I am just taking couple of questions here and there. Over to NIT 3G, any questions please. Sir, in the case of nanofins, that will enhance the heat transfer. In that case, surface thickness is less than the laminar sublayer thickness. Why it is enhanced in the heat transfer? Okay, the question here is the nanoparticles, if I put the nanoparticles in the fluid, the heat transfer coefficient increases and the viscous sublayer gets affected. I do not think these, the answer is these two are two disjoint things. In fact, I do not remember exactly, I think Mr. Sandeep Pawan, one Mr. Sandeep Pawan had asked me this question on nanoparticles. I have uploaded one of our papers which we have worked on nanoparticles. So for details, you please read that paper. Coming to the answer for your question, the answer is what is that we are doing? When I put nanoparticles, that is typically I take alumina, that is aluminum oxide particles or cupric oxide, that is COO particles or silicon, what is that? Carbon nanotubes. So any of these particles, if I embed in water, usually nanofluids are typically liquids, they do not work well for gases. So when I put this in liquids, what will happen? I am having a combination of thermal conductivity of liquid is 0.6, let us say for water and thermal conductivity of copper is 400. So my thermal conductivity will be higher, for water will be higher. It is like a homogeneous fluid, it is a multi phase flow, that is I have two phases, one is solid and the another one is liquid phase, but it now acts like an imaginary homogeneous fluid whose thermal conductivity is high. We have also done measurements with the nanoparticle, nanofluid that is water embedded with nanoparticles. When we do this, we have found that Nusselt number slightly increases, that is by 5 to 10 percent. Even for a minute, if I assume that the Nusselt number does not increase, what is that which makes the heat transfer coefficient go up? H d by k f equal to my whatever I had got earlier, that is 0.023 r e to the power of 0.8 p r to the power of 0.3. Now k of my nanofluid has gone up because of which my heat transfer coefficient goes up. It does not go up significantly, it goes up only by 10 to 15 percent. So that is what people have found and people are working heavily and even today in all the journal papers tens of papers are coming out. So that is the answer for your question. Sir, if you are coating with nanoparticle, power of the surface, what is the effect? No, no that is not, we are, we never, the question is if we coat with the nanoparticles, usually we do not coat with the nanoparticles. Usually we put the surface roughness, if you put the nanoparticles, if you coat with the nanoparticles, you would have not broken the laminar sublayer. If you are not broken the laminar sublayer, there is no increase in the heat transfer coefficient. So there is no effect of coating the nanoparticles and I just want to take a minute and just tell something about one of the questions asked by earlier one of the professors. So here one of my student Mr. Sameer has generated this transparency. So that is how does induction stow work? So and why does the question was why does we need to put only stainless steel vessels on my induction stow? So very fancy advertisements we see for this, the black thing, I also did not know the answer for this until one of the professors asked us this question. So when Sameer looked at Wikipedia, from Wikipedia only I think Wikipedia or some other website he has got this. So what he says is essentially the induction stow works on eddy currents. So in transformers, in generators and all eddy current is to be avoided. That is why we use copper there. If we use copper eddy currents generated are less. But if here opposite to that that is we are supposed to use the electrical stow and sorry we are supposed to use the stainless steel vessel. So when I put the stainless steel vessel the circuit gets closed. Just let us run through this how it works. High frequency magnetic field is produced by the coil and field penetrates the ferromagnetic material and sets up the eddy current generating heat. So if I put copper or brass or something then the eddy currents electromagnetic field is not set up. So this electromagnetic field itself will be absent then there is no question of eddy current generation then there is no question of heat generation. So that is why we have to use only the stainless steel material. And magnetic properties of steel vessel concentrate the induced current in a thin layer near the surface which makes the heating effect stronger. I think this is obvious nothing outside the vessel is affected because there is no outside the vessel there is no eddy current there is the circuit is that is there is no electromagnetic field. So electromagnetic field is only within the electrical stow and the stainless steel material. And as soon as the vessel is removed heat generation is stopped because electromagnetic field has been cut off and there is no eddy current generated. That is the reason why aluminum and copper cannot be used and moreover I do not think as the magnetic field penetrates too far and does not encounter any resistance. In fact they are not ferromagnetic materials so so my electromagnetic field itself will not be generated if I put the copper and aluminum. So that is the reason that is how induction stow works. Still things are not clear put things in the moodle we will take it further from here. So this is the basic thing which Sameer has generated from his study. Let us get started with radiation. So let us move on to very interesting phenomena of radiation phenomena of heat transfer or mode of heat transfer which is radiation. We intend to today's plan is something like this we will cover radiation 1 and radiation 2 hopefully today. And in the second half somewhere between 230 to 330 we will take to how to take you through how to plan experiment and how to conduct some simple experiment we do not need lot of money to conduct experiments that is what we are going to demonstrate in the afternoon session. And another thing is that scale analysis which I have left out as an assignment I will be taking that in the second half and I will solve it for Prandtl numbers greater than 1. And after that we will be taking up tutorial and already the problems are uploaded. So those are the things which is the this is the plan for complete day tomorrow let us get started with radiation. The first important important thing we need to realize in case of radiation is that radiation does not require medium. But for conduction and convection there was radiation there was medium required. For example I said in space convection is not there why because there is no molecule there is no medium and there can be no conduction also there. So the point is if you conduction I said conduction in the space means conduction within the space shuttle will be there that is space shuttle material it will be there but conduction outside the air which is the in the space there is no air in the space there is no conduction because there is no molecule there. So that is why it is called as rarefied and of course the fluid dynamics itself there it is called rarefied gas dynamics. The question here the point here is that for conduction and convection to materialize you need a medium but for radiation you do not need a medium. So why do we study radiation what are all the applications of radiation plenty of applications we can think of in fact everywhere radiation only is there solar application is full of radiation only from sun we are receiving heat from him and we are feeling the thermal heat what I mean is thermally we are getting heated up because of radiation thermal radiation when I say radiation here I mean thermal radiation not x-ray radiations or neutron radiations why so I will tell you little later on. So it is thermal radiation that is there is a temperature being generated that is we get we feel heated up when we are exposed to sun this is essentially because radiation and of course it does not mean that between sun and earth there is no medium there is medium but it is not so much participating it is not so much participating here what I mean is participating I will come to that little later for now let us say that radiation enjoys or relishes or works perfectly well when there is no medium but when there is a medium what will happen the medium also will act as a deterrent or act as an interference for the radiation to take place between one surface to another surface. Let us say we have two surfaces and between the two surfaces one surface is hotter and the other surface is cooler and there is a medium which is involved between these two surfaces let us say if this medium is participating that means that also interacts it also interferes in radiation let us say that means it is also capable of absorbing some thermal energy which is coming out from the hot plate to the cold plate then the amount of the heat transfer which is received by the cold plate from the hot plate gets impeded because of this participating medium the point is if it is vacuum the heat transfer is perfect that is the radiation heat transfer is perfect if there is a participating medium there is a deterrence for heat transfer. So these two differences that is I am saying that radiation in non participating medium participating medium and another one is participating medium.  So now with this so in our course we are going to be worried about only non participating medium that means every time we say that our medium is going to be vacuum we are not taking any participating medium into account participating medium is little involved so at this juncture we are not taking participating medium at all we are taking only the non participating medium. So now with this assumption being kept in mind that is we are going to take only the perfect radiation perfect radiation scenario what are the applications the applications are up plenty so let us say we have to understand let us say we have to understand for example for hardening or tempering what we what people do for all automobile products that is what we have seen here in nearby IIT we had visited a furnace where in which they have they keep all materials that all automobile material for hardening within this furnace. Now to reach certain temperature of the body for a for this body which is kept inside to reach to a certain temperature I need to maintain certain temperatures of the walls of the furnace. So what should be the temperature if I have to understand that I have to know the interaction of the heat transfer from the wall of the enclosure to the body temperature of the body which is that is automobile body which is kept in the furnace and how much time it take to reach steady state having reached that is all walls reaching steady state after reaching steady state if I put this automobile body inside my furnace how much time this body takes to reach steady state if I have to understand that I need to know the fundamentals of radiation. Now another example I can quote is that now let us say there is an example here I mean there is a figure here. Now let us say here there is a person and this example actually we I usually take it you see for non participating medium I was wondering to get which example I have kept it here and I forgot see this is a fire is there and a person is there sitting here. So now the person standing near the fire fire temperature is if you take a typical fire let us say you just would burn the wood and you are just campfire you have put up it can be of the order of 900 degree Celsius if the temperature is 900 degree temperature of the fire is 900 degree Celsius and human body human body's temperature is around 30 33 or 34 35 that is 7.5 degree Celsius is the human body temperature but the ambient typically is between 20 to 25 here