Welcome, everybody. Today we are going to be talking about theories of criminal behavior, which surprisingly enough, I found really interesting when I was doing the presentation. I don't know. Maybe it's because I'm an academic and I like meta concepts or something. Who knows? So what we're going to do is talk about the different theories of why people commit crime and what I want you to do throughout this presentation is really think about a couple of things. Think about your clients and exactly what it is that motivates them to do what they do. The other thing that I want to kind of put in there is the fact that if your clients are using illicit drugs, whether or not they get caught, they are still breaking the law. So they are still engaging in criminal behavior. So when we start talking about some of these theories and maybe you have Jim Bob who didn't start using until he was in his 20s or 30s or 60s or whatever, I want you to think about how well the theory fits him. So we'll go from there. The psychological theories of crime, and I use that term really loosely because I think a lot of what we're going to talk about in these different theories really overlaps. And I think a lot of these theories basically boil down to looking at different motivations. And just like when we talk about what motivates our clients to do certain things, it really is different for every single person. So deciding on a overall theory of crime is going to be more problematic. It's not like we can say if these six factors are there, then this person is going to be a criminal. We can look at a lot of different things and what makes the behavior reinforcing or rewarding for a particular person at a particular time. That being said, psychological and I'll say underpinnings of crime. Cognitive theories suggest that an individual's perception and how it's manifested affect his or her potential to commit crime. So if somebody perceives something as harmful, they're probably not going to do it. If somebody perceives something as beneficial, they're probably going to do it. Some other things that we really want to think about when we're talking about how people interpret situations and interpret things is attributions. Is it stable or changeable? Is this person or situation bad? Or is this particular instance bad? We all have bad days, but is life miserable all the time? So it's stable or changeable. Internal or external? Does it belong to the person? Is it internal to them?  And then global or specific?  For me, I do really well with language, I do really well with science, I do really well with reading, but when it comes down to math and history, not so much. So I know that when it comes to those specific topics, I'm going to have to do a little bit more work. So that's specific versus global, and this will all make a little bit more sense as we get into it. Additionally, definitions, and definitions are huge. We take these abstract concepts and we construct our own definitions of what they mean. What does success mean to you? What does success mean to your client? What does success mean to the person down the street or to your child? Success means different things to different people, but based on your micro system and to some extent your macro system, your concept, your definition of success will be shaped. One of my good definitions of success boils down to what has the biggest toy. My definition of success has very little to do with material possessions, so we butt heads on that a lot. Just, you know, we like to banter about meta concepts, I guess, but when we're talking about our clients or we're talking with our clients, it's not our job to say, well, your definition of success is wrong or, you know, what have you, but we want to encourage them to look at where did they get that definition? Why do they hold it? And, you know, what other options might there be that they might consider? The other issue while we're on psychological theories is antisocial personality. So many times I hear people saying that clients who or people who are in the criminal justice system are antisocial, and that is just so not the case. A lot of these characteristics also characterize addicts and not just addicts who are using substances that are illicit, ergo, or criminals, but people who are engaging in pornography addiction, people who have any kind of addiction, the guilt, shallow emotions, and lack of empathy. Once somebody gets into an addiction enough, they start shutting down a lot of that because they need to pursue that addiction. With the antisocial personality, as the DSM would diagnose it, this is a person who is going to just never have ever felt guilt, intense emotions, or empathy. So we want to kind of differentiate from is it right now, you know, the specific, or have they never felt this superficial charm? I know a lot of people who have very superficial charm, does that mean they're antisocial? No, above average intelligence. A lot of our clients are really quite smart, you know, if they could just use that for good, instead of self-destruction, that would be super awesome. Persistent violations of the rights of others. Again, when we start looking at addictive behaviors, the person holds that addiction as primary. So protecting that addiction is imperative at all costs, which sometimes means violating the rights of others. Not that I'm condoning, and I'm just, you know, when you're in that addictive frame of mind, people tend to make different decisions. Inability to form in a great relationship, you know, that sounds pretty classic of people with addictions, as well as people who are involved in the criminal justice system. Impulsivity. Yeah, cuts across. Risk taking. Yep, cuts across. Ego-centricity. A lot of times, yes, it's all about me and being manipulative. So you can see a lot of these characteristics, while they may be antisocial in the personality category. Remember, when we're diagnosing antisocial personality disorder, there's a lot of stuff that we've got to look at about what they were doing prior to the age of 15, and how they respond to authority, and all that kind of stuff. And so just because someone is exhibiting antisocial characteristics, doesn't necessarily mean they are antisocial. And there are a lot of people who are in jail who don't have antisocial personality. They were exhibiting those characteristics at the point in time that they got arrested. And there is a big difference. I've found it's much easier when working with someone who develops these in response to the environment, life, etc. It's much easier to help them become unmotivated or find alternate behaviors to be motivated to do instead of these. When it's been an enduring pattern of behavior, since they were knee-high to a grasshopper, it's going to be a lot more entrenched in who they are. And behavior change, whether it's antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, whatever personality disorder label you want to slap on it. If it's been entrenched since they were in diapers, then it's probably going to be a lot harder to address. But there are ways to help people start making better choices. And part of that is up to us to make the better choices more rewarding. So the last thing with psychological theories of crime is some people want to say, well, these people just have different brain chemicals and it's more rewarding. Maybe. Not everybody has a brain chemical in balance to scale right now. But dopamine is our reward chemical, or epinephrine is our fight or flight response. And serotonin