Welcome to today's lecture, design analysis of orbit motor. This is lecture one on orbit motor, where we shall discuss about basic design and feature. And this is under the module 8, which will cover some special topics on hydrostatic transmission unit and system. Now, already we have discussed that large power transmission in tight space and their control with exceedingly rapid response for military industrial as well as modern applications such as robotics requires motors with very high torque to inertia ratio. The fluid power units in general, which possesses such characteristics with several orders of magnitude higher than what can be obtained from other conventional units such as electrical motor, hydrokinetic units etcetera. And these are still holding the top rank in the field of application in spite of their relatively high cost. Furthermore, there are low speed high torque variety of hydraulic motors, which makes the HST compact very compact in comparison to the HST with the general high speed low torque HSLT motor. The orbit motor is a low speed high torque hydrostatic unit. In this lecture, we shall learn about the working principle and the basic geometric design of the star and ring set of orbit class of machines. In these machines, the output torque is augmented due to epicyclic gearing action of star and ring gears. Now, at first look into two different units following same kinematic principle. This is to understand how the orbit motor works. Now, this is harmonic drive, where what we find the outer member is fixed, inner member which is a flex gear, it is rotated by a cam and if we very slowly observe, very closely observe, then what we will find that this flex gear is rotating at a very slow speed. In turns, it is transmitting very high torque. The ratio is nothing but the teeth number in the flex gear divided by the difference of the teeth. In this case, which is true and suppose there is a 100 teeth of flex point, then in a single stage we get a reduction of 50. Now, another machine which is an uncle engine, here we observe that more or less similar pattern of motion. In this case, what we find that inside like a triangle, which we can call three lobed or three teeth is rotating inside another somewhat oval and if we observe, it is having two lobes. The identical, if we draw a vertical line, the right hand side will be identical with the left hand side. That means, this is a two teeth. Here inside three teeth, outside two teeth, this is also a gearing action. The inside gear for the transmission forget about this part, but what we find that this space is increasing and decreasing, it is expanding and compression mode and you can imagine that in one chamber, the fuel is being injected, then this is being the ignition and then the combustion and it is going out. In that way, the uncle engine motion is available. Now, with this uncle engine, if we compare, we can think of the machine, which I shall discuss today. That is orbit motor, but here what are shown that there is an inside member and there is an outside member. The inside member is called star and outside member is called ring. Now, in comparison to this uncle engine, if we compare with this uncle engine, here is also the similar motion is possible and we will find that the chamber between these two contacts and the space is going compression and expansion. So, this also can be used as an engine or maybe motor. Also, if it is in this case, what we find the outer member is fixed, inner one is rotating. In this case, also if we do it like that, then we will find the similar action, but the difference is that in this case, outside two lobe, inside three lobe, in this case, what we find outside seven lobes, inside six, one less. In this case, one more, I shall come later in why it is like that, but let us see what is happening there. Now, look at this. This is in the same fashion. It is rotating what is in uncle engine or what even in the harmonic drives also and we find that this space is going under compression and expansion. So, we can think of that we can pump out the oil, but later I shall explain that using this as a pump unit is not beneficial. Rather, if we allow the high pressure oil to come in like an engine and then if this is rotated, we will get both motor action as well as gearing action and which will give us the high torque low speed machine or low speed high torque machines, which is called or big motor. However, it is also possible if we keep these two axes fixed and allow the outer member also rotate when the inner member is rotating. In that case, this expansion will be also, expansion compression will also be there, but the output will be at higher speed, which is termed as zero torque units or zero roller units and in that case, this will act as a high speed low torque hydrostatic unit, which is motor or pump. Now, here I have explained that these are the chambers, this is between these two contacts, which are active contact and this roller, this space is an area, variation of area multiplied by the constant width will give the variation of volume. Now, this profile is called epitrochoed, it is modified epitrochoed, whereas this profile, the outer profile is called envelope and this is ring and this is, this one is star, perhaps this is a slightly displaced, but you can understand easily. However, this star which is epitrochoed, the ring will be envelope of this. Now, here what is shown, if this is the epitrochoed, which is not modified, this is, this we should consider as modified and this one is not modified. Now, if the same motion is generated of this profile, then we will find that this will generate a profile either like this or like this. How? If we make this one as a solid cutter, then we will find it will make a profile like this, which is actually envelope, motion is same as like this, what we have seen just or if we make this is a hollow cutter, hollow cutter do you understand. So, let us consider a cylindrical body and inside shape is like that, this portion is hollow, in that case this will generate a profile like this. Now, what is there? If these points are called crew node, in that point if we fix a circle, then what will happen? Fixing the circle and taking either outer or one or inner one, anything, only let us consider the circle. This circle if we allow to rotate, give the reverse motion, then we will find a profile, which is parallel to this, just like this, I mean parallel to this, inwardly shift profile. So, this profile is the star profile whereas, these rollers becomes the envelope of this. So, it is not easy to grasp just from a single lecture, if you read it, then you will be able to understand, you have to visualize this. Anyway, in that way these profiles are generated and this is a very simple machine, but very effective to give eye torque at low speed. Now, in this case, we have named Z G is the lobe number or say tith number of the ring gear and Z P is the lobe number of the star gear. We can call it gear, this is outer one gear and this is pinion. What we find in this case, inner one is 6, outer one is 7. Now, these two numbers should be consecutive number, always if this is 7, then 8, but making this is 8 and this is 7 means number of chambers will be 8. So, even number, which is not benefited. So, always you will find that ring gear lobe number is 7, 9 or 5, something like this whereas, this is even number, one less than the outer member number. Now, let us see this working principle. The first case, we shall study the ring gear fixed star gear as input. Now, these two circle, these are we should call base circle, if it is in terms of involute tith, if it is of other tith, usually this is called describing circle, say cyclodal tith, in that case it is called describing circle. What I have mentioned, the tith are here, the epitocidal tith, which is a, which is from the family of cyclodal tith and this motion is called cyclodal motion. In that case, the outer one is the describing circle of the outer member, that is in this case envelope ring gear and inner one is the describing circle of the inner member, that is star member or if we compare with the harmonic drives, then this is the base circle or the describing circle of the flex gear, the outer one is the base circle or describing circle of the outer gear, the ring gear. Now, we have taken these two describing circle, which you can consider the drum equivalent drum, even if this you may consider the pitch circle, pitch drum of these two gears. So, this means that whatever motion we have observed, whatever motion we achieve from these gears, that can be shown by two friction disc, one is the hollow one and one is the solid one and if we consider the slip rail motion, it will show the same motion as in case of orbit motor or harmonic drives. Now, this is the ring gear, representing ring gear and what we have in the, we have taken this case, the outer gear is fixed, ring gear is fixed, inner gear will rotate. Now, this outer one is the star gear. Now, next imagine the arm. So, this arm means on a single plate, you can say that this is pivoted, this gear is pivoted here and this gear is pivoted here. Now, what we do? We consider two points on these two gears. Now, in next phase, what we do? We give the whole unit a angle by phi, this angle motion. So, what will happen? These two points are here, these two points are here and next moment what we do? We bring back this point to here. Keeping this arm fixed, what we do? We just simply rotate back this point to here. Now, this means that this gear again is rotating in the opposite directions, anti-clockwise direction by the same angle. What will happen? The inner one has to rotate by this much angle. What is that? This is ZG by ZP which is equivalent to their radius R2 and R1. We can put R2 is equal to RG, R1 is equal to RP. So, that ratio is this one. What we can see from here? Why this is rotating in the opposite direction? This has to rotate also in this direction and this arc length and this arc length has to be same. And if you equate, we will find that this gear has rotated by this much. So, as we have taken back this point to its original position, we can say the net rotation of outer one is equal to 0. Then what we find that the first action which we have given is the coupling action and the second action is gearing action. That means, what we have done in this phase that is the gearing action. In case of all such machine, you will find that gearing action is actually happening in the opposite direction and it is happening simultaneously. So, we have to consider when we are going for the gearing analysis. For the gearing portion which one is driving and which one is driven and where is the contact to analyze this, we must understand these two actions. These two actions simultaneously giving the action of harmonic drives or gearing action in orbit motors. Now, to find out what is the transmission ratio, what we do? Divide rotation of whole unit about central axis by the net rotation of inner one, net rotation of inner one and equation wise what we will find? We have first given these rotations. So, this we can consider the input and this is the net rotation of this unit inner one by its own axis. First it has rotated in this direction by this angle and next its rotation by this angle in the opposite direction. So, difference of that is the net rotation of this one. So, this is definitely giving the speed ratio. If we equate further, we will get the transmission ratio which is equal to Z p Z g minus Z p. So, this is the difference of the t th number and this is the t th number of the star and minus sign is coming due to the fact that while the input in clockwise direction, the output will be in the anticlockwise directions. So, this is the total transmission ratio what we will get out of this pinion, the star member which is the output of the harmonic drives which I have shown and the output of the orbit motor which I have shown. There is another, this what I have shown here, these two falls in the same direction same category. Both the orbit motor this harmonic drives falls in the same category. Now, another possibility is there that we can keep the inner member fixed and output is taken through the outer member. Now, the arm is as you have seen. So, we have to differentiate the axis. So, definitely this will be the central axis. In that