Welcome you all for the series of lecture on Metrology. Now, let us start lecture 3 in module number 12. In this lecture, the following topics will be discussed. What are the features that can be checked by CMM complex form measurement using coordinate measuring machine, preventive maintenance of coordinate measuring machine and some details about portable coordinate measuring machines which can be moved to the shaft floors for measurement purpose. And then finally, we will discuss about virtual metrology laboratory. Now, let us discuss what are the features that can be checked by using coordinate measuring machine. We can measure the flatness of 6 surfaces. We can see we have a prismatic workpiece here which has 6 surfaces, flatness of 6 surfaces can be checked and parallel sum of 3 sets of surfaces can be checked and perpendicularity also can be checked, perpendicularity between the 12 surfaces can be checked by CMM. Roundness can be checked for example, say we have a hole here and we want to measure the diameter of the hole also the roundness of the hole. So, by selecting the data points on the surface of the hole you can find what is the roundness of that particular hole. And then, straightness of surface can be checked, we can say this is the workpiece surface by selecting some data points on the surface of the workpiece. CMM can estimate what is the straightness of that particular surface. You can see here, these points are data points obtained by the CMM and using the software the straightness is estimated. That means, the best fit line is fitted using the data points. Now, in one setting 5 faces can be inspected all the 5 surfaces, the features available in the 5 surfaces can be checked. Now, you can see here we have a very complex workpiece and this is the pro contact type pro. This workpiece has many features. So, it has angles, so angles can be measured and linear measurement is possible that is what is the slot width and what is the diameter of the hole, what is the distance between two surfaces and what is the distance between two slots, distance between centers say this is the center of one hole and the center of another hole, what is the center distance, pitch circle diameters, those things can be checked by CMM. Also, geometrical features like roundness, straightness, flatness, taper, slingicity, perpendicularity and parallelism can be checked using appropriate subroutines. We can see here by selecting the measurement points on the surface of external surface or internal taper surface, the CMM can estimate what is the taper and then the slingicity also can be measured. Now, very complex profiles can be measured using coordinate measuring machine. You can see here a very complex tooth profile. So, by selecting appropriate probe, the form or the profile can be estimated. So, measurement of sperm gear, hypoid gear, bevel gear and alkyl gears is possible using the coordinate measuring machine. Now, we can see the coordinate measuring machine is inspecting the sperm gear. The stylus is scanning the bore surface. Now, the stylus is moved. Now, it is scanning the tooth profile. It is scanning the tooth profile on the other side. Now, the ruby tip is scanning the tooth along the vertical direction. Now, it scans the other flank of the same tooth along vertical direction. Now, the inspection is over. Probe is moving to the home position. Now, we can see the inspection of a spiral bevel gear mounted horizontally using the fixture. Now, we can observe the automatic stylus changing. Probe bar is selecting another stylus from the rack. Now, the stylus is moved towards the workpiece to be inspected. Now, one stylus is inspecting the flank surface because of the very complex nature. Now, the inspection of the same flank surface is continued by another stylus. Now, some measurement examples are shown here. We have an engine block wherein we have to measure the internal surface of the bore and the details of these features. Here, another example is in the diesel engine body. This inclined surface is there in which we have bores and bores are to be checked. You can see the orientation of the probe is adjusted automatically. Here, the gearbox cover is placed horizontally. Then, using this content motorized probe, we can measure the features like diameter, the hole distance, the center distance and then the depth of the hole etc. can be checked. Here, the job is placed vertically and you can see motorized probe is oriented and you can measure the depth, surface details, center distance etc. etc. Depending upon the measurement requirement, the probes are selected automatically. We can see here the inspection of an engine block. By using long stems, you can see the probe has entered into the hole to check the features available at a deep surface. Using motorized probes, we can orient the probe and check the various features. You can see the use of a star type probe. Here, using an extension bar and the probe stylus at the end, we can check the inner details. It has entered into the hole to check the details available here. Here, the micro hole measurement using the combination of optical and contact probes in a CMM. You can see this is the workpiece placed in a fixture which has a micro hole. This is the spray hole and this is the optical probe CCD image sensor and this is the objective lens. This is the optical probe and then there is a contact probe also and there is a holder probe holder. This is the workpiece with a micro hole. This is the top surface and this is the bottom surface of the component. The details of the workpiece which has the micro hole are given here. This is the schematic diagram of diesel fuel injector which has micro holes. These are the micro holes of injector nozzle and this is the needle and here the fuel diesel will flow and it will come out of the nozzle. So, these are the spray holes. How these micro holes are made? The details are available here using micro hole EDM using wire electrode. This is the wire electrode and this is the workpiece in which the micro hole is to be made. So, using this EDM process, micro holes are fabricated. Now, here we can see the arrangement set up for micro hole measurement. So, in this first picture, we can see the overview of nozzle. This is the nozzle of the diesel engine injector nozzle and this is the contact probe made of glass fiber, glass fiber probe and this is the probe holder and this is the optical vision sensor, optical lens vision probe and in this picture we can see the close view of glass fiber probe. We can see the diameter at this point is 200 micrometer. At this point diameter of the probe of the stem is 500 micrometer and this is the tip of the probe and this is the workpiece and here we have nozzle micro hole and this picture shows spherical glass fiber probe tip. This is the probe tip, spherical probe tip with 74 micrometer diameter and this image is captured by the CCD image sensor. So, the measurement results are diameter of three micro holes are measured and the diameter is 157 micrometer, 158 micrometer and 160 micrometer. So, using CMM very small holes, micro holes also can be measured. Now, let us discuss how we can carry out preventive maintenance on coordinate measuring machines. Each of the three axes of CMM has a scale and encoder head for determining its position during travel. We should rub the scale lightly in one direction with a denatured alcohol soaked cotton ball to clean the scale. This generally needs to be done only twice in a year. The encoder head is not to be cleaned except by a trained service technician. So, keeping the scale clean will keep the encoder clean. Although the x and y axis scales are exposed, the z axis scale is covered. So, we should remove the tower cover to clean the z axis. There are ground surfaces located on the bridge leg rail and probe bar. These should be kept free of rust and debris and they should be cleaned at least once in a month. To clean these surfaces we should use denatured alcohol and a lint-free cloth and then we should follow up with an application of a thin coat of light oil again using a lint-free cloth. The probe bar should be cleaned and lubricated daily at least each day that is used in the same manner as ground surfaces to prevent rusting. Since the granite table is a porous material, we should clean the greasy layer and oily layer from the work parts to be inspected. Otherwise, the oil will enter into the pores in the granite. So, we should not place the foreign objects on the granite plate and we should remove inspected parts quickly from the table surface. Rust can form and stain if the work pieces are left on the plate. Stains can be reduced using a light amount of denatured alcohol and medium grade scoring pad. We should use only a light amount of special surface plate cleaner and lint-free cloth to clean the work piece table surface and we should allow it to fully dry before placing the parts on the table. The granite plate should be kept level for best results. We could use a 0.125 millimeter per 30 centimeter bubble level and we should adjust the knobs at the bottom of the table legs. If required, we should check this condition periodically. We can always use a gram gauge for adjustment, reset and checking of probe trigger force settings on touch trigger probes. Setting the optimum trigger force using the gram gauge maximizes a probe's performance. The gram gauge can be used to set trigger force settings over a range of 4 to 35 grams. The scale graduation are set at 1 gram intervals which is sufficient for all probe trigger force measurements on coordinate measuring machines. Here we can see the gram gauges. These are analog gram gauges. The least count of this gram gauge is 1 gram and in this case it is 10 grams and the digital gram gauges are also available. Using these gram gauges, we can set the force trigger force. The conversion factor is 1 gram force is equal to 0.01 newtons. Now, let us study what are the advantages of coordinate measuring machines. The first very first advantage is the flexibility. Coordinate measuring machines are essentially universal measuring machines and they need not be dedicated to any particular task. They can measure almost any dimensional characteristic of a part configuration including cams, gears and warped surfaces. No special features or gauges are required to use coordinate measuring machine. Since probe contact pressure is very light, most parts can be inspected without being clamped to the table. So, clamping devices are rarely used. Single setup measurement, most parts can be inspected in a single setup thus eliminating the need to reorient the parts for access to all features. And we can achieve reduced setup time. Part alignment and establishing appropriate reference points are very time consuming with conventional surface plate inspection techniques. Since