Section 29 of Great Epics in American History, Volume 1. This is a LibraVox recording. All LibraVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibraVox.org. Recording by Betty B. Great Epics in American History, Volume 1. Voyages of Discovery and Early Explorations, 1000 A.D. to 1682 by Francis Whiting Halsey. Section 29, The Death of Marquette, 1675 by Father Claude Deblon. Father James Marquette, having promised the Illinois, called Cascascia, to return among them to teach them our mysteries, had great difficulty in keeping his word. Great hardships of his first voyage had brought on a dysentery, and it so enfeebled him that he lost all hope of undertaking a second voyage. Yet his malady, having given way and almost ceased toward the close of the summer in the following year, he obtained permission of his superiors to return to the Illinois to found that noble mission. After the Illinois had taken leave of the father, filled with a great idea of the gospel, he continued his voyage and soon after reached the Illinois Lake, on which he had nearly a hundred leagues to make by an unknown route, because he was obliged to take the southern, eastern side of the lake, having gone thither by the northern, western. His strength, however, failed so much that his men despaired of being able to carry him alive to their journey's end. Therefore, in fact, he became so weak and exhausted that he could no longer help himself, nor even stir, and had to be handled and carried like a child. The eve of his death, which was a Friday, he told them, all radiant with joy, that it would take place on the morrow. During the whole day he conversed with them about the manner of his burial, the way in which he should be laid out, the place to be selected for his internment. He told them how to arrange his hands, feet, and face, and directed them to raise a cross over his grave. He even went so far as to enjoin them, only three hours before he expired, to take his chapel bell as soon as he was dead, and ring it while they carried him to the grave. Of all this he spoke so calmly and collectively, that you would have thought that he spoke of the death and burial of another, and not of his own. Thus did he speak with them as they sailed along the lake, till, perceiving the mouth of a river with an eminence on the bank, which he thought suited for his burial, he told them that it was the place of his last repose. They wished, however, to pass on as the weather permitted it, and the day was not far advanced, but God raised a contrary wind which obliged them to return and enter the river, pointed out by Father Marquette. They then carried him ashore, kindled a little fire, and raised for him a wretched bark cabin, where they laid him as little, uncomfortably as they could, but they were so overcome by sadness that, as they afterward said, they did not know what they were doing. The Father being thus stretched on the shore, like St. Francis Xavier, as he had always so ardently desired, and left alone amid those forests, where his companions were engaged in unloading. He had leisure to repeat all the acts in which he had been employed during the preceding days. He had prayed his companions to remind him, when they saw him about to expire, to pronounce frequently the names of Jesus and Mary. When he could not do it himself, they did it for him, and, when they thought him about to pass, one cried aloud, Jesus Maria, which he several times repeated distinctly, and then, as if at those sacred names, something had appeared to him. He suddenly raised his eyes above his crucifix, fixing them apparently on some object which he seemed to regard with pleasure, and thus, with accountants all radiant with smiles, he expired without a struggle, as gently as if he had sunk into a quiet sleep. His two poor companions, after shedding many tears over his body, and having laid it out as he had directed, carried it devoutly to the grave, ringing the bell according to his injunction, and raised a large cross near it to serve as a mark for passers by. End of Section 29. Discovery of Niagara Falls, 1678, by Father Louis Hennepin Betwixt the Lake Ontario and Erie, there is a vast and prodigious cadence of water, which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, in so much that the universe does not afford its parallel. Tis true, Italy and Sueta land boast of some such things, but we may well say they are but sorry patterns, when compared to this of which we now speak. At the foot of this horrible precipice, we meet with the River Niagara, which is not above half a quarter of a league broad, but is wonderfully deep in some places. It is so rapid above this descent that it violently hurries down the wild beasts while endeavouring to pass it to feed on the other side, they not being able to withstand the force of its current, which inevitably casts them down headlong above 600 foot. This wonderful downfall is compounded of two great cross streams of water, and two falls, with an isle sloping along the middle of it. The waters which fall from this vast height do foam and boil after the most hideous manner imaginable, making an outrageous noise, more terrible than that of thunder, for when the wind blows from off the south, their dismal roaring may be heard above 15 leagues off. The River Niagara, having thrown itself down this incredible precipice, continues its impetuous course for two leagues together, to the great rock above mentioned, with an inexpressible rapidity. But having passed that, its impetuosity relents, gliding along more gently for two leagues till it arrives at the Lake Ontario, or Froncinac. Any bark or greater vessel may pass from the fort to the foot of this huge rock above mentioned. This rock lies to the westward, and is cut off from the land by the River Niagara, about two leagues farther down than the Great Fall, for which two leagues the people are obliged to carry their goods over land. But the way is very good, and the trees are but few, and they chiefly furs and oaks. From the Great Fall unto this rock, which is to the west of the river, the two brinks of it are so prodigious high, that it would make one tremble to look steadily upon the water, rolling along with a rapidity not to be imagined. Were it not for this vast cataract, which interrupts navigation, they might sail with barks or greater vessels, above 450 leagues further, cross the Lake of Hurons, and up to the farther end of the Lake Illinois, Michigan, which two lakes we may well say are a little seas of fresh water. End of Section 30. Section 31 of Great Epics in American History, Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. While LibriVox recordings are in the public domain, for more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Great Epics in American History, Volume 1. Voyages of Discovery and Early Explorations, 1000 A.D. to 1682 by Francis Whiting Halsey. Section 31. LaSalle's Voyage to the Mouth of the Mississippi, 1682 by Francis Parkman. LaSalle chose 18 of his Indian allies whom he added to the 23 Frenchmen who remained with him, some of the rest having deserted and others lagged behind. The Indians insisted on taking their squaws with them. These were 10 in number besides three children, and thus the expedition included 54 persons of whom some were useless and others a burden. On the 21st of December, Tanti and Membre set out from Fort Miami with some of the party and six canoes and crossed to the Little River Chicago. LaSalle, with the rest of the men, joined them a few days later. It was the dead of winter and the streams were frozen. They made sledges, placed on them the canoes, the baggage and a disabled Frenchman, crossed from the Chicago to the northern branch of the Illinois and filed in a long procession down its frozen course. They reached the side of the great Illinois village, found it tenetless and continued their journey, still dragging their canoes, till at length they reached open water below Lake Peoria. LaSalle had abandoned for a time his original plan of building a vessel for the navigation of the Mississippi. Bitter experience had taught him the difficulty of the attempt, and he resolved to trust to his canoes alone. They embarked again, floating prosperously down between the leafless forests that flanked the tranquil river, till, on the 6th of February, they issued upon the majestic bosom of the Mississippi.  LaSalle's Indians too had lagged behind, but within a week all had arrived. The navigation was once more free and they resumed their course. Toward evening they saw on their right the mouth of a great river, and the clear current was invaded by the headlong torrent of the Missouri, opaque with mud. They built their campfires in the neighboring forests, and at daylight, embarking anew on the dark and mighty stream, drifted swiftly down toward unknown destinies. They passed to deserted town of the Tamaroas, saw three days after the mouth of the Ohio, and gliding by the wastes of bordering swamp, landed on the 24th of February, near the third Chickasaw Bluffs. They encamped, and the hunters went out for gain. All returned except Pierre Proudholm, and as the others had seen fresh tracts of Indians, LaSalle feared that he was killed. While some of his followers built a small stockade fort on a high bluff by the river, others ranged the woods in pursuit of the missing hunter. After six days of ceaseless and fruitless search, they met two Chickasaw Indians in the forest, and through them LaSalle sent presents and peace messages to that warlike people, whose villages were a few days' journey distance. Several days later, Proudholm was found and brought into the camp, half dead. He had lost his way while hunting, and to console him for his woes, LaSalle christened the newly built fort with his name, and left him with a few others in charge of it. Again they embarked, and with every stage of their adventurous progress, the mystery of this vast new world was more and more unveiled. More and more they entered the realms of spring. The hazy sunlight, the warm and drowsy air, the tender foliage, the opening flowers, betoken the reviving life of nature. For several days more they followed the writhings of the Great River, on its torturous course through wastes of swamp and cane break, till on the 13th of March they found themselves wrapped in a thick fog. Neither shore was visible, but they heard on the right the booming of an Indian drum and the shrill outcries of the war dance. LaSalle at once crossed to the opposite side, where in less than an hour his men threw up a rude fort of fell trees. Meanwhile the fog cleared, and from the farther bank the astonished Indians saw the strange visitors at their work. Some of the French advanced to the edge of the water, and beckoned them to come over. Several of them approached in a wooden canoe to within the distance of a gunshot. LaSalle displayed the cow you met and sent a Frenchman to meet them. He was well received, and the friendly mood of the Indians now being apparent, the whole party crossed the river. On landing they found themselves at a town of the Kappa Band of the Arkansas, a people dwelling near the mouth of the river which bears their name.  