break. So all messages, at least in the Second World War, used to have to be padded with random junk. So the first 20 or so characters and the last 20 or so characters were supposed to be random and this actually caused several problems. The British at one time in the Second World War had this system that they issued people with poetry books and all messages were supposed to start with a line of poetry from this book. So this line of poetry was some sort of random junk that would not turn up in a military context. And this worked fine until the Germans figured out which poetry book the British were using and then they could break all the messages because it made it easy for them to guess the first few or the last few characters of the code. There's another rather notorious example of padded messages going wrong that happened in the Second World War. Nimitz once said to message to Halsey, wondering where his ships were. This was during the Battle of Late Gulf and Halsey had been deceived by a Japanese decoy and his fleet, which was maybe the most powerful fleet ever was heading away from the battle instead of towards it. So Nimitz sent this message to Halsey, where, repeat, where is Task Force 34, which Halsey was in charge of, meaning he wanted to know where Halsey was so we could direct him back to the battle. Unfortunately, the radio operator sending the message padded this by adding the world wonders at the end. And this should have been removed by the radio operator at the other end, but he didn't. So Halsey got the message, where is, repeat, where is Task Force 34, the world wonders, which sounded like an extremely insulting way of telling Halsey he had screwed up and Halsey apparently had a temper tantrum when he got this message. So anyway, so padding messages is no longer so useful for most modern cryptography like RSA algorithm, but probably does no harm and would be reasonable practice just in case somebody thinks it's something clever to do. By the way, another way of making messages more difficult to read is messages should be compressed. Compressing messages before sending them is good for two reasons. First of all, it just makes the message shorter. And secondly, it makes it rather hard to decode because for example, one way of decoding messages using say rather old system might be to observe that some three-letter phrase occurs quite often in the message and this might be the word third or and or something.  If you want extra security, suppose you're feeling really paranoid and are worried that say someone might manage to find a way to factorize large numbers, what you can do is you can use a different trapdoor function. There are several other trapdoor functions around based on different principles. And it might be paranoid that someone might, you know, compromise one of these trapdoor functions. Well, what you can do is just put several methods all in series.  So for those of you who are really paranoid, you can put several coding messages all in sequence. Of course, this has the problem that it becomes rather more cumbersome to use. And this by no means exhausts all methods of breaking codes. For example, your operating system might be compromised and maybe someone's installed some sort of keystroke program that records all keystrokes you type and then sends them off. And then it doesn't matter if your message is encoded using whatever security it is because the attacker has already figured out what keystrokes you're using to type your message. So, okay, I think that's pretty much all I'm going to say about cryptography. Cryptography, this is only the absolute beginning of cryptography. Cryptography is now a major subject in its own right.


Standard of California on behalf of independent chevron gas stations and standard stations throughout the west Invite you to let George do it stranger than fiction another adventure of George Valentine personal notice dangerous my stock and freight if life's twisting you like a tornado and you want out you got a job for me George Valentine write full details Dear mr. Valentine Writing this letter is a hideous necessity But a rival has come into my life or I should say this woman has come back into my life And in such a way is to cause me the kind of humiliation. I will not You may have read my husband's best-selling novel the awakening Everyone else seemed to have Well, I must know whether this particular woman is or is not the heroine of this tale of passion This should be an easy enough assignment for you Please call me at my home so we can arrange an immediate appointment at your office sincerely Victoria Beasley Now Bruxy, that's what I call a world-shaking problem Well, you wouldn't make so light of it my lad if you'd read Samuel Beasley's book It was banned in Boston one critic called it an emotional hot foot seven hundred pages long Well, I must get to this cultural milestone as soon as I've finished the Rover boys in the Indian country Right now I'm going to call mrs. Beasley Okay, mrs. Beasley, I'll just sit here and wait until you stop prancing up and down Mr. Valentine, you don't seem to appreciate the position my husband's placed me in with this this book Here mrs.  Well if I'm smirking It's because I'm trying not to laugh out loud.  B I've got to say what I mean to make a dent. Oh, Bruxy you read the society columns Oh, sure a girl's got to be improving a staff warfare, you know, all right now How is Victoria Beasley usually described at this time without the route really now mr. Bellin? Well without the routine Victoria Beasley Glacial beauty wondrous wit soul of poison He voked an almost audible gasp of admiration when she arrived at the duchess's party late as usual.  