Welcome everybody. Welcome to Stanford. I tell you this was the best five years of my life when I was studying here So I am really excited for you all. You're at the beginning of that journey So we're not really interesting time, right? This this energy transition. I mean, I think energy has been in transition its entire path but you know Renewables are really sexy right now, right? I bet a lot of you are really interested in working on on renewables and My goal today is to convince you that natural gas has got some sex appeal to and and and if there's one thing I want y'all to take away it's that when we're thinking about energy all types of energy have a role to play and We don't want to let perfect right striving for a totally Green clean energy mix is what we're all after ultimately, but we don't want to let perfect be the enemy of the good So if we can do something in the near term that is good, we shouldn't You know ignore that because it's not perfect So so these are my my three takeaways that I actually put down on paper so We're in an era of decarbonization, right? Especially in the United States. That's what we're all here we want to solve this problem and in in my mind these are the three key points regarding gas, right? So unless you've had a head under a rock, which I'm guess you haven't because you got into Stanford You'll know that we have this abundance of natural gas, right? So in the last ten years, we've discovered this way to untap natural gas from shales and We have this resource that we didn't know we had right? we all thought that gas was on its way out and Suddenly the United States in particular goes from being a net importer of gas to a net exporter and this abundance of gas has Some some real opportunity for decarbonization that I'm going to talk about The second part is I think in the US We think a lot about the US But there's a big wide world out there and there's a lot of people without any energy and Natural gas has a real role to play in that and the third part is We all recognize the need to reduce carbon dioxide and The oil and gas industry have to be part of that conversation and I think right now. It's really polarized the energy communities are very polarized and I think that initiatives like the natural gas initiative are Working to bring communities together because the oil and gas industry has a lot of technology and Money that can help solve this problem. So I'm going to touch on each of these and then I'm going to kind of outline What research we're doing within the natural gas initiative on this Okay, so just to set the stage Right, we've had this huge uptick in both gas production on the right in the US and oil production and If I was to ask you, you know, we've got this big increase in the production of fossil fuels What is that done for carbon emissions in the United States? Way more way more fossil fuels than we had before. What's it done?  Okay, so yeah, so natural gas has I Guess the pointer doesn't work Natural gas production has gone up in the last ten years and with that we've seen this huge decline in carbon dioxide because coal has been displaced But these Unconventional fields, right? So we're talking about this huge volume of natural gas and one of the big issues is that we're Terrible at getting it out of the ground right so Typically for those of you that are not familiar with oil and gas reservoirs a gas reservoir a conventional gas reservoir that pulls gas from sandstones Yet almost a hundred percent recovery, right? It's like 90 percent almost every time and suddenly For these shale gas we're getting 25 percent recovery factors. That means for every well that we put down We're getting 25 percent of what's in the ground. We're leaving 75 percent behind That's that's completely inefficient, right? So, you know, if you're like a really really smart engineer and you want to work on this problem instead of PV Which everyone's doing this is a this is a great problem to solve and in fact I have an undergraduate working with me on this and we came up with some really great ways to improve recovery factors and we're gonna have a paper on it and everything so This is this is a key problem, right? So across the whole states of the United States We've got 200,000 wells and they're completely inefficient. So let's figure this out. This is, you know, unacceptable huge footprint for Not very much resource Per well Okay, we've talked a lot. I know you've heard probably all day about the need to limit CO2 emissions and the issue around coal So the top map shows the primary coal production in 2017 I think that was You know, we see what's happening, right? So why is China? Exploding with Coal right now. Why are they choosing coal?  So it's a local resource. What else? They're easy to build. Yep And in fact, we've got 300 gigawatts of coal generation under construction Right and these coal plants last what three decades something like that So and and it's I'm sure you've heard statistics like this during the week So 38% of global power is from coal and it's generating 75% of the global power emissions But really it's a cost problem, right? We got to change the economics here. So This is a natural gas brief. This is from the program. I ran We have a couple of really smart economists who are looking at how to do this and it it's not rocket science, right? I'm a lowly geophysicist and even I understand if you stick a price on carbon and tell people they have to pay and Coal is generating 50% more carbon than the equivalent natural of natural gas Right, we put a price on it and suddenly gas becomes more attractive and there's some threshold at which that happens But you know, I think especially in the the states we forget that In other countries they don't have the luxury of thinking about the environment and trying to do the right thing They're trying to get energy to people that don't have it, right? We got a billion people on the planet with no Energy and we have another billion and a half with like really unreliable or intimate and energy And if you think about it, there's no rich countries That don't have energy right so in order for economic growth and development and all the luxuries that you and I Are afforded at places like Stanford and in the United States and other developing countries We need energy in order to make that happen so as you go on your journey at Stanford, I Encourage you to step back every once in a while and think about this from a global perspective, right and You know, we know that the energy demand is only going to continue to increase. We've got huge population Growth in fact India is gonna surpass China in terms of its energy demand over the next 20 years or so And we have this changing paradigm, right? So the United States, which was an importer is now an exporter of energy We have more energy than we know what to do with like negative numbers and The Middle East which was exporting a lot is now importing so it's a changing paradigm and I really I really think that the global picture is worth stepping back to consider and In addition to power, right? So, you know getting light and electricity to people We have four million four million people dying a year every year Because of indoor air pollution because they're having to cook and heat their homes with wood and biomass and all manner of ugly things, right? That's more than eight malaria and tuberculosis combined Right and that's that's unacceptable in a world where we have this abundance of natural gas My goodness get these people some propane tanks, right? Seriously, right and that's what that's One of the things that we look at in the natural gas initiative and I'll kind of touch on this a bit more in a minute But you know, we've got these like giant solutions, right? So the bottom is a big LNG Tanker, you know, and there's all this infrastructure that goes with it Well getting that in place in places like India is a logistical nightmare, right? and it takes a lot of money and there's supply chain issues and Sometimes, you know, we have to step back and look at these kind of smaller scale solutions So there's this really neat company that we've been Interacting with called Pago. They've come up with this smart meter, you know It turns out in Africa in particular a lot of people don't have flushing toilets, but they all have a mobile phone and So they use, you know, the internet is now global and they can use that in order to Buy energy in this kind of format, right? And they have people consultants that go out to these little rural villages delivering this kind of smart canister So energy, you know as you're as you're thinking about What you're going to work on and I think scale is really important and sometimes the most immediate solutions are not the huge projects, right, but rather practical on the ground solutions So, you know the outlook for energy I think, you know, we all Wish and thought I think that this transition to cleaner energy sources would be faster than it has been But the increase in energy means that, you know We're going to be reliant on Renewables and natural gas for a long time and again going back to that not letting perfect be the enemy of the good, right? If gas is a way to get energy to people in developing countries such that they become economically stable Such that they can start making good decisions about the environment and Having less health costs to deal with then I think that that's You know a really valuable source of energy to think about But we still have You know Carbon dioxide emissions, right? So so we've got this increasing energy We do need to think about the carbon dioxide emissions So I want to take a minute to talk about carbon capture and sequestration So I'm sure many of you are aware I came out of Chevron, you know a big Oil and gas company. There's been this paradigm shift in that business, right? So all of a sudden right these big Corporations are like, oh my gosh climate change. It's real right public acknowledgement and with that They're putting their money where their mouth is with initiatives like this So this is the oil and gas climate initiative And they're looking they're collectively putting in fairly large sums of money to find solutions and Carbon capture and storage is an absolutely critical part. It's been you know Demonstrated that in order