case, what we should consider the rotation of the inner member star member about its own axis is restricted. That means, it is not allowed to rotate about its own axis whereas, this can wable like this. This is possible because imagine a the cardinal shaft or universal joint. Now, this is now holding the universal joint you can rotate the other member like this which is not allowed to rotate about its axis. So, this motion is possible. Now, here what we have done like earlier case, we have again taken these two points. In this case, what we have done the inner member, we have bought it back to this position. So, outer member has rotated by this much angle Z p minus Z g by into phi. This means that R 1 by R 2 by phi. So, definitely this angle must be less than this angle because these arc length when it will cover on this larger circle, it will rotate by smaller angle. This is as you see this almost in a line, it is not that this will rotate slightly in this directions, but ultimately this motion of the outer body will be in the clockwise direction. So, we can consider this is fixed fixed pin rotation about its own axis is arrested. So, this is rotating in the same direction and the transmission ratio if you derive it will come as like this. So, this is the transmission ratio of this one. In this case, what we find at the numerator, the number of lobes or number of teeth of the outer ring is there and at the denominator the difference is there and in case of orbit motor, you find that difference is always 1. So, if this is 7, this transmission ratio will be directly 7 and in case of harmonic drives, you will find this difference is 2 normally. So, if it is 100, then this will be 50. So, as in first example I told that this Z p is 100. So, this is 100 too. So, this will be 51. Now, Wonkel engine falls in this category. This means that actually this here what is the inner member, what we are looking here that is basically the outer member or I would say that base circle of this is larger than the base circle of this one the outer member. How it is possible? This is possible if we cut the material by the opposite cutter. I have told you that why we will generating envelope using once we using that cutter as a hollow and solid. If we make this cutter as a hollow, then inner member will be the envelope and envelope will have one lobe more than the outer member. Wonkel engine is generated in this way. However, it is not complicated but just cumbersome to grasp in a single lecture. But you just remember this thing that is why I have shown here. This Wonkel engine falls in this type 2 category. Now, before going into the orbit motor, what we see this? What is the working principle kinematic I have shown? In that category the harmonic drives is there, orbit motor that is also falling in the same category. Then there is another machine which is called cycloid speed reducer that also falls in the same category. The basically the cycloidal speed reducer and the orbit motor principle and 2 generation are more or less same. Only this here the planet carrier is different because the torque is transmitted through the planet carrier. Also with the solid gears, not harmonic drive, with the solid gears we can have another gear drive which is called plenocentric drive. This looks alike. Here what I have shown? The bottom portion I have shown the cycloidal and the top portion I have shown the plenocentric drive and this plenocentric drive and this drive is same. Only thing in this case we are using flex gear because we making the gear flex we can go for 2 tip difference whereas in this case we cannot go for 2 tip difference minimum 4, 5 tip difference we will be there. Anyway that is different issue we are not going into that but the kinematics which I have explained that all such machines fall in the same category. Now, axial or radial piston cylindrical machines are termed as rotating piston machines rotating piston machines. Just this term is not very common we are not it is not very popular term but still we can say rotating piston machines say engine is a rotating piston machines. In such machines in a piston cylinder the piston area remain constant and the variation of volume occurs due to change in stroke length while the piston is given emotions. Contrary to that in another version a geometrically very form closed area varies with the rotation of either or both elements comparing with piston and cylinders. The variation of the volume which is constituted by that area and a constant width in transverse direction is due to the variation in area only. This means that what the machine we are new machine in comparison that we are talking about that variation of volume volume is equal to the variation of area into the constant width. So, if we equate the time variation of the area that will give the volume displacement of the machines for a unit area sorry unit width. Such machine is termed as rotary piston machines which is called as Ropima. Now, this Ropima term is not normally known to people but Wankel engine I think Wankel he himself put this name rotary piston machines. Contrary to the rotating piston machines this is called rotary piston machines. Now, Wankel sorry the Wankel like Wankel engine orbit motor also falls in this category. So, this is the view of an orbit motor which I am going to explain now. Now, in this orbit motor what we find that let us look again what is happening. So, this is the rotary motion which we are taking as an output but this is being rotated by allowing the oil high pressure oil to come in. Now, with respect to that if we look into this machines. So, this is the star member and this is the envelope the lobe member. This member can be integral part or we can use separate roller. Now, what is there this star is connected to a shaft by a joint which is connected to a shaft which is called cardin joint cardin shaft. This is principle wise it is same as the universal joint only in this case this is two gear coupling at two sides. One is inside this shaft another is on the star. Now, this shaft is integral with a flow distributor valve. In that valve what we find I shall describe the valve function later a little bit but at this moment just look at this the oil is coming through the outer body to this pocket. Then there are few slots on this shaft on this valve. So, this valve is and through this slot it is going inside the chamber the passage is allowed to oil go into this chamber and this oil will go only when this is in the expansion mode and when it is compression mode the oil will come out through this passage and it will go out. So, in this way this motor functions here what I have shown that this is a cylindrical lobe which also can be made integral one. Two possible variety out of this star and ring one is that fixed axis zero torque or zero roller high speed low torque hydrostatic transmission unit which is pump or motor. In that in this case this axis is fixed this is also fixed usually what is done say a shaft is connected here a shaft is being rotated and this is also allowed to rotate about it is another body and then you will find this chambers are varying. We need not current shaft in that case usually you will find the outer member in that case zero roller remain fixed and then this can be used as a pump and motor because motor action is just reverse action of the pump and if we ask then orbit motor why it is not used as a pump you say this is basically high torque low speed machines. Now if you would like to use this as a pump the for the same pumping action we have to transmit very high torque at low speed say using a engine means that engine we have to maybe we have to use a reduction gear box to run this as a pump which is not benefited. So usually this version this a psychic motion version is always used as a motor it can be used as a pumping action but the different applications say for example when this unit used as an orbital steering unit then a pumping action of this is also used there but that is different. So in normal case this always as a motor. So this version the second version is the floating axis actually this is an a psychic gearing action is there a psychic motion is there this axis what why we call this is a floating because this is not in true sense not rigidly connected to any shaft because this is this motion of this guided by these contacts which is form closed this is called form closed always theoretically these points are with full contact no gap in between neither it is a interference fit it is an interference fit. So two possible machines are possible with this arrangement. Now with this figure the in this case it is a six lobed inner member. So this is described the six lobed inner member is made to rotate in a bicyclic manner while the outer member remains fixed the form closed spaces the term is form closed the spaces between separated by active contacts these contacts are called active contacts constitute chambers outer member has one lobe extra in this case seven lobe also there are total seven contacts one two three four you will find that there are seven contacts and this machine has seven chambers in motion the above mentioned spaces experiences change in areas and thereby the chambers experiences suction and compression two motions of the rotor are observed these are revolving of the rotor rotor means in this case star about the central axis of the stator stator means in this case ring here which happens to be usually the central axis of the whole machines that means the axis central axis of the outer member is the central axis of the whole machine rotation of the rotor about his own axis this member is having a revolving motion around the central axis and it has a motion about his own axis analyzing this motion gearing ratio and the torque multiplication that is transmission ratio can be found as already described that when the ring fixed star output the type one the transmission ratio is the number of star member is the number divided by the difference and when the star fixed and the ring is output then the number of lobe of the ring divided by the difference only here this is a minus signs that means these two motions one is the revolving action and the output motion is in the opposite directions where this is a plus sign means the revolving action as and the rotation is in the same directions. So, this is the orbit motor type one which we have we have seen already but still let us observe one second. So, this is the motion already which we have seen this is normal case orbit motor the outer member is rotated by holding the shaft you can if you hold the shaft in this case only thing you have to think of the oil connections and you will find the outer member rotation you can use that type of machine is also used where the rotation of the outer member is used say for example, big may go round in that case it is used now let us consider the flow distributor valve how it is working what we find that this we have taken 6 number of lobe for the star member 7 number of lobe of the ring member and what we find say this is the distributor valve this is the valve come the output shaft which we have seen in the machines and then if you observe that these groups are these group we have taken this section at this group so alternative groups are connected to these two slots if one is under high pressure other in is low pressure. Now, what we find that this through one the oil is coming in through another one another this group oil is going out and then there is on the body there is also connection through which the oil can either come in or come out or in other words these groups are connected to these passage these passage are this one so these are finally connected to these chambers now if you count that this channels there are 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 whereas these slots are 12 so 6 in this direction 6 in other directions now at a time if you observe so this is completely block high pressure connected to high pressure whereas this is open but this is connected to low pressure. Next if you come that high pressure is connected to must be connected to one chambers then next one is also connected to another chamber. So, this is connected to another chamber whereas this is blocked that means this slot is blocked. Next this is also blocked whereas this is connected to another chambers