We continue with our effort of positioning psychology in the country and till now our focus was primarily we began with the UG teaching, the PG teaching and primarily quality was a major concern that was divided at large and there were you know several suggestions the way forward. Today now we shift our focus to the research outcomes primarily in terms of journal articles in terms of book chapters, in terms of volumes that one publishes the challenges, the issues, concerns but primarily trying to say that what is the way forward. This is just to have a cumulative experience of people who have been in the profession for years have contributed you know significantly to the area, how their collective experience can be utilized by the forthcoming researchers so that they can also make their mark and they can take psychology from where it exists today to some other level. With me I have you know Professor Ajit Dalal who was the editor of psychology and developing societies and Professor Grishwari Mishra who continues to be the editor of editor in chief of psychological studies. Professor Ramadhar Singh who happens to be the associate editor of I am management review. I will first ask Professor Dalal that having your long experience as an editor of a journal what type of trend did you see in the article submitted to your journal also do you describe the issues and methodology in these submissions how did you find the quality, your comments about the quality of scientific publications in psychology in India at large. Well I took over the editor of the journal psychology and developing societies in 2001 that was the I took over the editor and this particular journal the psychology and developing society was started in 1989 by Professor Dugan Sinha as a journal of the developing countries and the whole emphasis and the focus of this journal was that we should be able to highlight and bring out the issues which are more pertinent relevant for the developing countries. So that was the idea was to publish those articles which are not non-western nature and which are highlighting the reality of this particular region and he was editor there for some time then Professor Asitapati took over as editor of the journal and I took over the journal in 2001 of the one and what I see is I when I took over the journal journal was already established brought out by stage as one of the prominent journal in this particular field because of the efforts of the earlier editors the journal was well known in the developing countries and it was well circulated and what we idea we had that there should be articles in this journal half of the article should be from India other half of the article should come from other developing countries and primarily we were focusing on the Latin America, African countries, South Asian countries and other countries where you know psychology and which are we as which are still developing. Now when I look at the as editor I continue to be the editor of the journal for 12 years and when I look back at these 12 years as editor I saw that journal was in a way doing well in the sense of bringing out the scenario concern of the developing countries in one sense but if you look in terms of the research methodology in terms of the content of these articles and you look in terms of the issues which they were bringing up I think I found that there was a there was a there was a change remarkable change which I could see is that more and more people from developing countries were really writing for these but for a journal and our concern was that they were writing for the journal they were sending articles with good ideas not very good methodology or proper methodology they have been using but the ideas were really they had ideas which were worth publishing and many times in the beginning I remember that the articles from African countries the those countries where they did not have the research culture or the kind of proper training these articles have to be rewritten have to be revised and has to be you know properly grammatically in the proper English it has to be revised because they were having doing a good work but did not have the good language so that was the we think we got many of these articles which were published in the initial stage of my leadership that we did this job of rewriting these articles and rewriting in terms of language not in terms of ideas and concepts but in terms of the idea in the language and these articles were published and the whole idea was that people from and the scholars from these regions should be encouraged to bring and make submission to the journal and I found that what we had we have a point we had as a part of editorial board which was practice one before that we had the a kind of advisory board of the journal in which we selected scholars very many scholars from North America from South America countries from South Asian countries reason wise we took the whole idea was that these will will find these articles find the people who can write for the journal make the submission to the journal they hold but was in that particular region they will encourage scholars to submit the articles and that thing was we have worked for some time and it did not work for some time and the what I find in terms of review articles in turn in terms of conceptual articles they were good articles we were receiving but in terms of the articles which were of empirical nature were gradually becoming less and less one the earlier they were not many but the articles for less were of empirical nature and conceptually taking up the issues of the developing countries that was happening and initially there were many scholars who have contributed to articles but gradually and slowly what I was finding that the new input in the journal was and in terms of from India particularly the nature of articles and the kind of articles we were receiving was not of that quality quality was in terms of particularly for the empirical article that the quality of the articles in terms of methodology in terms of conceptualization and in terms of understanding the implication of what they are saying because you know most of the articles I what I found that when they submitted an article they write at the end of the article one paragraph as a ritual the implication of this work I thought that may not be a sufficient way of understanding the rest of making a writing article and making it a applied implication that should be written in the article right from the beginning that the issues and the concerns that was one of the thing which I found was a problem another thing which I saw that in terms of the quoting the Indian work I found that in most of these articles which were from developing countries from India also most of the work which they were quoting if you look at the list of the references they were giving hardly there was any Indian work which was they were quoting most of the research which was they were referring to was from the western countries and the emphasis which we were really putting in that if they are writing from the developing countries point of view there should be material and there should be literature which is brought out from this country another thing which I found that as an editor I found that increasing more than more and more number of articles had to be returned back as they came I think our acceptance rate right from the beginning was beginning it was much more 30 percent 35 percent but increasing I was finding that it was reducing number of entries were more but I think we were outright rejecting more than 50 percent of the articles at the desk of the editor because they will not go to the stage of sending them to any reviewer only on the desk of the editor we did not find these articles even worth reviewing and the number of articles which were of that nature was increasing so during my period I found that more than 50-60 percent articles were to return as they came these are the problems which were we are experiencing that there were more submissions but quality of submission was very poor getting poor and poor another problem which I experienced from the period that getting good reviews for the articles even if we accept that we are publishing the journal twice a year two issues and that is what not much we are publishing we found 15 or maybe more than 15-18 articles in a whole year in one particular volume and even finding reviewers to look at these articles to give the proper feedback that was going down and down we were not finding and another thing which I found is that if you send a reviewer outside India it is easy to get a reviewer within the stupid period one month or two months or three months but many times we are sending it to Indian reviewers the problem is that unless you keep on reminding you can keep on requesting them to send the reviewer as early as possible many times the reviewers are not coming many times they are not sending the and that was another problem so we tried to find out some of the reviewers which will be more committed to this kind of work and we did found some and I think they did a good job in reviewing some articles but this problem persisted till I left the journal that increasingly it was finding we are finding it difficult to find reviewers and many times on the basis of only we thought we will have two anonymous review for each article but many times we had to only confine to one other contingencies you know that the journal has to be brought out and the review has not come so we will do some kind of in-house viewing of the article that was happening and knew that because of this in-house reviewing is not the right way of doing it but there were compulsions of time because journal has to be brought out in the on time this was one thing I found and I thought that one important thing is that if the reviewers can pay of the writers can pay more attention to the whole idea was that if you are sending the article and articles are being sent by those you know the journal editor is a very difficult job you somebody submits an article and he is an eminent scholar somewhere he is a professor somewhere he is a senior to me and if I reject the paper on the basis of the review which I am getting if I say this paper was not worth publishable this creates a kind of serious problem for the editor I think I face this problem very often that I have to say no and this no is not taken as no it is not taken very kindly and they would make all kind of personal attributions that why this paper was not accepted and my concern was that if you can maintain the quality as much as possible and strictly look to the professional criteria and many times it is for a detail one which has to be very professional in the to bring out the journal you have to make sometimes some kind of compromises so that beside that but I think what we the happened to the journal that the readers show the journal was increasing I think she was bringing out this journal I think in the beginning we had only a small few countries where the journal was going and when I left the journal the journal was going to more than 45 countries all around and there was so that way circulation went up the visibility of the journal went up but I would not say that the quality of the papers you are publishing was commensurate with that kind of visibility or that kind of standard which was wanted to maintain that was becoming increasing getting