coordinate measuring machine software allows the operator to define the orientation of the part of the coordinate measuring machine, all subsequent data are corrected for misalignment between the parts reference system and the machine coordinates. Because of this, the setup time is reduced very much. And we can achieve improved accuracy. All measurements in a CMM are taken from a common geometrically fixed measuring system. So, this eliminates the introduction and accumulation of errors that can result with hand gauge inspection methods and transfer techniques. And there is reduced operator influence. The use of distant readouts eliminate the subjective interpretation of readings common with dial or vernier type measuring devices. Since the measurement data is directly transferred to the computer system, the operator errors are minimum. And operator field is practically eliminated with modern touch triggered probe systems. And most coordinate measuring machines have routine measuring procedures for typical part features such as boards or center distances. In computer assisted systems, the operator is under the control of a program that eliminates the operator's choice. In addition, automatic data recording prevents errors in copying readings to the inspection report. In conventional measurement system, the operator reads the dial indicators or whatever the gauge is using. And then you should copy the reading to the inspection report. So, during that time, you may make a mistake. In the computer assisted system, such errors are completely eliminated. Due to a computer assisted system, less skilled operators can be easily instructed to perform relatively complex inspection procedures. And there is improved productivity. Due to the above mentioned advantages, coordinate measuring machines are more productive than conventional inspection techniques. Additionally, productivity is realized through the computational and analytical capabilities of associated data handling systems. And no separate gauges are needed. All the features can be measured in one setup in a CMM and reduced inspection time and pick retrieval of stored data. Now, let us study what are the errors possible in coordinate measuring machine. The granite table or cast iron table should be very much flat. If the table is not flat and there is some error in the granite table surface, then when we keep the workpiece, it will be resting like this. So, it will rest on the table at some inclination. So, because of this errors will be introduced. And error in probe movement, that means the probe when it moves in the x, y, z direction, there is some error in the guideway. The guideways may not be straight or they may not be moving along a straight path. Because of this, there will be error in the measurement. And then deflection in probe, if we use unnecessarily long probes, so it will bend too much. And because of this deflection, error is introduced. And workpiece weight induced errors. So, when we keep the workpiece on the granite table, if the weight is too much, then the granite table may deflect like this. Because of this, the measurement error will be introduced. So, we should take care to see that weight of the workpiece does not exceed the limit specified by the manufacturer. Then if there is any temperature variation because of the thermal expansion and contraction, error will be introduced. So, it is very essential that whenever we use a coordinate measuring machine, the temperature variations are minimized or proper compensations are given for the variation. And the fingerprint test particle and human ear may cause error in the measurement. We should clean the workpiece surfaces, we should clean the probe surface with utmost care and then we should conduct the measurement. Perpendicularity, error if the three axes are not orthogonal because of this also measurement error will be introduced. Then coordinate measuring machine in a computer aided manufacturing system. Dimensional measurement interface system that is DMIS is used between the computer aided manufacturing and CMM. This provides a bi-directional communication of inspection data between CNC machine and coordinate measuring machine to see that what has to be made and what exactly is made. That means, what is intended and what is made. This difference can be assessed by using this DMIS system. Now, you can see here this is the CAD system which will provide the CAD data to the CNC machine tool and this generates the CNC program based on CAD system and the program CNC program or the part program is supplied to the CNC machine tool for machining the workpiece. This CAD system also generates a inspection program based upon the CAD data and that is supplied to the coordinate measuring machine. Now, we have understood that the data collecting unit in a coordinate measuring machine is the probe inspection probe. Therefore, the selection of probe and its positioning in the CMM machine is very critical. Proper instructions must be given to the CMM system for positioning the probe properly and what is the path to be followed by the probe and what angle the probe should approach the workpiece. All these instructions should be properly given by the software and after a part is produced on the CNC machine, the finished part is moved to CMM and CMM inspects the workpiece using the inspection program. Then the data about the checked part, inspected part is sent back to the computer in this diagram. You can observe that the inspection program generated by the CAD system is given to the CMM and the part that is produced using the CNC program is supplied. It is moved to the CMM and coordinate measuring machine inspects the workpiece using the CMM program and the data on the inspected workpiece is sent back to the CAD system for making necessary correction. If there is any deviation in the workpiece from the desired size the data is utilized to alter the CNC program so that the error is minimized or error is nullified. The data about the checked part is sent back to the computer where the original part geometry is stored. The part geometry as designed is compared with the part produced and the resultant deviation that is error data is identified. This helps in identifying problems in the manufacturing and eliminating problems in the manufacturing. Now let us move to another topic, very interesting topic known as portable coordinate measuring machine. In the previous discussion we studied about the various configurations of coordinate measuring machine, how the measurement data is obtained, what are the different types of probes and then we also learnt about the CMM software. And we learnt that the coordinate measuring machine will be set up in the meteorology lab or if it is a sharp floor CMM it is moved to the sharp floor and it is placed in the production line. The workpieces are workpieces to be inspected or moved to the table of CMM and then inspection is carried out. Sometimes if the workpiece cannot be moved to the table of CMM that means we have a very huge workpiece very huge casting which cannot be placed onto the table of CMM. In that case the CMM itself is moved to the part then it is called portable CMM. In this illustration we can see the various elements of portable CMM. We have a CMM system, this is a dual camera system we can observe the two cameras here and this is a mobile unit we can see the wheels it can be moved to the place where the huge workpiece is placed and then this is installed or placed near the workpiece. And then we have an optical probe this is a non-contact type probe wireless probe and this probe we have to move around the workpiece. The CMM system dual camera system will be monitoring the workpiece as well as the probe probe movement as well as the workpiece will be continuously monitored by the dual camera system and then it establishes dynamic referencing using optical triangulation technique. And then this optical probe it takes the images from the workpiece and then that data is sent to the data acquisition storage processing and display system. There is a dedicated computer system with the software all the data obtained by this optical probe is transmitted wirelessly to this data acquisition system. This system after acquiring it will process the data and then results are displayed in the monitor. Now what are the features of portable coordinate measuring machine? So these portable CMM are currently used on production lines of automotive, aerospace and manufacturing industries. They are insensitive to changes in the environment that means the vibrations of the workpiece because of the nearby installations and part displacement and then setup or CMM instability have no impact on the measurement. These portable CMMs they are highly efficient at measuring parts that can't be moved to a granite or cast iron table. They are very much ideal for geometric and surface quality control. These portable CMMs offer scanning capabilities when paired with a 3D scanner. The part size the workpiece size ranges from 1 meter to 3 meters and any type of material can be inspected like hard material or very soft materials can be inspected. Since they are this is non-contact type of measurement even very soft materials can be measured without any difficulty. The measurement range can be extended up to 10 meters. In this picture you can see the CMM system. This is the mobile CMM system and this is the huge workpiece which is to be inspected and then we have wireless probe. Both the probe and the workpieces are monitored or continuously viewed by the dual camera system and then the image captured by the wireless this vision probe is sent to the computer system for processing. Now optical triangulation technique is used for dynamic referencing. This is required for self positioning or dynamic referencing of the workpiece and the probe system. This dynamic referencing enables the measuring device to be continuously locked to the part by an optical link. Now cameras in the optical localization system can simultaneously observe the targets positioned on the probe and object that means the targets or in other words reflectors are placed on the workpiece to be inspected and also they are placed on the probe and these targets and reflective surfaces they are continuously observed by the cameras. Since the targets are measured at the same time the targets placed on the object and targets placed on probe system they are measured at the same time. It is possible to calculate not only the probe position but also the part position at the same time. Now this illustration shows the dynamic referencing. We have this dual camera system which will be continuously monitoring the workpiece as well as probe system or scanner system. Now this is the workpiece to be inspected. You can observe that targets or reflectors are placed at specified locations on the