You mean you thought you had a colorless milk toast character for a spouse And now he's the pop of a best-selling stealing all the limelight from you. No That's not it at all then what is it? The Diana in Sam's book actually exists everything that happened between her and the hero actually happened Almost every critic said it has the ring of truth. Oh, well, that doesn't mean that never whole situation a community like our own Dear Lake Park the description of Diana the cold distant wife who didn't know what was going on with ways your beauty You sound as though you knew the heroin I think I do and that's where I need your help to Valentine look haven't I tried to explain so many things So very clear now for instance every Thursday for the last year Sam's received a telephone call at 5 30 He's always made a point of answering it himself Well, does it have to be another woman? It could have been bookie that very punctual too once I reached the phone before he did The party hung up. I'm sure it was a woman. See woman. You'll recognize the perfume on top. Let me finish Every Thursday night. He's made an excuse to go into town and never once mentioned what he did Well, of course you keep salmon formed of all your mother that's a sight and point your commentary doesn't interest me I just want you to find out if Diana in Sam's book is or isn't Peggy Ruckerson and who's that lady? Her family has the estate next to ours at Dear Lake Park. She's always loved Sam Probably would have married him if I hadn't come along you mean except for the last year Peggy's been content to forget not forget Peggy is the kind of girl who's willing to wait things out She makes a career being naive wholesome and athletic and you think she's the Diana in the awake You may have seen miss Wilkinson in the sunny supplements. She's always carrying not one, but six tennis racket They tell me Mrs. Beasley. What's it gonna do for your pride to find out of all this is true? Or is it a little feminine mayhem you have in mind what I have in mind is none of your business? Question is are you interested in a flat fee?  Oh, what's on your mind? What hey look start from the beginning with you and this time stop for the red lights Huh? Oh, no wait, I can't answer that looks like I'm gonna take the case so I might be violating the confidence of my client Okay, stop yelling with you. We'll be right out there Mrs. Beasley, yes, do you know a man named Michael Waldron? I do and you left my telephone number and Casey wanted to get in touch with you That's right. We were supposed to have lunch in town together today. How do you know? Who was that on the phone? Lieutenant Riley homicide. What's the tie up George? Well, what did he say? Enough to take this out of the class of a family brawl Mrs. Beasley Somebody tried to kill your husband Well while we're waiting for miss Brooks to get here with miss Wilkinson, what about some drinks? Oh Sally Yes, right away. They're just a minute here. Yes, Lieutenant. Mrs. Beasley Suppose we forget about the social graces until we get rid of the business at hand The business being to prove I took a pot shot at Beasley here. Take it easy Walton. Hey Lieutenant Mr. Beasley has been strangely quiet. Would you mind him telling us what happened? Oh, that's going to be just dandy He'd like nothing better than a pinot on me Michael, please. Let's face it Vicki. He resented every moment We've been together. Why should I Walden your five years younger than my wife our friends applaud her choice for a companion When I'm occupied you're handsome very charming. Okay. Okay. Okay. You guys can knife each other some other time Are you sure nobody wants anything? What are you still here? I told you that No Sally, nobody wants anything I was talking to mr. Beasley you can go now Sally just as you say Mr. Valentine the moment ago you asked me for my version of what happened here in my study Yeah, it seems to have been lost in the shuffle. I can be very brief about it. I Was sitting there at my desk typing doing some work on a new story suddenly there was a shot through those French doors I didn't see anybody and I assure you I didn't stop to investigate. I get it I made a beeline for the drawing room and Strangely enough a minute later in walk Walden here we go. Let me ask you something Beasley I'll ask the questions if you don't mind Valentine and when I'm through I've got something to ask you Why are you mixed up in this at all? I? Mrs. Beasley, I don't think I can be a much help lieutenant when I left to mr. Valentine's office Sam was here in the study I decided I wouldn't bother him didn't you even tiptoe up and peek in to say goodbye. I told you he was working I could hear him at the typewriter as far as I'm concerned. I was merely dropping by to pick Vicki up for lunch I didn't even hear a shot Of course it might have been one of my readers expressing a critical opinion. Please mr. Beasley don't try to be funny You know you people ranked pretty high socially in our fair city. That's why I'm here Ordinarily you'd have to be a corpse before I arrived just one minute mrs. Beasley. I'll take that What do you mean? Whatever it is you're trying to slip into your pocketbook. I'd like to see it You haven't anything to hide have you mrs. Beasley? Well, I know this is just a a gold cigarette lighted Yes, I must have docked it over there by the doors. Hi very interesting Initials MW a lieutenant you needn't look at me like that. It's not mine Yeah, well, we'll see about that MW and you weren't supposed to