impacts a whole lot of other things, including anger and aggression. So if there is a neurotransmitter imbalance, it may propose someone to making more impulsive or aggressive decisions. If they do something, when people get a crime, for a lot of them, there's a rush, if you will. They're getting away with something. It's a tension and release sort of activity. So there is going to be, guess what, a dopamine response, which makes the behavior rewarding. Not only did they get away with something and get something that they wanted, but they also had the dopamine to go, yeah, let's do that again. And that's going to be true for anybody. It's not just someone who has a neurochemical imbalance. When you take a risk, especially a high risk, and you're successful, most of the time, the body will respond with sort of this endorphin or dopamine rush. So let's move on to some of these theories. The critical theory. And I didn't come up with the names of these theories. That's just what they are. Critical theory says the elite of the society decide laws and the definition of crime. Well, I'm not necessarily going to disagree with that. Those who commit crimes disagree with the laws that were created to keep control of them. I'm not sure I agree with that. Now, some people commit crimes is not necessarily because they disagree with the laws, but because they want something that the law is preventing them from getting. And those laws are not necessarily designed just to keep control of those who commit crimes, but those laws are designed to keep control of society as a whole. Crime is a product of oppression of workers and less advantaged groups within society, i.e., those with lower socioeconomic status, and those who are victims of sexism and racism. So basically, this is saying that those people who feel disenfranchised are going to rise up. You know, just kind of bearing it in mind. We're not going to decide on a theory that we think is right. But if you're working in the criminal justice system, it's kind of interesting and important to understand sort of the training that they've had in understanding why the people in the system behave the way they do. And I try to refrain from using the term criminals and offenders, but every once in a while, I'll slip. Conflict theory. Crime results from the conflicts among the different social classes. Okay. If you have worked in the criminal justice system or if you worked in community mental health, especially substance abuse, you're probably going to recognize the fact that, yes, there are conflicts among the different social classes and there may be some conflicts there where they have not to want to get it from the haves. Sure, that happens. But there's also a lot of situations where people within the same social class are offending against one another. Laws arise from necessity as a result of conflict rather than a general consensus. So it's a reactive sort of thing. Conflict theory says we don't have laws until we figure out we need them. Then when there's a problem, we put laws in place, like the drug laws. I was recently reading online that they're considering creating it a law so that the only time people can get opiate medications, now I'm not talking fentanyl, I'm talking any opiates from oxy all the way up, is right after surgery and if they've got cancer. Anybody else is not going to be able to get opiate medications. I don't know what the caveat is for pain physicians, but basically people with chronic pain are going to have to deal with alternatives. My first response is the people who want to use those drugs illicitly, not for the proper purpose, are going to get those drugs regardless of whether the laws in place are not. So putting these laws in place is kind of spinning our wheels. But the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within society. So people feeling disenfranchised, not being able to make enough money, not feeling like they're becoming successful or being able to be successful. So they just kind of scrap it and go, okay, I will either create my own microcosm of success and the streets or I'm just going to rebel against the machine. The criminal justice system operates on behalf of the rich and powerful social elites with the resulting policies aimed at controlling the poor. Does it end up working this way? Yeah, is it really supposed to work this way? I don't think so. But yes, I mean, there are differences in many cases between people who have public defenders that have 150 open cases versus people who have private defense attorneys who have maybe 25 open cases. So yeah, there is definitely something to be said for a social disparity. Criminal justice establishment aims at imposing standards of morality and good behavior created by the powerful on the whole of society. Those who make the laws pretty much dictate for those of us who are going to follow the laws, they do kind of dictate what we're supposed to do and what's okay. Now there is some wiggle room, we still do have freedom of speech and all that kind of stuff. But again, both of these theories are really talking about class differentials. And when I'm thinking about my clients, I'm really not seeing their criminal behavior as motivated from oppression or poverty. I'm seeing it motivated from more intracyclic things. Are these motivations, potential motivations for some people to commit crimes? Oh, heck yes. Yeah, that's not, you know, not hard for me to understand at all or foresee it all. But what is important is to recognize that conflict theory doesn't apply to all people in the criminal justice system, and maybe not even to most people in the criminal justice system. In conflict theory, the focus is on separating the powerful from the have nots to protect themselves from crime, basically creating their own little minigated neighborhood. In the process, the legal rights of the poor are ignored. Again, if the criminal justice system is working correctly, that's not the case. So conflict theory, in my opinion, goes a step beyond how it's supposed to work to kind of how it is working right now. According to this theory, the middle class are co opted, siding with the elites, thinking they might rise to the top by supporting the status quo. So we basically follow the laws in order to stay out of trouble. Because what happens if we break the law and we get caught, it can affect our ability to be licensed, it can affect our ability to drive a car, it can affect our ability of freedom, you know, the whole jail thing, which, you know, after people go to jail, finding a job becomes much, much harder. So one example is the fact that street crimes are often punished severely compared to other white collar crimes, if you will.   Now she did not end up going to Alcatraz. She went to a prison, but it was more like a country club than what a lot of our clients actually see. So whether the sentencing term is longer or the sentencing conditions are worse for people who are poor, impoverished, committing other crimes. We need to kind of look at that. The motivation for people to commit these kinds of crimes, if I'm thinking about committing a crime, and I'm looking at, okay, if I steal a car or, you know, hold up a bank, I'm probably going to go to jail for a long, long, long, long time. But if I go think about going over here and if I commit fraud or embezzle a whole bunch of money, yeah, I'm probably going to go to jail, but it's going to be one of those nice happy jails. There's not as much, what's the word I'm looking for? It's not as punishing when I think about it. So I might be more willing to take that risk to commit the white collar crime if I'm in the position to do so. Remember, a lot of it comes back to motivation and benefit. What's the benefit to me in the long run? Deterrence and rational choice. Now, this is going to be my favorite one. So, you know, just, I'm biased. Behavior is not determined by biological, psychological, or environmental factors acting on the person, compelling him or her to commit crimes. Yes, these things exist. And these factors are in the environment. They do act upon the person.  