in this example I have taken it is a cold cold day that is why I have put the campfire. So that is 5 degree Celsius so what is happening from the fire the radiation is taking place and I am feeling the heat but does the air in between get heated up no it does not get heated up because the air in between is generally not so participating. So it is non participating medium so that is why the air in between does not get heated up as much as I get heated up so but then the way I stand also it depends that is if I am facing my front to the fire I will feel more heat as opposed to if I am standing side way so we will understand this concept through view factor that is how much one body is weaving the other body also decides the amount of the heat transfer by radiation so that is that would be dealt by view factor concept that is that is what here we are telling. So what was I trying to say yeah why are we studying radiation so here let us say now if I have a fire you have you have seen lot of examples see I do not know whether if you recollect or not in Jaipur if you remember two years back yeah two years back exactly one and half years back in Jaipur what had happened is that there were a lot of containers there were a lot of containers which were filled with hydrocarbon fuel one besides the other one of the container caught fire one of the container which was filled with diesel or petrol caught fire and it burned for almost 10 days so they could just not stop the burning of this why because it is why because it is very difficult to control the fire the point here I want to make is if in that sort of situation what is the safe distance and a fire fighter can stay himself so that he does not get affected he does not he remains safe that fire safety distance what is called as FSD fire safety distance if I have to predict I need to know what is the emissive power that is what is the heat radiated what is the heat transfer rate from the fire to the human body and at what rate the human body that skin temperature goes up so typically they say it is 4.5 kilowatts per meter square 4.5 kilowatts per meter square 4.7 kilowatts per meter square if I am at a distance of whatever it is whatever distance I am if I am exposed to 4.7 kilowatts per meter square per 30 seconds if I am exposed to 30 seconds my skin will start burning so I cannot stay if in front of a fire whose heat flux is more than 4. or around 4.7 kilowatts per meter square for more than 30 seconds that is why if a fire fighter is there a fire fighter will be convectively cooling a fire fighter who is closer to the fire that is he is putting a jet of water a fire fighter he is putting a jet of water on to a another fire fighter who is closer to the fire why because he is convectively cooling while he is getting radiatively heated up okay so the point is if I have to understand or compute this fire safety distance I need to know how much is the fire how much is the emissive power I am not defined emissive power I will just say how much is the heat flux generated by this fire so and it is getting incident on to my body. So these are all the various concepts which are important or applications which are important for studying or the motivating as to study the radiation and of course solar radiation all of you are very comfortable I see lot of questions on model in solar on solar cookers and things like that so for solar radiation if I have to understand I need to know the fundamentals of radiation because for solar radiation will be seeing that emissivity has to be very less and absorptivity has to be very high so what is emissivity what is absorptivity I have not told so for those guys who are working in solar they will understand what I am trying to say so the point is there are various applications and there is no medium required for the radiation to take place and what are the objectives of this radiation so how does this radiation get occurred and what is the specific nature of the radiation and how does it interact with the matter is what we are going to study. So now if I have to understand that radiation there is something like radiation let us just do a thought experiment let us just take a container which is perfectly evacuated how do I evacuate this take a vacuum pump and remove all the air which is filled in it so then you get you cannot get perfect vacuum few millibar is going to stay some millibar is going to stay within the container assuming that it is vacuum now I take a hot body and keep it inside this evacuated chamber what will have happened eventually what will happen sorry I have put I have put a cold body into this and complete of my wall is sitting at a higher temperature sorry what am I saying is the surface temperature is greater than the surrounding sorry I have the first thing let me repeat I have an enclosure I have evacuated this enclosure so this enclosure is perfect vacuum now I have put a hot body into this evacuated chamber so when I have put this evacuated chamber ultimately this body gets cooled ultimately this body gets cooled what does that mean there is some mode of heat transfer which is taking place between this body and the surrounding wall so reverse also if you do if the surrounding wall temperature is high and if I put a cold body ultimately the cold body's temperature will go up and this surrounding wall temperature will come down so that is that is this only demonstrates that demonstrates that there is radiative heat transfer even in the absence of conduction and convection there is no medium so there is no question of convection or conduction in spite of that there is heat transfer taking place so that heat transfer we are attributing it as radiative heat transfer now how does it take place it takes place through electromagnetic waves so who is carrying this radiation is electromagnetic waves so radiation propagates through electromagnetic waves and this was told by Maxwell Maxwell said that there are accelerated charges which give rise to electric or magnetic field and these moving fields are nothing but electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation and when I say wave I need to characterize it by either a wavelength or frequency so that wavelength is given by speed of the light upon the frequency because these electromagnetic waves move at a speed of light in vacuum in vacuum if it is moving in a medium in a medium it will move at a speed which is given by c equal to c naught upon n where c naught is the velocity of speed velocity of light in vacuum that is 3 into 10 to the power of 8 meters per second so 3 into 10 to the power of 8 meters per second is the velocity of light in vacuum that gets decreased so if it is moving in water let us say what is the refractive this n is what refractive index what is the refractive index of water 1.33 so that much is the decrease in the speed of light in water so this is the wavelength is given by speed of light in perfect vacuum or in the medium whichever it is moving upon the frequency next thing so for I just listed the refractive index is refractive index of air and most of the gases is 1 and glass is 1.5 and water is 1.33 this itself decides whether my fluid is participating or non participating we get a feel you see air and most gases it is 1 that itself means that it is non participating on the other hand for glass and water it is participating because the refractive index is high so the way the speed with which my electromagnetic waves are moving is now decreased so that itself says whether my medium is participating or non participating medium air and most of the gases can be assumed as non participating medium and of course here lambda and c depend on the medium through which the wave travels but nu is depends on this source that is independent of the medium that I think it is very easy to because electromagnetic waves frequency is dependent on the source this is what we have studied in physics but the wave length with which it moves or the speed with which it moves is decided by the medium through which it moves. Now what is the propagation what is the electromagnetic radiation so what is the electromagnetic radiation it says that the electromagnetic radiation takes place through propagation of discrete package of energy called photons or quantum so actually it is a combination of wave theory and quantum theory it is a combination of these two I think we all have studied this when we studied optics in plus two that is where I studied at least so each photon of frequency nu is considered to have an energy of equal to h nu what is nu c by lambda so h is the Planck's constant 6.625 into 10 to the power of minus 34 joule second so energy of the photon is inversely proportional to each wavelength so shorter wavelength produces larger photon energy and that is why x rays are highly destructive we will see we have not yet said that x rays have larger shorter wavelength we have not said that we will see that in the next transparency so this is the electromagnetic spectrum so if you are not able to see this I think you are able to see this if you are not able to see this let me help you out what is that we are saying is the first line is the wavelength this is saying wavelength that is this is 1000 meters 100 meters 10 meters 1 meter 10 to the power of minus 1 that is 0.1 meter 10 to the power of minus 2 and 10 to the power of minus 3 meter that means 1 mm 10 to the power of minus 3 means 1 mm 1 mm means a full stop around full stop and 10 to the power of 200 meters means it is almost like a football ground so who is having football ground wavelength radio waves radio waves have a wavelength of football ground no wonder that is why we use them for transmission of radio waves that is radio waves have larger wavelength now the period that is full stop and an amoeba amoeba is of the size of 10 to the power of minus 5 meters that is 0.01 mm so and bacteria all of them for this size wavelength that is for this size wavelength what are the waves micro waves infrared waves and visible waves that is visible light visible waves means visible light whatever we see if they are violet green and all that is visible light that visible light micro waves and the infrared waves have very small wavelength how small as small as full stop to as small as amoeba that is 10 to the power of minus 3 to 10 to the power of minus 7 meters okay now smaller than this are x-rays that is they have a wavelength of 10 to the power of minus 9 meter that is why we said that smaller wavelength ones will be having the larger energy x-rays that is why they have larger energy that is why we are saying that we should not be getting exposed to x-rays quite often for kids actually x-rays are not at all allowed because it is having high energy it may destroy any of our biological tissues that is the reason why we are not supposed to get exposed to x-rays even the x-rays what we get exposed are soft x-rays there are hard x-rays what is the difference between soft and hard the energy of hard x-rays is high because its wavelength is much smaller than that of soft x-ray and subsequent to that is gamma rays so that is nuclear radiation gamma rays and all will come into picture in case of nuclear radiation that is where you see here for all nuclear applications this shows the application for all nuclear applications and x-ray radioactivity you see here x-rays and gamma rays and we also emit thermal radiation human body also emits thermal radiation any body which is having a certain finite temperature emits thermal radiation so that is thermal radiation infrared radiation all of that are contributed by people electric bulb all of them contribute to the thermal radiation of course so there are microwaves radio waves I have explained so this is the this is how we can understand what is the spectrum what is this called electromagnetic spectrum that is spectrum means how is