to achieve the Paris Accords two-degree scenario CCS is absolutely necessary. So this graph shows the amount of Carbon that you would have to capture and store in order to meet the two-degree scenario through time And it's broken down here into power industry and other Okay, so this is where we're at right now. This is how much carbon we are currently Capturing and putting in the ground 30 million tons a year. It doesn't even it's like irrelevant on this chart, right? So this scale is in gigatons, and we're talking about million tons 30 million tons. That's where we're at right now pathetic okay this Happens to be The equivalent of what global this should say oil and gas production is right? So currently the oil and gas industry is producing about 30 billion barrels a year So they're sucking out 30 billion barrels of oil and gas from Horus rock for the most part that you could put carbon dioxide into That's looking good like maybe we pull it out and we put stuff in and here's like twice Right, so in order to get out at 2060 you're looking at sequestering twice the amount of global oil and gas production and There's been lots of ways that people have looked at this right there's like geologic storage in aquifers but really the oil and gas reservoirs are the only viable solution and We've been actively working with a number of companies to do just this right so they know the subsurface We don't have to spend years Characterizing the rocks they over they've already done that for us and most of the infrastructure is in place It turns out you can pretty much use the same wells that you pull oil and gas out with to put carbon dioxide in The pore space is there the volumes are on the right scale and it has the potential for real impact I think this idea of scale is really important So I'm really excited about this and my hope is that the evil oil and gas industry Become the atmospheric services industry that kind of helps us with this huge problem because there really aren't other viable ways of Capturing co2 right now and storing it Okay, so I'm gonna talk a little bit about my program and I wanted to As I go through this kind of give you a feel of what professors are working on what and and All of this information is on the website so ngi.stanford.edu if anyone's interested And I'm always up for a coffee if you want to just have a chat Ilman as he came and saw me So, okay, so the natural gas initiative is we have about 40 research groups across campus so science and engineering business economics policy even the medical school and we We Work with industry partners, so it's an affiliate program. They pay dues and And we fund research projects in many many different areas related to natural gas So some of our members, I'm sure you'll recognize So these are the The seven focus areas that we do Research in and that we fund research in we are This year we added data science and hydrogen. I'll talk a little bit about those and we are actively growing so I One of the things I'd like to do this year is look at renewable gas and how that fits into this picture So if it's all right with you, I will take you on a quick journey with my gratuitous PowerPoint and And and just kind of give you a little flavor of each of these Mostly so that if there's something that tickles your fancy, you know, the right people to contact you can reach out to me and say Hey, I'm super interested in that all of these focus areas have a website on Link to NGI with papers and all sorts of cool stuff. So I'll start with methane emissions so this is Adam Brandt and Rob Jackson and I kind of talked a lot about the benefits of natural gas and what I didn't tell you minor issue is that we actually have a bit of a problem because Methane is leaking from a lot of the infrastructure So about 2% of production global production of natural gas Leaks into the atmosphere from the well heads or from the pipes that it's transmitted through and so this group is actively working on detection methodologies and mitigating ways of Rendering that a non-issue. So this is a picture from they did a big field trial So they took a I think 12 companies and did control pests in the field to look at how good those technologies were at detecting the methane leaks They just had a paper out on that yesterday. You can find it on our website if you're interested we have a couple of postdocs who developed a Low-cost sensor in the lab and have now been funded from our members to form a company So that's full moon. We have a paper coming out on that too and then we're looking at kind of Globally quantifying because nobody has really been able to come up with a baseline of how bad this issue is So top-down Estimates and bottoms-up estimates don't really match. So this group is working on figuring out exactly how serious an issue methane leaks are. I Talked a little bit about unconventional gas reservoirs. So this would be Mark Zobac and Tony Kopfcheck part of this is around making the Process the production process more efficient But there's also some really cool work that Tony's doing on using carbon dioxide as the hydrofracking fluid So imagine you get more Production and you sequester CO2 in the process. So that's the basic idea Energy access so Mark and I Work on this. I'm really interested in developing decision analysis tools to help people in a national level make choices in their energy Sources I think that they're you know, we talked about the relative cost of gas and coal If you start including externalities like health care Suddenly gas becomes way cheaper, right? So if you look at China and what they're spending on health care associated with pollution Related health costs gas it becomes a much better choice So I'm interested in kind of quantifying that and also getting natural gas liquids and propane We talked about that out to people so that they don't have to Cook over wood and biomass Methane conversion for the chemist in the room. This is a 40-decade old problem But there's a lot of benefit in being able to convert methane efficiently to methanol and so we have three faculty members Tom Haramio Matteo Carnello and Jialing Zhang working on this from different perspectives. We've just had a couple of papers in nature That Matteo Carnello wrote around really cool stuff Natural enzymes are able to do this and he was able to mimic that in the lab Hydrogen so 80% of hydrogen right now is generated from natural gas So there's a link there, but also there is You know a real decarbonization target would be to use hydrogen in the natural gas pipelines Right, so if we add more hydrogen and it burns very similarly you can add up to maybe 15-20% and so we have a lot of research going on in this space We just had a big workshop and we have a white paper coming out soon should be out in the next month or so and That's Jialing Zhang is our faculty leader for that Global markets and governance so this is the issue around carbon pricing and looking at how the gas renewables and Coal electricity markets all work together Frank and Mark are actually running a workshop for us in Less than a month where we're going to play a game to look at this Data science data science is everywhere and What we recognized at Stanford not just NGI this is kind of much bigger than that is that? subsurface data science is all this technology and It's not really being integrated and grounded in the physical models And so we're holding a it's going to be epic a workshop we have technology giants like Microsoft coming in but also tons of like startups and energy companies and consumers to Figure out where we need to go in this space so it's going to be a round table discussion I have space for a few students so if people are interested you can let me know So the events that I've been talking about are it's what we affectionately call NGI week. It happens in October We have three workshops and an affiliates meeting if you're interested you can email me We have information on the website the agendas are up and We certainly welcome your participation So with that I will take any questions that you have we need mics Can you speak loudly? Hi, I'm really great doc. Thank you for chatting with us One of my questions was that when you think about energy access it seems like the trade-off between coal and natural gas is pretty clear But what about the trade-off between say natural gas or like a solar lamp? Or is the solar plus storage combination still not at cost parity with natural gas? It's a great question and it's geographic the dependent right so We do look at all of those trade-offs, right? I think the the biggest priority right now is displacing coal We have to figure that part out But you're right that we also need to think about how natural gas integrates with renewables So we are holding a conference in India for example to talk about that and to figure out, you know, where? those trade-offs lie, but I yeah, I think it's a great question and you know I don't have any answers because it it really does depend on what location you're talking about Yeah Yeah, thanks for your talk So throughout the week we've basically been People have explained to us how carbon capture is often one of the most expensive parts Or negative emissions is one of the most expensive parts of this cycle So my question is if the if the infrastructure and the knowledge is in place, why is this so expensive and It's a great question so you have to transport The emissions basically to the site that's a big part of it, right? It's you know putting in pipelines is probably the most costly element if you're looking at already depleted oil and gas reservoirs and the wells are in place it Becomes much more cost-effective So one of the things that I think we need to jump on right now is in places like the shallow Gulf of Mexico and The North Sea there's a whole bunch of fields that are just on decline like they're getting ready to start thinking about abandonment abandonment for oil and gas companies is super expensive and so if we can Flip it right to start injecting Carbon dioxide and do CCS there then it becomes actually a positive cost equation for the companies So I think the numbers that we see are often from scratch Like if you were to do this from scratch at the source, you know, I mean it's a lot of work Right, so these oil and gas reservoirs they're