have been here in the study But that's all right Vicki they can think whatever they want, but they'll never prove anything I'm sure that's a world of consolation to my wife. Isn't it my dear well Suppose we go back downtown together Waldron while we check on this lighter You and I have a few things to talk about why not all lieutenant. Yeah I admit this lighter might point very definitely to Waldron, but it doesn't stop there All right. All right. Where does it stop? I'll be able to tell you better when Brooks he gets here Now miss Wilkinson as I told you there's no reason to be nervous the lieutenant has to ask these questions But I don't understand. I knew nothing of what happened to Sam until miss Brooks told me Oh, but I didn't tell you miss Wilkinson. I made it a point not to I Well, I couldn't help guessing something was wrong Lieutenant must we drag Peggy into this you got Waldron in the other room to take down to headquarters Why this in position Valentine and your wife dragged this young woman into this mess not me surely Sam You can't object to us doing everything we can to find out who tried to kill you. You're concerned for me as very touching Victoria Mr. Beasley, whether you know it or not Your wife has a theory that the heroine of your book is modeled after miss Wilkinson Mr. Valentine that was supposed to be a matter of competence between us attempted murder changes all that Touring you really believe that me the Diana and the awakening that Irresistible creature who unleashed that raging passion in a man. Sam is so carried away couldn't help dropping some unmistakable clues How long has this been going on just the last year for the whole time? We've been married now Victoria How many people have known it all along laughing at me.  She's the outdoor time much too wholesome for that sort of thing Just just to look at her anybody can tell that why stop there Sam you with your marvelous knack with words Why don't you say I'm just about as glamorous as a dish of cottage cheese? I use life boy in my tub instead of perfume bath salt the direct opposite of the striking and glamorous Victoria Just where were you all morning miss Wilkinson? I have no airtight alibi if that's what you mean I was out horseback riding all by myself. Oh look look. Let's stop sparring, huh? I look Valentine you said you were going to pull some kind of rabbit out of the hat. Well, come on. Come on. Let's have it Okay, do you happen to own a cigarette lighter Margaret? Well, yeah, I didn't know there was any law against that could this be it The initials mw could stand for Margaret Wilkinson as well as Michael Walton Now while you were out horseback riding you might have taken a slight detour And you might have wanted to kill Beasley because he wouldn't get a divorce and marry you Well, miss Wilkinson Very well, why shouldn't I admit it? It's all true about this morning and the book Yes, and I don't care oh this will really cause a sensation the wholesome colorless Peggy Wilkinson turns out to be the fabulous and much Discussed Diana. Oh, and I'll love it.  Well, miss Wilkinson. I guess we'd better get into town I'm afraid not lieutenant Riley because I'm not going to press charges. What George? Did you hear the man?  I think you're right Sam, but I don't I want the world to know that You couldn't hold a man Victoria And of all things you're lost in the maze. I think that washes everything up lieutenant Thank you very much for your trouble. If you were anybody else Beasley, I'd I'd I'd I'd I'd better get out of here before I lose my Peggy. I'd better take you home. Oh, yes, Victoria You'd better go and reassure Walden that he's a free man. I'll do that Sam. I'll be right back. Mr. Valentine. Yeah Well, where does that leave us George? I don't get any point in hanging around now Oh very important point broxene a particularly fat and juicy bill Oh, that's what she wanted to know. So sit down at the great office typewriter and make it out. Okay What about shall I make it George? Oh, I Big your pardon. I was looking for Mrs. Beasley. This is my day off. I I was just leaving Well, so long selling I Was in the next room before I couldn't help over hearing Mrs. Beasley say Mr. Beasley was using the typewriter when She left this morning. So The reason the typewriter man was here was to bring this this new machine Goodbye, Mr. George. Yeah, broxene. This is a noiseless machine Then she couldn't hurt it with the doors of the study club. Why did she lie? You mean Victoria took a shot at her husband and then came to us. Oh, but why would Peggy? I don't know ain't you I don't know but unless I have the proud victorious sized up all wrong The lady is still out to do murder. We'll return to tonight's adventure George Valentine in just a moment You like your car probably everybody in your family and most of your friends like it But there's someone who doesn't like your car and his name is old man rust He's most destructive when your car is standing idle for long hours He sneaks in with condensed moisture and starts nibbling at internal engine parts the moment you cut the ignition But if you've got rpm motor oil in your car, don't you worry? So when you cut the engine rpm doesn't drain off vertical parts It stays on the job and prevents rust from ever getting started other compounds in rpm motor oil Prevent gummy carbon and lacquer formations put a stop to corrosion and oxidation It adds up to complete protection another reason why rpm is first choice in the way As for rpm at standard stations and independent chevron gas stations where they say and mean We take better care of your car