This is twist this week in science episode number 573 recorded on Wednesday, June 29th 2016 Barbie naked dragons Hey everyone. I am dr. Kiki and tonight on twist. We are going to fill your heads with hobbit holes naked dragons and Stroppy tits, but first Disclamer disclaimer disclaimer you have just tuned in to a truly important message The world is not coming to an end There is no need to panic as there is no offer that is ending soon if you don't act now Nothing bad will happen. You are not running out of time. The future is here. You made it Congratulations now relax take every little task type thing off of your mind and simply enjoy this week in science Coming up next What's happening? What's happening this week in science and good science to you Justin Blair And everyone out there welcome once again to another episode of this week in science and There is a whole bunch of science ahead Yarr, y'all be warned Um Yes, I'm going to continue that pirate theme only because I saw a photo of Blair dressed as a pirate this weekend So I'm going to continue the pirating Are and I think it was also Pirate Festival weekend up in Oregon. So yes pirates everywhere But we have some great stories ahead. I have stories about sneaky black holes competitive AI and Sexy smelling birds What do you have Justin? I've got hobbit hole fires Cali Mantan skulls why escargot will ruin everything in how THC is good for unhealthy brains Fascinating can't wait for those stories and Blair, what did you bring for the animal corner? Oh, I brought those naked dragons blue tits and Sexual cannibalism Pretty sexy in the animal corner tonight Sexy well, I'm gonna bring it down to earth or well Earth like places. Well, not even really. How about we'll just talk about Molecules and chemicals that might combine to form compounds that you might find on earth or other places in space Let's get there Going into my science rundown first place. We're going to stop is mercury the planet of mercury has been deemed as possibly a Meteorite maybe Maybe it was a meteorite trapped by the Sun when it first formed into the planet that we now know as meteorite geologists from MIT trying to figure out What what mercury is made of and how what its history possibly could have been like They've taken some really interesting data from the messenger mission Which is the mercury surface space environment geochemistry and raging Ranging probe it orbited mercury between 2011 2015 and it collected measurements of the planets chemical composition During its flyby and so it determined the composition of more than 5,800 lava deposits on the surface of mercury on the surface of mercury at one point in time Mercury had a very dynamic interior lots of lava under their surface was Extruded onto the surface and so there are all sorts of deposits that could be Looked at and so we're looking at these researchers looked at these heavily cratered regions To figure out which ones were the older ones versus the newer ones those that had more craters considered older Those that had fewer craters considered much younger, so They were able to correlate mercury's lava composition, which is actually really interesting the way they did it They used solar flare solar flares from the Sun hitting the planet then caused the planet to Give off x-rays and so they used an x-ray spectrometer basically to look at the x-ray radiation from mercury and Determine use that x-ray data to determine the chemical composition of compounds on the surface of the planet Yeah, really really fascinating the way that they did it So anyway they correlated the lava composition with the age and found that the older deposits They're around four point two billion years old contained different elements from younger deposits younger deposits They estimated at around three point seven billion years old So then they wanted to figure out. Okay. Why are they so different? So what they did is they basically Took the chemical composition from this data that the messenger mission came up with and they created Synthetic rocks out of it and they took those synthetic rocks and they stuck them in a furnace and they turned up the heat and the pressure and They checked out when these rocks melted and so the melting of the rocks Basically gave them an idea of the stage at which the planet's Rocky core would have started to melt and so they found that the Completely back engineered a planet based on the lava deposits. Yes. Yeah, so they did in the lab They absolutely at this point in time have never actually put their hands on a meteorite or some chunk of rock from Made their own they made their own rock Yeah, so cool And so they found the older rock melted deeper in the planet at about 360 kilometers or you know the equivalent pressure of 360 kilometers beneath the surface of Mercury and at a higher temperature of 1650 degrees Celsius younger rock melted it around the equivalent of 160 kilometers and 1410 degrees Celsius So the experiments also indicate that the planets interior cooled Like by about 240 degrees Celsius. That's the difference between the old rock and the young rock There was a significant amount of cooling between 4.2 and 3.7 billion years ago So 250 degrees the interior of mercury cooled over geologically a really short time period of 500 million years and so They're going what? Why did it melt so why did it cool down so fast? We now have these chemical compositions and so they can identify the original material that might have Made up mercury and what they determined it to be is an Enstatite Chondrite which makes up about 2% of the meteorites that fall to earth So it's a very rare kind of meteorite that possibly became What we now know as mercury Initially it just like was probably a little mark not little but a good-sized yet kind of rare rocky meteorite that got Trapped in orbit around the Sun and then was big enough to actually Coalesce other bits of material around itself and turn into a planet. Wow. Yeah Next step, let's get rocks for mercury. No Yeah See if we can do that Moving on into another planet this one a little bit closer to us Mars Our neighbor in space Scientists from NASA working on Working on the Mars science laboratory rover They've been looking at gale crater and the rover collected powder drilled from a rock at a place called a Location they call buckskin They used x-ray diffraction to identify the minerals using the Aries In the Aries Division at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston That's the astro materials research and exploration sciences division Has published their findings in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and what they found is There's a mineral Well a compound called tritomite and tritomite is a mineral that is It's a form of silica and is associated with very very high temperatures Such as in volcanism. So silica silica rich Volcanism we find tritomite all over earth But it wasn't the thought to be present on Mars because we didn't think Mars really had much of a volcanic history So now scientists are going, huh? Okay, where did the tritomite come from was Mars much more volcanically active than we thought was there more of that going on or Does tritomite form at lower temperatures and so they did some tests and they pretty much confirmed that using methods that they would Expect to find that tritomite would not form using Geologically reasonable processes There has to be that's at low temperature. So they're thinking Okay, are there other ways we need to look at them, but maybe it's Vulcan volcanic So maybe Mars was much more violent than we thought surprise tritomite and Then finally surprise black holes There are there are black holes hiding out in space that we didn't know were there so NASA's Chandra x-ray observatory the Hubble Space Telescope and the National Science Foundation's very large array have confirmed that Particular source of radio waves, which was just thought to be a star kind of hanging out Distance from us in the Milky Way galaxy. We thought oh, there's some radio waves coming from there That's probably just a star well Astronomers have looked at this object, which is so Sweetly called VLA J2 1 3 0 0 2 dot 0 8 plus 1 2 0 9 0 4. Oh So sweet It's close to globular cluster mf 15 in the line of sight of this globular cluster Was it a distant galaxy? Was it a star? What's going on? Well, anyway, they looked at it closer and They realized it's about 7,200 light years away from us. It's within our own Milky Way galaxy five times closer to us than the m15 globular cluster and It's got low it's low in x-rays and very high in bright radio waves and It's a black hole. That's maybe a little bit larger than the mass of our Sun very slowly pulling in material from a companion star and so it doesn't have Some of the telltale signs and so Bailey Tataranko of the University of Alberta, Canada Said usually we find black holes when they're pulling in lots of material and they have lots of X-ray lots of it gets materially. It's hot in the midst in the x-ray range, but they don't see that and so it's very quiet It's a stealth black hole And so they think that with this finding Because the study only looked at a very small patch of the sky There's probably a lot more of these quiet black holes hanging out around the Milky Way Estimage now to be looking yeah So there are probably tens of thousands to millions milk to millions possibly of them in our own galaxy alone So this is like a fascinating finding stealth black holes in space And I wonder if I mean when we do our when we've done our surveys and looking at the mass of different areas And we've got General mass. This is just a small black hole. So it could be a galaxy Could be a big star No, it's a black hole. So I don't know that these black holes are gonna if we discover them as black holes are going to add much to say our estimates of Understanding dark matter for instance I think we've already accounted for that mass Yeah, maybe I Don't know that we have yeah, we didn't know that they existed. It would be kind of tough, right? Yeah So it's it's a very interesting finding could have lots of implications and Let's we're figuring out the massive galaxies based on Gravitational lensing in the background then then everything that's in there is in there whether we've accounted for it directly or not Yeah, yeah Yeah, so we will see we will see how this affects stuff I mean, it would be great if we could say hey, we just didn't know there are a whole bunch of black holes And that's where all the dark matter is hiding It's probably not the case though All right, that's what I got for my little intro rundown. This is as we can science just in what you got new evidence That's revealed modern humans were likely using fires at Lang bow The cave site where they found the homo florensis hobbit people This is physical evidence of fireplaces that were used between 41,000 and 24,000 years ago most likely by modern humans for warmth and or cooking so There has been and I know we've revisited this but in the initial reports. They were saying The hobbit folks could have been there as recently as 18,000 years ago They revised all of that through better testing. That was the initial Thought now it's the soonest that we've seen stone tools is 50,000 years old the most recent bone That we've we've been able to date is 60,000 years. So This isn't overlapping In any way, but the earliest evidence of hobbit peoples We have was recently pushed backs to 700,000 years as hobbit people as of last week or two on the show We were talking about yeah most recent evidence is then the stone tools 50,000 years old Followed by now the first evidence of modern man 41,000 years ago what so we now have this 9,000 years of mystery to solve in order to figure out what happened to these hobbit people Research was led by University of Walla gong, Australia and Indonesia's National Research Center archaeology and