characterized sometimes for a decade before they're drilled and that's Part of the cost equation that I think people often quote and just a follow-up question then So is there any incentive though for them to maintain these places with the labor to to basically reduce those emissions? I'm sorry to go negative emissions because now they're no longer making any money off of that And I would hope they have altruistic region reasons for continuing. I don't think that's now So I I I think in places like the North Sea where there is carbon pricing It becomes a better equation for them And we have that's our job right is to figure out the economic in fact and mark will probably talk a little bit about that Are you just playing games? So yeah, but I think you know figuring out how to make the economics work, right? We can't expect companies to do things if it's going to lose the money, but if we can be Ingenious right and suddenly if they don't have to spend five billion dollars abandoning a well and instead Right, it's a lot cheaper for them to sequester and they get the good PR, right and their shareholders are happy That's a better equation So part of it is reframing it right to make it an economic incentive, but it's a great. It's a great question Thank you. Yeah Thank you Professor I'm Shenzhen from China Yeah, I as I mentioned before just now China is full of coal and the main electricity output is from the Co power plant. However, the Chinese government also want to Make a big energy transformation. This is why we are come here And my question is since China is full of coal, but lack of the natural gas The Chinese government want to make a energy transformation without damage damage for its Economy and those to the national security. Therefore, what's your advice for this kind of situation? Well, you know, I I mean I understand why they're developing coal, right? We all do right? It's an economic reason So you actually have a lot of unconventional resources. So one of the things that we've been doing is working with Chinese the Chinese oil companies to help them Characterize and develop those resources. So that's one possible option I think it's all trade-offs and I think including the externalities into the equation, right? You know the the pollution issues alone right are costing a lot of money and so when you start kind of looking at this in a more holistic way I think that Different choices might be made, but I mean I it it's challenging. We're all like trying to Figure out paths forward through this challenge. So I can't give you any kind of You know magic wand advice on that One last question is the China Has import many natural gas from Russia or LNG from Australia, but do you think This way and is is it still be a safe when an emergency Happened like Political Something happened. Well, you know Something happened. Well, you know geopolitical concerns are always a risk, right? And I mean, I think the states is really lucky that we have this resource right here because it does give us national security And I mean, it's a great question. And I think diversifying You know your sources is important Yeah Lots to think about Thank you. All right. All right with that. Thank you. Dr. Bonnes. We'll come


We have a sound effect here. Tingleti e liya bell, kwa niya shuwa tuitumengia break? We already took a little curfew. We'll send it later up a bell again, you know. Just a little bit. So, it's about that time where we have a little bit of fun. It's time for social break. I'm a social good break. Good social break. Good. Hei, kizungu ningu mubana. And today, Nairofe, we're playing a game. Ngudze. Ulkuni ito Nairofe. Mi na sema Nairofe? You're saying it right? She's saying it wrong. Mi na toko kwa waru. Nairofe. Okay, sorry. Nairofe. By the end of this show, nadzwa Nairofe. Okay, go. So our game is called 20 questions. And basically how it's played, we are going to think of a person, a thing, or a city, or a place. And then we are going to try and guess what that person is thinking. Oh. But wait, kamani mimi na kwa nyesha. I'm thinking something. I will only describe it to you using my hands. And ikizi disana sound effect if it has sound. Okay. So, are you ready for that? Yeah. Valajul kumepraktis. So, kuna and share advantage over us. I'm trying to think. Okay. But you have to guess really quick because you can't have any dead silence. Yes, so we'll have 20 attempts. Okay. Okay. You ready? Yes. So, she's going first. She's going to show us. Oh my God. Okay. Okay. Guess quicker. Mountain. Town. Major. Wait. So you're supposed to guess. Yes, you're supposed to guess. Okay. Don't make it too difficult. Hai. Oktopizo. Kaligraf. Good job. You're getting it now. Yeah, yeah, I like it. Nice. Okay. I'll try and describe too. Okay. Okay. Toa. Hai. I'll pick. Mountain. Mountain peak. Mountain peak. Peak. Height. House. Roof. Love. Ha ha. Roof top. Relationship. Together. Marriage. Love makes the world go round. No. Not even a little bit. Okay. Mountain. Peak. Hai. Together. Okay. Put your arms a bit lower. There we go. Love. No, I said love. Matrimony. Marriage. We tried house already. Come on. Huts. Bangalow. Okay. Love. Roof top. And then this is Sea. Roof top. Love. Love. Love on the rooftop. Jinx. Okay, but no. Love with the view. Honeymoon. My name. My name is Frize. Frize. Frize. Chippo. Restaurant. Apiramido. Frize. Proposo. I will lie. In love. If you tell us. Even me. Even me. Okay, but I get it now. All right. Would you like? Okay. What are you thinking? Oh my God. I'm so bad at that. Oh, it's okay. It's okay. We'll try. I'll try. Okay. Hand. Elbow. Long. Measured. Hand. Key. Oh, it's Hawaii. Okay, now you can't tell us. She said it. Wait, is it Hawaii? Yeah, but cancel. I have to put it on again. Okay, another one. Another one. Currently in studio. We have Nairo Fee. Okay. Blindfold. Surprise. Specs. Can't see. Blind. John Cena. High five. Cannot see. Not blind. Vision. Surprise. Did you say blind? Yes. You said blindfold. Blindfold. So it's blind. Yeah. Ah, okay. Congratulation. You want to give us another one? Kupika. Uji. Ugarli. Ugarli? No. Mokimo. No, she's got it already. I thought it would be hard. Come on, give me a prize. And then I do this. Very quick. Shapanishi kukuta. Don't take me maiva. All right, let me think of one. I'm loading. I'm loading. Boats. Swimming. Skying. No, that's... Beach. I don't know what she's calling. Water something. Beach. Vacation. Holiday. Dofumpararo. Mombasa. Diani. Coast. Hotel. Splash Waterworld. That's vacation. Good time. Vacation. Do you give up? I think I'm giving up. Hurupak. Wait. No. She's like... People don't swim to Hurupak. I just said swim. You did this. Boats ride. Boats did this. No, no, no. I was trying to say here. Like here. Oh, but... No, no, no. Here. Our imagination is wide. Here. But you almost have vacation. Very close. Yes. Okay. Can we do our last one? Mm-hmm. Okay. Do you want to do it? No, you. You do bad. Okay, okay. Uh-huh. I want to get a hard one. Oh, I have one. Oh, okay. Headphones. Music. Music. Why is mine so easy? You get it as your first guess. Yeah. Challenges. Okay. To do, to do, to do. Wait, wait, wait. Give something out. It's a CAD. Credit card. It's a machine. Bank. With drawing money. With drawing. With drawing from an ATM. What? Tella. That's a wonderful way to finish. You see, you're not bad at it. At least she's got one. Yay. And did I get any? Oh, yeah. Oh, you did. Okay. Oh, I did. Ah, I see. Relief. That's a such a relief. Tubalizi ya puk. Okay. Uh-huh. No, no, no. I want to do another one, but it's fine. Uh-huh. That's okay. Can I make it easy? Okay, make it quick. Okay. Uh-huh. Miki niza kwa ningu mu? Uh-huh. I think. Okay. Salon. Wig. Baba. Salonis. Hairstyle. Hair cut. Weaving dreadlocks. Shaving dreadlocks. DJ Sadiq. Finish. How did you even connect that? Now we cut video. Yeah. I give up. Thank you so much for watching. We are not yet done. We are still here. Sindio, amatunenda maali. Wapu go. To go to apa. We are here to keep you entertained. Entertainment because I'm about to call Sharon, but just finish what you're saying. The entertainment full stop called Sharon. Okay. But you're the one with the boom mic. So I want to invite. It's a surprise kwa ke. To not a surprise. Ha kwa najiwa Sindio? Eee. Anatete meka? Ya. Gai. Nikona Santaniza ready? So Sharon, do you mind joining us? Si, si, si, nima fans. Wanyu anawo chundwa me demand. I wish to get waka ago kani nika walk. Walk. Ta-da. Walk. Walk. Awww. Karibu. Hey, Shari. Hi. Welcome. Let me just Santanize you just real quick. Mm hmm. Okay. Yeah. O ma Saipil kuwaka Santaniza. Sana mkonomwaja. All right. You look amazing. All this. I didn't see this coming. No, I know how she feels. In front of the camera and all the life. I was in my world like just checking her up and back. It is what it is. Yeah. So if it was yesterday then you kwa fuzi de? Aha. But this is not really a fuling ha? It's not? No, really. Okay, it's a prize day. Okay. To so many after April Fuzi. But to tapromizu, if she agrees we are going to bring her back. Yes, please. For a whole set. All right. You agree? Yeah. Can I just personally say I really like the way you guys do your things and the way you support each other and one more kwae na koko nivili to space imeisha. But otherwise, yeah. She'll also come on set one day hopefully. But you guys do an amazing job. Very, very amazing. And she'll subscribe by the way. Yeah, we'll subscribe. Already. Awww. All right. Kuna mtu atkaku scarce aote ya kwa. So just maybe tell us your social media handles how to get you. Oh, okay. A bit scarce. Oh, my name is Shon Arwa on Instagram and have a new YouTube channel where we do what we are doing together. So I'm really trying to grow it. It's Shon Sleikwin. Yeah. Yes, Shon Sleikwin. The old one is not working at 40,000. So we decided to do away with the agent. We are happy for Nairofe because she's an inspiration to all of us. Anytime I see her because I used to see her growing so I'm like if she's doing it anyone can do it. Yeah. Other than that please subscribe to our YouTube channel and always stay tuned to this channel, Y254. Right. Yes. Yes. No inge radio kuna saote kwa. Oh, man. Me compliment waing nani pata of gut. Awww. Awww. Awww. Awww. Awww. Ona kufama usenda maali na roditu sayi wacha rejizpia chafuwe chafuwe kama.