I cannot tell you the civility and kindness we received from these barbarians, who brought us poles to make huts, supplied us with firewood during the three days we were among them, and took turns in feasting us. We did not lose the value of a pin while we were among them. After touching at several other towns of this people, the voyagers resumed their course, guided by two of the Arkansas, past the sites since become historic of Vicksburg and Grand Gulf, and about 300 miles below the Arkansas, stopped by the edge of a swamp on the western side of the river. Here, as their two guides told them, was the path to the great town of Tensas. Tanty and Membray were sent to visit it. They and their men shouldered their birch canoe through the swamp and launched it on a lake which had once formed a portion of the channel of the river. In two hours they reached the town and Tanty gazed at it with astonishment. He had seen nothing like it in America. The large square dwellings built of sun-baked mud mixed with straw arched over with a dome-shaped roof of canes and placed in regular order around an open area. Two of them were larger and better than the rest. One was the lodge of the chief, the other was the temple or house of the sun. They entered the former and found a single room 40 feet square where, in the dim light where there was no opening but the door, the chief sat awaiting them on a sort of bedstead. Three of his wives at his side, while 60 old men wrapped in white cloaks woven of mulberry bark, formed his divan. When he spoke, his wives howled to do him honor and the assembled counselors listened with the reverence due to a potent hate for whom at his death a hundred victims were to be sacrificed. He received the visitors graciously and joyfully accepted the gifts which Tanty laid before him. This interview over the Frenchman repaired to the temple wherein were kept the bones of the departed chiefs. In construction it was much like the royal dwelling. Over it were rude wooden figures representing three eagles turned toward the east. A strong mud wall surrounded it, planted with stakes on which were stuck the skulls of enemies sacrificed to the sun. While before the door was a block of wood on which lay a large shell surrounded with the braided hair of the victims. The interior was rude as a barn dimly lighted from the doorway and full of smoke. There was a structure in the middle which membrane thinks was a kind of altar and before it burned a perpetual fire fed with three logs laid end to end and watched by two old men devoted to the sacred office. There was a mysterious recess to which the strangers were forbidden to explore. But which is Tanty was told contain the riches of the nation consisting of pearls from the Gulf and trinkets obtained probably through other tribes from the Spaniards and other Europeans. On the next morning as they descended the river they saw a wooden canoe full of Indians and Tanty gave chase. He had nearly overtaken it when more than a hundred men appeared suddenly on the shore with bows bent to defend their countrymen. The sal called out to Tanty to withdraw. He obeyed and the whole party encamped on the opposite bank. Tanty offered to cross the river with a peace pipe and set out accordingly with a small party of men. When he landed the Indians made signs of friendship by joining their hands a proceeding by which Tanty having but one hand was somewhat embarrassed but he directed his men to respond in his stead. The Indians of this village were the Natchez and their chief was brother of the great chief or son of the whole nation. His town was several leagues distant near the side of the city of Natchez and thither the French repaired to visit him. They saw what they had already seen among the tenses, a religious and political despotism, a privileged caste descended from the sun, a temple and a sacred fire. The sal planted a large cross with the arms of France attached in the midst of the town while the inhabitants looked on with a satisfaction which they would hardly have displayed had they understood the meaning of the act. And now they near journey's end. On the 6th of April the river divided itself into three broad channels. LaSalle followed that of the west and Dautre that of the east while Tanty took the middle passage. As he drifted toward the turbid current between the low and marshy shores the brackish water changed to brine and the breeze grew fresh with the salt breath of the sea. Then the broad bosom of the great gulf opened on his sight tossing its restless billows limitless voiceless lonely as when born of chaos without a sail without a sign of life. LaSalle in a canoe coasted the marshy borders of the sea and then the reunited parties assembled on a spot of dry ground a short distance above the mouth of the river. Here a column was made ready bearing the arms of France and inscribed with the words Louis Legrande. Wa to France and to Navarre. Regne, Linovium 1682. On that day the realm of France received on parchment a stupendous accession the fertile plains of Texas the vast basin of the Mississippi from its frozen northern springs to the sultry borders of the gulf from the woody ridges of the Alleghenies to the bare peaks of the rocky mountains a region of savannas and forests sun cracked deserts and grassy prairies watered by a thousand rivers ranged by a thousand warlike tribes passed beneath the scepter of the Sultan of Versailles and all by virtue of a feeble human voice inaudible at half a mile. End of section 31. End of volume 1. Great epics in American history by Francis Whiting Halsey.


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As-Salaam-Alaikum. Welcome to lecture number 9 of the course on statistics and probability. You will recall that in the last lecture and the lecture before, we have been discussing various measures of central tendency. In other words, averages. We started from the mode. We went on to the arithmetic mean and the weighted mean. And after that, we discussed the median. After that, you will remember that the concept of partitioning involved in the median, we talked about the quartiles, deciles and percentiles. Today, we will discuss the geometric mean and the harmonic mean. And after that, I will also briefly mention a few other measures of central tendency. So, let us begin with the geometric mean. The geometric mean of n positive values x 1, x 2, so on up to x n is defined as the positive nth root of their product. In other words, g is equal to the nth root of x 1 into x 2 into x 3, so on up to x n, where each of the x values is greater than 0. You note that I told you that these values should be positive. You think that if any value is equal to 0 in your data set, then your geometric mean will become 0. Because when you multiply that value with all the other values, regardless of whatever the other values might be, this 1, 0 value will make the product equal to 0. So, that is why the geometric mean is defined in this manner, that it is the nth root of the product of the values when the values are all positive. The second thing to note is that it is easy to apply this formula if the number of data values is not very large. But if you have a considerably large number of values, students, you will agree that it may be quite laborious to find the nth root. Well, of course, if you have a computer at your disposal, then it is not difficult. But if you are doing it with an ordinary calculator, it may be quite difficult to find the ninth root, for example, if you have nine values. This problem is overcome by the use of logarithms. Taking logarithms to the base 10, our formula becomes log of G is equal to 1 over n times log of x 1 plus log of x 2 plus so on up to log of x n. Hence, the formula becomes log of G is equal to the sum of the logarithms. Hence, the formula becomes log of G is equal to sigma log x over n. But since we are interested in finding G, therefore, we take the antilog and the final formula is that G is equal to antilog of sigma log x over n. Let me apply this concept of the geometric mean to a very simple example. Suppose that we have values 45, 32, 37, 46, 39, 36, 41, 48 and 36. If we want to apply the original formula, then we will need to compute the numerical value of the ninth root of the product of all these values as you now see on the screen. But in order to simplify the computations, we will take the log of each of these values and we obtain the figures as you now see. Log of 45 is 1.6532, log of 32 gives us 1.5052 and so on. Adding this column of log x, the sum is 14.3870 dividing that by the total number of observations that is 9, log of G comes out to be 1.5986. The last step is to take the antilog and doing so, the geometric mean of these 9 values comes out to be 39.68. This is the formula for the geometric mean in case of raw data. Now, let us see what will be the modified version of this formula in case of grouped data. As you now see on the screen, the formula in this case will be that G is equal to the nth root of x 1 raised to f 1 into x 2 raised to f 2 and so on up to x k raised to f k. In other words, each value of x has to be multiplied by itself f times before we go to the step of taking the nth root. In terms of logarithms, the formula becomes log of G is equal to 1 over n multiplied by f 1 into log of x 1 plus f 2 into log of x 2 plus so on up to f k into log of x k which is equal to sigma f log x over n and taking the antilogithm G is equal to antilog of sigma f log x over n. Obviously, this formula is much easier to handle than the first one in which we had to take all those powers. Students, let me now apply this formula to the example of the EPA mileage ratings that we have been dealing with. As you now see on the screen, the x values that is the midpoints of the various classes are 31.45, 34.45, 37.45 and so on exactly the same as what we had earlier. And now in order to compute the geometric mean, we have to take the logarithm of each one of these x values and multiply that logarithm by the corresponding frequency. So, in this manner, we obtain the last column that you now see on the screen and the sum of this column comes out to be 47.3042. Dividing it by the total number of cars that we had that is 30, we get 1.5768 and taking the antilog of this number, the geometric mean comes out to be 37.74 miles per gallon. You will recall that when we found the arithmetic mean of the same data set, the answer was somewhat different. That is obvious. The formula of the mean is quite different from that of the geometric mean. And so, it is obvious that we will have some difference. The question arises that the different formulas are available to us. From these, which formula should be applied? In which situation we should apply the arithmetic mean or in which situation we should apply the geometric mean? So, the answer to this question as far as the geometric mean is concerned, let me explain this point to you with the help of an example. Suppose that it is found that a firm's turnover has increased during 4 years by the following amounts. In 1958, it was 2000 pounds whereas, in 1959, it became 2500 so that the percentage compared with the earlier year is 125. In other words, the turnover here that is 125 percent of the turnover of 1958. Similarly, the turnover for 1960 is 5000 pounds and that is 200 percent of the turnover of 1959. Also, the turnover for 1961 which is 7500 pounds sterling is 150 percent of the turnover of 1960. So, you have noted that the turnover of that company is not increasing at a constant rate but it is increasing at different rates over different years. Now, suppose that the owner of the company is interested in finding the average rate of growth of the turnover per year. If he finds the arithmetic mean, he will obtain 125 plus 200 plus 150 plus 140 divided by 4 equal to 153.75 percent as the average annual rate of turnover growth. But students, if this percentage is used to calculate the turnover from 1958 to 1962 inclusive, we find that this will give us an incorrect answer. But students, if we use this figure to compute the turnover for the 4 years, we will find that the answer is incorrect. As you now see on the screen, if we utilize this figure, we obtain 153.75 percent of 2000 equal to 3075, 153.75 percent of 3075 equal to 4728, 153.75 percent of 4728 equal to 7269, and 153.75 percent of 7269 equals 11176. That means, the turnover comes out to be 11176 pounds sterling whereas the actual turnover figure for 1962 is 10,500 pounds sterling. Students, you saw that arithmetic mean gave us an incorrect result at the end. Let us see if we use geometric mean in this situation, what do we get in this case? As you now see on the screen, the geometric mean of the turnover figures is 125 into 200 into 150 into 140 and the fourth root of this product comes out to be 151.37 percent. And if we utilize this value to obtain the individual turnover figures, we find that 151.37 percent of 2000 is 3027, 151.37 percent of 3027 is 4583 and continuing in this manner, the final figure comes out to be 10500 exactly the same as what we had in the original data. Students, if this company's turnover increases at a constant rate, that rate of growth would have been 51.37 percent. Please note Keje, I did not say 151.37 percent, I said the rate of increase if it was constant, if it was the same from year to year, it would be 51.37 percent. So, I hope students that this example has been able to convey to you very clearly the kind of situation in which this is the most appropriate average to use. But of course, this kind of a situation is encountered relatively less frequently in practice. Jo sub sejada commonly used measure of central tendency here, wo toh baharhal arithmetic mean he here. Let us consider another example