Good afternoon. I'm very excited to be here. It's very exciting to see these topics, the topics that we'll be discussing today in a stage as such an important event as the World Economic Forum. It's very exciting to see that. I will dare to say that most of us in this room agree that the way we're doing business, the way we're living our lives, the way we are consuming is just not sustainable. We are living off our savings account in this planet already. So we must change the way we do business. There's not such a thing as infinite growth. And I take as a premise that it is not development if it is not sustainable. And we are actually not only living off our savings account, as I will say, but we're also crippling the ability of the systems of this planet to restore and produce the natural resources that we need to live in this planet. So I'm glad to be here with a group of experts coming from different areas. And we hope today we're going to have a very open discussion, open conversation, and we hope to answer just one basic question. Hopefully by the end of this session we will have an answer. And it's basically to have a common vision on the region of how to manage this asset than the Amazon is. And that is part of seven different countries. There is no unity in how to deal with the harnessing and sustainable the resources that the Amazon provides, the ecosystem services. There's no single policy. So hopefully we address that today. How can we develop a common vision to deal with the sustainable harnessing of the Amazon and the protection of the Amazon? That is so important for our long-term economic sustainable in this planet and in this region as well. So I would like to briefly start by introducing our panelists. Let me start with Yvonne. She's the Secretary of State for the Yasuni ITT initiative of Ecuador, Juan Carlos Castilla. He is the Chief Executive Officer of Planetary Skin Institute of the USA. Roberto Salas is the Chief Executive Officer of Mascisa, Chile. And Virgilio Mauricio Viana, the General Director of Fundación Amazona Sustentable from Brazil. So I would like to start this conversation by asking Juan Carlos to bring us up to speed in terms of the health of the Amazon. Where are we right now? Right. So from a scientific and technological perspective, the current state of the Amazon is that there are multiple assets that form part of the natural infrastructure which is represented by the Amazon basin. For example, the fact that it hosts 15% of total world biodiversity. For example, that 20% of all fresh water entering into the global oceans comes from the Amazon and its territories. For example, that the Amazon basin holds 15 years worth of greenhouse emissions in terms of carbon stored in the biomass. And the list could go on and on and on. And yet we have that asset and that natural infrastructure. And yet there are quite significant risks that we're facing with the Amazon basin as an ecosystem. And a point of note perhaps to focus our minds is the fact, the statistical and scientific fact that over the last seven years there have been four very significant extreme events affecting the Amazon basin. There have been two 1 in 100 year flood events and two at least 1 in 100 drought events. Now by simple ecosystem signs, when a system oscillates between two extremes, it is a sign, an early warning sign that the whole ecosystem may be in the rapid transition process from one equilibrium stage which is the Amazon as we know today into a savanna. And that would have two drastic consequences to even consider not only on the fact that 15 years worth of global greenhouse emissions would be emitted in a relatively short period of time, but also affecting of course the rainfall patterns not only of Brazil and Argentina, but globally. And the tipping points are signs, of course, doesn't ever want to be precise because there's always uncertainty in the signs, but what is becoming clear and clear over time is that there are two important tipping points to get to such catastrophic consequences. And one tipping point is related to the average global temperature reaching about 3.5 degrees centigrade. And let us know that global temperature has increased since pre-industrial times already 0.8 of a degree centigrade. And another tipping point is related to the fact of total deforested area in the Amazon basin. And the tipping point there is about 40% of the total area. And let me note again that we have already consumed half of that tipping point because 20% of the whole Amazon basin has been deforested. Now the difference between the two tipping points is important for us in terms of policymaking, in terms of investment, in terms of what science and technology can do to understand the risk, but also to solve for the very complex problem that we have at hand that you articulated in the beginning. The first tipping point, the global temperature increase, is a global issue. The Amazon countries have a role to play, but it is a minor role to play versus the bigger picture of global greenhouse emissions. However, on the second tipping point, it is very much a regional issue. It is very much a country-by-country issue and a regional issue to go beyond top-down policies of, for example, in Brazil being successful, relatively successful in reducing the deforestation rate by 80% in the last few years. So there are implications associated to that, of course, on the practical side, what to do about that. So on two fronts, we believe that there are significant opportunities to do something about that. One first opportunity is related to getting a hold and being very precise, as precise as we can get, in terms of developing an early warning system for the Amazon as a whole in order to avoid and to inform decision-makers at the governmental level, in the private sector, in the communities involved, whether we are in effect in a runaway situation, and how can we avoid that situation? So one is an area related to risk management and Pan-Amazonia early warning system for that. But the other angle is very much an opportunity, because, of course, every risk has also, the other side is our Chinese friends always remind us, every risk has a great and important opportunity. And the opportunity that we see, and it's actually being championed by some Brazilian leaders in the science and technology field, is related to establishing a completely new model for the Amazon, which is a high-tech innovation model that looks at the biodiversity in the Amazon, and that uses the best of high technology, advanced biotechnology, nanotechnology, biomimicry, molecular genomics, and a number of very advanced science and technology development that can develop a high-tech model that, of course, requires a Silicon Valley equivalent for the Amazon, and that has a number of preconditions as an alternative way or rather a complementary way to more sustainable activity in the agricultural frontier of the Amazon, which, of course, goes through or needs to go through a very significant increase in productivity increases, not to encourage further into the Amazon. Thank you. At this point, just to conclude, are we getting to these tipping points faster, or is it slowing down? No, I think we would argue that the four extreme weather events, large weather events in the Amazon in the last seven years, is a wake-up call, a huge wake-up call, that we have to get our act together. We can't just pretend it doesn't exist, so we can't be precise about that, but I would argue that the evidence, statistical evidence, risk management statistical evidence is that we are approaching a transition into something that we can't control really. Thank you for giving us a clear picture of what's going on and the options and possibilities that actually remain. I would like now to hear Yvonne because you have a pretty interesting project going on. Tell us a little bit about that leaving oil in the ground to protect the Amazon. How does a country actually get to achieve something like that? That's a very good question because how it's not easy. It's not easy for a country like Ecuador that still depends on oil. Our first source of income is still oil, and with all this difficult decision, the president of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, in the year 2007, he took a very courageous decision and he presented this initiative, the Yasuni initiative, as an idea at that moment, as an idea during the General Assembly of the United Nations, as an idea to move our dependency of oil into alternative energy in the next 13-20 years. And he said we have a place in the Amazon called the Yasuni, which is around 1 million hectares of the Amazon of Ecuador, that place specifically, where climate change has never affected that specific place because of the geographical position of that place, which is just in the intersection of the equatorial line and the Andes mountains. And just because of giving, being there in that position, a little higher than the rest of the Amazon, climate change never affected it, not even during the last Ice Age, 12,000 years ago, when the Amazon became a savanna, except this place, the Yasuni. That's why the word Yasuni in the Warani language means sacred land. It was protected, according to them, because of that position. So all the animals from the Amazon came to the Yasuni. That's why we have the highest biodiversity of flora and fauna, but also we have indigenous communities that live there in voluntary isolation, the Tagueres and the Romainani. But we have another richness, as you mentioned, Igola, is that it's oil on the ground. 20% of the oil of Ecuador is under the Yasuni ITT. The ATT is the Spingo Tambococha-Tibutini fields that are under the ground of the Yasuni initiative. So President Correa said, Ecuador is ready to do this because we believe in preservation. It's not about just talk. We always talk about the need of preserving, but one thing is the need, the other thing is the will to do it. So he said we would like to do that because Ecuador believes in living in harmony with nature and because the only constitution, or one of the only constitutions in the world that gives rights to nature is the Ecuadorian constitution. That they say in the first, you know, the constitution of Ecuador says that because the mother earth cannot talk, we have to give it rights as we give the human, human rights. The earth has to have the rights also. So this was the way he presented and he said what we need is the co-responsibility of the developed world to give us contribution half of what we will get if we exploit the oil of the Yasuni. The studies that were done according to the studies in 2007, we had around a billion barrels. Maybe we have much more if we do it now, but at the time the studies they gave around 1,846 million barrels of oil. The price was 40, 45 dollars a barrel after the investments that we needed. They said that the results will be around 7.2 billion that we will get at that time. And what we asked is 3.6 billion in the next 13 years at that time. That was 2007. Well it was an idea. Now it's a reality. We created a trust fund with the United Nations Development Program and it was a little difficult to do the trust fund because it's a different trust fund. It took three years to be able to make. And now we have a trust fund. We have a board of directors that it's administered, I mean the fund is administered by UNDP. It has members of the board, the countries that have supported the initiative. In this case now it's Italy and Spain. We have indigenous communities that are members of the board. We have a Warani woman and a Kichwa man that's member of the board. And