workpiece to be inspected and also on the scanners reflectors are placed and then reflectors are placed on the probe system also. The XYZ coordinates of each reflector are recorded. The dual camera system will be recording XYZ coordinates of the reflectors placed on workpiece and XYZ coordinates of reflected placed on probe system or scanner system and also the part position the after monitoring the reflectors the probe position and the part position are calculated simultaneously that means the probe is locked with the workpiece. With this optical system it is possible to take continuous measurements of a number of 3D points at a relatively high speed. As the probe is moved around the workpiece for measurement there is a dynamic locking between the probe and then the workpiece because of the dynamic referencing and when the probe moves the distance moved is calculated and hence the measurement is made. Since there is the probe is wireless it is arm-free probing system so there is a total freedom of movement and the operator can hold the probe system and he can move around the workpiece easily for making measurement and this wireless system allows a significant increase in the productivity and self calibration using traceable certified artifact is possible that means a calibration bar equipped with several reflectors placed at known distances at various locations is used for self calibration of the system and there is a continuous monitoring of temperature and the temperature compensation is also possible and automatic alignment functionality is also present which saves a lot of time and there is a real time visualization and validation of acquired data the measurement volume can be extended depending upon the requirement increased accuracy in the sub volumes is possible easy volume extension by automatic leapfrog system and the total system weight is very very less including the tripod it is less than 30 kg a dynamic measurement mode is possible there is no physical link between probe and cmm system hence there is total freedom of movement for the operator. Now let us discuss about the very important element in the portable cmm that is dual camera sensors camera sensors are fitted with high quality optics and special lighting systems enabling them to measure all reflectors so these cameras they will be sensing all the reflectors provided on the workpiece as well as on scanner and probing system in addition to tracking the whole systems reference model the system ensures the exact location of the probe because of the triangulation technique used the portable cmm system ensures the exact location of the probe with respect to the work part it performs continuous image acquisition and transmission see the probe and scanner will be sending the images to the computer system and also the dual camera sensor will also be sending the images to the computer system for processing this dual camera system performs continuous image acquisition and transmission a lighting of reflectors management of the data transfer with the computer and storage of the sensor parameters now what are the benefits of portable cmm so this portable cmm eliminates the need to inspect parts in the lab that means we need not have to move the parts to the inspection lab or metrology lab since the portable cmm itself is moved to the sharp floor where the huge casting a huge part is present and it performs quality control right on the sharp floor this portable cmm ensures reliable results regardless of production environment that means even if the vibration is present or dusty environment is present irrespective of that regardless of that it gives good results no bottlenecks at the cmm so no waiting time at the coordinate measuring machine this decreases the back and forth movement between inspecting produced parts and sending back to the third party suppliers for corrective measures so this picture shows mobile pro contact type mobile probe so the probe can be contact type a varying mechanical probe is present or it can be non-contact type in which case we will be using optical probe and this is non-contact probe 3d scanner so without any physical contact this scanner will be scanning the work part and it will be sending the images to the computer system now this portable cmm improves the efficiency of the quality control process right up to product delivery this ensures 100% compliance with these standards and regulations and it guarantees top quality finished products and volumetric accuracy of up to 0.085 millimeter in real life sharp floor conditions regardless of instabilities vibrations thermal variations etc now it measures up to a few hundred parts per day directly on the production line so such is the speed of the portable cmm with the dynamic referencing mode the coordinate system can be literally locked onto the part being measured thus maintaining part alignment during the entire scanning process and very fast measurement is possible that is 36,000 measurements per second is possible now this picture shows the scanner mounted on the robot arm and we can give the inspection program for the robot arm and robot arm will move as per the program and it scans the work part now let us discuss about portable cmm software this software guides the operators at every step throughout the process it clearly and immediately notifies the operators to take additional pictures whenever needed to increase measurement accuracy real-time visualization and validation of positioning model make it possible to see the rebuild volume and all estimated points with the utmost accuracy the software measures and recomputes all the identified points each time an image is taken now what are the applications of portable cmm these portable cmm are used in the aerospace automotive and energy sector and in the manufacturing sector for part inspection tool verification etc and this portable cmm can be used for part to CAD analysis and then first article inspection and supply quality inspection is possible and then large scale tooling inspection and adjustment can be made using portable cmm very large castings can be easily inspected by portable cmm large models and dyes can also be inspected and then conformity assessment of 3d models against original parts and production tooling is possible and then conformity assessment of manufactured parts against originals and then large part alignment can be achieved full free form inspection and generation of high density color maps can be generated and then reverse engineering of geometric entities like spears cylinders planes etc is possible the portable cmms allow faster and more accurate reverse engineering of mixed parts where in the geometrical and free form parts are there now let us discuss about another topic known as virtual metrology lab in the previous portable cmm only one dual camera set is used and measurement is made now let us assume that the workpiece is very large for example in this picture we have shown a car body so in such very large workpieces if you use only one set of dual camera then the measurement is possible only in this region when they want to measure the front side of the car body then we will have to move this dual camera to this place and then we have to carry out the inspection that means the inspection is not seamless we will have to break the inspection process and then finally we have to assemble them in order to avoid such things virtual metrology labs have been developed where in up to four portable cmms are connected in a single network we can observe here this is the workpiece to be inspected we have one dual camera system here second dual camera system here third dual camera system here and fourth dual camera system are mounted on walls in the lab and then the operator holds the probe or scanner and then he moves around the workpiece around the car body for making measurement without any pauses continuously he will be moving around and he takes the readings that is up to four portable cmms are connected in a single network to create a virtual metrology lab this enables seamless probing and 3d scanning operations using the probe or 3d scanner and portable cmms without having to move the optical tracker that is dual camera system around the part to be inspected if we use only one optical tracker or dual camera system we will have to move around the workpiece so that is avoided by networking four trackers networking four trackers in the system total freedom of movement with a measure of up to 360 degree when linking multiple coordinate measuring machines this simplifies the setup and measurement process therefore ensuring a more seamless contact and non-contact inspection process which translates into significant time saving now let us discuss about laser vision lasers are also being used for measurement of workpieces for single dimension measurement 2d measurement as well as three-dimensional measurement is possible using the laser or the laser vision setup is schematically shown here this is the workpiece to be inspected we have a laser source and then the filter lens and then this is the image sensor CCDR CMAS is used since the image now in the laser vision optical triangulation principle is used the principle is like this this is a laser source and it is a B image sensor and this is the object which is to be inspected now we want to check what is the distance of the object from the line joining this AB now knowing the distance between AB and these two angles alpha and beta it is possible to get this D this principle is used for the measurement 100 to 1000 images per second can be captured in this system so normally this is used for weld joint preparation check whether the joint weld joint preparation is okay or not what is the leg distance what is the angle whether any mismatch is there such things can be inspected using this laser vision now the vision system can be moved along with the processing machine for example if we are checking the weld joint this is the welded portion and we want to check whether weld is okay or not so this is the welding unit which is moving in this direction and then behind this we can have this laser vision system which checks whether the welding is proper or not so this vision system can be used to check preparation of joint as well as the bed inspection this 3d contour digitization detects weld defects and acquires enough information to track the joint at a speed of 1 to 20 meters per minute which is compatible with the welding speed apart from weld joints this system can also be used to check the profiles so here you can see there is a two workpieces are placed and we need to check what is the what is the depth and what is the width see the width information is required as well as this depth information is required now you can see this is the point laser source and then structured pattern generator so