this wavelength changing and corresponding to that how is the frequency changing and how is the energy changing this is each wave as a particular wavelength that is what is being demonstrated and we need to realize although I am not going to tell you the answer why we will understand the answer why when we study Planck's distribution for now we need to appreciate that infrared waves visible light contribute for the a certain amount of ultraviolet light contributes for the thermal radiation no other waves contribute for thermal radiation why we will understand when we study Planck's distribution so the same thing is told in the next transparency that is each of this visible light colors we see have a particular wavelength and wavelength band of 0.3 to 3 micrometer you will see and if you see here what is happening is red is having larger wavelength than green I think we know why do we use green light for stopping in signal and red light sorry red light for stopping for signal and for moving we see green light why red is having larger wavelength so a person who is much farther also can see it compared to green whose wavelength is lesser so that is and green is there everywhere actually so you do not have to make a special effort to see green and going need not it occurs naturally anyway he is going he has to be stopped to make a stoppage you need to put an effort to put an effort that has to be shown much earlier that is why larger wavelength you see for everything there is a reason even signal light choice is having a reason so that is what comes out from this wavelength concept or the electromagnetic spectrum. So in the heat transfer what is that we are saying is that the heat transfer we are interested in energy emitted by bodies due to temperature only that is the reason why we attribute always thermal radiation thermal radiation we are not saying nuclear radiation we are saying thermal radiation so whenever I use the word radiation I only mean thermal radiation in fact to be precise we should say the chapter heading has not just radiation it should be thermal radiation ok so why because the radiation occurring by virtue of temperature that is what is thermal radiation next same thing it is shown very nicely here if you are not able to see that figure I am sure you will be able to this is gamma rays x rays ultra violet rays visible infrared microwaves the thermal radiation is contributed by visible and infrared so this is wavelength and this is wave number and this is frequency what is wave number what is wave number one upon wavelength is the wave number so it is typically represented as 70 meter to the power of minus 1 it is just that people use wave number because they do not want to write 10 to the power of minus 5 and all so that is the reason they put it as wave number that is what I think so you have wavelength, wave number and frequency. Now all bodies emit radiation radiation at absolute zero temperature absolute zero temperature is what what is absolute zero temperature minus 273.15 degree Celsius that is the absolute temperature till today no one has gone a temperature lower than that so minus 273.15 degree Celsius till that that is at that is zero Kelvin zero Kelvin at zero Kelvin only there will be no radiation anything above zero Kelvin one Kelvin two Kelvin anything above that is going to radiate but all bodies which are there in nature are going to have a finite temperature every one is going to have above zero Kelvin that means what there everyone is going to radiate so thermal radiation is the rate at which energy is emitted by matter as a result of its finite temperature so all furniture plants walls people seats yourself myself everyone is radiating so the mechanism of emission is energy released as a result of oscillations of many electrons that constitute matter so this is you can think of oscillation or you can think of as a wave if the electron is oscillating then what does it work the oscillation we have studied in plus two oscillation is represented as a sine wave so that is how the we imagine that this oscillation moves as an electromagnetic wave okay that is radiation actually is a volumetric phenomena but it becomes quite difficult to handle it as volumetric phenomena so we are worried about radiation on the surfaces so we imagine that the radiation is being contributed by the outermost layer that is the exposed surface outermost layer of the surface this figure is more explanatory we will not worry about the radiation within the thickness of the material we will consider that the radiation is occurring only the top layer of the surface that is what we are saying although it is a volumetric phenomena we will consider it as a surface phenomena I think it is a reasonably good assumption now after this what we understand is that the radiation is unlike conduction and convection radiation is little complicated unlike conduction and convection radiation is complicated why do I say radiation is complicated in conduction we never took directionality into account did we take we always made a statement that thermal conductivity is homogeneous it is isotropic that is it is independent of direction but in radiation it is not in radiation in which direction the radiation is taking place it makes a difference it makes a difference so two important things additional things which come into picture in case of radiation are those are one is wavelength one is wavelength and another one is direction for wavelength we say spectral we say spectral the word we use is spectral distribution wavelength things change with wavelength and direction that is emission changes with wavelength that is spectral distribution and directionality this is what makes our radiation little difficult or adds to the complication otherwise it is more or less same so what we are saying in this transparency is that emitted radiation is continuous non-uniform distribution of monochromatic single wavelength component that means what we are saying if I think in vibration we do this very much see in vibration if you have a periodic signal that is if you have a signal consisting of multiple wavelengths what do you do you handle them as multiple periodic signals that is you say a naught sin omega 1t plus a1 sin omega 2t plus a3 sin omega 3t like that so here also we are going to handle multiple radiation multiple wavelength radiations as several radiations of each having a particular wavelength that is what is each one is having a single wavelength that is what is spectral distribution that is this is that is this is the spectral distribution so what is this radiation we are not quantified radiation yet however if it is radiation if I imagine that some quantity this radiation is going to be a function of wavelength now and at the same time the radiation is dependent on the direction also you can see here radiation is dependent on the direction so radiation is dependent on spectral spectrality that is the wavelength and directionality not to mention the radiation is dependent on the temperature also we will come to the other things little later but for now the most important thing is to understand the spectral distribution and the directional distribution now I am giving the mike to professor Arun he is going to teach us radiation intensity through very good examples good morning so I think professor Prabhu has introduced what radiation is about and what are the issues or I would not say complexities what are the things that make radiation a little bit more non-intuitive in terms of you can understand conduction convection relatively easy but radiation on the other hand you need to think a little bit and cannot just read a book like a story and understand because of the fact that radiation involves this directionality as well as the spectral distribution now for understanding these terms there are there are a few terms which will come again and again in radiation repeatedly these will be there that is why we are going to introduce these terms very slowly and we will try to give as many examples as possible so that we understand these concepts very nicely and if there are any questions I would request you to please note down all these questions and put it to us little later so what is we use this term radiation intensity now I want to tell you that we are going to do three or four terms simultaneously I will first define those three or four terms simultaneously and then I will go to actual definitions of each of these so first what do we mean by intensity we will come to that when a surface is giving out energy by virtue of its finite temperature which is greater than absolute zero we refer to that quantity or that phenomena as emission so emission all of us have used this word emissive power what I am saying is this is emission so emission is something where we deal with energy leaving a surface by virtue of its finite temperature so emission means if any body by virtue of temperature greater than absolute zero so let us take if you are in a classroom or you are in a room where there is a projector there is a source of light tube lights are there camera is there so on and so forth all of these are at different temperatures you are at a different temperature you are roughly at 98.4 Fahrenheit so by virtue of this finite temperature T in absolute scale Kelvin every object is going to emit energy so this is related to emit energy how is it going to emit by in the form of electromagnetic waves and what is the amount of energy that it is going to emit we have seen it is that some sigma t to the power 4 with some epsilon in front of it we do not we do not want to deal with all those things at that point but all of us can relate to emission so if I am having a surface this is at a finite temperature T let me call it T s just for convenience because we will have some other T also and by virtue of its temperature T s the amount of energy that is emitted by it that is leaving the surface in the form of electromagnetic radiation so if I have a cup of coffee which is at 60 degree centigrade and it is placed in a vacuum even then you will see that after some time the coffee is going to get cool why that is because of the effect of radiation so there is no medium there by virtue of its finite temperature if the surrounding medium is at a lower temperature than the source of energy that is T s then you are going to have a reduction in temperature because so this is emission this is very easy to understand now you are in the room let us think of the room in a class it is lot easier to explain because I can see the faces of the students we know whether they are understanding or no here it is a little bit difficult but imagine I am there and talking you are in the classroom by virtue of a finite temperature the light above you or light in front of you is going to emit some amount of energy now let us say this light is oriented like this so this is the light this is at temperature T this is also going to give energy in all direction I do not care about direction at this point what is the best example for this directionality you think of a bulb you always take this as a symbol for a bulb what is a bulb look like a bulb looks like a sphere take off this part the bulb looks like a sphere and you are travelling by train in dark in remote corners or even in outside big cities if you are going and you are travelling at night one or two lights you will see here and there and that will be like a source of a source of light for a large distance large would mean depending on the wattage of the light it would either you know you will feel the effect of the light for about 10 feet or for about 2 feet depending on the water if it is a 0 watt bulb but what I am trying to say is that the intense I should not use the word intensity because I am talking of intensity what I am saying is the inner the light presence of the light