part of this lecture. It took a little bit longer than I expected. I was expecting it to do it in three hours, but that's okay. We can just add a little bit more time on top for you guys. So yeah, I just started recording. So I'll come back. Everyone also on YouTube and Moodle, like, favorite, subscribe, and all of these things if you want to of course. Right, so just finish showing off the last slides and then we can do some questions about the lectures from last week. I think it was really hard, which is on purpose a little bit, because if you're not struggling with the assignments, then you're not really learning anything from it. So what do statistics tell us, right? So descriptive statistics are really nice because we can detect things like outliers, do some exploratory data analysis, and decide which model or distribution we need to use to analyze our data. Besides that, of course, hypothesis testing is something which we use to test if a given hypothesis is true based on the data we observe. Final word on project planning, and this is something that I see going wrong a lot. Bacon, thanks for the lecture.  See you next week. Thanks for joining us. So for project planning, I always like this quote of Ronald Fisher, and I show it, I think, all of the lectures, not just in the bioinformatics course, but I think I also show the exact same slide in the R course. And that is, and I'm just going to read it, is to consult the statistician after an experiment is finished is often merely to ask him to conduct a postmortem examination. He can perhaps say what the experiment died off. And that is really true. And I see this a lot in science. And with the people that I work with is that they only consult a statistician when they are unable to get their results significant. And that is not the way that it should work, right? So when you are planning to do a project or scientific experiment, you always want to ask a statistician beforehand, you want to know, for example, how many samples should I use? If this is the expected effect size, and this is my variance, and a statistician can help you to kind of beforehand think about what kind of data you're collecting and how you should collect your data. And that is one of the things that will help make a project successful. I once not personally was involved, but I saw a couple of questions where someone did experiments with apple trees, right? And experiments with apple trees are year long experiments, because when you put the seed in the ground, it takes many years before you have a tree. And they had a really good idea because they made all of these recombinant inbred apple trees so that they can do genome wide association, so to find like modifiers on the genome. And in the end, it turned out that they had five trees too little. So they did a 15 year long experiment, collected all of their data. But then when they started doing the analysis and the association of the data, they figured out that if they would have just planted five more trees, their effect would be significant. And now it was only a suggestive fact. And of course, this threshold is kind of arbitrary, right? This one in 20 threshold that we always talk about, but it is a threshold that is rigorously kept to when we do, when we write papers and want to publish results. So definitely consult a statistician before you start doing stuff, because you don't want to run in the situation where you spend half of your PhD collecting data, and then in the final stages when you write your paper and you do your analysis of the data that you collected, you end up with a sample size, which is just a few animals too little.  If you're doing DNA and RNA sequencing, you have to deal with things like data storage, which means that you have to store for every sample that you collected around 60 gigabytes to one terabyte. You have to deal with computational time. The computer takes time to analyze like massive amounts of data, right? So an analysis time for a single sample in a DNA or RNA second experiment can be in the order of 20 to 200 hours. And you have to plan this in your project, because if you only plan the biological parts of your project, but you fail to plan for the bioinformatics part of the analysis, then you make promises which you can't deliver on in the end. Besides that nowadays, if you think about things like animal welfare, a statistician as well as a bioinformatician can calculate for you the things like sample size estimates. So the minimum number of samples that you need to get significant results. And if you have to do like a t-shirts application, then of course that is also really important to not use more animals than you need. So head there, a bioinformatician can help you. And of course get informed about statistics and sample randomization. Had these things can be done by statisticians, but also bioinformaticians generally have a good understanding and a good grasp of statistics, because it's part of our field as well. Good. So those were all the slides for today. So I talked to you guys first about traits, qualitative quantitative traits, Mendelian traits. Why is qualitative traits there again? Mendelian trait and complex traits. So the third point should be complex trait. We talked a lot or I talked a lot about genetics, the origin of genetics. So we talked a little bit about Gregor Mendel, we talked about Thomas Hunt Morgan, his theory of chromosomes, which is still used every day today. We talked about how you set up a cross, right, and figure out which animals are recombinant when you do a two-point cross. I showed you a small example of a two-point cross, a three-point cross when you want to determine the order of genes on the genome. A few words were said about statistical analysis and multiple testing, and a few words about project planning. So that's it, what I wanted to discuss you guys, but with you guys today. We still have like half an hour left in the lecture, so if there are any questions for today, oh, I forgot to update Moodle. I was so busy this morning, let me actually put the assignments on Moodle, so that you can at least get the assignments. Again, I will upload the lectures probably somewhere tomorrow. I'm having a little issue with the recordings being too big, so I have to recode them, which takes around half an hour per lecture. So let me upload the assignments for today on Moodle. X, we are doing the bioinformatics course, then this is assignments two. Let me see if everything is up to date, kind of, and I will just put them online. So I will say turn editing on at a label, and the label will be, no, don't record audio, the label will be lecture two, phenotypes, and save the assignments so that they are there for you guys. All right, so turn editing off, so if you go to Moodle you should see the assignments now. If there's any questions, feel free to ask them now, and if you just want to talk about stuff, we can do that as well. If you want to see more Meerschweinchen, then you can also arrange that. Although I don't have more Meerschweinchen than the ones that I showed you already, but we can do that. But for the people watching on Moodle, I will stop here, so stop my recording. For the people watching on stream, feel free to hang around and just chat with me and ask any questions that you want. Remember that I'm here for you guys, right? So you make or break the course. I can just be here, do my slides, and no interaction just means that it's less fun. All right, so for people watching on Moodle, see you next week, and that's it.


Well let's go to Antonio Vittorini, he's Director-General of the International Organization of Migration. He joins us now live from Geneva. Thank you so much, Antonio, for joining us here on the programme. These numbers are staggering and it's only likely to get worse. Indeed, as you rightly said, we have registered more than 300,000 people displaced since the beginning of the fighting and 100,000 have crossed the borders to the five neighbouring countries. But there are millions trapped in cartoons and what we see is that water, food, fuel, all basic elements of survival are lacking in the entire country. So we are already confronted with a very serious humanitarian crisis and of course because of the fighting the humanitarian activities have been temporarily suspended. Yeah, so tell me a little bit more about that because obviously as you say people are in desperate need of aid to try and get access to food, water, clean water and yet the humanitarian aid is suspended. It is a very difficult decision I imagine for you and other aid agencies to make. Absolutely. I must say nevertheless that there are initiatives taken by the civil society in Sudan to support those who are displaced and who are more in need. But in fact roughly 4,000 tonnes of humanitarian aid of the different UN agencies were looted in Sudan because of the fight. So the question is not just the security of the humanitarian operations. We need to have guarantees from the two parties in the fight that the humanitarian can reach out to those who are in need. It's not just the security of our staff that is our concern. It is also the capacity to deliver the goods that are needed by the people and then distribute them inside the country when the fight goes on. No doubt you've got a lot of local staff who are working for you. How are they currently functioning, operating or are they not? We are now repositioning all our staff inside Sudan. We have almost 300 local staff. The communications are difficult. In many places there are no electricity. Transportation is a very risky exercise. So we are regrouping them as much as we can in what we consider the safer places in the country so that we can restart operations as soon as possible. Which means as soon as the parties in the fight give us guarantees that we can have free and unimpended access to the people that are in need. Antonio, in places like Port Sudan where it is relatively safer than other parts of the country and we are seeing a mass exodus of people there. Can you get aid to Port Sudan? We are trying to reach out with aid from the different entry points that we can consider safe. Port Sudan, as you said, with a very interesting objective, it is relatively safe. But of course the situation can change very fast. But we are encouraged by the fact that the World Food Program is ready to start distributing food in the next few days. And from our side we are in an interagency UN interagency coordination committee that is also preparing the ground for the other humanitarian agencies to reach out to those who are in need. And what about along the borders, Antonio, with all the people sort of trying to leave the country as well? What support is being offered to them by the IOM? We have deployed all our national teams in Chad, in Central African Republic, in Ethiopia, in Egypt, in South Sudan towards the borders. They are there welcoming the people that cross the border and providing them life-saving and humanitarian assistance upon arrival, particularly psychosocial support because that is very much needed. And then organizing the transportation of those who are nationals from those countries back to their regions of origin. So we have put several buses on the border so that we can allow them to return to their regions of origin, whether in Chad or whether in South Sudan. But in practical terms, there are many people who are Sudanese or certain nationals, nationals from other countries that need to be sheltered at the border and to be supported. And we are working with the Red Crescent, with the governments, with the civil society to deliver protection.


Assalamu alaikum. In the name of Allah, the beneficent, the merciful, respected viewers, brothers and sisters in Islam, peace and blessings of Allah be upon you all. Welcome to Moulz Al Minis. This is Muhammad Ali and now we are to talk about obedience. Obedience has two definitions. One of them is linguistics and the other is technical. Linguistically, obedience means agreement and submission to comply with what someone in authority orders. Technically, obedience is abiding by the orders of Allah and avoiding his prohibitions. Allah is the creator, the commander, so all people should do what he orders. But the real question is how we are supposed to be obedient towards Allah. We obey Allah through his prophets and specifically for Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. It is through following and acting upon what the prophet peace be upon him and his progeny has advised us that we reach our goal. In the Holy Quran, Allah says, the prophet has a higher claim of the believers than they have on their own selves. When an individual believes in the divine message of Allah, they have automatically believed in the prophethood of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. They cannot simply obey Allah without obeying the prophet. In the Holy Quran, Allah has made the specific point quite clear. Regarding this, Allah says, it is not fit for a believer, man or woman, when Allah and his messenger have decreed a matter that they should have any option in their decision. And whoever disobeys Allah and the messenger has indeed strayed in a plain manner. Allah also says, and we have sent you Muhammad as a messenger to mankind. And Allah is sufficient as a witness. He who obeys the messenger has indeed obeyed Allah. But he who turns away, then we have not sent you as a butcher over them. Allah is giving us a clear warning about disobeying what Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him and his progeny has commanded us. There is no better example for us than the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him and his progeny and we have to take what he has given us and we have to abstain from what he peace be upon him and his progeny has forbidden us. Nor does he speak of his own desire. It is no less than revelation sent down to him.   The Prophet peace be upon him and his progeny does not talk or command out of thin air rather he is commanded by Allah to distribute his divine message and through obeying the Prophet peace be upon him and his progeny we in return obey Allah. With this said, respected viewers, brothers and sisters in Islam we reached the end of our show for now. Thank you very much indeed for watching and don't forget the Dua to hasten the reappearance of the master of our time His Majesty Imam al-Mahdi may Allah hasten his reappearance and peace be upon him and his progeny.


