I just really hope that the school that I've worked for can kind of get back to their tenants of the mission of the Incarnate Ward. Like they said that they do and exude and that the sisters of the Incarnate Ward set out to do. Like, I really hope the school can find their way and show compassion and show love not just here but legally and in the courtrooms. And be able to show that they actually do follow their tenants that they themselves set forth. So, tonight for me was not just to honor Cameron because we can honor Cameron on his birthday. You know, we're honoring Cameron tonight is something that we all feel very strong about. But I think what brings people out over and over again is the kind of person that Cameron was and the kind of life he lived. And the fact that he was someone who was so loving and so caring and so unselfish. And someone who gave it to himself all the time, 100%. And he was always willing to help someone out. He really did make you feel like you were important to him. Which is not a very common trait, you know, in this age. You meet a lot of people just in passing, you know, they're just cordial but you get to know you. He says, I'm thankful for strong healthy legs, loving parents. Legs amputated made it obvious that he was very underprivileged. I got ready to pull out onto Austin Highway. Fortunately, the car got in the lane next to mine and since it wasn't clear to pull out onto the road. I saw that a worker from Wendy's was giving him some food and praying with him. As I approached, I heard the lady praying through tears. Lord, help him. Please help him. I laid the $6 on his arm and alcohol or cigarettes. That's not for me to worry about. I could see him obviously in a bad place. There's a young man who displayed the spirit that Christ had placed in him. Touching people, that's what we're about. That's what this university is about. Yes, it's about teaching. Because regardless of what we see others do, we'll pursue that standard. Because that's a standard the camera pursued in his life. And you're here because of that. Let's close it for God. We thank you for the spirit of grace that you've given us, for the spirit you placed with him, Cameron, for the opportunities for those of us to do him, whether even personally or even after the fact, God, that how he has touched their lives just because he loved, touched out to people and loved them. Lord, I pray for the Rita's family that your grace will be on them in just a so powerful way. Lord, I pray that as we move on, that that spirit of Christ will grow from this group. And that what we say or what we think and by living up to a standard, think about how Cameron lived up to that standard, whether it be the last six dollars he had or whether he's taken time to speak with some others to try to lift them up. We thank you for the example that his life was to each and every one of us, God. Lord, we look to you when we fail. We look to you when Christ comes.


Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death globally, with viruses, bacteria, and fungi being responsible for its development. It is difficult to diagnose pneumonia based solely on chest x-rays, so researchers have developed a new deep learning framework for detecting pneumonia. This framework uses pre-trained models from ImageNet to extract features from images, which are then fed into a classifier for prediction. Five different models were tested, and an ensemble model was created that combined the output of each model. This model achieved an accuracy of 96.4%, with a recall of 99.62%. This model has the potential to improve the speed and accuracy of pneumonia detection, making it more accessible to both experts and novices. This article was authored by Vikas Chauhan, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Aditya Kamparya, and others.


What is service design? I think service design is a mindset that the best way for you to achieve your goals is to help your customers achieve their goals. So this video is just one piece of the puzzle. Check out some of the other videos to get a full picture. And if this is your first time here I would love to have you to subscribe to the channel so we can keep bringing you more content like this.


Dear students, now we are going to see the key challenges in the success of community of practices. And these challenges can be categorized in four types. The first type is management challenge. The second one is the community challenge. The third one is the technical challenge. And the fourth one is the personal challenge. Let's see the management challenge first. And when we talk about the management challenge for the success of the community of the practices, we have to focus on topics important to the business and community members. So we cannot talk about an every topic in online community network, and we have to focus on a particular topic for which the community network is developed. And we have to find a well respected community member to coordinate the community. So if a particular community network is developed for a particular cause, we have to bring a well respected community member who is working on that particular cause and assign him or her our role of the coordinator of the particular community. And we have to make sure people have time and encouragement to participate. So in order to make a community of practice more successful, we have to engage the community members for that particular agenda. And we have to build on the core values of the organization of the community network that how we can improve the community network based on the values we share as the member of the community. Community challenges is the second type of challenges we face for the success of the community of practices. So we need to get key thought leaders involved in the online community network. And we have to build personal relationships among community members. And we need to develop an active passionate core group. And for this, we need to create forums for thinking together as well as system for sharing information. So these kind of things we have to perform in order to make community more vibrant and active. What is the technical challenge when we talk about the community of practices? We have to make it easy to contribute and access the community knowledge and practices. So we have to make a very a less spare type of model to run the community. And we have to to reduce the barriers on accessing community information and knowledge. And the last type of challenge is the personal challenge. And this challenges create real dialogue about cutting edge issues that how can we contribute on the real issues for the purpose that community is developed. So these are the four kind of challenges which any online community of practice face. And if we address all these challenges, we can say that that particular online community of practice become successful.