of course the government of Ecuador, the ministry of the secretary of strategic projects and also the one that is the project that we have because the capital that comes to the fund goes to alternative energy. And the interest they go for conservation, social development of the people that live there and science and investigation technologies to investigate because we have not anything of investigation. So these are the only points where the money can go. So as I said, now it's a reality. I'm heading the negotiations group since 2011. I mean I started 2010 at the end because the trust fund was created at the end of 2010. From 2011 we did an internal campaign to create awareness with the people of Ecuador first. To have the people of Ecuador be proud of having a place that is unique and why we have to save it. It was a very successful campaign internally. And last year we did the campaign internationally. We started the international campaign. It was called I am Yasuni. It's taking the Yasuni to the world. We couldn't do it because it's not easy to bring the people to the Yasuni. But we took, we call it a sensorial tunnel, that it's like a part of Yasuni to different places. Like when we went to Rio Plastuante, we had the tunnel, we won among the first prize for that tunnel, which is like entering into the Yasuni. A small piece of the sounds of the jungle, the smell, and the warani message. Why we want to preserve that place. So that was the last year's campaign. And in fact we have now partnered with around 19 countries that have supported the initiative. We opened it to the civil society and the private sector and NGOs. We have many companies that are partnering with us. We have civil society that can give any amount. And we have arrived to around 367 million now that we have as contribution, co-responsibility. But it's still the awareness not yet there. And that's why sometimes they ask me why isn't that the president is saying that we haven't seen the reaction of what we're doing. Those that are giving are mostly developing countries. Some of them are developed countries. And the majority of, well companies, of course, because those are companies that they care for sustainable development. But the awareness of really something new. It's a new idea of prevention. It's about prevention, not about remediation. It's not about cutting the trees and doing a reforestation like was done in Brazil. It's about not cutting the trees and being, you know, supported by not doing that. Let me ask you a question regarding that. It's definitely a very innovative model. Very innovative. Do you see a model like that working on a regional basis like in other countries? What have been the reactions of the other countries? That's what we wanted. In fact, we were talking about uniting the Amazon countries together to work on something of protecting the whole Amazon, not just the piece of the Amazon. When we did the trust fund, you're talking about the region. When we did the trust fund, the first country that supported the initiative, even if it was a symbolic support, it was Chile. The second one was Colombia and Peru. With Peru, we are getting a support that it's symbolic, I said, in amounts. But it reflects that there is care. We would like very much to have more of this. And when we were in the last meeting in Davos, with meetings with Han Carlos, when Carlos started in Dubai, in the World Economic Forum of Dubai, the idea was exactly that. Because Carlos was there to create this kind of how to save the Amazon, like what we're doing now. How can we work together? If we are together, it will be by far more impressive in showing the world that the Amazon is being saved by the countries that belong to the Amazon. Because if you talk to scientists, they tell you that in order to regulate climate change, we have to save the Amazon. To regulate climate change, we have to save the Amazon. Thank you. Very interesting. Let's go to the business perspective. We'd like to hear about the business perspective. Yesterday, I was in this panel talking precisely about the trade-offs between sustainability, sustainable development, and the economic growth of countries. And we were talking about the Amazon as well. And actually, the president of the Inter-American Development Bank mentioned that of this road that is being built from connecting the East Coast to the West Coast of the continent. So trade can be done from Brazil to the Western countries. So for me, I mean, and of course, they're saying that that will help develop the region also in terms of sustainable development. But in reality, I'm not an expert. I don't pretend to be. But for me, that's just regular development. I mean, we're just putting a road. There's no way to build an environmental friendly road through a virgin pristine forest. So for me, that's just normal development. But still, I mean, it's needed because it's fair and the trade of the country and the economic development needs to be growth. So how do you manage that? How a regional approach to the protection of the Amazon and the sustainable development of the Amazon will help or affect your business? Let me talk about a very expanding perspective. Usually in the business sector, there is a line for incentives. But I think that in the last at least 10 or 15 years from the 92, perhaps 20 years with a new way of thinking about sustainability, the balance in sustainability and business, profit and planet and people. It's created a more important companies and people, managers, CEOs and businessmen and entrepreneurs that are more aligned with this kind of philosophy. But for a very important reason, we have some way of thinking that we would like to understand the roots of the problems. In the case of the forestation in Amazon or even in other areas, for example, in the Chaco area region in Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia, we can find the same reasons. For example, one of the reasons is the market itself. For example, let me tell you some numbers. The total amount of forestry worldwide is more or less 4 billion hectares, 4,000 millions of hectares. And the 7 percent of the forestry is planted forestry. And the 7 percent contribute with the 50 percent of the production of formal goods for the market to supply the demand. So when you see this, probably we can have some solution using this kind of statistics. We say for example that yes, that the answer is yes, because if we promote a more responsible way to manage the forestry business to increase, to double probably the level of the production of the responsible and sustainable forestry, we are going to mitigate one of the principal reasons for what the forestation occurs in the Amazon and in other parts. For clarity of education, and just because I think it's important what you're saying, because it relates a lot to what you do, can you clarify what is it what you do? What is massima? So the audience knows? Maybe for example, we are working in two main new standards of the sustainable forestry. The number one with the WWF, we are part of the multi-sector group to develop the new standard of the forestry for the next years. What is that? It's to balance in a better way the environmental and social way to plan and to execute the forestry project in the future. And to contribute not just for the supply of the demand, but in the way that we do that and the way we create the value. So with these kind of new standards, we try to balance the contribution to the former supply for one side and on the other side to improve quality of life with the local communities, mainly indigenous communities that are living in these areas. And on the other part, obviously, to contribute to the reduction of emissions and all the effects of the forestry. So yeah, can you just give us a brief of what your business is? We are in massima, it's a company in the forestry business. We have more or less 242,000 of hectares in many countries in Chile, mainly Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela. With this forestry, we sell wood and at the same time we recycle the waste of this wood process set to manufacture panels for furniture like this. I hope that this furniture will be made with a massisa panel, but it's not a problem. But in the same time, for example, we see with very, very good eyes what is happening, for example, in the Amazon. In the Amazon, for example, we learn from the Avina Foundation and some information that we have because we are very close to Avina Foundation that in the last five years, as you mentioned, with the monitoring and with incentives to the preservation and the new efforts in the multilateral collaborative projects, they are saving deforestation an amount of land equivalent to Costa Rica plus Salvador. That's very good news. How we can do to replicate that in other parts, for example, in Chaco or in other areas that this is a problem today. In fact, the Avina Foundation was the first one to give us also from foundations, private sector to give us money for the Yasuni project. I learned that. I'm proud of that, Shah. Thank you. You have joined us in this panel. Okay, thank you. Thank you so much, Roberto. We'll hear you. Why don't you tell us briefly what you do? I am the director general of Amazon Sustainable Foundation, which is a non-profit organization, Brazilian one based in Manaus in the Amazon. And we work with developing solutions for communities in the Amazon. We work currently with 541 communities in the rainforest. And we promote all kinds of issues running from education to health to income generation, everything around one simple strategy. We need to make forests worth more standing than cut to those people who live there.  They cut the forest because they see that as an opportunity to improve their livelihood. So what we're working is to make them see the forest as more valuable standing. And in order to do that, we're investing forest management, fisheries management, and also something which I believe is one of the solutions for the Amazon, which is payment for environmental services. The forest is a major provider of services. And we just don't account for those services. We don't value those services. And we take a sort of a free lunch on the benefits the forest is providing to all of us. And that is, I think, one of the key elements that we need to change for the future of the Amazon. So how can you work in making these local communities that you work with, fantastic work, to live in a more sustainable way, knowing that they need this income they're taking from the forest in order to improve their lives, as you were saying. How can you work on educating them to live more sustainable lives? The first step is to value these services. And just if I can show one image there of the services provided by the rainforest, we have to value and measure this. And for this, we have very good science at the moment on how to measure the flow of humidity. First of all, it starts with the measurement of the services provided by the forest. So it comes from outside? No, it comes from inside. It's the number of services, but I'll just highlight the water service. The forest produces water through the process of photosynthesis. And that is as a water pump. So the humidity that generates rainfalls in Ecuador comes from eastern Amazonia. So we're all connected, and this environmental service has a value. It not only sends humidity to Ecuador, but also sends humidity to southern South America, to Argentina, and to southern Brazil, which feeds agriculture. And it also feeds hydropower generation. So we should insert in the electricity bill a part of the payment for