that illustrates the interpretation of the geometric mean. Suppose that a factory worker receives a 5 percent increase in salary this year and a 15 percent increase next year. It should be noted students that a 5 percent increase in salary means that if the salary was rupees 100 at the beginning of the first year, then it becomes 105 at the beginning of the second year. In other words, the salary at the beginning of the second year is 105 percent of the salary at the beginning of the first year or we can say that the value is 1.05. Similarly, it should be noted that a 15 percent increase in salary means that if the salary was 100 at the beginning of the second year, then it becomes 115 at the beginning of the third year. In other words, the salary at the beginning of the third year is 115 percent of the salary at the beginning of the second year or 1.15. Now students if we compute the arithmetic mean of these two values, we obtain 1.05 plus 1.15 divided by 2 and that is equal to 1.10. In other words, according to this particular formula we can say that on the average the salary at the end of a year is 110 percent of the salary at the beginning of the year. In other words, according to this formula, the average annual increase is 10 percent. But students it is important to note that in this particular situation it is the geometric mean and not the arithmetic mean that provides the correct answer. The geometric mean of the two values 1.05 and 1.15 comes out to be 1.09886. In other words, according to this particular formula on the average the salary at the end of a year is 109.886 percent of the salary at the beginning of the year. In other words, according to this formula the average percent increase is 9.886 not 10 as we obtained earlier. Now in order to verify that it is the geometric mean and not the arithmetic mean that provides the correct answer, students let us assume that the monthly earning of the factory worker was rupees 3000 to start with and he received two increases of 5 percent and 15 percent respectively. So raise number 1 is 3000 into 0.05 and that is 150 rupees. Therefore, at the beginning of the second year his salary became rupees 3150. Also raise number 2 is rupees 3150 into 0.15 and that is equal to rupees 472.50. Therefore, students adding the two increments in salary the total increment is rupees 622.50. Now if we calculate the raise according to the geometric mean that we obtained a short while ago, we have rupees 3000 into 0.09886 equal to rupees 296.58 as raise number 1 and rupees 3296.58 into 0.09886 equal to rupees 325.90 as raise number 2 and students if we add these two increments we obtain rupees 622.48 or 622.5 exactly the same as what we obtained just now when we added the actual two increments. Hence, it is clear that in this type of a situation it is the geometric mean and not the arithmetic mean that provides the correct answer. The next measure of central tendency that I am going to discuss with you is the harmonic mean. Students harmonic mean is very interesting. It is defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the values. I know, let me repeat it for you. The harmonic mean is defined as the reciprocals of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the values. Symbolically it is equal to n over summation 1 over x. As you can see, if we take this formula as reciprocal that will be summation 1 over x divided by n and you know that if you divide sum or total number of values then that is the arithmetic mean of those quantities. So, if summation 1 over x over n means that we are talking about the arithmetic mean of the 1 over x values. So, that thing will be equal to 1 over the harmonic mean and when we take the reciprocal of that we obtain the harmonic mean as I said earlier equal to n over summation 1 over x. Now, this is the formula in case of raw data and in the case of grouped data that is a frequency distribution the formula becomes n over summation f into 1 over x where x represents the midpoints of the various classes. Let me illustrate the computation of the harmonic mean with reference to a simple example. Suppose a car travels 100 miles with 10 stops each stop after an interval of 10 miles. Suppose that the speeds at which the car travels these 10 intervals are 30, 35, 40, 40, 45, 40, 50, 55, 55 and 30 miles per hour respectively. The question is what is the average speed with which the car travelled the total distance of 100 miles? Once again, we should simply find the arithmetic mean of the 10 speeds that we have. So, if we do that we obtain 30 plus 35 plus so on up to 30 divided by 10 and that is equal to 42 miles per hour. But students if we study this problem carefully we will find out that the arithmetic mean that you have just computed that gives us an incorrect answer. I will explain this point in some detail. As you know from the beginning speed is defined as distance travelled, total distance travelled over the total time taken. So, if we want average speed for that 100 mile interval, this means that we should divide the total distance by the total time taken. But as we know the 10-10 mile intervals, so we will have to do the computation step by step for each one of those intervals. Doing that for the first interval of 10 miles, the speed is 30 miles per hour and hence the total time taken to cover that interval of 10 miles will be given by the formula distance over speed because speed is equal to distance over time. So naturally time is equal to distance over speed and applying that the time comes out to be 10 divided by 30 that is 0.3333 hours. Proceeding in exactly the same manner for all the intervals, we obtain the successive times as 0.2857 hours, 0.2500 hours and so on. Adding all these times, the total time taken to travel the 100 miles comes out to be 2.4881 hours and dividing the total distance of 100 miles by the total time taken that is 2.4881 hours, the true average speed comes out to be 40.2 miles per hour which is not the same as 42 miles per hour, the figure that we obtained when we found the arithmetic mean. So, you have seen that arithmetic mean has not helped us. Let us see what we get if we apply the harmonic mean in this particular question. We have the column of x that is the column of speeds as 30, 35, 40, 40 and so on. And in order to compute the harmonic mean, the first step is to find the reciprocal of each one of these x values. Doing that, the first reciprocal comes out to be 0.0333, the second one as 0.0286 and so on and adding all of them sigma 1 over x comes out to be 0.2488. Substituting this value in the formula of the harmonic mean, we obtain 10 over 0.2488 equal to 40.2 miles per hour and students, this is exactly the same answer as what we obtained a few minutes ago as the correct average speed of this vehicle. Students, you have seen how to compute the harmonic mean. Now, the key question is in what situation should we be using the harmonic mean? I think that by now you might be a bit confused that I do not know what is the situation of arithmetic mean or what is the situation of geometric mean or what is the situation of harmonic mean. Actually, it is not such a big problem. If we follow two or three basic rules, the whole thing will become quite simple. The first rule that I would like to draw your attention to is that when values are given as x per y, where x is constant and y is variable, that is the situation when the harmonic mean is the appropriate average to use. We have just discussed this example. We have seen that there is a vehicle which is travelling a total distance of 100 miles, but there are 10 stops in that entire interval of 100 miles. Each stop is after an interval of 10 miles. Each stop is after an interval of 10 miles. This implies that the distance between any two stops is constant. When the quantities are expressed as x per y and x is constant, then we use the harmonic mean. In this question, we have said that the distances are constant. The next thing is that the speed of the vehicle that is changing from interval to interval. In the first interval, it is 30 miles per hour. In the second interval, it is 35 and in the third interval, it is 40. The question is that the speed in the first interval is 30 miles per hour. This means that 30 is a figure which is actually representing distance over time because it is the speed. The next figure which is 35 is also representing distance over time. The third figure which is 40 is also distance over time. But the distance between the three is constant. 10 miles, 10 miles, 10 miles. Distance over time is x per y. x is constant. Now y is the distance over time, i.e. x per y. i.e. y represents time. Time is varying in the three intervals because the speed is different. I hope that this lengthy discussion has conveyed to you the point that whenever we have such values which are representing rates x per y and then we have a situation that the numerator x in that problem is constant but the denominator y is varying then it is the harmonic mean and not the arithmetic mean which is the suitable average. Or what we will do in that situation if we are averaging rates x per y but it is not x which is constant rather it is y which is constant. The answer to this question is that in this scenario it is the arithmetic mean which is the appropriate average. Let me explain this to you with reference to an example. Suppose that there are 10 students in a particular class and suppose that they obtain the following marks in a test out of 20. 13, 11, 9, 9, 6, 5, 19, 17, 12 and 9. If we find the arithmetic mean the average marks come out to be 110 over 10 and that is 11. I did it in a very simple way. I simply added those 10 marks and divided by 10. But students if you pay attention to this I told you that all these marks they were out of 20. If we look at these marks from this angle we will realize that we are dealing with 10 quantities of the form x per y. We have 13 over 20, 11 over 20, 9 over 20 and so on. Adding these 10 quantities and dividing by 10 we obtain 110 over 20 divided by 10 which is 110 over 10 into 20 and which is equal to 11 over 20. Exactly the same result that I obtained a short while ago when I was adding simply the marks and not using the value 20. After all, when I told you earlier that the mean marks are 11 I mean that on the average a student is obtaining 11 out of 20. Let us now consider another example to illustrate the fact that it is the harmonic mean which is the appropriate average to use in those situations where values are given as x per y and the numerator x is constant and y is variable. Now, students on the first occasion the investor buys shares at the rate of 45 dollars a share. So, we can say that 45 dollars is equivalent to one share or in other words 1 dollar is equivalent to 1 over 45 of a share which means that 18,000 dollars are equivalent to 1 over 45 into 18,000 shares and that is 400 shares. Similarly, on the second occasion the investor buys shares at the rate of 36 dollars a share. Therefore, if 36 dollars are equivalent to one share then 18,000 dollars are equivalent to 1 over 36 into 18,000 shares and that is 500 shares. Hence, students in all the investor spends 18,000 plus 18,000 that is 36,000 dollars on 400 plus 500 that is 900 shares. In other words, on the average the investor buys 900 shares at the rate of 40 dollars per share and this is so obviously because 40 into 900 is equal to 36,000. Now, students instead of carrying out all these lengthy calculations we find that the harmonic mean yields the same result very quickly. The point to be noted is that since at both occasions the money value of the stock was 18,000 therefore the harmonic mean is the appropriate average to use. Do not forget the rule that when we have expressions like x per y and x is constant that is the occasion when the harmonic mean is the appropriate average and in this example the harmonic mean of the two prices that is 45 dollars and 36 dollars is computed by the formula n over summation 1 over x which is equal to 2 over 1 over 45 plus 1 over 36. And upon solving this expression the harmonic mean comes out to be 40. In other words the average price that the investor has paid per share is 40 dollars and students this is exactly the same result as what we arrived at a short while ago. I said that when quantities are expressed as x per y and x is constant the harmonic mean is the appropriate average to use but if the quantities expressed as x per y are such that y is