is felt around like as if it is a sphere as if it is enclosing a sphere. So, as if it is enclosing a sphere you will see the effect of the light all around you all around the source. So, if I want to write this if I want to show it diagrammatically let us. So, this is the point this is the light it will be seen in badly drawn but it will be seen like this all around and it is not going to have any specific direction preference why should it know that I have to go up more or go down more there is no direction preference. So, a source of energy will emit in all possible directions now in in radiative heat transfer that we deal with here. So, what is what is this surface this surface is a sphere all of us agree that this is a sphere this sphere is of radius some are up to which the light is felt if I am very close to it we know that we start to feel a little bit hot you can try this at home lighter lighter lamp oil lamp put your hand very close to it you are going to feel hot take it away from there you are going to feel a little bit less hot further if you are sitting on the ceiling of the room you are not going to even feel that heat from the wick ok. So, what I am saying is that the light is going to the energy is going to come out in the form of a sphere and the I should not use intensity that is why I am looking for a different word the hotness or how much light or how bright the light is is felt more when you are closer and as you go out it is going to decrease with temperature it is easy to understand with light it is slightly bit more difficult because I have to look for the word like brightness etcetera. So, now in our course what we are going to do is. So, any point source generates a sphere of influence around it we are going to deal primarily with hemisphere. So, that is the first thing. So, hemispherical quantity what it means is that now all of us have squeezed a squeezed an orange how do you squeeze an orange you cut the orange first diametrically. So, it has representation typically is like this when we draw also it will be drawn like this in school books also for orange this will be the citrus fruits will be drawn like this what is this please try to imagine now we are stretching our imagination this represents half of the orange what do you call that fruit that you eat you you skin it out and eat the pulp this represent the top half represents half of that. So, we are dealing with only hemispherical. So, I do not care what is happening below I am dealing only with top part in real life is it the case most cases if it is a point source like a bulb or like the sun it is not, but engineering applications where I am talking of a furnace wall where I am talking of a heated plate which is radiating energy it is all going to be only in either the top surface or bottom surface or the side surface if you are talking of a furnace wall energy is not going to go out by radiation on the outside. Yeah probably yes because the temperature on the outside will be a little bit warmer than the room temperature, but inside of the furnace if the wall is 600 degree centigrade radiation is going to be primarily in this part that is why we are dealing with hemispherical quantities that is the first thing. Now, hemisphere classic example is a fruit any spherical fruit guava orange or whatever you are you are used to eating that fruit is a very very good example to deal with when we are talking with talking about radiation. What are the things this if I take this hemisphere all this is given in most textbooks it is just that we find it difficult to read that is all. Now, I take a small region here all of us can visualize this I hope. So, if I cut the orange like this I get half a peel. So, this is that half fruity peel now I do not want half the fruity peel I want only a small portion of this. So, that small portion is different from a small portion here. So, let me call it 1 and 2 1 and 2 I will draw a better diagram actually this. So, if this is my hemisphere if I take a element if I do not take a strip we can we can all imagine one other very nice example is latitude and longitude on the globe. How are longitudes going longitudes are going from the bottom of the earth to the north pole and they the space between two longitudinal lines represent what you see in an orange peel correct. So, if you are sitting at the center of the earth if you want to look at say a country like India which is just above the equator you have to look like this meaning your field of vision is not horizontal it is just raised a little bit. If I want to look at say green land which is in the northern part then I will have to look much steeper. So, that much steepness of looking is representing some kind of an angle from the center of the earth. So, that is what that is the concept that we are going to use. So, radiation is very direction specific in real life. So, that is why if you understand this you understand all of us understand this from sun practically we are experiencing this. Equator countries are hotter much hotter than polar regions or northern or southern hemisphere close to the poles why because the rays of the sun are not falling directly on it it is falling at an angle when things are falling at an angle it is different. So, if I am sitting at the center of the earth and I am trying to look up if this is a area D A in India I have to look up in a particular area way. If this is an area D A same area I am looking at same infinitesimal area in Sweden I have to look very steeply I have to just bend my head almost till 90 degrees. If I am doing only with the northern hemisphere because we are dealing with hemisphere same thing if you want to look in the south we will deal that way. Let us not confuse ourselves the point I am trying to make is this area 1 this area 2 though they are the same D A the location physical location of these two matters a lot and the angle at which these are with respect to the center I am sitting here this is me lot of ego I have that is why I am putting I here. I am sitting there and I am observing this this is a little bit different as opposed to this as opposed to going to the left side if I want to see Japan if I want to see USA it is going to be in a different direction the point I am trying to emphasize is the directionality. Now, I hope you can understand that a light bulb though it will emit what we are seeing is uniform in real life radiation may not be like that depending on the surface characteristic radiation will be direction specific. So, that is why our spherical geometry r theta 5 become very very important. So, emission we said is related to energy leaving the surface now why did we come up with all this is the surface at T s I have another surface the tube light in your room there will be multiple tube lights in your hall where you are sitting one of them will be directly above you another would be very far from you another would be just above the projector all of them are going to contribute to the energy transfer from them. Let us say all the three tube lights are at temperature T they will have the same amount of energy leaving them which is ok, but what is received by you sitting on the first bench or wherever you are sitting is going to be different because of the relative orientation of each of you with respect to that tube light am I right. So, what I am saying is these quantities which are coming in is called as irradiation these are three terms which we will use in conjunction emission we saw is energy leaving the surface by virtue of a finite temperature in energy emission is given by symbol e irradiation refers to energy coming in to the surface from all other surfaces which are interacting with it this goes by symbol g I hope irradiation is understood terminology now one more thing is that all energy that is coming in from other surfaces it is where will it go in real life some of it will get absorbed some will get transmitted absorbed means it will go in sensible heating light when you flash when you when you have a torch and you flash the light through a plane glass window glass many times you will see opaque glass with the where the surfaces where the glass is made milky if you stand on the other side of the glass the amount of light you receive is less but if you have a transparent glass where you can see everything on the other side the amount of light that you see is more. So, that is a transparency opacity which are all material characteristics. So, transmit there will be some amount of energy transmitted there will be some amount of energy reflected and there will be some amount of energy absorbed absorption will cause a increase or increase in the stored energy will cause a rise in the temperature. So, what I am saying is always a surface is going to reflect some amount of energy. So, this quantity is more for convenience we are defining we call this as a radiosity. Radiosity represents the sum of emitted plus the reflected. So, emission is because of its finite temperature radiosity refers to emission plus something more which is a reflected component of energy that is coming in from all directions. So, this rho times g which I am going to write is called this is given by symbol j radiosity. Radiosity is because of the surfaces finite temperature which is related to emission and reflected component of all incident radiation. Now, is that a uniform thing I do not know let us not worry about it, but from a definition point of view radiosity refers to E plus rho g where rho is the fraction which is called as reflectivity which represents the fraction of energy being reflected by the surface with respect to what is incident on the surface.  Now, I move little away from it the g that is coming on to you will be a slightly different number rho will probably be the same because it depends on you. So, the reflected component of the energy would have decreased because g has decreased. Now, this rho can be uniform non uniform all those things we do not worry at the definition state, but we have to remember these three things emission, irradiation, radiosity fall even though I will be repetitive these are so important emission refers to again energy leaving by virtue of its finite temperature irradiation refers to energy coming in from all other surfaces which depends not on this surfaces temperature, but it depends on their individual temperatures T 1, T 2, T 3. Last quantity radiosity which is the emitted component emitted part which is because of this surface is finite temperature and the reflected component of all incident radiation that is the energy leaving the surface energy emitted plus reflected is the net energy leaving the surface. So, this is radiosity. So, these three things again and again we will revisit. Now, let us go to this so called intensity I have gone little bit ahead because this intensity is a little bit more confusing than what these things are these things if you understood we are we are going to use this word intensity to explain these three concepts. Let us read radiation intensity is a radiation emitted by a surface propagates in all direction radiation incident on the surface may come in from different direction I have told you the story. So, it is a light bulb it will go in all directions it can come in from all direction multiple tube lights in a room always when you are confused with definitions when you are confused with the concept please think of easy example radiation is actually easy that way to understand because you have it is there everywhere you do not have to imagine a flow you are standing right below a bulb commensensically you place a hand on top of a gas stove which is burning it is going to be hot you move away it is going to be cold. So, all this we have experienced we even teach our children do not do this do not go near the fire why precisely because of radiation. So, response to the