good article and so what we used to do in between is to like people personally requesting people may have to do that we request people to contribute or send us an article those were really active in the field and doing work and this is to managing a journal you have to manage many of these things encouraging people doing this kind of a job which is a difficult job of giving a negative feedback but I think in the process my whole concern was that if this journal as a reading journal can be its quality can be maintained well I would now seek the experience of professor Grishwari Mishra for long he has been the deterrent chief of psychological studies your concern about the quality of scientific publication in psychology in India especially with reference to the publications and the submissions to psychological studies the journal psychological studies started with the initiative of professor B. Krishnan long back in 1956 subsequently it was being edited by professor Farooqi and it was in 2000 that the national academy of psychology requested professor Farooqi who because of his ill health and old age expressed the view that if someone is interested to publish this journal you would like to give that journal to the association or the person and the now came forward and it was decided that it will become the chief organ of national academy of psychology and the academy asked me to act as its editor from 2000 to 2009 I had to do everything for the journal as editor, as publisher and it was a very difficult exercise in terms of getting support for publication and we had very tough time to organize the journal and gradually the journal became more and more popular amongst the colleagues in India and we found that a variety of articles were submitted and gradually with the experience we developed a particular orientation in terms of organizing the different issues of the journal for instance we decided that in each year there will be one issue where we will publish one target article by one colleague and there will be commentaries by at least two or three colleagues and the author will respond to that this was an idea to facilitate and making certain issues prominent I remember one such issue was of the Indian mindset and the article was written by Professor J. B. P. Sinha and his colleague and then we had responses from three colleagues and then there was response to that so this was one initiative in addition to that we also organized special issues on important themes for instance we have one issue on self and identity and I'm really happy to share that we could get contributions from many senior colleagues including Raya Bhavmister Mark Leary Shreema and many others and there was good response to such an issue similarly we organized one issue on social constructionism and focusing on the work of Kenneth Gargan that also received good response to from colleagues we had many such issues one was also on health and well-being so this was one way to create a focus in research publications but everything is not well with the journal I would like to share the journey through the last one decade or so when we were engaged in increasing the number of issues the size of the journal we had to create more and more resources we did get some support from ICSR but it was quite difficult in 2009 we were able to get support from Springer and that created a new scenario with the help of Springer we went for joint publication of Now and Springer and now the submissions were made electronically a system was created to get the articles reviewed to contact the authors to get submissions at various stages by authors and reviewers that has streamlined the process and now things are in place and the journal is doing quite well at the same time I would like to draw attention to some of the important features that demand attention of authors for instance many of the authors give a lot of references and at times many references are irrelevant they are not relevant to the theme just to cite many references and indicating that this work relates to many other kinds of efforts made by researchers people bring in a lot of information it is something which is quite problematic in the sense that many authors start with writings of others and indicate that I am doing this particular research because so and so theory, so and so research tells these things so here is my hypothesis and then again towards the end they will come back and say that my work goes with the research the findings which were obtained by those who provided the initial input for my research I do not see any progress in terms of ideas in terms of contribution this is an important lecuna the kind of critical reflection which is required to contribute to knowledge developing specific hypotheses is missing in many of the contributions and we have to ask the authors to revise the article we often reject the articles submitted by the authors on account of inadequate theoretical argument or analysis of past research we also find that many of the articles deal with issues which are really not issues worthwhile for pursuing the research I would like to mention that doing good research requires a critical understanding and identifying a good research question there are numerous variables and one can relate any variable with n number of variables and there is no point in pursuing this kind of arbitrary selection of variables and relating to them for instance age, grade are very common variables and one goes for frequent analysis of variation across these variables and there is no theorization there is no understanding about the nature of variables whether the variables are categorical, nominal ordinal or interval these issues hardly get attention of the researchers so the kind of research culture which is prevailing and the kind of research which is being done lacks this kind of distinction this kind of vivac that what should be the right kind of question which question is worth pursuing so we had to take tough stand and many colleagues are annoyed because of the problems of the editor but if we have to progress if we have to contribute to knowledge we need to take stands in terms of the qualitative standards pertaining to a particular piece of work editing is a very difficult job where one has to respond to the reviewers as well as authors we are trying to seek cooperation from reviewers from India as well as abroad we are successful to some extent but it is a difficult job as I have observed reviewers need to attend to many aspects of an article they need to think about the relevance of the work they need to examine whether the methodology has been followed suitably or not they have to see whether proper inference has been drawn or not they have to decide whether there is any substantial contribution to theory method or application pertaining to a particular piece which has been submitted to the journal it is a tough job it requires time it requires reading current literature it is unfortunate that there are not many people who are interested in taking up this kind of challenge I think there should be some component of this kind of review work in training at doctoral level where students are required to read articles critically and learn to examine the critical components of a given piece of research this kind of insight is missing in many students I think that should be made part of training how to learn about the nuances we often follow the APA style of writing and it is very difficult to train everybody in that because people are not familiar with that and if one follows that style the APA manual one will have to understand the details of organizing a manuscript using proper language and putting things in a manner which should be the mode of publication in scientific domain in public sphere I must say that research is important but publication of research too is important it is more important than merely submitting the work and putting that in library I think it is sin if the work is done and it is not put in the public sphere knowledge has to be disseminated I think doing that will reduce the kind of duplication which is taking place we find that the same kind of topic is being used in research at many centers in many university departments without any kind of movement or progress in terms of cumulative knowledge if we want to bring in change in the quality of publication it is very crucial that we make ourselves updated psychology is a discipline which is growing very fast it has many many traditions there is qualitative research tradition there are quantitative methods I often see that most of the studies end up with a simple correlation or a t-test or a simple ANOVA we also find that a very small sample is used and claims are made of very high order if we examine international publications most of the journals now publish a series of studies a number of experiments where people replicate the findings extend the understanding which emerges and ready to the influence of various mediators and moderators so the kind of demand in terms of quality of research which is available in the literature at international level and the way we think in our universities and most of the student departments there is a gap between the two we need to bridge this gap so in terms of statistical analysis for example we find that confirmatory factor analysis or a discriminant function analysis or other higher order statistics are use of MANOVA these are the things which are very common in international publications the training of research training for research which is available in Indian context misses these new techniques there is hardly improvement in terms of the repertoire of statistical techniques are use of good quality quality to research in the research traditions that are going on so in order to improve the quality of publication it is important to bring in these changes in the training at doctoral level I also feel that the articles often relate to the kind of theories, concepts, perspectives which has a kind of origin in purely western cultural context I sincerely think that the human science research has to be local in terms of the questions that are raised we need to address problems which are present in our society and qualitatively the work which is rooted in specific cultural setting can provide better insights and there can be give and take the traditions of research in different cultural contexts this kind of awareness is also missing we consider theories as universal we treat data as universal we hardly examine the specific cultural context while articulating the concerns and issues with which we deal with now is high time that we move towards a system of training at post graduate as well as doctoral level where writing or scientific writing gets an important place data analysis gets a new kind of input only then we will be able to achieve the goals of quality publication and there is one more important point that point is that researchers in India often get stimulation from the work done by colleagues in other countries in other cultural contexts they hardly refer to the work done by Indian psychologists even those studies which have received international recognition are not looked into while designing the studies so I think there is very little impact of Indian research on Indian research I want to emphasize this point that the understanding that has been gained is not used to further knowledge in our