constant then it is the arithmetic mean which is the appropriate average to use. Now, we have completed our discussion regarding the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean and the harmonic mean. Before we bring this particular discussion to an end students I would like to convey to you an interesting relationship that exists between these three measures of central tendency and it is very simple the relationship is that for any data set the arithmetic mean is greater than or equal to the geometric mean and the geometric mean is greater than or equal to the harmonic mean. This means that there will be no data set in which arithmetic mean might come out to be smaller in magnitude than the geometric or the harmonic mean or that the geometric mean comes out to be smaller than the harmonic mean. If all the values in any particular data set are the same students in that situation the arithmetic mean will be exactly equal to the geometric mean and the geometric mean will be exactly equal to the harmonic mean. A syrupy situation may when all the values in a data set are equal otherwise the arithmetic mean will always come out to be greater than the geometric mean and the geometric mean will come out to be greater than the harmonic mean. Students I have discussed with you the central tendency of the path most important or most widely used measures. The arithmetic geometric and harmonic means the median and the mode but you will be interested to know that there are some other measures of central tendency as well. Two of these are the mid range and the mid quartile range and I will discuss them with you one by one. First the mid range suppose that we have n observations such that the smallest is denoted by x naught and the largest by x m then the mid range is defined as x naught plus x m over 2. Students I will say this formula geometrical point of view say zahir hai ke x naught jo smallest value hai that lies on the extreme left of our distribution or x m jo maximum value hai that lies on the extreme right of the distribution. Jab aap in dono ko add karke 2 se divide karenge to zahir hai ke uska jo answer hoga that will lie somewhere in the middle of the distribution. The other one that I want to discuss is the mid quartile range. If we have n observations x 1, x 2 so on up to x n and if q 1 and q 3 represent their first and third quartiles respectively then the mid quartile range is defined as q 1 plus q 3 over 2. Bilkul pehle ki tara exactly the same logic if you add the value of q 1 with the value of q 3 and divide by 2 you will get a value in the middle of your distribution. So, in this manner both the mid range and the mid quartile range they act as measures of central tendency of the dataset. Ye jdo formulae main aapko aakhir me diye hain students I hope that this makes you realize that there are many ways in which you can define measures of central tendency. Hosata hai ke aapke zahin mein koi or formula aajaye which can be yet a new method of measuring the central tendency of a dataset. So, why don't you give it a try? Students we are coming close to the end of today's lecture and in today's lecture and the one before we have discussed in detail the concept of central tendency. Agli matabha ham ek aur nahayat important concept discuss karinge and that is the concept of dispersion. Dispersion is an important technical term representing the variability that exists in our dataset. Peshter iske ke ham agli topic ke taraf jayin I would like to revise with you briefly the core concept of central tendency. Jaya sa ke main aap se pehle kaha tha whenever we conduct a statistical enquiry we collect a certain amount of data and the first thing a statistician wants to do with this data is to organize it in a summarized and comprehensible form and we do things like the frequency distribution and the diagrammatic representation like the histogram and the frequency polygon. But students usually that is not sufficient for our purposes and the statistician is interested in ascertaining one single number that represents that entire dataset in some definite way. This number is called an average and it is a measure of the central tendency of the dataset. As you have noticed there are many different ways of finding the central tendency and these various measures different measures are appropriate in different situations. This brings us to the end of today's lecture. I would like to encourage you to attempt the assignment for this week and also many other problems as many as you can handle. Next time inshallah we will begin the concept of dispersion. Best of luck and Allah Hafiz.


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Okay, so Amer is going to be talking about cultivating a culture of creativity, collaboration and captainship. So yeah, the audience is yours, you can take over. Okay. Awesome. Thank you so much. Well, everyone, thank you so much for having me today. Just a few facts about myself. I am from a place called Tulsa, Oklahoma. So some of you might have heard of us from, we have a large university here called the University of Oklahoma where we are popular in football. Some of you may have heard of us because we have a man named Chandler being that visited us once in Season 8 of Friends. And some of you may have heard of us because we are known for having a lot of country music. So that's a little bit about me and where I am from. But see, a few years ago, I really was working a lot in human resources and in corporate America and I actually quit my job to become the only American, the only female, the only Christian and the only blonde academy football coach or soccer coach for the Adidas Game Day academies and Paris Saint-Germain PSG academies in Bangalore, India to coach widely the first generation of athletes on both an elite and a grassroots level. And as I joined the team, I discovered that our team members were training under a very command obey dynamic. See oftentimes our players would come to our sessions and they would stand in a line, kick a ball, wait for instruction. And they would come to our sessions and they would stand in a line, kick a ball, wait for direction. And they would come to our sessions and they would stand in a line, kick a ball, wait for feedback. And while this may have been an efficient way to teach a skill, in a game scenario, it was a disaster. Oftentimes our players within the course of the game would kick the ball perfectly, exactly the way that we taught them. And then before the play was even over, they would turn to the sideline to the coach for further direction and feedback. See our players had mastered the task, but they didn't quite understand how it applied to the overall game scenario. We were under a huge transactional and command obey dynamic. And while it might be easy to hear this story and think of it just as a foreign academy in sports with kids and with children, how often do we go to work, receive a task, and wait for direction and wait for instruction? And it's oftentimes in these scenarios that we hear words like leadership and teamwork and collaboration, because we know that these are really good words. But if we're in the wrong position, then saying these words are not only ineffective, but they're actually detrimental to the overall communication within our team. So today I'm going to share a story of how we transformed our academy from lines and laps and lectures to one of creativity and collaboration and true captainship. And the first thing that we had to do was stop. Seriously, stop. We had to stop commanding the how and start clearly communicating the what and the why. We had to be crystal clear in what we were doing and why we were doing it and then provide opportunities for ownership within the how, within our processes and our methods and our projects and our roles. See, if you want a answer, then you'll probably get an answer. But if we don't clarify what questions we're asking, if we don't clarify what solution we are seeking, then the answer that you receive might not be the solution that you're actually seeking. We must first identify what we are doing and why we are doing it. In fact, a study by creative differences pointed out that leaders that clearly communicate their vision and their mission are 20%, 20% more likely to have project success. In the same regard, teams that felt comfortable challenging status quo had a 16.7% likelihood of, likelihood of project success or less likely percent of project failure. And so, see, it's really important that we are very intentional in identifying what we're doing and why we're doing it. And this isn't a massive dramatic change. It's really a slight shift. See, whenever I was coaching football, we stopped commanding players to stand and align, kick a ball, wait for instruction. Instead, we provided challenges. So from here, kick the ball to knock down those three cones. Because in order to do that, you're going to have to kick with power and precision. And in a game scenario, whenever you pass, whenever you kick, whenever you shoot, you're also going to have to kick with power and precision. On challenges like these, I saw some of the most heated debates I'd ever seen among seven-year-olds, trying to decide if the best way to kick the ball was with the input or with the laces. In reality, both ways are right. And so we had expanded the toolbox of resources that our players could use in a match. See, if we want great performance, if we want a creative performance within our teams, we must first create an environment. We must first create an environment for high performance by providing those opportunities for ownership and that flexibility within that ownership, but also clearly communicating that what and that why. See, now in these heated debates of trying to decide if it was with the input or with the laces, it really brought about an important point that comes with opportunities for ownership. See, with an opportunity for ownership comes a greater opportunity for conflict, but also comes a greater opportunity for conversations over complacency. That's good. I'm going to say it one more time. See, with an opportunity for ownership also comes a greater opportunity for conflict, which also comes a greater opportunity for conversations over complacency. But we didn't want to just create an opportunity or create an environment that could have more conflict and not prepare our players to engage in those conversations more productively. And so we had to really help our players to engage in that conflict in a healthy manner. And one way that we did that is engage in proactive conversations. Now, proactive conversations is a very simple conversation that I have at the beginning of any project that I undertake with the team, any time that I'm working with a new client, any time that I am coming into a new team. It looks like this. See, at some point in this relationship, there's going to be conflict. At some point in this project, there's going to be tension and there's going to be heat. And so while the emotions are low now, let us proactively discuss how we are going to handle that conflict. And it's a very short conversation, but it's really powerful. And it does two major things. First, it sets a normalcy and it sets an expectation that tension and conflict is going to happen in a healthy collaborative team. So the first thing it does is it normalizes that. So oftentimes we avoid conflict because we don't want to admit that there is tension, that there is heat. But here, we are not only normalizing it, but we're saying that we expect it to happen. The second thing that it does is it sets a script and it sets an expectation of what you are going to do and what those action steps are going to be when conflict and when tensions can arise within a collaborative team. And this is really another really powerful thing about this conversation is it helps us combat against one of the largest obstacles or one of the largest hurdles to great feedback and great collaboration within teams. And that is the fundamental attribution error. Now the fundamental attribution error is really just a fancy way of saying that so oftentimes we judge other people by their actions while we judge ourselves by our intentions. I'll give you an example. I was working with one team and we had a team member that would come to meet and that was very loud, very abrupt, was seen as abrasive and some people even called malicious. But whenever I talked to the man and