published in the journal archaeological science and is amongst the earliest evidence of modern humans in Southeast Asia so We know so we now know that the hobbit survived around 50,000 years Go at Leo bow. We are Leon bow. We also know modern humans arrived in Southeast Asia and Australia at least 50,000 years ago and most likely of quite a bit earlier says one of the researchers involved and This has long been believed to be part of a single mass encroachment by modern humans in the Southeast Asia and Australia By a migration of people most closely related to Australian aboriginals Which leads into my next story, which is a new study of the 37,000 year old remains of the deep skull from Borneo for Lee known as Kelly Mantan The oldest modern human discovered on an island in Southeast Asia is not related to indigenous Australians As had been Originally in thought the deep skull was likely to have been an older woman Rather than a teenage boy as it had been initially categorized Research is led by UNSW Australia associate professor Darren Kurnow represents the most detailed investigation into the ancient cranium Specimens since it was found in 1958 in the Nia cave in Sarawak, which is sort of Malaysia northern Borneo Our analysis Overturns long held views about the early history of this region says the professor We found that these very ancient remains most closely resemble Some of the indigenous people of Borneo today with their delicately built features small body size rather than indigenous people from Australia the study Is published in whereas this general frontiers and ecology and evolution deep skull was discovered By Tom Harrison the Sarawak Museum during excavations at the west mouth of the great Nia cave complex was analyzed by a prominent British anthropologist Brothwell in 1960 Brothwell concluded the deep skull belonged to an adolescent male represented Hey population of early modern humans closely related to to or even the ancestral Beginnings of the indigenous Australians particularly he thought the Tasmanians so His ideas have been very influential since then On the populations of Southeast Asia, but it turns out to be Incorrect Which is sort of interesting so and part of I guess also what they had thought that these people had originally That there was the the Australian the original thought was the Australians is coming in sometime the Australian Ancestors or related group had populated the Southeast Asian islands and then sometime in the last three years People's from southern China Came across and and took over and replaced the original people's In the last how many years three thousand years ago But it's this also suggests that at least some of the indigenous people of Borneo were not replaced by migrating farmers But instead adopted the new farming culture They just simply took up on so some of this is probably based on Gosh all of a sudden all these farming agricultural changes took place 3000 years ago that resemble those going on in southern China Therefore the southern Chinese peoples of that time must have come over and implemented this as opposed to the people of Borneo going Hey, that's a great idea. Let's try it Right and and this is sort of like it kind of reminds me of the story We were doing about the people of the Himalayas too, you know We were if you just look at the sort of the the technology of the cultures or the Practices of the culture you may assume it's different peoples completely, but this is there's obviously people's can adapt people can take on Attributes of other cultures practices of other cultures technology from another culture and still remain the same people they were before so there There's more work to be done on the prehistory of Southeast Asia But it's sort of interesting because then this This this could be that we still don't we still don't have a clear picture of that of that early migration More details coming in More details to come. I love it. This is for this skull. We've had for 60 ish years, right? And and only now are we are we going back in testing the original hypothesis to find? Oh, no Oh, no, you are completely wrong sir. You're wrong on every every aspect of your analysis Which is I think wonderful, I think I mean that's that's the process of science that's going back and you know over overturning Views about how things worked. I mean it if you have new ways of looking at stuff You should use them to reanalyze Evidence to make sure that you were right the first time and many times you will not be Yeah, go science. Yeah Love it. I love it and you know what time it is right now That time again that time again time for us to move on into There's animal corner What you got Blair? Oh, I have a very interesting story of a Professor Michael Milinkovich of the University of Geneva Who stumbled across Something very interesting in a pet store a naked dragon That is a bearded dragon that lacked all scales and I will screen share this Amazing picture for those of you watching and those of you listening along I do suggest that you check out our show notes to see what a naked dragon looks like So this is a mutant form of the bearded dragon that lacks all scales now. Why was This researcher interested in a naked dragon well because he was trying to study the ancient ancestors that diverged to give us scales feathers and hair now This isn't this is interesting to me because I was under the I guess understanding that Nails scales hair feathers all these Coverings that they all came from the same source that they were all the same. I thought but that's what I learned Yes, that's why I picked up so so they're all made out of keratin So it would make sense if they had similar roots But the wrinkle is that when people have tried to figure out where genetically the stuff comes from They look at the development of these animals and they see that when birds and mammals are developing they form Placodes they're thickened bits of skin that blossom into either feathers or hair But reptiles historically have shown no signs of having placodes So it's been very difficult to kind of hunt down or scales fit into this story Because we've talked enough on this show about how birds and reptiles are related to know that birds should show more similarities To reptiles than to mammals so the fact that birds and mammals both have these things is kind of confusing So trying to figure that out Stumbling across a reptile that has no scales is the perfect opportunity to figure out what Codes for those scales, right? Where is your mutation? Right and so they were able to at the Institute of Biotechnology at the University of Helsinki They took these mutant bearded dragons and they found that the gene responsible for forming skin dependages was this EDA gene ectodysplasen A and that is also what is Responsible for forming placodes Interesting so so same gene is responsible, but the expression of it is different Right and now the question is where are the reptile placodes? And so once they really hunkered down and decided to look specifically for placodes in reptile development They found them So they've got your yeah, so contrary to find reptiles do indeed have placodes But they're there at a very specific time and place in development when apparently nobody was looking So the link of itch said they were always there We just happen to be looking in the right place at the right time And so this means that all amniotes All creatures that have an extra membrane or barrier around their eggs that allow them to lay their eggs on land So everything before amniotes laid their eggs in water like fish and amphibians These guys can lay their eggs on land that makes them amniotes So that's mammals birds and reptiles are all amniotes. They all can be traced back to this common reptilian quote-unquote ancestor And so that is about 320 million years ago So previously the idea was that placodes Came about as convergent evolution between birds and mammals But now we know because not only is it unlikely for something so specific as placodes to come about twice But it's even more unlikely for it to come about and have the same gene that is responsible for it Now we know for sure all of these guys ended up having these coverings at the same time came from the same reptilomorph ancestor and I have a reptilian morpher ancestor. You do all my I yes I am in the reptilian morpher lineage.  They're all the same They just go through some changes in development Yarr there be naked dragons. Yeah, so we talked about our naked dragon that dragons I think now it's time to talk about some tits. Oh, let's do please So this is when we talk about tits. We're talking about Birdies birds. That's right female blue tits. So female blue tits Tits in general are very famous for making a lot of song and until now songbirds are usually studied based on competitive behavior and Sexual selection and for the most part males have been considered to be the main singer in these relationships and The this recent research has found that actually These blue tits will sing at another time that might not seem super bright Which is in in the presence of a predator. So when a predator is nearby these birds will sing So why is the question at first thought maybe it was to call for a male to help those kind of a distress call From a poor poor defenseless woman a little lady bird going I can't pay the rent Exactly But in these in these in the study from Vienna both sexes reacted to the predatory threat with song But they only reacted to bird of prey threats not to snakes and And yeah, and both are considered dangerous to the tits But the sparrow hawk is more dangerous to the adults because they can swoop down and grab them mostly the snake is a threat to nestlings and eggs, so the the next idea was that they're actually They're singing to indicate a heightened ability to escape they're saying I see you I can go whenever I want So they're almost taunting the predator. They're saying I see you over there The other theory which I love is that the singing is a sign of physiological stress or Self encouragement. I'm not gonna be I can do it. I'm okay And yeah, so it's an end to response to the body having this heightened adrenaline So it's a displacement activity to nerves. It's a singing. It's a nervous tick Yes So yeah, oh This these are the two theories So now you have to we have to go back to the drawing board research these blue tits some more to figure out What exactly is causing them to sing when they are under threat, but either way? I think it's fantastic. Oh It's brilliant.  