this pattern generator will generate the required pattern of laser and then it is reflected back optical lenses are there for so that the image the reflected light reflected light falls on the images sensor and here the image sensor captures the picture and it can be analyzed to check the width and depth measurement now we can see here a handheld welding inspection device so this is the weld to be inspected and we can move this inspection system we can get the we can see the image and image can also be captured and stored it can measure joint fit up priorealty welding to ensure that the preparation joint operation is suitable joints and weld widths are measured for a variety of features including length size porosity and intricate mismatch and bevel angle the measurement results can be automatically compared to the tolerances prescribed and the comparison is made and the system provides go or no go feedback these results can be augmented with a picture of the weld all the measurement records can be retrieved easily now laser vision sensors can automate the visual inspection of pipes tubes and pipeline welding they can be used for real-time process control and measurement of welding processes ranging from arc to laser welding now we can see here the welding system as well as the laser vision system together they are mounted on a robot so in the robot modes the welding is carried out simultaneously the bead is inspected for its quality so if there is any defect in the weld the feedback is given to the system so that the rectification can be carried out now apart from a welding inspection there are many other applications of laser vision the vision system can be used to check the PCBs PCB circuit can be checked automotive parts can be inspected parts like camshaft crankshaft axle brackets windscreens etc can be inspected by laser vision system the vision systems can also be used to check the profiles you can see here we have a workpiece with a profile like this so using the laser system we can check whether the profile is okay or not so using this optical triangulation technique the measurement of workpieces is possible the measurement system is mounted in the CMM and 3D inspection of workpieces can be carried out now let us conclude this lecture number three in this lecture we discussed about what are the features that can be checked by coordinate measuring machine complex form measurement of workpieces and how to maintain the coordinate measuring machine what are the advantages of coordinate measuring machine what are the common errors in the CMM and then we also discussed about portable CMM its benefits and applications and then we studied about virtual metrology laboratory and laser vision we will conclude this session thank you


When I observe the world today, I find too many problems and not enough solutions, too much depression and not enough hope. And what I wanted to do with Solar Impulse is to bring solutions that are profitable, that give hope. Because we cannot have the world divided into the environmentalists who want to protect the environment but want to destroy industry and consumption or the industry who is giving us all the salaries, the wages, the quality of life, mobility and comfort, but at the cost of the environment. Today there is a solution to link the two. It's called Clean Technologies. Everything that allows not only to produce clean energy but also to save energy by being more energy efficient, products that are now a new market for the world. But if you make a press conference to explain that Clean Technologies can reconcile ecology and economy, you don't have anybody coming. So you need something spectacular. You need something that strikes the mind of the people to show them that you can do absolutely impossible things, incredible goals with these technologies. And this is the vision I had when I initiated Solar Impulse. To have an airplane that flies not only around the world but beyond. And when I say beyond, it's not to space, it's perpetual flight. The mythology of having an airplane that takes off and theoretically can fly forever, charging batteries during daylight with solar cells in order to go through the night, reach the next sunrise and continue. The first study was made at the EPFL, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. We have here the new president, and I tell you without the EPFL, nobody would have believed in me. Because the challenge was on two level. It took five minutes to know how much energy we needed to fly perpetually. It needed seven years to identify the technologies, to have partners allowing to develop these technologies, to install them in the plane and to be able to fly. So the flight itself, you can see it behind me on the pictures. What is important is to know how you manage to accomplish with a private company which had no team, no technology and no money, something that was considered to be completely impossible by the world of aviation. And there are a few rules for that. The first thing is when you have nothing, don't wait to have anything before starting. Start immediately. I remember at the end of the feasibility study at the EPFL, I said, we have to make a press conference. And the people around me said, Bertrand, don't you think it's a little bit too early? We have nothing. I said, if we don't make a press conference, we'll never have anything. We have to burn the bridges behind us in order to be obliged to continue.  If everybody knows it, you will never dare to give up. The second thing is work with people who are different than you. This is why I created this partnership with Audrey Borschberg. Audrey is exactly the opposite. She's an engineer, a jet fighter pilot and a startup constructor. I'm an explorer, a balloonist and a psychiatrist. But when you are different, you enrich each other. And this is what we also need to learn in our world.  Because in this case, it would be very friendly. You'll have no conflict, but you'll have no creativity. Now, the third rule, don't expect logical partners to come. That was my mistake in the beginning. Trying to work with the aeronautical industry or work with big energy companies. It doesn't work like that. These people know that it's impossible because they have studied rules. They have a clear frame of what is possible and what is not possible. So you need to work with people who don't know that it's impossible. Otherwise, it never works. And we had our airplane built by a shipyard. People who knew how to use carbon fiber but had no idea how to make a plane. Our engineers had no idea how to use carbon fiber. But they calculated a crazy airplane that needed to be as light as a car with a wingspan bigger as a 747 jumbo jet. And the structure had to be 10 times lighter proportionally to the best competition glider. So you understand why they especially say it's impossible. But, you know, you have to remember something. It's not the people selling candles who invented the light bulb. It's not the automotive industry who invented the Tesla. It's somebody from the world of internet who had no idea how to make a car. And he put a screen and built a car around it. And now, as the chairman of General Motors said two years ago, Tesla is a threat for the automotive industry because it comes from the outside. And it's so interesting to see that if we want to innovate, it's not a question of having new ideas. It's a question of leaving old beliefs behind you. If you do that, you are free. You have to invent because freedom is when you can think in every direction. Freedom is not when you can do everything. You can never do everything. But you can think in every direction. And this is how this airplane was built. And this is why partners joined us. Of course, we believed it would be a 30 million project over five years. It became a 170 million project over 13 years. It's a challenge to bring the people together, to bring the funding. And here also the funding came from industries that were completely outside of the world I wanted to reach in the beginning. Companies that came from chemical industry, insurance, electric motors, champions, Google, you know, people who are completely from other worlds. And they know that if we want to have a better situation, a better quality of life on Earth, we need to innovate. Much more than that, we have to implement the innovations that we have. Because innovation is a big paradox in our world. Very often you hear politicians who say we need to innovate and we're going to put a lot of budget, a lot of money, investment for innovation. I'm sorry to say that, but it's only a way to push the problem further and say we will invest in the future but we do nothing today. Today we have solutions. And can you imagine if an airplane can fly day and night without fuel? If it could fly five days from Japan to Hawaii, three days across the Atlantic. If it could go around the world with no fuel. Of course these technologies can be used in our daily life. The goal is to bring this experience, these technologies, this vision of the world to the highest possible number of people. Today with the technologies that were used on solar impulse, we could divide by two the energy consumption of the world and therefore of course the CO2 emissions in a profitable way without threatening comfort, lifestyle, mobility and economy. This is the important message. Today the goal is not to go back on the moon because it has been done the goal is for all of us to develop a better quality of life, to develop more pioneering spirit and to be able to be the actors of our life rather than the victims. It's useless to wait for others to do what we would like to do. We have to do it ourselves. And the pioneer is not always the one who succeeds. The pioneer is the one who is not afraid to fail. The pioneer is the one who is honest enough with himself to observe what he has learned, to observe what he believes, to observe his convictions and his certitudes and courageous enough to do the opposite. This is maybe the only sentence you have to remember from this speech because I'm not here to teach you how to fly in a solar airplane but I think in any moment of your life if you need a better solution, if you're in a crisis, if you want to invent something different, observe what you have learned and do something else. And this is why education in our world should make pioneers more than people who just reproduce what they have learned. Robots, it's very good for the industry. It's not good for the brain. People should not be robots. People should be able to call their certitudes into question and to bring completely other ways of doing because instead of having just one direction of thinking, imagine the opposite and in between you have thousands of possibilities and here you can choose which one you want to take. So it's not a question anymore of