asked him what was your intention, what is your intention in meetings, his intention was to be passionate, was to be persuasive, was to be exciting. And see in this scenario there is a knowledge gap. And so by approaching the conversation by asking about intentions, we're able to identify that knowledge gap and have more of a coaching approach to help lessen that gap so that we can again operate more effectively as a team. Again, these are just small shifts, small pivots that we can make in our communication within teams to create an environment for more creativity within those opportunities for ownership and then really hone in on our communication within our collaboration whenever we are with teams. I mean, imagine if I reprimanded every single one of my players that took a shot on goal and then missed. See, I see their intention and I'm able to coach my players to help again bring that intention and bring the outcome a little bit closer together. See, the fundamental attributionary is one of the largest hurdles to great performance feedback and great collaboration within teams. But if we begin those conversations by asking about intentions, we can be more productive in those conversations. Now, one thing that I do within teams is whenever I'm coming into new teams is I can get a good snapshot of your team dynamics and you can do this a few different ways. If you are in a physical brick and mortar team, then you can have people stand on different sides of the room and say, okay, I'm more of a morning person, I'm more of an evening person. Many times in this season, we are on Zoom chats and so I will ask team members, do you prefer email or go to the, lean to the right side of your screen? Do you prefer phone calls and Zoom calls? Go to the left side. Do you prefer public praise? Do you prefer private praise? And you can ask questions to see what type of dynamic your team has, what type of preferences your team has in communication style so that you can best cater your leadership and your communication to best fit the needs of your team. And so that's a really quick snapshot, just depending on what questions you ask to get a snapshot of your specific team dynamics. Another thing that I do whenever I work with teams is I have teams pull out a post-it card and I have them write a few of their biggest strengths, a few of the biggest assets that you can add to the team on one side of the card. And then on the other side of the card, write down strengths that you really wish somebody else in your team had. I'll give you an example. I am a big vision casting, big picture type of person to a team. I can present big ideas. I can lead the charge in vision casting the project as a whole. But I really hope that there's somebody on my team that is really good at the nitty gritty details. And so that's something that I write on the other side of my card. And so I hope that somebody has written that they are detail oriented. And there's gonna be two major things that I can see from these cards. First, going to see ways in which we will most likely compliment each other. See, we really need each other on our team to be well-rounded and to be successful. But at the same time, there's a huge opportunity for us to have a conflict. And so in our proactive conversations, we can be even more catered to say, hey, there's probably going to be a point in our project that I might miss some details. So I haven't done that yet. The emotions are low now. Let's proactively discuss how we're gonna handle that situation whenever it comes about. So there's a few different activities that you can do within your team to get a clear snapshot of what those team dynamics are. I would really encourage you to do that in your remote teams right now, as teams are going more virtual and going more remote to just reassess the preferences on work dynamics and team dynamics within your team to really get a snapshot so that you can have a clear direction on how to lead and how to have those proactive conversations. Now, no matter the team dynamic, it's been in my experience with working with teams all over the world that so often in our communication and in our messaging, so oftentimes we spend a lot of time and energy focusing on the message, on the actual message, but maybe not as much time on the method of communication. One of my favorite leadership authors is Dr. Mark Rutland, and he writes down that communication boils down to four major factors, and that is the right message to the right audience in the right way at the right time. I'm reminded of a love letter that I found written to my great grandmother by a gentleman named Otis, and it was written in 1908, and it read this, fall off the roof, fall down the cellar, but don't fall in love with another feller. See, what makes love letters so powerful? There's a few different things. See, love letters are so impactful because of the intentionality spent writing the letters, maybe because of the nostalgia, that method of communication, but there's something even more important that we can learn in our messaging today, and that is that love letters are very powerful because there is a span of time between each correspondence, and within each letter that is received, there is a span of time for emotion to build, for the words to sink in, for the recipient to ponder on each of the words that were sent, and this is a very, very desired effect in a love letter, but it might not be the most desired effect in other messaging, for example, and it's with this idea in mind that I often think of text messages, I think of emails, and that there is also a span of time within each correspondence, and so whenever we look at types of messaging, there is an emotional spectrum of very informational, informational emails, informational messaging that doesn't really warrant a response, it's just information that you need to know where emails, texts, memos, absolutely are great forms, actually desired forms of communication. This does not need to be an email, this does not need to be a meeting, should be an email, and then there is a point right here in the middle that is more, a little bit more collaborative, it's on a spectrum, so it might be a little bit more emotional or a little bit more complex, and so in this scenario, you could use an email or a text or it could be more desired to use a phone call or a Zoom meeting. Generally, what I encourage teams to do is to meet and decide on a, kind of a standard on the amount of emails that we'll take to solve a problem or to reach a solution before it's important to move from email and text and Slack towards something a little bit more quicker in your communication. A, because you're going to be more efficient in getting those results, but also it is going to prevent, in some preventable messaging, having emotion built. And so generally with most teams that I've worked with, the average number is about six emails, so if it takes a little bit more than six emails, then it's important to go ahead and move to a different platform, a little bit more quicker and more personal platform. And then over here, you have very emotional messaging. So this is going to be very personal, already knowing that there's going to be higher level of emotion. And in this scenario, it's very important to keep in mind the message and then adjusting your method. So try and be as personal as possible on that, either with a Zoom meeting, with a phone call, once we are able to meet in person again, trying to have those in person meetings as well. See, whenever we are collaborating, it's important that we recognize our team dynamics, be very cognizant of our messaging, and then also be very aware of the types of the method of communication that we are using. And see it's within all of that, that it can be a really important way that we can be effective in our collaboration and to build our ideas in the most effective way. See, again, if we are identifying our what and our why and then having that space within the how, within our processes and our methods and our projects and our roles, then we will be able to be as effective as possible. See, collaboration and creativity both come down to effective problem solving. And right now in this season, we are faced with many challenges and our teams are able to come together to really solve the three major types of problems that we, and challenges that we face within innovation. And that's within fixing existing problems, in which case we do more of a causal analysis. It's within improving upon our existing systems and products in which case there's a little bit more value engineering. And then there is a landscape for creating brand new services and products. And it's no matter the situation, whether it be fixing an existing problem, improving upon a current service or product or building something entirely new, it is critical that we really be cognizant of our team dynamics and adjust our communication accordingly so that we can truly collaborate most effectively as a team. Now, these are all things that I do within corporate teams and mostly within tech teams today within my company. What we did in India and what we did in soccer or in football was very similar. We had proactive conversations on how to engage as a team and how to move forward. But there was one more facet that we moved to, we had creativity, collaboration and captainship. And captainship, especially in this remote time boils down to relationships. See, relationships are so important, especially in this time. I work quite a bit within human resources and within recruitment. And right now two of the major facets that people are looking for, recruiters are looking for in new team members is adaptability to change and empathy. And see empathy being the number two just really speaks highly of the importance of being intentional in your relationships and being intentional in building those relationships with your team. See, I work for a company called the Pathways Group and we really believe that people and organizations, everybody gets somewhere, but few people get there on purpose. And so we try to help people to find the right path to get to their desired destination. And in the same regard, I believe that relationships and healthy relationships happen, but it takes a level of intentionality and purposeful steps to get to those desired relationships. And so it's important to be intentional in reaching out to people. Right now it's been very, with remote teams, people are getting really creative in ways that they are reaching out to people and really checking in on their team members. It could be with themed day Zoom chats. It could be with sending care packages. Honestly, it could be just picking up the phone or sending a text and asking how someone's day is going. And these are small things that you can do to build your relational capital and to also build the strength of your team dynamics to move forward. See, captainship is so important within your team.  Last story. I'm reminded whenever I was in India, I had a young lad and his name was Achintia and he was so excited for his first day of football. And so he came running onto the field and he began yelling, pass, pass, pass. And I noticed that Achintia was yelling pass even whenever the other team had the ball and he was yelling pass even whenever he was miles away from the action. And he was yelling pass even whenever he had the ball. And so he was running with the ball going, pass, pass, pass. And so I asked Achintia, why are you yelling pass? And he looked up at me and he said, Ms. Ambama, I do not know what it means. I only know what is a football word. See, sometimes I hear teams sound a little bit like my friend Achintia. Yelling leadership, creativity, collaboration. Cause we know that these are really good words. But if we haven't laid the foundation of providing opportunities for ownership so that we can be more creative, we haven't laid the foundation of having proactive conversations and being intentional in our team dynamics. If we have a laid foundation of relationships so that we can lead people within our teams and saying these words are not only ineffective but they're actually detrimental within our overall communication within the team. But if we take the time to be intentional in our relationships, to be intentional in our team dynamics, we'll be able to receive the ball, move forward and to score really big goals. Thank you so much for having me today. Thank you.