Hey everyone, Shaber1000 here. Today, we're gonna be doing a quick review of these earbuds that was sent to us from a fellow creator and very good friend, Ben, from BXX32. His channel link is in the description in all my videos. So, he was kind enough to send these to us. This is what he uses. He does some radio shows. And he says this is what he uses and he uses this when he's cutting three acres of grass at his house. So, he says they're pretty good. So, let's check them out. And see how well they do. They should be pretty good, because Ben, he won't use something if it's junk. So, let's get into these and let's check them out. Okay guys, so, sorry about the poor lighting. It's one of those times a day where it's kind of gloomy. It's five o'clock and, you know. So, I got light up here the best I can for you. But these are Sonic Sports IPX5 Water Certified. So, that's cool. In-ear headphones, pivots for custom comfortable fit. So, that's gonna be cool. I've had a couple pairs of these and they did not pivot. And they never did fit right. So, I've got high hopes for these. The ear tips includes extra small, small, medium and large. So, that's cool. You get extra ear tips so that it can fit your ear better. Hinge clip on ear loop. And oval rubber ring. Extra comfortable ergonomic fit within the ear. So, cool. Ideal for active use, jogging, sports, top tier sound quality from Pro Audio Leaders, lab tested and certified IPX5. Waterproof rating allows headphones to be washed after use, that's great right there. Hinge designs adjust around the ear for custom comfort.  You can pause and read them if you want. So, let's go ahead and open this up. I'm really looking forward to this. They are very well packaged. Again, Ben, thank you very much, appreciate it. It's BXX32 or new too. All right, we've got our little paperwork here. Wow, these seem nice. Better than any pair I've ever had, but oh, cool. Okay, so here's the extra ear pieces in there. For right now, we're just going to try them with the ear pieces that's on. I don't know which ones are that comes in them, but. Okay, I mean, look at that. They feel nice too, I mean, they don't feel chintzy. Wow, so this must be like an extension. It's got a little clip there. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to put these in my ears now and I'll kick you back on as soon as I get these things put in my ears. And we will, I've got a song queued up here. It's just on the YouTube audio library. It's just something I randomly picked. Well, let me get these put in my ears and I'm going to listen to them. We're going to see how they sound and all. I know you guys can't get, because like music's only going to sound as good as what's coming out of your speakers and also only as good as what the mic on the camera can be, so, but you'll get the idea. Let me get these put in my ears and let me get my song ready. We'll play some music. Okay, so I have them in my ears and let me tell you, these things are the most comfortable earbuds in this style that I've ever had. They don't feel cheap. They feel good. I'm real comfortable and these are just with the earbud pieces that came on it. So I don't know what size they are. They fit fine. And as you can see, they are ball cap friendly, glasses friendly, that's good. I mean, no problems there. I mean, I would probably change these later on, but right now I just wanted to hear the sounds of them. So like I said, I got this song here on YouTube, so let me turn this down a little bit. There we go.  These are phenomenal guys. Wow, these things sound amazing.  Must have changed the song. Let's go back here. These things sound phenomenal. I can't get over that. The bass is amazing. Those things sound, and this is a no joke, the big ones I got here and then, I had these ones first and these sounded really good. I gave these to monkey because I got the wireless ones and they jam and these jam. These sound almost as good as those. It's very, very, very close because I'm impressed with these Turtle Beach ones here. I will say they sound every bit as good as mine. My Turtle Beach, the wireless ones with the mic. This one also has a mic too that plugs in right there. It's removable and mine, it just flips down. These sound every bit as good as mine. These sound a little bit better than mine. And these, these here, I'm really, I'm really surprised.  I didn't like them. They didn't sound good. They weren't comfortable. So I just never bought a set. So I was kind of, you know, on the fence, I was like, well, should I do a review because, you know, I give honest reviews. And if I didn't like them, I didn't want to hurt Ben's feelings, but thank goodness. I do, I really like these. I think Monkey will like these too. She could have used these today. She was outside. The past couple of days, she's been washing down the front of house. She does that over here. And she had her phone over where it stayed drying. She probably, she could have used these. These are amazing. Yeah, they sound almost as good as these. They're louder than those. If you go all the way up, you can hear the bass just a little bit starting to break up. These ones you can't, you can turn these all the way up and there's no break up on them. So for, I mean, well, look, look at the difference. Come on, yeah. But I guarantee you, they sound every bit as good as my Turtle Beach. I got the, what is it? The Stealth 600. The Stealth 600, they sound every bit as good as them. Almost as good as these. Now, if I turn this down a little bit and don't have a full blast, which these things, these things will crank. Yes, then they do sound every bit as good as those. I'm very impressed. And I really, really appreciate this, man. This is awesome. Like I said, I give honest reviews. So I was like, man, should I even review them? But I'm sure he would want me to be truthful and honest about it and do a review. So I did. And I'm very impressed. These things are amazing. Let me look at these again. Audio Technica? Yeah, Audio Technica. The Sonic Sport. Dude, thank you. Yeah, these will be used by not only me, but Monkey as well, I'm sure of it. When she hears these things, they are amazing. Wow. Two thumbs up, man. I give it two thumbs up. I gotta go five out of five star. And I like all the options.  