choosing just one action in our world. It's about choosing among all the possibilities. This is how solar impulse was built. This is how solar impulse flew. This is how 150 people worked on the project. With maybe the last point I would like to make, it's the purpose. It would never have been such a success if the goal was to make a world record. The goal was clearly to be an ambassador of clean technologies. And I explained this to the team and I believe about eight years ago I had the first hint that we would succeed. It's when I was walking in the street in Zurich and a pretty young lady started to scream at me. I said, what happened? She said, I recognize you. Because of you I lost my boyfriend. I said, well, I'm sorry, what did I do? And she told me, my ex-boyfriend, he was one of the high-important engineers in your team. And he was working all the time. And he was working day and night and in the holidays. And we could never go to the movie. We could never go for dinner together. I said, yes, I'm sorry, but did you tell him that you wanted to see him more? And she said, yes, of course. And you know what she told me? He said, if you want to change the world, you have to make some sacrifice. This guy as an engineer was not calculating an airplane. He was not gluing carbon fiber together. He was not welding electric wires. Now, in his mind, he was changing the world. And I believe this is the spirit we all have to put in our spirit and in our hearts that in a way or another, we can change the world. And alone it's not easy. You have to be in a team. The team can be a government, can be a company, can be a university, but you need the purpose. And the world can be better if we make it better, not if we wait for others to bring the solutions. With Solar Impulse, we demonstrated a few solutions. There are a lot of others, but I hope everybody can share the same spirit of pioneering and exploration. Thank you very much and good luck.


I think they're, you know, I think that's just as crazy as Orville and Wilbur Wright when they wanted to build an airplane. People really, you know, people thought that if man were meant to fly, we'd have wings.  No, we're head banging because now people do have wings. They just got to climb inside of a contraption and they're 50,000 feet near. So yes, use doubt as motivation. But you know, look at them, they were up against another group of people that had all the money, all the backing, all the stuff, and yet they're the ones that reached that milestone first because they had to pass in the desire. The ones who had all the money in the backing thought they had it in the bag and they also thought that because they had all that, they didn't have the sense of urgency. That's exactly it, Dan. So that's, you know, I think that's, you know, those crazy ideas are probably the best thing to get you going and put out there to see what really can be done. Anything? Because no idea is crazy, you know, you really think about it. No idea is crazy because ideas that come into your subconscious from the ether, from the paradigm of every other human mind entering into consciousness, that's not crazy. You're picking up on successful ideas because you're tuning into success consciousness that all successful people share. That's where your ideas are coming from and when you're sending out ideas and you're doing stuff like we're doing, or you're doing video, or you're doing blogging, or you're doing radio shows, or whatever it is and you're bringing out good ideas and value, boom, that enters into the conscious field and that enters into the success consciousness. And people pick up on that. It's like Neckola Tesla, people are like, oh he's so crazy, he's nuts, but if he wasn't doing what he did we wouldn't have altering and curing him right now. So it's really, really important and then they're asking like, how do you get all these ideas and he's like, my brain's just a receiver. Of course there are people in support, Edison wanted him to fail so bad he was electrocuting elephants telling people it wouldn't work. I mean I think we're doing a little bit better, no one's like taking power hour things out and throwing darts at them, otherwise they'd be coming to their house. Not yet or not, but if they are that just means we're doing something right. We're pissing off people because they know we're going to make it and they don't want us to and that's what naysayers do, that's what people who don't support you do. They just want you to be as miserable and ambitionless as they are and I'm going to tell you, it's not happening over here, Carly Dan, Fran, Jay, what do you guys think? Well getting rid of people who don't support you and using it as motivation. I agree. I'm going to say I've got to get going because I've got a meeting to go to. Oh yes, yes, thank you Dan for being here. Later, Dan. I love being here and being a part of this show, I look forward to it next time. Talk to you guys later. Have a great night, eh? I will. Drive safe, buddy. I will. Okay, come on. Later. Goodnight. It's Jay. Go ahead. I'm not really sure what's out to this conversation. One thing I think about achievement is not achievement or success or it's not a success if it doesn't come with an achievement, you know, let's say Zuckerberg, you know, one of the richest men in the world, he didn't do it through his own ideas, he did it because he's the grandfather of we know who, you know who, like the grandson of you know who, you know, it's that kind of success. Do you judge the wake up in the morning and feel like you've achieved something? That's important. It's got to feel when you wake up in the morning, you want to think, yeah, I've got something and people like it. People are using it and they're not using it because I'm so influential, I've got the money to actually market it, they're doing it because I built something and they want to use it. That's exactly it. It's the service you provide, the service and the value you provide for people that makes the difference whether you are rich or poor or successful or failure. Because that's what success is, is the service of others. The more you help, the more you service others, the more successful you become as a person and the more, yeah, absolutely. Yeah, how many people, if it's valuable, people will use it at the end of the day. Of course, of course, but it also comes down to the law of cause and effect, service and rewards, you know, the more you put in the bull market service, the rewards take care of themselves, you don't have to worry about that. And that actually segues perfectly into the ninth point, perfection doesn't exist. Now, I used to call myself a perfectionist and even though sometimes I still do, like when I launch a website, I really, or with the membership side, I'm like, I need all these little things in place and I'm working my best to do that, but I have to understand maybe there'll be a tweak here or a thing here that doesn't exactly fit what I envisioned or won't exactly work like I want. And that's not to say I shouldn't strive for that, but when I go so much for perfection and trying to make that perfect song or that perfect website, that perfect me, I lose out on the fact that by being imperfect, I was already perfect in that way because I'm taking action and by taking that action, by doing that thing, I'm helping other people. And if there's a little tweaker here on a website and I don't launch it because I don't think it's perfect, there's a lot of people that may lose out on that service.  And this might actually be a more pertinent thing to add some content to. I had the same problem for about three years to perfectionist syndrome every three or four months. I've relaunched a completely new theme to my website and maybe with a new feature. And people would just get really mad because it's changing all the time. Just when they got used to it, they thought, why have you changed it again? So because I didn't like it, OK, it's just I didn't like it. I get bored, you know, I like to make it better and by making it better, I made it worse. So in the end, I mean, with the theme that I've got now, people are happy with it. I'm happy with it. And I'll just tweak it. I'm so I'm not a perfectionist now. I'm just a realist. There you go.  I'm like, Bruce, I'm going to build this. I'm going to build this.  And I'm going to hook it all into here. And he's like, OK, come on, slow down, build one or two things. At a time, make sure they work. You can talk. I mean, what's to do now? Yeah, but yeah, it's it's the whole idea of I'm going to build a few things, make sure they work. They don't have to be perfect, but keep moving on and then keep making little tweaks here to reach my goal, as opposed to what I was doing before. If everything's not perfect, I'm not going to move forward. And generally, that means I'll never move. It'll be 10 years down the road. And I'll be like, if I just add this one little stop, and it's just going to take action now, like George, I think he's on it. Like I've been sick.  It's not perfect.  There's always something I can do to make one of my speeches better. But if I don't give a speech, no one's going to hear it. Well, duh. But some people don't do that.  No, I don't. Oh, to say, Jay, to say. Yeah, become a politician. You don't need to see your brain. And you just be told what to say. Read off the teleprompter. They're just like Obama did when he completely messed up in the teleprompter. I love it. Correct here. So don't even worry about it, man. Power hours, not PC. No, man, we're never going to be. You don't think this is a thing to do? We don't like SJWs here. In fact, when we get big enough, we're going to do an entire video series dedicated to everything wrong with social justice work. That'll be a long video. It will be a long video. Yeah, dude, it's going to be a series, bro. Look at Alex Jones and do it for me like 30 years now.  Exactly. Strengthens my mind, my body. All right, guys, so let's bring the number 10, the big one, since it's about Alex Jones. And he's all about creating fear. Every week, the NWO is going to get us. But here's the interesting thing. Fear is the number one source of regret. I can attest to that because everything I've been afraid. Oh, I can't talk to that girl. She might yell at me or I can't pick up that instrument and play in front of people because they're going to not like metal or I'm going to miss a note or I can't go lift the day because I'll I don't know. Get it? What's the thing in that number? He might sprain a muscle. Yeah, I'm like all this fear of or I can't go on camera. That was a big thing because if I do YouTube, nobody will care about any content I make. And I'll never get any views. The ones that watch me. Green, green. Never assume it makes. What did you think you were that good looking? Was it concierge beer?


