Thanks. So just to give a run of show, we're going to have an opening talk by Professor Terry Sunderland, who's going to give an overview of the many ways that trees and forests can contribute to food systems. And then we're going to hear from three distinguished panelists, giving different perspectives from different parts of the world on how forests and trees already contribute and can contribute more to our food systems. Then we're going to have a question for our panelists, followed by question questions and answers that we're going to be taking from the audience. So please put your questions in the Q&A box. Vito, can you go to the next slide please? Thanks so much. So we have, I think, a small correction here, one of our speakers was going to be speaking in French, and he has graciously agreed to give his talk in English, because we were having some trouble with the interpretation function. And so thank you so much for being willing to give your presentation in English. And I think that's it for the housekeeping details. And I think we can go straight to Professor Terry Sunderland. Thank you, Amy. That's a nice introduction. Can we have the first slide please? There we go. So I'm going to talk a little bit about some of the evidence that's been generated, looking at how forests and trees play very much an integral role in food security nutrition and sustainable food systems, particularly with reference to the tropics. Next slide please. The global food system is currently, let's be described in many ways, but I think the term that often resonates with me is it's a somewhat broken food system. We're producing very successfully more food than we ever have before in human history. And as we're here, that's mostly focused on calories rather than diversity. And a lot of that food we know is wasted. There's also vast inequities in the distribution of food in terms of food sovereignty. It's not going to help to either a daily feast or famine. And the distribution of food is extremely equitable on a global basis. It's been a strong dietary shift from more diverse plant based diets with complex carbohydrates to more commodity crops. We know about this is going to be talked about in this session with a stronger emphasis on meat production and more refined carbohydrates. And actually our food systems have become very simplified and this has a huge impact on nutrition overall. And these dietary transitions as we're seeing them rapidly change because of increased purchasing power urbanization and the need to feed ever growing urban populations from ever dwindling if you like rural resource. Next slide please. Thanks for the text of dietary simplification. I'm sure others will touch on this. We're not doing so well in terms of maintaining diverse nutritious diets on a global scale. As I mentioned, there's feast or famine, a billion people are classified as hungry and one to two billion people are classified as overweight or obese. So you have this sort of dichotomy if you like in the food system. Our agricultural system is a major driver of environmental degradation. And essentially, we are simplifying only our diets but also our landscapes, and these landscapes become increasingly vulnerable to environmental shocks, climate related pester diseases, market forces, etc. And this is also obviously problematic. Next slide please. So in terms of the environmental impacts I've just touched on the nutritional impacts. So we know that agriculture expansion is responsible for 40% of permanent forest loss. So permanent forest loss means that forest will not be transformed or allowed to regenerate in any way. And this is a permanent transformation to commodity crops, particularly oil palm, soy cattle, etc. So the vast amounts of the world's freshwater is used to support agricultural systems. Soil erosion is a particular problem, and agriculture accounts for a significant amount of our greenhouse gas emissions. And still, agricultural lives heavily on fossil fuels for fertilizer, but also mechanization as well. Next slide please. But what's often neglected is the role of smallholder producers who live and work in very complex multifunctional landscapes. And we kind of estimate that there's about 2 billion people living and working in these multifunctional landscapes that are producing food in very complex systems, production systems, and estimates as to the amount of global food produced range from 30% to 70 to 80% Either way, that's a significant amount of food. And this produces a wide range of products providing individual resilience but also family and community resilience against economic and environmental shocks. Yet conversely, and in fact there are more perverse incentives to environmental degradation, very few smallholders receive subsidies compared to, if you think the western farmers of North America, or for the EU policy, the common agricultural policy, which supports heavily the livelihoods of farmers, cultivating on a monocropping based system. And here's a big difference is that smallholder farming systems tend to rely on temporary deforestation so Sweden agriculture managing for us for food in a patchwork of shifting cultivation, which is a huge difference to essentially the permanent conversion we're talking about for commodity crops. And smallholder farmers are recognized for their conservation of agro biodiversity, agro biodiversity we need in order to breed pest and disease resistant crops, and much of the developments that have happened in the last 40 to 50 years in terms of new varieties resistive varieties have relied on the importance of agro biodiversity. Next slide please. So the contributions of forest to food security can be summarized in two ways, the direct contribution so essentially, excuse me, the harvest of bush meat wild fruits and other forest source foods often rich in micro nutrients, providing both subsistence and sale, but also important for safety needs when agricultural systems don't perform as well as they ought. As I mentioned, Sweden agriculture is extremely important. So the provision of forest allows that farming system to create mosaic landscapes in predominantly forested landscapes. And in terms of indirect contributions, you know, there's a lot of work being done now on forest ecosystem services that support food production, and we think about water regulation pollination soil, nutrient contribution, etc. And forest generated income. So if you think about other forest activities, the sale of non timber forest products timber, often contribute towards language strategies needed for agricultural production, fodder for livestock and very importantly wood for energy and cooking. And in many respects, the ability to heat water for example to make it potable is extremely important to be able to cook certain agricultural produce to make them palatable is a major contribution of forests to food security. Next slide please.  At the top there non provisioning ecosystem services and how they relate to the four pillars of food security availability access utilization and stability. Next slide please. So the number of processes to understand the role of forest and food security and two of those that I can highlight as a report commissioned by the international union of forest research organizations as part of the global forest expert panels did a very extensive review from 2015 2017 looking to sorry it was published in 2015, getting the forestry community to understand the importance of forest management for food security nutrition. I must admit when I first came to the Faculty of Forestry, UBC about three and a half years ago, a number of people said to me, my goodness, what the heck of forest got to do with food security nutrition. So, it really is an intractable issue. A lot of forestry professionals do not understand the role of forest and food security and conversely, the UN CFS Committee on Food Security Commission the report looking sustainable forestry and food security. And really that was focused on getting the nutrition and food security community community to understand the role of forest of food security nutrition. The other thing I'm sure we'll touch on this in this in this summit is it. How do we use those findings that evidence to influence the policy arena and get food and forestry much better interlinked food systems and forestry better interlinked and is the focus now on SDG to zero hunger. Is that really an entry point in order to do so. Next slide please. And we know that food production systems, as I mentioned, are extremely deleterious towards biodiversity biodiversity we all rely on. And if you just push the animation button quickly sorry. And it is possible to actually achieve food security and nutrition without clearing forests and this is a report from FAO that shows a number of countries have been able to do that. Next slide please. So there's a number of key messages so Vito just feel free to push the button as the animation comes up. Essentially, agricultural expansion into the forest frontier needs to be halted. There are numerous global agreements the New York Declaration of Forest State that there will be a moratorium on increased agricultural expansion into the forest frontier. The diverse forest and tree based production systems are more advantageous because of their adaptability and resilience, both economically and environmentally. The importance of ecosystem services are really coming to the fore in terms of our understanding of the complexities of multifunctional landscapes. Both food production, nutrition, but broader environmental and human health and especially so with the current pandemic and the hypotheses about how that originated and emerged. And so I mean I'm managing landscapes on a multifunctional basis, integrating food conservation forestry on all these different land uses can contribute towards food and nutrition security there's once last bullet point then Vito if you don't mind. And of course, realistically for us to trees alone cannot achieve global food security, but the point of our summit here and the discussions surrounding it is that we know that they can play a major role and discourse really has started to change in our understanding of how that change can happen. Last slide please. So I just thank you and thank the organizers for inviting me to present. Thank you very much. Thanks so much Jerry. And now, and Frank Roy from the indigenous partnership for agro by biodiversity and food sovereignty and is going to give us some examples of how forests and trees can be important in indigenous food systems.  Yep, now we can hear you now. The video is not working. No, we don't see you unfortunately. All right, okay. Good evening. I'm speaking from Rome from the indigenous partnership. I belong to an indigenous community of Northeast India. The indigenous peoples have a sacred relationship with nature amongst the castes my particular community and the currents of Southeast Asia. When a child is born, the umbilical cord is tied to a tree to signify the bonding and connection with nature. Indigenous peoples of Eastern Polynesia also have a similar practice. They vary the placenta of a newborn at the base of a food tree, so that the substance that nourish the fetus nourishes the tree. This sacred relationship with trees is given indigenous peoples the wisdom of walking softly upon this earth of appreciating all plants trees and preachers. This has helped them to be also very aware of the bewildering biodiversity of the local ecology. It has led them to develop ingenious food gathering and food production management systems. They plant many soil building trees in Sweden followers and integrate nitrogen fixing trees into Sweden lands promote productivity. For example, the indigenous peoples of Northeast India from Northeast Indus Southwest China have adopted eldest nepolitis as a nitrogen fixing species for a very long time. But it was only recently that it had been reported as a superior family species trees therefore are very much a part of our food system. This is indeed one reason why during this last two, three days at the UN Food Systems Summit, we've been shouting from our hilltops that indigenous peoples food systems are already existing game changers to build and boost nature positive production. And I hope that the food system summit will listen to us. The indigenous partnership that I lead and one of our local partners we conduct conducted a mapping of agri-diversity and dietary diversity in 32 villages of Northeast India. We found on an average a village has about 200 food plants, including crop varieties, mushrooms and condiments. A few villages reach even more than 300 food plants. We also found that fruits to be the most diverse category of food plants. Each of these are fruit trees with the one village having between 30 to 40 types of fruit trees, both cultivated and wild. Yet despite the richness of fruit trees, only 25% of the respondents consume fruits in the preceding 24 hours. We have therefore been conducting dietary diversity surveys using FAO's dietary diversity scores to raise awareness about the importance of consuming