the Amazon that generates rain for the rest of the continent. And in the second aspect, and I don't see the image, maybe the help desk could put the image in there. Is it possible to put an image on this? There was, I think it was there when you came. Yeah, there was an image there. Thank you. I think maybe there we go. Because this is a very intuitive way of seeing what I've just described. It's the flow of humidity in the globe. And there you see hour by hour, day by day, month by month. And if you have a look at the Amazon, we're here. We're here in Peru. And the humidity that is pumped across the globe has a major influence of the rainforests. So the generation of electricity here in southern Brazil, the agricultural production, and supply to cities depends on the Amazon. So we need to value that. So what do we do? First is to value this, especially in terms of carbon and water, and then create a revenue stream that we invest in communities through two things. First is education. And second is through income. So it's the pocket and the brain and consciousness. That's the dual approach. And for that we do with a number of private sector partners. Most of our funding is from the private sector. The Amazonas Foundation has just grown to become the largest Brazilian foundation as of last year. We have one partner here, a merit international hotels, who was one of the pioneer investors in developing a private partnership in protecting the rainforest. So I'm a strong believer in valuing what we're seeing here. Now this flow of water in this little film here, what is white is water vapor and what is yellowish are storms. So this is something that we have to give value and also see that we're all interconnected. Ecuador depends on Brazil. And then we depend on Ecuador because the rivers that feed the Amazon come from Ecuador, from Colombia, from Peru. Actually, the Amazon River starts in Peru. So we send humidity through the clouds and receive it back through the river. So we need to work more together and I strongly agree with the vision of Ivan in the sense that we should have more cooperation, more South-South cooperation within the region so that we share lessons learned. It's doable. It's possible to reduce deforestation. Brazil has reduced deforestation by 80 percent, more than 80 percent, and very well measured. So will it be fair to say that while we outside don't look for a way to value these environmental services that is obvious the Amazon provides in terms of climate regulation, rain, water cycles and all of that, it's going to be more difficult to help these local communities to live a sustainable life within the Amazon? Well, we have to come up with financing. And the problem is that these communities usually small. They don't have lots of votes and it's much more expensive to provide education and health services and income opportunities to them. So we need to find new creative ways to finance this. And one of the ways, in my opinion, is through carbon, through water services and biodiversity. There are different approaches. How will coming back to the question that we hope to answer here today, how will a common framework on the region will help that goal of bringing these communities together? I think, first of all, we should go united in international negotiations. We are suffering the failure of Copenhagen, the climate change negotiations, which were basically a frustration. And we need to go together to these fora and make the case that we should have instruments to value these services. We should come together in the international trade negotiations because a cell phone that comes from Manaus. Manaus is the largest producer of cell phones in Brazil, one of the largest in Latin America. It's the largest producer of motorcycles in the whole Americas. A motorcycle that is produced in Manaus should be text differently than a motorcycle coming from China because the ecological footprint is the opposite. So we should be more aggressive, more creative in finding ways to come up with the appropriate financing for sustainable development in the Amazon. We should not just depend on the treasury of the national governments or the state governments because it's a different logic. And I think we should see that in the national interest. Oftentimes, we as South Americans, we tend to look at conserving the Amazon as an outside agenda imposed on us. But rather, we should see protecting the rainforest as in the interest of Brazil, of Ecuador, in Colombia, and so on. And that is subtle, but it's a huge difference. We're not talking to the Europeans or to North Americans. Only, of course, it has a value to the rest of the planet. But more importantly, it has a value to us as Latin Americans. Yeah, thank you. Nicolas, maybe I can compliment that great framework of valuing ecosystem services. Yesterday, we had a fascinating discussion orchestrated by our friends here at the forum and by Leo sitting here on the concept of natural infrastructure, of the Amazon being a key representative of that concept of natural infrastructure. And the linkage is this. When we talk about infrastructure, we typically think about physical infrastructure, the roads, the telecommunications, the energy infrastructure, the water infrastructure. By the way, the numbers in the next 18 years, by however you cut the numbers, the infrastructure capex required in the next 18 years is around about 60 trillion US dollars. A part of it, a large part of it, has to do with closing the gaps, particularly in emerging markets. But a significant portion has to do with maintenance of that physical infrastructure. And so the linkage is, through the great story that our friend was commenting on the water cycle, if we can link those investment and creative financing mechanisms to deploy that physical infrastructure, if we can deploy and divert a portion of those large financial flows into protecting and maintaining natural infrastructure, we can reduce the physical capex needs. Let me give you a very specific example, which I've been thinking ever since our conversation yesterday. Given that in Brazil, for example, a large portion of the energy matrix and of the certain countries of the region, of the energy matrix is hydro, if for any reason the ecosystem service provided in the water cycle and in the regional transport of water ceases to be as predictable as it is today, which by the way it's happening already, then the hydro needs and the capex associated with alternative forms of more polluting energy will increase and therefore it is in our enlightened self-interest as an investor, as a policymaker, as a private investor in energy infrastructure to reduce my capex needs if I invest strategically out of my own self-benefit in maintaining natural infrastructure. There you have a large pool of funds which are associated to the physical infrastructure that is highly dependent on the stability and the maintenance of natural infrastructure with the Amazon being the iconic natural infrastructure class. So with, I mean, all the perspectives have been put on the table, communities, business, a project that is working and is different and the science, how can we mix everything, put everything together to actually come out, come up with a with a framework, a regional framework that actually works. I was talking to a friend before this meeting and she reminded me of this Winston Churchill phrase after the war that he said that if I want to talk to Europe, who should I call? So we can apply that to the Amazon right now. There's no Amazon regional organization. A regional one that is actually taking a regional framework. Is it working? It is working but it needs more. I think there is a lack of leadership there to unite them. I don't want to criticize anyone. I think they have very good people but it's still always the bureaucratic part takes over and instead of being an institution that unites us for the purposes of creating like you mentioned, environmental service. This is what we have to focus on. This is something that because everything is based on how much we get out of it.  Ecotourism is one, of course, but it destroys if you don't do it the right way. So they have to do it somewhere. But if you put the environmental service and you give the biodiversity has something, I mean, you have to put value to it. What is the value? I'm sure that if the Amazon was in another place of the world, long time ago they would have made us pay for it for the service that we're giving because of the Amazon. So something of that should be done. And I think this organization is working on other issues than the issue of creating the value of what the Amazon really is and the power of it. And the other thing is that like all kinds of meetings that you get together, always you talk and talk.  And the issue is that you cannot forget of the strength that we have together. And it's a strength. So when you go to the meetings, everything looks wonderful. And then when you go out of it, it just goes to every priority that every country has instead of creating the priority together. I would say, Nicolas, that unfortunately, this scenario is not very positive. We don't have an institutional framework in place, although we do have formerly OTCA, which stands for the Organization of the Treaty of Cooperation of the Amazon countries. It has a formal institution run by diplomats. It's based in Brasilia. So the question is, does it work? Should we follow that path? Well, I think... Should something different be created? I think it has the same problems as the UN has. It's the right institution doing the right thing, but at a very slow speed. And the problem is that we have... Toward the right direction? It's in the right direction. It's doing the right things, but at a very slow speed. It's just like the UN. It's doing the right things. The discourse is right, but it just doesn't have the urgency that the planet needs. So the question to all of us that I think we should ask is what business, what civil society and government should do to speed up the process of change. We need urgent changes in our lifestyles and in the way we deal with the Amazon. And I should add that although it's very important for us to realize the value of the Amazon for our countries, it's also important for the rest of the world to realize the value of the Amazon to the rest of the planet. The United States, for example, runs a sort of a free lunch on the services that also the Amazon for us provide to the agricultural production in North America. And that should be valued and compensated for. So we need a movement and I think that's a question that maybe we want to address here. I would say that we will depend more on civil society and business to move quickly because governments are too slow and too compromising. And this is me saying having been state secretary for five years. I'm no longer in office, so I can say this. So we need to be more effective and quicker because the planet is going down the road. I think there's also needs to be regulation in a regional level. And that cannot be provided by the private sector or social sector or citizens. Although I do agree that it needs to be. Yeah, no, I'm sure that governments have a role. But for example, as we were discussing in this morning, it's important for the business and civil society to help governments come up with the right policies because oftentimes we need to have an equal playing field so that all companies in the same segregated tourism and travel sector, they have to have a similar tax structure. That needs to be provided by government. But how is that going to be designed? I think