Today, we're going to cut a curly hair shag. When I'm working with curly hair, here's the thing. I, when I work at the parietal ridge, sometimes on straight hair, I'll go a little bit higher on it. But because I'm working with curly hair, that tiny little bit of a corner, if I start to work with that hair and start to elevate it, now I'm going to start to build up extra weight around this, the head shape. So I like to work really on that sole flat area. Another thing that I really found interesting when I was working with Sam Villa last week and Andrew was how they sectioned off the side. They went a little bit further back. What I used to do constantly was to go right behind the ear, and I would kind of use that as my corner. Now I'm going all the way down and pretty much connecting a straight line from back here on the, about the crown of the head down to the edge, where this is a straight line all the way down to the hairline. This way I know when I'm working with hair that's less dense than I am the hair in the back. So I went parietal ridge all the way around, but went low parietal, all the way back down to low crown in the back. And then right here, separate the division line, and then that's where I start. All right, now we're going to cut a shag. So we're going to be working with some concave layering. Thing with concave layering is that you're going to create a scooped line within the haircut. And I'm also, you want to make sure that this elbow is free, right? So you'll know that you're on the wrong side of the head if you come over here. And if my elbow is coming down and going to hit the head and it's getting in the way, then that's not what you're looking for. You want it to have the freedom of your elbow to move along with the head. Tools I'm going to be using, this is my scissor. It's a five inch scissor. I like using a shorter blade. For me, a longer scissor just gets a little bit weaker towards the tip. When you're cutting precision hair, I like to have a shorter blade, a stronger blade, that gets in there and cuts. I have them on the website, but literally there's only a few, like there's not many left. I don't even know how many, but there's not a lot. So if you want this scissor, you want to own it. And I don't know if they're making it again. You should go to our website, freesloneducation.com and buy it. I'm also going to use the YS Park. This is a wide tooth comb. This is a 332 comb. I like that for cutting curly texture. It allows me to get a nice loose tension to the haircut.  Key thing in haircutting is just to keep consistency with the saturation of the hair. You don't want to cut some of it dry, some of it wet. All right, first parting for section. Pretty much straight down center. I'm going to go slightly to the left because I want to grab a center section here. I'm going to go all the way down to the hairline. So you guys can see there's my section. Now I'm going to lift the hair just like this.  And then I've got my length right here. My length is going to be the guide. I'm going to go in and cut short to long. So I'm not taking away any length. I want to keep that length, but I'm cutting nice short layers in the haircut. So you can see that, you see how it's going to start to build up right away. That's the beautiful thing about curly hair and what I love about it. When you cut straight hair like that, it kind of falls and goes a little lifeless. And with curly hair, it just expands and grows. So I'm not afraid of taking this too short at this point because I'm trying to build that shape up. I want to really kind of wrap that shape around the head. Build a ton of volume up on the top and sleek. Make it nice and sleek down the sides. All right, so here's the next section parting vertical straight down, going about a half an inch over. And then I'm going to bring that to the previous. And again, lifting that elbow up. There's my guide. The bottom falls out and I cut across just like that to the edge of my fingers. Now, I want to have a traveling guide here working my way around the head. I don't want to over direct everything to the center because I want that rounded shape in this shag haircut. I want a nice even base around the haircut with the length scooping out. I don't want longer layers to go. So if you don't want the longer layers, you don't want to over direct, right? So traveling guide all the way around the head working my way around. So now I take half of the old and I move that out of the way. So let me turn this so you can see. So I take half of the old, move it out of the way, grab a little bit of the old and bring it into the new section. And that's going to come directly out from where it lives. That'll continue to keep that round shape in the haircut. Just like before, bringing it straight out from the head, scooping it up, finding your guide and cutting across. Some of you guys would want to probably push yourself and just grab all of this. The reason I'm not grabbing all of this is because the more hair you grab, the more over direction that happens. Now on a curlier, looser haircut, that's not a big deal as much as it is in a precision, like fine hair, straight hair haircut. But at the same time, consistency is key when you're working with hair cutting. So just always practicing doing things the right way. So I'm not over directing too far. The more hair you pinch together, the more over direction that happens when you bring it out. So again, bringing it up, got my guide right there, kicking that elbow out. So now you're going to start to see how those layers are just starting to pop and build up. The other cool thing about this is that it's got a nice kind of flat shape to it, but it will bevel in a bit and it'll be nice and skinny through here. And then the other thing I like is you can see the layering pattern because we're following the round of the head. The layering is so even. So it just got a nice feel to it. Doesn't have that kind of heavy weight falling behind the ear. So now we're going to do the same thing. So let me tilt the head down again. My body position is not going to change. And the only difference is, so grab some of that old, grab some of the new, is I'm going to now be pushing the hair instead of pulling it, right? So pushing instead of pulling. So what I'm focusing on any time I'm cutting hair is not only the elevation of how I'm working, but also the over direction. So it's focusing on this and it's focusing on this. So you want to make sure that you're looking at both ways, both things, because inconsistencies happen in both.  If your over direction is inconsistent, then you're going to have inconsistencies when you look at it horizontally. So here is our layering that's happening. Now, because we cut with the round of the head, you can see that even flow of weight. We also had a nice even kind of flow around this way as well vertically. So everything is following the head shape. We could consider this kind of a round haircut. So when you look at the side angle, you could see where it's pretty flat, but at the same time, this part of the head from here down, it curves really quickly into the occipital bone. So right away, this will start to build up. So that's why you don't want to go too long, especially when you're cutting a shag. You don't want to go too long with this part of the haircut, because if you go too long with it right away, then it's going to have a huge buildup of weight. It's just going to expand out. If I was going to now connect the top, I don't want that to be expanded too far out. So make sure don't be afraid to go a little bit short in there. All right, so now we're going to move into the sides. The key point of the sides, we already have our length established. Here's the difference. We've been working with density that goes from this part of the head all the way down to the nape. Now we're working with the density that goes from the same part of the head, but only to the top of the ear. So it's a lot less hair that we're working with. So we're working with less density on the side than we are in the back. When you're working with less density, you have to cut things differently if you want them to look the same. I know that sounds confusing a little bit, but as I'm working around here, everything's nice and even. If I continue to do the same thing on the sides, I would get a very weak feel to this haircut, or even maybe a hole. So what I want to do is I want to continue getting these shorter layers because that's what makes this a shag, but I want to push a little extra weight into the back area. So instead of bringing everything straight out from the head all the way around, I'm now going to bring it up here and cut it short to long in the very front of the head. So we're going to do kind of a... It's not face framing. I wouldn't say that we're framing the face, but we're going to use a technique like face framing that will allow those layers to kind of build around the face. Saturate this, keep the consistency. Okay, so what I'm going to do is I'm going to bring all of this here. So take a diagonal forward parting like that. So I'm going to stand on the opposite side of the chair, and that's where I'm going to cut it.  