Hello everyone! In today's video, I'll be showing you the basics of firebase authentication. I'm first going to start with the demo here. I can give the demo a random email and a random password and we can hit sign up and it's going to register and log us in with that email. And once we're logged in, the sign up buttons and the login buttons are going to be grayed out because we don't want the user to be able to log in after they are already logged in. So instead, what we can do is we can now log out and we're going to be logged out and we can try to sign up using the same email again. And it should give us an error because we shouldn't register with an email that is already registered. Instead, we can log in and we're going to be logged in like that. All right, so the first thing we want to do is go to firebase console and create a new firebase project. So that's what I'm going to do. I'm going to give the project a name. Let's click continue and we don't need google analytics so we can just disable that. Hit create project and it's going to take a while to create so I'm just going to pause the video here. And it seems like our new project is ready. I'm just going to click continue and this should bring us to our firebase console. And once we're in the firebase console, I'm going to click on authentication on the left pane and let's go and get started with this. So once you're using firebase authentication, you have access to all sorts of providers like you can sign in using Google, Facebook, GitHub and Microsoft and so many other different providers. But in today's video, we're just going to be focusing on the most basic form of authentication and that is using the email and password sign in method. So I'm going to enable this hit save. And once we're done with this, I'm just going to show you the users tab here. So the users tab will show you all of the existing users in this project, which we currently have none. And here you can create a new user by giving it an email and password. But this is not what we're going to be doing this video because we want to create new users from the react application front end. So let's come back here and let's make a connection between our firebase back and our react front end. So to do that, I'm going to go to the project overview and create a new connection by clicking on this web icon here. So this will prompt us to create a new web app, which I'm going to name react app front end. You can name this anything you want. I'm not going to set up firebase hosting. I'm just going to click register app and give it a minute or so. And it's done and it's telling us to install firebase using npm, which I'm going to do, but I'm going to use yarn instead. So I'm going to come to my app here. This is my app right now. It's basically a create react app template. I've gotten rid of all of the nonsense files that we don't need. And this is what it looks like in the browser. It looks like an empty page. I'm going to my terminal here and let's say yarn add firebase. If you're using npm, you'll be doing npm install firebase. And while this is running, I'm going to go back to my console here and copy my API key. So you'll want to be copying your own API key here. And then I'm going to come to my VS code and create a new file called firebase.js and paste in all of the code here. The first thing you're going to notice about the code is it has a big todo here that tells you to add the SDK for the specific firebase services that you want to use. So the thing about firebase is that you have so many different types of services. You can use authentication, cloud firestore, real-time database, storage, hosting functions, all sorts of things. So I'm going to be importing a single module here called firebase slash auth. Now this is the code for all stuff related to firebase authentication. And in order to perform any sorts of operations, we first have to get a handle from firebase authentication, which is what I'm going to get here. I'm going to get auth from firebase authentication. Now get auth is going to return the handle to us that we can use to perform all sorts of authentication functionalities. So I'm going to store this in a variable called auth and run get auth like that. Now that we have our authentication handle, I'm going to define a new function here called signup. It's going to take in an email and password. I'm also going to export this function so that we can use this function from other components such as app.js. I'm going to import something from firebase slash auth called create user with email and password. And this is what we're going to be running from our function called signup here. And whenever you're running any sorts of operations or functions that you're importing from firebase slash auth, you'll always want to provide the authentication handle as the first argument in these functions. I'm also going to provide the email and the password. And I'm going to return this so that we can get the status of this if it succeeded or failed in creating a new user. Now that we have exported our signup function, I'm going to go over to app.js and import that function from dot slash firebase. I'm also going to want to get the email and passwords from the user because right now if I switch to my browser tab here, you can see we have an empty canvas. So I'm going to do input placeholder equals to email. Self close this. I'm also going to do one for password. Let's save and refresh. You can see that if I type my password in here, the password is going to be displayed in plain text, which is not what I want. So I can go and do a type of password. And it should be a type of password. So that's better. And I'm also going to wrap this in its own div with an ID. Actually, I'm just going to wrap it in its own divs here. And let's indent this properly. I'm going to give this div an ID of fields because right now I have my custom CSS here. It's pretty much just some really basic and simple styling because I don't want to bog down this video series with a whole bunch of styling like using bootstrap or even materialized. So let's make our button now do button. Let's do sign up. The button is going to have an on click. I think it's going to have an on click. And then we're going to have to handle sign up. So let's go and define that function right now called handle sign up. It's not going to do anything right now. So let's go and refresh this and we can type an email. We can type password, you can sign up, but nothing's going to happen because the function right now is blank. First thing we're going to do is make this function asynchronous because sign up is going to return a promise because sign up is an API call here to the Firebase authentication API. So I'm going to just do that. Let's do await, sign up, give it an email and password. So right now the thing you're going to notice is that email and password are underlined in red because it's undefined. We're not getting the email and password from the input fields here. So how do we get the values from the input fields using React? So the thing I'm going to be using is called use ref, import use ref from react. And I'm going to give this, I'm going to make two refs here. I'm going to make const of email ref equals use ref. So use ref is something that is specific to react. It's not really a Firebase thing. So if you don't really know what use refs are, you should probably go and check that out on Google before you continue this step. So email ref and password ref equals use ref. I'm going to give these inputs a ref value. It's going to be equal to email ref. I'm going to change the bottom one here to be password ref. So now that we've assigned this input fields to refs, what I can do is I can come to my sign up here and I can do email is email ref.current.value. So I'm getting the current value of the email input ref. And also for the password, I'm going to password the current.value. And we can save this. So let me check this. This should be working. One way to find out is go to our React application here. Let's type something at gmail.com and give it a random password. Let's hit sign up. Of course, we don't get any feedback. There's no feedback whatsoever. The only way we can check that is to go to console here and refresh. And we do in fact see that something at gmail.com appears in our database. So this is a good sign. It means that our sign up is working. But the thing is right now, if I try to sign up again, you can see that it's going to crash in our faces. And this is generally not something you want to happen when your user is using your actual application because you see email is already in use. So the way we can catch these errors without the app just crashing on the user's face is of course to use the try catch technique. So we can do try. We can try to await sign up. If this doesn't work, we're going to catch the error. And you're just going to do a simple alert that says error, a generic error message here. We can fix that in the future. But right now, if I come back here, reload this and let's try something at gmail.com again. Let's try sign up. It shouldn't crash. It should just give us an error message that says error. So this is good. But another thing is that when I hit sign up, you can see that I can just spam the sign up button and it's going to like register our user multiple times. And this is not something we want happening. We want there to be like a loading state so that the sign up buttons actually disabled when we are loading and we are running the transaction between our front end and our back end server. So what better way to implement loading states than just to use the react state itself. So that's exactly what I'm going to do here, which is to import use state from react. I'm going to make a state variable here. It's called cons loading and set loading. And I'm going to set this to use state with a default value of false because we only begin without loading. And then before we even try any of this, we can try set loading to be true. I can in fact put this above the try and catch statement and put something below which says set loading of false. And now we shouldn't be able to spam our sign up button. Let's go ahead and try that in your application. Let's do something at something at gmail.com. Let's try to spam the sign up button and we can still spam the sign up button. And the reason for that is because we have the state variable of loading, but we're not using loading. You can see it's underlined in yellow and it's a bit grayed out because we have declared this variable, but we're never using and reading the value from this variable. So let's go ahead and add a disabled value here in the button element and then we'll just say loading. So if loading is true, then this button will be disabled. Let's refresh this one more time. And let's do something at gmail.com. Give it a random password. Let's try to spam now. You can see that we can no longer spam the sign up button because right after I click on sign up, it's going to gray out and it blocks you from spamming it. All right, let's try signing up with a different email this time. Let's do test at gmail.com. Let's hit sign up and this should succeed. But the thing is there is no indication whatsoever if we have succeeded in our sign up process or if you're even logged in at all because right now we're logged in as test at gmail.com, but we don't actually know that because the application is not telling us anything. So we're going to have to write the code for that in our app.js. I'm just going to say currently logged in as and then under wrap this in its own div, just the cheapest and dirtiest way to get everything to be on its own line, then we're going to have to put something here. And this is going to be the current user's email. So that's the thing that we're going to be putting in this curly braces right here, but we don't actually have that current user's information right now. So I'm going to go to firebase.js here. I'm going to import something called onauth state changed. So onauth state changed is kind of like on snapshot. If you've watched my cloud firestore videos, it's a way you can subscribe a listener to listen for updates in this change of the user's authentication state. The thing is to listen and keep track of the changes that's being made with this listener, we need to put this in a react state so that we can trigger a re-render whenever there's an update. And to keep track of this in react state, we have to put the state variable either in a react component or in a react hook. And in this case, because I want to use this hook in multiple places, I'm just going to be calling, I'm just going to be creating a custom react hook is going to be called function use auth. So this is our custom hook that I'm going to be creating. Of course, I have to export this so that we can use this in other components. And the first thing I'm going to do is of course, create a current user state variable. So current user and set current user, we want to trigger a re-render every time there's an update that's being pushed to the onauth state changed event listener. So I'm going to do use state. Of course, I have to import that from react up here. So import use state from react. And we could