culture it is a very sad state of affairs the ICSR has completed 5 rounds of research surveys I have been associated with the 5th round of survey I am also editing the 6th survey what I find is that people are not using those analyses those kinds of conclusions and they hardly go into the details of that it requires attention of teaching departments and those who are supervising students that they should make it mandatory that students who aspire for doctoral work must attend to the studies done in India in the textbooks these studies hardly get any attention they are not included so the research which is being done has a very short life it has life which begins with the research and ends when the research is completed it has no place in the academic curriculum it is a very sad situation the teachers and researchers need to think about using these inputs in teaching programs in writing textbooks and seeing their implication sincerely I think teaching and research are interrelated what I find is that the two functions separately our research has no reflection in teaching and teaching has no reflection in research these are two different things what we teach and the topics that we take up for research they become quite independent that is not the situation in United States of America or in other developed countries the research they do is intimately related to the culture and it is integrated in the teaching material I think we need to think about it very seriously only then a qualitative change can be brought in thank you Professor Singh you have stayed and worked for long in Southeast Asia written about the state of psychology in Southeast Asia how do you compare contributions by Indian authors to that of other Asian contributors and if you can further extend it to the contributions from the western world also an important issue that publications from the western countries when we look at them we find that they have a good number of authors for a work in the publications from India you rarely find more than two authors so can you elaborate on the dynamics of this collaborative research thank you Dr. Buraj Bhushan I think my two colleagues here who have been editing journals for so many years I have given you regions about what is this in a year in India so first in brief I would like to talk from Indian scene and then compare with international scene earlier we discussed about quality of our PhD program now one of the regions for poor quality of our that most professors do not have a research program if the professor himself is having a research program which is being extended developed by their graduate students then the outcome would be something of high quality so in my opinion this is the one region because my experience as a graduate student in 70s and after subsequent visit to other universities I found that all those professors who are famous and productive they have a research program in which there will be high 10-20 PhD students working and extending that paradigm we lack that so this is the one region I think another thing I to say that we have poor quality submissions to our journal would be to stress the obvious sorry but I would like to give you the region why this is happening one I said like a doctoral program is problematic and anywhere in the world journals are thriving or prospering because there is a tough competition given by the doctoral students in terms of quality of submissions and getting the space in the journal because they have a long careers to go they want to make a mark they want a job so the same thing has to be cultivated here that unless you do we cannot but here is some dilemma most institutions have now ranking of journals in which international journals would get carry greater weight than the national journals now if this is so why would anyone who has any quality journal manuscript would give to the Indian journal if it can be exported they would like to export it so that leaves us with those manuscripts which cannot really be exported so here is a problem again I agree with both of my colleagues here that even though we have a poor quality journal article it does not mean that the research was really bad what is required that when we send to the reviewer reviewer should at least read and see what the author wanted to do to what extent he or she has been able to formulate the hypothesis and translate into rigorous methodological tests are the data analyzed what contribution the article is making and can the article be improved and how instead of a balanced review like this what we get would be oh I like this article they wanted to do it and I am happy to support it now think of a editor is like a judge in which we are having a trial and the reviewers are like advocates they have to make a case now if they write a review like this what the editor can do because there is no input for the editor so either he or she has to read the entire article and then decide what to do now in this context you said international so I would like to give you an example when I come across a reviewer like this in future I never send any manuscript to that person and in fact in my editorial later I write to the author that I sent to this reviewer he has not done good work and in my opinion you should be doing things like this now two examples I would give you one in child development in 88 another in organizational behavior human decision process I think in 96 reviewers they are being harsh with me and editors wrote to me don't do what this reviewer is doing we need our editors two of them are here sometime to take a position to give justice to the author you have to disagree with the reviewer you have consulted them he is not God but unfortunately even on international scenario now editors are very much afraid of reviewer they are going by the tick mark rather than seeing how the manuscript even though we are getting poor quality still there is some merit it can be strengthened we can make the author realize that these are the weaknesses which the future researchers can improve this is not happening so a professional problem we have here so priority is should I submit to Indian journal or to a foreign journal second priority is are we giving a good feedback now if we are not giving it then we are not making a good investment and frankly I am saying in public now that I grew more from the reviews of my articles than from my training at Purdue University sometime the reviews would be 8 to 10 pages of one article so when the article is 30 pages review would be 10 to 15 pages criticizing telling how it converted and how keep now if there is no programmatic research then you can raise an issue but you cannot answer it so if we have a series of experiments 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 then you are able to give a definitive answer to the question as professor misra also made and that is the reason you see most of the international articles in which you have multiple authors more than 6, 7 there are a series of experiments conducted at different laboratory, different culture different places so that what the position we are taking is very definitive type so this collaboration also helps it is also possible in this country that the same experiment we conduct in Delhi we conduct in Chennai, we conduct in Pandocherry, we conduct in Sri Lanka do we get the similar kind of finding or if we make a change is the process replicable we can also come up with it but somehow this is not happening and that culture has to be built in this country now let us come back to international scenario now institutions all over the world are giving top importance to a scholarship when people are being hired as assistant professor a point which we also agreed yesterday they are given 6 years period in which they have to distinguish themselves as a teacher and a researcher if they demonstrate it then they get promoted as associate professor with tenure if they are not able to do then we extend for one year and two and say that you look for somewhere else now here we don't have that demand either if we demand like this then apparently people would like to do another thing which I now I am almost having in this country for 3 years inspiring teachers or professors may be also an issue research there is no one on this earth whose article is not rejected if an article is rejected it does not mean that it is a poor piece of research all it means that there are not 2 or 3 reviewers whose imagination your article can catch and I have many examples like this how many times the manuscript cross Atlantic from one journal to another journal in one journal they would find everyone would find trash in another everyone would admire the work it gets published it gets cited so this kind of persistence we are not giving the culture here okay so once we complained about the reviewers the truth is sometime when the reviewers have done a thorough job authors are not willing to revise it they say either I have no competence or I have no time and that I whether it is a PhD dissertation or whether it is a journal article if somebody is telling you that you have some major strength in this paper actually you should take advantage of it that negative attitude is also a problem here this you would not find in international everyone is revising improving and that is why the quality is higher so these are the contrasts I am noticing here the journal which I am we have management review it is brought out by Elsevier and in 3 years now our impact value is 0.4 so we have made some progress and same thing has to be done in the psychology department okay now let's suppose when I write a research piece whether it is edited volume or a research article or a textbook or a doctoral dissertation if somebody is able to bring a new perspective on it we should actually feel grateful to that person who has brought it and willingly revise and see whether it makes sense or not in many cases suggestions would be irrelevant ones you can always say that these are the things which are not possible I do not agree most editors want that okay you revise your paper and things you don't do please write a letter so that I can decide it we have that option but here simply saying I have no time or I will consider later on that's not the right kind of attitude for a researcher we have to have a desire and willingness to change and improve our work because it is going to be part of the literature and in my life at least my professor told me don't put anything in print until you are double seared that everything is accurate here people want to publish first whether it is accurate or not that is the problem another important issue especially concerning the researchers is the IRB approval and especially those who are attempting to publish abroad they will always have certain issues that has to do with IRB approval compared to all three of you I have a very small experience in the area but I feel that as a doc reviewer I find that the other reviewer has not raised any issue regarding the IRB approval if the paper comes from the west but as an author I find that always there is some clarification needed about the IRB approval so I think it is also time for the researchers to be acquainted about the IRB issue I will ask professor Ramadhar Singh to elaborate on this IRB means institutional review board because of the human rights and so many legal complications now we have to protect the