Your psychological state does affect you. Your biological state does affect you.  They may alter what you find is rewarding and what you find as an acceptable risk, but they don't compel you to act. You always have the choice.  When they're thinking about committing a crime, they consider the related costs and benefits. If you remember back to tip 35, one of my favorite motivational interviewing is put out by SAMHSA. You can download it for free off the SAMHSA website. There are decisional balance exercises. And basically, this theory says in their, in people's minds, they go through a mini decisional balance exercise before they commit any crime. They look at the benefit to the crime, the drawbacks to the crime, the benefits to not committing the crime, and the drawbacks to not committing the crime. Now they probably don't sit down with pencil and paper and do it, but they have considered at least some of the options in each of those quadrants. So we have that rational choice. We have the theory that society makes people feel disenfranchised and powerless and people want to get their power back because we don't like feeling powerless. We don't like feeling like failures. We have the theory that labels, labels an intrinsic feature of all human interaction. A complete picture of crime or deviance can be attained by examining the offenders and their characteristics and societal reactions to incidents of rule breaking. Okay. So anyway, there's a lot of verbage here. But what we really want to look at is labeling when we call somebody a criminal or when we call somebody an addict, many times they internalize that. And they're like, you know, if I am that, then I guess I will act as such. When we work in recovery with people with addictions, one of the hardest things they have to kind of conceptualize is the fact that they've internalized this concept of being an addict or being a criminal and letting that go, becoming a sober person, becoming a law abiding citizen, means basically grieving a loss of part of themselves. They know who they are as a bulimic. They know who they are as an alcoholic. They know who they are as, you know, fill in the blank. So this label becomes internalized and becomes part of who they are. Think about, you know, when we talk about parenting, the good girl, good boy phenomenon or semantics, if you will, when you tell somebody they're a good girl or a good boy, that is a global attribution. You are good. When you tell somebody that they are bad, you're a bad boy. That's again, a global attribution. It may have been a bad decision. It may have been a bad behavior. But if you say you're a bad boy, that's that global thing saying you as a person are bad now. It's a small difference. But it does make a huge impact on whether people internalize themselves as being good or smart or helpful or caring or being the opposite of those because we all do behaviors that are the opposite of those sometimes. You know, we're human. We make mistakes. So are the behaviors bad? Or if we do a bad behavior, does that make us bad as a person? So labeling theory says once you label somebody, they're pretty much stuck with it. Unfortunately, in society, once you label somebody as having a criminal record, it does become much harder for them to get jobs. It does become much harder for them to get housing. You fill out those applications and it says, do you have a felony conviction? All of a sudden, they are persona non grata, even if it was a poor choice, a single poor choice. And it's not hard. I mean, in the big scheme of things, it is really not hard to get a felony charge. So possession of cocaine, in theory, you know, go with me here, maybe you actually were holding it for a friend.  Well, it was under your seat. So by definition, it is yours. Therefore, you have now have a possession of cocaine charge, which is a felony conviction if you get convicted of it, which then greatly impacts everything henceforth and forever more, unless we can help people figure out a way to reestablish their credibility as a person and take that incident and have it looked at as a specific incident, not reflective of them as a person. According to the labeling perspective, a personal will generally behave in a manner that's consistent with the way in which that person believes others view him or her. So how does that affect our clients when they leave treatment? When our clients leave treatment most of the time, their family has not been participating with them. So they expect the same manipulative egocentric person to come back that went into treatment. They are looking for the addict to come back. They are not looking for John to come back. So that attitude where the family is labeling them as you know, this is John, my addict husband, affects how he may behave and what choices he may make because he may feel very helpless to break out of that label. And by the way on the quiz, I don't ask you which theory says which. I want you to get a general idea of what the criminal justice system is thinking about how clients or people in the criminal justice system got there and how we can help them not get back there. Okay, so the psychodynamic theory of crime is centered on the notion that an individual's early childhood experiences influence his or her likelihood for committing future crimes. Is this true? Possibly. Do I know people who had positive experiences as children with breaking the law? Yes. You know, I know people who grew up in neighborhoods where from the time that they could walk, they began, you know, being the lookouts for the people who were selling drugs and then they moved up the system. So yes, if it becomes something that's rewarding, certainly. But do we also know people who had really good early childhood experiences who end up later in life becoming or getting to a point where they start making illegal choices? And the answer is yes. The second is behavioral theory. And we look at modeling and social learning and all these other things. For crime, when we're looking at behavioral learning theory, and we're going to talk about these a little bit more in the next few slides. What are the reinforcers? Is it reinforcing or is it punishing? When something's punishing, we generally don't do it again. Now, there is a certain threshold, if you will, you know, not all of us like doing things, whatever those things are. But the rewards are great. For example, I hate, I just detest trimming my shrubs. You know, it's that thing is heavy and it's loud and then I really hate cleaning up afterwards. But when it's done, it looks so pretty. And I really like the way it looks. So the initial act of shearing the shrubs is punishing, you know, and it hurts and whatever. But when I get done and get everything cleaned up, there's the reward. It's pretty. But I was able to delay gratification. I was able to say I will take take the immediate unpleasantness for the long term reward. When we talk about drugs, we have to talk about what's