and next this is blocked whereas this is also connected to a high pressure chamber what we find in this case 4 slots of this out of 6 are connected to high pressure chambers that must be in expansion mode and in between 3 slots are blocked which is in connected to low pressure chambers. Next we come here what we find that this slot is the low pressure slot is connected to one chamber then one high pressure slot is blocked then another low pressure chamber is connected to low pressure slot is connected to another chambers whereas another high pressure chamber is blocked. So, what we find 2 are blocked 4 are open 2 high pressure are blocked whereas 3 low pressure slots are open to 3 chambers there must be in compression mode while is going out. So, this is the beauty of this valve I do not know who invented this but very unique design this flow distributor valve also known as Pintl valve it is also called as Pintl valve used in orbit motor is a unique design. The valve is integral with the output rotary motion of the inner member shaft opposite to the output end that means suppose this is the output end the shaft is hollow and the houses houses the one end of the gear coupling type curtains shaft the curtains shaft is connected actually if we consider say suppose this is the output side just when the distributor valve is beginning that is at the junction there is a coupling gear coupling and through the hollow side it connected to the star. So, this is described here the other end of the curtains shaft is coupled to the central spline of the inner star member. Thus the rotation of the inner member about its own axis instant transmitted to the output shaft. Now, if you look into this valve you can see you can compare this how this oil is going see these long slots through the body is these groups I will show also assembly of this machine where you will be able to understand. On the valve body there are two circumferential groups which are aligned to two ports holes which I have already described. So, if you read it you will be able to understand what I have just described about this valve how it is working. The uniqueness in the valve design is such that the set of transverse groups connecting the inlet will be connected to the chambers in expansion mode and the other set connecting to the outlet will connect the chambers in compression mode the immediate groups will remain disconnected. This means that there will be a sequence when one of the chamber is in neutral positions then you will find in case of in this case where the six slots are there three are connected to high pressure three are in low pressure one is in neutral. That neutral in if it is first from the high pressure four then one neutral three high pressure three low pressure next phase it will come that four in low pressure and then three in high pressure then one chamber will be in neutral, but that is momentarily. Now here I have shown the different phases so you can see this what is connected to which group through this here is the star gear and here is the valve and their connecting ports. So, if you study this very closely this sequences will be understood here is also the angle is given that what angle this one this is the you can say this top dead center of a chamber and and this is the you can the bottom dead say this is the bottom dead position of the chamber say this the same chamber here it is bottom dead center here it is the top dead center here is also at the bottom dead center. Now how to design such a star and ring in that case again we consider that this is a the describing circle of the outer member this is the describing circle of the inner member what we are trying to do we are trying to generate the lobes or the profile gear profiles what we should do we shall keep the inner member we are trying to generate the lobe on this this is the star member. So, what we will do we will consider this member as a fixed and then this member is rotated about this axis that means this is just sliding over this no slip and we have taken a point outside the outer member this rotating circle say let us consider this is a hollow body that means a plate is like this and this size hole is made then we have taken the generating point here if the point is taken on this circle then we should call this is epicycloid the generating point if it is on the circle we should call epicycloid we have taken this point outside it is called epichrocoids. Now this curve will generate a curve like this I mean this point will generate a curve like this as we allow it to rotate. So, therefore, we can have this equation of this curve by only forget about this portion first two term will give this curve equation of this curve where a 0 is the a naught is the length of this arm. Now we have used a bar this bar has been used to make this formula dimensionless what we have done actually we have divided this terms by r 0 which is the radius of the outer describing circle capital R 0 we have divided by that and we have made it dimensionless. This is a 0 by r 0 and this is r small r 0 by capital R 0 sorry this r 0 minus small r 0 by this capital R 0 this you can easily this is geometrically easily you can find out. So, we have not considered this part now. So, this is to show this dimensionless form now what we have done we have as I told that we can fix a curve at the crew nodes and then what we will find is that we have that we will find another profile which is parallel to this. That means, inwardly shifted parallel shifted this profile and which will give the active profile the effective profile of the star gears and this is as this is a constant then this profile will be a circular arc. Now this profile you will find that generating point will move that means when you are generating this curve this can move in this this will move in this directions by maximum of this angle which is called leaning angle it will move this side also it will move this side. Now to find out the equation of this point what we do simply we take this radius and this is in this direction inward direction. So, minus sign is there and this is the angle this angle plus this angle geometrically you can easily find out. Now only thing this angle is the input angle of this rotations that easily we can find out, but for each and every point we have to calculate this angle that is which is called leaning angle and this leaning angle can be derived by this equation. So, this is the all known values. So, you can easily calculate what will be the angle this angle and the maximum of this angle leaning angle this already I have shown there. So, maximum of this angle is given by this one. So, this will vary in this directions and move in this direction also in this directions. Now for this each and every moment we have to find out the radius of curvature of this one because this R m should not be greater than this value. If this is greater than this value then this curve feasible curve will not be available. So, each and every moment we have to calculate this radius of curvature which is given by this one. So, where it is specified therefore, the radius of curvature of star profile is R s is equal to that this is capital R minus R m this is the radius of curvature. So, this is the reduced radius of curvature of these points this should be always positive. It is to be noted that this value should not be negative the effective radius of curvature of this new profile should never become negative it becomes negative then this curve will not be possible. Now to design the envelope already I have described how this can be designed. Now actually in actual machines we need not bother about this curves because these curves we are not using we are using the modified curve which has nothing but a circular arc and the center is known. The center can be easily calculated by using this formula. Then in actual design we are using the earlier formula to find this modified star profile and we are using this coordinates to find out these points where we can put the circular arc. Only thing between these two circular arc whatever the portion that we need to design in case of the separate roller even we need not bother about that we can take a circular arc in that case we can make a groove and we can put the pin. In case of integral one we have to see that tip of the star should not foul the inner chamber otherwise it has no value we can increase that space also like in trochoids of gears. So the radius of curvature of the ring lobe is equal to R m. So this is known if you go for a stress analysis always we should take this at the contact the radius of curvature of outer member the ring here is R m whereas radius of curvature at the contact point is R s which we have to calculate. So now, dynamic of active contacts if we would like to observe this let us see. So as you can see that each and every contact point you can find out that this is the instantaneous center of rotation. Of this you join this point to the center of this circular arc you will find you will find this contact point. So next day we should learn how to calculate the contact point and what is the variation of this chamber. Simply you can calculate these two contacts when variation of this length will give you the variation of chamber volume. Now also we can observe the other as you see this is the variation. You can see this is rotating in one directions whereas this point is rotating in the opposite directions and the instantaneous contact point is rotating like this. So these will be required for the further analysis volume displacement stress analysis etcetera. Now the last thing I would like to show you that assembly and the functional feature. Now if you look into this this is the body of the orbit motor. In that case this long hole that is the passage to each chamber and you can look into a key shot tribe groups through which the oil from the distributor valve comes into chamber and it goes back in the same way. You will find that seven such long hole as well you will find the seven such short holes for fixing the star ring etcetera. Now look at the distributor valve which is coming in. You can see these slots groups are like this and this groups mid position this common portion will match with these groups. If you look into this this is matching. Now this is this side covered plate with bearing etcetera. Then this is the curtain shaft the other inside of this shaft there is a gear coupling. So this is being engaged to this gear coupling and this portion will be engaged to the star gear and this is a groove where the oil seal is put to make it leak proof. Then you will find that this plate is called valve plate. This plate is required because there is a star is rotating. So there is a rubbing to the main body is not suitable for this. So we need a bearing. So we need a valve plate which we can replace also easily. Now you can see this star is put and then this there will be another cover plate and then the final cover will be there. But in this case we have shown the final cover is a transparent one to see this gear inside. We can have look another look just observe this you will be able to understand this yourself how it is working. This is the input input and output main connections. In case if we find that this body is being used as an output we have to connect this input and output while may be through this shaft. It is possible in this shaft from the front side which is will be held. We can make a two grooves and that we can make a hole here and here. So it is possible or I mean it is not difficult. Now look at this this curtain shaft will go inside. Now to maintain this how these grooves and then the inter chamber is linked. Actually the curtain shaft all the teeth both side the same phase there is no lead leg and then in the star the splines or the gears those are made with a particular sequence. That means one groove of this spline is matching with the bottom of this one. See for example, in this case perhaps it is like that this one is the center of this one whereas it is this is the center of this one. This matching we should do to maintain the sequence. Now there is not. So what I have described this is you may not find in any book but if you go through these papers you will be able to see that this is the center of the pole. You will be able to understand what I have described today. Thank you.