interest of the researcher participants and the institution where the study is being conducted if you notice the change earlier we used to say subjects now we are not saying human being such subjects we say participants freedom and dignity part so this idea of IRB or institutional review board it consists of some layers some ordinary people some from your field some from outsider complete layman and when we propose any research how you would conduct it how you would recruit the participants how you would terminate your experiment what kind of benefits you give to the participants we describe everything and once we describe then it goes to the review board and then they decide whether this study should be allowed to be conducted here or not if they approve it they can collect data not only this in some of the American schools you have to pass one online test if you pass that test only then you are allowed to collect data from human beings all these would be required by the IRB now journal people if they publish something controversial they are also likely to be sued so they require that your study must have been cleared by the IRB so in online submission you would see there would be a last tick mark that this research was conducted according to the ethical standards of APA or British psychological society or national academy of psychology there has to be if you do not make the tick mark your manuscript would not be considered sometime in the spite of that they later say can you show me, send me this kind copy of the approval later from the IRB if they suspect that it has not been cleared so these are the requirements and we also need to do the same thing this is applicable not only to psychology, medical research anywhere human subjects are being used we have to have approval another interesting thing I wanted to ask you it was basically when I saw publication most underappreciated 50 prominent social psychologists and I find a chapter from you there my idea was that see this could be a fantastic way of putting forward research which somebody considers that deserved much more attention compared to those work which did get that attention and this could be interesting way of presenting the facts another interesting observation I had was at one of the events at Wurzburg University in the discussion issue came that they have come forward with journal some European publisher where you report those studies where you found that the all those quantitative figures did not report significant findings so largely because you report significant findings so here you have an outlet for studies which were fantastically done but the results were not found to be significant and I found these two things very interesting so I would like you to comment on that Prof. Ramathansi you know the your first point was about the most underappreciated now that piece has a big history the first experiment was conducted in 1975 in the psychology laboratory of IIT Kanpur and we 4, 5 experiments we did and then added I think 3 or more experiments at IIM Amdabad and I thought that was the best piece I have written and it should go to Journal of Experimental Psychology General and we had a very simple idea you know like the usual idea was that if you give two things then how do people integrate it and the method was that ok so give two things and then also give one of the things one of the two so how people respond to the one should be the basis of judging how they dealt with the two we reverse the process we said that if you give two things which are necessary to make the judgment and then you give one of the two then what would happen now two things are necessary but you are giving one would your participant or any decision maker act on the basis of only given one our point was that no from the given they infer the missing one and we developed a method by which we can tell that if you say motivation and ability or if you say generosity into income and they are giving gift how would people deal with one so our approach was to show that first deal with tell how the two were attended to and then we can tell how he handled the that was the piece and I thought it was very ingenious one and since then Anderson approached me that you give me to my contributions to information integration theory so it did not get as much attention as it is but many colleagues had made such mistake like this and that's why that Ohio State professor brought out this book that most underappreciated the author thought it is very important but the professional world did not receive that way so he thought that those works must get attention of the graduate students that's why we all were required to write that research 2000 words and I did it now come to the non-significant one earlier this is the way Newman Pearson's approach to psychology became where we were trained only to look at significant differences but now the situation has changed data analysis as professor Misra also the advances we have in data analysis that even non-significant effects are interpretable and this is what I discussed in my precedential address how to interpret non-significant effects or null effects it is possible to interpret it so we should not be surprising in the second panel discussion you heard the editors talking about trend issues and concerns that one should be aware of the issue of ethical clearance reporting of non-significant findings and other relevant issues were also discussed I am confident that the views discussed in the two panel discussions must have help to you position psychology in India as well as globally in different perspectives my sincere thanks to all of you and of course the eminent panelists thank you


All right guys, so that was the end of my speech. We had a quick break. You guys got warmed up out of here He got warmed up by you guys fluff the fluff. I fluff myself The fluff great So it's hope is a good guy a great friend. I The second time this second year. He's come out. I invited him the second time out He came out first time no way the great job last year I think as you guys have seen thus far. He's a really great speaker. It's got things I'm just feet like crazy awesome awesome guy He has great content. He's from the red mole calm Blah blah blah blah blah. I'm just promoting him like relentlessly now. So dude you have do a great job, man I know you will appreciate you coming out every year. I'm seeing next year, too. So I don't get the mic. I do. I love the mic. I love the mic.  Okay, so anyway guys This is what's happening. There's some really cool stuff We have a long long weekend right and all these people are going to be speaking so like I said I want to get the momentum going so number one. I want to do a little bit of an exercise with you guys and We'll start with you my man Can you tear a peat page out of that book? I want to start an exercise and we're going to do a fun little trick What's going to happen is on that on that piece of paper? We're going to write down and it's going to come up later and all this fun stuff I want you to write down your name your phone number. Yeah. Yeah, how do you number close a group of guys, huh? Stand on stage stand on stage and say you know about women No, write your name your phone number in your email address and we're gonna we're gonna work all this other stuff out now in the other in the other self whatever How do you say it's self-promoting? vanity Self-worship look at yourself in the mirror and masturbate type thing I want to do a quick little video because I want everybody to know how cool the under-21 convention is so I actually want you guys to oh the pulse hey, do you I I know this is a side note and I'm on stage right now But I want the photographs of me to be good. I have some extra lenses if you want to use them that are cannons So they're right up here if you want L-series L-series Oh, he doesn't seem to be reacting.   I'm gonna write I'm gonna do a secret here.  Are we ready under 21 convention 2009 make it happen? All right, so here we are under 20 the the under 21 convention Because the real wet route website is the red mole calm But here these guys here and so we're speaking we're having a good time It's Thursday, and it's gonna be amazing and here's here's a little little secret you see what that says all right Okay, so that all being said you guys are just like what the fuck just happened and pass that piece of paper around because once it comes back We're gonna do an exercise with it But this is what I wanted to talk about look there's a there's a lot of stuff This community is if you guys don't know me You can visit my website and write it down and look at it and watch the videos and listen to some audio You know my email list all that fun fun nice stuff that everybody says but this community has influenced me massively and My whole purpose in it is always to give back and that I think if you want anything to influence anything in your life If you want your life to be to be you know moved or you want great things to happen You have to put effort into it right you have to you have to keep momentum going and you have to you have to Work at it right I remember there were these religious sermons that we we used to I used to be in theater and Which is another some some amazing stories come out of that But I used to be in theater right and so they would do these preacher monologues and the preacher monologues like you got to work You got to take that sinew and that filthy skin of sin and you got to shape it into something good But that's true, and that's why we're all here right and you know It's a funny thing because last year when I spoke here I wanted to speak about some things like expectations motives Perceptions and things like that. There was actually a big changing point in my life There's a lot of stuff happening for me. There's a lot of pressure on me. There was a lot of like a Lot of things influencing me to change because one of the things is Was when we change This is funny I told I told the famous poor this and now he says it all the time But he doesn't get the last part when we have a moment of change We change through desperation not inspiration But here's the part that he left out what keeps us going what makes us be able to actually Progress and fulfill and live the lives you wanted to you know when you sign up for the under 21 convention When you bought whatever product what you expected out of that, you know is inspiration which keeps that going We need a breaking point, you know, it's funny because actually in the actual like pick up, you know