that is something that business and civil society can help governments in designing clever and smart policies. What's your take on this? I think that in all the meetings that I participate about sustainability issues or financial issues linked to the sustainability challenges, as the red, for example, or as the biobond, there always is the same conclusion. We have to collaborate better. But this is urgently why it doesn't happen. And that's the key of the point. What we have to do different to convert concepts into actions and to get results. Perhaps one of the most important things is it's not just to know what to do, it's how. And then we know the how is who. And the who I think is the most important part because all the big changes is just when you do that when you have strong leadership. That's the key point. The leaders have to the power and the courage of other people to maintain the institutions stick when they're on purpose. And then, for example, we can find for example the water issues. We can have a lot of very good examples of leadership that they bring to the table the problems and they solve it. And a lot of other issues that we are still working and we're still talking. And what happened? Very low level. Let me talk about, for example, all the incentives in the financial area. For example, the first time that I heard about the ecosystem payment, the service of the ecosystem services payment. This was perhaps seven years ago. We are our company is a carbon positive company because we have forests. We have a lot of the way to neutralize our emissions in the factories. But the value of the carbon that we can trade is a shame. It's very low. So there's nothing setting for anybody. How we can convert that in really an opportunity. So leadership is the number one in my concept to prioritize somebody in some part. And not just in one country because we agree that this is part of the conglomerate of countries. But we need a new way to govern the planet. In the last conference, the World Finance Council, for example, what are the changes that we have to do? We talk about the new corporate governance. We need also new ways to governance the regional or multi-regional institutions. And nobody's doing that. In the financial area, for example, after the crisis in the 2009, for example, we have to change the financial industry in all the world, mainly not just in the United States. And what happened? Nothing. Nothing. So what is the driver to change this? And to put in the table, to talk with very open way. From a business perspective, that's a question for me to you. What do you think needs to happen? We think, for example, in the business sector without any doubt, we need to learn to work together with other institutions, mainly with NGOs and governments. And why? Because for many years, government and NGOs, they compete each other. And NGOs with business sector, for many years, they just went to talk to us for money 20 years ago or 15 years ago. That is changing. But we need a more interaction to understand better the role and to find out two things. Number one, common interest. But real common interest, that project that goes directly to the way that the company creates value and how social issues we realize that they are part of the strategy. And number two is to understand each other, not just in the challenges, but in the way that we have to do that. And then, for example, we have a wonderful experience, for example, in the country where somebody can tell you this is impossible. For example, in Venezuela. In Venezuela in the last five years, we don't talk really with the central government, but we find a lot of opportunities to create social value, operational efficiency in the factories that are in the rural areas, with the local government. So the potential partners in the local government, municipalities, mayors, there are a lot of them that are really part of the new trend. For example, in the Amazonia, we knew, for example, Avena and other NGOs, they have programs for green municipalities with very high level of success, that they are part of this process to monitoring. Because they are good politicians that they won't really make a good contribution to the people. And their companies see an opportunity. Because we need that part of the communities, they are progressing at the same time that the company is progressing. This is part of our feelings, our philosophy. So this way of to create not just financial capital growth, but social capital growth, making preservation in the environment, that's part of the new way to do business, yes. And each company has their own philosophy, but this philosophy is gaining a lot of priorities. But when we see, for example, a very big project, for example, with governments, we have to be more passionate to understand and to find out what are the real interests in depth and how we can bring social institutions, communities, and to create value with strong leadership and measuring. Thank you. Let's get a couple of questions from the audience to see what's their outside perspective. Anybody have a question to the panelists? I have a question for Mr. Vianna. Can you say your name? My name is Kurt Hawley from Rainforest Expeditions from Peru. I have a question for Mr. Vianna about, I can't remember if it was a year or two years ago, there was a good piece of news about Brazil having really reduced its deforestation rates in the Amazon. And my question is, what were the causes or what were the enabling conditions for this result in the Brazilian Amazon? What caused the reduction of deforestation rates in Brazil for a year or two? Brazil has, first of all, a very good monitoring system of deforestation. We have monthly data, which is published freely in the Internet, all the maps, the raw maps, and we have annual figures, and this is very transparent, and this is something which increases a lot the participation of civil society. So deforestation rates are published basically every month in all Brazilian newspapers. There's something either good or bad. So I think, first of all, it's transparency and accountability on the information. And secondly, were a number of policies that were implemented, and I happened to be in government at that time in 2003, a number of state governments, and that speaks a little bit to what Salas was mentioning, not the federal government, but the state governments in the Amazon implemented a number of very progressive policies, including the first climate change policy at the state level, which was enacted in 2007. And there were a number of policy instruments that I would say had an impact. Of those, I would highlight the expansion of protected areas in the state of Amazon as along, we went from 7 million hectares to 19 million hectares of protected areas, and these areas were established in critical regions in terms of pressure for deforestation. The second were a number of policies intended to increase the value of forest products. For example, we zeroed all the taxes on non-timber forest products, so making them more economically attractive. So that economic signal also created something that changed behavior, and I would say that the perspective of valuing forest carbon was also something that became a part of people's mindset, the expectation, which in a way has not been fulfilled because of the international negotiations, but I think combination of these things provided the result. But it's not to say that the game is over and we have solved the problem. We have just reduced the pace of deforestation, but deforestation is still happening. So in order to have a long-term win, I think we have to have an economic victory, and there's victories to make forests worth more standing than cut. Thank you. Any other questions? Enrique, please. I wanted to ask the panel if they think that... State your name, please. My name is Enrique Acevedo, and I wanted to ask the panel if, given the presence of organized crime in the Amazonas and their involvement with deforestation and mining activities, the presence maybe of UN peacekeepers in the zone might be a possibility or a multinational force that tries to combat organized crime in that region, which is one of the main reasons of how the Amazon is doing right now. I would say this is unknown. If you say this to any Brazilian, no one is considering a multinational force or anything of this nature. I think we, not only as Brazilians, but as other Amazonian countries, we have the means to take care of the security issue. That's not to say that the drug problem is not a problem. I mean, security is an issue in the US or in Europe or all over the world. So we all need to cooperate on this. But I think that one issue which is missing in this meeting here in Lima is the issue of legalizing some drugs, because I think that's a hot topic now. Uruguay has already legalized. There was this report done by the President of Colombia, President of Brazil, and President of Mexico who make this case very strongly, and I think this is something that needs to be more debated. Or at least decriminalized drugs, not legalized. Decriminalized, yes. It's easier to decriminalize it than to legalize it. That's a good first step. And by the way, that issue on drugs, etc., is very much a demand issue. It's not a supply issue. In fact, if you reduce supply, you will increase the prices in the streets of New York, and the traffickers will be better off. And to connect it to the forestation issue, for example, at least in Colombia, the war on drugs, it's a big cost for the forestation because, I mean, they're just cutting off plantations of cocaine, and the growers just move further into the forest, cutting clear cut, more forest, and the government comes back cutting all the new plantations, and the process is an ongoing issue. But on the other hand, the idea that sparks in my mind for that great question, nevertheless, on the security, is that there is an argument to be made on regional security and security, which is the weather extreme phenomenon that is related to ongoing climate change, has a security angle, a very important security angle, that is of the self-interest of the nations involved and pan-regionally, to do something about for their own enlightened self-interest of reducing the security risks that they have. In this case, not drug trafficking risks, but other type of risks. Thank you. Well, the time is up. I want to thank you all for coming. Thanks to the panelists. I'm very excited to have been part of this. It's, as I told you before, it's very exciting to see a stage where these very important and critical issues are being discussed in the World Economic Forum type of events. It's evident now from the business perspective, the community perspective, government, and science that a common framework needs to be developed. But it's my sense that this is just a conversation, a beginning conversation, and as a starting point, and the conversation has to go on. And we can't, even though it's very frustrating, as you were saying, we keep meeting and talking about the issues, but we can stop. I mean, it's something that we need to come up with a solution. So thank you very much. I just want to end up by reading a very short paragraph that I thought it was food for thought. If we were to calculate the cost of the services the Amazon provides and consider the permanent destruction of value we are causing for destroying it, and compare it with the short-term value its destruction is generating, every reasonable person, politician, economist, businessman, will agree that humanity will be better off if the Amazon is left untouched. Thank you very much.