Usually it's not done as a single bird though. Usually it's done in pairs or more. I Have been attacked by a sparrow before It's not fun. I got too close to the nest I got pecked pretty hard on the top of the head Oh, yeah, so I can I can attest to that Protecting babies, but this study did not involve a nest So that also has another element to this is that it was just them they were worried about them their own selves and To me it sounds way better to be the I see you over there. I'm just hanging out over here That one that that's it. That's a pretty tough bird Yeah, and then there's the idea that it's just a signal to other birds not in us, you know Just that hey, I see you and I'm telling other birds that I see you and I'm just gonna sing and be nonchalant about it But I'm singing I See you When it like a lot, I mean it depends. What was the what was the predator in this one? It was a sparrow hawk Okay, so for a lot of and a snake to they do and a snake Yeah, so for a lot of predators. I was for some reason I was picturing a cat, but The element of surprise is is really crucial, you know the the idea that you're going to sneak up on your prayer or Act casual and then swooping in attack Very crucial to your expenditure of energy, right? And now you have your prey signaling that you've been spotted That might be enough to make you give up because now you're like, well that one's on to me I'll keep looking for another But then how does the predator know what that song means? That's the part of this That well, it's not that it has to know what it means. I guess if it seems to be directed at them Like they make a move to know that with a bird with a song bird They sing all day long for a bunch of different reasons How as as a sparrow hawk or a bird of prey are you gonna know that that song is directed for you? Yeah, when usually it's Courtship or the territoriality where it's a direct communication So here's how the songs are interesting because it's not an alarm call. It's different from an alarm call It's a song and so different vocalization, but here's how that could be a learned a learned thing I don't know how much a snake would pay attention to this sort of thing But certainly another bird might have picked up on it that That Every time that I hear that song and then go after the prey they seem ready for me to be Striking yeah, get out of the way. Maybe maybe I've lost a lot of birds I lost a lot of attempts at At the on the hunt when that's when that song was made so maybe now I associate it with don't bother Yeah, and I think that it also you know the study suggested that the reason that the that these birds only sang Around the other birds and not around the snake was because of the threat But maybe it was actually because the other birds respond to that song and the snakes don't Yep It's a very interesting area of research. I want to know more study is needed more study Males males sing in the face of danger females sing in the face of danger in this particular species Why why do they do it? Want to know I Whistle a happy tune You know what time it is now time for the break time for us to take a break. That's right This is this week in science and we will be back with more science in just a few moments I've got AI sexy smelling birds and I think Justin's got some weed Stay tuned Hey, everyone. 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We really could not do this without you The ramification of treatments from holy men leaves me slightly Queasy deep down in the aftermen And that's that the lives that they lead need adjusting They drive to the bookstore and blindly start trusting the miracles and cures all laid down in black Never even bothering to stop and And we are back with more this weekend Oh, yeah, we have more science. Hey Justin What you got? What do you have? acidification We don't like it It's uh Not negative, right? Right, so, uh, it says it here. It makes it harder for sea snails to escape from sea star predators According to a study from the university of california davis Findings published in the journal proceedings the royal society b suggests that by disturbing predator prey interactions Ocean acidification could spur cascading consequences for food web systems In shoreline ecosystems. For instance, the study will tell black turbine snails Graze on algae. Oh, okay. So that's what they eat if more snails get eaten though There's less predators of algae and the algae densities could increase we have algae plume blooms Too much algae in the water, right? Ocean acidification can affect individual marine organisms along the pacific coast by changing the chemistry of the seawater Says lead author britney jellison phd student studying marine ecology at uc davis bodega marine laboratory They can also alter how species interact such as by impairing the ability of prey to avoid predators So and it's sort of an interesting Uh, it's it's it's it's Not clear why this is taking place, but jellison colleagues from uc davis bodega marine laboratory collected ochre sea stars and black turbine snails Two common species along the pacific coastline. They got them from tide pools in the bodega marine reserve In lab tanks. They explored interactions between the sea stars and snails under 16 different levels of seawater pH acidity ranging from the present levels to those expected for rocky intertidal pools in the year 2100 Scientists found that the lower pH levels would indicate higher which indicate higher acidity Did not slow the snails movement or reduce their ability to sense the predatory sea stars So really like right no effect. However, however Of course the waters did impair the snails escape response so normally Uh, a black turbines snail senses a sea star It quickly crawls up and out of the tide pool to avoid it as sea stars are rarely seen out of the water attacking snails But when the pH levels fell to seven point one or below The snails failed to fully implement their escape response. They didn't run away Right. Well, they could now they were there. They, you know, we could sense them just fine Their movement was just as quick as it ever seemed, right, but they didn't leave went Uh, neither did the snails recover their escape response when the waters assisted acidity Fluctuated between normal and acidic levels. So even when it was sort of changing Between different levels Still they failed to flee in the face of a sea star Yeah, I thought it was going to have to do with their shell strength, but it turns out it's totally behavioral change That's that's just this subtle behavioral change that if you just observed them on their own You would never have caught this, right If they hadn't done this this if they'd just taken the snails and observed them They would say ah A acidification has no effect because there doesn't seem to be any difference But because they had the the predator prey interaction taking place They could see that this this one unexpected, uh, you know Thing was missing by where you run away when you're about to get eaten Yeah, and they don't know why what mechanism makes it stop and then they don't get it back So if so if if there are short term fluctuations in acidity just locally Like if tide pools go up and then down and then up and then down And and fluctuate if it goes up and they lose their ability to escape. They don't get it back Yeah So so this is also a short term and they do kind of point out that they uh, the next thing that that could could possibly be looked at Is uh, doing this over many many generations because there's a chance that they would adapt over the next, uh, you know 80 80 something 84 years, right? Uh, they could they could begin to adapt over time, but adapt Sounds like that's going to make it harder because It if it is, you know going up in increments and then even going back down again Uh, if that's still impaired your response Which is probably the way it's going to happen because you have, um Water mixing and you have local conditions constantly changing and inflexuation It's not like the ocean all over the world is just going step by step Higher and higher acidity just gradually getting there if it locally in little pockets It's going up and down and moving and changing and it's not consistent And it is fluctuating and so that is going to be the difficult thing It's going to be difficult Short term changes good Good job to having a complete experiment in place because again You could have done this experiment with uh with with just half of the Parties involved here if it had just looked at snails and you would not have made this discovery Yep, gotta look at the entire system So moving on talking about the entire system. Um, you may have heard of chronic Fatigue syndrome. We've talked about it on the show in the past and it's It's got a bad rap because for years Researchers people in the medical profession As well have not been able to Determine what's causing it just people come in and they're like i'm just tired I got You know, they've got these symptoms that They can't explain Nobody can find anything wrong with these people really looking at their blood looking at other things that you normally test for and so People with chronic fatigue syndrome have very often been told this is just a psychological issue. It's in your head But researchers have been working for years To find out if there is anything that can actually be used to diagnose chronic fatigue fatigue syndrome and for the first time Published in the journal microbiome researchers from cornell university have identified gut bacteria And inflammatory microbial agents in the blood As markers of chronic fatigue fatigue syndrome so they looked at a bunch of they looked at a bunch of patients and um They took stool samples and they also took blood samples and so they want to create a diagnostic tool That is non-invasive and that I mean aside from maybe getting blood work, but people get blood work done all the time Can help understand the disease. So the researcher says Our work demonstrates that the gut bacterial microbiome and chronic fatigue syndrome patients isn't normal Perhaps leading to gastrointestinal and inflammatory symptoms in victims of the disease Furthermore our detection of a biological abnormality provides further evidence against the ridiculous concept That the disease is psychological in origin So of course finding out that there are these a changed bacterial population in the gut and that there are these microbial inflammation markers in the blood this doesn't of course Suggest cause of chronic fatigue syndrome. It just says okay. This is now a marker They were able to diagnose over 80 percent of chronic fatigue syndrome sufferers using this uh this bacterial Test this tool Yeah, so they sequenced regions of microbial DNA from the stool samples identified different types of bacteria They found that uh people with chronic fatigue syndrome had reduced Biological diversity of bacteria fewer bacterial species known to be anti-inflammatory in these chronic fatigue Syndrome patients compared with healthy people and this is similar to what seem in people with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis so there's something going on with the bacteria in the gut and It's causing inflammation. Then there's also leaky gut from the intestinal problems Bacteria are then able to enter the blood and so then there are the markers of inflammation in the blood from the bacteria So it's a it's a system a systemic problem that is happening. So Is it a cause? Is it a consequence? They don't know but They now have something that they can use to actually help diagnose people And uh determine that no, it's not just something in your head. There is something wrong with you Your your guts messed up I wonder if that's related to we talk all the time about how your gut bacteria is affected by what you eat Right, and so I always wonder about people that have When I've read other things about chronic fatigue syndrome if it is related to diet And this could Be a link in that chain as well But on the other hand on the other hand, I it also feels like it's pulling the other direction like I keep the more we learn about the microbe of the gut I also feel like it's telling us that it doesn't matter as much what you eat Uh that your microbes are going to determine whether that means it's fattening whether that means you get energy out of it Or not whether that means you get inflammation at that's it's almost as though It's less important But I mean it doesn't mean go eat really unhealthy food all the time But you can you can do things like probiotics like dietary fibers And other things that help to actually Foster the growth of good bacteria quote-unquote good bacteria In your gut that that changing your diet in such a way that you get more of those things In your diet that could potentially help and that does Changing your diet in that way does Change The makeup of your gut like if you get rid of a lot of sugars and you increase your fibric intake The bacteria populations that are going to survive on that are going to change Right and and that I feel like we've done as many stories. Justin. I feel like we've done as many stories about What your back the gut bacteria is more important than what you're