So, one concept that needs a little more discussion for solutions than we've given to it in single component solutions is the idea of volume and in particular molar volume. So far, we've defined molar volume for a single component solution for a system with just one substance. Molar volume is just volume divided by moles and that's a way of getting an intensive property out of two extensive properties. The volume is proportional to how much material we have, the moles are proportional to how much material we have. If I take the ratio of those two, I get this intensive molar volume. That concept gets more complicated for solutions for a couple of reasons, some obvious and some more surprising. The first immediate problem is how do I compute this? What volume do I use? What moles do I use? Do I use moles of the solute, moles of the solvent, total number of moles? It's ambiguous how to define this. So it certainly needs a more careful definition if we were to use a molar volume. But it also turns out that even the concept of how to measure this and the values they would get gets a little bit complicated. So suppose as an example to illustrate this, we take 100 milliliters of benzene and prepare a solution by combining that with 300 milliliters of toluene. This happens to be the same 2.8 molar or mole fraction 0.285 solution of benzene and toluene that we've discussed in our previous example. So let's just say I've got a solution containing 100 milliliters of benzene and I'm going to pour that into a larger beaker together with a total volume of 300 milliliters of not benzene but toluene. So I'm going to make a solution by combining those two. The total volume of this solution, if I ask you to tell me what the total volume is when I combine 100 milliliters and 300 milliliters, you might predict 400 milliliters, but you'd be wrong. It turns out if I do a careful enough measurement, I measure a total volume of that solution of a little over 400 milliliters. 300.3 milliliters is the total volume once I mix the benzene and the toluene together. So the important point is that this is not equal to the sum of the two volumes. The volumes are not additive in this particular case. In fact, it's often going to be true that the volumes of the two substances when I combine them together will not add up to the total volume of the solution. That effect gets even more pronounced for solutions of ionic solutes in a polar solvent. So let me give you another example. Let's suppose I want to make a solution that's one molal of NACL in water. So the most straightforward way to do that, if I want a solution that's one molal is maybe take one mol of sodium chloride and dissolve it in one kilogram of water. So if I start with, let's again measure fairly precisely, exactly 1,000 grams, one kilogram of water. That's the mass of the water, the volume of the water. If I ask you what the volume of 1,000 grams would be, your first guess is probably going to be that since water has a density of one gram per milliliter, it's going to be also 1,000 milliliters of water. It turns out, in fact, if we look at the density of water at room temperature at least, the density is not exactly one at room temperature. At 25 Celsius the density is a little less than one, so the volume is going to be a little larger than 1,000 milliliters. So again, if we're being careful, my kilogram of water at 25 Celsius is going to be 1,002.9 milliliters. I'll dissolve in that one mol of sodium chloride. Sodium chloride has a mass, molar mass of 58 grams per milliliter, 58.44 to be a little more precise, grams per mole. So the mass of one mole of sodium chloride is 58.44 grams. If I know the density of solid sodium chloride crystals, I can also figure out the total volume of sodium chloride that I'm going to dissolve into that solution. That volume works out to be 26.9 milliliters, so that's the total volume of the salt crystals that I'm about to dissolve in 1,002.9 milliliters of water. When I dissolve a mole or 26.9 milliliters of salt into 1,002.9 milliliters of water, the volume, the total volume, the solution volume, you might predict would be just adding these two together. As you've probably guessed by now, that's not going to be the right answer, so if I add those two numbers together, that's 1,029.8 milliliters, and that's not what happens. The total solution volume is not 1,029.8. I can't just add the two volumes to get the total volume. If I do that experiment, if I actually mix those two things together and measure the volume, it turns out the volume I get is considerably lower. 1,021.4 milliliters is the volume of that solution. The total solution is less than I'd predict just by adding the two component volumes together. In this case, it's worth a small digression to explain why that happens. In this case, the reason that happens when I dissolve an ionic solute in a polar solvent like water, what happens is the sodium ions have a strong enough electric field, stronger electric field surrounding that positive charge than water does in pure water. The water molecules that are surrounding that sodium ion are pulled closer to the sodium than they would be around a water molecule. In particular, the distances between water molecules themselves get a little bit smaller as they're pulled closer by this electric field. The same thing happens to the positive ends of the water molecule. The hydrogens are pulled more closely around the chlorine than they would be in pure water. The effect of these bear positive and negative charges is to compact the water structure a little bit. That phenomenon is called electrostriction, which is just a way of saying that the electrostatics, the electric field of these ions, pull the waters or constrict the waters, pull them closer together. That's a fairly common phenomenon for ionic salts in polar solvents like water, but the more general feature, even if we're not dealing with polar solvents or ionic solutes, is that the volume is not an additive property. It is true that when I mix two substances together, their masses are additive. Mass of A and mass of B will add up to give me the total mass. It's also true that I'm not going to destroy any molecules unless there's a chemical reaction taking place. If all I do is mix a solute and a solvent, I can add the number of moles and I'll get the total number of moles. I can add molecules, I get the total number of molecules. I'm not going to destroy any molecules or destroy any mass, but the total volume of the solution is almost never exactly equal to the volume of the two pieces combined. Let's suppose we continue this process. I've added one mole of sodium chloride to a kilogram of water to make my one mole-ol solution and the volume was a little bit surprising, lower than I predicted. What if I continue and add a second mole of sodium chloride to make a two mole-ol solution and so on? Instead of working it out case by case, let me go ahead and put up a graph of the results if I were to do that experimentally. What I've shown here is a graph of the total volume of a solution as a function of the mass of the sodium chloride that I've added to that solution. This diagonal line, the dashed line here, would be my naive prediction if I just add together the volume of the water and the volume of the sodium chloride that I've added, that's this prediction along this straight line. For example, 1029.8 would be what I get if I take 58 grams of sodium chloride and I add it to a kilogram of water, I'd predict something a little less than 1030 milliliters. In fact, what I got is lower than that. I got a point on this line, so one mole, about 58 grams, that's this point right here. The volume of that solution was only 1,021 milliliters. If I do it again, so roughly 116 or 17 grams of sodium chloride, I add it, that's probably this point right here. Again, the volume of the solution has gone up, but it turns out it goes up by a different amount, so let me go ahead and, if I add two moles, the total volume of that solution, actually let me talk about it this way. In going from pure water to the one mole-ol solution, the slope of that curve, so the difference between 1,021.4 and 1,002.9, the difference in volume was 18.5 milliliters. When I added a mole of sodium chloride, I've increased the volume by 18.5 milliliters. You might expect that if I add my second mole of sodium chloride, I'm going to increase the volume by another 18.5 milliliters, not the 26.9 that I'd expect if volumes were additive, but the second mole might contribute the same amount as the first, but that's actually not what happens. When I add my second mole of sodium chloride, the change in the volume turns out to be a little larger. I increased the volume of the solution by 20.5 milliliters. The first mole adds 18.5 milliliters, the second mole adds 20.5 milliliters, and you can see from the second dotted line that if I just extrapolated the trend from the first small amount of sodium chloride, I'd expect this dotted line. In fact, as I add my second mole, and then my third, and then my fourth, and so on, the extra volume keeps getting slightly larger every time. So there's actually several confusing or surprising things about how volume works in these solutions. Number one, volumes are not additive. The total volume of the sodium chloride in the water don't remain constant as I add them together, but as an even more subtle effect, even the change in the volume doesn't remain constant. 18.5 milliliters isn't 26.9, it's not the molar volume, but the volume of the first mole that I add is different than the volume of the second mole, different than the volume of the third mole. So even the changes in volume are not constant. Okay, so that suggests that we need a whole new way of thinking about volumes, instead of just saying the molar volume of water is some value and the molar volume of sodium chloride is some value. I can't just say every mole takes up 26.9 milliliters. It depends whether it's a mole of pure sodium chloride or a mole that's dissolved into pure water or the second mole dissolved into an already one mole-l solution and so on. So it turns out that the most useful way to think about molar volumes in solutions is as the slopes of these curves. So this slope is 18.5 milliliters, this slope is 20.5 milliliters in general. I can say at any point along this curve, the rate of change of the volume as I add a mole of sodium chloride is going to be the molar volume of sodium chloride. So I can define my molar volume in this way, the rate of change of the total solution volume as I add more moles of the solute. So more generally I would say V bar for component I is equal to the rate of change of the total solution volume with respect to the moles of that component. And the name we give to this quantity, since it depends on the conditions, it's different for the first mole and the second mole and so on, is it's not a molar volume, it's a partial molar volume to remind us that what we're actually doing is taking a partial derivative of the volume with respect to the number of moles. So that is the generalization of the more simple single component molar volume to a case where I have more than one component, we need to use this idea of the partial molar volume to describe the volumes of components of solutions. Turns out not only does the volume depend in a complicated way on the concentration of the solution, but other thermodynamic properties also depend on the concentration of the solution and the temperature and pressure and so on. So we'll have not only partial molar volumes, but other properties for which we'll have to define similar properties. So we'll take a look at that next.