of the surface to radiation depends on the direction obviously we saw that far away closer how it is oriented are you directly below or away etcetera directional effects this is leading to this concept of intensity. So, when I am dealing with direction then I have to use this thing as intensity why because what is intensity intensity in a layman's term what do we understand by intense the course is very intense what does it mean lot of information is packed light course this is a very light course it is not it is not so intense classical music is very intense meaning what you have to understand things deeply whereas, full music it is not you do not have to think so much it is it just flows it flows with the psych of the people. So, the intensity refers to some kind of how to tell it is an abstract thing, but if I say light if I am if I am shining a torch the light is so bright you know you are driving all of many of you who drive will realize it is opposing traffic vehicle comes with a high beam of light you get blinded, but if the light is on low beam cars have high beam low beam scooters have high beam low beam high beam is essentially very bright basically it you get completely blinded. So, you say it is so bright this light is manageable. So, this brightness etcetera are what we associate with intensity now in radiation what we are saying is directional aspects are there we will associate this term intensity I will come to the solid angle in a minute. So, all of us are aware of plane angle plane angle this is a example taken slice of a two dimensional surface arc of a circle subtends an angle d alpha at the center this is called as plane angle. Now, let us go to what is called as solid angle area infinitesimal area d a of a sphere subtends an angle d omega solid angle d omega at the center of the sphere quite complicated you might think it is not go back to the center of the earth where I am sitting I am looking at India like this I am having the same area I have to look differently if I have to look at green land I have to look differently though the area may be same the directionality matters go back to the sun sun is fixed earth is fixed, but the amount of energy coming into green land is much lesser than what comes to Malaysia. So, that is roughly what you understand by intensity the source does not know anything sources it does not know I am giving energy to green land or South Africa it is the same it is not knowing, but the relative positions etcetera will dictate the intensity. So, solid angle refers to this area sorry this angle central angle another example I give is ice cream cone ice cream cone larger the cone larger the cone larger is the central angle subtended smaller the cone smaller is the central angle that central angle that you are subtending is called as the solid angle clear. Now, let us go to the formal definition emission of radiation from a differential area d a 1 this is the area I am at the center of the earth I am looking at an area d a 1 into a solid angle d omega subtended by area d a n at the point on d a 1 lot of words let us understand word by word this area is me d a 1 is me. So, amount emission of radiation from a differential area why differential because we like to deal with differential small elements in where in which direction is it a big ice cream cone or a small ice cream cone it is an ice cream cone which subtends an angle d omega at the center. So, that is what this ice cream cone can be oriented if I have the same area I can have it facing India I can have it facing green land anything. So, that relative position of this d a n though d a n is the same I am taking 1 inch by 1 inch in India versus 1 inch by 1 inch in green land area is the same, but the relative positions are dictated by what angles theta here and phi here that if you understand I think the difficulty is over solid angle essentially takes takes care of this plane angle does not take care of this it just takes care of the central angle associated with the r here in radiation we have to deal with theta and phi though d a n might be the same these things matter with respect to the intensity. So, this d a n subtends an angle d phi in the x y plane and subtends an angle theta in the the third dimension what is this phi called phi is which is phi is what angle azimuthal this is the zenith angle I always zenith yeah. So, this is the zenith angle. So, d omega solid angle refers to the area d a n divided by r square. Now, let us go to these definitions. So, differential a pizza that we have told differential area d a 1 d a n is a normal to theta phi direction as in the figure this is shown here that 1 meter by 1 meter area in India is going to subtend this angle the 1 meter by 1 meter area is going to subtend the same angle, but it will be at a different relative theta phi direction that is what if you understand we are in good shape. So, at this point I just want to break.


Good afternoon, I'm working at the salon today I just went in and did one client and now I have an hour gap in my schedule So I figured let me run out and get myself some coffee or something and I figured this was the perfect time to sit down and share something very Exciting with you guys, but first I do have to give a quick shout out to the sponsor of today's video Anna Louisa I get asked where I get my jewelry from all the time and I always get asked like oh does it tarnish how's the quality because a lot of the pieces that I have I wear on a Regular basis and I literally never take them off Like this bracelet that I have is from them These little huggy earrings that I have are from them and those are pieces that I never remove I wear them in the shower all of the rings that I'm wearing today are from them as well These hoops I'm wearing are also from them. I just recently got these and I also got like these Twisted rope earrings that are beautiful They remind me of a pair that I had as a kid in the 90s And I love them because you can wear them on their own But if you're into like stacking jewelry to like I usually am they stack really nicely and they are a sustainable company They offset 100% of their carbon emissions They also make all of their jewelry in small batches to eliminate excess waste All of their jewelry does start at $39 which is amazing for high quality pieces that are gonna last you a really long time So if you guys are interested in checking out Anna Louisa I have a link in my description as well as a discount code so you can save yourself 10% on your purchase I know a lot of you guys have told me that you've purchased from them since hearing about them in my videos and You absolutely love the pieces that you've gotten to in the quality So yeah, definitely check them out and thank you so much Anna Louisa for working with me again Yes, you can tell from the title of this video I'm moving and I know some of you guys are probably gonna be like again. Didn't you just move? Like in the spring and yes, yes, I did so I was living in an apartment by myself and then I had moved in with my boyfriend into a little cottage that is on his parents property and That was always intended to just kind of be a temporary thing I knew that I didn't want to renew another year on my lease at my apartment because there were just so many issues and Just lots of reasons why I didn't want to stay there And I just I knew I didn't want to be locked into a full year lease because I didn't really know what I wanted to do I've always been back and forth about moving since I was in high school I've always said that I wanted to leave this area that I wanted to live in a warm climate And I just didn't want to be stuck here forever. Like I'm in a pretty small town I've lived here since I was like 10 years old and you know now that I'm an adult I turned 29 a few months ago and I'm finally for the first time in my life In a place where I'm financially stable and can fully financially support myself And I feel like secure in my career. I've just really been Re-evaluating everything in my life. I think for a while. I tried convincing myself like no, I you know I have a good life here.  So yeah, I am moving to Wilmington, North Carolina Which is pretty south. It's like right on the border pretty much with South Carolina right on the coast. I Started thinking about this back in June like right around my birthday pretty much like right after our turn 29 I was just like re-evaluating everything in my life And I got this idea in my head and I started going to therapy around that same time, too And this is something that I've talked about in great detail with my therapist with my family with my boss my friends and Everyone has just been so supportive and encouraging and what made me really feel like it was the right decision, too Is that nobody had a negative reaction like everyone that I've told that I was even thinking about doing this was really excited for me And really encouraging at the beginning of September if you guys follow me on Instagram You might have seen that I was down there a few weeks ago With my mom and my brother and we were just scoping it out and we looked at some apartments And I found one that is perfect. I love it so much and I signed a lease Hi guys, it is currently Tuesday, September 7th I am in Wilmington, North Carolina. I just signed a lease on an apartment. We literally My mascara running. It was raining like crazy earlier. So my hair's a little bit of a mess, but um, I had been looking at these apartments online doing a bunch of research Um, and then we toured a few today And the one that was already like my first choice I just I loved it. I really fell in love the whole everything about like the apartment complex as a whole The people in the office the actual apartments themselves Everything about it and the area like it really is just everything that I was looking for here and Everything that I've always said that I wanted and it's kind of crazy that a place like this actually exists Because it's perfect for me, but even though this is a very exciting moment. I also Feel really nervous and really anxious Because this is something I've been thinking about for months. I've contemplated been back and forth I've talked about this with all of my family my boss my friends my therapist everyone Everyone is encouraging me to do this. It really feels like the right move Um, and like logically I know that it's a good decision and it's like I should just go for it. Why not? You know, it's one of those things where it's like I don't know like for some reason I make it out to be a bigger deal than it is. It's like Yes, it's kind of a far drive from home, but it's not like I'm in a different country. I'm still on the east coast There's nothing that's got like permanently tying me to this area or this decision Like I can always go back home or move somewhere else or whatever Like it's really people move all the time and I've been saying that I've wanted to move out of My town forever. I know all of that logically. I'm like, yes, this is a good decision. It's a well thought out decision it's a responsible decision, but like emotionally I keep going back and forth from being like super super excited and being like, yes, I can't wait. This is amazing To being like, wait Is this the right choice? I'm scared. I'm nervous. Oh my god. I'm gonna be moving here. I don't know anybody I don't have any friends. I I'm literally gonna be just me alone But then I'm like, wait, but I love being alone. So that's also gonna be exciting. I can't wait You know, like I I literally just keep going back and forth That's like a roller coaster of emotions for me and I just can't believe that like I literally signed this lease. I'm like Wait, what that's that's where I'm at right now. That's what's going on But I'm excited for this journey and I'm excited to share it And I hope that this will kind of inspire other people If