71. The professional helps others. When I first finished the manuscript for Gates of Fire, it was 800 pages long. My agent, Sterling Lord, though he loved it, said he couldn't submit it to publishers unless I cut at least 300 pages. That was like telling me to amputate not one limb, but two. I was devastated. One of the people Sterling had shown the manuscript to was Tom Ginsburg, who had been head of Viking press for years. It was a hell of a thing for someone of Tom Statue simply to glance at an unknown writer's work. But Tom did more. He sent me a note. I still have it. The central sentence said, There's something great in here, Steve. I have confidence that you will find it and bring it out. I barely knew Tom and he barely knew me. But if you saw the thumbprints I put on that note from the dozens of times I picked it up and hung on to its words for inspiration, you would think we were the best of buds from way back. The amateur hordes his knowledge and his reinforcement. He believes if he shares what he possesses with others, he will lose it. The professional is happy to teach. He will gladly lend a hand or deliver a swift kick. But there's a caveat. The professional refuses to be iconized. Not for selfish reasons, but because he knows how destructive the dynamic of iconization is to the iconizer. The pro will share his wisdom with other professionals or with amateurs who are committed to becoming professionals. Like art in Roseanne Cash's dream, he will not waste his time on dilatants.


MTPedTp5 is a dimeric fluorescent macrocycle composed of two pilararians connected by AC, C-double bond. This structure allows for the formation of a central tetrafinal ethylene, TP, moiety, while retaining the host-guest properties of pilararians. Additionally, this structure has aggregation-induced emission properties, making it ideal for use in supermolecular chemistry. Three dinitrials were used as guests to form host-guest assemblies with MTPedTp5. The morphology and fluorescence properties of these assemblies were controlled through varying the length of the linker between the guest and the host. This article was authored by Kaya Wang, Rongbo Zhang, Zijing Song, and others.


Daily Tech News show is made possible by its listeners thanks to all of you including Tony Glass Philip less and Daniel Dorado Coming up on DTNS Tricia Hirschberger is here to give us some ideas for gifts to give the video gamer in your life Plus the social network for meeting friends for dinner and why countries want you to work from their beaches This is the Daily Tech News for Monday November 14th, 2022 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt from lovely Cleveland, Ohio I'm the show's producer Roger Chang and joining us TV host and streamer Tricia Hirschberger is back Should I say that I'm from sunny Los Angeles as well. Oh, so like round it out. Yeah. Yeah I'm so excited to be here. Thank you guys for having me back. It's good to have you We're going to start with the quick hits Google moved its health connect app out of early access and into public beta on the play store Now you may recall when this launched it only supported Fitbit Google Fit and Samsung health It lets you kind of aggregate and sync between all of those services. Well, it's added some more integration So now you can sync your health and fitness data from Peloton aura weight-watchers my fitness pal flow life Some total outdoor active and prove Insight so a lot of big names Outside of maybe some of the more platform focused ones getting in on health connect Reuters reports that meta told employees Friday that it would stop developing its portal smart displays and develop smart watches the company already pivoted portal displays from consumer to enterprise devices and now it's going to stop selling them all together by The end of this year Bloomberg had reported that meta had already stopped work on its smart watch in May But now the program is officially stopped Alibaba did not share full sales results from its singles day shopping event for the first time saying Grandiose Lee that gross merchandise value was in line with last year 2021 sales reached 540.3 billion yuan. It's about seventy six point one billion dollars So probably still generated a lot of gross merchandise value, but they're not crowing about it Yeah singles day, so not what it used to be. It's like half state Platformers Casey Newton's sources say that Twitter eliminated about 80% of its 5,500 contract employees over the weekend cuts were are expected to impact things like content moderation and core infrastructure services The by now pay later FinTech company Klarna launched a price comparison tool in the US last month And it's now expanded that to markets in Europe including places like the UK and the Nordic countries Users will be able to shop and pay in the Klarna app Which will also show historical pricing data and recommendations So it'll let you know. Hey, maybe you should wait on buying that item or it's a good price right now This builds on Klarna's acquisition of price runner, which it closed on back in April I don't know. I get a vibe about Klarna. I could be wrong. It might be something to worth what I figured out the payments Let's talk a little more about making close friends because Once you're over the age of 12 When you're an adult it gets difficult Despite technology finding more ways to connect people the situation hasn't improved In fact studies have found that it might have even gotten worse the survey center on American life found in 2021 that 12% of people in the US couldn't identify a person they would call a close friend That's up from only 3% of people surveyed saying that in 1990 Yeah, and since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic We've seen some dating apps trying to move into finding platonic matches as well We've got bumble offering a BFF features all the way back in 2016 But that's all a huge increase in time spent on it in 2021 and match group acquired the South Korean social networking company hyper connect that connects people for platonic chance But TechCrunch just profiled an interesting new startup called 222 that says it wants to provide a way for more authentic connections Yeah, Deuces Wild 222 The service launched late last year coming out of a university funded project that was looking into predicting social Compatibility and groups of strangers this this reminds me of all those MIT robotics programs except it's about like connecting actual people This led the founders to create dinner parties inviting friends of friends But the guest lists were determined using psychological questionnaires fed into machine learning The founders essentially expanded that into a service where they have you fill out a questionnaire and the algorithm will then decide like Oh, you should probably have dinner with these people and they've been partnering with venues in Los Angeles to host events Yeah, and to get your algorithmic invite right now sign-ups are limited to those 18 to 27 At least at the moment rather than an app user use a type form workflow answering about 30 questions covering everything from Favorite movies music cereal preferences to more thorny things like political views and religious affiliation Once you put in your info 222 notifies you of events You've been selected for it says that data is encrypted But it also uses input data as part of a university social science experiment does disclose that So I guess my question is Trisha dinner parties as a service You interested Heck yeah, I think that sounds awesome. I I'm too old for their current age range, but if they decide to open it up a little I would be very hyped like this reminds me So the questionnaire portion of it reminds me of e harmony I'm not sure how much online dating everyone that's here did but I did a lot of it back You know before I met I found my person And e harmony makes you do all those Answer all those questions so that the algorithm or the matchmakers or whatever powers that be the brain behind The service can match you up with people you might be compatible with and I always really liked Online services that were more of like a group outing anyway So there's a little less pressure on it so you can just go out meet new people that you may or may not be compatible with But you know having a little extra Authority behind them thinking you'll be compatible with these people. I think could be really beneficial However, I was just talking about this on my twitch stream yesterday. I think it was Where it's some people said that sounds like a nightmare for introverts But could be really great if you're extroverted and looking to meet new people and with so much of us Living our lives online. I think getting getting afk every now and then to meet other people could be a great thing I don't know. What do you guys think? I see people in our chat saying like batfink. This is a horrible idea Which I say like well, you don't have to do it. It's not like it's the law, right? This is for people who are like, oh, I would like to do that I just don't have anyone to go get dinner with so how do I find those people and and to be frank It feels like it's less risky than than dating because dating is is heavy, right? That that's that's a lot of other things that it's meant to lead to Whereas a dinner is just like, oh, you know, maybe I'll make some friends and if not, you know, no big deal Yeah, and that was one of the things in the piece They kind of talked about like some of the health and safety aspects of this and they're like Well, everything's in a group setting So like you're always in a public place that all these are public venues that you're going to be meeting up in and you're not doing There's no like chat interface. You're like, yeah Yeah, and it's not like you have to chat with these people or give them any of your details or anything like that So that that removes a lot of like the creep factor that you can get on dating sites I just think it's One thing that really stood out to me is Just the fact that it eliminates so much of Like that tension of like especially like moving to a new city I know this was like one of their primary examples of Just being able because you have events like this already where you're going like hey We're gonna go to this tasting menu to sit at the group table And you will usually strike up a conversation with the person next to you because you're just in proximity And I think like being like, okay, you're still gonna have this experience. You're invited to it you don't have to go to it the price is super low to accept it too and Taking that away, but still providing that same experience that you might otherwise enjoy. I'm interested in this I don't know how they scale it though. That's the one thing like I'm kind of scratching my head here on this Yeah, I'm not sure I'm with you on that. I don't know how they would scale it to get it a little bit larger But I