Ladies and gentlemen, here I am driving into the Lombardi luxury estate. This is an estate that is one of a kind and has so much to offer. One of them being the first mosque that is ever going to be built in an estate at this node. Another huge, huge selling point is that if you decide to purchase within the Lombardi and through the realtor, the estate agency responsible for this home, you will have a wall donated in your name in Sri Lanka that you can visit for the opening ceremony. But I'm sure by now you must be very, very excited to know what home we're going to be talking about that gets you a wall that gets you to be part of history with the first mosque ever to be built in this node. And that home is right over there where you see that green shrubbery. Ladies and gentlemen, my name is Chad Raveiros. This is The Home Shopper Show and I've got one thing to say to you and that's welcome home.


Rhaid i chi'n gweithio am yr ysgolwch yn ymgyrch o'r cyfrifiadau am amddian nhw. Rwy'n gweithio yng nghymru. Rwy'n gweithio yng Nghymru, ynglynig, oherwydd y cyfrifiadau yn ysgolwch, y 16 ymgyrch y gallwn y fath o'r amser o'r llun o'r adnodau o'r cyfrifiadau yn ysgolwch, oherwydd yng Nghymru. Roedd ymlaenol yn ymlaenol yn gweld o'r cheffmau gwahodd yn ysgawddion o'r seffyl yn ymlaenol. Mae'r seffyl yn ymlaenol o'r gwahodd yn rhoi'r effeithio ar y dod y 14 ysgawdd. A ydych i'n rhoi'n gwybod i'r lleol, ac mae'n siaradau ychydig yn ysgrifennu ar y 16 ysgawdd. Felly, a rwyf i'ch gwaith ymlaen nhw, rwy'n amlwg y son am 12, 15 or 15 oed, bod y bobl Morin Cambol yn y bobl. Felly mae'r bobl yn ymlaen nhw yn ynglyn â hynny yn ymlaen oedd yma yn Europa. Mae'r bobl yn ymlaen nhw'n gweithio. Mae ydych chi'n gweithio gyd yw ddweud o wneud y bobl yn ymlaen nhw'n gweithio. in England, which I'm not going to go into now, but it is a recognised phenomenon. And similar data, this is quite old, but I think figures are still valid, are showing that when we get into the 16th century we see a period of change across a whole range of different indicators, suggesting again that something is starting to happen in terms of recovery. And when we look at other sorts of data, we can see when we look before this period, this is 1377, the poll tax showing that the approximate density is a population, even given all the issues of using taxation data as a proxy for population, it's all we have. But what you can see is in the end of the 14th century, the population densities are quite different from what we've got by about 1600, and the area I'm going to be looking at is eastern England here, where you can see there's quite a shift in the focus of population from broadly the north of the area to the south. The data I'm going to be using is from around 2001m2 excavations within these inhabited villages. They're all carried out using the same methods, following the same instructions, are recorded in a standardised manner, and the results are over viewed each year in the Medieval Settlement Research Group annual report. And the work has focused, as I said, on the non-deserted site, the currently occupied rural settlements, rather than looking at the deserted sites, with the argument that they may be more typical than the deserted sites. Most deserted villages in England seem to begin to be depopulated from the 14th century, though many of them carry on into the 15th and 16th century. Working in these inhabited villages, these currently occupied rural settlements, can tell you street by street which areas are subject to intensive activity, like habitation, at different times. And we can also use the pottery data as a proxy for population and wider demographic change. It's also a very effective way of involving members of wider publics, and I must acknowledge probably about 10,000 people who've taken part in this project over the last 10 years. And if anyone is interested in doing something similar in Europe, I'd be very interested to hear from you, because I would like to see if something similar would work in other areas. When we look at the 16th century, we can see how this fits into a longer picture. The 16th century is essentially the beginning of the post-Medieval period, and we can see the growth in this period is very, very strong. In terms of the numbers of sites that appear to be inhabited, the numbers of locations within these settlements that are inhabited. We can see the growth is as strong really as it was in the high Medieval period, was the drop after the 14th century and then this growth. And this is a map of all of the settlements that we've carried out these excavations in. So, I'm going to take you quickly through a sample of these settlements to show how this evidence is demonstrating how the settlements changed over the period of the 16th century. And in some cases, I'm going to go back to earlier periods so you can see how that change fits into the wider change, so how unusual what is going on in the 17th century and 18th century is. And as I said, they're all inhabited villages. This is Perthton in Hertfordshire. For all of the maps I'm going to show you, a test fit that had no pottery of any given date is shown as a white square, a test fit which did have pottery is shown as a circle and the larger the circle, the more pottery. Correlating the data with field walking evidence suggests that for the Medieval period, two sherds or more is more than you'd expect from field systems and might indicate settlement, whereas five sherds or more are very likely to indicate settlement. Please ignore the distinction between grey and black, that's for a different issue which I won't go into now. So, when we're looking at Perthton, you can see this is the map of the settlement today and you can see in the 12th to 14th century the dates at the top there, so that's for the black death. The settle of the village is very, very densely inhabited, nearly all of the test pits are using large amounts of pottery. We can see then the impact of the black death when we look at the two centuries after the 14th century and this isn't just the impact of the black death, there's a series of demographic, there's a series of difficulties in the 14th century which caused the population to fall and I'm not going to go into that in detail now, but you can see what the village is like by about 1500, very, very thinly populated with large amounts of pits producing no pottery at all and then when we look at the couple of centuries from 1500 onwards, we can see the recovery. So, we can see that the entire streets across much of the settlement have come back into intensive use, in particular the areas outlining green here, the main high street area near the modern-day castle of the church and this area down in the south of the village. We can also see other areas that are not really recovering, the streets on the edge of the settlement here, the north end of the settlement here and this area here. Now, those might look like sort of recent margins of the settlement, but actually when you go back to the high medieval period, you can see that these are areas that were in intensive use in the high medieval period. So, we can see at Perthyn what changes are happening. We can also see actually when we look at the 19th century data that really is not until this period that Perthyn recovers to its pre-Black Death level. So, here the 16th century is the beginning of the recovery, but it's a long, slow recovery. So, it's a brief summary there. Sorry, the text is so big. The presentation I was in yesterday, the screens were terrible so I raised all the font size and it's much better here. So, just a few other examples. It's a mumbrook. It's quite near Perthyn. It's a similar pattern really. This is the village before the Black Death afterwards, not as badly affected. But we can see again in the post-medieval period, we've got intensive in this area. We've also got extension into other outlying parts of the settlement. At Great Shelford, we have an Agro Saxon core of Settlement Down in the south here. We can see in the high medieval period there's been a new settlement found. This is called High Green. So, the new settlement up here, the settlement extends along the high street. It then contracts back. Again, drops very severely in the later medieval period, the latest medieval period. We can see again dramatic growth here in the post-medieval period of the 16th to 18th century. Focused on this area and High Green re-populated at this time. At Cottenham, we can see again we've got an Anglo Saxon core here. The current church is right up in the north there. We suspect there must be a church somewhere in the centre here in the Anglo Saxon period. In the high medieval, we see the settlement up the other church coming to resistance. You can see the regular boundaries there, which might date to this period. It's much more difficult to see the settlement here. In the post-black death period, we see this settlement here producing nothing. The central settlement here being de-populated. From the 16th century, we see the settlement recovering very dynamically. Large amounts of habitation here. This seems to be the period really when the settlement near the church is certainly coming into more intensive, more extensive habitation. The church is actually quite late. I think it's brought in the century there. The settlement clearly extends there. This isn't a date when these strips are laid out. Islam is on the edge of Fenland. We see here again there's relatively little in the late Anglo Saxon period. It's a single site there. Sorry to keep moving. I appreciate it was the nightmare to film this. We see in the high medieval period there's an outlying settlement here, which is de-populated. The main settlement where the church is, is carrying on. Not too bad, the effected. We can see very dramatically in the post medieval period. We see this intensification here. This deserted settlement produces nothing of this date at all. Nothing post 14th century. We also see in areas of dispersed settlement new settlements being founded. This is Little Hallingbury. A much more dispersed landscape, as you can see, with a tenuous set of outlying greens. When we look in the post medieval period, sorry, the late medieval period we can see, this again is after the Black Death. There's a clustered new creation near the church here. A tiny amount of activity. These are just single sherds from each of these pits. These are much more like to be to do with field use, non-intensive use rather than settlement. But when we look in the post medieval period, the 16th to 18th century, we can see this clearly seems to be here when this settlement is founded, this settlement grows and there's another new area of habitation here and there