I'm gonna be tanking in Molten Core. This was very unexpected. I'm not ready for this at all. I'm gonna be completely honest. Well, not at all. I got a weapon. Other than the weapon, I don't know if I'm prepared. I changed raid groups for this because we have some fresh 60s in this raid. We have some people that might not be as raid ready as some of the other groups, but I said I'm gonna go run with them to kind of help get everybody at this speed. Let's get this going. Here's what we're gonna do. Everybody go ahead and get ready to fly out. Everybody get your buffs out. Yeah, go ahead and do full buffs on everybody. Okay, this is gonna be very interesting. Okay, we're gonna go to Thorian Point, Palans and Majors first. Three, two, one, go. Everyone else, three, two, one, go. Whoever's eating chips. Yeah, stop. Why are you eating chips there? It's Push to Talk is forcing this channel. Why are you holding Push to Talk and eating chips? The hell is that? All right, guys, dude, this is gonna be interesting. Okay, let's move in. Listen up. Guys, today we'll be tanking Molten Core and I'm invisible, completely invisible. That's right. Wait, the camera's in BWL? No wonder. Camera, hey, hey, hey. What the hell, dude? Unbelievable. They don't got the camera set up in MC yet. It's okay, I was just being completely transparent with you guys, dude. I was just being transparent, okay? Don't worry about it. Okay, what's up, guys? How are you? Yo, yo, yo. Listen, can you stop pulling me everywhere I go? Yes. Okay, so here's what we're gonna do today, guys. I will be tanking, foking, Fraggy and myself will be tanks. I'm not entirely ready for this. Fraggy, UBX, I'll be square. Okay, first ability got resisted, very good. Oh, I pulled aggro. Oh, I pulled aggro. Oh, threat, God. I pulled aggro. Did you guys see that? Yeah, you can go threat, you can do that. Threat, God. Hun. I mean, we're gonna do one more pull before we jump. Let's go ahead and do one of these pulls quickly. We're gonna wanna AWE these guys down. We wanna have these guys all die at the same time. So we're gonna go ahead and pull. I'm gonna take some big hits here. I'm gonna pull them all the way back here, okay? Look at this, look at how much threat I have. Look, look how many of these guys I have aggro on. I was, dude, that was sick, dude. All right, good job. Stop hitting them. We're gonna get a drink here. Can you distract them? Maybe. Try to. I don't think you can, but. I'm gonna be starting. You can. That's actually hilarious. I didn't know that. I actually wanna tank Luciferon. Fraggy and foking tank Skolin X and then I will tank Square.  Let's do this. Ready? Everybody ready? Oh, make sure to de-curses. Sorry to pull them. Oh, I got mind control. They got mind control. They got mind control. I need to rank with this bill. I need to rank with this bill. And Fraggy, and I got feared in the dog. That sucked. I got mind control all the way. I got control as well. Okay, I got it. I got it back. I've managed the dogs. I've managed the dogs. Make sure we have dispels going out. Dispels and de-curses on everyone. Okay, I got aggro back. I'm focusing. He also made it. Good, dude. Hey. Dude, first boss tank. You notice that you're not getting. Poggy, easy clap. On hit weapon procs. I can proc off of Seal of Righteousness. I can take a melee swing in proc Thunder Fury and Seal of Righteousness can also proc Thunder Fury. Essentially what happens here is I have two chances to proc Thunder Fury with every single swing. Any sort of weapon on hit effect, anything like that, you get double the benefit. Fraggy, you're taking the time out. So, Thunder Fury ends up being ungodly because you get like the threat from one proc, I believe, is like 550. So, oh, let's pull them together. Pull them together. You doing more damage than the rat? Probably is propped with all these moms. I probably do, to be honest. I'm gonna try and main tank this guy too. I need a fear ward rotation. We only have one dwarf priest. Okay, by the way guys, we are recruiting priests in Crusade. If you're a level 60 priest and you're looking for a guild, we are recruiting priests. Cold Blunted, you're gonna have to fear ward me on cooldown. Every single time there's a fear, I need a... I believe this guy's tauntable. So, if things hit the wall because we don't have a fear ward rotation, yeah, then Folking will pick it up and that's fine. Thornheart, I need you to cast Judgment of the Crusader on him. We should be good. Trank rotation. Trank rotation, arson, Fredbear, then ragshots. You ready? Let's do this. Okay, here we go. Okay, good. Boom, boom. Oh, panicked. Boom. I can't, I can't just bow. Okay, got it. Remember, he'll target you for the fireball, so make sure you move. Or he'll turn for the fireball. Actually, no, he won't. I don't know why randomly a healer got targeted. I don't remember. Pushing threat. Good. It's probably a dark rune. Good. Amskill it, just reset for 21. Nice, amskill it. How are you, dude? 20 for 20. Look at that. Another. Successful. Tank. Look at that, dude. Like, lobbing your pants, arching his leggings, flame walking leg plates, nice. Awesome, awesome. Decent loot, too. Good loot. Are you gonna tank all the bosses? Hey, we might as well try, right? Dude, this is actually insane how much threat I generate. The double thunder fury proc chance is insane. Like, cause I can, boom, I can hit a thousand threat just like that. Yeah, it'll be nerfed next week. Don't worry, someone's watching. Yeah, I know, right? And it's gonna break reckoning. Yeah, somehow it's gonna break reckoning again. As a man, you're breaking my talking points about prop balance not being able to clear MC. I need you to stop, sorry. All right. I just pull, I just pull off the tank right away. I think I shouldn't tank Baron Gettin'. I think I don't have enough fire resist for it. Should I try? You could eat the food you cook, but you don't wanna tank Baron Gettin'. Okay, dude. Look at the pickup, dude. Look at the pickup, you see that? Oh, did you guys see that? The pickup skills? That's tank. Tank reactions. See that? I'm worried about Baron Gettin', dude. I'm scared, dude. I'm actually scared. I'm actually scared. I did not come ready to tank Moltencourt. I did not wake up today ready to tank Moltencourt. 156 should be enough. Is he AFK?  He's stalling our buffs. There he is. Okay, I'm gonna get him. Thanks, two to two right now. Ready, ready, ready? Okay, boom, okay. Let's go.  Okay, get ready to, when we run out, it's nine pulses. Run out, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, back in. Dude, I'm telling you, dude, this is different. Significantly less damage when I have fire resistance. Last time I had one shot.  Paladin tank, baby. Wow, there it is, dude. There it is. Wow, awesome, awesome. Core leather gloves, nice. I don't think I was meant to do this. Retribution is dead. It's all prop, pal, yes, man, now. I'm gonna pull. Ready, three, two, one. Okay, I got my aggro. All right, boy, I just tanked that without righteous fury. My righteous fury dropped. And I got aggro back after the reset. I survived on my portion, you know. I didn't even have my 90% threat buff. That's a lot of damage. That's a whole lot of damage. Look, I was sixth on DPS too. I wasn't even trying.  Dude, Vofu, I know, look, I know you're really good at the jumps and war song, but the jumps and MC are not nearly as important. Gotta make sure to not do too many of those, okay? Like, like, like, like. I was instinctive, dude. Here's the thing, warrior tanks are better tanks, but it's not like you can't tank.  I've maintained tanked every boss and MC tonight. Okay, guys, listen up. Listen up, listen up, listen up, okay?   And it's entertaining. And next week, we're gonna be right here. Maybe, who knows? I don't know if I'm ready to tank BWL, but someday MC, mark it off. Should I try and pull this one? Should I try and pull this one off? I pulled it off. Okay, I got it, I got it. Sorry, Franky. Sorry, I'm flexing. Thanks, Franky. Paladin taunt, ladies and gentlemen, paladin taunt. Oh, dude, it's a lot, dude. Paladin tank meta. Look at that, dude. As soon as I hear S-Van say, I got it, I got it. My man, I'm Morgan. I know. 32 just resubbed for 16 months. Highest fan, first time viewer here. I can't stand you took a thundafurry over a hunter. Absolute shamelessness. Thank you, Zub. Thanks, Zub. I might as well keep watching to find more things that make me mad, bye. Okay, three, two, one, go. It's so surprising to me that it's working, given that I was not ready at all. Literally, it was minutes before raid. It was like, hey, can you tank this? We're missing two tanks. Swiftie's not here and we're missing another tank. All right, really good job. Hey, great job healers, by the way. Really, really good job healers. It's only working because of thundafurry? Yeah, who cares? That's exactly why it's working. Everything works because of gear. Let's see chat. Okay, so guys, I'm gonna try and tank Ragnaros. I will try and be the initial tank on this. I'll put on as much fire as this as I can. I don't know how much this is gonna hold up, but we're gonna try our best and we'll see what happens. I don't have any fire resistance on my rings. Yeah, 45% chance to get knocked back. I have 172, I think, is the best I can come up with. Yeah, I'll do 170. Okay, we're gonna try our best. Okay. Dude, I hope the essence drops. And the Warlock pen? See, I'm actually so nervous about this. I am also nervous about this. Dude, if I get knocked back for a year, I'm gonna get knocked over here. I think I'm gonna get knocked back and it's gonna fall off. Okay, we've tanked. All of MCs so far, I don't know. Again, I wasn't prepared. I just gotta wrap it up. I kind of want to just fight them. I guess. Okay, I just have to hope I don't get knocked back. Brick. Oh! Okay, I'm back in. This is working, this is working, this is working, this is working, this is working, this is working. Okay, good. Okay, I'm getting back in. Good, foe. I need heals. What, where are the, I didn't get healed for like five seconds. What was that? Everybody A-F-K? Battle res, battle res me. I think everyone's getting launched right now. I'm in on him. I got threat back, I got threat back. Look, I got no right just fury. I can't afford it. I have no mana. It's okay, I'm tanking with that right just fury. I got a battle res and I got a threat reset. It's okay. I'm getting threat back. No! Wait, I can save this. Yes, landing, got the landing, good. Okay, frag it, I think I got it. Knockback, as soon as I get it, I got a knockback. So I pulled a bag or something, maybe. Okay.  Oh no, suns, wait, what? What, we got suns? Okay, so we're gonna stack him up. Okay, so we need to stack him up. Stun them, get them all stacked up right here on those walls. Okay, so do a challenging shot please. And we need to A-O-E. We gotta A-O-E these guys mages. Dude, honestly, think about it, if I didn't die, that would have been like the damage difference, if it was just like one less person died. Anybody? Ready, go. Going, going, going, okay, good. Oh, knocked, someone go in. Great, okay, it was close. Oh man. I am not an insect.  Oh, that didn't help. I thought I could fire reflect it, but apparently not. Good, stuck the landing. Okay, I'm back in. I'm knocked. Okay, good, good. Much better, much, much better. Burn it here, burn it, burn it here. Whoa, what? I got double bounce, dude. I'm like a basketball. Nice, good job guys. Really, really good job. Nice. All right, good pick up that time. There it is, dude. Prott Paladin tank MC, dude. Since a fire. Prott Paladin tanking MC. Look at that, dude.


Her P-51, I believe, is here on display. She's flying the purple P-51 that she bought from Flay Lacy. They have a side aviation pioneer in honor of my Flay Lacy and their racing Flay Lacy. They parked on about nine airplanes between them, and aviation was not just their hobby. So they decided it didn't need any more to transfer to Eagleville, here in California. And the Boeing was super steering. I bet she's going to come back. Let's go.