just do return current user. So I'm going to write the code for current user later on. But first of all, I'm going to come back to app.js here. I'm going to import use auth from Firebase. And then we're going to be putting const current user equals to use auth. So this is how we're going to get our current user. It's going to be returned to the use auth state from this custom hook right here. So we can right now we can come here and do current user dot email. The thing is right now, current user is empty because we are not setting current user. So that's what I'm going to do. I'm going to use effect here. And I'm going to import that from react, which is automatically imported. And I'm going to have an arrow function here, as well as an empty list, because we want to ever run this code only once when the component mounts. In this use effect function, I'm going to call onauth state changed. And the thing I'm going to pass in here is the authentication handle, of course, and I'm also going to have another arrow function which is in here. And I'm going to get the user from this arrow function. So user, and then I'm going to do set user set current user of user. So basically, this is what I'm going to do. I can actually just get rid of the curly braces here as well because it's just a single line statement. And this should be it. So basically, I'm going to give this onauth state changed function a return variable called unsub. And then we need to return unsub to use effect. So we are going to subscribe to a listener every time our hook is mounted. And once the hook is unmounted, or once the component is unmounted, we're going to unsubscribe from the from this hook so that we don't keep the listeners just permanently listening in the background, or even though our component is unmounted. So here, I can come back to my app.js. And then let's see useauth is not defined because I'm not spelling it correctly there. And this should work. All right. So right now we're going to be seeing currently logged in as current user dot email, which I'm going to come here and refresh. And let's see what this gives us. So current user is undefined. So the reason we're getting this error is because there is an initialization phase in which our client has to connect to the Firebase back end servers in order to retrieve our users current authentication state. And that means that we always have to start off as a logged out user. And there's a delay before we can get the user's information such as the email address from the servers, which is what we're doing in this line here current user dot email. So the simple fix is I'm just going to put a question mark here so that the current user's email will only print out if the current user is not null. If the current user is equal to null, then we will just ignore this line and it will just print out current currently logged in as so let's try that out. I'm going to refresh this and you can see there's like a delay. There's a slight delay in which this is blank and it takes like half a second for test at gmail.com to show up. All right, now that we're logged in as test at gmail.com, we want to disable the sign up button here because we don't want to allow users to register for new accounts if they're still logged in. So they have to log out first before they can create new accounts. So let's go to the code here. I'm going to add another criteria in the button disabled state which says if current user is not equal to null, then we want to disable the button right here which is working. You can see that the button right now is grayed out because we're logged in. So the thing is we can just get rid of this whole part here because of javascript syntax is just going to work the same. And with that, we are pretty much done with all of the code for the sign up functionality. So the next thing I'm going to do is make a log out button here because right now we are logged in. I'm going to make user have the ability to log out. So I'm going to do a button that says log out and it's going to have an on click. On click equals to handle log out which we are going to create up here just after handle sign up. So I'm going to collapse that. I'm going to do a sync function handle log out and because it's still an API call to log out a user. So that's why it's going to be an asynchronous function. And here I'm going to put something that we write in firebase.js which is I'm going to just collapse all of these functions here. Let's type export function log out and I'm going to move this all the way up here before the hook. So I can expand this and I can write a sign out and give it an auth handle there. So I'm going to return this. Of course I have to import that from firebase which is sign out. So sign out. So this is basically how you sign out and of course don't forget to give it the authentication handle every time you're running a function from firebase slash auth. You'll always want to put the authentication handle there and I'm going to import this log out. Let's do log out and handle log out which is log out and we don't even need to pass in the email or password here because we're just logging out the current user and I'm going to just put try actually await this. I'm also going to try and let's catch the error if there's an error you're just going to say alert error. So the app doesn't just crash on our user's face and we're going to just like give it a loading state as well. So set loading of true and at the end of this set loading false. Right now this log out button should be fully functioning. So let's go back to our browser. Let's see if we're logged in. So we're logged in as test at gmail.com I can log out and then we're now logged out. The thing is we're already logged out and we're going to try to log out again. It's just going to be we're going to disable this button if we're already logged out. So I can go ahead and give it a disable equals to loading or current user but instead of just putting the current user I'm going to put not current user because if current user is null then I want to disable the log out button. So I want to inverse this. It's going to be inverse compared to the sign up button here. So if the sign up button is disabled the log out button shouldn't be disabled and if the log out button is disabled then the sign up button shouldn't be disabled. So it's going to be opposite and now we can see that's working. I can log I can sign up with a different email right now. I'm just going to give it a random email. You can sign up. You can see the log out button is disabled right now if I hit sign up we're going to be logged in and the log out button is going to be not grayed out anymore. All right so we're actually almost done. We're done with sign up and log out. So now all that's left is to do the log in functionality which I'm going to do right now. I'm going to make a button here. I'm just going to clone the button down. I'm going to say log in instead of sign up. So log in and then on clicks we handle login. So handle login is going to be pretty similar to handle sign up which means I'm just going to clone this asynchronous function down like that and we can collapse handle sign up. So we're just focusing on handle login right here. So the set loading will still be true. There's still be a try catch but instead of await sign up I'm going to be awaiting login which is something I have to import here from firebase. slash firebase which means I have to go to my firebase.js and create a function here that says export function login. So I'm just going to clone that and collapse that. So export function login it's going to take in an email and password as well. So instead of create user with email and password I'm going to do sign in. I'm just going to sign in with email and password. So sign in with email and password which is something we have to import from firebase slash auth. So that like this and this should pretty much cover everything that we need to do to be able to implement the login function. Let's go back to firefox and let's refresh this. I'm still logged in which means I'm going to log out. I'm going to actually create a sensible account here. Let's do hello at gmail.com. Password is just going to be password one two three. Let's sign up and it's going to sign us up and we can log out and we can log in again with the email. All right so login is now officially done but before I end this video I just want to show you guys something that you might encounter when you're developing your own firebase authentication app. So first I'm going to log out of this. I'm going to clear everything here. So let's say I'm going to like sign up with a different account right now. I give it like a password of one two three four. So there are only like four characters in here and if you try to sign up like that it's going to throw you an error and this error is basically something that you can see if I just get rid of the try and catch here. So in my sign up function let's handle sign up and I'm going to get rid of the try and catch. So let me do that so let's comment that out so you can see what the error is. So I'm going to hit okay let's try to sign up like that again and you can see that the error is going to say password should be at least six characters. So if you have like a password that is weak you're going to get this error so if you just start getting random errors in your development just don't fret and just try to create a password that's more than six characters long. So with that out of the way I'm going to end this video right here. In the next videos I'm going to make how you can update your email and password in Firebase. I'm also going to show you how you can send forgot password emails to your users and also eventually we'll get to link Cloud Firestore with Firebase authentication. So hope to see you in those next videos. I'll catch you then.


tissue  wish                                                          It is very dangerous for kids since they do not see anything as a trait, they do not know more things, they see the world as a peaceful place so they play with everything, they can use this thing to harm themselves and some kind of avoidable accidents, domestic accidents in the house begins to occur. I know of a child who used the needle to remove dirt from her ear. This affected her ear drawn badly as she became deaf. Today that child is still deaf despite all the medical attention they've been seeking. It could have been prevented if this needle were to be kept away from her. Second on our list are drugs. Drugs are very important for a good health but do you know that when we make these drugs accessible to children they can abuse them and they can even take them when they are not sick. Inspired drugs can also be consumed by them so all expired drugs should be taken away from the house, they should be discarded from the house. The drugs you are still taking should be kept away from children because all drugs companies, usually one of them, keep away all drugs from children. This is not a joke. Children are innocent as I said earlier and they do not know some of these things, they are still very ignorant about the effects of these things. So please if you are taking drugs, if you are on drugs for one medical problem, try as much as possible to hide them where your children cannot have access to them. If you love your kids you do this for them to keep them alive for you. Thirdly is the battery. A lot of people don't tend to throw this away, they don't tend to discard it when it is bad. They just keep it here when the house and our children begin to have access to them.  So many children have lost their lives as a result of this. Who is to blame? I guess it's the parent because in the first place they wouldn't have had access to these things if they had been discarded properly. Properly. What is the third on our list? Let's guess. The razor blade. The razor blade. Everyone uses the razor blade. Very strong, very useful in cutting our nails and cutting things. But little children do not know their boundaries. They can go as far as using cross-staged razors, which is capable of leaving them infections. Not just using them. They can use it to injure themselves while playing. We do not know which razor is safe. In the first place they should not even have access to these sharp objects. Because they can inflict everlasting scars on themselves that will leave everlasting scars on them.  Keep them safe by keeping razor blades away from them. Finally, I'll bring the big one. This is so useful. But most parents just leave it anyhow in the house. The knife. The knife is useful for cutting, slicing and so on. In most homes we cannot do without a knife. But let's just think of this. This knife can become harmful when it is left anyhow for a kid. It can either use it to injure himself or to injure his friend, to injure his younger one, or even accidentally step on his wife's blade. If you love your child, please, in the name of love, keep this away from them. Keep your children safe. Love them by keeping them safe. Thank you very much. Stay tuned to this channel. For more of this video, subscribe to us to get more of these and other production from Vama Freeza. We love you. Thanks for watching. Bye bye.