the reward? What's the motivation to use? And is it rewarding? And yeah, behavioral theory is spot on on a lot of those. But what motivates one person to commit a crime or use drugs is not the same necessarily as what's going to motivate other people. Self control theory. And I have some links in your class that linked all these different theories. And I would encourage you to go look at self control theory because it is really, really interesting. Well, I think it is. According to these two researchers, self control is the tendency of people to avoid criminal acts, whatever the circumstances in which they find themselves. So if you're in a circumstance where this criminal act is really, really reinforcing, rewarding, positive, but you choose not to do it because you're going to delay gratification, you would rather not risk going to jail, whatever the cases may be. They call that self control. Low self control is the lack of that tendency, or basically the preponderance to just choose whatever's more rewarding at the moment, whether it be criminal or not. They believe that low self control explained criminal acts and behavior across time, gender, ethnicity, and crime types.  And there was a really strong correlation. So how do we define some of these characteristics? What are we looking at? Well, now think back to that antisocial personality we were talking about earlier, and addictive traits, we know there's not an addictive personality. Individuals with low self control are characterized as impulsive. Okay, they don't have the ability or the desire to delay gratification. They have a here and now orientation. I want it, I want it now. Now in addiction, sometimes this impulsive here and now orientation is not as much I want it, I want it now, but it's, the pain has to stop and it has to stop now. So looking again at the motivation for the impulsivity, and this here and now orientation, is it because they want to achieve something, or because they need to make the pain go away, or make something really, really unpleasant go away. Indifferent and insensitive. At a certain point, if you're in enough pain, you're not going to be really caring about other people. You need to make the pain stop. It's all about you, which is that egocentric, which takes us down to self center jumping down a little bit. Risk taking, short sided and nonverbal. They lack diligence, tenacity, and persistence. So again, you've got people who are doing what they're doing, you know, basically with no filter. It's like, is it rewarding? Is it not? They have unstable relationships and professional lives. Well, let me see if you're impulsive, egocentric, live in the here and now and different and insensitive, short sided and nonverbal. Yeah, I tend to think it would be hard to have stable relationships and professional lives, which means you don't have the social support to endure delay of gratification, to endure stress, to endure pain, and you don't have the success in the career and the financial support. I mean, you know, an upset professional life can mean a lot of different negative things. So okay, so you've got somebody who doesn't have social supports, difficulty maintaining a job, and is impulsive. They have minimal tolerance for frustration, responding to conflict physically rather than verbally. I want you to kind of put yourself in this person's position. Think of yourself as, you know, having minimal tolerance for frustration. What would cause that? Impulsivity, what would cause that? If you go back to some of the early, you know, overview writings on dialectical behavior therapy, we figure out that a lot of times we have to learn coping skills. We have to learn how to tolerate frustration. We have to learn how to endure pain, ride the wave, if you will, and not act in that emotional mind. Responding to conflict is something that's learned. We learn conflict resolution and communication skills as we grow up. So we have to ask ourselves, is the person acting anti-socially or does the person not have the skills to delay gratification and appropriately respond to conflict? Self-control theory says the person doesn't possess or value verbal, academic, or cognitive skills. Problem solving, you know, communication skills, those sorts of things. It says not possessing or valuing. So the person may have skill deficits that we have to address in order to prevent relapse or recidivism. Otherwise, they are still going to act in the manner in which they've already always acted. Now, these researchers believe that a child with low self-control is the product of ineffective child rearing. In some cases, that's probably true. In other cases, you know, it may be something where the person's think of people as a pressure cooker, and they've reached their maximum limit of pressure and they don't know how to decompress. They don't know how to let some of the steam off. So every action they take is just to keep the top from blowing off. Is that ineffective child rearing or exposure to a bunch of events that make life extraordinarily stressful and overwhelming, which lead to more impulsive activities? Make it stop. Make it stop now. Consistent supervision and discipline coupled with affection results in the proper development of self-control. Maybe. If we supervise and we discipline, but we also have to teach the skills. There's only so much we can take away. You know, we can teach Johnny it's not nice to hit, but we also have to teach him what to do instead. And if we don't teach those communication skills, those coping skills, those personal self-soothing de-escalation skills, a lot of the clients are really going to struggle to succeed without regressing to behaviors that they once learned. Socialization can be impeded by parents or environments that do not express affection toward the children. Parents who lack time or energy to devote to supervision. And it's not just parents. You know, we have children that are growing up in a microcosm or a micro system, whatever you want to call it. The preschool teachers, the extended family, the primary family, there are a lot of people who are involved in that child's life and where the child can receive affection can where the child can receive supervision. And it kind of takes a village. Children are very energetic. So putting all this on the parents, I think is a little bit unfair, but we do need to look and say what's going on in those households that's different. Parents may not see the problem behavior for what it is. It may be something the parents already do. We, if you worked in substance abuse, you've probably encountered patients who learned how to use from their parents, who learned how to deal from their parents, who learned their coping skills, which are aggressive and violent from their parents. So the parents may not see the behavior and may not see it as a problem that needs to be corrected. Parents who are reluctant to discipline children despite witnessing and understanding the child's behavior. Some parents just want to let Johnny try to work it out. Everything's a phase. And if Johnny doesn't have any guidance and molding in that behavior, then, you know, the direction that it goes is a lot more questioning. And the parents that engage in the behavior indicative of low self-control themselves. So if the parents are committing criminal behaviors, or if the parents are engaged in drug use or addiction, it's going to be hard to say do as I say, not as I do. Social control theory says that most people would commit crime if not for the controls that