at least five out of the 10 groups where plants and fruits can play an important nutritional role. We've been supporting this drive with food festivals and agri-diversity walks where youth, elders and some botanist students walk through local landscapes to identify wild edibles, forgotten fruit trees and nuts and trees of importance for food production in Swindon agriculture and important for bees and other pollinators. These walks often end up near a sacred forest where a meal with the collected edibles as ingredients is prepared, often with some specially recruited chef helping community members to glamourize the use of local wild edibles, wild fruits and nuts. This has been quite a successful program that has been part of our activities. A few months ago we studied the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in 18 Indigenous villages in North India using FAO's food insecurity experience scale. The study showed that severe food insecurity is virtually non-existent in these 18 villages, while moderate food insecurity in 2020 was experienced at around 11% as against the South Asia level of 44% and the global level of 30.38. This is an example of how the local biodiversity, the integration of trees and other plants of the Indigenous people have been able to uphold the food security of all. However, more work has to be done to enhance the nutritional status of community members through a better use of available local resources of plants and trees. We on our side will be happy to collaborate with C4 and eCraft to find out how to use traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary science to explore the potential of tree-based food production systems, but within the framework of Indigenous peoples' food systems, and our hope to ensure safe and nutritious food for all from within their own landscape. Thank you very much, Amy. Thank you so much for that inspiring talk. Okay, now we're going to hear from Ella Traure from Solidagro. Ella, the floor is yours. Okay, thank you. Okay, my name is Anna from Solidagro. I am in Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso is a West African country. So I'm going to explain to you what we are doing, what Solidagro and his partners are doing to improve the hope to have more secure for food systems in Burkina Faso for our population.  So we have 85% of population live with agriculture and they use forestry things to satisfy their needs and agriculture is not really sustainable. This is like you can see in the pictures, people cut all trees and burn and we have another problem of erosion by water. So with this context, we are going to propose solutions, Solidagro and his partners propose agroecological practice and we use right to food for all. So we use approaches about right to food for all. And what is agroecological practice? It is just to make a restoration degraded shawls. Yes, it is too fast and just please could you come back to the last slide please. Yes, thank you. We use a lot of practice about xi and natural fertilizers because we know in the event people use more and more chemical fertilizers, their products, their agricultural products going down and down. So it's important now to come back to natural products using agroecological products. Next please. And we use another products, this is assisted natural regeneration trees and this is better to plant trees in our countries because we are in a silent country. And we don't have more than 60, no 600 millimeters or 800 millimeters of rain. So it's difficult to plant trees because we have just three months of rain and the other month there is no rain. We don't have water to give trees. So it's important to make assisted natural regeneration trees. And this is local trees, it's not exported trees. Like a next please. And after we make assisted naturalization, assisted the regeneration of local trees, we promote now we have food and economic valorization of trees, of fruits, leaves, seeds, nuts, of all of trees. So this is very, very important. This is very important for populations because if we want them to protect trees or to plant trees, it's important to present to them what they can have after this work. So we present them a food, food valorization. This is what we can see in pictures. And we have another thing is economic valorization of trees. Next, please. Next, in the conclusion of perspective, we think we have good, we are in a good way, but we need to have better coordination between sectors like agriculture, forestry and other. We think it's important to improve a new mode of financing agroforestry parks and to have more and more farmers with engage with agroforestry. We think it's, we think another thing it's important to give a like financial and citative things to farmers. Because FNRB like this is that FNRB, this is agroecology and agroforestry work is not just for one or two years, but we have to work from a long term, like five to 10 years. So it's important to have a big support of governments or donators. Next, please. This is my last slide. You know, this is what we can have after five years of agroecology or for assisted natural regeneration trees in this picture. We prepare a plan so we have, this is another thing to have a committee marriage. It's not very simple to have words but this is what we can have after we work with our populations. Thank you for your attention. And thank you so much and your English was excellent. I'm really glad, I'm really glad that you were able to do it in English. It was fantastic and very, very clear. And so next we have Anna Euler from Embrapa, speaking to us about marketing of forest tree products and their livelihood opportunities. Okay, Anna, the floor is yours. Thank you, Amy. Good afternoon to everyone that are with us. I'm in the Amazon and I would like to thank Paul for the invitation and opportunity to debate such important topic for the quality of life of our society and of course for the whole planet. And also I would like to congratulate my colleagues that made the presentation previously for such an interesting and important contribution. So, I'm a researcher at Embrapa. Embrapa is a national research company committed to the development of agriculture in Brazil. Brazil is a country that exports food and feeds more than a billion of people worldwide. The Brazilian agriculture is very diverse. And I would say that we as Brazilians are very privileged because we can access food produced mainly by family producers. In the Amazon and this region and in this region food systems are even more diverse because we have a lot of forest and forest are a great source of food. And this forest food and especially forest fruits, but I would say also fishes and so are the basis of food security for a very large number of people, as I would present to you. So I think it's important to remember that our forests have been inhabited for over the last 10,000 years and the human presence in the past different from the present was very important for the conservation of this great biodiversity. Archaeological and historical researchers show us that in the pre-colonial period indigenous people of the Amazon have already domesticated or semi-domesticated over 80 species of food trees and other kinds of crops. The current research show us that in the Amazon forests, there are about 200 species that are considered hyperdominant species. What this means? This means that among more than 16,000 tree species are identified. These 200 species represent the majority of the individuals present in the forest. And I would say with emphasis for food tree species as Brazil nuts and different kinds of palms. This is to say that we must value ancestral knowledge to propose policies that consider the diversity of such food systems in the world. And I would like to talk about some, so now I will talk about some very important Brazilian public policies and I would like to ask for the next slide. Please. Okay. In 2009, the federal government has created the national plan for the promotion of social biodiversity products chains, which today has recognized 41 Amazonian food tree species that are relevant for nutritional for food security and for socioeconomic. It's important to say that these food tree species, they are produced in territories of traditional people in Brazil. And I say traditional people, I mean, indigenous people, rubber tapers, Brazil nut gatherers and so on. And, and, and this area represents 25% of the Brazilian Amazonian territory. So tonight, one product in a special the assaipau, a native tree of the Amazon, I will ask you the next slide please. Yes. So, the outside fruits are the basis of daily food for 1000 of Amazonian people. And this food reached the international market in the last 10 years. It's important to say that not more than 90% of the assaiproduction comes from a native forest, over one million hectares of native forest, and about 200,000 families produce assaip in the Amazon. This means a production of 1.5 million tons of assaip fruits every year. The 85% of these fruits goes to the regional consumption. So, it generates almost one billion dollar of income to local producers, forest dwellers, and also to local market. Only 15% of the production is exported to other Brazilian regions and for international markets. We, we say we like to say that assaip is a food that it's a symbol of the Amazonian culture. And again, it's, it's very important for food security for health for forest conservation and income generation, and not only for income generation in the forest or in the rural areas, but also in the cities. I would also mention that the assaip, it's, it's bringing a new middle class, middle class people in the rural areas, and another benefit it's like young people are returning to the, to the rural areas to work with cities. And the forest management and, and this track to visit. Assaip may open the market to other Amazon fruits. And we hope that in the future, the assaip from the native forest may recognize it, not only as one important source of food, but also as a product that helps the conservation of the Amazon, the conservation of the culture, the traditional knowledge related to the biodiversity, and that the international the national Brazilian market and the international market may differentiate the assaip produced from the native forest, and the assaip produced from monoculture and plantations that is already ongoing, and that we hope that the assaip production chain will not repeat the case of the, of the rubber and other Amazonian extracted product that had a cycle of native production and then migrated after for monoculture. Well, as the time is very short, I would like to conclude with my final remarks, please. The next slide. I would like to say that the, of course, the richness of the, of the forest trees in the Amazon is surprising. The federal policy now address 41 food, food tree species, but we have at least two or three times more potential food species from the Amazonian forest. So it's important to associate this, this food systems to the social cultural diversity of our population. It's important also to encourage the family diversification of the production, expanding the market for these products associated to their territories. Their traditional territories are segregating, lengthen your for the, for the local people for the traditional people in Brazil. And finally, to state and to say that that the dynamic conservation of these agree, agree food system may, may be included as a strategy to reduce the forestation and to increase the human development index in such regions that I have in the case of Brazil, the lowest HDI for the whole of Brazil. So the next one. Thank you very much. For everyone that are with us. And I hope to answer some questions and hope to, to make this debate fruitful and that that we can make messages for the cupola, the, the, the word forum that is coming. Thank you very much. Anna, that was really super interesting. And so, and we're time is running, running out of it. And so we had a few questions prepared for our panelists but I think we'll just have time for one. And so this question is for each of you. So, and we know from all of your presentations and from other evidence that forest and trees play critical roles in our food systems. They have been delivering better diets and sustainability of food production. So, as we saw as well in the Q&A, a few people were also asking about this issue. And Terry mentioned it early on, that they're still often overlooked. What do you think needs to happen to bring greater visibility to their role in transforming food systems. I think we should ease it. It's easiest to just go back through the order of presentations. So Terry, why don't you take care of the first shot at it. Other way around. It's a tough one. I mean, I've been involved in the two sort of policy oriented process new for consultation and also the CFS. When, when the CFS reports presented at their summit in 2017, late 2017, the political feedback we got was extremely positive. This is great. You're generating all this evidence. And I actually have it written in my