Hi everybody, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with a Salo pack of 2020 Panini prism football With five honors spots being given away honors football random team spots being given away at the end of the break big thanks to Daniel Kyle Ryan Sean M That's it. Kyle's got a ton of spots in this. Thanks to everybody for filling up this pack Now as always we're gonna do the break itself first. Let's roll it randomize it three times for names and teams one two and three and as always will be a different dice roll for the giveaway spots teams one two and Three I know trade windows in these little packs here, but here's the first half of the list and There's the second half of the list right here. It's print and rip. You got Johnson Taylor rookie card Nothing too crazy there. Here's the final print out and here are the exclusives the red white and blue Devin Singletary Tyron Matthew and Jalen Johnson Nothing too wild there, but Let's see who's gonna win those honors spots Kyle down to Kyle and everyone in between. There's some new dice There's a new list And once again not too many spots being given away only the top five after Six and a one seven times top five after seven good luck one two three four five six and Seven in final time. Good luck after seven so from six on down Sad times But I appreciate you taking the risk Happy time for the top five Kyle Daniel Shawn Daniel and Daniel so there you go top five right there. You're in honors football. I'm Joe I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


I'm gonna read maybe just one poem it's called genius loci which means the spirit of the place and That particular place in this poem is Oakland where I lived for many years Genius loci Make it the place it was then so full it's split Vision to live there in winter so late and wet Abundance toppled toward awful birds of paradise a perfusion the ripe colors of anodized metal in gutters Umbrellas smashed like pigeons bent ribs bright among black slack fluttering Chameleus pink amogos dropping into water and rotting sweet stink and did not stop The inundated eye over populous urban eye the whole place to look at it was a Footprint in January everywhere cloudy water rising to fill in the outlines and Meanwhile indoors differed by degree alone without Love loosed from God there were lovers and touch rushing in to redraw your boundaries Constantly because it was a tune you kept getting wrong the refrain of what it meant to live alone months of that and then Sudden summer sheer release streets all cigarettes and sachet Balls out tube tops low riders and belly fat the girls on the block all like oh no She didn't and girl. She did she was mad skills with press-ons and a cell phone telling him where to stick it a kid on Her hip just like that summer sheer beauty and lip gloss that smelled like peaches and you going to the store for whiskey and Condoms like everyone else on a hot long afternoon So long and hot it would just be sunburned to walk anywhere if it weren't also a pleasure Thoughtless and shiftless and horny and drunk just someone thinking summer wasn't up to anything deep and low There he was His punk ass pink as a Viking in a tight wife beater and lingering by the public pool drinking beer So sly it didn't look illegal and he wasn't a good idea But did you have a light and it seemed the whole summer went like that Taking fire out of your pocket and giving it away a ditty you could whistle It was so cliche like the numbers they gave you after and you never called the number of swollen nodes of the kissing Colds you got and later the number took all to get tested the number of the bus to the clinic the number They gave you when they asked you to wait the number of questions asked number of partners number of risks number of previous tests The number of pricks one to draw the blood the number of minutes you waited before Results and then you decided you had to get the tune right the how to live it So it doesn't kill you to take a number and wait in the long line of the city's bankrupt humanism like the bus That never comes no matter how long you wait and the grocery grocery bag breaking and if you were going to sing that one The one that sounds like all I got is bruised Tomatoes broken glass and dirty bread and no one waiting at home. Would you? Start with genius as in the spirit of a place and small as in of the back Wet in heat and the urge to touch him their skin Just visible between his jeans and t-shirt to see if he's sweating to see if he feels what you feel And if he does is that all the spirit the place will give a small thing Shared just a phrase not a whole song But something to build on and if it isn't bread and if it's sure ain't tomatoes It isn't empty is it like the signage you walk by that fronts the lakeside church of practical Christianity hawking a knowledge of God so modest it seems trivial and it isn't ever Is it the how to live it so it doesn't kill you the where to touch it the when Will genius sing your name so it sounds like a place you can live Thank you


Hi everyone, Myself Dr. Jai Babu, Consultant Cardillist, Kolombesha, White Veil. Today we will be discussing about heart attacks in Yang in India. So, how common is heart attacks in India? People in India are now getting heart attacks much, much younger age. In fact, Indians get heart attacks 8 to 10 years earlier than any other ethnic group all over the world. The most unfortunate fact among this is, 44% of people in our country who develop heart attack are under the age of fit fires. Out of which, around 50% died of heart attack suddenly by sudden cardiac death. So, what causes the premature heart attack? Three most important causes which you should know. One is tobacco consumption. Second is the family state of premature heart disease in parents or siblings. That is in men less than 55 years and in women less than 60 years. And thirdly, diabetes. So, women get heart attack approximately 10 years later than men. However, in women especially diabetics or in smokers or who have family state of premature heart disease, then the women get heart attacks much earlier than premenopausal pace. The most common cause for premature heart disease by genetic origin is familial hypercholestery, which you should know. So, familial hypercholestery means grossly under diagnosed and under treated in the community. One best way to do is a non-fasting lipid profile, wherein by knowing the LDL levels or the bad cholesterol level, you can diagnose this clinical entity. Since it is an autosomal dominant condition, so the family members who are involved up to half of the family members would carry this gene. And if we can diagnose this at earlier age, we can prevent a lot of other premature heart attacks in the society. In these patients, at an earlier age, if we are able to start them on lipid-doring drugs like statins and along with lifestyle modification, we can definitely prevent a lot of premature heart attacks. The second reason being the tobacco consumption. Tobacco can be consumed in form of smoking, cigarettes, BDs or smokeless tobacco as we call the chewing tobacco. So, this increases the risk for premature heart attacks because of inflammation of the coronary arteries and by the oxidation of the bad cholesterol of the LDL and in turn increasing the platelet activity. All these together lead on to formation of clot and that could lead on to blockage of coronary arteries resulting in heart attack. The third risk factor being the diabetes. Diabetes is a very commonly associated risk factor along with hypertension and lipid disorder. This can lead on to a premature heart disease. Diabetes also prevails most for heart attack due to information of the artery walls of the coronary arteries and increased tendency for clot formation. So, controlling the risk factors, all these risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, lipid disorders will definitely prevent the genesis of the atherosclerosis or the plaque formation and lifestyle management is a very important thing that is useful for controlling this along with the drugs like statins which lower the cholesterol, anti-epotensives which control the blood pressure and anti-diabetic drugs which control the diabetes. So, all these things are essential. So, how do we prevent a premature heart attack? We live in a very highly competitive environment with intense work demand. So, all these increase the risk factors for heart disease such as pro-stress or incidence of diabetes, hypertension all these things increase. Along with this aggravating or the smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol, lack of sleep or lack of exercise. So, lifestyle modification plays a key role in preventing the premature heart attacks. This is a very simple and affordable and effective way to treat. And all you have to do is just regularly do moderate intense aerobic exercise just like brisk walking, cycling or jogging, probably even swimming 5 days a week. This is supposed to reduce your heart attacks by 30% and if you reduce DP, controlled diabetes and it will also lead on to reduction in lipids. Other things diet, predominantly what we are talking about is avoiding consumption, less consumption of trans fats and saturated fats. Trans fats is what is available with fast food centers, chips, cookies, all those things. So, avoiding them. Saturated fats are basically ghee, butter, dhalda. So, all these things constitute saturated fats. So, using them at a minimal allowable level, avoiding them or modifying them could definitely reduce your bad cholesterol. Other thing is smoking as I told reduction of smoking. So, despite all these measures, I mean among all these measures lifestyle plays a major role in controlling various factors. And use of the added statins, the anti-diabetic medicines and blood pressure medicines are also essential. So, adapting these healthy habits even when you start at a very younger age like childhood or adolescent, at a school level is as essential in preventing the premature heart attacks. That's it. Thank you.