The floorless roller coaster model manufactured by renowned roller coaster company Bolliger and Mabyard was introduced to the industry at the very tail end of the 1990s. Initially, these floorless roller coasters were very popular, but quickly waned. In the second episode of the series Whatever Happened To, we're going to be taking a look at the floorless coaster model, my thoughts on why it got so popular, as well as why it waned in popularity, and whether I think we could see any more floorless coasters being introduced in the future. The very first floorless coaster opened at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey in April of 1999. Now called Bizarro, this coaster opened as Medusa. At a height of 142 feet, a speed of 61 miles per hour and featuring seven inversions, which was really a lot for the time, and nearly 4,000 feet in length. Medusa was definitely nothing to scoff at. This was very exciting and very new for the coaster industry. Six Flags would basically bulk purchase a ton of these coasters and would open many of them in an extremely short period of time. In the year 2000 alone, four floorless coasters would open. Kraken at SeaWorld Orlando, Superman Crypton Coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas, Medusa at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom, and Batman Night Flight at Six Flags Ohio, which would later change its name back to Giago Lake and the coaster would be renamed Dominator and it is now located at Kings Dominion in Virginia. Now I believe a big reason why the floorless coaster may have become so popular is the stand-up coaster had been introduced by B&M in the year 1990. In fact, the stand-up was the very first coaster that B&M ever built and many were built throughout the 90s, but the very last one opened in 1999, the same year that the very first floorless coaster opened. As we talked about in the first video of the series, the stand-up coasters ultimately proved to be very unpopular as the ride experience was not very comfortable and they would garner a bad reputation over the years. So I believe the floorless coaster is a much more comfortable option and was viewed as a suitable replacement to the waning stand-up coaster. However, the floorless coaster would also really wane in popularity very quickly, actually quicker than stand-up coasters. After this initial surge of all of these floorless coasters and many opening from the years 1999 through 2005, a brand new ground-up floorless coaster would not be built until 2011 and this is Hairraiser at Ocean Park, which is located in Hong Kong, China. Actually, this one specifically, if you watch a POV, it has a really unique layout and it is really unique in terms of where it's placed. It's actually a really beautiful looking ride with a really unique layout. It has a dive loop, a zero-G roll, an emelman, as well as a standard vertical loop, just really cool looking. The very last floorless coaster to open was in 2013 and that was Nitro at the park Ad Labs in Magica in India. This is also very unique for a floorless coaster. It's a smaller one at a height of 132 feet and it's only 2800 feet long, but it still features five inversions and this one has the vertical loop, a dive loop, a zero-G roll, and the interlocking corkscrews. Lots of floorless coasters were built and at least one opened every single year from 1999 through 2005. They experienced this big surge of popularity. Many different types of floorless coasters were built. There were a lot of larger ones but also lots of smaller ones. Ultimately they just sort of died out after that and if we look at the last ground-up floorless coaster to be built in this initial surge, which was Hydra the Revenge at Dornie Park in 2005, a lot of newer models were emerging around that time, things that were much more exciting and I think ultimately the appeal of the floorless just sort of fizzled out by this point. They are a bit gimmicky. I feel like sort of like the stand-up coaster although a much better ride as they're really just typical sit-down trains that don't have a floor, so it gives you that really open feeling. But also since they weren't that much different from a typical sit-down coaster, they weren't really that marketable beyond the early 2000s when they were initially introduced. Ultimately I don't think we're going to be seeing any more brand new floorless coasters being built besides like the dive coaster models that have floorless trains. There are many coaster types that feature floorless trains but purely a floorless coaster built from the ground up with just the typical sit-down floorless trains. I don't think we're going to be seeing any more of those. I think their time has come and passed and there's just a lot more newer, much more exciting models for parks to even think about building one of these at this point. Another thing we have to talk about though is although no purpose built floorless coasters have opened in recent years, there has been this ongoing trend and I talked about this in the stand-up coaster video and this is interesting because this kind of links stand-up and floorless coasters together. Many stand-up coasters are being converted into floorless coasters in recent years and this started with Mantis at Cedar Point which reopened as Rugeru in 2015 and featured brand new floorless trains. This treatment is also being given to Apocalypse at Six Flags America this year which was actually the very first B&M coaster ever built and it is being converted into Firebird for the 2019 season. In addition this treatment was also given to Vortex at California's Great America and this reopened as Patriot in the year 2017 and featured all new floorless trains. So these really unpopular stand-up coasters are being made into much more tolerable ride experiences by putting these brand new floorless trains on them. It's great for the parks because it allows them to market these as new rides, give them a new color scheme, a new name and all that, market them as a new ride experience and they're just much better than the stand-up coaster experiences and you could argue that the floorless model hasn't died out altogether because these stand-ups are being converted into floorless coasters but I think this is just a good way for parks to take rides that were very uncomfortable unpopular before and transform them into something that's much more of an enjoyable experience and I think the floorless trains provide that. In short I don't believe that the purpose-built floorless coasters are going to be making a comeback at any time soon and I don't think we'll be seeing any more floorless coasters built in the future. We have so many exciting things out there at this point. We have the B&M wing coasters, all of the new inverts and flying coasters, the RMCs, the T-Rexes, the Raptors, the hybrid coasters and the conversions. There's just way too much going on. The market is really saturated with all of these amazing rides that these parks can get for fairly low prices and it just doesn't make sense from a marketing perspective I feel like for these parks to spend $15 million or more on this big B&M coaster that ultimately isn't going to be that popular in 2019. Thank you guys very much for watching this video. Let me know in the comments what model you guys would like to see me cover in the future on this series. I would love to hear from you guys. I want your input on this. Make sure to let me know, like, comment, and subscribe. Thanks for watching. This is CoasterDaddy. Bye.