notes, every single delegation who spoke spoke very positively about the evidence that was presented, the potential roles of forest and trees have that can be integrated into more sustainable land management, etc. Four years on what's happened, nothing really so that there's a missing link in the evidence and the policy and I'm not quite sure where that link is. I was on another call this morning and we talked about this a little bit. And of course we're emerging from a very unprecedented period of time. The last 16 months or so have been pretty horrific for a lot of people and a lot of society and a lot of the economy. And we're hearing this, we're going to come back better and all of that. And I don't know if this presents an opportunity for us to start thinking about the way that food systems are contributed towards biodiversity loss towards deforestation, because it's been precipitated, hypothetically by the pandemic in some ways or the pandemic has been the result of this incursion into the forest frontier and the evidence still points to that direction. And there's a lot of movement in the in the academic world but also in the development community to think about how can we have our agriculture in a much more sustainable way so maybe this is maybe the entry point or the starting point and this summit obviously is a fantastic opportunity to rethink those food systems. I think also the major problem that we have discussed also is the reliance on technology. It's always about what technologies can we introduce to improve food security when in fact the technologies are there. I talked about small holders, the complex management of these multifunctional landscapes. I suspect that we need to tap more into that unless into the the sexy technologies that have that will be great for the groups that have developed them but less impactful in terms of achieving food security and dietary diversity. Thanks so much Terry. Frank. I think what we need to do and accept is what Terry had said at the very start. And that is that we are functioning with a broken food system. And the second thing is to recognize that there are systems that have been in place for a fairly long time and with quite a strong evidence to support them that our game changes. I'm not so sure that this food system summit will reach there because from my experience, trying to push the indigenous agenda to see it as a game changer has been a tremendous fight. And not because people are against it but somehow they think this is a little bit of voodoo science despite the fact. So I would say the first step that is required, if we want to make a change is that one day to acknowledge and recognize that they are existing game changers in the world today. That's I think the most important point. The second is the misinformation. And all marginalized groups are considered as vulnerable. We are not vulnerable. As I showed to you, actually many of our villages have zero reach already reached zero hunger level. We have been put in conditions and situations of vulnerability because of our industrial agriculture, because of our extractive industries. So I think it's very important to respect the rights of communities, the rights of peoples, and the rights of women to ensure that they can play a role. And the second point I think that I want to make is that, yes, these traditional systems or the experiences of the past do have their gaps, but those gaps can be filled by co creation of knowledge that is intercultural I mean, the gathering together of traditional ecological knowledge, and also scientific knowledge, but treating them as equal partners. But when we talk of technology in ecological knowledge system women play a very important role in modern scientific knowledge, men in patriarchal values dominate the whole thing. And I could get those values to and build the agency of women if I may say to bring that. That would be my small take on the issue. Thank you. Thanks so much. Okay, thank you. For me to have more visibility for offer trees in our food system to perform a food system. I think before it's important to have trees. Because in our case, we are in silent country and trees are not really think we have. It's not the most thing we have. So it's important to have trees. To have these trees for us is the first thing we have to do to, we, I think it's important to train our productors, our productors to combine trees and agricultural production. So it's the first thing. And to a to convince a productors to plant or to protect trees. It's a very, very important to present them. So economic a valorization and after a show and after environmental things or or worse, because now, productors need to have food, but they need money. So the first thing we have to present or to promote it is the economical valorization of trees. So it's a, the research or other person can have can help us to promote what we can have after trees, we can use them after in a in foods. Second thing I can explain it's we, we have to make advocacy advocacy about the politicals to put more, more finance, more money to promote our agroforestry in our countries, and to, to make this advocacy. I think it's important for us to product evidence, this evidence it is about the economical and nutritional and apart support of trees. This is what I think, because if we, we have evidence to present a to politicals. And they can say yes this is interesting now to put more money in this way, because our population can have more money and can have more food, a better food for the consumers, I think we can save them, you are eating badly. What you eat is not good, it is bad, and to, and how to subsidize them to eat better. Thank you. Thank you so much. And I gave some really great examples of at least in Brazil, how some tree products can bring those income benefits. There are things to be learned from the work that's being done in the Amazon for Burkina Faso I know they're completely different landscapes but I think it's really interesting to have some of this cross federalization. Thank you. Do you want to take a shot at that, at that question. Yes. First of all, I think that's something that was really successful, and we had great impact was to incentive the, the, the local production, focusing on local markets, because we know and we love our food, and we have to be able to assess this food. But we go to the supermarket, and we will find a very reduced amount of disponibility of food, right. And mostly from agriculture systems. So, this public policy that I would like to introduce you a little bit better that was related to the public, the governmental purchase. So, we have public schools all over Brazil. So, if the if the so, according to the law, every city municipality has to buy at least 30% of the food school from the local agriculture, family agriculture. So, family agricultures, they produce local products. And in the Amazon, especially, they produce food tree from the forest. So this was very, this was, and this is very important nowadays to format. As I said, to generate income to diversify the, the, the food systems, and the most important and beautiful to protect the Amazon, because if the people have the opportunity to produce from the forest, they will not convert the forest in agriculture. So, to develop this market, and we are not looking at international market Brazil, it's a huge country, we have a huge population with power to consume. So, I think this is one very successful policy. Another policy was the social biodiversity plan that started to, to really to focus on raising information about this production chain that were invisible. When we say that that is our federal law that states that 41 products are able to be in the to be bought by the the by any public institution, and I'm not saying only schools, schools, hospitals, even the prisons with that we have a huge population that must be feed every day. So if at least 30% of the food that are served daily to in this public site sites are bought by are bought from the local families, agriculture families, these means a huge market for them, and these means a huge incentive for the diversification of the production. Of course, we have other strategies also to promote open markets, where to promote organics and agroforestry and agroecological certification. Of course, the private sector has a big role. Nowadays, a lot has been saying and talking about the environmental, environmental sustainability and government. The private sector assuming a compromises with the food security production chains, and this means a better relationship with with the surrounding producers and a better a better image to the to the consumers and local consumers and international consumers. So, in the case of a site, for instance, as I said, someone asked me, if the a site production chain was pooled by the government or the private sector, it was pooled by the private sector. But now, the government comes with a whole a pool also of public policies to organize this production chain. And as I said, I hope that yes I can be one flag species for 1000 of other species that we have here. When you put the assay in the in the national market and in the national market, we hope that consumers can be more sensible or sensitive that to other Amazonian products. Well, I will, I will stop here. I think that this is my contribution for now, but I just would like to, to say to everyone that's watching us now that from we have a lot of other delicious fruits in the Amazon that are completely unknown, even for Brazilians from other regions, and especially for the international audience. Thanks so much, I know there's so much to say. And I've learned so much actually just in this in the short period from all of you, and all of the different experiences and lenses for looking at these questions. So, we put together some key messages. Vito, could you share the screen. And so, this is just like the snappy short, short inversion. So, some of the key messages that the panelists offered before the talks that come through the talks. The first is that there are game changing solutions that are already exist so I think both Terry and Frank made that point. We don't necessarily need sophisticated new technologies to produce healthy food sustainably using agro ecological principles, including the integration of trees for food and for services is an existing game changing solution that humans including indigenous communities have used for thousands of years and that we can build upon. We're hoping that people can see, especially the summit these are messages that we'd like to bring back to the summit. So foods, not only provide us with healthy nutritious foods that are in short supply and current diets particularly fruits and nuts, but they also bring ecological benefits so why are we not investing more in these nature based solutions. So we, we advocate for recognizing trees as a nature based solution for healthy diets and the planet. And as Alan was saying in his in his comment, the sectors agriculture environment, food security nutrition health and climate. All of those sectors and policies are not integrated in most places. This is the last opportunity for optimizing the contributions that trees but also that agriculture can make for healthy diets. So we need to have more multi sectoral collaboration and joint policy development. And then, as, as Anna was saying in her talk, diversity in food trees species is associated with socio cultural diversity, and is important directly for food security so both Anna and Frank gave examples of communities. In both cases they happen to be indigenous communities with diverse food systems and diverse diets and healthier diets. In some cases than the national average. And then finally didn't make it to the slide or Lisa, I don't see it but the last point is a very simple one but a very important one, and maybe the easiest hook at all. The majority of fruits grow on trees, and we all know that we need to eat more fruit everywhere, almost every country I think except for three in the world, people don't eat enough fruit. So there you have it. Thanks so much apologies for going over. Thank you all to all of the panelists for very inspiring and interesting talks and thank you to all of the participants who asked wonderful questions. And if you don't didn't feel like your questions were answered. Please send me the organizers the questions and we'll get you answers from our panelists. So thanks again. Have a wonderful night or afternoon or morning wherever you are. Hi. Yes, Amy. You should get them to the secretariat. Very strong and aggressive way. Yes, I'll share I'll share with all of the panelists the the write up. And I think Terry also added one that didn't get make it to the slide and I'll make sure that everybody endorses it and then we will send it to the organizers. So thanks. Thanks again everybody. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you veto Susan Gibson. Thanks for all of the support. Hi. So how about the questions that are in the shot we still can answer. Yes, we can still answer them. Well, yes, we'll put them out.