Now the key thing for me in this part of the cut is to have the shape of this angle or the angle of this parallel pretty much with the forehead. I don't want to elevate it too much. I don't want to layer that too much. I want kind of nice feel to the shape of the head. So if you play the shape of the head, the haircut will actually flow that way. So there's our length, right? So now I'm going to go through.  So this is all textured. So I'm not really that worried about my tension or anything like that, because this is going to have a little more of an organic kind of feel to it. I just want to make sure that that connects in the back there. Continuing to bring that forward, what's happening is that hair is going from further and further away, and then I'll continue and then connect into this back area bringing everything around and forward. So this is all to a stationary guide. And I'll go even past this hairline section, because then I know that this connects. So I go until the hair doesn't reach anymore. See? There's barely anything that even reaches over there. So now I know that I've connected this side and the back. So we've got this nice layering pattern shifts into the back and then flows around and that even kind of feel. We're going to cut the other side. So I'll go to the other end of the chair. Another thing that I didn't really do prior to working with Sam Villa last week, but actually measuring, which is something I never really did, but looking at it in the comb. So knowing where that is, so then I can grab another piece just like this, bring it out here, and then know that this is where I want to cut it. So I actually take that piece. And the face isn't always symmetrical, but it's a good place to start, right? So just making sure that we have that same length is our starting point. There's no reason why we shouldn't be measuring stuff. You measure things to make sure that they're correct all the time. So I measured that point. Now I can take my diagonal forward parting. I've got my guide. I can see it in there. Following the forehead, just like that. And I come through and I cut. So how did I know how short to cut this front piece? So here's where haircutting becomes not necessarily trial and error, but you start to figure out things that you like. So this first little piece here is right at the cheekbone. Now it's curly hair, so I go a little bit past the cheekbone. And knowing when I held this out here, I knew where that bottom piece was going to fall without actually checking it. If you're new to cutting hair, bringing it over like this, bringing it over and looking at this piece and holding it with your hand and seeing where it will fall, that's a good way to do it. But for me, I just wanted to enhance. So when you're enhancing somebody's face shape, you look at the shape of the face, right? And I look at from the corner of the mouth here, and then the shape that happens, it starts to elevate up. So what I'm doing is I'm just enhancing that, building up that shape, especially with curly hair. I like to expand that out, open up the face a little bit so that that kind of this goes with it. So just really finding a place on the face, which cheekbone is a good area to start, or at the jawline, those kind of things, corner of the mouth, look for a point that you're trying to build from. All right, now this is tying back into the back portion where the hairline goes down, where that density becomes heavier. So that's where I want to make sure that this is connecting through. You can see it, well, you can kind of see. See a little bit of those tiny little hairs still sticking out. So I go through, point cut that. You can even wrap all this around, see what fits, nothing else left. So now we know that we've connected it. So you can see it's expanding out, goes really nice with that face shapes, kind of creating a heart shape, gets sleek throughout. The top is kind of where it can either go right or wrong in a shag haircut on curly hair.  So one thing that I want to do is I want to kind of have a fringe that goes around. So that's where I'm going to start. I'm going to start by cutting that. I'm going to section this right down the center. So from the nose up here, take my section. So now I've got this split into two. I could now continue to just bring this diagonal forward like that and connect it to this part. What I'm going to do is bring everything forward. I want to cut a nice rounded shape in the very front. Then I'm going to go through and layer the back. So sometimes I push weight into a place so that I can cut it later. I want to cut this.  And I know it's going to pop up because it's curly. So I'm going to work on a diagonal back now following the head shape. And I'm going to bring this forward. You can see how much tension happens on that because I use the tighter teeth. I don't want that much tension, especially when I'm cutting a fringe. I want it to be nice and light. So now you see the tension that happens when I comb with the wider teeth. I don't want to hold this too tight in my hand. I also don't want to go below when I take my section, below this parietal ridge area. My finger angle is going to follow the face. I'm going to start with a little bit of an elevated line and I'm going to work right here. So you can see how it kind of pops a little bit. I'm going to take another diagonal back and then when I take that diagonal back parting, I comb it forward and I only take from the parietal ridge over. Now my elevation is going to shift. So now the first bit I cut lower and now I'm just going to shift it up just a little bit. Here's the angle of the head. This is where 90 is. So I want to come about zero. So this is below zero. It's going to be super heavy. When you have curly hair, you don't want it super heavy but you don't want to layer it too much either. So straight out from the head and then I've got my zero degree point right there. I bring that out. I keep it at zero. I'm going to point cut my line. Just like that and let it flow. Diagonal back parting, comb it forward, take out the parietal. Now what is this doing for me as I'm working my way back? The biggest thing that it's doing is as I work my way back, this is getting longer and longer. I am going to go in and layer it like I talked about but don't mind pushing that extra weight into the back.  Now it's starting to connect through. Last bit, I'm going to pull all this forward, take out the parietal and all of this is coming now from the back so this would be super heavy. We're going to layer into it but I wanted to have that nice little angle there. We're going to do the same thing on the opposite side. Working diagonal back and then grabbing from parietal over and I point cut through. I'm point cutting to keep a nice soft line in there. I don't want anything harsh. See the heavy fringe happening and now I want to go through and I'm just going to, I'm going to change it up a little bit.  I've got some longer pieces back here. I want to cut into this. I'm going to do a little tease cutting. So we're going to dry this first and then we'll go through and finish the cut. A couple of things I want to show you guys. I'm going to use a couple different brand new tools here. So we've got Palm Mitchell. This is the Lavender Mint Curl Refresh Foam. Revives and enhances texture. So I'm digging that. So we'll see what this is like. Honestly guys just took these out of the box today but I'm excited about it and the fact that I was going to cut a curly shag anyways. This is probably going to put me to sleep because it's Lavender. Now here's a couple key things with Curly is to make sure that you get full saturation of the product. I like to add in some kind of cream into curly hair as well. Something with like a light hold, light control. So this product's also, it's Taming Cream. So I'm going to put that cream in there as well and that'll just give me a little extra kind of hold to the hair. When you do curly hair, when you work with curly hair, I think a lot of people will just throw products especially like our guests at home. They'll take the product, they'll throw it in their hair, they'll scrunch it in like this and then they just kind of go, right? And then they wonder why some of their hair gets frizzy. The reason your hair gets frizzy is because not all the hair has product on it. So I'm going to brush it through. And then when you brush it through, that will help saturate the product all over the hair.  