and I'll back to tonight's adventure of George Valentine a Marble-cold society beauty Victoria Beasley by name would rather die than be humiliated Hires you to prove that the heroin and her broker husband sensational first book is a former sweetheart of his Peggy Wilkinson You don't want any part of a divorce-bound shuffle like this But then an attempt is made on Sam Beasley's life Said Peggy takes the blame and the wife trips herself up with a stupid needless contradiction Which seems to give the lie to Peggy's confession All of which sends you George Valentine into prantic action to prevent another try at murder George what are you gonna do find Victoria? Okay, Walden. Where is she that's what I'd like to know Valentine What did you say to Victoria she just brushed past me told me to stay here until she got something cleared up once and for all Yeah, that's what I was afraid Where was she going? What was she gonna do?  You're not going anywhere.  You're staying right here. Even if I have to sorry But you've forced me into this corner pal. I Told you I got places to go Don't keep looking around like that for help Peggy.  You don't know what you're doing Oh, yes, I do in the presence of others you admitted that you came between me and my husband It was you who were phony every Thursday at 5 30 the other details are all there for the whole world to read No, Victoria. No jury will convict me for trying to protect the sanctity of the American I'll be a heroine a noble figure I never could stand for being lost it. I'm willing to do anything to put an end to that you've got to believe me I lied to that lieutenant. I didn't try to kill Sam and I'm not the Diana in his book You expect me to believe that I said it only because I'm human I'm tired of being a doubty thing that I am Can't you understand what it would mean if people thought that I had all the glamour that you have and more I haven't been waiting around for 10 years to get Sam. Sorry Peggy. I'm all through talking. I'm sorry about this How did you she was going to kill me? It's all right now Your wrist will hurt for a couple of days, Mrs. Beasley, but you're lucky to get away this easy Well, I get on my knees and thank you most humbly. No, no and you better not bother picking up that gun either What did you get it anyway? It's Sam. I took it from the drawer in his shipper. Oh, I see Okay, come on, Mrs. Beasley you too miss Wilkinson where we going right back where we started Who knows if I'm lucky I may come up with another rabbit out of the hat Well, ladies and gentlemen, I I don't like hogging the floor But the time has come when you're going to have to do the lesson. Well get it over with mr.  I'm sure the ladies too are anxious to hear what you have to say Well, you should be more than anxious mrs. Beasley You should be shaking with fear over what you might have done. You mean committing murder I had every intention to Tori you can't go on feeling that way about me.  I doubt if I could work myself up to the same fever pitch again Oh now you're just being an old softy What I meant to say is that if miss Wilkinson is right You would have killed the wrong woman and paid for it with your life I'm just as sure as ever that she's the Diana Sam wrote about and about that attempt on your life, mr. Beasley Oh, yes, we mustn't forget that miss Wilkinson has recanted her confession and Walden here is staunch in his denying I certainly am that leaves only you mrs. Beasley Oh, you place much too much importance on my hearing Sam's typewriter I only said that to make my story sound more convincing. I didn't want to be implicated in something I had nothing to do with well It seems we're right back where we started from with a poor blown mystery on our hand. Maybe it would be best just to forget I don't know about that Stay where you are Victoria. No, I'll answer that. Oh, yes, but I I Same call same time every week. Yeah, the other woman. Hello. Is that you Sam? No Now, but I've got a question for you lady Yes, mrs. Beasley there is a real life Diana and that was she on the phone Okay, who is she Beasley? If a writer learns nothing else he learns the value of compounding and bewildering the reader That's the way I choose to leave it now. Oh Peggy I couldn't help believing what I did and a mr. Valentine had Yes, get on the phone and tell Riley to get back here. Oh, he's gonna just love that That's only right that he should be in on the payoff same rabbit in the same hat. No, no You've heard about how those long-eared critters increase in multiply But at this point, there's a whole slew of the little beasties. Oh, in other words, ain't Joan now We've got all the answers Valentine I get the picture of what happened between mrs. Beasley and mrs. I'm not going to do anything about it Certainly under the circumstances. I'm not going to do anything about it. Oh Most certainly there have been two murder attempts, and we're supposed to just laugh it off I'll turn into I still have to hang around as far as I'm concerned. You can't really wall run You don't want to miss the exciting explanation Valentine's promises. Yes, why don't you say something mr. Valentine? What have you got on your mind? I don't think you can store much longer down Okay, okay. I admit. I have been stalling but for a very good reason Still if the time has come Beasley hmm You stage this whole business Nobody tried to kill you why you fired that shot through the French doors They're going to have trouble proving an obvious absurdity like that Okay, if someone really wanted to kill you some person in this room who knew you He would have walked right up to you and let you have it not resort to any hit-or-miss tactics That makes sense Valentine go on the gun your wife wanted to use on miss Wilkinson your gun has one bullet missing from it And that's the bullet embedded in the wall over your desk. Are you sure that quite sure Mr. Beasley was so convinced that suspicion would never fall on him He was all let's say careless enough to put the gun back in his room where his wife found Why would Sam do such a thing?  