and there. So we can see dispersed settlements forming in the landscape. It's an interest in almost complete reversal of what appears to be going on in Czechoslovakia, but I didn't know, sorry in Czech public, but I didn't know before hearing the papers this morning. A garblesham, we see again a very small linear of a scattered Anglo-Saxon settlement growing a little bit. Some of these outlined dispersed habitations coming to existence in the high medieval period, but nothing down here on the edge of the common. We see again a severe contraction in the later medieval period, really virtually very little going on the top. It would seem in any of these sites here, and then when we get into the post medieval period from the 16th century, we see again the intensive expansion here in the number of inhabited sites. This isn't just showing the volume of pottery used, well we may be getting more pottery deposited, but it's showing the number of sites. I want to make the point as well, we've got activity coming in here. Similar hesset here, small Anglo-Saxon nucleation growth in the high medieval period with some outline settlements here. Contraction and then these dispersed settlements out into this landscape, heavenly wooded. These feel like clearance settlements or re-clearance settlements re-occupying these areas. A similar manudon, we see again, this is just before the black death into the period after it, and at all of these periods we've got really nothing turning up on any of these outlying sites, these greens and ends out on the edge until we get into the early post medieval period. And at Carlton Road, other examples again. Here we've got a dispersed settlement pattern in the high medieval period for the black death on the edge of what's common here. Out isolated farms, you can see from the scale, these are quite far apart. But interestingly there's nothing around the church, the parish church is actually just underneath there. We see the depopulation after the black death and then we see, again, the very, very intensive use of the landscape, nearly all of these sites in the 16th or 18th century producing large amounts of pottery and for the first time we've actually got settlement around the church and the church has been there since the 13th century but isolated until we get into this later period. At Nailand we see a village that first appears or small town that first appears in the high medieval period. It doesn't suffer really any setback or any visible setback that has a permanent impact in the post black death period. And what we see here in the 16th or 18th century is extension along these outlying streets so we've got growth in this area. Now there is a question here of course to what extent we can link any of this to the 16th century and I've been using the term post medieval and I've been referring to the 16th to 18th century and that is a function of the dating of the pottery. If only pottery use changed every century on the dot the lives of all of us as archaeologists would be a lot easier. It is difficult. Some of our indicative wares for this period have very long periods of use. We've got stoneware and particularly the glazed red urban wares. We actually find very little stoneware, strangely enough. But we get a lot of glazed red urban wares but it has a long period of use into the post medieval period. We do have some other wares that have a tighter chronology and as you can see they're not perfect for the 16th century but they are better. So when we look at Nailand again which is the one I've just shown you we can start to drill down into the wares that may actually be mostly 16th century or at least certainly fit into the long 16th century and the term long 16th century works very well for the pottery. You can see there's actually quite an interesting pattern here. There's clearly a concentration of these black circles here along this street which is called New Lane. So I think you can be fairly confident that probably dates to around about the 16th century and some outline use here but this whole area here produces no pottery of the 16th century date. What we can also see is most of these sites all of these sites are also producing this glazed red urban where this stuff that goes all across the period. But we can contrast that with the 17th and 18th century wares which are quite easily dateable and we can see that there's less emphasis on this area and in fact some of these are really very little pottery turning up to single sherds from this period really is negligible in terms of settlement but we have clearly got a new development probably of this street in the 17th and 18th century as the town is growing. It does raise the question though when we compare these distributions as to what's really going on in areas like this where there are lots of glazed red urban wares which we can't date very tightly and very widely used but these more dateable wares which are probably, there's no such thing as high status pottery ceramicist telling me but they're perhaps more special and most of these dateable 17th and 18th century wares are imported from some distance away from Staffordshire or even from other countries. So maybe these are the highest status areas and the glazed red urban wares is giving us the more, the kind of less high status areas and maybe to do with dating but what it is showing is how we can see developments in these periods in the 16th, 17th and 18th century in these settlements. And it's another example, Ashwell here we've got the basic data this is the pre-black there for vividness of this well it's a rather bitty settlement really not very densely inhabited after the black death it seems to coalesce around the church and then into the post-medieval period we see this coalescence around the church become much denser, larger and new areas of settlement expanding that and then we can look at this from again what's actually 16th century we've only got three pits that have reduced definite datable 16th century material and that contrasts with the 17th and 18th so I'm just going to skip over this and show you the distributions across the whole region so the bigger the circle the higher the percentage of pits producing pottery this is before the black death this is afterwards which give you a clear indication of the level of contraction we've got after the 14th century and this is the post-medieval 16th, 17th, 18th century and we can highlight those places where the growth is greatest where the percentage of pits with pottery is greatest and we can see this shift to the south that you can see in the wider historical data and we can relate this then to the farming regions which I'm not going to go into now but you can see I think generally the areas where it's sort of grain and stock sheep and grain, the grain growing areas which are the areas A and B, the unshaded areas are growing less dynamically than those areas where there's more in the way of stock rearing and pastoralism so I'm going to stop there, thank you very much


My name is Akinde Jifalaki. I work with the National Orientation Agency and what we do essentially is to communicate government policy to the people at the grassroots and get feedbacks from them back to government as part of the policy process. And what I would just like to do is to put a human face to the issue of climate change. I'm sure many of us have watched this South African comedy before the gods must be crazy, but the bottle of coke that fell, and well, since it fell from heaven and nobody lives in heaven, it's God that threw that bottle. We have said a lot about the impact of climate change, and we know in Adriatic economy, all aspects are impacted, vulnerable, human settlement, health, but in particular agriculture. And so I would just zero in agriculture, and the impact it has increased in hunger, malnutrition, decline in rain-fed agricultural yields, shifting crop cultivation, several impacts. And I'm sure you know, in my own presentation, I'm dealing with small-scale farmers, they provide the food for the nation. And I would just skip through a number of slides. So we're talking about adaptation, how they adapt, and like we have said repeatedly in this conference, adaptation is about development. And take the MDGs, for instance, they measure progress towards sustainable development, and we know climate change can directly affect their ability to meet the MDGs. It can also indirectly erode in their capacity to adapt. This research is within the context of a program called Sleaze Farm Sustaining, Strengthening the Lively Wood of Small-Scaled Farmers in Nigeria. It's a project by Oxfam GP and European Commission run from 2008 to 2011. And what they essentially want to do is to get 6,000 local small-scale farmers and two different interventions, Village Savings and Loans Group, and also the formation of small-scale marketing association. But one thing they discovered, there were no climate change component into this program. And they just suddenly discovered halfway that all of their program is being messed up with the changes in the climate that was not factored into the program. So specific objectives have got five, but I would just zero on the one that I've underlined. Look at 30 years' temperature and rainfall trend and also look at what the farmers think. I mean, we have our own data set, but we must also know exactly what's the mindset of the rural people that we are dealing with. My studies within the middle bed of Nigeria, the middle bed of Nigeria is very strategic. One is the food basket of the nation. Secondly, it's also the area where you have, as a result of migration, in the northern part of the country, you have the Savannah area where there is the desert area. And so because of the impact of climate change in that area, people are moving downwards to the middle belt. And also if you get to the southern part that borders the Atlantic Ocean, where you have the forest, but we also have its own local impact of climate change, sea level rise and all of that, people also move towards the middle belt. So you end up having issues of conflict over control over resource, natural resources and all of that. So it's a very strategic place to study. And also if you look at it, you will see that the play two, just high up there, almost about 5,000 meters elevation. And right here, we have the Benwey trough, just a little above sea level. So we're also going to look at perception right up there and right down there. And these are the communities. We looked at it in three states, play two Benwey and Nassarawa, nine communities and 34, nine local government, 34 communities and 6,000 households. To take this sample, we took farmers that have lived in a community for at least 30 years, because we won't be able to know if they have lived there and they can tell us what they think. I mean, just simply, what do you think is happening to rainfall and temperature? And we also picked farmers who are 40 years above, so they're experienced and they can tell the difference. And I just put a few context as far as I can. Most of the farmers are females. Literacy is very low. Household size is average of about 11. Social network is quite strong because we have a lot of people who probably may be able to live within the village. Average of residents, we see the kind of buildings where they live. And all of these also have implications for climate change, for global warming, for heat, houses without windows and all of that. Common household appliance, radio, motorcycle, mobile phones, access to banking facilities is very poor. Dependence is on a petrol-powered generator because public parts of life is so erratic. 