there's something that you've been always wanting to do that feels like a risk or you're really scared to do it You're hesitant. Hopefully this shows you like I'm doing something that scares the shit out of me And if I can do it by myself You can do it too and my lease starts december 8th So in two months, I am gonna be Moving down there and I am going alone I'm gonna be bringing benny my dog, of course, but um, yeah, my boyfriend and I are gonna be Splitting ways I never really showed my relationship on social media at all because he just wasn't comfortable with it Um, he's a really private person and also I feel like the more that you share with people the more it opens you up to Judgment and criticism and speculation and I just really don't want to deal with that We both are like on the same page about everything. It was like both of our decisions We're handling it like the best way possible. It's very Amicable, I don't want to say too much about it because like I said, I want to just kind of keep that private But I know that I have to say something about it. So otherwise, I'm probably gonna get questions But in the meantime, I am still at the house with him. Like I said, everything is good. We're Courage old. Oh the other thing I wanted to mention too is as far as work goes Um, of course, I want to continue doing hair but I think that what I'm gonna do is Take a couple of months Give myself some time to get settled in and then I'm gonna look into what my best options are which What's really cool about down there is they have a lot of salon suites That's something that is not an option where I live now. We can't even booth rent here I'm gonna look into either a salon suite booth rental or just, you know, working out a salon as an employee And see what my best option is gonna be That's another thing that I'm gonna be excited to share with you guys Growing a clientele like starting from scratch again, basically, but oh my god I'm just so excited. I cannot wait for the vlogs the moving vlogs And to share with you guys my apartment and to decorate with you guys I got a one bedroom apartment And I'm so excited. I have a washer and dryer finally Finally a washer and dryer and a dishwasher And central air conditioning. Thank the lord all things that I have been without For the last couple of years. There's amenities there. So I'm gonna have a little gym a pool dog park It's very dog friendly there. The whole town Is very very dog friendly and my apartment is 12 minutes from the beach to be able to just go whenever I want Just for like an hour just read a book Like eat my lunch on the beach Crazy that hasn't even like fully sunken for me yet. It's also So much more affordable everything about it just feels really right. What I like down there in that area too is it feels like A lot of people have moved there from all over which is really cool. It's very diverse Whereas I feel like here I'm only ever meeting people that are from the tri-state area like PA jersey or new york for the most part everyone is just really really friendly It's just a totally different way of life down there And they have so many more stores. I'm gonna have a Whole Foods and a Trader Joe's Here I have to drive at least an hour to get to either one of those There's just more going on there, but it still has like that small town feel which I do like I'm still trying to figure out How I'm gonna get my stuff down there and if I want to just like Ship my furniture down or buy new stuff. I don't know, but I'm definitely gonna share all of that I want to vlog the entire process Packing moving getting down their empty apartment tour Unpacking all of it and I'm excited that I can finally talk about it now because This is something that I've known about for a while But I wanted to wait till it was official and set in stone and my lease was signed and I Had a definite date and I knew this was really happening before I said anything So, yeah, it's happening December 8th. I need to go. I'm gonna run in and get a coffee really quick Because then I need to run back to the salon for my next client, but That's gonna be it for this video. Thank you guys so much for watching. Thank you so much for your support For following for watching, you know Commenting liking everything means so much to me Don't forget to check my description for the link and discount code for Anna Louisa And I'll see you really soon in my next video. Bye


Hey everyone it's been easy your community outreach specialist and today I am with Corporal Alan Wilkin Who you guys have seen before from the Trilby initiative, but today we are bringing you a very special video it's going to be a behind-the-scenes of a Stand-up not a comedy but a stand-up interview that he does with one of our local news stations to talk about the fact that January is human trafficking awareness month Yep, national human trafficking awareness month bringing awareness to this dark crime Put some light on it make a difference exactly. So stay tuned until after the intro So let me start with just getting your name and the correct spelling and everything. Yeah, Alan Wilkett al an W il Corporal Pasco Sheriff's Office, okay, and are you in any kind of special like human trafficking? Is there? Like a unit or force or is there a part of our human trafficking? Okay task force so county task force, okay? And this is human trafficking awareness month. Is that the right way to say it? Okay, and so I guess talk about a little bit of what you guys are doing to kind of raise awareness in Pasco County for For them for them for them awareness month, okay? So January is national human trafficking awareness month And when we understand the concept of human trafficking it's forced labor sex trafficking Involuntary servitude and up to 20 different forms of human trafficking It's the second largest criminal enterprise in the world right behind the drug trade Generates a hundred and fifty billion dollars a year and the international labor organization has it at forty point three million victims globally so because of this second largest criminal enterprise and that the United States is recognized as one of the largest Consumers of human trafficking it becomes important for education and awareness to be brought into our community So one of the things that we're doing is we're doing a lot of community awareness events throughout the month of January as well as throughout the year But January focusing on human trafficking awareness and education such as teaching the CSU academies Doing a lot of community events, but one of our large events that we're doing is called light of the night Light of the night 2019 is an awareness event for human trafficking and it comes in two different parts We have a 5k that is going to be run out of Pasco Hernando State College in Wesley Chapel and that's on January the 19th at 8 o'clock But the big concert event is February the second at Trinity College We got Johnny Diaz gonna be there as a as a singer as well some local talent candlelight vigil And the whole idea is to raise awareness because the truth of this is this is one of the darkest crimes Known to mankind and the only way to combat darkness is to shed light on it And that's what awareness does is brings light to darkness and we must do that we must do it now So once so once you do start that and you get awareness and people around the community know about it Like what is the next kind of? Result you're hoping to get you know you will raise awareness, but then how does that in what ways kind of does it lead to either? Enforcement or your arrests or sure or getting people out of human trafficking So step number one raise awareness step number two get educated But then three what action steps can we take and so the actions steps become critical because to know something and not Do something about it is as bad as not knowing at all So what we want to do is we want to make sure that people are taking the appropriate steps There's a couple of different things they can call our crime tips number on a local level if it's a crime in progress It's all the sheet 9-1-1 But one of the things that we encourage is if you see signs and behaviors after being educated Then you got to call the National Human Trafficking Hotline. The National Human Trafficking Hotline is 888 3737 888 That number activates the task force to begin the investigative process So obviously once we do the investigation and we get the criminal complaint and begin to get the elements of the crime Then the arrest and prosecution will take place, but we really need a Education awareness and then we need somebody to take a step and make a difference in somebody's life What are some of the things that somebody you know if you if you're out and about? What are some of the things that you would see that might trigger you to try and Call the number or call you guys, you know, what what what should people look for? You know, I know part of part of your events are teaching that But you know for us kind of briefly what are some of the things to look out for well very quickly some of the common indicators So some of the common indicators that we're looking for all revolve around control So the trafficker is seeking to control the victim So control becomes the nucleus of any activity that we're looking for so what does some of that control look like? It's gonna be the controlling of documents controlling somebody from being able to speak on their own Answering questions for someone having their documentation and keeping it in a place That's not attainable for the victim themselves having unexplained injuries Trips to the emergency room that cannot be explained Bruising that's not easily explained any of those kind of things that that raised that red flag But we really look for that to be around that control mechanism Okay, and so talk a little bit about how big of a problem this is in in Pasco specifically Okay, so so we talked about globally 40.3 million The United States being recognized as one of the largest consumers and Florida reports at the third highest rate To the national human trafficking hotline following California in Texas So for reporting at number three and the Tampa Bay area is number three within the state for reporting human trafficking We have a huge problem in the Tampa Bay area. We have tourism great weather Major league sporting events. We have a beachfront properties and high-end hotels All of these attractive climates that a trafficker would bring victim here and exploit them out on the streets or brothels or online And so we have a big problem in the Tampa Bay area and Pasco Specifically experiences all of the same elements that the Tampa Bay area does as well We have the forced labor. We have the commercial sex trade and we have all of these forms happening run our own backyards Okay Is there anything else that I'm not asking about that you guys would want to get out with Any resources you want to talk about that we have here in Pasco? Okay, so let's talk about resources for just a moment one of the resources I would direct people to is the Pasco Sheriff's Office website all the Pasco Sheriff's website We have a page that's dedicated to human trafficking indicators Resources enhance resources that will lead you to other places as well to learn more about this Including Polaris project in the blue campaign for the Department of Homeland Security These resources become critical and being able to have a further understanding of not just what is human trafficking But what do we do about it? Okay, cool. I think I'm good. I'm good. Cool. Cool Take one take all that's it. That's it. We're good