Christine Linders, physical therapist and board-certified orthopedic clinical specialist. Today we are going to learn the four secrets to a pain-free body and this is based on my 25 years of experience working in four different states, watching how people move, treating many patients of different age ranges, different generations, and as well being injured in so many parts of my body my whole life so I have great insight and those four secrets to a pain-free body are you need to have adequate ankle range emotion, you need to have improved posture, you need to have closer to normal alignment, and you need to have a well-functioning deep core. I didn't say strong deep core, I said well-functioning deep core. So let's go to video number one to learn the first secret and what you can do about it. One of the secrets to a pain-free body is having adequate range of motion in your ankles. If you don't have adequate range of motion right here you can end up with things like plantar fasciitis, bunions, achilles tendonitis, knee pain, and more. Also if you don't have enough range of motion in your ankles when you go to squat down like I have enough range of motion it can cause you to fall over backwards and you can also get back pain as you squat because you'll get to a point that your ankles don't bend anymore and your body will bend to get down more. We need about 20 degrees from this angle more than the L like that of normal range of motion for walking going up and down stairs, bending, etc. So the simple thing to do is stretch your ankle.   You're going to do 20 times a stretch and release. You can also wedge your foot up against something too to help if you're stretched, but if you're tight you want to do this. 20 times back and forth, switch to the other side, keep the back foot pointed directly forward. So you don't want to stretch like I see in the clinic like this where the foot is towed out. You want to look down and make sure it's in a straight line because you don't want to stretch your arch muscle. You want to stretch the tissue on the back of your leg and the back of your calf so you can get ankle range of motion. Then you're also going to do the second muscle, the soleus. Then you just bend the back leg like this and you'll feel the stretch a little bit lower towards your Achilles tendon.  So enjoy. That's so important. I first discovered the importance of ankle range motion when I moved from California to New York City and I was having a lot of patients coming in with Achilles tendonitis, plantar fasciitis, knee pain, back pain and I couldn't figure out why. There was nothing wrong with their knee. There was nothing wrong with their back and I went to their ankle and everybody had the same problem. So I started checking all of my patients. Everybody had the same issue. They didn't have any more than that acute right angle and you need more. You need 20 degrees past that. So I started having everybody stretch their calves and their foot pain, their ankle pain, their knee pain, their back pain all started to go away. So that was my first introduction. And if you want to see my co-host here, Little Richie, this is his ankle right here. So that's the L I was talking about from the outside of the shin bone down to the foot and you need it to go further than that to be able to have the proper mechanics of this in your foot. So simple thing, stretching. Try it. You can do it in the morning. You can do it midday. I usually have people do 20 repetitions like that. I like dynamic stretching. It helps to really release the tissue without pain, without really just like stretching the tissue. So that's number one secret to a pain-free body is making sure you have adequate ankle range of motion and also a little asterisk. If you're getting older and you're 65 plus and you're noticing that your balance is becoming different or you feel like when you stand you're on your heels, stretch your calves because a tight ankle leads so too often to falls in people as they age. So let's get a video number two where we learn the second important secret to a pain-free body. The second secret to a pain-free body is having adequate core stability. And what I'm referring to right now is your core is just your deepest abdominal muscle, your deepest back muscle, your pelvic floor. We're going to go for this part of your core. So it's very simple.  Even people that sit at a desk job can have elbow pain because their core is not stable. They're kind of sitting slouched, hanging on their bodies without the stability to keep this centered so that this part can move without pain.  I don't mean air. I mean your stomach.  You go from your belly button and you move it in, move it in, move it in. Here's your diaphragm.  But you go right here, belly button, move in, in and you can hear it might change the sound of my voice a little bit but it doesn't stop me from talking like pulling my diaphragm in.  So I like to put one hand on the diaphragm, one hand on my belly button and pull the belly button in. Belly button in. Belly button in. It's a simplest way to do it during your function so you can be pain-free.  Second aisle, let your belly button out. Third aisle, pull your belly button in to try to retrain your deep core to keep you stable but also getting in and out of the car. Belly button in and then reach for the car door. Belly button in, get up from the low toilet. Belly button in, get in and out of bed so that you can have a pain-free body by having a very strong That's a lot of information. So I'm just going to simplify it a little bit for you.  The strength of having a six pack or doing tons of planks is not what I'm going after.    So I just wanted to clarify that because I think it's important you're pulling in your belly button to retrain the mechanism of that muscle firing before your body generates motion. You can do it when you're sitting, you can do it when you're standing, you can do it when you're laying down. There's so many different ways to train the transverse abdominis, but the simplest one to getting pain free now that works with all of my patients.  I just forget. That's the most common thing that I hear from everybody when I teach them how to activate their deep core so that they can find stability.  Okay, let's go to the third secret to having a pain free body. The third secret is having good alignment. It doesn't have to be perfect alignment. It just has to be better alignment. So many of us will stand like this and you're off to one leg. But when you stand on one leg, you're causing your pelvis and your femur, your thigh bone to rotate and your spine is bending over to the side. So I'll show you from the back. So here I am standing. Here I am standing on one leg. You can see it pinching my spine right here. So you want to improve your alignment. Also you may be sitting leaning with one elbow on the table or one on your desk.   So to improve, to get closer to better alignment, try to center yourself and find equal weight on your feet when you're standing. Catch yourself if you're like, oh my gosh, wow, I'm shifting again.   But the other thing too is if you have arthritis in your knee or you have that tight calf that's not allowing your ankle to bend, something else will bend. So if your ankle doesn't go this way, your arch is going to have to collapse and it takes your knee in and you start to develop that this kind of posture where your knee is in. And when you do that, you can see my trunk shifting over here. A lot of people will have back pain from an arthritic knee that's come from having a bunion or a tight calf. So you want to look in the mirror at your leg alignment and make sure you've got pretty good alignment here and you're not standing with one foot turned out or even just standing like this. Look down. If you're like this, turn that one foot in a little bit more and you will note how when you walk, how different it feels. So enjoy that. Again, that's a lot of information about your alignment, where your feet are, when you're standing, where which foot you're leaning on, when you're standing, if you're shifting back and forth. But the first step is just awareness. So if you want to achieve a pain-free body, we need to improve how we hold our body. This is our machine that's going to last us for a lifetime. And I know I've had, I can't even count how many injuries I've had since I was 12 years old. And I am constantly saying that word to myself, improve. I pay attention, attention and awareness to how I'm holding myself. And am I perfect? Absolutely not. I work looking down, sometimes in the car, if I get tense, I catch myself lifting my chin up and then I get my neck hurts and then I say, okay, lift my chest, drop my chin down, long neck. So it's a constant thing to adjust your body, but first you have to be aware. And that's why I want to have those videos where I'm showing you. Look down right now. If you're sitting, watching this video, look and see if one foot is out to the right. Look and see if you're shifting to one side. Look and see if you're leaning forward with your chin up, leading to neck pain and headache. So awareness is key. A lot of times I do these talks and I tell people that and you see them kind of like, uncomfortably shifting like, oh yeah, I'm gonna sit back a little bit and looking around to see what everybody's doing because we're just going through life enjoying the freedom of our body. But when something hurts, it's telling us that we're doing something wrong. There's a message that's sending to us that we need to check ourselves and I know why because I'm a physical therapist because I've been highly trained and did lots of education, but I want to share that with you so that you can be pain-free too. It's just a little bit of awareness looking at where you're at and also a little bit of change. Reminders, sticky notes, anything like that. You can give yourself notes. You can set alerts on your phone if you're sitting at your desk and you want to improve. If you tend to sit one way, set an alarm to go for your five minutes, oh shoot, I'm doing again. Let me fix myself. If you're standing in an elevator or standing to work or standing at the sink, washing dishes, look down and see if that foot is out. Just a little bit of awareness and changes throughout your day will help you get a pain-free body now. If I could use my co-host here, Little Richie, to show you about the alignment, here's your spine. When I was standing on one leg, you could see the bending of my spine right in this area right here. The nerves pass outside of these vertebrae here and they go down your leg.   