95% depending on fuel would. I mean, it's just parts of the culture.  So to put a human face, we see women suffer so much in fact. When the rivers dry, they travel very long distance. That means many times they're out of school. They also have to take care of the children.   And these are very serious issues with them. Disease budding, quite high. Distance to clinic, very, very large and access to medical facilities is very poor. Just to give us a context, these are purely, purely farmers. So let me let, and then access to extension agents. If you look at this, you would see that BNWI has it 5% while NASRA and P2 has much, much, much lower. And also not just extension, access to extension services, but also, also importantly, access to information about expected rainfall temperature, maybe through the radio.  But within that state, you see there are microclimates. And so what's happening in the northern part of that is not what is happening in the southern part of that state. So sometimes people are just misled when you say in Plato state, it's going to rain. But in my own Plato state, it's not raining. So these are all issues that farmers have to contend with. Nigeria is a very all rich country. And in OPEC, we have, we pay the highest per liter for petrol. Minimum wage is also the lowest among OPEC countries. So you see clearly that there is so much resources that the country has access to, but there's so much poverty. Also because of the issue of corruption. So we have very fat government and very lean people. And all of this is still part of the context because it's the government that will push the policy. The policy itself is political. So when we have so much disconnect, so much resources, and yet it doesn't filter down to the grassroot, that's what we have. So it's still within the context that we're dealing with. Now, so it's still about the chicken. This chicken knows there's something about this man. It's just different. He knows there's something about him, but he really doesn't know what exactly it is. Now let's look at exactly what the people think. And we've asked them in the last 30 years, what do you think about the perception of air temperature? Now, if you look at this, it's that this is not too clear, but 72% generally in all these three states tells us that rain, air temperature has increased. But that could be misleading. If you don't look at it at the micro level, again, majority says that air temperature has increased. But rainfall, if you look at it here, you will see aggregate. Majority says that rainfall has also increased. But if you look at it at the micro level, you will see in Bainway, which is located at the Bainway Trophy, Lowland. You will see that more people say, yes, rainfall has increased close to the rainforest. But closer not to the savannah, the people have completely different perception. They just say that rainfall, majority people say rainfall has decreased. Also, because it's not just about the amount of rain that falls, but also more importantly, the distribution of the rain. If you have so much rainfall over a short period of time, and then you have a long dry spell, it's not good for farming. So we also want to know if the rain falls at the right time. And also, judging by the perception for majority across both says that the rainfall pattern is unpredictable, different from the pattern they are using. So let's just go quickly through these graphs. And let's see what the data set says. We've looked at what the mindset says, the data set says. In Makodi, the temperature is on the increase. Minimum temperature, maximum temperature is on the increase. In Jaws, minimum temperature is on the increase. In the last 30 years, increasing at very interesting percentages, I would just keep through this. Maximum temperature in Jaws also increases. So generally, the system is warming up. But in rainfall, in Makodi, there is an increase from the meteorological record. Now, this tells us that when I was in school a few years ago, and the textbooks we read talks about the concept of the August break. Nigeria, we have double maxima rainfall in June, and in September, the rainfalls are very high. In August, it's low. And the farmers understand this, and they've lived with this all over the years. But in the last 30 years, all of that is changing. So even our textbooks, our geography textbook, is changing, because what we can see from the data set is that in August, we're having more rains. Just these last augusts in Nigeria, it was terrible. The nation was literally underwater. More than two-thirds of the states were flooded. What you would normally think that in August, there would be no rain. So one thing we can get is that the farmers know that something is happening. They just know that something is happening. The same thing with rain days. But if we look at just, interestingly, the perception of the local people tallies with exactly what the major local records are saying, and what is it that there is a decline in rainfall. Remember, just is up there on the plateau and it's closer to the north, where you have the desert. But even given the fact that the rainfall is on the decline, again, we see that in August, contrary to what we think, that rainfall is on the increase. So the dry spell in rainy season is moving away from July to August. Now that bringing a lot of distortion to the thinking of the farmers, what they have historically been used to about rainfall. And so we have so much rain, devastation, public facilities destroyed and there's so much desert at the same time. It can be so bad that sometimes people may need to depend when it gets so bad on water from some very strange sources whether to drink or to have their bath. Now these just paper cuttings of just recent happiness. These were in the month of August, play to where you would ordinarily think things are dry, so much devastation and people just which look I'd rather not just live through this, farmland, houses, several destruction of lives and properties that are taking place. Now, so the people can get exactly that something is changing, but what's the cause of what is happening? Just by asking them, what do you think is responsible for climate change? Aggregated and bush burning, tray cuttings, but people would also tell you, interestingly, all of these are significant. I'm running an over, so people generally would believe that seen and evil spirits are more responsible for climate change than industrialization. Now that's what they think, whether it's right or wrong. We know what it is, we know what it is. But again, let's look at it at the local level. Let's just break that and just ask in terms of numbers. You will see in Benway, remember I said, people in Benway have more access to agricultural extension and more access to information on rainfall and temperature, but in Nashawa that they do not have. So you will see that the perception in Benway, it goes closer to what we know, scientifically proven to be responsible for climate change, tray cutting, bush burning and industrialization, but not the same with areas of the Middle Belt where they have poor access to agricultural extension. So what do they do? Change in tree planting, date, improved livestock and changes in household construction. In one of the villages where we visited, there was a flood, massive flood. But the people in one village discovered that every single building in that village was leveled. But in the next village, no single building came down. And so they went to ask, what were you doing differently? And they just suddenly discovered that in their village, they build their huts very tall. And because the center of gravity, when the rains came, the buildings came down. When the next village, they build their buildings very short and all the buildings stayed. And so they just learned that we are gonna change the way we build. We will now build shorter buildings and so that when the rains come, they can stay. So they are learning in their own indigenous way how to cope with this system. But interestingly, when people perceive that it is evil spirits and sin and adultery and fornication and stealing, that's responsible for the rains, not falling when it should fall or how it should fall, then the results to carrying out spiritual exercises, offering sacrifices to gods and asking questions, what have we done wrong? The gods should forgive us. And these are issues. I remember making a presentation at the faculty and somebody asked me a question. How do you measure sin? And I said, well, I'm not measuring sin. How do you measure evil spirit? I said, well, I'm not measuring spirit. He said, what you cannot measure, you can't talk about. I said, well, scientifically, yes. But this is what the people say. And I think we should be humble enough to listen to what they say. And one of the professors says, well, maybe because they say that sin and evil spirit are responsible for the change in climate that is affecting the agriculture. So you just tell them, make sure that you don't, make sure you don't do the wrong thing. So how are they adapting? You're just rounding up constraints, poverty, development issues. If you provide imputes, you provide access to finance, you provide access to information on weather and climate, you see that the people would learn to adapt. And this is my closing slides. This man is a witch doctor, a jujuman, a shaman. I don't know. All the years he has learned to tell the people this is how it will rain, this is when it will rain. But we in the science field must learn to bring about a link, to listen to what this man says, to let him also have access to scientific information and see how we can marry together with our humility and see how we can also shape their perception. Thank you very much.