I've been waiting for this Beasley and I was a good putt buster and the lighter Sam We're going to purposely implicate me. No Peggy. I never thought of you as Margaret when I planted that lighter with the initials MW I Wanted to point to Waldron, but I never intended to press charges Oh, there must be something in the books that applies to a case like this There's got to be and I'm going to find it. Look Beasley. I don't care how you are tenant Huh, you haven't heard the whole story. I don't think I can take any more Oh, you don't know about rabbit through tenant and how they increase and multiply miss Brooks There's an awful lot of things. I don't know but I'm going to find out right now Beasley, I didn't know you had company. What's shelly? I just wanted to tell you I was back in case you needed me, but Sally this is your night off I'm sure she'll be a detailed report some other time, but now tenant Riley. You should be ashamed of yourself. What's that? That's no way to talk about the almost legendary Diana. You know what you're talking about. You must be out of your mind I was trying to stall till Sally got here, but how did he find out Mr. Beasley? I'm sure he's coming to that right now, Sally. You mean my own maid in my own house. Yes, Mrs. Beasley Those mysterious phone calls every Thursday Thursday the traditional maids day off Sam couldn't keep his appointment tonight. I can't help myself Victoria, but it is funny But not to me Michael you can get out and stay out Victoria. I'm truly very sorry Of course you began tying things up George when Sally made those pointed remarks about the new typewriter. Frankly I'm glad it's all out in the open. Yeah, me too Victoria Although this must necessarily add to your humiliation after our divorce Sally and I are going to be married That's impossible But what do you mean impossible selling? Well, I'm already married, but Joe's been in San Quentin for the life This time Michael I can laugh with you Sam. I'm very sorry. You look so hurt Sally you you might have told me instead of making such a fool of me Mr. Beasley, we just went to the movies and and dinner every Thursday night. Oh Brother and after all it isn't every girl who has such a beautiful book written about her. Oh, I don't know Riley I think the whole thing's pretty understandable. Oh, don't you even talk to me about the business? The press middle-aged man turns an innocent little affair into a literary heat wave the book Victoria kept him from writing for ten years Yeah This seems to be the night for laughing jacks What goes with you power well Sam's book should have an aftermath the awakening is complete I'll come while I'm betting Victoria is gonna feel sorry for her spouse now and after ten years They're really gonna get together. Yeah, who cares? Well, that's the beautiful part about marriage Riley It really can't take a beating and still survive. Oh, you're so right darling more people ought to try it Am I being too subtle again? Oh Oh Well, what I really manage. It was the death. Yeah, we see go on squirm pal squirm For the first time today, I found something to laugh at If you want to be off to a good start a fast start every time you use your car Just make sure it's chevron supreme gasoline you've got in the tank This premium quality gasoline turns the engine over the moment you press the starter gives your car faster warm-up, too More pep in traffic a new ping-free power that lifts your car over the hills Try chevron supreme and you'll agree it gets the best out of your car Another thing it's climate tailored in each different temperature and altitude zone of the west count on chevron supreme for your car's best Performance the year round for today's high compression engines You just can't buy a better gasoline So why not try it tomorrow get chevron supreme at standard stations and at independent chevron gas stations where they say and Meme we take better care of your car Next week as George Valentine is poking through the tall grass in a vacant lot. We'll hear him saying to brooksy Well Looks like we walked into something brooksy What that looks like part of a man's shirt the color of a man's shirt with blood on it Steve amongst the torn the collar off so he could cover the wound when the shirt came from Jonathan's That's the shop where they look down their noses if your bill runs under $200 then we better work faster Yeah, because young Steve's life is worth under two cents Nice adventure of George Valentine has been brought to you by standard of California on behalf of independent chevron gas stations and standard stations throughout the west Robert Bailey is starred as George with Francis Robinson as Claire Wally mayor appears as lieutenant Riley. Let George do it is written by David Victor and Herbert little junior and directed by Don Clark Also heard in the cast were Lee Patrick as Victoria Frank Martin as Sam Peter Leeds as Waldron Mary ship as Peggy and Bernice Barrett as Sally the music is composed and presented by Eddie Dunstetter Your announcer John Easton listen again next week same time same station to Let George do it. This is the mutual Don Lee broadcasting system