That's why if you checked all the people who had stenosis and you have this small group of people that have pain with stenosis and this big group of people who don't have pain with stenosis, it's usually just an alignment issue. We have different habits that we do that once we correct them, you can get out of your pain from your stenosis like the people that have stenosis that don't have pain. They just happen to have a job that doesn't involve them to shift side to side or they have really good posture habits or they have different hobbies than you and it's all different situations. They have less injuries than you've had when you were a kid. You had a car accident, all those things lead up to the story that is our body that can lead to pain in different places and now the knee alignment, if you have knee arthritis or you have that kind of crooked knee like that where your foot, if you look down, your foot is outside and you notice your knee is kind of going in an angle like this right here, that is because you're either walking with your foot out or your hip is weak over here and so it's all alignment. So pay attention how you go up and downstairs.    Now before we go to the last video I'm going to talk a little bit because the last one is posture. I'm going to talk a little bit more about the alignment of your of your body here. So this skeleton little Richie here, his ear is over his shoulder, is over his hip and many of us if we had someone walk by with a camera and take a picture of us standing or sitting you wouldn't see that. We would see the head forward of the shoulder and that's what leads people to a lot of neck pain, shoulder pain, and back pain.  The fourth secret is something many of us learned from our moms and our grandmoms when we were younger and it's posture. Posture is so important to the health and well-being of your body. It's so important to living a pain free life. If you are like this it's not a matter of if but when are you going to have neck pain, when are you going to have back pain, when are you going to have shoulder elbow pain. So let's talk about posture. When you stand up ideally, mine's not perfect either, I make an effort though to improve. Your ears should be over your shoulder, over your hip when you're standing.  It looks like you're lifting your chest a little bit just yanking you up tall. You can also imagine that something's pulling you up from your head.  You can squeeze your shoulder blades a little bit. It's important just not to sway your back like this and move back while you're trying to improve your posture.   You move your feet a little bit back and that will help you to not be slouched. But also supporting your back with a pillow when you're in any chair will help support the natural curve of your spine and help keep you here because here is very difficult to maintain without support.  Neck pain, shoulder pain, back pain is all going to come at some point. You want to get yourself into this position a more aligned position so that you can have a pain-free body and enjoy. So that's great. I wanted to make sure that everybody learns the importance of posture. It's something that I was nagged, reminded about all the time as a teenager as I was like slouching or slumping in a chair and so I appreciate that now. But also I have the education of knowing about biomechanics and body mechanics and alignment too and also having a car accident when I was younger. Before I was a PT I found myself just literally sitting super straight because when I looked down I had terrible neck pain and so I've learned it first hand through myself and then also added the knowledge as a physical therapist with my posture. It's something that I see in the clinic now the last probably eight to ten years more than I've ever seen is someone's posture being the cause of their neck, their shoulder, and their back pain and their headaches. So I did a show previously called your posture is causing your pain why and it's a big deal how we hold ourselves. We didn't have devices 15 years ago like we do today or 25 years ago I guess like we do today where everyone even small children are looking down at devices and it's a real problem gravity never takes a day off I always say that so constantly gravity is pulling on our skeleton and when we are sitting up straight there's not much effort going on in our body it's alignment stability and so that's great as soon as you go out of that alignment now muscles have to work to hold your body up against gravity and to fight the gravitational pull and that's what these beautiful devices are is we're constantly even just as you can see even just me tilting my head down or a lot of people are holding them down their laps and looking down like this I catch people all the time my head is I don't know 45 degrees down which puts a huge force on my neck and worse collagen is constantly turning over and you could reach around right now and see if you have that bump they call it a dowager somewhere you run your finger down your neck and right about where it hits the junction it hits your upper back you'll feel a little bump like that and that's just from looking down too much you're looking down too much and collagen is turning over in your body and we become the shape that we hold ourselves in most so if you're holding yourself upright your spine a little bit you over here is going to be in nice alignment if you're looking down this is the area that's going to become more bumped up because the vertebrae will constantly will start to bend forward that way and that's what leads to a lot of compression in the neck if you have C345 compression it's because as the spine bumps here the curve reversal has to go so extreme so then there's less space for the disc and less space for the nerves to come out of your vertebrae and so you start pinching discs and pinching nerves I wanted to tell you a little bit about the transverse abdominis I was trying to pull it up on my phone here I published an article in 2019 called the critical role of development of the transversus abdominis and the prevention and treatment olobac vein and it's available on PubMed it's a fantastic article I don't know if you can see it there but if you went into your Google search bar or whatever search engine you use and type in my name Christine Linders and transversus t-r-a-n-v-e-r-s-u-s abdominis a-b-d-o-m-i-n-i-s you'll find that article and it will teach you everything you want to know and the basics for activating your deep core so that you can get that well functioning core even if you have that six pack and you're doing cross fit and you're working out and playing sports and soccer and you've got back pain read that article because you can have a very strong and fit and activated superficial core which is your rectus abdominis the six pack muscle your external oblique but what you're lacking is a very well functioning deep core transversus abdominis internal oblique pelvic floor I can go on but read that article it's free thanks to hospital for special surgery they got it published for me all access and you can learn how to get your deep core functioning which is being masked by a very strong superficial core so I'm gonna go to video number five for a break now because I don't know if you hear in my videos oftentimes Garfield and Pookie my lovely little tabby kitties are talking so let's go to video number five and get a little grin Pookie you want to be a movie star? Garfy you want to be a movie star? You want to be on tv? Hi kitties what Garfy Pookie oh hello I thought that would be funny because those of you who have been watching my show for the past three plus years they tend to be laying in the background when I'm living here when I was living at the other place strewn throughout my videos and they really are a joy they've helped me get through this pandemic and so to wrap it up I just want to say there's four secrets to becoming pain-free and they're kind of the basics of body mechanic you want to have adequate range of motion you want to have pretty good alignment I'm not asking for perfection you need to have better posture when you're going about your day which means you need to put a little bit more attention into how you're holding your feet how you're sitting how you're standing just to improve I want everyone to improve so you can be pain-free the body's very forgiving you don't have to be perfect you just have to be a little bit better and last but not least activate your deep core suck it in you can see me kind of my posture pop up I can slouch and then suck my stomach in and it pops me up right away because it's cinching my waist and it's giving my low back stability so activate your deep core pull your belly button in towards your spine throughout the day set reminders so that you too can enjoy a pain-free body thank you so much for tuning in and if you need to get in touch with me you can check me out on LinkedIn it's Christine Linders or you can just email me at clindersrunatgmail.com if you want to get in touch with me if you have an idea for the show or if you'd like to have a virtual assessment thanks so much Think Tech Hawaii and everyone for allowing us to be here with you today Aloha life is better when you listen to your physical therapist and donate to us at thinktechawaii.com Mahalo


The article discusses the challenge of hesitancy and resistance towards vaccination for public health and presents research on the psychological characteristics associated with such attitudes in the UK and Ireland. This article was authored by Jamie Murphy, Frederic Volleyas, Richard P. Bentall and others.