So this towel is kind of damp but I'll make it a little more damp. And when you have a damp towel, it doesn't create as much frizz. So I'll take the towel and instead of my hands, I'll use the towel and scrunch that into the hair and that'll reactivate the curl a little bit. So just kind of working my way through there. The more you put like your hands or dry things throughout the hair, the frizzier it's going to get. We'll go through and do that. So you can see how the curl just starts to kind of expand back up. Now we're going to diffuse. Paul Mitchell Pro Tools Express Ion Turbolite. We're going to use this. I'm going to put it on and then I'm going to do low airflow, high heat. Biggest challenge with people and working with curly hair is they get impatient. You've got to be patient, especially with curly hair. It's just to go through and lift the hair. That's what these fingers are for. Lift it in. Don't grab it with your hand. Don't move the hair around a lot. That gets it more and more frizzy. You want to let it dry and you want the hair to get fully dry. If it stays kind of, if moisture stays in the hair, what happens is that as soon as you go out in the humidity or anything like that, the heat and it starts to dry on its own, it starts to expand and kind of build out. So if you actually want to create a hairstyle that's going to last you all day on curly hair, you need to get through and dry the whole thing all the way through. This is my least favorite part in the slime when I'm diffusing because then I have to like, it's not that loud and I'm not doing anything. So like people want to have a conversation and I like working. I like to just keep going. So this fringe area, I'm just taking the fingers of the diffuser and lifting up. This might be where you would go to low heat because I'm keeping it right on the head and then that way you're not burning them. Today she doesn't have any feelings so I'm going straight high heat, but I would go low heat on a client. So this product is cool, moisture milk. It's called, I don't know if it's cool, but it seems cool to me. I'll do a little bit of that. I'll run that in my hands. This is for frizz control. So I always want to put something in my hands that kind of helps with frizz. So now the only thing I want to do to this is take out this weight in the back, which we created. So I don't want to take too much of it because this is why I really wanted to see it. So you can see how this is heavier right here. This is where we brought everything forward, cut the fringe, so that builds this stack and it builds kind of a short to long feeling. So now what I want to do is I just want to cut into this. I'm just going to hold the hair up just like this and I'm going to tease cut into it. It's a half close of the scissor. So I'm half closing in, cutting through. So it's like this, half close in, bring it out. So here, half close in, bring it out, half close in and I just pinch the hair in my hand and I go in half close just like that. So I'll go through here and just work the round of the head in that crown area and take some of these longer hairs and just cut into them. All I'm doing is expanding this shape in the crown. So that's what I want to do. I want to build this up, grabbing some of these longer pieces. There you can see like that is, first off, I'm so psyched on this haircut. I hope you guys like it as much as I do. Super fun. It's got a ton of texture in it. Look at that shape. So I love it. The expansion of that, the build up here, like you wouldn't have to do it this expanded if you didn't want to. You could do it a little sleeker. The way that you would do that is take less fringe. So just not bringing it as far forward. For me, I love that kind of heaviness to it. The flow of the layers off of the face, that all came from pulling it to the front and cutting it right here. And then that pushes that weight back. Then this kind of even feel all the way around. That was our concave layering that we did all the way throughout. So totally, I love the cut. I love the shape. Hope you guys like it. If you guys, again, have any questions, make sure you post them. Otherwise, I will see you guys on the next video. Thanks so much for watching.


Hello and welcome to this introduction to the STM32H7 series training session. It describes the feature sets of the various lines available in the STM32H7 microcontroller series. The STM32H7 series of very high performance MCUs comes with an ARM Cortex-M7 core and an optional ARM Cortex-M4 core for a dual core CPN. Taking advantage of up to 2x32 kilobytes L1 cache for instruction and data, the STM32H7 devices deliver the maximum theoretical performance of the Cortex-M7 core, no matter whether the code is executed from the embedded flash or from the external memory. 2424 core mark, 1027 DMIPS at 480 MHz FCPU1 and 2778 core mark, 1177 DMIPS at 550 MHz FCPU1. In dual core variants, the Cortex-M4 core offers 800 core mark, 300 DMIPS at 240 MHz FCPU2. The STM32H72333 line offers the performance of the Cortex-M7 core with double precision floating point unit running at up to 550 MHz. Its L1 cache provides 32 kilobytes for instruction and 32 kilobytes for data. The ITCM RAM can be increased to 256 kilobytes. All those fast memory accesses boost execution performance. The STM32H733 integrates a crypto hash processor providing hardware acceleration for AES128, 192, and 256 with support for GCM and CCM, triple DES, and hash. MD5, SHA1, and SHA2 functions. On top of features provided by the STM32H72333 line, the STM32H72535 line embeds an SMPS to scale down the supply voltage, decreasing device power consumption. It can also be used to supply external circuitry and can also be combined with the LDO for specific use cases. It proposes an optional extended ambient temperature range up to 125 degrees Celsius with junction temperature range up to 140 degrees Celsius. The STM32H735 integrates the same crypto function as STM32H733. The STM32H7A H7B lines offer the best balance between the performance of the Cortex-M7 core with double precision floating point unit running up to 280 megahertz and a very contained power consumption in low power modes for energy sensitive applications. It embeds 1.4 megabyte RAM and up to 2 megabytes flash. The STM32H7B integrates a crypto hash processor providing hardware acceleration for AES128, 192, and 256 with support for GCM and CCM, triple DES, and hash, MD5, SHA1, and SHA2 functions. The STM32H742 line offers the performance of the Cortex-M7 core with double precision floating point unit running up to 480 megahertz. It embeds up to 2 megabytes of flash memory. On top of features proposed by the STM32H742 line, the STM32H743753 line offers more RAM, an LCD TFT controller interface with dual layer support, and a JPEG hardware accelerator for fast JPEG encoding and decoding offloading the CPU. The STM32H753 integrates a crypto hash processor providing hardware acceleration for AES128, 192, and 256 with support for GCM and CCM, triple DES, and hash, MD5, SHA1, and SHA2 functions. On top of features proposed by STM32H743753, the STM32H745755 embeds an SMPS to scale down the supply voltage, decreasing device power consumption. It proposes an optional extended ambient temperature range up to 125 degrees Celsius with junction temperature range up to 140 degrees Celsius. The STM32F755 integrates the crypto hash processor. The STM32H747757 graphic line expands the family, offering an additional Cortex-M4 core with single precision floating point unit, the MIPI DSI interface, and some additional power schemes with SMPS. The STM32F757 integrates the crypto hash processor. The value line STM32H730H7B0H750 offers an entry point to the STM32H7 series, cost-effective, while the devices come with 128 kilobytes flash memory to host, for example, a user bootloader. This line is very suitable for applications where external memories are required. It comes natively in crypto variants only. STM32H730 is the value line of the STM32H723332535 family. STM32H7B0 is the value line of the STM32H7A3B3 family. STM32H750 is the value line of the STM32H742434555 family. The STM32H7 family benefits from the software and hardware tools available for STM32 microcontrollers. A wide range of development boards is proposed to map all features and variants.