eating We do about as many of your gut bacteria are influenced by what you eat. Yeah, absolutely However, like gizai a friend of the show a freaking guest, right a perfect example Here's a guy who had Massive gastrointestinal problems and ate like a whole foods diet Because he was afraid of putting anything in there that would that would challenge that system further And now can sit down and eat a whole bag of cookies Right like this I mean it It is going to be important what you eat, but I think it perhaps is more important It is a balance and that balance may have taken place A long time ago It might be whether you you grew up with a dishwasher or hand washing dishes Whether you had pets or went outdoors Whether you gardened or never, you know Like it there's all of these other things that we're just learning are probably as if not more influential Than just what you're giving as the basis for nutritional value I wonder I wonder if we'll find out something about like uh, antibiotics when when people are our children Uh Yeah, especially the younger it is, you know, I mean these are Absolutely. Yeah, maybe that there will be different antibiotics for children that won't kill off beneficial gut bacteria Hopefully that'd be nice. Yeah, right now we have the kilomal bacterial antibacterial regime Yeah, more specific ones are better Let's move on To oh, yeah, just let's let's help people's brains with cannabis. Yeah, how do we do that? So, uh, this is the salkan stute scientists have found preliminary evidence that tetrohydrocamin Cannabinol aka THC as well as some other compounds found in marijuana can promote the cellular removal Of amyloid beta this toxic protein associated with alzheimer's disease So it says uh, this is quoting voice Uh professor a sock professor david shubert Although other studies have offered evidence that camidinoids may be neuro protective against the symptoms of alzheimer's We believe our study is the first to demonstrate that camidinoids affect both inflammation and amyloid beta acclimation in nerve cells Uh, so everybody I think I don't know if I need to describe alzheimer's. It's a progressive brain disorder at least memory loss seriously impairs a person's ability to carry out normal tasks to have recall of sometimes even Immediate family It's five million americans according to the national institute of health that are suffering from this And it is there is a leading cause of death And it's also the most common cause of dementia and isn't uh Induced expected to triple during the next 15 years triple Man that's That's scary. Yeah That's kind of scary. So what are we doing to ourselves that we uh And it's this amyloid beta protein, right the the clumping sticky protein Uh Who knows what actually causes it? Uh, if if uh, my grandmother's old saying that watching too much television will turn to your brain to mush Maybe maybe uh, you know, maybe she was on to something right? Maybe it's too much media. Who knows, right? Uh, but yeah, this is what they say the researchers found that high levels of amyloid Beta were associated with cellular inflammation and higher rates of neuron death They also demonstrated that exposing the cells to thc reduced amyloid beta protein levels And eliminated an inflammatory response from the nerve cells caused by the protein thereby allowing nerve cells to survive So That's interesting. But at the same time, they're just looking at nerve cells. They're not looking at like these were nerve cells This is a dish. This is a lab dish of neurons. Yes. They this isn't they're not slicing They're not it's not your lab bird mice or whatever you had kiki They don't get the slice of human brains at the end of their experiment that they worked on for two months And and and and delve into what's taking place in a living organism Um, but the but this is uh, but this is the beginning This is now this is that thing that gives them the reason to do those tests and mice And hey man, would you like to sign up for a weed study? Yeah, we gotta slice your brain into really fine layers so we can take a really close look at the nerves later But in the meantime, you get paid to smoke weeds. How awesome is that? Right? I don't know the tea you say that maybe the tv watching Individuals will get the the thc for for their Alzheimer's and then just end up stoned out As long as you're going to watch television, you might as well protect yourself from its harmful effects Next thing you're watching Comedy Central None of the the damage that you're doing to your brain can be offset with a few preventative men So this is I mean and this is actually a really interesting study though the the idea that Um The endocannabinoid receptors are involved in this inflammation Response that the nerve cells have that lead to Alzheimer's and so the amyloid beta builds up If you can reduce the amyloid beta in some way that maybe You know that we could create a drug that would you know, either use thc or create a synthetic drug That binds to the endocannabinoid receptors to reduce inflammation and amyloid beta And help Alzheimer's patients Yeah, and and one of these things too that like There's there is like the whole like tabooness of of working with with drugs that have been Had had been maybe legal because of the recreational side Um, but again a perfect example of why science needs to ignore every law there is known to For like recreational drugs For instance, all right to ignore that stuff and look for a therapeutic use still and In any any place that you can find it. I mean You do need to you shouldn't be preventing A researcher from working with thc or any other host of delisted, you know chemicals out there All right, something that I think is interesting from this story also That it says physical activity results in the production of natural endocannabinoids in the body And some studies have shown that exercise can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease So maybe exercise acts through this same pathway producing endocannabinoids that then connect to the receptors and then Reduce inflammation in the brain. Yeah, so really interesting Go go go gadget thc Oh and now into World robot domination In this episode in this installment of world robot domination it comes from the skies Guys can I redo a drone? No, I want to read this you want to read my air combat robot domination That's right awesome and scary at the same time yeah, so Researchers of the university of a Cincinnati Cincinnati Have developed an artificial intelligence this artificial artificial intelligence is called alpha and is A genetic fuzzy system algorithm That was specifically designed for use with unmanned combat aerial vehicles in simulated air combat missions For research purposes only at this point in time. So Unmanned combat aerial vehicles drone combat planes, right? That in simulated air combat missions Or basically just simulations the AI alpha Initially, and it's you know early stages Wasn't very good, but it started learning and was able to beat other AIs And so it started beating other AI opponents at these air combat simulations. And so The researchers were like hey, that's awesome People are really good at air combat, especially very well trained people who train other people. And so they Brought in a retired united states air force colonel named gene lee who holds extensive aerial combat experience as an instructor and air battle manager And has considerable fighter aircraft Expertise to go head to head against the AI And uh lee said about his Interaction I was a surprised at how aware and reactive it was it seemed to be aware of my intentions and reacting Instantly to my changes in flight and my missile deployment. It knew how to defeat the shot I was taking it moved instantly between defensive and offensive actions as needed That is to say Lee was beaten by alpha. This is like the This is like the go game that just Occurred the go champion was bested by an AI. This is like the chess Competition where kasparov was bested by an AI. This is now a very complex situation in which an AI has beaten a human expert in and not just beaten But lee was not able to score a single kill against alpha after repeated attempts And he was shot out of the air every single time during engagements in the simulator So it's like those examples you gave but with one one distinct exception too which is It's as though it's as though in the game of go or chess or any of those examples That the AI has another piece that it can play that the human can't maybe more than one It's to be right which is which is when you have a manned aerial vehicle You have certain human physiological constraints about how quickly you can turn or rise Because the g force can can render a pilot unconscious and they have techniques that they employ To force blood to their brain they throw flex everything that they've got to keep blood flowing And we're also we're also a quarter of a second behind what is actually happening Yeah Length of time it takes for information to go from our senses into the brain and be processed Right, and then you got to react on top of that and be that be that in the moment So there's all this but there's also physical constraints on pilots that a a drone won't have So can do that higher g turn that the vehicle Is capable of but the human right but when you're so this is like a person piloting a drone versus an AI piloting a drone Oh, so those those physical constraints are not Not a concern in this particular time, but when we take this against the uh, the I guess it's all going to be AI there won't even be pilots on then enemies Like nobody's going to fly once the drones have air superiority once the AI is up there And it's it's doing alpha maneuvers and taking out Other drone. Yeah, you'll just be sending killbots everywhere. Yeah So, uh Lee said Also an experienced pilot can usually beat up on an AI if you know what you're doing Sure, you might have gotten shot down once in a while by an AI program when you as a pilot We're trying something new but until now an AI opponent simply could not keep up with anything like the real pressure and pace of combat like scenarios And now Lee is going home at the end of hours long sessions Feeling washed out. He's tired drained and mentally exhausted Says this may be artificial intelligence, but it represents a real challenge. Yeah So, um, the way alpha works is through fuzzy logic and it has a uh Fuzzy logic tree in which it can take the entirety of sensor data Organize it can create a complete mapping of a combat scenario and make or change combat decisions for a flight of four fighter aircraft In less than a millisecond. This is so fast It can consider and coordinate the best tactical plan and precise responses within a dynamic environment over 250 times faster than alpha's human opponents can blink Yeah And and the best part of this AI. This is not running on some massive super computer This AI is working on a $500 pc This computer is working It's it's just a it's a low budget pc So it's basing basing it on just run of the mill off the shelf computing power and The engineers for the autonomy of this are saying alpha shows incredible potential with a combination of high performance and low computational cost That is a critical enabling capability for complex coordinated operations by teams of unmanned aircraft So it's uh, it's a Really interesting idea. They describe as the programming the software for this AI Um as a genetic fuzzy tree system and earnest who programmed it says the easiest way I can describe the genetic fuzzy tree system Is that it's more like how humans approach problems take for example a football receiver evaluating How to adjust what he does based upon the cornerback covering him the receiver doesn't think to himself During this season the cornerback covering me has had three interceptions 12 average return yards after interceptions two forced