society places on individuals through institutions such as schools, workplaces, churches, and families. Now, Carl Rogers is probably like getting a nervous twitch every time somebody reads that premise. Because we were indoctrinated, if you will, we were taught in school as clinicians that people are basically good. They are not going to randomly go out and commit crimes and antisocial behaviors. Social control theory says no, no, the it is more at play here than the superego. Yeah, you like my little influx of Freud there, but so most people would commit crime if not for the controls that society places. So when people are thinking about committing a crime, if they want to achieve what they define as success, they have to look and say, is this behavior going to impede me from doing this? If somebody wants to become a lawyer, then holding up a liquor store is probably not going to get them where they want to be. But if that law wasn't there, would they be motivated to hold up the liquor store and would they do it? Or do they have an internal moral compass that would say, you know, you don't know, that's not going to work. Social control theory says that it's society's responsibility to maintain a certain degree of stability in an individual's life. So it's society's responsibility to provide structure, make the rules and responsibilities clear, and create other activities to thwart criminal activity. So have things people can do instead of being bored and, you know, going, committing random crimes, have things people can do in order to get their basic needs met. The effects of poverty, such as not having enough food to eat or children being left alone at home while their parents work, plant the seeds for crime. Yeah, I had a hard time with that one, because I know a lot of children who grew up in poverty, who were left home alone while their parents worked. Did they have the ability to make poor choices? Certainly. But I also know children who had stay at home parents who made just as poor choices. So I'm not sure that this is necessarily causative. I think it definitely leaves the door open for other influences to come in and make criminal behavior more rewarding. But I don't think we can directly say that poverty and an empty belly is going to cause criminals. Social learning theory. This is another one of those behavioral theories. Criminal behavior is learned according to the principles of operant conditioning. Anticipated, observed, and or experienced rewards and punishments affect the probability that an individual will participate in a behavior and repeat it. So what does that mean? That means if somebody thinks they're going to be able to do a behavior, get a reward and get away with it. That's that anticipated. Then they're going to do it. If they've observed other people do that behavior, get the reward and get away with it. They're going to be even more likely to do the behavior. If they've actually done the behavior before, gotten the reward and not gotten punished for it, then they are triply likely to engage in the behavior. The same thing is true for punishments. If you anticipate that you're going to get caught or get in trouble, you may not do it. If you've observed other people doing it and get in trouble, that's even more reason that, yeah, that's making it more real. If you've done it yourself and you've gotten in trouble for it and the punishment was punishing to you, then you're likely not going to do it again. So we need to remember that behavior is learned both in social and non-social situations. When somebody's doing it, but also when somebody watches it on TV, when they hear about it, when they just kind of come up with it in their own mind, people can extrapolate from that. If they see something on TV, they go, oh, that looks like a lot of fun. Remember, well, you may not. I may be aging myself here. But there was a show, I think it was on MTV that was called Jackass.  And there were a bunch of kids who ended up getting hurt because they saw an episode of that and they tried to emulate it in real life. So they were anticipating a different outcome than they actually got. The principal part of learning of criminal behavior occurs in those groups which compromise the individual's major sorts of reinforcements. So think again of Brafenbrenner's micro and macro systems. What is reinforcing or rewarding to me may not be reinforcing or rewarding to you. So when you're looking at what's rewarding this criminal behavior, you really have to get into the mind and into the micro system of the person that you're working with. What was motivating that behavior for him or her at that particular point in time? The learning of behavior, including specific techniques, attitudes, and avoidance procedures is a function of the effective and available reinforcers and the existing reinforcement contingencies. So again, we're going to learn things and we're going to do things if they're rewarding. And it's going to be shaped. So if you learn and discriminating means that there are certain things, there's a whole category of illegal behaviors, but you may only do 5% of them because the other 95% are either too dangerous or too punishing. So that discriminates the ones that you will do. There may be certain techniques for, for example, drug sale. And you've observed those and through learning through observation, you figured out which ones are successful that you might try and which ones are unsuccessful that you're not going to do because it's just too risky. So by being immersed in this microcosm, it's shaping exactly which behaviors you're going to not only find rewarding, but also be willing to try. The strength of criminal behavior is a direct function of the amount, frequency, and probability of its reinforcement or punishment. For example, and again, thinking about our clients, if they commit a crime 15 times and get caught once, let's say DUI. If somebody goes to the bar three nights a week for an entire year, that's 150 something times, and they only get one DUI, what is the probability that they might go back and do it again? Because 149 times they didn't get caught. So the frequency of getting caught is much lower. The intensity of the punishment, whatever it was that they got for their first DUI, was it a slap on the wrist? That's probably not going to deter their behavior from occurring again. Because let's see, a slap on the wrist or partying with my buddies three nights a week. Hmm, I think partying with buddies usually wins out as the more rewarding of the two. Going along with this learning, behavior strain occurs when the reward for pro-social behavior is less than the rewards for criminal or antisocial behavior. Behavior strain occurs when there's not enough reward. When you ask your child to do something, and I've seen this with parents who are working with really small children, and they expect them to behave like eight or 10 year olds, and they're like, if you do your chores all week, then you'll get this reward. Well, for a three year old, that is too long. Three year olds need rewards like, you know, preferably right when it happens, but at least once a day. Otherwise, behavior strain occurs and the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated goes down. So we need to look at, you know, for telling people they need to behave in a certain way, what are the rewards? What's the benefit to towing the line? Most people have similar aspirations, but they don't all have the same opportunities or abilities.  