Live from the BuildGram Auditorium in San Francisco, it's theCUBE, covering Pure Storage Accelerate 2018. Brought to you by Pure Storage. Welcome to theCUBE. We are live at Pure Storage Accelerate 2018. I'm Lisa Martin, also known as Prince for today, with Dave Vellante. We're at the BuildGram Civic Auditorium, really cool, unique venue. Dave, you've been following Pure for a long time. Today's May 23rd, they just announced FY19 Q1 earnings a couple days ago. Revenue up 40% year over year. Added 300 new customers this last quarter, including the Department of Energy, Page AI, bringing their customer tally now up to about 4,800. Just came from the keynote. What are some of the things that you've observed over the last few years of following Pure that excite you about today? Well, Lisa, Pure has always been a company that has tried to differentiate itself from the pack. Largely being EMC at the time. And what Pure talked about today, Matt Kicksmuller talked about, that in 2009, if you go back there, Fusion I.O. was all the rage. And they were going after the tip of the pyramid. And everybody saw Flash, as he said, in his words, as the tip of the pyramid. Now, of course, back then, David Floyer in 2008 called that Flash was going to change the world, that it was going to dominate. He forecast that Flash was going to be cheaper than disk over the long term. And that is playing out in many market segments. So he was one of the few that didn't fall into that trap. But the point is that Pure has always said, we're going to make Flash cheaper then, or as cheap as spinning disk. And we're going to drive performance. And we're going to differentiate from the market. And we're going to be first. And you heard that today with this company. This company has accelerated to a billion dollars. The first company to hit a billion dollars since NetApp. Eight years ago, I questioned if any company would do that. If you look at the companies that exited the storage market, that entered and exited the storage market that supposedly hit escape velocity, 10 years ago it was three par hit 250 million, I salon, data domain, compelling. These companies sold for between one and two and a half billion. None of them hit a billion dollars. Pure is the first to do that. Nutanix, which is really not a storage company. They're hyper converged infrastructure. They got networking and compute sort of hit a billion. But Pure is the first pure play, no pun intended storage company to do that. They've got a five billion dollar valuation. They're growing, as you said, at 40% a year. They just announced their earnings, they beat. But the street reacted poorly because it interpreted their guidance as lower. Now Pure will say that we know we raised our guidance but they're lowering the guidance in terms of growth rates. So that freaks the street out. I personally think it's pure conservativism. And I think that they'll continue to beat those expectations. So the stock's going to take a hit. They'll say, okay, if you want to guide lower growth, you're going to take the hit. And I think that's smart play by Pure because if and when they beat, they'll get that updraft. But so that's what you saw today. They're finally free cash flow positive. They get about a billion dollars in cash on the balance sheet. Now half a billion of that was from a convertible note they just did. So it's really not coming from a ton of free cash flow. But they've hit that milestone. Now the last point I want to make, Lisa, and we talked about this is pure storage at growing at 40% a year. It's like Amazon can grow, even though they make a small profit, the stock price keeps going up. Pure has experienced that. You've certainly seen that with companies like Workday. It's certainly Salesforce in its ascendancy, ServiceNow in its ascendancy. These companies are all about growth. The street is rewarding growth. Very hard for a company like IBM or HPE or EMC when it was public, when they're not growing to actually have this stock price continue to rise, even though they're throwing off way more cash than a company like Pure. Also today we saw for the first time the new CEO. It's been Charlie Giancarlo, been the CEO since August of 2017, sort of did a little introduction to himself. And they talked about going all in on shared accelerated storage, this category that Gartner's created. Big, big focus there. Yeah, so as interesting, when I look at so-called shared accelerated storage, it's 2018, Gartner finally came up with a new category. Again, I got to give credit to the Wikibon guys. I think David Floyer in 2009 created a category. He called it server sand. You know, no offense, David, but I think maybe shared accelerated storage a better name. Maybe Gartner has better VP of naming than they do at Wikibon. But he forecast this notion of server sand, which really it's not Das, it's not sand. It's this new class of accelerated storage that's flash-based, that's NVME-based, eliminates the horrible storage stack. It's exactly what Pure was talking about. Again, Floyer forecast that in 2009, and if you look at the charts that he produced back then, it just, it looks like you see the market like this going zoom, the existing market, and the new market just exploding. So Pure I think is right on. They're targeting that wide market. Now what they announced today is this notion of their flash array for all workloads, bringing NVME to virtually their entire portfolio. So they're aiming their platform at the big market. Remember, Pure's ascendancy to a billion really came at the expense of EMC's VMAX and VNX business. They aimed at that and they hit it hard. They positioned flash relative to EMC's either spinning disk or flash-based systems as better, easier, cheaper, et cetera, et cetera, and they won that battle, even though they were small. I mean, Pure's a billion EMC at the time was 23, 24 billion, but they gained share very rapidly when you see the numbers. So what they're doing is basically staking a claim, Lisa, saying we can point our platform at the entire 30, 40, 50 billion dollar storage time and their intention, and we're going to ask Charlie Giancano and company, their aspiration is to really continue to gain share in that marketplace and grow significantly faster than the overall market. So they also talked about the data-centric architecture today and gave some great examples of customers. I love the Domino's Pizza example that they talked about. I think it was here last year and how they're actually using AI at Domino's to analyze the phone calls, using this AI engine to identify accurate order information and get you your pizza as quickly as you want. So not only do we have pizza, but we were showered with confetti. Lot of momentum there. What are, what is your opinion of Pure and what they're doing to enable companies to utilize and maximize AI-based applications with this data-centric architecture? So Pure started in the, what's called block storage, really going after the high volume transaction, OLTP business. In the early days of Pure, you'd see them at Oracle Open World. That's where the high volume transactions are taking place. They were the first really, by my recollection, to do file-based flash storage. Back in the day, you would buy EMC for a block, you'd buy NetApp for file. What Pure did is said, okay, let's go after the biggest market player, EMC. We'll gain share there in block, and then now let's go after NetApp's base and file. They were again the first to do that. And now they're extending that to AI. Now AI is a small but growing market, so they want to be the infrastructure for artificial intelligence and machine intelligence. They've struck a partnership with NVIDIA, they're using the example of Domino's. It's clearly not a majority of their business today, but they're doing some clever things in marketing, getting ahead of the game. This is Pure's game. Be first, get out in the lead, market it hard, and then let everybody else look like they're following, which essentially they are, and then claim leadership position. So they are able to punch above their weight class by doing that, and that's what you're seeing with the Domino's example. You think they're setting the bar? Do I think they're setting the bar? Yeah, in many respects they are, because they are forcing these larger incumbents to respond and react, because they're in virtually all accounts now. You know, the IT practitioners, they look at the Gartner Magic Quadrant, who's in the upper right, I got to call them in for the RFP. They get a seat at that table. I would say, you know, it was interesting hearing Charlie speak today and the rest of the executives.  