mean I always recommend to people and they're like, how do I meet new people to go and find people? You have things in common right with right like go to a local book club if you have a local gaming or hobby shop Like go play games, you know if you're into MTG or D&D or whatever like go play games and find other people You have things in common with so it seems to me like this service is just taking the Finding people you have stuff in common with part of it off your plate for you Yeah, so you're just going to the event. That's why I think it sounds nice Nick with the sea was saying how is this different from meetup.com and the difference is the algorithm, right? Like it you don't have to pick pick a meetup You you just go to the thing and the algorithm will have found people that are fun to be together Which that it's harder to do that. It's it's easy to be like I'm looking for a date So I'm going to the bar where people look for dates If you say I'm going to the bar where people look for friends Everybody's gonna be like sure you are you're just looking for a date, right? Like this this gives you a safe space to be like no no really this is just about friendship And what I would say about the whole introvert aspect to it is we say it's dinner parties as a service But each of these is catered like the events are catered to the audience that they are serving It's not like every single time you're going out to dinner right at the exact same restaurant regardless of whether it's a group of introverts It's a group of extroverts or whatever they talked about having concerts having quieter experiences So I'm assuming if they already know that like hey, we're gonna have a bunch of people where Social interaction perhaps is more a more of a draining experience that requires energy to put yourself out there They're not going to put you in a situation where you run Yeah, people bring the introverts together so that they don't feel pressured is could be a really good positive aspect of something like this Also, I would like to see this available for the 65 plus crowd I mean loneliness in in people as they get older is a huge problem and a health problem That that has been identified and so making a service like this. It's available for all ages. I think is really important Well rest of world org has a story up called Malaysia built a work-from-home paradise Now it's just needs people to turn up the idea is to attract digital nomads to fill the void left by Disappearances of business travelers because of the pandemic business travel as its own Fantastic little subculture and digital nomads. I guess has another one. Let's let's tap into them So in September Malaysia launched a visa scheme called DE ran to aimed at digital nomads who make $24,000 a year or more workers in IT and other all-digital work can stay for up to a year with the possibility of renewal and Bringing in dependence the program promotes for destinations as places with good connectivity and hospitality Yeah, so they brought a bunch of journalists including rest of worlds Journalists to the Kamar resort on Langkawi Island. This is one of those four locations It has good internet lots of cafes and restaurants that take credit cards, which is important when you're traveling Visa and MasterCard They've got service on the island from grab for ride hailing Air Asia flies there. So it shouldn't be too hard to get there And apparently they've gotten more than 2,000 applications for these new Malaysian visas as of early October Lots of content creators lots of software engineers UX designers Malaysia When they talk about it publicly is hoping to get people involved in AI and web 3 and sustainability But you know, they're getting people Well, and the thing is Malaysia isn't alone in creating special visas for digital nomads We've got countries like Estonia and they appear to be the first country to do so way back in 2020 If you want to do something first digital, I guess you start with Estonia Indonesia offers a six-month permit for remote workers and a second home visa for higher earners And then in September Thailand began offering a digital nomad visa that offers 10-year residency and discounted tax rate for foreigners Who make at least $40,000 a year? So, you know treasure be tempted to pack up and you know moving to Southeast Asia on an island somewhere soon quite move I definitely I would look into vacationing there Or maybe like an extended couple weeks day But it's hard. That's hard for me to say because I would say about 60% of the work I do is probably digital nomad life content creator streamer Although it would probably be hard to bring my two desktops over there. I'd have to buy new when I got there But the other part of the work I do is you know on sound stages and stuff here in Los Angeles So I don't know that I could fully up and go But if you are in an industry where you work from your laptop and can move anywhere I see this actually with a lot of my younger cousins who are right in that 20 to 30 age range just out of college entrepreneurial spirits wanting to do this digital nomad life all living in different countries and doing it successfully So I kind of think it's awesome that Malaysia has opened up to this. I think it's neat. What do you guys think? Are you willing to move? See the the tourist visa gets you 90 days, right? So you can kind of go on that as it is although technically you're not really supposed to work Or you're supposed to tell them if you're gonna work and all that sort of thing This is really like if you're willing to pack up that desktop and take it with you and and be there for months They're making it easy To me. It's like I just have too many routes here to just go and do that On the other hand, I have friends as well who do this In fact, I talked to Jen briny host of congressional dish who is a digital nomad She has gone to Portugal and Poland within like the last six months and spent extended amounts of time Living and working in those regions She is now back in the US and she has a few reasons why she hasn't gotten to a lot of the places that we just mentioned Starting with Estonia. It's fine print says that if you want the year-long visa You have to physically be in Estonia, but I think it was six months something like that So they're aiming to have people like come and stay and it's just so far north and I don't do winter That like six months in Estonia. I just like I can't the reason that we're focusing so intensely on Europe right now It's because we have the dog. I know some other digital nomads and they love going to visit Indonesia and Malaysia and there's like a bunch of different places super friendly to digital nomads But they're not as friendly to little tiny eight pound dogs Because you have to do quarantines and it's a whole process to bring a dog onto an island and our little pound puppy Cannot handle being in a cage for more than 10 seconds without losing her mind Yeah, so I thought it was really interesting to hear those other considerations from somebody who is like yeah I'm doing this But I'm maybe not picking those places because they haven't done the things that I need them to do yet to make it easy Yeah, and the other thing is I mean obviously, you know Digital nomad you're probably not doing that like if you have young kids I have a young family so like you know a five and a four-year-old that can barely get to eat a hot dog I'm probably not like lining up. I don't care how westernized the resort is over there You know in Thailand or something like I'll get them before you have they have to be in school though If you're gonna do it all right and then let alone the like 24 hours It's all trout like everything about it is a disaster for young families But I will say I know a lot of people especially like the IT consultant area that have done some form of digital No matter whether it's long term or it's like we did it for a year just to you know I was in between gigs. I was just doing consulting. So we bought an airstream and we just drove around and stuff like that But when you do that you can have a certain sense of Stability so if you even if you have you know, maybe an older child or you have pets and stuff like that That's easier to handle when you have Again when when you're still can be somewhat Domestic you can go to familiar places if you need to if you know if emergencies crop up and stuff like that What I think this is interesting is when I'm looking at the terms of these like a year, you know Estonia is like six months I feel like a lot of that is to try to track maybe not Estonia's case But like a lot of the snowbird audience where maybe I am someone that's driving around my airstream and I'm going through the you know Just drive around and I'm going through route 66 or whatever and then other weather's getting cold You know what I can park that somewhere I can put in storage and I can take off and spend six months in Thailand That doesn't sound like the the worst way to spend my digital Well, you could do the summer in Estonia and the winter in Thailand, you know Yeah, I love that musical. That's so good The old song summer in Estonia Enter in Indonesia Well folks, I'm gonna try to get Jim briney back on the show Roger's gonna talk to her and and get some of her tips and tricks for being a digital nomad because when you're a digital Nomad, you don't have the home base anymore. You you are on the road like that continuously So look for that in the coming weeks And if you have a thought about anything we talked about on the show Here is our email address send it to us feedback at daily tech news show dot com As we move closer to the start of the holiday shopping season, it just kind of fades in over time You might be wanting to know what to get for the gamer on your list or or maybe what to ask for if you are a Gamer because it could be tricky. I there are games, of course, but you may get those for yourself or So many of them are digital. Maybe you're like, I don't want to buy him a disc They don't use that anymore. You don't want to get him the wrong game Trisha, you not only play scores of games for your Twitch stream But you also have lots of hands-on time with a lot of gaming hardware besides games What are some good gamer gift ideas? Oh? I'm so glad you asked. I mean this is exactly what you were saying of do I get them the right game Do they already had this game? What if they don't like this genre of game? So my Probably top level that I always suggest for people because it's under that $50 price point where it's a sweet spot for gaming stuff is Game pass if you are buying for someone who is a PC or Xbox gamer Game pass and game pass for PC and game pass ultimate which is the hybrid of the two so you get to play games on Cloud games Xbox games or PC games game pass ultimate you can get a three-month game pass ultimate For about $45 it comes on a little card So you actually have something to put in the