fumbles a 4.35 second 40 r-73 tackles 14 assistant tackles, you know, you get the idea The receiver rather than going through all this information just can goes hey that cornerback's really good And this he's a lot taller than me, but I'm faster. So this is how I'm going to make my decision so the concept that's involved is that um Only considering the relevant variables for each sub decision is key for us to complete complex tasks as humans So it makes sense to have the AI do the same thing breaking it down into sub decisions And they have that's the tree part of this fuzzy tree system Yeah, the other thing that makes sense is take this guy that's developed the fuzzy tree system Who's like starting like oh well the way it works is and and secret him away to an underground bunker Underneath the pentagon where you can live out his days in absolute comfort But no longer allowed to give any interviews on this technology that he's created This is a problem people. There's certain things Slipsink ships Yeah, so they're continuing to improve upon alpha alpha Is they're using this natural selection That which is the genetic part of the genetic fuzzy tree system And so they take successful strings of code and breed them with each other And it favors the stronger or highest performance versions And so the best performing code is used in subsequent generations And that's going to allow The most brilliant alpha to rise to the top. We are doomed people. We're yeah, this sounds terrible Well, this is the dream of nicola tesla Nicola tesla and vision to world Where uh remote control robots would go out and fight our wars for us. Absolutely. And this is it This is it. It's the beginning of it. Yep I've always felt like the reality is that we would the whole point of having the robots was to inflict as much human damage on the other side And your robots would either be protecting or assaulting and and that's how you because it's it's human capital that always Uh, eventually Creates assistance if you're just spending money on robots like, uh, but that would not be a fantastic world to live in Oh, we lost robot games wars whatever this year. I guess we have to give alaska back to the russians But next year next year we'll get it back. We've got this alpha thing We're going to win the air war one and then our robots will win alaska back. No humans are involved Yep, no humans were harmed in the making of this battle Yeah, so world robot air combat robot domination. It is it is Here alpha has beaten a human I'll tell you kiki If the robots don't get us It's going to be the birds There we go. That's where I was headed. Let's talk about the birds cockatoos can weigh their options and this is Even more complex than the famous marshmallow experiment, which we've talked about on the show before Where you test particularly with children with toddlers if they can forego a marshmallow now in favor of five marshmallows perhaps in a half an hour and A lot of toddlers can't handle that Well, it turns out cockatoos can and even beyond that they can weigh their options Depending on what tools are available. So this is particularly a study where there were cashew nuts Which was their favorite food or pecans? Which they like but they would disregard if a cashew is available And then there were two different apparatuses one They had to use a stick to get their food out and one they had to toss a ball into a hole to get their food out and in Tests they were offered a food item that was just out there laying on the table and then a food item in these apparatus Things and so they would pick The food or the tool Depending on the situation and once they picked one of the other everything else was taken away from them so they had to make a decision and they would pick the food item if If the food in the apparatus was not as good But if the food in the apparatus was the better food item They would pick the tool over the food sitting right there in front of them Unless the tool was not the right tool for the job That's the next level of clever. Yeah, right? Yeah, uh, so smart Smarty pants birds So this is this is intense stuff coming from cockatoos Can't fool a cockatoo. No, don't even try. Yeah, you know who else you don't want to fool A female praying mantis. Yeah, no. Nope. No. Yes. Don't pray. No praying mantises are famous for biting off the heads of their sexual partner and then eating them sometimes mid-coitus and the The kind of conventional wisdom that had no scientific basis Can I just say was that it had to do with anger or hormones or some sort of impulse But a recent study uh That was published in proceedings of the royal society b from a State university of new york at fridonia looked at Praying mantises they had half of males were put in with a female and she was allowed to eat him And then half of the males were actually rescued Immediately after paring before they were eaten and then scientists tracked the flow of radioactive proteins through the bodies of cannibalistic females and through to their eggs and the radioactive proteins Actually went straight through the female and went into the new baby mantises. So the female did not absorb The majority of the nutrients coming from that male that they cannibalized it all went to the babies and Yeah, and so this was Talk about child support. Yeah Exactly Case of male parental investment This isn't about me. It's not about you. It's about the kids. Okay. That's right. That's right So just be quiet and hand me your head Yeah, oh my goodness, um moving on into the world of Boids again. I love birds and I especially love little dark-eyed junkos It's springtime and I see them all over the place right now in the the hills of portland cute little dark-eyed junkos they preen and use their preen gland to spread Musky chemicals all over themselves and it turns out that there are the makeup of the male musk Is different than the makeup of the female musk the compounds making them up Make them either more masculine or feminine and have different amounts and it's a different chemical makeup So researchers uh from michigan state university in east lansing told attendees at the in austin at the evolution conference about their experiments in which they Uh piped antibacterial Compounds into the preen glands of These junkos to find out what would happen and so when they injected the antibiotics The concentration of the smelly molecules that make up the musk that the birds are attracted to decrease So bacteria are really responsible for the sexy smells of the junkos And so it's not a self-produced body odor. It is a bacterially produced body over odor kind of like people You know, that's why we are a deodorant, right? So it's not it's not hormones. It's bacteria. Yep. It's bacterial compounds bacteria And so the bacteria are different for males and females Yes, there's they're different proportions. And so they're different for males and females interesting Yes, I wonder why? Yeah, birdie body odor who knew birdie b.o I wonder it's do you think the Bacteria, I know the bacteria are different from person to person in humans as well, but do you think there is a sex difference? Yeah, there is but I think it's because there's a difference in like ph between males and females and there are other Other things that lead to it. But yes, there are differences in bacteria between men and women Interesting, but then again, there's also a difference in bacteria between your right and your left hand, right? Yeah Some if you're Some news for those of you who like to remember things if you really have something you want to remember like the content of this podcast for instance Maybe you should exercise In about four hours Oh, not right not not be exercising while listening not be exercising while you're listening Not be exercising immediately after listening But sometime later and not tomorrow. I'm talking like In a couple of hours maybe you want to remember this conversation and you're on the pacific coast You should start exercising at three o'clock in the morning After midnight midnight if you're on the pacific coast. Yeah after midnight maybe start exercising If you're on the east coast in the morning I don't remember anything that happened or in the morning. That's right conversation Kind of rough, uh, but uh, but so so tell me more. This is exciting. So like, okay So here's the thing though. This is I did I I got the I This is the most important test prep Uh seminar thing Whatever I've gone to it was at noon. What do I need to be doing at four o'clock? You should be exercising. You should be running Physical activity. You should be increasing your heart rate. Maybe, you know intensity up to like Dusa that what they did in this experiment. This is one experiment. This is not, you know, a full Uh a review of the literature. This is one experiment Out of the netherlands published in current biology researchers had, uh 72 study participant participants Learn 90 picture location associations over about 40 minutes and then they were assigned to their groups one group Performed exercise immediately the second Exercise four hours later and the third did not exercise at all. The exercise was 35 minutes of interval training On an exercise bike up to about 80 percent of the maximum heart rate And then 48 hours later they came back to be tested on their information retention Those who exercised four hours after learning retained information better After two days than the other two groups those that exercised immediately or not at all and brain images Showed that after uh exercise after a time delay Was associated with more precise representations in the hippocampus And so there is a time window for memory consolidation is what the researchers are saying and this has been Uh This has been supported in other studies that there's kind of this time window over which Consolidation of a memory takes place and what that window is we're not exactly sure yet But it is somewhere around four to eight hours or so Uh They don't know exactly why exercise Boosts memory retention, but uh other studies of lab animals suggest that chemicals like Dopamine and norepinephrine can improve consolidation and physical exercise boosts those chemicals Anyway Exercise nice good for memory if you do it four hours later And then my final story for the night is New kind of brain wave Has been discovered Brain wave researchers say has never been seen before and when I say brain wave I mean the electrical rhythm the electrical wave form of the brain when the brain is monitored over electroencephalogram or eeg And so uh the researchers Found this rhythm that only happens When you're texting Wait what a texting brain wave a texting brain wave So that has not been seen at all in the history of mankind or hominids Or the animal kingdom because only recently has humanity Invented this whole texting thing. Yep So it's not like it's different than reading It's different than reading or like carving on a stone tablet Yep different than that. I mean, I don't know they didn't look at like the difference between Writing Or typing on a keyboard I don't know if they looked at that, but they showed that um these these smart devices like smartphones and um ipads and other devices produced this particular brain wave and this uh The professor of neurology and director of the epilepsy monitoring unit and epilepsy center at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida Found a unique texting rhythm and approximately one in five patients Who are using their smartphone to text while having their brain waves monitored? Yeah, only text messaging produced this brain rhythm And it's different than any other described brain rhythm So Something to do with a widespread use of the brain involving Motor coordination and also Processing nonverbal information and also using this particular device so and using the device and also walking and attempting not to get run over As you cross an intersection trying to just peripherally be watching for traffic oncoming Yes, exactly. And so maybe this is something in the the researcher dr. Tatum notes There's now a biological reason why people should not text and drive Texting can change brain waves. Oh my gosh.  