They love storage. You know, it kind of reminds me of the early days of EMC, they are into this stuff. Their messaging is really toward that storage practitioner, that administrator, you know, they're below the line, but those are the guys that are actually making the decisions and affecting transactions. They're touching above the line with AI messages and data growth and things like that, but it's really not a hardcore CIO, CFO, CEO message yet. I think that will come later. They see a big enough market selling to those IT practitioners, so I think they are setting the bar in that IT space. I do. One of the things I thought that they did well is kind of position the power of data. You know, people talk about data as fuel. Data is really a business catalyst that needs to be analyzed across multiple areas of a business simultaneously to really be able to extract value. They talked about the Gold Rush OG of 1849 and now kind of in this new Gold Rush, enabling IT with the tools. And interestingly, they also talked about a survey that they did with the C-suite who really believed that analyzing data is going to be key to driving businesses forward, identifying new business models, new products, new services. Conversely, IT concerned, do we have the right tools to actually be able to evaluate all of these data to extract the value from it? Because if you can't extract the value from the data, it's not useful. Yeah, and I think, again, I mean, Pure are great marketing and a lot of what they're doing, it's technology, it's off the shelf technology, it's open source components, so what's their differentiation? Their differentiation is clearly their software. Pure has done a great job of simplifying the experience for the customer. No question, much in the same way that 3PAR did 10 or 15 years ago, they've clearly set the bar on simplicity. So check. The other piece that they've done really well is marketing and marketing is how companies differentiate today. There's no question about it that they've done a great job of that. Now, having said that, I don't think, Lisa, that storage, I think storage is going to be table stakes for AI. Storage infrastructure for AI is going to have to be there and they talked about the gold rush of 1849, the guys who made all the money were the guys with the picks and the axes and the shovels supplying them and that's really what Pure Storage is. They're a infrastructure company, they're providing the pickaxes and the shovels and the basic tools to build on top of that AI infrastructure. But the real challenges of AI are where do I apply it? How do I infuse it into applications? How do I get ROI in that? How do I actually have a data model where I can apply machine intelligence and how do I get the skill sets applied to that data? So is Pure playing a fundamental catalyst to that? Yes, in the sense that I need good, fast, reliable, simple to use storage so that I don't have to waste a bunch of time provisioning lones and doing all kinds of heavy lifting that's not differentiated, not differentiated, but I do see that as table stakes in the AI game, but that's the game that Pure has to play. They are an infrastructure company, they're not shy about it and it's a great business for them because it's a huge market where they're gaining share. Partners are also key for them. There's a global partner summit going on. We're going to be speaking, you mentioned NVIDIA. We're going to be talking with them. They also announced the Airy Mini today. I got to get a look at that box. It looks pretty blinged out. So we're going to be having conversations with partners from NVIDIA, from Cisco as well and they have a really diverse customer base. We've got Mercedes, AMG, Paternas, Motorsport, Formula One, we've got UCLA on the CIO of UCLA Medicine. So that diversity is really interesting to see how data is being, value rather from data is being extracted and applied to solve so many different challenges, whether it's getting a race car around a track of 200 kilometers an hour to being able to extract value out of data to advance healthcare. They talked about Page AI, a new customer that they added in Q1 of FY19 who is able to take analog cancer pathology looking at slides and digitize that to advance cancer research. So a really cool kind of variety of use cases we're going to see on the show today. Yeah, I think, so a couple thoughts there. One is, again, I keep coming back to Pure's marketing. When you talk to customers, they cite, as I said before, the simplicity. Pure's also done a really clever thing and not a trivial thing with regard to their Evergreen model. So what that means is you can add capacity and upgrade your software and move to the next generation non-disruptively. Why is this a big deal? For decades, you would have to actually shut down the storage array, have planned downtime to do an upgrade. It was a disaster for the business. Oftentimes it turned into a disaster because you couldn't really test or if you didn't test properly and then you tried to go live, you would actually lose application availability or worse, you'd lose data. So Pure solved that problem with its Evergreen model and its software capability. So it's simplicity, the Evergreen model. Now the reality is, typically you don't have to bring in new controllers but you probably should to upgrade the power. So there are some nuances there if you're mixing and matching different types of devices in terms of protocols. There's not really tiering. So there's some nuances there but again, it's both great marketing and it simplifies the customer experience to know that I can go back to serial number 0001 and actually have an Evergreen upgrade is very compelling for customers. And again, Pure was one of the first, if not the first to put that stake in the ground. I know, here's how I know it's working because their competitors all complain about it. When the competitors are complaining, wow, Pure storage, they're just doing X, Y and Z and we can do that too. And it's like, hey, look at me, look at me. I do that too. And Pure tends to get out in front so that they can point and say, that's everybody following us, we're the leader and that resonates with customers. It does in fact, before we wrap things up here, a lot of the customer use cases, as I read in prepping for the show, all talked about the simplicity, how it simplified the portability, the Evergreen model to make things much easier to eliminate downtime so that the business can keep running as expected. So we have a variety of use cases, a variety of puritans on the program today as well as partners who are going to be probably articulating that value. You know, and I really didn't address the partner issue. Again, having a platform that's API friendly, that's simple, makes it easier to bring in partners to integrate into new environments. We heard today about integration with Red Hat. I think they took Airy. I think Cisco's a part of that partnership. Obviously the NVIDIA stuff, which was kind of rushed together at the last minute and got it in before the big NVIDIA customer show. But they, again, they were the first, really made competitors mad. Oh, we can do that too. This is no big deal. Well, it is a big deal from the standpoint of pure. It was first, right? There's value in being first from a standpoint of brand and mind share. And if it's easier for you to integrate with partners like Cisco and other go-to-market partners like the backup guys you see, you know, Cohesity and Veeam and guys like CataLogic are here. If it's easier to integrate, you're going to have more integration partners and the go-to-market is going to be more facile. And that's where a lot of the friction is today, especially in the channel. The last thing I'll end with is we got a reign of confetti on us during the main general session today. The culture of pure is one that is pervasive. You feel it when you walk into a pure event. The pure tens are very proud of what they've done, of how they're enabling so many, 4,800 plus customers globally to really transform their businesses. And that's one of the things that I think is cool about this event is not just the plethora of orange everywhere, but the value and the pride and the value of what they're delivering to their customers. Yeah, you're right. It is orange everywhere. They're fun. It's a fun company. And as I say, they're alpha geeks when it comes to storage. And they love to be first. They're in your face. You know, the confetti came down in a big firecracker boom when they announced that NVME was going to be available across the board for zero incremental cost. Normally you would expect it to be a 15 to 20% premium. Again, a first that pure storage is laying down the gauntlet. They're setting the bar and saying, hey guys, we're going to quote unquote give this value away. You're going to have to respond. Everybody will respond. Again, this is great marketing by pure because they're going to do it and everybody's going to follow suit and they're going to say, see, we were first. Everybody's following. We're the leader. Buy from us. Very smart. There's that buy. Another first is, this is the first time I've actually been given an outfit to wear by a vendor. I'm the symbol of Prince today. I won't reveal who you are underneath that, Superman. Okay. Exterior. Stick around, you won't want to miss a reveal of the concert tee that Dave is wearing. Very apropos, of course, for a Bill Graham auditorium. Exactly, exactly. We both said it was very hard to choose, which we got a list to pick from and it was very hard to choose, but I'm happy to represent Prince today. So stick around. Dave and I are going to be here all day talking with Puritans from Charlie Jean Carlo, David Hatfield. We've also got partners from Cisco, from NVIDIA, and a whole bunch of great customer stories. We're going to be right back with our first guest from the Mercedes-AMG Pertunas Motorsport F1 team. I'm Lisa Prince-Martin. Dave Vellante will be here all day. Pure storage, accelerate.