Hello and welcome to the Grand Line Review, your source for everything One Piece, and today I thought it would be fun to discuss everything we know about one of the most understated events to have ever happened in One Piece, being the Payback War. Because this is an event that's referenced a lot, particularly in power scaling discussions revolving around a certain Blackbeard, one of its primary instigators, but the clash itself is very much glossed over and there are a lot of general misconceptions regarding how and why this war started, as well as who was involved and the monumental effect it has had on the world going forward. All of which we will be detailing as best we can here today, and the best we can do is starting with subscribing to the Grand Line Review, which will result in regular One Piece content being uploaded straight into your YouTube feed. This action is both Marco and Blackbeard approved, so no matter which sign of the coin you land on, it is the correct move to make. And please do say hi if you're a new member of the Grand Fleet in the comments below, welcome. But with that out of the way, what exactly is the Payback War? Well this was a world changing event that occurred during the two year time skip smack bang in the middle of it actually, about a year prior to our current timeline. It was an event that saw a gigantic scale clash between the remnants of the Whitebeard Pirates who had lost their captain during the Paramount War a year prior and the rising forces of the Blackbeard Pirate, which is interesting because in many ways the Payback War is representative of a generational shift in the world, and this very much wiped away the final shred of power that the Whitebeard Pirates held over the Grand Line and specifically within the New World. But first up, let's talk about the etymology behind the Payback War. This is not the official name for this conflict and in English it is known as the Grudge War in both the Vizmanga and Funimation subs. And as far as I can tell, the name Payback War is a relic from the world of Scanlations that has rigorously stuck within the One Piece community to the point where the One Piece Wiki article is even titled Payback War despite mentioning that it does have an official name. Now as for which is more correct, well if we look at the Japanese it is referred to as the Otoshimae Senso, Otoshimae having two meanings, one of which is a settlement for dispute usually caused by some sort of blunder which would generally be financial debt and the other much more applicable meaning here would be to get even with someone and Senso simply means war. So if we were going literal Payback War honestly sounds a bit more accurate because it implies an active quest for revenge whereas a grudge is a very passive thing you know you hold a grudge you don't necessarily act on it. However with how these events actually played out you may find that by the end grudge is in fact the more correct word to have used and we'll go over that. With that said I'm still going to refer to it as the Payback War because Scan or not it is the most commonly recognizable name. Now as for what led up to this event we do need to briefly examine the childhood of one Edward Newgate. He was born on an island called Sphinx and grew up as an orphan under exceptionally rough conditions. Then after becoming a pirate and taking on the infamous Whitebeard name Newgate would funnel his money back to Sphinx in order to make sure that his home prospered and that nobody would have to grow up under the same conditions as he did and this is very very important to mention because this one small yet delightful little island would go on to be a major catalyst for the Payback War. Before that though during his long reign on the seas Whitebeard recruited a young boy named Marshall D. Teach a seemingly innocuous young lad who would grow up with the Whitebeard pirate spending more than two decades sailing with them. However Teach had rather dark ambitions and a particular skill for playing the long game and as it turns out one of teacher's primary motivations for joining this crew was to discover a certain devil fruit which we now know as the Yami Aminomi and while it did take about 26 years to do so eventually the crew did stumble upon this fruit at which point Teach murdered his alleged comrade Thatch and fled the Whitebeard pirates causing an unforgivable rift between Teach and the crew. One that would only go on to get much much worse as it turns out one of Whitebeard's division commander's portgasty Ace made it his own personal mission to hunt Teach down who had now adopted the name of Blackbeard. However Ace's mission did not end well and the two clashed on Benara Island resulting in Ace's defeat and subsequent turning over to the war government who then scheduled his execution. In this decision would spark the much more well-known paramount war whereby the full forces of the Whitebeard pirates marched on Marineford to save Ace and which as we all know also did not work out well and Blackbeard took full advantage of this event to deliver the final blow and kill Whitebeard as well as steal his devil fruit ability being the Gurugurunomi all of which is pretty insane when you lay it all out like that because then you come to realize that this one man was single-handedly responsible for toppling the entirety of the Whitebeard pirates simply through incredible planning and situational awareness. Now from here things get a bit hazy because this would be where the time skip occurred in the series and there is a generally accepted thought that the remnants of the Whitebeard pirates led by First Division commander Marco were burning with the desire for revenge and mustered everything they could to launch a retaliatory attack on Blackbeard and his ever-growing legion of piracy but this is not actually the case. In reality Blackbeard was the instigator of the payback war as his next mission after defeating Whitebeard was to capture his former territories and consolidate power within the new world. Meanwhile the Whitebeard pirates had a very simple mission which was explained by Marco in chapter 909. After the paramount war we at least wanted to protect the village that Popser cared so much for when Blackbeard invaded we started the grudge war against him and here Marco is of course referring to the island of Sphinx which we briefly went over but following the death of their captain and two division commanders being Thachines the Whitebeard pirates had no intention of engaging the Blackbeard pirates for the mere concept of revenge. Their focus was entirely dedicated to protecting Whitebeard's remaining legacy however after the Blackbeard pirates launched an invasion Marco and the remnants were forced to respond thus beginning the payback war. What's kind of frustratingly vague about this though is that we're currently unsure what this invasion of Blackbeard refers to. In context it sounds an awful lot like he attempted to invade Sphinx but that's because Marco was talking about that immediately before bringing up the invasion because at the same time it seems very unlikely that Sphinx would be the target because it does remain well and prosperous to this day which I'm not so sure that Blackbeard would have allowed considering and spoiler alert he won the war. So I believe that this invasion is referring to another territory or indeed territories held by the Whitebeard pirates at which point they were left with two options either surrender and give everything up to Blackbeard or fight and start a war. So of course they did the latter and this was by no means a small scale conflict this was by all accounts a clash on a scale of the paramount war in fact according to Nica Robin in Chapter 820 it was quite a large battle with each sign bringing in plenty of help. In the end Marco's group was obliterated it was only after this major confrontation that Blackbeard was first included among the list of the four emperors and we'll get back to that second part in a bit but this statement quite clearly references the Allied pirate crews of which the Whitebeard pirates were associated with a further 43 crews in addition to their main forces comprising of 1617 men. That number is a pre-paramount war figure as well and at the very least there would be two members down I guess following it but the Allied crews did not fare best in that conflict either and while it is currently unknown how many of the Allied crews showed up for the payback war their loyalty to Whitebeard was so profound that I imagine everyone who was physically able to would have engaged but even if we were strictly talking about the Whitebeard pirates alone Blackbeard still would have needed a massive force of his own to take them all on and he built a similar structure to the Whitebeard pirates actually mimicking their division commander system with his own implementation of the 10 Titanic captains as well as gathering quite a range of Allied crews an example of one of those crews would be the Peachbeard pirates although it would be an admittedly bad example because Peachbeard is confirmed to have joined that Legion following the payback war not before or during regardless Blackbeard musted the forces to take on the Whitebeard pirates and their allies which would have been quite the massive conflict and not at all how the scarce portrayals of the payback war have been shown in either the anime or the manga when it comes to the manga we actually have no visual depiction of the battle save for this small panel showing Blackbeard and Marco rather dramatically shaded and everything whereas the anime took a fair few more liberties how shall we say with how they decided to handle this scene and here I'm particularly referring to episode 890 which I suppose is kind of like the payback war if it was depicted as an interpretive dance which is weird but also kind of interesting the problem the anime had here is that the true details of the battle had not yet been revealed so they had the rather difficult job of showing a battle without actually being able to you know tell us anything about it which leads to this very metaphorical scene showing Blackbeard's dominance and ending on this funky kind of floating shot of all of the Whitebeard commanders defeated in front of him this does unfortunately give a bit of the wrong impression though viewing this scene you would be inclined to believe that Blackbeard pretty much single-handedly decimated each and every division commander but the actual accounts of the war painted as more of a marine food style situation although Marco does specifically mention that Blackbeard's use of the Guru Guru Nomee is the reason why they were no longer able to overcome him so that was very much the deciding factor in the fight according to that first-hand account but however close it was Blackbeard's forces were victorious and this delivered a second crushing and decimating blow to what were once the Whitebeard pirates because after having lost their captain and now their territory they had no choice but to splinter off and effectively disbanded the crew thus ending the dominance of one of the most powerful organizations to have ever existed in the series and thus birthing the dominance of another and as I mentioned before one of the most important takeaways in the aftermath of this was that Blackbeard became undisputedly recognized as one of the four emperors which just as a side note I find quite interesting because it means that for a whole year there were only three emperors and it makes me wonder if at any stage Marco was intentioned to become the new fourth emperor simply due to being the de facto leader of the Whitebeard pirates and essentially having command over all of their territories but the payback war wasn't even the end of the grand terror for the Whitebeard pirates their disbandment also quite notably gave rise to the figure of Edward Weevil who is Whitebeard's self-proclaimed son and he and his mother Miss Buckin have since made it their mission to destroy what once were the Whitebeard pirates in order to claim some sort of imagined inheritance which was quite devastating actually and Weevil is responsible for defeating 16 of the 43 Allied crews all on his own interestingly enough though this legacy could also spell some pretty huge future problems for Blackbeard as well though because Weevil himself very much swore to take revenge on the man who killed his father so Blackbeard has ended up creating a very potentially powerful enemy there but that is the story of the payback war as we know it and I honestly think it's pretty unlikely that we will ever expand on it too much in the future because while it is a world-changing event we do have all of the essential information and really what this event boils down to is the truly sinister level of planning and destruction that Blackbeard escape will of the payback war was an event almost three decades in the making and it wasn't even the final phase of whatever Blackbeard's grand plan is to him taking down an emperor of the sea and decimating his unfathomably powerful crew was just another step along the road of what will undoubtedly lead to an even greater conflict but for now that's everything we know about the payback war and what do you guys think please leave your thoughts in the comments below or even join my discord server and if you'd like to see more videos like this then please to go and check out some of my other content or even subscribe to the channel for more glorious one-piece business uploaded straight into your youtube feeds but for now this has been the Grand Line Review and I'll see you next time


Okay, so now we're looking at the inner ear. So this is just a large version of the inner ear So those ossicles from the middle ear as the tympatic membrane vibrates as sound waves hit it It's gonna vibrate those ossicles which is gonna vibrate into our vestibule here And those about those sound waves come into the cochlea, which is this kind of snail-like structure over here inside that is Your cochlear ducts so you can see those holes there Okay, on the other side, so we have that vestibular cochlear nerve So you have two branches of the vestibular cochlear nerve the cochlear branch and the vestibule branch Of course the cochlear branch goes the cochlea the vestibular branch goes over to the vestibule our bony labyrinth is kind of surrounding layer here Of all these bones that surround it Okay, you have your semicircular canals on this side of it So our semicircular canals I think of them kind of as an x y and z axis So it's what's giving us our coordination. So if you get vertigo or something like that It's a problem with this part of the inner ear The bony labyrinth is actually made up of these membranes here on the inside We've got three distinct regions of these membranes here They're kind of swollen parts of that membrane themselves. You have the saccule the utricle and the ampula