You know what else changes your brain? Tiki twist listening to this week in science. Yeah It does each week Uh, and and there's some folks. Uh, there's a list of folks out there Who have realized that it's not only changed their brains, but they would like other brains to be changed By this information And I have that list you have that list. Yeah, we have come to the end of the show and I would like to take this moment to thank Our patreon sponsors Thank you too Drum roll, please as a web page loads Paul disney kevin parochan keith corsell steve de bell melissa musley jesse marino patrick oakief jason schneiderman rudy garcia Gerald sorrell's greg guthman alex wilson dave neighbor jason dozier matthew litwin eric nap jason roberts chris clark richard onamist rich on ratna swami byron lee eo jared laissette ulysses adkins dav fridel jake jones mark mesarro's trainer 84 advartus rimkis brian hedrick cassie lester patrick cone sarah Layla bob calder shane and terry ginsburg marshal clark charlene davidson henry don kamericka larry garcia randy mozuka and dire tony steele brian kondren craig landon darryl Lambert david wiley robert astin nathan greco Hexator debor smith mitch neves flying out john crocker richard porter christopher drier marked sylvan wesby rt on pixel fly shawada steven b dave wilkinson steve mischitzki rodney lewis brexton howard phil nado rick ramus salgad sam matt setter emigrenier philips shane james dobson kurt larson stefan insom michael george russel jensen mountain sloth jim drapeau terry pein john meloney jason olds james know wilds paul west alec dodia lumalama joe wheeler dougal cambell craig porter adam mishkan erin luthan marjorie polstan and david semerly tyler harrison ben rothan colombo Ahmed and gary swinsburg Thank you for all of your support on patreon and if you're interested in supporting us you can find information and Support us at patreon.com slash this week in science Also, remember that you can help us out simply by telling your friends about twists and on next week's show We will be back yet again to talk about science broadcasting live online at 8 p.m It will be just a few days after Juno arrives at jupiter. Don't forget july 4th is not only american independence day united states independence day It is also the date that Juno we have A probe arriving at jupiter on july 4th and so that Maybe no fireworks, but a lot of fanfare. 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So i'm setting up shop got my banner unfurled It says the scientist is in i'm gonna sell my advice show them how to stop the robot with a simple device I'll reverse for the warming with a wave of my hand and all it'll cost you is a couple of grand This week science is coming your way So everybody listen to what i say i use the scientific method for all that it's worth And i'll broadcast my opinion all over the earth It's this week in science This week in science This week in science science science This week in science This week in science I've got one disclaimer and it shouldn't be news That what i say may not represent your views But i've done the calculations and i've got a plan If you listen to the science you may just get understand But we're not trying to threaten your philosophy We're just trying to save the world from jeopardy This week in science is coming your way So everybody listen to everything we say and if you use our methods to roll and die We may rid the world of toxoplasma got the eye Because it's this week in science This week in science This week in science Science This week in science This week in science This week in science Science The long realist of items i want to address From stopping global hunger to dredging Loch Ness I'm trying to promote more rational thoughts And i'll try to answer any question you've got So how can i ever see the changes i seek And i can only set up chop One hour week in science Is coming your way To what we say From the words that we've said Then please This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science This is another episode of this week In science Sign for the post-show show And i don't know where my host when where they go go Wake me up before you go Go go I take the dancing tonight Bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam, bam. That's right! Quantum Club. Who's in the Quantum Club here? Birthday should be a Patreon level. It should be, but well put your birthday on the calendar. So, everyone in the Twiz family can celebrate your birthday. Is it time for us to revisit our Patreon levels? Is it time to revisit our our premiums? Are they good as stand right? Are they good as they stand? Are they good? Do we visit revisit? I don't know I Saw recently that Scott Johnson Has revisited his premium levels changing them up a little bit for people Maybe I should do a survey What do we talk about? Wondering whether I should change up my patreon premium levels Or whether they're good as is Cookies made by Blair. I think we're just gonna make a whole bunch of different levels where Blair has to make things for people Let's see I gave loves surveys. Yeah, we should do a survey surveys are awesome. That's right How's my other podcast doing? It's doing great. I think they want to keep me on as a host for a little while longer Which is awesome? Just really awesome. It's a fun podcast the stem cell podcast. So we talk about stem cell science It's pretty cool. It's pretty cool. If you like stem cell science Yeah, I like it. I'm glad I'm happy to be doing it and I yeah, I hope they continue to like me They like me. They really really like me and I hope they continue to like me Oh, how did they not? Yeah, I hope I hope the audience likes me I don't actually know what the audience thinks of me. I don't know if they're contacting anybody sending emails tweeting I have no idea No clue the fact that the people who run the podcast don't want to get rid of me yet I'm gonna do something here. I'm just curious. We were very close to that threshold you were seeking for the YouTube Yes, we're like 250 people away from hitting our 10,000 subscribers threshold. So it would be amazing To hit that to go over it. I love that people are subscribing to us because I've asked it makes me really it makes me feel Really happy Thank you for subscribing What's straw poll That did you make it did you make a survey? Should we revisit? Let's leave the EU. Oh My gosh identity. Did you just make that? Let's leave the EU. Let's Brexit. I Like I like breakfast. I Just can't wait to the day when we don't have to hear the word brexit anymore I know I think people thought that after the election that we wouldn't hear brexit anymore It was like oh, it's just it's not gonna pass and people are gonna stay We're not gonna hear brexit anymore, but since then it's like increased. It's all brexit all the time 10,000 people interested in science-y stuff. I love it that they want to be that. Oh, it makes me so happy Makes me so happy. We have a 10,000. We're almost 10,000 people strong on YouTube Go people Grexit. What's buddy what? Brexit grease what?  Everybody's gonna vote Well, you don't want to play.  Yeah, yeah, Dave You're absolutely right. There's a whole lot of talk of other people Exiting everybody exiting And and if we're gonna if I didn't bring this up, so I feel like I'm obliged to talk about it now There's there's reasons, you know There's good reason to have these sort of global Agreements on things and there's fantastic reasons not to you know The one the one thing that I I continue to look at to my shiny example of why Sometimes these these big agreements are really bad is because they trump democracy and what happened here in, California was We discovered that this additive we were putting in our gasoline MTB ease was actually it made for cleaner air it meant that when the gasoline burned It it wasn't as bad From the car exhaust car exhaust exiting the back end of a vehicle not so bad But it turned out this additive was eating through the tanks at the bottoms of the gas stations and leaking into waterways Right and was it's a carcinogen. It's bad bad chemical Mojo going on right So there was a vote to get rid of the MTB ease and the governor of California at the time Gray Davis signed this and said well, okay, we'll get rid of MBM TBE ease They're banned right then it turned out under NAFTA There was a provision where if you passed a law that Caused some pain to a corporation that you were doing business with You had to pay for their investment and their product as well as the future Prophets that they could have made from it So it was some stupid number of billions of dollars that California would have had to paid which California didn't have so instead of Banning MTB ease we phased them out over 20 years Well, while we know that they're leaking into waterways and eating through the tanks at gas stations And and the idea was you know when it was proposed everybody could agree Blair you have just built a railroad in Argentina right you're you're an industrious young and Randy and women and you have financed the building and construction of a railroad through Argentina and and under the trade If if Argentina said, oh, thank you Blair, but we just voted to nationalize the railroad So it now belongs to Argentina and you don't own it anymore That would be really bad and you wouldn't want to do business with them. So it's a trade agreement the trade trade agreements were designed to keep From something horrible like this from taking place where you could just pass a law and ruin somebody some other some companies Investment and future profits, but of course what it's really doing Effective effectively is Trumping regulation self-regulation of things like hazardous chemicals Is where it's showing up the most there was There was some sort of ingredient used in mortuaries That was very toxic that they tried to ban but then it they couldn't because it was produced out of the country there was this waste plant and rural Mexico that That was going to get built and the locals protested to the point of blocking machinery and setting stuff on fire to prevent it from happening, but under NAFTA The that region of Mexico could be sued for more money than it contained, right? So Part of part of what comes with these global agreements like the TPP or like being part of the European Union is giving up your local ability to vote on things and in the case of Brexit, I think what The example they used was how many Immigrants from Syria they were going to be taking in and and whether you agree with this or not The point is the local people's opinion didn't matter and That's where these that's where a lot of these global Initiatives or these global trade agreements of these global packs really really fall apart And is that they trump local democracy? And that's that's regardless of whether you agree with the agree with it or not This is this is why this is why these things can't be seen as a really bad deal Jax it. Yes, I'm succeeding from everything. I am succeeding from all of you. Nobody will decide anything but me But but on a local level you could totally understand it On the local level you can understand it, but on the global level Ouch Yeah One of the things I don't know if it was really very Frank's is very It was very disappointed in your performance and Independence Day Who what? You went and saw Independence Day to 2016 you performed very poorly according to strengths Did I did I not say every line as though it was a question My best acting did I not do my best Jeff Goldblum did I not have glasses on Jeff Goldblum is amazing because he's just Jeff Goldblum in every role He never stretches outside of just I'm going to be Jeff Goldblum. That's what you're gonna get you hire me I'm gonna do the part as Jeff Goldblum And that's just it She get You get Jeff Goldblum being Jeff Goldblum from from buckaroo bonsai being a muscular Jeff Goldblum the ID for to Jurassic Park Just Jeff gold Jeff Goldblum gifts What? Let's find out.  