Hello everyone, welcome to rural water resource management week 12 lecture 5. In this week, we have been looking at the data that is needed for rural water resource management. We have looked at multiple data sets ranging from hydro-metrological data like rainfall and then location of the recharge structures and also some other data on government plants, crop type area, groundwater, everything we have been seeing. Now what do we do with so much information? We need to process it into some kind of an algorithm so that we know what is the water available in the rural areas and what can be done about it. The one issue we have here is that the model that we developed using the budget, water budget equation may not hold always good. Why? Because the water budget is in one time stamp. For example, you write your storage is equal to precipitation minus soil moisture minus groundwater discharge, etc. That is for one time stamp. But there is a need to automate it so that you have a longer time series of what is happening and where the water is going. Because just one time stamp won't be enough to do a successful management scenario. In that respect, there is a need for a model that can capture these changes and then automate it behind in the model software per day or per time stamp. So it collects the data, it evolves from one time stamp to another time stamp normally it's a day so from one day to the next day and then it predicts or gives the output. Let's take what we have done so far. So data correction to water assessment. This is what we are aiming to do. We have collected a lot of data. Now we need to focus on the water assessment part. How do you do that? Data has been collected from different portals. As I said, we use WRIs, we use remote sensing, ISRO, Buvan. We have seen data from reports, both NGO and public reports and government reports. In fact, there is some data from World Bank and other agencies also that can be put in. This data has to be converted to information. So that is the lab. How do you convert numbers and values into information? Which is how do you get information from these kind of data? There is a conversion process involved because just numbers doesn't make anything. Only when it becomes an information, it becomes useful for the policy makers, stakeholders and general public. Let's take the first example of water mass balance budget approach. We use the water balance. However, as I said, when you don't automate it into information, it does have no value.  How is that storage changing? The change is very important and how is that storage reacting to a good rainfall, to a good management scenario in the village is important. So most of the water balance approaches that we saw were Excel based. As I said, it doesn't fit into a larger scale or a larger type series. So there is a need for hydrological models and these hydrological models use the same data that you input in the excel sheet or the water budget. Here, what happens is there is more sophisticated ways of integrating this data into information. Hydrological models can be complex and simple. So I'm just going to go through some definitions of a hydrological model. So it is basically what type of water balance does it use? What type of equations does it use? Is it a physically based model, which means it is driven by physics in terms of mass, energy conservation, momentum and your water coming in going out, those kind of analogies. Whereas your empirical models are models where it is based on statistical approach. For example, every year we have rainfall in June in Maharashtra. So that we don't need a model to tell that the climate circulation is happening, so you will get rainfall in June. This is based on statistics. The 100 years rainfall says you get rainfall in June and you do get rainfall in June. So based on these kind of methods of how the model is, at the end of the day you want an information about the rainfall, how the rainfall converts into storage. So this, if it comes quickly through your empirical models, then you don't need a very complex physical driven model. So it is based on your need and your location and data, what type of model you want. So hydrological models can be both complex and simple based on the equations they use, based on the data they use. And one such kind of semi-complex model I would say is SWAT, the Soil Water Assessment Tool, which has been widely used globally. Every country has been using this model for their government reports and also in Indian applications there are a lot of references to this SWAT model. In fact, the ministries of water and other agencies do use modeling tools and SWAT occupies a very dominant position in most agencies. Now, what SWAT differs from other models is, first it is open source. So you don't need to pay a lot of money to use it and learn it. There is no need of a special capacity built for SWAT because there are a lot of learners in the world and there is an explicit forum where you could go and put a question and people will answer to it. So all these resources are available at SWAT.tmau.edu. It is from Texas A&M University in the US. So there is a model which has been supported widely in an academic development. So which means it will be very strong because they do evolve in academic institutions. The other aspect about SWAT it is a kind of a semi-lump model which means you take the area of interest and the SWAT model would break it into smaller components. For example, if you take a sub-basin or a basin, it will break it into HRUs, hydrological response units. And within the hydrological response unit, the water balance equation holds the same. For example, when you have a different geology or a land cover, the hydrological balance would change. The infiltration rate will come down, the percolation would be different, storage would be different, etc. But that requires a very complex, more complex model. And sometimes that high level of accuracy is not necessary. So what you would do is you would use somewhere in the middle a model which can be free open source to learn and also has a high level of complexity thereby letting you understand the physically driven processes. So it is a physical driven model and it has different routing mechanisms for water hydrology and etc. And it has its own limitations when it comes to data and groundwater, etc. It's not a groundwater model. So it just does infiltration. What happens after the infiltration, it doesn't care. It just goes down or goes as base flow. It doesn't put it very accurately. The other part I would like to tell is that there is also an active forum and developers conference happening for SWAT. Those who are interested can check the website and learn it through these models and exercises. So the entire course what I said is you have an Excel where you could put all these data that you collected and then estimate your net storage or change. And that could be cumbersome that it's not real time updating, etc. Whereas your models can be run on real time and also it can quickly convert the data into an information and give decisions. In addition SWAT has all the data you need to at least set up a model for Indian situation. All the data is kept at SWAT TMAU under the data tab for India. So just for India they have a very good data source including your climate data, which is your rainfall, temperature, wind speed, etc. And your land use land cover data, etc. As I was saying, there is this model is a very sophisticated model in terms of it means a lot of data. And sometimes if we don't give the data it will have the default assumptions and those assumptions might kind of pull down your result. So please understand that it is also good to have a sophisticated model but you need to give a lot of data rather than that you can have a simple model with less data. So all this depends on your location and the availability of data. So now I've showed you where to collect data but sometimes you also need more data for your models like SWAT for which you can get from government agencies. In those times you just put it as an assumption in the model. Let's see how the model is set up. As I said you do have all your data on your left hand side which is collected and kept in separate folders or data bins and then that is mixed into the SWAT database. So for example you have your input data from your DEM which is your digital elevation model basically the elevation of the land and that data can be taken as a remote sensing data as a raster as an image and that can go into the SWAT framework which is here. Then you have your hydrography of the river discharge which we already gave from WRIS and the river networks if you have you can use it. The land use land cover can be taken from Boone website I have mentioned or your own site you could go and collect data for your region and then put it in as a good colorful map. Then you have your soil database and weather stations. The soil is very tricky system because not all high level soil maps are available. However the course resolution is there in the FAO database and in the SWAT database that you could use. You could also take it from Boone which has a kind of a similar scale soil database. Throughout the world people normally use the FAO harmonic harmonized soil database which has a combination of data to make these soil databases. Then you have the weather stations the location XY of the weather station and the parameters like temperature rate for humidity wind speed there's a lot of data on these hydrological parameters weather stations that is needed have a long time series. SWAT is a minimum time step of daily and then it can do monthly annual etc. So you cannot capture the sub-daily events for example you have a flood and the flood happens only in one or two hours you cannot capture that in SWAT it can be accumulated as a per day rainfall and then per day flood not as a sub-daily level so that is the only time scale issue that the SWAT has otherwise it has been widely used in many countries. So then we have the other processes that run in the SWAT which actually as I said it takes the watershed boundary it defines the boundary so we had a class where we made sure we drew the watershed boundary here in this model setup it will do it for you it will just do the watershed boundary based on the elevation data you gave and also based on the outlet point you are interested in. Next it goes to the definition of the sub-basings of the small units which is called HRU and then the weather data is actually mixed to it and then the databases are used calibrations are run the models rerun after validation and calibration and at at last you get the output tables and charts. So the output tables come as a chart as I said in Excel format down you could see it but then you need to convert it into maps and other information visuals on a GIS platform or a very sophisticated mapping platform. So I'm going to show you some results and tell you how walk you through how this helps in accumulating data and then rural development for water. So the first thing I would like to show you is a study in the Kalikandaki Basin in Nepal where you see the land use land cover has been made at a very high resolution this is your satellite data ground data which has been useful for the mapping and that is an input data. Now then the sub-basings are being created the HRUs are being created by the SWAT model you don't have to give these boundaries it will make it based on the elevations and where the stream emerges or starts and then where it joins the other stream. So you could see here all the small sub-basings will have a small small river network coming and so which means that each one is on by its own a basin but when it is in a bigger framework it becomes a sub-basin in a bigger frame. So all these sub-basings will have to drain and then bring the water down to the outlet point which is in the south the north the water comes the streams start to emerge and then the time of concentration rainfall moving into runoff and then comes down as discharge. So again if you could see that each one sub-basin you do an excel water balance equation but can you do that for every you know location is the question which is not possible so you cannot do one equation here one equation here one equation here on excel or a table and then give the output. So for that you need a sophisticated model like SWAT. So what it does is SWAT would take this water