Did they have the opportunities or abilities that I have, having a doctorate? No, they didn't. But they still had similar aspirations. They still wanted to own a house, raise kids, put food on the table, all those sorts of things. But there was a lot more strain. It was a lot more stressful in many ways because those rewards were not coming as quickly. When people fail to achieve society's expectations through approved means such as hard work and delayed gratification, they may attempt, may attempt to achieve success through crime. And I italicized societies because I want us to really think about where that definition of success comes from. And when we're working with people who are coming out of the criminal justice system, many of them have been involved in the system a lot of their life or have had family members involved in the system a lot of their life. So they are operating in a micro system that in which criminal behavior is not such a big deal. So if we want them to find criminal behavior punishing and pro-social behavior or law-abiding behavior more rewarding, we need to help them look at their micro system and figure out whether they want to maintain that. In substance abuse treatment, we talk about changing people places and things. When people come out of treatment, they can't go back to hanging with the same using friends at the same dive bars and doing the same things. They need to change their micro system. The same thing is true when we have people who come out of jail or prison. They need to be surrounded by people who share a different definition of possibly success, opportunity, pro-social activities. So reducing relapse or recidivism. And remember using illicit drugs is a form of crime. So relapse is technically breaking the law, but breaking the law is also breaking the law. And we don't want people to go back to jail. When people are in jail, and this is Thursday's presentation, all that stinking thinking that we try to deprogram in treatment, that's there. That is what is going on in most of the jails. So it's hard for people to maintain that sober frame of mind and coping skills and communication skills and all that other stuff that they've been working so hard to develop. So to reduce relapse and recidivism, both the clinician and the client need to understand the benefits and drawbacks to pro-social and criminal behavior. So it's not just understanding why you don't want to break the law, nor is it understanding why you want to do law-abiding behaviors. But what are the drawbacks to law-abiding behavior? Yeah, it's hard. I've had clients who have made decent money selling drugs, and we're trying to help them not go back to jail. So they have to go from making $30,000 a year to making $17,000. And that's not real rewarding to the ego or to the wallet for these particular clients. So we do need to understand what the drawbacks are to the pro-social behavior. Some of the benefits may come in the form of achieving firmly held beliefs and definitions about concepts such as success, loyalty, or being a man. So we want to work with our clients to help them define for themselves, what do you think success means? Tell me who you think is successful? And let's look at what makes them successful. What does loyalty mean? Look at some of these abstract concepts and see if we can encourage the clients to come to a more realistic and recovery supportive definition. Most theories of criminal behavior that we just went through and some of the ones that we haven't gone through boil down to making the more rewarding choice. Now what makes a choice more rewarding is, you know, depends on the theory, whether it's getting out of oppression, fulfilling a label, or just choosing what's going to give you the biggest bang for your buck. Part of reducing recidivism means making the criminal behaviors less rewarding to the person. And this is where we really trip up a lot. We choose things that we think would be punishing where, you know, the person who is getting the punishment is just like, what, you want to send me to jail for 30 days? Fine. Yeah, more than once I had clients that were doing chores in residential and they were on extended limits of confinement and they were just like, please just send me back to jail. It's a whole lot easier. Let me do my time straight and I'll get out because it was more punishing to have to participate in that environment and be held accountable for activities. Roads are the same way. We need to understand what's rewarding and what's punishing to the client, not to us. Part of the rehabilitation process may involve examining definitions using the frames approach, feedback about what really success means. How many people are really that successful if they think having a 10,000 square foot mansion and 17 cars or whatever the case may be? Okay, let's look at how many people actually have that. And, you know, let's look at some other people in your life that you think are successful and how do they differ? So provide feedback on and feedback on social definitions of what that means. You know, not necessarily that theirs is wrong, but let's look at some alternate definitions. Put the responsibility for change on their shoulders. They're only going to do what they want to do. So we give them the information, they're going to take it in and make choices based on what they find most rewarding. We can provide advice. One of the things I used to tell my clients was that they needed, at least while they were on papers, which, you know, on probation or parole, they needed to do the next right thing. So, you know, I provided some advice, because generally, if they could do it for that long, they'd already start to become ingrained in pro-social behavior. Provide a menu of options. Okay, you don't want to work at Wendy's or you don't want to work at McDonald's or you don't want to work stocking shelves. Let's figure out what your options are for employment besides selling drugs. Find a menu of options, things that they can do, maybe different training opportunities. And then provide empathy. It's hard to make a change and it's hard to do things that, you know, you never thought you would find yourself doing. So providing empathy about how embarrassing it may be or how they may feel guilty or remorseful is important to maintaining that motivation. Help them develop communication, coping, life and occupational skills. Pretty, the majority of clients I worked with could use help with all of these, especially the ones who had spent the majority of their young lives, you know, up into, through their 20s, in and out of jail. A lot of times they hadn't developed the lion's share of these. So in order to help them avoid recidivating, they need to develop these skills. Learn how to react to stress and anxiety and frustration with words instead of physically. Learn how to manage time, show up at a job, write a resume. Ensure frequent rewards for small achievements. Not holding out and saying, well, once you find a job, then you'll get this reward. You know, let's provide rewards for at least going out there and trying and putting in three resumes a day. And we need to explore societal interventions to make pro-social choices more rewarding. In Florida, one of the, or I don't know if it's still happening, but the Florida unemployment, I don't remember what it was called right now, but anyway. If somebody was on unemployment, they could go down to the work resources office. If they had a criminal conviction, the office would actually bond them. So if people hired them, despite having a criminal conviction, if the person, you know, made a poor choice, then the employer was covered. And that gave the people with criminal offenses on their record the ability to try to reestablish themselves in the workforce development. That's the word I was looking for. And housing, which is contingency enforced. Now I know a lot of our subsidized housing says they have contingencies. They're not enforced. The housing actually needs to be contingency enforced, making sure there are no drugs being used or sold on the premises, making sure everybody there has a job or is doing something to get a job. These are only two of the different options that we need to look at, but we do need to look at making sure that despite past choices, people can succeed if they decide that they're ready to make the next right choice. Otherwise, it gets very frustrating if every time they go to apply for a job, it's like, well, you've got a felony conviction, you don't even get an interview. So, okay. Anybody have any questions?