Hello everybody, welcome back to another AI video. In this one I'm going to show you how to do amazing watermark removal and I'm not talking about just kind of getting it right. I'm talking about perfect watermark removals and I'm going to show you how to do it for free using Photoshop level software. This is literally Photoshop on the internet. It is completely free and it is amazing and I've got an example here. As you can see, this is the original image. It has copyright in the middle and then the revised version has nothing. You can't see anything in it. How did I do it? Let me show you step by step. So I'm going to close all this up and we're going to go from the beginning. So what you want to do is you want to go to adobe.com and then on adobe you're going to see something called Firefly. This is what we're going for. If you do not see it, I will put a link in the description below so don't panic. You can just click on the link and it will take you there. When you see a page like this, basically you want to explore Firefly. So I'm going to click on explore Firefly. Come on Curtis, use your words and then you're going to see this here and right now Firefly has four major sections that are available, text to image, generative fill, text effects and generative recolor. The one we want is generative fill and again if you don't see this, I will link it in the description so you'll get there directly. I'm going to go ahead and click on generate and when I do that before I show you the magic, I want to show you something here. I'm going to click on my account and then I'm going to view my account. The reason why I'm doing this is I want to show you that I have a free account and you'll see it here. It says upgrade your free plan today. This is of no cost at what I'm showing you here. So again, totally free. Now let's go into my finder. If you're on a PC, it may be Windows Explorer. What we want to do is we just want to find the image that you want to take the copyright off or the watermark I guess is the right way to put it. So I'm just going to grab this image here. It's just one of many, but why not? And then you're going to see here that I can go ahead and drag and drop it in here. So I'm just going to click on here, make sure I've got it correct. I'm going to drag and drop it and then when it lights up here and you'll see the highlight, just drag it in and then presto. We are now using generative fill. All you need to do is make sure that insert is selected or add here down at the bottom and then I'm just going to brush over what I want to remove. In this case, it's the word copyright and it's right in the middle of the image. Once I've got that done, you can write something in here if you want it to be something different. If you wanted to put a unicorn in there, for example, but I'm not going to, I'm just going to leave it as is and click on generate. When you do that, you're basically telling Firefly here that we just want it to go ahead and kind of fill that in and do a good job. And holy smokes, it did a good job. I mean, literally it's gone. You'd have to really look hard to see it, but you always get four cracks at it. So if that doesn't work for you, you can click on this one. If you like that sort of mountain or that sort of mountain or that one, whatever, they're all good. Click on keep it. And that is literally it. And all you got to do now is you can go ahead and just right click and download it. But there we go. We've got it. It's done. There's your image. Thanks for watching.


Welcome to a great American, our president, Ronald Reagan. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you all very much. You know, I was going to say when I got up here that before I begin today, I have a very pleasant announcement to make. But I have been told that you have already heard me make that announcement by remote control, so I won't make you listen to it twice. Maybe I could say just something that might help you sometimes if you're a little confused that 5.3 percent unemployment rate, but then you pick up the paper to read and says 5.4, and maybe you don't understand statisticians. They've got two figures. One of them is if you don't count the military, it's 5.4. But if you count the military as having jobs, it's 5.3. And I happen to think that anybody in uniform is really employed. Well, thank you, Jim, and many thanks to the Macomb County Area Chambers of Commerce. And thanks also to Tony, George, and the Pena family for their hospitality today. But it's always a delight to be back in Michigan. The people, the land, the lakes, and the Reagan-Bush White House, we use a nickname for Michigan. We simply refer to it as God's country. Now please don't tell anyone in the Civil Liberties Union that I said that. Well, here with us today are five of the people who make Washington tolerable and who keep it from inflicting too much harm on Michigan and the rest of the country. Congressman Guy Vanderjack, Bill Broomfield, Carl Purcell, Bill Shutey, and Fred Upton. And let me also mention a few outstanding candidates here with us today. Cal, Al Geyer, and Doug Carl for Congress, and Jim Dunn for Senate. They deserve your support. I better be careful here because I was told that this is a bipartisan gathering. Some of you favor the Wolverines and others favor the Spartans. For me, I'll just ask for mercy and compassion toward the referees. But with this great reception you've given me, it's hard to believe that once upon a time to be a Republican around here felt a little like being Gary Cooper in High Noon outnumbered in a big way. But I remember the story of a fellow who was running for office as a Republican. He was out in rural territory and he stopped by a farm to get in a plug. And when the farmer heard he was a Republican, his jaw dropped and he said, wait, wait right here while I get more. She's never seen a Republican before. And the candidate looked for a podium while he's going to get his wife and from which he can give a Republican speech. And the only thing he could find was a pile of that stuff that Best Truman took 35 years trying to get Harry to call fertilizer. And so when they got back he was up on the mound and from there he gave a little speech. And then the farmer said, that's the first time I ever heard a Republican speech. And the candidate said, that's the first time I've ever given a Republican speech from a Democratic platform. Well all that as they say is history, or should I say ancient history which at my age is a subject I'm regarded as an expert in. You know very briefly I was regarded as an economics expert. Of course that was my college major. But very briefly they labeled our program Egonomics. Then it became clear that the program was working. Funny thing is they don't call it that anymore. But in fact experts agree the United States economy has made history. One year ago our economic recovery became the longest peacetime expansion ever recorded and it hasn't stopped. This month the expansion enters its unprecedented 71st month We've created over 18 million jobs as you were told and bringing employment to an all-time high. And these are good jobs, more than 90% are full-time and of these over 85% of them pay better than $20,000 a year. And so much for that campaign rhetoric on the other side that these are just menial jobs and flipping hamburgers or something. Let's remember how in the 1970s inflation and taxes were suffocating families and working people and small businesses as they tried to make ends meet. I think it's important to note that today when hardworking people like you put in long days to provide for your family to give them a better future the government lets you keep more of what you've earned instead of confiscating it through higher taxes and runaway inflation. Since the recovery began the unemployment rate in Macomb County has fallen by more than half and statewide personal income is up by some 40%. But back in Washington the liberals already are saying that they want to raise taxes and they have all kinds of inflationary spending programs in the works. But I think the people of Macomb County demonstrated in 1984 that you know what to do with the tax and spend crowd. That year in a recall election you walked into the polling booth put your hand on the lever and said, read my lips no new taxes. Well in 1988 you need to do the same. Let the liberals read your lips no new taxes. Since 1981 we've shown that record economic growth more jobs than ever before in a greater decline in the unemployment rate than any other major economy not only can be achieved but that we could do it while also reducing taxes slashing inflation by two thirds and cutting interest rates in half. And there's something else, something you don't often read in the papers. Today more Americans are at work and the highest proportion of our labor force is employed than ever before in the history of this country. And job for job the jobs we've created in our expansion pay better as I told you than the jobs that existed before our expansion began. How did we do it? By getting government out of the way and letting the American people do their thing. You know in my job I visit many schools and factories, farms and communities around our country and I get to see why our nation is so strong. Again and again I find myself remembering what General George C. Marshall said when he was asked why he was so confident that we would win World War II. He said we have a secret weapon the best blankety blank kids in the whole world. Well in our economy we have a secret weapon the best blankety blank men and women in the whole world. And I would add that after over the last two years without much help from Washington's big spending liberals we have also cut the federal budget deficit by more than a third and continued to reduce the trade deficit and we still kept the economic expansion going and we've done it without raising taxes. Incidentally with regard to that federal budget deficit I get very frustrated some of the campaign rhetoric about the President's deficit. The President of the United States can't spend a dime. Only the Congress can spend money. Well our program so far has helped middle income families make their paychecks go further and the drop in interest rates has made home ownership more affordable. The drop in inflation has protected the savings of citizens and helped those who lived on fixed incomes and our tax reductions have guaranteed that a family's purchasing power will not be eroded by bracket creep. Imagine where the American family would be today if the liberals had succeeded in their attempts to block our economic reforms. Of course the liberals still don't understand how we were able to get rid of their economic crisis, their malaise, their inflation, their gas lines and turn this economy around. So in this campaign they're treating the good times as if they're a given, they just happen. Their message is you can take prosperity for granted it's time for a change so take a chance on us. That's what you're saying. That's sort of like someone telling you that you've stored up all the cold beer you could want so now it's time to unplug the refrigerator. But whether it's a well-stocked refrigerator or our pro-growth economic policies you can't unplug what's working and expect things to stay the same. You know one state, a state that happens to be in New England and to make some very tasty clam chowder has followed economic policies the opposite of those that Vice President Bush and I have implemented. While we've cut taxes, reduced regulation and limited