this sub-basin and then rainfall is occurring it converts it to runoff and puts it into the river stream network you could see here. Now this stream number two basin did not have any other sub-basin giving water into it okay so the the issues are very less it's a very straightforward no q in no g in it just does the model but now two would lead into number seven correct so number two let's take 45 because it's bigger to see. So 45 doesn't have any other water coming into the sub-basin however whatever water is created into the streams pushing to the streams at sub-basin 45 is going to go to 49 and then 49 goes to 50 and then it goes on and on so this cannot be captured on a hand or an excel model you need a very sophisticated model that captures weights for that river to come understands at time zero where the water is located and time 21 how much water is moving across the basin so with this kind of understanding and analogy at the end you get a sub-basin water yield map okay so water yield is the net water that comes out of these locations so sub-basins annually or monthly however you have done it as I said it comes as a daily time step now the daily time step is converted to monthly or annual based on you in the tables and charts that the output gives okay so this is very similar to any other model what I'm trying to say here is you need a model to do these exercises and the model outputs would vary depending on the model but you could use the output to get more information based on your research questions look at this example you could see that even though rainfall happens across this sub-basin and the whole area some areas get more yield and that could be because of less groundwater recharge more water coming in or more flashy floods suppose rainfall is the same across the basin then why is the these sub-basins 55 number 55 66 getting more water yield and that could be because of the slopey nature or less water extraction less water losses no ET less ET or groundwater recharge so you see how we could make these connections come through the other connections that come through is these smaller basins would yield to a larger basin because the water comes in when you are here there is no water from the outer basin coming inside because it is a locked system a watershed boundary is already there but within the watershed you have sub-basins contributing between each other and that helps in increasing the water yield in the downstream locations let's look so now we have done the basic baseline baseline scenario how much water is there and how it's distributed across the sub-basins now once you know one baseline year you can run scenarios okay so that is the beauty of models once you set up a model to capture the current scenario you can use the same model to add different scenarios and visions but one scenario is for sure the climate change if I know five years later this is the rainfall I'm going to get I can put that rainfall in the model today and understand how the yield will be distributed and also the land use land cover so let's take one example like that before we close this class we have for example the Koshy basin which I've been telling that it's a trans boundary basin which starts somewhere in Tibet China flows through Nepal and then comes down to India and feeds into the Ganges basin Koshy is one of the biggest contributors of water to the Ganges basin and you could see here that the land use land cover is forest grasslands on the northern part with some snow and ice the Himalayan range and then down it's lot of agriculture which is the Indian side uh slopey land is less more fertile plains are there the Halloween has been deposited and this plane gets more agricultural activities so what has we have done is once you set up the baseline model we were able to look at the annual average annual water demand so once the water yield is put now I could put the different demands that is inside the basin so one could be agricultural demand domestic demand industrial demand etc so once you put that demand you could actually visualize where the whole activities are happening for example you could look at the first image and go back to the first image again you see here is where agriculture is happening here is just forest and grasslands and snow so most of the ground water or rural water uptake is going to happen here or demand is going to happen here and that is well captured in this location within that location you do have some less demands and that could be because of the variations in cultivation of crops and or the variation in land holding the water for example if there's a big flow coming into these smaller locations mostly you are not going to do any agriculture inside the river only around the river you'll do right so those lands are given up saying that it's not you cannot do any agriculture but near the river there's a lot of land that is used for agricultural activities so now you could see a good understanding of these green light green represents agriculture and that also represents red in the annual water demand so now we have run the model we have taken the water yield per sub basin so now the only thing to do is you know how much water is coming you know what the water demand is are they meeting each other if they meet on each other then the unmet demand is zero which is green color zero to eight which means I do have water coming into the basin through rainfall water yield and I know there is a water demand if the demand and the water even cancel each other then it is a healthy basin you are good like in terms of water managing but that is not the case mostly it is negative which means you are using or demanding more than the actual water available please surface water so we are dealing about this as only surface water but then once the demand is high and the supply is low what do you do you look for other supplies to augment your demand for example you have a demand of petrol right so nowadays you do see that petrol is mixed with other additives to increase the volume and the demand is high and so what you do is you cannot just say people use less you'll have to match their consumption in the in the industrial sectors so for that they have given a mixture of petrol which can be used for transportation so here that is the understanding here so if I know the water yield and a lot of water is lost out of the system and I know that there is a region where there is a water demand scenario unmet demand then I could save the water and then reroute it to this region for example in this excess water in the central and the southern regions here you could and here also right so you could save that water route it back to this red zones where the unmet demand is high which means they need the water the industry is set up however the demand is not met because the water is not available so these are typically the scenarios that you could work with only if you set up the model and do these calculations and you could be creative on these calculations and explore more and more of these model intricacies because a lot of models are being developed however have they been valid on the ground is a question so you need to validate it on the ground use it well so SWAT has been multiple times used in Indian scenarios and then finally you know where to put your recharge structures check dams large dams etc so now as I said you have unmet demand downstream there's no point of stopping the water in the downstream location but upstream where the yield is high excess water is there only when there's excess you have less demand right the demand is always met so hopefully the other regions have excess water and they are storing with you through the canals because gravity is there or pump transfer which a lot of southern states have also looked at in India like which means you supply energy and then transport water one from one end to the other all these are good scenarios that can help especially the investment side of the government where they can invest and bring people in to put these systems in place and also most importantly it gives a clarity of where the water flows and how it flows for development so that it can be used for that so we are coming to the close of this waterfall NPTEL course on rural water resource management I really hope you had enjoyed this course as much as I enjoyed presenting it and I hope I have been able to sensitize you on the the rural water issues and what are the ways out so mostly we discussed about hydrological parameters what makes the rural water system and where is the data etc we looked at rural water issues why rural India is facing so much water issues and then which led to the different management scenarios both nature based and engineering based and different different scenarios where you could actually slow down the water and use it within your villages and stuff then in the last two weeks we were extensively focusing on the data for rural water assessments and as I said a lot of people have come to a stage to talk about rural water development but the data is lacking so that should not happen to you and that is where I made sure I would spend two weeks on the data collection and showing the data portals once you have the data you can establish your water budgets and since the water budgets may not be able to automate by itself or have a full vision of the watershed holistic you know linking everything into the watershed you need models and models can do that work for you all you have to do is give the data make sure the model is correctly validated and evaluated before it runs fully into the system so all these topics we checked through and in the data section we carefully picked only the major data that you need however there are other data that could be possible or could be needed based on the model you select in those kind of scenarios I would recommend you to read some papers that have used these models and where they got the data mostly they'll give the data if it is a private data collection which just means that they collected the data they use the data it might be hard to get the data but I've taught you how to use a report to cite it and then use the data indirectly and the models there are a lot of costly models there are a lot of open source models so you are free to choose whatever model you would like and work on it for sustainable rural water development and rural water resource management so I hope this course led to a better understanding because you the key is understanding these concepts understanding the water balance where the water goes why it flows in a particular way and I hope that better understanding leads to a better monitoring and management situation because a lot of these monitoring and evaluation is not available but a lot of structures have been built without knowing if they work right so there's a lot of money and stuff so it's better to understand the rural issues understand the science behind the rural water issues and then work on better management and monitoring solutions this would lead a new wave of sustainable use of water which is very much needed for the coming years because with climate change and ever-increasing population we are in great need to manage water and save as much as water you can with this note I would like to thank everyone for coming to my course I hope to see you in the future courses and hope all of you do well with the exam thank you namaste


In order to ensure the emergence of a robust, peaceful and prosperous state, journalists in Adama state have pledged to mainstream-saving quality education in the activities ahead of the 2023 general elections. The commitment was made known in YOLA during a one-day training for journalists on gender transformative education in YOLA by Education Champion Network ECN sponsored by Malala Fund. This is something that I believe in. You know, it's about education. It's something that I'm passionate about. It's something that I'm involved in. And it's something that I'd like to see improved. And I think journalists have a stake. They have a unique opportunity because it's part of what they do, you know, to raise awareness on quality and safe education, how education can be transformative in the lives of everybody and in the lives of nations. The state has made some progressive steps, if you ask me. The state, I'm sure, has a program on safe schools for students of Adama state. It has also domesticated.