Alright, so if you are using Excel, not numbers, and you've had difficulty figuring out how to make a plot on log log axes, here's how you do it. So this is a plot of just some random data that has actually nothing to do with the new Madrid data or anything else, and I'm just doing this for a test, because you can see it's got this ugly legend that says series 1, which I do not like. Okay, so I got this plot, I'm in Excel, and if I want to make the y-axis log, what I would do is I make this plot active, and then click on the axis line, so then this whole thing that says value, y-axis pops up, and you can see these two squares here, so you know you selected it. Now go up to format, and select selected axis, then this other little window pops up, I'm scooching it in so you can see what it says. And you want to click the button that says scale, and then right down here you can choose logarithmic scale, okay, and see how this plot has changed. You can do that for both axes too if you want, so that's how you do it.


about the topic logic gates. So, this topic includes in the first semester of BCA program. So, the content of this units are different types of gates that is not, nor, and then XOR, XNOR, NAND etcetera and then we will learn about the conversion of logic gates. So, first what is logic gates? So, logic gates are the digital circuits or known as logic circuits as they can be analyzed using Boolean algebra. It consists of one or more than one input signals and only one output signal. Logic gates are operated with binary numbers that is 0 and 1. Now, any Boolean functions can be represented in the form of gates and gates can be represented in three ways that is graphical symbols, algebraic notation and truth table. So, now we going to discuss about the logic gates with their graphical symbols algebraic notation and their truth table. So, first we say the NOT gate. So, NOT gate it is also known as inverter and the symbol of the NOT gate is represented as here in the NOT gate there is only one input and one output and the output is given as complement of input. That means, the truth table of the NOT gate is A is the input and Y is the output and A value can be 0 and 1 and the complement is 1 and 0. So, this is the truth table of the NOT gate that means, when the input is 0, output is 1 and when the output is 1 the input will be sorry when the input is 1 output will be 0 just complement of the input signal. Next we will discuss the OR gate. The symbol the circuit of the OR gate is represented as this and here A and B are the inputs and Y is the output. So, OR gate has two inputs or more inputs we can give three four like this and but only one output signal which is equal to the OR sum of all the inputs. The graphical symbol is this and output can be represented as A plus B. So, the truth table of OR gate is 0 0 the combinations will when A is 0 B is 0 output is 0 0 1 1 0 then 1 1. So, that output is represented as A plus B.  So, from this truth table we can say that when any of the input is 1 then output will be 1. Now the OR gate is also represented with this circuit here we connected to switch connected in the parallel A and B and a bulb is connected and here we have given a battery. Now when both the inputs are 0 that means both the switches are open then no current will flow and then the bulb will not blow. Then when any of the input is 1 that means suppose A is closed and B is open then current will flow through the switch A then the bulb will blow that means it will high. So, this logic truth table can be represented with this circuit. Then when both the inputs are 1 that means both A and B switch are closed then current will flow and the bulb will blow. So, the logic gates of OR gate is represented by this circuit. Now next we discuss the AND gate. This is the circuit of the AND gate here in the AND gate AND gate has two or more inputs and only one output and which is equal to the AND product of all the inputs that is here two inputs are applied. So, Y is the product of the two inputs that is A and B and the truth table of AND gate is when both the inputs are 0 the output is 0 then 0 1 output is 0 1 0 output is 0 then 1 1 output is 1. So, from the truth table it is clear that if any of the inputs is 0 then output will be 0 because the product output is equal to the product of the all the inputs and when both the inputs are high that is 1 then we will get the output is high or 1 and this truth table if we represent in a circuit in this circuit we connected two switches A and B in series combination. So, when any of the input is 0 that means if any of the switches open either A or B then no current will flow through this bulb and it will not blow and if both the switches are closed that means both are closed that means the current will flow through the switches and the bulb will blow. So, the truth table of AND gate is represented by this circuit that is inputs A and B connected in series. So, I think it is clear now next we will go to the NOR gate. Now, we will see the NOR gate. So, NOR gate means not OR it has two or more inputs and only one output which is the complement of the OR sum of the two or more inputs. Now, this is the symbol for the NOR gate and the output is represented as x A plus B and complement of the sum of the two inputs and the truth table of NOR gate that is not OR because we have given a circle here. So, it shows the NOR gate. In the NOR gate what we have used this is NOR gate that is complement of the input. So, we symbolizes a small circle. So, similarly if we put a small circle in the output of the OR gate we get the NOR gate. Now, this is a truth table here when both the inputs are 0 0 in the OR gate what we get? We get the when both the inputs are 0 we get 0, but in the NOR gate we get it is 1 and when 0 1 is 0 1 0 0 then 1 1 0 just complement of the OR gate. Now, we from the truth table it shows that when both the inputs are 0 that is low then the output is high that 1 in the NOR gate when both the input is 0 output is high and if any of the input is high then output is low that is 0. Then next we see the NAND gate. So, NAND gate is a NOT AND that means in the NAND gate we have to put a NOR gate.  