Harp Collins presents Inferior, How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That's Rewriting the Story by Angela Saini, read by Tanya Rodriguez. Introduction. For centuries, scientists have influenced decision-makers on important issues including abortion rights, granting women the vote and how schools educate us. They have shaped how we think about our minds and bodies and our relationships with each other. And of course, we trust scientists to give us the objective facts. We believe that what science offers is a story free from prejudice. It is the story of us, starting from the very dawn of evolution. Yet when it comes to women, so much of this story is wrong. I must have been about sixteen years old on the playing field of my school in South East London watching a homemade rocket zoom into the sky. It was a sunny Saturday afternoon. Fresh from the nerdy triumph of having been elected chair of the school's first science society, I'd organised a day of building small model rockets before setting them off. I couldn't think of anything better. The night before, I calculated whether we had enough construction materials for the crowds that were sure to come. I shouldn't have worried.  My chemistry teacher, Mr. Easterbrook, a kind man, stayed and helped anyway. If you were the geek growing up, you'll recognise how lonely it can be. If you were the female geek, you'll know it's far lonelier. By the time I reached sixth form, I was the only girl in my chemistry class of eight students. I was the only girl in my mathematics class of about a dozen. And when I decided to study engineering a couple of years later, I found myself the only woman in a class of nine at university. Things haven't changed much since then. Statistics collected by the Women's Engineering Society in 2016 show that only 9% of the engineering workforce in the UK is female, and just over 15% of engineering undergraduates are women. Figures from WISE, a campaign in the UK to promote women in science, engineering and technology, reveal that in 2015 women made up a little more than 14% of their workforces overall. According to the National Science Foundation in the United States, although women make up nearly half the scientific workforce there, they remain underrepresented in engineering, physics and mathematics. Standing on that playing field by myself aged 16, I couldn't...


Good morning everybody. It is just after 11 a.m. Sunday January 16th. I am just now downloading all of the vlog footage for last week I'm going to try to get that edited today before lunch Today is my dad's birthday. Happy birthday dad. He is 83 years old today. So anyway, yeah all of my medical symptoms for the most part seem to have gone with the way of the protein bar I was eating so Yeah, that was a little bit scary, but we got it taken care of I'm gonna See if I can what I can do about editing the vlog. So I'm not like giving you guys TMI But anyway, but also being real about health issues like we need to like just acknowledge when our body's not feeling well As we get older especially so anyway, I don't know that we're doing anything in particular day hanging out around the house Just yeah, I don't think so. I have a physical therapy appointment in the morning Tomorrow, but Bob has and Bob has the day off We don't have anything again in particular to do but there's always chores to be done. So we'll see. All right Vlog is edited and loading as we speak The posts for Facebook art groups are Scheduled out and the video the vlog is loading. It's loading. It's edited. It's like all the things It's just about lunchtime So probably gonna stop and do that. I didn't get a couple of these Look at these house ornament kits Home Depot was giving them away around Christmas time. I never did put them together So I think this next week I will be doing that. I will be filming the gnome video I left some of the gnome stuff out. I'm gonna go pick a couple more colors of fabric and Put the embroidery floss away that I've already used for the ones I made last night Random no-nosers because I did spill the jar this morning. I Did these are I've been using an eight millimeter wooden bead which works fine It's a little bit small, but it's what I could find I did find this morning a one centimeter or 10 millimeter wool felt ball that actually might work better And if I like it, I know I'm a little bigger one. They have a one and a half millimeter one So anyway, so and I like the idea that would a wool ball So anyway, we'll see so those are the things I'm gonna work on this next week I think oh, I also have to print out some inspiration images for my downstairs drawing journal and The mood board for the RT trio video because I want to try to get that filled the film this week, too So I always stuff to keep me busy and maybe out of trouble All right, I'll be there. It is Monday morning January 17th 8 o 9 a.m. I'm running late already. It just started the day and I'm already running late So I have physical therapy this morning Bob is off today. We're gonna go I think over to The mall today, but we both need new clothes things are threadbare in my case. Things are too big Yeah, so anyway, we need to go do that today But I have therapy first I intended to wake up a lot earlier than I did So I can have my coffee and everything before I went Yeah, none of that happened. I've really had enough time to shower I do have a cup of coffee in the car here to go and Yeah, I'll have some more when we get back and a little bit of breakfast and So many things I wanted to do today before we got the carpet anyway Such as it is So happy Monday I'm going to physical therapy and I'll be back. It is a conversation between me and my husband about how a Lot of my clothes were too big Literally, I was walking from the bedroom to the coffee pot the other morning and my pajama pants fell off like I Did take them in but That just led to a cascade of other things and so many of my clothes were too big and then he said after thinking about it I've got some stuff that's threadbare or that I'm not gonna wear anymore. He used to wear a lot Before we moved but our lifestyle is just different. Anyway, a little small closet clear clear out led to Yeah There are a few things in those bags. I think we need to go shopping today to try to replace but That's crazy All right, I'll be back Well, he's chasing after the local raccoon who likes to walk across our front yard and set off the cameras But we go out there. I don't know where he goes. He's very quick Yeah, he's already gone So earlier I said that we had clean closets out and we got rid of a lot of clothes I showed you guys some video. We donated them all to a local charity and We went shopping to the mall to pick up a few things that we were missing now and Got that done There were some things they didn't have supply chain. Hello broken supply chain. So we came back home and I Ordered some things that I need because I had to get rid of the old ones They were too big or I have some that I've kept to I have to have some to wear anyway Either they didn't have them at the shops or They were so expensive and I Was able to get them directly from manufacturers. Okay fine fact. I like Haynes leggings I've always I've worn Haynes for a long time and make a good quality legging if you like stretchy pants They make the basic colors black gray all that stuff And they last and so Cheaper to get them directly from Haynes than to try to find them anywhere at the shops and Pajama bottoms. Why are pajama bottoms not a thing? I am not going to spend $36 on one pair of pajama bottoms from Vera Wang, I mean I do like simply Vera by Vera Wang. Don't get me wrong. I love her pajamas. They're very comfortable They last but $36 just for the pants really? No, thanks.  Bob's gotta bring the garbage can in all that stuff So anyway, happy Monday. It's just a crazy morning between Chats and filming a quick video for the patrons and my dad is here I have to take him to the airport tomorrow morning like at o dark 30 like seriously We're getting up at 4 30 in the morning Anyway, it's been a busy morning. I did get the gnome tutorial video filmed and Loaded for the patrons and supporters on their private channel and the pattern is over in patreon for them, too So if you'd like access to that Become a patron. It's pretty inexpensive. I try to download stuff monthly for you guys I'm always available for chats help advice All the time and all of that stuff we do as many sort of live Art and coffee kind of zoom things as we can Or Facebook chat thing. Anyway, you know what I mean. So anyway, think about joining But I got that done just in time for my dad to show up I got it edited filmed edited and loading and then he drove up. So good timing of my part My health situation lower GI situation from last week's vlog. You need to watch that. I'm not gonna explain all of it again Seems to have resolved itself. I cut out the food in question and no more problem. So Yay, all right But today is just Catching up on stuff like that tomorrow is a lot of stuff in the morning and then maybe napping later I have physical therapy date 30 but I think I'm gonna obviously gonna come home between airport runs and doing that to have coffee and wake up Probably shower after we do the airport run all that stuff and then I have to film an arty trio video either tomorrow or the next day and Something else that I can't remember Anyway, there's other stuff I need to do. So I'm gonna try to get it all done by Friday. We'll see Everybody it is a little dark out this morning. Sorry about the lighting It is 8 a.m. Straight up. I Have been up since Oh dark 30 literally We my dad and I got up at 4 30 this morning Not dressed had some coffee really quick and then I took him to the airport He is flying to Southern, California to spend some time with my brother again Yes, yes, I know against my better judgment, but he's fully vaccinated and all that stuff. I think I said that already anyway He will have a hopefully safe, but good time anyway, so I did that came home had some more coffee Cup and had breakfast Finally took a shower and we're headed to physical therapy this morning Last week's vlog just went live like one minute ago. It's now 801 so we'll see how you all respond to that and I'm getting messages from our friend and cleaning lady. Letty. She helps us that great deal And so I have to respond to that in a minute and There's a lot of stuff that needs doing always. So anyway Okay, it's like 230 or something. I got The R2 trio video filmed. I actually didn't think I was gonna get that done today, but It just wouldn't leave me alone. So it's filmed and in the can so to speak I'll edit it tomorrow. I also at Christmas time