stocking if you're looking for a stocking stuffer But it's so nice because then you're giving three months of a full library of games That the person you're gifting it to can choose between so you don't have to worry about what they already have in their collection You don't have to worry about the genres they play It's like getting a gift card for them, but without them having to go do the gift card part, right? It's actually appreciated Yeah, you don't have to do the gift card part and it's like a gift card for it's essentially like a three-month library card for Hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of different games that they can just at their will for that next three months do as they please so that's a Fantastic kind of good for everybody who's a PC or Xbox gamer Also, if you're looking for some hardware and you're shopping for someone that is a mobile gamer the Backbone or the Razor Kishi are both devices that do this So it's a device that stretches so that you get almost joy con like sides to your mobile device So you can play your mobile games You can play your cloud-based games that you're streaming or whatnot with a full handheld set and it thereby turns your phone Into a switch like device so for mobile gamers. That's absolutely awesome. They'll feature things like charge pass through And they make them for both iOS and Android so just make sure if you're shopping those You know what the gift recipient uses as their preferred mobile operating system That's a good one to think of and then if you're thinking of controllers again You know whether you're a PC gamer an Xbox Gamer or a PlayStation gamer. I have something for everybody I always like to recommend because it's tried and true and everybody loves it But for the PC gamer in your life the Logitech G502, I have the light speed wireless That's what I use on my streaming PC and it's really nice But it's a wireless controller. That's very very well rated Logitech is like the go-to for a competitive gameplay on PC as well as the G502 I don't I mean Tom. I don't know if you've reviewed this over yours, but the G502 has been like The trusted five out of five star review gaming mouse, I feel like for the decade It's like the C920 of gaming mice, right? Goes out of style 100% yes, and I like the wireless It's really fast no latency and it you know cleans up my desk space Plus if you forget to charge it you need to charge it It plugs in during right in the top and then you can just use it as a wired mouse while it's charging So it's not like you oh, I forgot to charge it now. I'm done For the Xbox gamers out there the elite series 2 is an amazing controller And for the PlayStation gamers out there the new dual senses For the ps5 come in a variety of different colors, and they're so pretty And so fun, and if you have not used a dual sense controller yet It's very hard for me to describe How different the haptics are on a dual sense and how it feels in the hand It's you know, it's one of those things that you kind of have to feel it to believe it if you will But it is leaps and bounds different than any other Haptics in controllers. I felt so those are all great I'm trying I'm trying to move a little quick because I know that we only have so much time Yeah, but there's so much good stuff if you're into headsets my best gift under a hundred dollar headset is Usually really anything from the hyper x cloud gaming headset line. These are so good That's the cloud 2 that we're taking a look at there But these are almost always priced under a hundred dollars even more so if you can find them on sale and they're lightweight They're comfortable. They have excellent sound quality, and they're very reliable So I always recommend those if you're looking for more of a luxury headset And you have a digital nomad that games maybe that you're shopping for the Alienware 920 h headset that I'm wearing right now actually Is a tri-mode connectivity headset so it connects over Wireless it connects over Bluetooth and it can wired connect either via USB-C or 3.5 millimeter So your connectivity options are not only very varied, but for example I like to keep the wireless dongle at home on my battle station So when I'm here gaming it connects very easily to my PC But I'll connect to my laptop via Bluetooth or I can easily plug into my switch via wired So it it works in a variety of situations without me having to do a lot to switch in between the two Which is awesome And then another one that's kind of is as universal or even more so Then game pass ultimate is more storage Every gamer out there needs more storage all the time Especially if you're trying to create gaming clips or content from your games More storage is absolutely key So whether it's an sd card or a micro sd card for something like the nintendo switch Whether it's a little portable ssd that you can plug into your playstation or xbox Or whether it's m.2 that you can install internal On your next gen consoles or in your pc These are so important to have the one caveat I will get if you are gifting this to someone thinking oh man my My you know cousin has a ps5 And I want to get the more storage for their ps5 for the next gen consoles xbox series x and ps5 If you get them in external ssd Chances are real good that they'll be able to save their games and uh run their Previous gen games off of the external ssd But they'll need to transfer that game file back onto the console's internal storage to run the game off of it So that's that's a reason that you might want to consider an m.2 That can be installed internally if you're shopping next gen consoles only But really more storage is a gift that everyone can appreciate because It's the worst when you get a new game and you have to uninstall a favorite that you hadn't finished yet Yeah, yeah, it's the worst the worst. It's the worst. So is there anything I miss that's on your list gentlemen That you're like this is what I need for my gamer heart this holiday season The one so the one thing I would say just real quick is we've seen a lot of like cloud streaming Uh, the stuff announced. I know logitech announced their own. Is that no go or is that? I need to know the audience for you do something like that Uh, if your audience or the person you're buying for has fast reliable internet service Then cloud gaming could be an excellent choice for them But is heavily reliant on your internet And I would think you'd still need to know what games work for them to Oh, I mean the library of games you can use between g-force now and uh xbox game pass cloud gaming There's so many games now that I really feel like you'll find a genre for everyone But it doesn't work awesome in every area if you're in an area and you have that High-speed reliable internet then it's really cool And that's where the backbone and the razor key she come in for your phone And if you love that and want to upgrade that then go for that logitech g cloud Yeah, I like that I love game pass ultimate is like an easy gift if anybody's in xbox and pc And I love the stealth of being able to ask your your ps5 or ps uh, yeah your ps5 Gift recipient, uh, what's your favorite color? Not no clue. I have no clue what you're getting Sneaky sneaky All right, well may 16th 2020 was still for many of us the height of covet 19 related lockdown So probably not a lot of fond memories when we're looking back, you know At our uh google photos and that kind of stuff, but it turned out to be a pretty fun day for the us space force It launched its unmanned x37 b space plane on that date and over the weekend 908 days later it landed successfully at nasa's kennedy space center making it the longest and its sixth overall mission The x37 b first started flying in 2010 We don't know much about its overall purpose since then what we do know about this current mission Is that deployed the falcon sat 8 satellite it also carried equipment to test converting solar energy to microwaves to transmit back to the ground Which sounds awesome and experiments to test space exposure on seeds for future interplanetary missions Yes space seeds the space plane last landed in 2019 after a 780 day mission a mere 780 days I mean, I know this isn't the first uh and and it's not even the first time they've gone more than a year But just the idea that they're they're sending these these solar Planes for years without anyone on board and they just fly around the earth You know, that's it's pretty impressive when you think about it Yeah, just someone's is cool. Does someone's job for like two years was like is the space plane still up? All right. Yeah All right, that's like that idea pat and kelly just sitting there trading off shifts. You know Space plane still up. Yep. All right your turn. Yep. Watch the next 12 hours Uh, that's amazing Uh, you know who else is amazing trisha hearse burger. Thank you so much. That was incredible. What a great rundown of info for folks Thank you for doing that Oh, man, thank you for having me. You know, I'm very passionate about gaming hardware So I can talk about that all day anytime where should folks go if they want more trisha in their life, which they should Oh Man, well if folks want to follow me on all the socials, it's at that girl trish with no i in the girl So just that gl trish, um, except for on twitch and youtube where it's trisha hearse burger And on twitch, I do an indie game showcase every tuesday, and i'm pretty much streaming four to five Days a week every week. So come on by and say hi fantastic. Thanks again. Well, thank you trisha And thanks to chris taylor who is one of our top lifetime supporters for dtns Thanks for all your years of support chris truly appreciate. Thank you chris All right, and patreons remember stick around for the extended show good day internet It's getting started in just like a couple of seconds. You don't have to stick around that long You can catch the show live monday through friday at 4 p.m. Eastern 2100 utc find out more daily tech news show dot com Slash live we'll be back tomorrow talking about media tech's latest chip announcements with shannon morse See you then this show is part of the frog pants network Get more at frog pants dot com Diamond club hopes you have enjoyed this bro


When you're talking to a person and they do something that's this out of the norm stop and ask what they mean He's rattling along. He's telling the story saying this happened and this happened. Look at him when he says financially He says things were going well at least financially Chendrops covers his throat listen to the tone of his voice change listen that cadence shift I had to kind of so I mean the financier and I have to speak German and know something changed in his head and Something's changed in his voice.  Something's big in this one and then he leans back again and does that's it It's beautiful. You can't miss this. This is the single most important video. I think we'll find that he is hiding facts