Hey there! I was just cleaning up some delicious popcorn. I got so excited while watching the Seam Haramene demonstrate that all particles at the smallest level we know of function like tiny Toronto fields with tiny singularities in each one. I got so excited that I threw popcorn everywhere. You see, it's so exciting because with that understanding we actually begin to open up our understanding of what a singularity really is. We expand our ideas about it and our observation and awareness and thus our ability to affect it. We're used to dealing with a lot of density instead of what things really are, empty space. The world we live in is mostly empty space. It's really light and fluffy, like popcorn. I know, it doesn't seem that way to our senses and that's why sometimes when we talk about this stuff it seems a little out there. The information doesn't seem dense enough, but what we think of as dense isn't even close to… THE VACUUM OF SPACE A Kindred spirit messaged me on the interwebs recently and asked me how come I thought the vacuum cleaner model of a black hole wasn't fitting. I responded very simply, where's the motor? Where's the cleaner bag? The filter? The power source? How does it work?  Got it, so what about the center of the galaxy, which is not only absorbing light, but also radiating it? Is that like the light on the top or something? For that matter, why don't we use the analogy of a whirlpool or a hurricane instead of a vacuum cleaner? Especially since with the whirlpool, the surface of the water from above appears flat. And much like our diagrams with whirlpools and water, the energy going into the vortex is going somewhere. Where? A space of greater density. Because at the bottom of the whirlpool, it's all really heavy because there's the weight of the water compressing on top of it. I mean, isn't that the perfect model for the black hole? Why are we getting stuck on a vacuum cleaner? Nassim's work describes the structure of the vacuum. A sacred geometric prism, which is an incredible, if not perfect, representation of the structure of reality. All of the elements, all of the atoms, and even the stars, follow a basic set of principal patterns which are mapped out, like this. The idea is that the vacuum of space itself is dividing in very specific ways in relationships. The cubic dehedron is one of the fundamental shapes which fractals out. It's opposite is the star tetrahedron, the inward and the outward flow of energy from the center. When we begin to look at the relationship between the data points in the vacuum, we see that they equate the phi ratio over and over and over. This is the pattern we come up with, which Nassim has called the 64 tetrahedron grid. Were you to put a sphere around every point, they would create a perfect three-dimensional flower of life. This is basically a three-dimensional metatron's cube, a structure by which all known structures can be found. The pattern can continually fractal larger and smaller to create complex geometries and structures, such as molecules or organ systems in our bodies, which are made up based on the variety of different patterns all found within the shape. If this structure is the male component, then the female component would be the toroidal flow between and around all of the points. Imagine that every sphere in and of itself is a torus, each with a singularity of its own, but the larger fractal is a larger sphere, also with a singularity, of which all of the other toroids are connected to. You can see this geometry really clearly in the brain. You have the entire field, which is a network of interconnected data. Then you have the corpus callosum, which acts like an accretion disk of a galaxy. And then the pineal gland right in the center, which is the connector and the singularity for the entire network and field that is your brain. This structure also breaks down our construct of time because of the nature of the singularity. The singularity is the infinite vacuum, a space that may or may not be very strong, but has a relationship to all of the singularities around it, all of the empty space. By the fact that they are connected through their singularity, energy and information can pass through the center and translate to anywhere else on the grid if there's a passage to it. Much like the idea of folding a piece of paper to create a wormhole, when the singular connection is made between two points, now the entire distance can be traveled instantly. This is demonstrated scientifically when we see that subatomic particles can be in two places at the same time, or break the laws of physics when it comes to time and order, almost as if some particles are moving backwards in time. Seriously, time traveling subatomic particles are real, sources in the comments. So this is really really cool, so cool in fact that I have to save the meat of it for another video dedicated entirely to the subject. But did you know that time slows down the closer you get to a singularity? In a singularity, time actually begins to converge on itself, later becomes now and now becomes later. But like I said, we'll get into that at a different time. Through the singularity, the two spaces, the very big and the very small, are completely interconnected. They're inside each other, might be another way to say it. Nasim even suggests that the entire egg in which our universe exists inside, is actually a much larger black hole, a supermassive black hole. How amazing is that? The singularity is the key to unlocking and understanding that. Looking at the geometry, we can see and begin to understand how it works. So let's take that idea and fractal it out a bit. You may or may not know about the e-chain, one of the oldest texts that we know of today. The text is said to describe the laws of nature through the union of polarities. It is a diagram consisting of 64 hexagrams which represent vibrations of balance in between the yin and the yang, negative and positive energy. By taking those 64 hexagrams and putting them together, the collective number of the long lines and broken lines when you put them together can be constructed perfectly to create the 64 tetrahedron grid exactly. Not a single stone out of place. They fit together as if to say, yes this is in fact the structure of the vacuum of space, the blueprints of the universe. Check out black hole if you want to learn more. You can find links in the comments or you can watch it right here.


Lucia asks, what is your opinion on stablecoin? Are these valid methods towards mass adoption, or do they simply promote the legacy standard of centralization, control, and potential censorship? The corollary question, if JP Morgan coin or Facebook coin becomes mainstream and can be used as a low-cost value transfer cross-border payment method, does this weaken the potential value of traditional cryptos? First of all, I think it is important to separate the concept of a stablecoin from its precise implementation. A stablecoin as simply something that is pegged to a unit of value that has less volatility may be a very useful application for helping with adoption, especially for retail payments, medium and exchange type things. If crypto yet doesn't have enough economic activity and liquidity to have low volatility, how do you get to the point where it does have enough liquidity to get to low volatility? If you need more people to use it, but people are not using it because it doesn't have enough liquidity and therefore is quite volatile, you've got this chicken and egg problem, and stablecoins might be a way out of that by creating things that have many or all of the characteristics of cryptocurrency, but with the lower volatility of a national currency. By lower volatility, of course, the name stable is a bit of a joke, but gradually declining in value over 30 years, so that you lose half your money was too long, so stablecoin it will be. The important thing is how are these stablecoins implemented, and you really have to ask questions about centralization versus decentralization. A stablecoin that is a reserve coin where the assets are held in reserve by a centralized custodian that has some bank accounts that have US dollars to back the stablecoin is actually a pretty weak centralized controlled construction that has a fairly significant amount of counterparty risk, so it's not a cryptocurrency. It's not a cryptocurrency in any aspect of its construction. It is a form of digital money, but it is not an open blockchain-based cryptocurrency, and there's a vast difference between the two. Digital money, dollars on PayPal are digital money, Facebook coin is going to be digital money, Venmo is digital dollars, none of these are open blockchain cryptocurrencies, and they differ in great detail. The biggest difference, of course, is that they are centralized. If you have a centralized thing with reserved bank accounts that have fiat currency in them, you have a couple of problems. One is the custodian can steal. So through a number of different tricks, they can dilute the reserve so that the stablecoin is not actually 100% backed by the reserves, but it's backed at a lower amount. There's two ways to do this. One is to simply reduce the amount of dollars you have or issue more stablecoins than the reserve you have in the bank accounts. And you can protect against that risk somewhat. Pardon me. And you can protect against that risk somewhat by doing audits. So an auditor can look and say, OK, add up all of the bank accounts, add up all of the stablecoins issued, are they the same? Yes, therefore, there haven't been more issued than there are reserves. The problem is that's only half the equation. Because if I have a billion dollars in a bank account, I can go to many, many different lenders around the world, put that billion dollars in the bank account down as collateral for a loan and generate liabilities, a high amount of liabilities that I can use to leverage my position that are against that billion dollars. So now I have the stablecoins that have a claim on that billion dollars and whatever other liabilities I've borrowed against that also have a claim on that billion dollars. So the reserve effectively is not 100% because there are more liabilities than assets. So one way is create more assets than liabilities. The other one is create more liabilities than assets. Either way, it's not 100% reserve. That's not even considering the fact that there is an enormous risk from the traditional financial system because of the ease in which the reserve can be confiscated or frozen or seized by the banks or governments in the countries where those accounts are held. Imagine, for example, you've got your beautiful dollar stablecoin and you have these billions of dollars in bank accounts in a variety of jurisdictions.  