Ay-ya-ya-ya. Hey guys, today I am going to show you a dish. It's a pasta dish, it's for diabetics. Now don't get me wrong, it's not a real pasta, of course. It's something called konjac pasta. And we're going to put some shrimp in there, we're going to put some veggies there, and it's going to be delicious. And my wife will do it for you. And this guy will just make noise around here, okay? All right, let's get started. This is Jackie, my lovely wife, and guess what? Look what she has prepared for you. Oh yeah, this is really good stuff, huh? All right, look at that. Okay guys, so as you see here, there's a lot of veggies, and we have shrimp, and we have parsley, and here are our noodles. Let's get started. Okay, so first I'm just going to put this on a medium-high heat. I'm going to add a little bit of olive oil here. Okay, if you're adding olive oil, not too much, not too much. And we're just going to take, I have about six cloves of garlic here, and I'm just going to shred the garlic in here. Okay, shred the garlic. I have this little tool, but if you don't have this, you can just dice it. Hey, thicken. Hi. So always saute the garlic and onions first. That's going to be the first step. If you love garlic like me, you can add more garlic or less garlic if you're not a huge garlic fan. Okay, so that's about six cloves of garlic. Browning. So the garlic is nice and brown. So I'm going to go ahead, after the garlic is browned, I'm going to go ahead and add the onion. The onion until translucent, kind of golden brown, add a little bit more olive oil. I was going to actually make an Asian stir fry tonight, but instead I chose to do this Italian style veggie pasta dish because it was more appealing to me tonight for some reason. So let's see how it turns out. Okay, so the onions are getting translucent here. We're just going to waste them to brown up a little bit more. Now one of the longer veggies, as far as cook time goes, is going to be the asparagus. So that's what I'm going to go ahead and add next. And basically I just cut them up into smaller pieces like this. Okay, so I added the asparagus. Now you don't want the asparagus overcooked. You do want some bite to it. A little bit of crunch is nice. So I'm not going to overcook the asparagus, but I am just going to saute it for a little while with the onion and the garlic. That's all I've done so far. Next, I'm going to go ahead and add these baby bella mushrooms. You can use any type of mushroom. And what's great about using like a nonstick wok pan like this is that you don't need to keep adding olive oil or butter for unnecessary calories. So this is not sponsored, but I love this wok by Catalan. So now we're just going to pretty much saute until the mushrooms are done. I'm going to go ahead and add the tomatoes so that they can go ahead and get softer in here. These are cherry tomatoes. I just have. So that is our veggie base. If you don't like a particular vegetable in this dish, you can remove it. You can change it. It's so versatile. You could pretty much use anything. And while this is going, I'm just going to go ahead and add a little bit of pepper, black pepper, a tiny bit of salt. And then you'll notice the tomatoes start to get very soft and the juices kind of come out and it makes it really great. Okay, so here I have, this is an Italian spice mix. You can make your own a very simple, some dried basil, some dried oregano. You can even add some Parmesan cheese to that. And then here I have some crushed red pepper. I had that because we like spice. So I am using a medium-high heat here. So now the shrimp. Shrimp to cook does not take very long and you don't want to overcook the shrimp because then it will become very rubbery. So I'm going to go ahead and add the shrimp at this point. I've already cleaned, peeled and deveined them. Shrimp is high in Omega 3, so it's great. It's a really good protein source. And if you wanted to even omit those noodles, you can actually just have this as a dish. And this would be really delicious. So I'm going to cook until the shrimp is no longer gray and translucent and it becomes a little bit more pink. So you want the shrimp to be a little pink on the outside and more white on the inside. So see right now it's kind of gray. And again, if you don't like shrimp or seafood or if you can't eat shrimp for religious reasons or anything like that, you can always swap that out for chicken breast. That would be great in here. I'm going to turn up the heat a little bit. Meanwhile, So here the shrimp is done. You see how it looks now? There's no gray, nice and pink, still kind of firm, but it's soft. So what I'm going to do is now add the noodle. So these are the shirataki or konjac noodle. I don't know if I'm saying that correctly. There are only five calories per serving with two grams of carbs and two grams of fiber. So if you deduct the fiber, they're virtually carb free. So I'm just going to kind of toss that around for a minute. Now to increase the flavor of this dish, I am going to add some, this is a sun dried tomato pesto. You can make this very easily. It's olive oil, sun dried tomato, basil, and a little bit of cheese. I'm going to go ahead and add that. That's about two tablespoons right there. And I'm going to add just a dash of balsamic glaze just to give it some acidity. So these konjac noodles, I think they don't need to be cooked. It's already cooked. So some require you to pre-boil them. This particular brand does not require you to pre-boil them. So basically, all you do is you have to rinse them. So the water that they do come in, you need to open the package and just rinse them and drain them very well. I'm adding it last minute, the parsley, so it gives it a nice fresh taste. You don't really want to cook the parsley. You want it to have that nice, crisp, fresh, parsley taste. Okay, that's it. Oh yeah, that looks delicious. I am ready to eat. Are you guys, if you liked this recipe, please give it a thumbs up and share it with family and friends. Enjoy! All right, thank you for watching and I want you to be more informed and more educated. So to do that, go ahead and watch this next video right here.


Hello, I am Samiero and I am here with Alice Crick. In this video we are going to explain you the new feedback tool that we have implemented at translate.wordpress.org. Why do we develop this tool? This tool was developed because we need to give feedback between the translators and the validators, the GTEs, the PTEs and the CLPTEs. For example, one translator is validating some strings and the translator is not correct. The GTE, for example, can send some feedback to the translator and the translator can improve the translation and get the credit for this work. Okay, so first we are going to explain that you have to obtain to receive the notifications. So you have to go, you need to go to translate.wordpress.org slash settings. And in the button checkbox you have to activate the I want to receive notifications on discussions and then click on the Save Settings button. Okay, now you are going to receive notifications related with the strings you have suggested when translated. And if you are GTE, PTE or CLPTE, then you are going to receive notifications related with the discussions in these strings. Okay, so now that you know that you have to obtain to receive notifications, we are going to explain the single feedback tool. This tool was developed mainly for the validators, for the GTEs, PTEs and CLPTEs. And it makes sense when they are reviewing a suggested translation for a translator. And they can approve, reject or mark as fuzzy a suggested translation. Okay, so we are going to explain how to do this in a suggested translation. If you have a link with a gif feedback element, then you can click there as a validator. And if now if you click on the reject button, the suggested translation is going to be rejected as usual. But now you can click in six items, the style guide, the branding element, the punctuation, grammar, glossary or typo. And these optional types are made to classify the different types of problems that you have done when you are translating. And the validator can add some optional comments. When you have clicked one element or when you have made some comments, you will see that the reject button changes. And now you can see the request changes button. Okay, once you click on this button, you will see that this translation gets a new status, the change requested status. It's not rejected. And now the string is in this new status. The translator will receive a new email saying that the validator has reviewed this string. And you have to make some updates or changes to get this string approved. Okay, you can see that you can filter these new status in the main filter. And when you see the rows in the table, you will see a new color, the blue color, related with the change requested status. Okay, the second item we are going to show is the bulk feedback. This is related with when a validator wants to reject a set of a few strings. So they select using the checkbox in the left column and then select the reject element and click on the apply button. When the validator clicks on this button, she's going to see a new pop-up element with the same items that you see in the Seagal Rejection. And this workflow is the same that we see in the previous element. When you click on one checkbox or when you add some comment in the text area, the reject button is going to change to request button. Request change button. So the workflow will be the same. If you only click in the reject button, this translation is going to be discard. But if you add some feedback and you click on this request changes button, all these strings will be in this new status, in the change requested status. And the translator will receive only a new email with all these strings. Okay, all this information will be shown in the discussion page. Here you can access to this discussion page. In one row you will see a hamburger icon. You can click on this hamburger icon and then you will see a discussion link or a row image to open this discussion link in a new tab. Okay, what you can see in this new discussion page, you can see a filter to filter all the discussions. The discussion is only for your language or the discussion involving a reactant feedback. In each discussion you will see the comment if the validator has made a comment. And the comment reasons if the validator has checked some checkboxes. Okay, at the right you will see a reply button where you can reply to this comment. And you can make a thread, something like this, something like you can see in a forum. Okay, in the same discussion page you can see the translation history. So you can see all the history for this string in this language. And in the third tab you will see the current translation in other languages. For example, in this situation, in this link from site original string, it only has been translated to three languages. Okay, at the bottom all the users of the translation environment can start a new discussion. Why a translator or a critic wants to start a new discussion. We have different motivations. The first is to notify the developer of the plugin theme or the core element that she has found a typo in the source code. So the developer will receive these notifications to improve the original string. Another request is to send a notification, start a discussion, to send a notification to the developer, requesting more contests. Because a lot of translations, originals, doesn't have enough information in the contest. For example, sometimes in the English word, it's the same for the better and for the known, but in some languages the translation is different if the original is unknown or it's a better. And in the third element is to notify to a GTPT or CLPT and to a CPLPT around a question related with this translation in this local. For example, in this form we will send a notification to the GTPTs requesting some explanation around the translation for this original. And you can see at the bottom two links to opt-in or opt-out for the current discussion or for the global notifications. Okay, this will be the new, the main functionality we have implemented in the feedback tool. Okay. Cool, so let's look at the local screen of Translator wordpress.org. So when you are on the language page, you can go into a specific language and then arrive on the translation. Teams page eventually, where you can see the local managers that would be notified if you, for example, submitted a comment to a string in that language. So here you can see a discussion page and the comments that happened on that page. So if I click on the reply button, you can comment here. We also wanted to talk about the reject reasons that can appear. So for example, the glossary, it's important to know that for glossary terms, there are specific translations that you should be using. So you can see them when you hover over here. You can access the whole local glossary if you click up here. Another reject reason is the style guide. So for certain translations that have been, the community has agreed on some certain translations that they want to follow through. So style guides for those translations can be found in the translator's handbook and the glossaries and style guides per locale. And then for each language that has defined a style guide, you can click through to the style guide over there. All right. Finally, I think we wanted to show one tool for GTS to view all the comments that have been made in the language. So for that, you would go to your own locales. I'll go to German here. And here you'll find the discussions link that will take you to a dashboard that shows all the recent discussions that happened in your language. So here you can see the original for which they were made. Who was the author, etc. And if you click on the comment itself, you will arrive at this page. That this comment that was made. So in some cases you might need to intervene or add a comment as a GTE on a thread in order to clarify. This page was made so that you can find those discussions that are happening. Yeah. I think it's important to share with the community that this GTE dashboard are open to all the people. So if you get the link, you can take a look to another locale because we can make all this feedback transparent for the community. For example, if you click on the Galician locale, it's not a Galician GTE, but he can access to all the information and sharing with the Galician translators. Okay, here you can see all the feedback that I shared with the translators. All right. It's okay. I think that's enough. Okay, I'm going to stop the recording.