Tell you All right kids, I gotta I gotta say good night. I have a previous engagement. That's coming What were you gonna do about YouTube? You said you were gonna do something What did I inspire something about the youtubing? Oh? What was happening there? You already knew it. We were like 250 people away from crossing that threshold 250 people away. We're so class There's let me go back. I'll get the right number again. So we are at drum roll nine thousand seven hundred and fifty four 246 to 247 I suppose to cross the ten thousand threshold. Yeah, we got to get more and we're probably gonna lose some people because that happens people No, unsubscribe. No, I just want everybody Once you subscribe, you're done.  I'm like it's Jeff Goldblum. Oh my god, which one do which one did you get a Scottish fold yet? No, I really want a Scottish fold. They're so cute. Which one did you want on the right? Oh? It disappeared. I just scrolled Yeah, I don't know. Oh My god, they're all so good. I know He's the greatest I love how much you love my uncle That's that's great. You mean your father Well, it's my mother's not sure Your uncle father. It's one of the others. She's just really unsure it was Was the it was the 70s Early 70s even it was free love and whatnot. Yeah Oh, yeah, I know what I was gonna check on so you're leaving. Okay, great You've got to go. Okay, you don't have to go You want to you want to watch Kai's you want to watch Kai's guitars his his guitar special? Yes, that I have to stay for That's awesome. Oh, that's very cool. Are you supposed to be screen sharing Kiki? Nice that was awesome That's amazing I love it Okay, good night minions. Good night Kiki. Good night Blair. I will see y'all next week Good night. Have a good night Yeah, what was his other song his his last song was? He pulled out the guitar did I screen did I screen share that last time? Oh, I missed screen sharing it, okay? Here we go. There's the screen share. There we go Here's the here's he pulls out the guitar What song was that? This train is bound for glory Children children get on board. I don't know. I remember it from my childhood. He's been at a music camp this week Having so much fun oops Stop sharing the news my little my little rock star. He wants to be a rock star Singing well where hot rod? He's five like Dave said he's five Oh, Rover. You'll put something on your web page for YouTube. That would be awesome. Thank you Yeah, let's get some subscribers You took a screen cap that's awesome. That's right You did from the first of his first appearance on Twitter that when he was a baby And I remember I was sharing when I was pregnant. I shared I had my little weekly bump check-in Come in every week to do my science hour and be like here's how big my bump is now And then Kai was born Crazy stuff It's all out there It's all archived on the interwebs Yeah, when's his birthday? A march March March 4th, and there's a really awesome band here in Portland called the March 4th marching band And they do a live show on March 4th They do one for kids and one for grown-ups. So Next year to the March 4th marching band show for his birthday The tech section awesome Oh, there's Kai on the Facebooks. Yep, put him on the Facebooks. What are you at Facebook page? He has a Facebook page What? Yep Okay, I'll send him a friend request. Yeah, you got a friend Kai. I didn't know Kai had a Facebook page He does. This is gonna be bad for my self-esteem. He probably has more likes than I do I don't know I don't know No No We don't advertise his Facebook page, but he has one He has 97 He's popular Oh my god, right. He's still baby nano Kai on twitter. You're right And I still use baby nano Kai when I When I promote him on twitter I'm doing this thing with at baby nano Kai We'll figure it out Oh my gosh He's kind of make great leader in the resistance Thanks, whiskey renegade. I hope so I know and yes, it is scary that he's five already Eric I don't I don't know. I know it's hard for me to believe too. I don't know how that happened I'm still here Five five year olds. Yeah, I associate Kai's age with how long I've been on twist. Yeah Totally He was a little Baby when I started my little baby Um, let's see. So I have let's see No news related to the stem fest That's okay. So I have no news about that yet, but it'll be it'll be november 4th if it happens Okay, great Um, so you'll yeah, but I will confirm whether or not That um, whether or not you'll need to take days off work As soon as I know Um What else do we have going on? I want to try and get you guys up here to do a live podcast with uh I don't know when we'll be able to do it, but I want to try and get you you and Justin up here to portland to do a live podcast because I met the pod there's a A meet-up group for a podcast community Here in portland and I went and I gave a talk and met a bunch of people there And uh, the guy who who started the meet-up group He also has a little podcasting studio and he wants to do live podcasts from the studio and maybe for the meet-ups and so Well, I can absolutely you guys up here And then we'll be able to like go to the zoo and do some other stuff and it'll be awesome so starting In the fall I'll be very flexible, but in the summer I could go pretty much any Sunday monday tuesday sunday monday tuesday, okay like I could take a tuesday off. No problem So I could go a sunday monday tuesday at the drop of a hat Awesome, we'll have to find out when uh, jeff bolt when jeff goldblum can join us. Okay So I said leroy those guys still list the wrong lube. Oh my god, what is happening? What is happening? I am finding jeff goldblum gifts A perd cursed in pertlard says tape A perd cursed in pertlard. Yes, that's what was you Oh the fourth Right now Are you still full for me?  Yeah, it's hard to imagine five little 20. It is true And dill poco yours is 20 So fast and then they're adults and they're like bye. Bye My goodness Don't discount sushi from a grocery store Just run. I think you should just jog in place. Let's work it out. Come on work it out. Come on knee up Remember that time I barfed on air No, but it's gonna happen I'm working on it Oh my god, I had I didn't have sushi. I had a salad tonight. I had a salad. I made it come there I was out of lettuces Raspberries for dinner. That's a lot of raspberries Yes She's gonna remember this episode for I will I will it was almost like that time I almost bled out on screen Scott johnson demonstrates how he's a podcast award winner That is pretty pretty funny I want to click on it. Yeah, his award winningness. He he's talking about chester cheetah and he goes Is that a tiger? Oh scott johnson Oh scott johnson, that's pretty funny I know that's hilarious Is he a tiger? No, he's not yowza. Yeah hot rod says drink a glass of warm water and it'll all be up and out and over Why does everyone want to make Blair throw up tonight? Don't make me puke I want to work I just want to feel better No, you want to you want to feel better? Yeah Now I have a cramp Sorry I did it to myself. I'm an adult. I shouldn't be doing these things Did you see the article about People trying to adult there was like some no I was just joking someone about it Yeah, there was a video about Something about they they had statistics about stuff or like there's some massive percentage of people who don't know how to do simple things like boil water Like, you know replace a button on a shirt or you know, just like very basic things Yes, it strengths.  Yes Oh Yes, that's what you do 19 charts that will help you be an actual adult on bud buzz feed. This is problem. There we go. There we go How to be how to adult according to should I should I share this? There might be swears on it should I not oh swears Right, I don't know if people would like it if you threw up live on camera Okay, why don't can't appease explain how to cook them? Ow That will help you be an actual adult. I'm just gonna I need to save this jeff goldblum's staregif. This is my this is good Just what? Or there's this one That's good Tell them the same common nonverbal mistakes made during job interviews 67 fail to make eye contact 47 have little knowledge of the company 38 don't smile 33 have bad posture 33 fidget too much 26 have a weak handshake 21 play with their hair or touch their face 21 cross their arms over their chest 9 use too many hand gestures. Uh-oh that last one I'm in trouble What? How much sleep do you need infants up to 16 hours toddlers 12 to 14 hours preschool 11 to 13 hours School age 10 to 11 hours teens 8 and a half to 9 and a half adults seven to nine A rental walk through checklist. Yeah, that's always important Uh Yeah, I'm not good at that. No That's yeah, I'm not good at that either. That's like a that's just a lot of stuff to do How do you accept a compliment? No, you say thank you Thank you and thank you Yeah, you use it to start a conversation. Do that. Yeah, I do that Now you both have something to talk about I like trying to do three Where people compliment you go. Oh, thank you. That was so nice of you to say I like I like three I do that Okay chat rumors. Oh, brian brushwood demonstrates how he's a podcast award winner.   We have we've been nominated In your face losers, that's me Um Four hours sleep is good. No. No, it's not it's not enough. I need more sleep um Okay, I'm looking If justin is a twin for jeff goldblum Who do Blair and I look like? Oh gosh, that's impossible. Right. Do we look like anybody get this out? I I don't think we look like anybody But ourselves we're one of ourselves, right People say that I look like I always forget who they say but I'm like, oh, yeah, okay Yeah, if you tie your hands down, can you talk at all Blair best? No Right, hopefully there will be a podcast awards next year. It doesn't sound promising this year It's kind of a bit of a mess and that yeah Catherine Zeta Jones Blair Oh, excuse me Catherine No way Jones I'll take it, but I don't think so I'm looking for Catherine Zeta. Yeah, maybe there we go Let's see that with the long hair Let's see. Let me find a good I'm trying to find good Good. Yes. Yeah, she's short hair in all of them. Short hair Chicago. That's Chicago Don't watch cago.  Did I search for is it Renee Zellweger? No Now it's just like not even trying Come on Come on with this Come on. So okay. I can't find any good gifts Oh wait, is that one gonna work? Oh, that's just weird because it's like the side of her face That's not gonna work trying to find a good one Um, what is the superhero one there? this one Oh Blair with the dark hair There you go. That's right. That's right. I'll take my glass though. There we go I feel like I'm not doing it right and this is how Blair kisses Billy zane and then gets punched What movie is that? What is that? I don't know, but you got punched. I got punched. I would never get punched right in the kisser Oh, I would never right in the kisser Oh Catherine oh a us rover us this rover has images has done an image search. I was looking for gifts Gifts are more fun. Yeah, what movie is that? I don't know it's got Billy zane I don't know What movie is that action adventure? 