And now you've got sanctions. So you've basically violated sanctions or your users violated sanctions. And let's say one of the governments gets overzealous and decides to freeze your entire reserve. Whoops. So centralization is a big problem. I want to go into the corollary question just briefly. If JP Morgan coin and Facebook coin becomes mainstream and can be used as a low-cost value transfer cross-border payment method, does this weaken the potential value of traditional cryptos? Let's ask the five fundamental questions. Is it decentralized? Is it open? Is it borderless? Is it neutral? Is it censorship resistant? This is how we judge whether something is a true open public blockchain or whether it's a pretender. Now, JP Morgan coin and Facebook coin and many of these centralized coins can never be those five things. They can't be open. Why? Because they have a centralized custodian and that centralized custodian is in a specific jurisdiction. They have an obligation under law to confirm the identity of every participant in that system, also known as know your customer regulations, which means the system can't be open. You can't just have anybody using it without identification. So you're going to have to apply identification. Once you've applied identification, you also have to vet the participant. So you have to vet to make sure that those participants are not on a watch list. They're not on a blacklist. They're not part of a sanctioned country. They're not subject to an asset seizure or forfeiture from any government anywhere. Oops, now it's no longer censorship resistant because you now have an obligation to stop any transactions that are going to go to someone that the government in the jurisdiction you are doesn't like. Or if you're a global company, any government in any jurisdiction doesn't like for any reason, which means that you're going to have an even bigger burden when you're doing cross-border transactions. So cross-border transactions are going to become increasingly problematic. So if you're a multinational stablecoin provider that centralized now, you really can do cross-border transactions unless you have the very limited circumstances where both participants are identified and regulated entities and you've done all of your anti-money laundering and know your customer regulations, etc, etc, which means it's no longer neutral. It can be neutral. So you can't just say it's neutral to send or a recipient. It isn't. So it's not open and it's not borderless and it's not neutral. It's not censorship resistant. And it's not decentralized because the custodian can confiscate any of these coins anytime they want, can change the rules, can increase the inflation, can decrease the inflation. So it's not crypto. It's a digital money that simulates the same thing we already have just on a bigger scale. Who should be afraid of Facebook coin and JPMorgan Chasecoin? PayPal, Venmo, they should be afraid. This is going to produce some significant competition for bank-based digital coins and bank-like fintech digital coins, where they now have to compete with someone who really knows how to do tech, like perhaps Facebook, and already has billions of customers. In order to compete on the basis of who can provide the most surveilled, controlled, not neutral, closed, bordered, jurisdictionally hampered, identity-laden surveillance-based shitcoin. And so as a result, you're going to have fierce competition there. JPMorgan Chase should be very worried about the fact that Facebook may enter the financial services industry with a bank. We've already seen that happen in China. You get this really horrible surveillance coin as a result, but it does provide significant competition for the banks. If you understand what the unique proposition the differentiator of cryptocurrencies is, which is that they are open, borderless, neutral, censorship-resistant, decentralized, that they have public ledgers, that they have APIs, that you can interact with them and build applications without asking for permission, that they're trustless, because you don't have to trust in a custodian that they're permissionless, because you don't need permission to participate or build applications, none of that is provided by these centralized stablecoins. And finally, the one caveat is there is a particular type of stablecoin that uses cryptocurrency as its reserve in a smart contract, which is not centralized. So in this case, we're talking about a stablecoin that is managed in a decentralized fashion, that is operated through smart contracts, and that has reserves in cryptocurrency, rather than fiat, and has all of the characteristics of crypto, meaning it's open, borderless, neutral, censorship-resistance with public ledger, with immutability with all of these other characteristics. That is interesting. It's very interesting. One example of that is the MakerDAO DAI, which is a decentralized stablecoin. There will be more, and they will be interesting. And I think those actually compete even more with the traditional payment providers and give us that bridge solution where you may be able to reduce volatility for retail use and medium-of-exchange use without compromising on every single principle of the open blockchain cryptocurrencies. Roscoe asks, what is your review of DAI, the crypto-backed stablecoin from MakerDAO? I did talk about that in a question about stablecoins. I'm going to talk about it a tiny bit more, but keep in mind this is not a review. It's certainly not a technical review, and even more so. It's not an endorsement or suggestion about how you should invest your money. So, having said that, let's start again. Roscoe asks, what's your review of the DAI, the crypto-backed stablecoin from MakerDAO? Love to hear your breakdown of logic and your general reaction to this type of decentralized project. DAI, or DAI, presents an interesting censorship-resistance stable cryptocurrency. Do you think this brings us closer to mass adoption? I think the idea of DAI, which is using a smart contract to have a more than 100% reserve-backed cryptocurrency... that operates as a stablecoin, is great. I think it's a very interesting idea, and it opens the door to a number of very useful applications. Especially for a broad adoption of medium-of-exchange activity, where you have something less volatile... to base retail transactions on. Having said that, there are all kinds of challenges to overcome before I would really consider this a successful experiment. First of all, how does DAI work? Briefly, there is a smart contract. This smart contract controls what's called a CDP, a collateralized debt position.  You invest Ether into this collateralized debt position. Based on how much Ether you put in, you can choose a collateralization ratio... and then extract DAI, or have the smart contract issue, stablecoin DAI against your reserve for a certain value. For example, you have 150 Ether, and based on the current exchange rate of Ether to US dollar... you have an exchange rate of Ether to DAI that allows you to issue the US dollar value of 100 Ether. You are 150% collateralized, which means you have room in your reserves. When the price of Ether goes up or down, to a certain degree you can absorb some of these fluctuations. The way a CDP works, which is really interesting, is that if your reserve drops below a certain percentage... then you basically have that collateralized debt position liquidated and you lose it. You have to re-collateralize it, meaning put more money in reserve, or sell back some of your DAI... and remove them from circulation in order to maintain that stability. Everybody does that in their own CDP, which maintains the stability of the DAI as a self. There are some governance aspects to this. There is an interest rate that applies to the reserve funds and the DAI itself. There is another token called MakerDAO, or MKR. That token is used to vote in the governance aspects of setting the interest rates... in order to maintain the peg between DAI and US dollars. The goal is to have one DAI equal one US dollar, but backed entirely by Ether and a completely decentralized smart contract. It is a fascinating idea. DAI has failed to maintain the peg, but not by much. I think the worst that has gotten was about 95% or 96% instead of 100% parity of the value. Usually it is always on the downside, meaning that a DAI is worth a bit less than a US dollar. It hasn't been able to maintain complete parity, but it has managed to be very stable. People are gradually learning about governance aspects of building these kinds of things. One of the interesting things about this decentralized stablecoin is that the risks are different. It is important to understand that there are no risks. The risks are different from a centralized stablecoin that has a full reserve with US dollars in a bank account. No one can confiscate the Ether collateral that is behind the DAI. The reason no one can confiscate it is because it is on a smart contract running on an open public decentralized blockchain. That gives it a much better risk profile than having US dollars in a bank account held by JP Morgan Chase... under the jurisdiction of the US government, which may get pissed off for whatever reason and confiscate all of that money. No one can easily confiscate the Ether collateral that is in the CDP. Because it is decentralized in terms of its governance, it is difficult to manipulate the interest rates... and things like that and cause the project to crash, so there is less risk of various problems... that would occur with one custodian playing around with the interest rates for their own personal motivation... at the expense of the system itself. You do have a very good degree of decentralization. Here are the other problems, however. At the moment, a significant percentage of all of the Ether in circulation is now locked into CDPs to support the DAI. I think at some point it reached 5% of total Ether in circulation and was locked in dye. That represents a significant risk. The reason it represents a significant risk is if there is a bug in the governance contracts... or in the CDP smart contracts, or in the base layer of Ethereum, or in the EVM implementation. Any kind of bug like that creates a repeat of the DAO scenario, where someone is able to drain money... from CDPs or negatively affect the interest rates or change the ability of the dye. You could have all kinds of negative side effects, including losing all of the money. You can imagine a scenario where 5% of all Ether is lost in MakerDAO. That is a terrible scenario. But it is also what happens when you have a smart contract that is only two years old now... and is now being tested at scale under adversarial conditions, with an enormous amount of money invested into it. I would probably have liked to see a cap that prevents people from putting too much money into these contracts... until the concept is tested better, but that is not the way the community went. People are willing to take much bigger risks, and one of those risks is software bugs. Different risks in custodial and reserve-based stablecoins that have a third-party custodian... and third-party reserves that are held by banks. You have massive counter-party risks of confiscation, and hacks, and things like that. In decentralized smart contracts-based stablecoins, they are much more promising because it is decentralized. But you still have other risks, including software bugs in the implementation of the smart contract... or in the platform they are running on, in this case, Ethereum. I would be very cautious about this. I wouldn't invest much of my own money in this. You can't invest in a stablecoin. I am expecting the returns in the future to be a gradual decline in price by 2% because of the inflation of the US dollar. I will lose my money slowly. You can't really invest in a stablecoin as the asset itself. You can make money on the interest of participating in this, supposedly, but I am not interested in playing around with these things. For the time being, this is one of the things I am going to watch as a technology and try to learn how it operates. The lessons we can get from projects like this are incredible. We can get lessons not only on success, but also on failure. In fact, we might be able to get better lessons on failure by observing the way in which someone may take this down through adversarial action, or the governance fails through some kind of split in the community, or whatever else. The failure scenarios are rich in lessons that we can use to build the better version next time. In general, long-term, decentralized stablecoins are a fascinating example of the kinds of things you can do with smart contracts. This is probably the most interesting example of smart contracts today, and something I am watching carefully and learning how the technology works. At the same time, there are some significant risks which would cause me to be cautious about investment. Don't put more than you might be comfortable losing. As they say, the rule of thumb is, take the amount of money you are supposed to put into this project, put it all on the table in front of you, and set it on fire. Did you cry? If not, that's the right amount of money.