the growth in federal spending this particular state government has since 1983 increased spending at double the rate of the federal government's increase and nearly doubled the state debt. They've added on almost 200 million in additional state taxes and fees this year their budget deficit much too large this year is projected to be even larger next year and as for jobs, since 1984 while the number of manufacturing jobs grew nationally, that one state lost more than 95,000 manufacturing jobs that's a decline of 14%. Now this New England state has a very fine baseball team they have a shot at the World Series but come November that state's political leadership is going to get a different message. The message on election day will be Strike 3, you're out. You know speaking of baseball I had a lot of fun last week at the Chicago Cubs game I got to throw a couple of balls and call an inning from the broadcast booth and I have to say the differences between the liberals and Chicago's wriggly field is that the liberals are still in the dark. You see what we've done with the economy is important and we must make sure that it continues but our special strength as a nation as you all know so well is that we can march into the future leading the world into a new age of growth technology and innovation but we can do so without leaving behind the vital moral foundation the basic values of faith and family it makes ours a great nation and on which all that we've accomplished has been built yes the family is the bedrock of our nation but it is but it's also the engine that gives our country life it is the reason that we produce it's for our families that we work in labor so that we can join together around the dinner table bring our children up the right way care for our parents and reach out to those less fortunate it's the power of the family that holds the nation together that gives America her conscience and that serves as the cradle of our country's soul as I've said before there really are only two things the liberals don't understand the things that change and the things that don't the economy the economy technology these things change and under us for the better but America's basic moral no the truth is that on issue after issue the liberals have in the words of G.K. Chesterton submitted to the modern and morbid weakness of always sacrificing the normal to the abnormal they've turned principles at the core of our common culture and common history into partisan issues that hang in the balance as we prepare to elect a new president in congress for example some liberal organizations believe that separation of church and state requires ending the Catholic church's tax exemption or removing the words under God from the Pledge of Allegiance is that what you believe no they favor the right to retail what they call non obscene child pornography and think we should repeal the criminal penalties for selling marijuana is that what you believe they think tuition tax credits for children in parochial schools are unconstitutional but prostitution should be legalized but the children should be denied the right to begin their school day by joining with their classmates in a voluntary prayer and I know what you're going to say is that what you believe no that's not what we or most Americans believe and I think it's time for us to say that America's most basic values are not unconstitutional now I'm not saying that all or even most liberals agree with all of these far out views but these issues and there are other examples raise an important question you recall a few years back political figures had to disassociate themselves with from groups on the right with crackpot far out views well isn't it now time for responsible people to do the same thing with far out groups left let me tell you what's exciting what in fact is the big news of the 1988 campaign that this campaign is developing on the issues and the American people are finding out what I said some time back that the policies of the opposition can be characterized as liberal liberal liberal and now I'm a former Democrat but I think you know what I mean when I raise questions about the distinction between rank and file Democrats and the liberal leadership of that party in Washington the liberals may try to mouth some of our words but when they talk about values and family they mean something very different for example the liberals recently proposed a federal child care assistance program but under their program if you want assistance and wish to leave your child with his or her grandmother that day grandma will have to be licensed by the federal government one of the liberal congressional staff members behind the bill was asked by a reporter if that was true that grandmothers would have to get federal licenses to take care of their own grandchildren and the reply came yes of course it's true after all and here's the quote how else can you design a program that receives federal funds licensing grandmothers can you believe that next thing you know they'll say grilling hamburgers is an environmental hazard now there are other values that we should think about this year change of subject here you know last Friday was the 50th anniversary of the Munich pact the naive act of appeasement that brought us the great nightmare of this century the second world war the vain boast that we'd achieved peace in our time was followed 11 months later by Hitler's invasion of Poland the lesson from Munich is too clear and too important to be forgotten the sad lesson is that to be weak is to invite war and that's why I say to you America must never be weak we must always be strong but even today there are those who have forgotten the ancient principle of peace through strength and their innocence and naivete would put in question all that we've achieved since Vice President Bush and I took office all the progress toward ending the twin evils of totalitarianism and nuclear terror I know that down the road here is an important defense plant that helps to keep America strong when I see our tanks I think of the defense of the free world of course other people now look at our tanks and think of what a Boston newspaper columnist him not me a Pee Wee's armored adventure you see the liberals would break faith with anti-communist freedom fighters they oppose a strategic defense against nuclear missiles they would cancel essential defense systems and receive nothing in return they're against the B-1 bomber and they'd wipe out two carrier battle groups and even when they say they now favor weapons like the new Trident missile and stealth bomber listen closely and you hear them whisper it's just in theory that they favor those systems they're not ready or prepared to deploy them but in a dangerous world weapons that don't exist don't count let's remember the Soviets did business because they saw that we meant business but over the last eight years America's begun a great enterprise of resurrection we have worked to recover the bedrock values that you and most Americans never departed from we've rebuilt our defenses our country is at peace our economy is strong and our future is bright and one thing's even clearer to me after watching the debate wins tonight the Bush quail ticket will continue the policies of peace and prosperity that have as Dan said made this great nation the envy of the world and there's one last issue that's more important even in all the other crucial matters we've already discussed ladies and gentlemen just a few years ago I wonder how many of us could really have believed then that so many of our fondest dreams for America could come true and of those things that have happened how many of us could have imagined eight or even four years ago that one day a President of the United States would have an opportunity to stand as I did a few months ago at a podium at Moscow State University and tell the young people of the Soviet Union about the wonder and glory of human freedom and what a great moment we have before us and oh how future generations will dishonor us if now in a moment of sudden folly we throw it all away so let's go forth then you and I to tell the American people what is really at stake the fate of generations to come a hopeful vision of a world of freedom and a bountiful future of reverence and peace for our children and all the children of the world so yes some say that it's time for a change but ladies and gentlemen let us just remember we are the change we started it eight years ago and we're going to continue it and extend it to Congress if you do the right thing at the polls on November 8 now is a time for action not complacency it's time to keep the progress moving not to sit tight or slip backwards I think George Bush had it right at the convention if you have to change horses in midstream doesn't it make sense to get on one that's going the same direction you are I'm going to annoy some of my people now I can't get over this share a little something with you I have a new hobby I have been collecting jokes that I know are created by the people of the Soviet Union themselves and told among themselves revealing a great sense of humor but also a little cynicism about some things in their system and I've been collecting these stories I even told a couple of them to the general secretary but there are some I wouldn't dare tell you one the most recent was the one that I got there at the summit just as I was coming home they had me and his limousine with general secretary Gorbachev and the head of my secret service unit and his chief security person and we were being we were sightseeing and we pulled up by a waterfall and supposedly we got out of the car to look at the waterfall and Gorbachev said to my secret service man go ahead jump go over the fall and he said I got a wife and three kids so he turned to his own man he said jump go over the waterfall and he did well my man scrambled down the rocks around the waterfall to see if he could be at help down there at the bottom and found the fellow ringing out his clothes and apparently alright and he said well when he told you to jump and go over the falls why did you do that he said I got a wife and three kids thank you all and God bless you for purposes of a presentation we have the chairman of the board of the Warren Sterling centerline chamber of commerce Bill Morale and the president of the Sterling Heights and Utica chamber of commerce Jan Kalm and Mr. President in 1980 when we nominated you the state of Michigan hosted that convention and Elbrooks Patterson and Pete Secchia said it then and we say it again today the performance that history will record of this administration makes us so proud to say thank you very much today and our chamber now wishes to make the presentation Mr. President on behalf of all the McComb County chambers of commerce gathered here and all those members who could not attend today we take great pleasure in presenting you with an expression of our utmost esteem can you lift that for me please this miniature locomotive is an example of the countless products created in McComb County and as inscribed as follows President Reagan the engineer responsible for putting small business back on the track with appreciation the McComb County chambers of commerce October 7th 1988 thank you Mr. President and God bless you I'll bet you didn't know when you gave me this that for about 15 or 20 years after World War II I pledged no more flying and road trains all over the United States and mainly the Santa Fe it was the best way to get out of Los Angeles thank you all very much