What you see are dramatic displays where women are coordinated in their dress. White became a symbol of the suffrage movement. So they're borrowing from traditional iconography of womanhood. They're borrowing the notion of purity. They're also borrowing notions of white supremacy. It works on a lot of different levels. So in, for instance, 1913, you see at the head of that suffrage parade a very well-known young beautiful lawyer, female lawyer who is dressed in white in a long white dramatic cape and sitting astride a pure white horse. And that suffrage parade is heading past the Capitol. The first public protest to ever petition the White House to stand outside and demand attention in front of the White House which is a familiar image now for early 21st century Americans. This is what you do when you want attention and when you want to call the powers that be on the carpet and you want to demand something from them. But the first one was a suffrage parade and it was talked about as very controversial. Women were being bold. This was led by two leaders, young leaders, a new generation of more, what's often referred to as militant suffrage women because instead of working behind the scenes and just working through contacts with powerful men, they went directly to the public and they also got arrested for what they were doing and then staged hunger strikes in prison and they also got them an enormous amount of attention. Lucy Barnes and Alice Paul organized this particular one on the eve of the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson the day before the inauguration so they were very savvy. They knew the press was in town. They knew people were gathered there for the next day and there was almost no one to greet the new elected president so they stepped off the train because everyone was downtown watching the women marchers. So they were very coordinated. They were all about using the press and that's new. The press is relatively new so it's not a surprise that 19th century suffragists were not as able to take advantage of them. It simply didn't exist really until the end of the 1890s but it is the first time that you really see the suffrage movement using that to its full advantage.


When you come to these seasons where you are broken, his grace fills in that brokenness. When you feel like your 1,000 pieces shattered on the floor, his companionship is that glue that holds you together. And now you're not held together by self-reliance. You're not held together because of the blessings that abound around you.  You're held together by something that is eternally more reliable. And that is the presence of the Holy Spirit.


Hi, my name is Elisa, and with the help from my partner, Tanesha, we are going to explore Canva. Canva is a digital tool that can be used to create teacher branding, classroom worksheets, posters, resumes, flyers, and so much more. I'm going to show you a quick tutorial on how to get started with Canva. If you do not already have a Canva account, I highly suggest signing up for the educator account. If you go to www.canva.com slash education, it will take you to this screen, and you can just register for a Canva account for free. When you do this, you have access to all the paid features of Canva without having to pay for them. The only thing you have to do is verify that you're an educator. So if you take a picture of your school ID and submit it, then when you submit your registration, they will give you access to all of the features. And I just think that this is the best tool to use for educators. So I'm going to go ahead and log in. I'm going to log in through Google, and you're going to be able to see what my Canva account looks like. So this is my main screen, and I have a lot of options to choose from. So at the top, you'll find your home screen or just templates. If you know you want to quickly get started. On the left, you'll find all of your designs. So anything that I've already created, designs that were shared with me, classwork, and you'll be able to access these very quickly. If you know that, okay, I just want to get started right now, and I want to go ahead and make my design. You can just jump right over to Create Design, or you can choose from a template that's already quickly there for you that you know you might need. When you go to Create Design, you have the option to choose from so many different designs. If you need an invitation or a business card, or you're making a poster for school, you're updating your resume, there are so many options for you. So we're just going to go ahead and quickly make a poster. Now you have two choices when creating. No matter what the template is, you can either create from scratch, or you can just use a pre-made template that might be able to start you off in creating your work. So let's say I wanted to just create an educational poster or a school poster. I find school posters and I can see all the ones that are already created, and I have the option to choose from any of these. So let's just go with class rules. Maybe it's the beginning of the year, you need to start making your rules for the class, and you have a certain design that you're looking for. If these aren't the colors you like, you can click anything and change those colors. So it's always going to be up here, the colors that are primary in that design, and you can change them to anything you want. Say you wanted to change it to green. Even if you didn't like the picture's outfit, you know, I can change that dress to pink. I can delete aspects of the design that I don't like, and maybe I wanted to replace that diamond with a broom. I can go here to elements and just search broom, and you'll be able to notice that some of these, as you scroll over them, say edu, and then some of them will say free. These are the ones that you now have access to, because you have the paid account. So you can just quickly insert it. And again, if you don't like the color, that's fine. You can change that. Okay. So on the side here, you'll notice that you might want to change the template, or you might have something that's already saved to your files that you want to upload. You can use stock photos that they have already. This saves you time on Google trying to find a quality picture, or you can search different elements like we did with the broom. You can add text. They have some font combinations that are already put together, or if you know the font that you want to use, you can just add a subheading or add a heading and change the font to whatever you'd like. You can also change the size and the color just as you would be able to in Word. So on certain things, you might also want to add music. Again, they have stock music here that you don't have to search for, and you know it's going to be appropriate, or you can add videos. Again, they still have stock ones, but if you wanted to upload something from your computer, you could do that as well. So let's say my design is great the way that I have it. I don't want to change anything else. I have the option to share it to someone that I know maybe just their email. You can download it, and it'll give you the suggestion. This is just a quick download, but you can save it however you'd like, or you can go up here to these three dots, and it'll give you a lot more options for saving. So they recommend downloading it or assigning it as an assignment on Canva. If you have a class, you can assign it to Google Classroom or Microsoft Teams, or there's some other ways that you can share it. So definitely take the time to look through this Canva because there are so many features, and that was just a quick way to show you how to create a design. But even though I didn't hit save, just like in a Google Slide, it's already saving for you, and it's going to save automatically. And let's say that's the one you want, you can go ahead and download it right from here, or you can just open it up. So it's always going to be in my save designs, and I can add a title to it, and I'll easily be able to access it. So I believe that Canva is just a great tool to use for a variety of things. So again, this is how you use Canva to help with creating teacher branding, classroom worksheets, posters, resumes, flyers, and so much more. Thanks for watching, and don't forget to check out our other resources. Bye.


Hey everyone, welcome back to another Counter Side video. So today, we'll take a look at the new video for Ju Si-yoon, the Awakened version. It's going to be released, I think, first in Korea. So let's take a look at the video first. This is actually, I think, my second time looking at the video in terms of his skills and everything. Let's take a look at the video again together with you and I'll have my impressions later. Okay, so two things actually came into mind when I saw the video. Let's take a look at the first one that actually, I'll pause it guys once I see it. Then you guys will notice it as well. Okay, so now, this is the first time actually I have seen Ju Si-yoon's eyes. So a lot of people have been, have been mentioning that it's the same thing with his eyes. He closes his eyes, but for the first time in this video, you've seen his eyes. I think this is his younger self or I think this was, I'm not sure. This is actually the regular Ju Si-yoon. I think that's Hildi there on the left. So again, so you've seen his eyes. I think I like him more with closed eyes. Then let's fast forward to a couple of, a couple of, okay. So as you can see here, if you noticed his sword. His sword is actually still the same size, but the sheath is actually very, it's kind of big already at this point. So there's an upgrade. Let's see the, let's see the full body of the sheath. So as you can see here, so as you can see here, the sword is actually the same. Same size. The sheath is just oversized. I don't know why. I thought that the sword would be a lot more bigger than, than his previous sword. But again, it's going to be okay. As for his design, I'll actually, it's a very good improvement from the previous one. And I can't wait for us to get, you know, to get his awakened version in Southeast Asia. So again, I do hope that, I do hope that his skills will be, will be what they call this would be more significant in terms of his, in terms of his transition from, from what they call this from his regular form to his awakened form. So I hope it's going to be significant, a change. And I hope it would be beneficial for both PVP and for PVE. So that's it. So anyway, guys, though, those are my first impressions of Jushi and so hopefully we could get him soon. And this is just his short video from the warden. So I hope you guys stay safe. Take care. This is the warden and I'm out of here.