1996 The phantom the phantom there we go Oh Yeah, so let's see. I'll stop Stop sharing this and then I'll share here we go Here's Blair dressed up fancy. Oh, yeah Yeah I remember that time I was on the red carpet like that like that and then that time I married a very old man Short hair long hair long hair short hair All right, I don't think I would look like that in the short hair though I know what I look like a short hair. I did that in college Yeah, did not look like that. Yeah It all depends on the haircut. It's hard to have a nice little straight-haired bob If you have wavy hair, that's for sure. Uh-huh. That was yeah, I tried to do a bob and my hair is very curly Where's the picture of Blair with the hair net on? Ask Steve Dave. I didn't share that publicly You did no, didn't you no I I held it up to the screen during the show last night, but I did not post it on the interwebs Why not it's cute Oh, it's not very cute Not very cute Right Gifts and emails they don't mix very well 24 I wish they did I really want them to work better. They'll also all sorts of places. They're a wonderful dynamic format format, but I get like my bruise a bruise Oh, no side of my arm Oh, there's my hair net Black widow. It's kind of uh, there's the hair net. Here we go. Zee. That's why I haven't posted it Mm-hmm What's in your hands? Was that tea? Blueberry tea. Yeah, it's from the celestial seasonings factory Bye Dale Poco Have a good night I think it's An identity for has you there you shared it on the interwebs in the video. So it's on the interwebs All right, fine. They're enough. It's in public How did why did I can't believe Justin went away on a night when I want to hang out I'm gonna have to go soon too. I'm gonna have to like get my stomach pumped or something Don't do that. Just do some push-ups. Maybe you should do some sit-ups. That'll make me barf for sure I know what I'll do and would comfortably full with sushi.  Yeah Yeah, do sit-ups. That's gonna help Yeah So Blair is like Catherine Zeta-Jones Yeah, I don't know.  I'm gonna try really No, no barfing on the stream uh I thought about this It's like here It's not quite right.  It's the stand the navy in Yeah Kathleen Turner Before or after the drug issues. Oh, no Let's hope Nicole Kidman, I'll take that one Okay, minions. You have your homework Tweet at us Kidman Tweet at me and kiki Like what celebrities we are Yeah, tweeted us Let us know This one's funny Nicole Kidman from the 90s You're not anybody in America That hair is amazing BXM bandits Much before thanks Eric. Good. Okay. I was concerned for a minute I don't know about Jodie Foster I don't think that's right So Nicole Kidman with the flippy eyelashes Or maybe there's Nicole Kidman with curly hair Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman But I do love you BMX band hits Nicole Kidman That's interesting Uh-oh Oh Jodie Foster I could see Jodie Foster. Yeah Jodie Foster it up Wait, that's the wrong one stop Wrong screen share That's the one. All right. I can kind of see it Sometimes yes sometimes no it's all in like Yeah, it's all in Facial features sometimes yes sometimes no Red hair Angelina Jolie. Ah, ah, no, I don't think you look like that Nope No Hey, wait, what is the scar Joe again in the corner red hair superheroes? Yes Yes, BXM bandits Nicole Kidman. What? BMX you mean BMX bandits Mx bandits Ah with the curly hair. She was so young in that movie.  Oh my god There we go. That is hilarious. Isn't that great? What is she 15 probably? Yeah, she was a baby Or little baby. I like this game. It's fun. You know who's like a younger Uh Catherine Zeta kind of is what's her name? Olivia Mun Olivia Mun. Yeah, she's great Jodi Foster in contact. I'll take that. So we have Jodi Foster Catherine Zeta Jones and Jeff Goldblum Taking over the program that would be a pretty funny that would be pretty funny Eat more sushi.  Yeah a little bit like Olivia Mun a little bit. Yeah a little bit Huh Uh, everyone we've brought up is very racially ambiguous which makes sense They're bringing up what uh people who are racially ambiguous Which I guess makes sense for me Nobody ever knows Yeah, young Kathleen Turner. I could take that. Let's see 1980s Kathleen Turner Or romancing the stone Kathleen Turner I actually have a picture That looks almost looks somewhat like this one That's interesting. Oh Hmm nice Ah, okay, maybe kind of young Kathleen Turner I'm gonna work on making sure I don't end up with uh, any Yeah, yeah, I'm not gonna get looking like Chandler's dad Yeah, I'm not gonna get old.  Oh, I absolutely do do that. Yeah I would love to find out that would be just so cool. Yeah, there's an eighth of me. That's a mystery It's a pretty big chunk Maybe I should get my hair more blonded and then I could look like Shakira And I could sing like this So either Jodie Foster or Kathleen Turner and Catherine Zeta Zeta Jones and Jeff Goldblum Great movie seriously Twist the movie great episode Oh sansa stark Sansa stark. Okay. So I am not up on this season of games game of thrones yet. I have seen some spoilers online And I am excited to see the next season, but I'm kind of putting it off Because I don't want to have to wait for the next season to come out again So I'm kind of waiting because I can't do this again. I can't watch it and then not be able to see it So instead I'm just watching lost girl Yes, you have to wear a hat you have to wear it to look like me wear a hat Where am I? I I just wear headphones when I'm here It's like a hat It's like a hat.  I'm not gonna say anything I'm excited to see game of thrones I'm excited to finally watch it at some point, but in the meantime Till I get to the point of actually downloading it watching it seeing it I I don't know. I'm not spoiling anything. Have you read the book identity for yeah Yeah, the internet is like the spoiler the internet is a huge spoiler But I'm watching lost girl and I really like it. I think I told you guys this before I really like it My new favorite show I think I'm in season three now Going right through it. Yeah It's really good and And you know what I'm trying to do What I'm trying to sign up for a website up here called extras only that casts extras For tv shows like grim. I want to be an extra on grim. I think that would be just super fun I think it would be super fun just for one day Just one episode just to do it once like how fun would just get killed Yeah, or just be somebody walking through the background Yeah Yeah doing my thing minding my own business Doing a podcast Oh, yeah lord of the ring series is great orphan black. Oh is a new season out yet Because orphan black was amazing.  What I might get to go on chelsea again I'm so excited Pitched ideas wrote them a list of things I was like I could talk about this matt and this matt and the other thing and they're like We might talk to you we're gonna I'll get back to you after the holiday Yay Gord I remember you saying you couldn't get into orphan black Before we talked about it like ages back I loved it. I thought it was great I liked it Kind of dark dystopic though Adam savage is the guest judge on battle bots. That's awesome All right, I think sushi belly's gotta go Oh No more sushi belly. How are you gonna get into yours?  That is not allowed Okay, no purging not allowed Maybe drink a carbonated beverage.  I'm gonna sit On my bed with a lot of pillows behind me I'm just Yeah So I I haven't been eating a lot lately because I've been working a lot and like running around And so I guess my stomach has shrunk the past few days And then I just ate the amount of sushi that you know I would normally be able to eat and then I ate it really fast because it was right before the show And then I like got all set up for the show and then I like stood up and I was like Oh dear god Like that So much sushi. I can't believe that like it's it's hours later.  Dave portion control adulting Yeah, Dave I failed in adulting I failed at my adult Requirements for the day. I adulted so well yesterday. I did errands. I exercised I had a monday On tuesday. Yeah, because tuesday's my monday. I know Good job for you. I had a very good adulting day yesterday today. I just did not pan out But I did this thing. This is adulting, right? The show It's adulting kind of Yeah It was It was cheap sushi. It was from the grocery store. It was like prepackaged That can be okay, but yeah, I mean they have their own sushi chef. You see them like I don't think it was tainted or anything. I was just like I was at the shopping center and I was about to run home and I don't have food and I was like Oh, I'll just grab some sushi from the sushi bar, right? And then I drove home by the time I got home. I was so hungry And here we are Hot rod stop it It'll be ready soon. It's hilarious. Oh my gosh Uh, me What will tomorrow bring? Oh my gosh.  Oh, yeah with the wasabi laced That's right. Oh sci-fi premieres Yeah I like sci-fi for stuff, but then they cancel everything I like so I try not to get into things until After they're proven To be around for a while Silly sci-fi. I've had the canceling of stuff. Yeah, but a million shark natives Oh shark, you know, it is shark week everyone. I hope you are enjoying shark week But according to my calendar, even though discovery says it's shark week this week It's not shark awareness day until July 15th. It's true July 15th So I'm gonna try I'll try and get somebody to talk. Maybe we should talk about sharks. We talked about sharks last year Should we talk about sharks again? Absolutely sharks need our attention. We'll find some maybe some shark researcher doing some cool shark research That we need to know about that would be good. And then on the 20th We're gonna get um, we're going to have a guest to talk about um ketamine for depression Oh Yeah And then on the 6th, I want to try I don't have anybody yet. We'll be talking about juno at jubiter, but I hope I mean, it would be fun to get somebody to Yeah from the juno mission to actually come talk on the show. Yeah, absolutely. That would be awesome The other and then That's nice to not have interviews all the time But the other thing I wanted was the armstrong moonwalk was on the 20th I was thinking it would be fun to have phil plate on the show To talk about silly conspiracy theories about the moon. Oh, yeah He's pretty good at that kind of stuff. So nice I don't know We'll see An exciting month ahead Maybe nobody eats pb and j anymore. I eat pb and j peanut butter and jelly jelly, what But I do like peanut butter and mayonnaise and pickle I do should we pickle peter and mayonnaise pickle Peanut butter and mayonnaise.  I will go now. I have things that I need to do. So before next week. I need to make event pages For the hangouts for the month of july and I also need to make a rundown for the month of july And then uh, yeah, that'll happen. This is all gonna happen in the next couple of days. I'm not going to stay up and do it tonight Not good. Yeah You drink something carbonated Working on it help you burp and like There you go There you go. Have an alka seltzer if you need something more. That's a good idea. Actually, I might do that So that the big guns Plop plop fizz fizz or what a relief it is. Yes, I'm gonna do it Um, I don't know if they'll have results back from juno in two days But they will definitely have a lot of discussion. They'll have maybe some images and Uh discussion about stuff that they're doing at juno So it might be good to for us to just talk about juno And then get somebody to talk about results later I don't know. We'll see We'll figure it out for show I'm always working on things. Um Yes, uss rover.  I see you being evil Okay, okay, we're gonna go. I hope you guys all have a wonderful well if you're in the united states not canada and other places But this is a holiday three day weekend for people in the in the america america america America is great. We're gonna drink america the america I wanted i'm gonna drink america on america day and um, yeah That is also the day juno arrives at jupiter, which is fairly awesome I hope you have a wonderful fourth of july and we will see you on The sixth and talk about science. It's gonna be Fantastic. Hope you have a great weekend, and I hope you're about your belly feels better. Go. Oh, it'll be fine. And I'm sure an hour Plop plop fizz fizz. We'll see you next week. Bye