picked up two free Little house ornament kits from Home Depot. There was a little house ornament slash frame thing And I never did put them together. Of course, it's past Christmas now But I got two of them and I put them together and I painted them and put in our family photo with my dad all of us wearing ugly Christmas sweaters and I'm gonna give one to each of the kids if they want it and So those are downstairs. I'll put a picture here and Just real simple stuff and I had the little tiny Christmas trees in my stash of things and I was able to use them up so yay and Not necessarily anything I need to Go about replacing or anything. I see something on clearance. I might pick it up, but you know What am I gonna get to the store? So anyway males here. I'm waiting on some more vanilla beans And we'll we'll be we'll ball beads things from Amazon today. Yeah It's all good. I'll be running everybody. It is Thursday Not February January would be is it 20? Yeah, January 20th 847 a.m. I'm just now booting up the computer had kind of a nice quiet morning where I haven't had to Get up early to go anywhere be anywhere do appointments take people to the airport like Anything it is the start of the new year. So that's kind of a rarity usually for us first couple months of the new year seemed to be filled always with You know your annual doctor's appointments and Um errands and obligations and like there's just usually is a lot and Sorry, I'm getting a message for my daughter, which I would probably tune a minute anyway So it's just a lot So when I have these kind of quiet mornings where I don't have to be up early go anywhere like I really do cherish them So today's a quiet day at home. I'm gonna get some art done. I'm gonna answer her question and Yeah Play with my pop it I'll be back have logs since this morning, but it's been a pretty productive day He just asked me right before I turned the camera on. How was your day dear? I got my video from yesterday edited and loaded and scheduled. I got another one filmed Which means I got some artwork done for that video and I got it edited and loaded and scheduled So it's been a pretty good day. I've got a few things put away Normal chores done all of that stuff and now we are headed out for our pre-dinner walk And which we haven't done in a couple of days. So and I know it's dark. Sorry about the lighting morning, everybody. It is Friday morning January 21st 21st of January it is 9 10 a.m. And I'm headed out real quick to the grocery store Because there is a couple of things we've run out of And it's family dinner night tonight. So God forbid the kids and Bob should not have their Doritos Yeah, that's the pre-dinner snack Doritos and cocktails. I don't partake in either But they must have their Doritos so and their cocktails So anyway Occasionally, I'll get myself some cheese and wheat fins And then I have usually water. I know I'm boring. I know more But I did a lot of drinking when I was younger. I don't need to partake now Anyway, so we're gonna go run out some stuff printed on that pile To catch up on mission inspiration because I never finished 2021 So that's on my project list of things to do soon in the next couple of days Otherwise things are pretty clear and clean up here. I've had lunch down the dishes all the normal chores So I think I'm going to go check the mail. It is Saturday, January 22nd Just before 3 p.m. I have a vlog get today just because we ended up Instead of doing nothing today, we ended up running some errands and Um, we're working on a puzzle called I think it's called the 1980s Or the 80s. Anyway, I'll put a picture here It's really hard. The kids got it for me for Christmas. They know I love puzzling, but oh my god It's been on the table for two weeks One week Seems like two weeks Anyway, we're still trying to get it done um We got all our errands done We're having to go to at least two different grocery stores right now to not only find everything but not pay Huge gigantic amount of money about a money for anything everything Like prices are just crazy anyway the creek We are Puppy sitting lily for a couple hours. Paulie says got a car club meeting And then he's coming over after and I think he's going to stay for dinner. He and Bob are going to watch football I'm going to sit in sketch. Would you know what? It sounds like a great idea to me We've been two weeks Without any lower gi issues The occasional spot of blood, but it's because I'm rubbing myself around for getting to put my cream on and not because anything else. So It's all good. Anyway, I know tmi Anyway, it's all good It's a beautiful Partly cloudy, but blue day blue sunny day In the high 40s. It's just great out. I'm in my short sleeves and I'm not freezing It's great Anyway, it's nice to just take a damn breathe, isn't it? especially as Things in the world get crazier and crazier and I don't know about you but anxiety ratchets up and up and up and up and up The health scares don't help at all Anyway, I'm gonna go inside and probably get started on that sketching. I'll be back You know, he doesn't like to be on camera, but anyway, we just finished this puzzle. It's called the 1980s Son-in-law over there Bought it because he knows I like to puzzle But holy cow. This one was hard. How long did it take a whole week? Two weeks That yeah, anyway, we're gonna show you the puzzle Um, bob doesn't want to be on camera, but he will probably talk with some of these people. We know who they are Some we have no idea Tiananmen Square we got um something on cnn I think we have the space shuttle That's probably when the challenge are exploded. No challenges down the bottom. Okay I'm not sure what that is Okay Live aid. Okay Um Let's see that is some sort of oh, that's that's he man. I think man. I do think so. Yeah This one here Well, that's that's a gal who died In the space shuttle. Okay. This one Was that kevin bacon kevin bacon? Yes. Um, what's what's that movie? Um footloose footloose That i'm not sure That's challenges is that or is that olympics? I think that's a challenge. Is that the olympics? Well, maybe that's the um, you're right. It's the um Maybe it's the olympic hockey team. Yeah Yeah Bartlett james. Yeah Madonna risky business Back to the future like the future usa. Um tracking field. Yeah, jane fonda jane fonda What's it? What's he see? Boy, george. Boy, george. That's it max headroom. Yep this one, um Dirty dancing, uh, let's see. Does that have to do with live aid for helping? Uh food giving food getting food to africa Maybe anyway, they're busy being otherwise occupied by football But i'm going to show you a close-up of the puzzle And if there's anybody that you can help us remember who they are we remember a lot of them But not all of them. I'll be back. Hey on that's um major league and you guys um, those members that's uh, was it um fast top gun? I told uh, yeah, what's his name? That's uh, tom selich. Yeah, that's a magnum p. I that's it magnum p. I cosby show. I think yeah uh trump Uh, Joe montana. Yeah Um, this one is family ties. I think so. Yeah These girls just want to have fun. What's her name? Cindy? Cheers, um who done it? That's um, dallas dallas. Yeah, uh rubik's cube Pc i'm not sure who that is. Yeah, that's one of the ones we don't Not sure that is the frother Her hands are tied together too. So i don't know who that's supposed to be Maybe um, one of the um Oh, is this an atari? That's an atari. An old atari. Yep. I used to have one of those. Can you say one of those? Eddie murphy. Yeah cute rose Indiana Jones ghost busters. Yep We're cut the olympics the catch the olympics Chernobyl that was a Family now that was another one of the um No, not any color. No, that was That was one of the sitcoms. It's where the all the girls were at private school. Yes Everybody what was naming that like our brains like right don't remember The tip of my tongue. Yeah, that's probably here's boy, george. Yeah That's And it has both an a pce but also An apple Who remembers those? I want to know which of you remembers those. Well, do you remember kiwi herman kiwi herman? They're like down for a period right there Yeah, odd old. Yep That's it for this week. We are going to cook some dinner here in a little bit I think and just sit and relax that boys are watching football I hope you all have had a great week Don't forget to go out and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it. I'll see you next week. Bye guys


The statement of cash flows is organized into three categories. Operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Operating activities are widely considered the most important of the three sections. These activities create revenues and expenses, as well as current assets and liabilities. Investing activities result in the increase and decrease of long-term assets. So sale and purchases of long-term assets are reported in the investing activities section. Financing activities are how investing activity items are financed. This section contains increases and decreases in long-term liabilities and equity. The statement of cash flows can be reported two different ways. The indirect method and the direct method. However, the only difference between the two methods is how the operating activities section is presented. Investing and financing activities are always reported the same way. Here you can see the indirect method. The operating activities section is reported with the indirect method, but investing and financing are completed with the direct method. This is an example of the direct method. Here you can see that operating activities are reported using the direct method, as well as investing and financing are also completed with the direct method. The reason that there are two methods is because the FASB prefers the direct method, but industry, as you can see from the graph on the slide, prefers the indirect method. Mainly, companies prefer the indirect method because it reconciles a cruel accounting net income to cash flows. Since companies' data is already reported with a cruel accounting, the reconciliation is easier, most think. Finally, here is an example of the statement of cash flows. Whether a company chooses the indirect method or the direct method, the result is that the financial statements are exactly the same.  You can see I zoomed in on the end of the statement of cash flows. Notice that the sum of operating, investing, and financing activities equals the net change in cash. This amount should match the cash account balance from the beginning to the end of the period. This is how the statement of cash flows explains what causes the change in cash. The change is caused by increases or decreases in operating, investing, and financing activities.