So, A and B this is the output of the NAND gate and if we give R here then we get the complement of the NAND gate and the truth table of NAND gate is here it is 1 1 1 then 0. In NAND gate what we have seen when any of the input is 0 the output is 0, but in the NAND gate as it is the complement of the NAND gate. So, if any of the input is 0 the output is 1 that is high and when both the input is high that is 1 1 we get the output as 0. So, this is the truth table of the NAND gate. Now let us see one example a truth table which is I will draw a circuit here and the truth table is used to show the behavior of the logic gates. So, next we see the XOR gate which is called the exclusive OR gate or it can represent as XOR gate it is also called XOR gate and the symbol is. So, this is the symbol of exclusive OR gate. So, here what happened in the truth table and output is represented as A plus exclusive OR then B and the truth table is shown as this if 0 0 0 1 1 0 then 1 1 when both the inputs are 0 in the exclusive OR gate it will get 0 and this output is also written as A bar B plus A B bar. So, this represents bar means it is a complement of A. So, complement of A into B plus A complement of B and the truth table is 0 1 it is 1 1 0 it is 1 1 1 it is 0. So, from this truth table it is clear that when both the inputs are same either 0 or 1 then the output will be 0 that is output is low and when if any of the input is high then output is high. So, this is the truth table and this XOR gate output is also represented with the logic circuits here what we have given here A is the input and which is applied using a NOR gate to the AND gate. Two AND gates are there and B is applied. So, output will be A complement B then here again B is applied using a NOR gate to this AND gate then A is directly applied. So, output of this AND gate is A B bar and in the output we have used OR gate that means it sums both the inputs. So, at the Y is equal to this A bar B plus A B bar. Now, if we represent the truth table of this circuit it will be let me write here A B A bar B bar A bar B A B bar then we have had this sum A bar B plus A B bar. So, first A B is 0 0 0 1 1 0 then 1 1. So, when A is 0 A bar will be 1 A is 0 A bar is 1 here 1. So, A bar is 0 1 A bar is 0 next B bar. So, B is 0. So, B bar will be 1 here 1. So, it will be 0 0. So, this is a value of B bar.  So, here A bar is this input and B is this one. So, product 1 into 0 it is 0 then 1 into 1 it 1 0 into 0 it is 0 then 0 1 it comes 0. Next A B bar that is A B bar A then B bar. So, we have to consider this and this. So, 0 1 it goes 0 0 0 it comes 0 then 1 1 it goes 1 then here 1 0 it is 0. Now, we have to add these two figures that is A bar B plus A B bar.  So, it is similar to the Exor to table of the Exor gate. So, now, we have seen this 0 1 1 0. So, this output value is similar to the Exor gate output. So, what we have seen the Exor gate which is represented with this symbol and it has two inputs and two or more inputs and one output and it is symbolized as this A plus circle then B and its output is represented as A bar B plus A B bar and this formula is again explained with this truth table and from this diagram. So, this diagram is equal to this symbol Exor. So, this Exor gate is also explained with the logic gate circuit in this one. So, here 2 n gate 1 or gate and 2 not gates are used and from the truth table it is same we have explained from this truth table it is seen that the output of this gate is equal to this gate. So, I think it is clear now. So, next gate is the exclusive nor gate. So, here in the nor exclusive nor gate in the Exor gate if we put a circle here we will get the exclusive nor gate or we can write X nor. So, here A and B is the input of the exclusive nor gate and the output is represented is a compliment of the exclusive or gate. So, here if input is 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 and the output is when both the inputs is same that is compliment output is compliment of the X or gate. So, from this truth table it is clear that when both the inputs are same then output is high means 0 0 output is 1 and 1 1 output is 1 and if the inputs are different that is if 1 is high 1 is low then we get 0 output just compliment of the X or gate and output is represented as A B plus A bar B bar. So, this is the output expression of the X nor gate. So, now I am again repeating all the gates. So, first we have discussed the nor gate that is symbol of nor gate then A is A bar. So, next gate we have seen the or gate. So, or gate symbol is this A B and Y and Y is equal to some of the inputs of the or gate. So, the third gate we have discussed is the N gate. So, this is the N gate A B Y and Y equal to A dot B that means product of the inputs then the fourth gate we have discussed nor gate. So, in the nor gate or gate if we put a nor gate then we will get a nor gate. So, here Y is equal to A plus B bar. So, this is the nor gate first is nor gate this one is or gate here it is AND gate this one is the nor gate next we have seen the N gate if in the AND gate we put a nor gate then we will get the AND gate. So, AND gate output is A B bar. So, this gate is NAND gate and finally we have seen the XOR gate XOR gate is symbolized as this like this graphical symbol. So, Y is equal to A plus B. So, this is a symbol of XOR gate and the last gate we have discussed the XNOR gate that is XNOR gate and it is represented as so if we put a nor gate in the output of the XOR gate we get the XNOR gate. So, how many gates we have learnt 1 2 3 4 7. So, this 7 gates we have discussed today. Next another topic we will discuss now that is the conversion of the logic gates. So, now the next topic is conversion of logic gates. So, in the logic gate its input and output will have 1 of 2 possible voltage levels that is suppose V 1 or V 2. Suppose we assume that V 2 is greater than V 1 and it referred to this 2 voltage levels as high and low which is greater we have represented as high and other is low. Now, let us take an example of 2 input and 1 output gate and in order to determine the function of this gate we must assign the logic values of the logic values of the gate to a voltage levels. Suppose we get 1 positive logic. So, in the positive logic the low is represented as 0 and high is represented as 1 and another one is negative logic. In negative logic the low is represented as 1 and high is represented as 0. Now, we seen in the voltage level that is low then high. So, it is 0 and 1. So, it is a positive logic. So, high voltage that is 5 4.5 greater than or equal to 4.5 volt we considered as a high that is logic 1. So, it is a positive logic and in case of negative logic the high is represented as low and this one is negative logic. So, here the low is represented as 1 and high is represented as 0. So, this means the 0 means the high voltage and 1 means the low voltage. So, this is the difference between positive logic and negative logic. The representation of high and low is different. So, the term positive and negative are somewhat misleading since both the signals or voltage values may be positive or both may be negative. It is not the signal polarity that determines the type of logic, but rather the assignment of logic values according to the relative amplitudes of the signals. So, now the rules for converting a positive logic to corresponding negative logic. The first is to change n graphics symbols to or or vice versa and then next is to change n graphics symbols to nor or vice versa and then next is to add circle to the input and the output points where there are no circles and to remove circles at the input and output points whenever there is a circle. So, dear learners today we have discussed the logic gate topics where we have discussed different types of logic gates that is not or, nand, nor, nand, xor, xnor and in the last we discussed the conversion of logic gates.