But these are very versatile. So I am very, very surprised. And I like that, you know, it's got the angle piece, the L or what's it called, 90. The 90 degree there. Let's go ahead and, this is amazing. I can't get over the base that this is putting out. It's perfect. The base in trouble is perfect. So I'm gonna go ahead and get a different size of these out. And I'm gonna try a different size. And then I'll be back with you guys and I'll give you my final, final thoughts on it. We'll go from there. Now see, these are, I'm gonna get one of these out here if I can. Yeah, it's got, they're oval. Truly amazing. Yeah, I can't get over how good these sound. So let me, let me get a set of these that, try a set of these that fit a little bit better. Maybe a smaller set. I'll get them put on here. And then I'll be back with you guys. And like I said then, I'll give you my final thoughts. Hang tight guys. Okay guys, so I've been jamming with these for a few minutes, listening to some different music. I compared them to these. These are a, I won't say, I won't say better sound. They sound as good as these. They're louder than these.  It's kind of hard to compare earbuds with a set of headphones, you know. And when you can, to me, that's amazing. And so, like this, see the, I got set over earlier. I meant to say these ridges here. I don't know if you can see them. But it's got ridges on those. That's for, you can hear a little bit of outside noise. Like if, you know, somebody's talking to you or whatnot. And these ones of course block all the noise out. And they work fantastic. They are hard to get on. Now I do like that because I do have a pair of, I think they're, are they LG's or Samsung's? I do have a pair of Samsung, they're Bluetooth. And you can change them real easy, but like if you're outside knowing something you're sweaty or whatever you come in, they'll stick in your ears.  And I don't like that. So I do like that. What I don't like about them is this extension. When you use this extension, it will take away the volume. It doesn't take away the sound quality, but it does take away the volume. I like to jam, so it's not a deal breaker for me. They do feel, feel of good quality. I do like them. They fit while they are comfortable. And I do like the little clip that they give you. I do like that. And then of course you got your little loop thing. You can adjust your, you know, for how it fits down here. Yeah, really the only thing I didn't care for is this extension. That's the only thing I didn't care for because like I said, it does pull away some of your volume, not the sound quality, but the volume. I like that they give you extra small, small, medium and large of each style of these. Again, all in all, it's hard to get a five star out of me from anything on a review. And this does get a five star out of me. And like I said, when you compare these, when you can compare a set of earbuds to actual headphones, that's amazing. And when it can actually pretty much perform as good or if not better, like I said, they do perform better than my earbuds or my Turtle Beach headphones, my wireless ones, they do outperform them. And another thing about them, and once I've got to use them, my, you can hear them, the plastic, you can hear it in your ears when you move a little bit, you can hear that. These ones you can, and they're Turtle Beach and they're plastic, you can't hear these, but mine, you can actually hear the plastic moving and sometimes the mic will pick it up, you hear like a little, sometimes if I'm wearing them and I'm recording, I'm talking to you guys and I have them on, if you hear a little click, click or tick, tick, once in a while, that's the actual headphones making that plastic, making that noise and I can't get them to stop. So yeah, anytime you can compare a pair of these, I'll say it again, with a pair of these, it's amazing. I am thoroughly impressed with these and they will be used not only by me but by Monkey as well, I'm sure. I don't know if she'll do a review on them or not, but yes, two thumbs up, five star.  Well, of course, so are these but these are tiny speakers. They're phenomenal, I can't wrap my brain around how good they sound. I'm glad they do sound good because Ben knows me if I do a review and I think they're crap, I'll tell ya. I think they're crap, but I don't. Now I see why he likes them and uses them for all his needs. I can see why now, they do sound great. There's some songs that you can turn all the way up and they won't break up the sound. So, but some, you get some AC DC with some heavy bass that will break up a little bit but you bring the volume down just a tad and then you got the best of both worlds.  So, yeah, I like them, they will be used. And again, thanks Ben, I really do appreciate them and they will get much use in this household because if I don't use them, if I'm not using them, Monkey will be using them, she's not using them, I'll be using them. Awesome, thanks again, I appreciate it and thanks everyone for watching. Don't forget, was it Sunday night? A super blood moon. It's gonna be radical. We're gonna, providing that the sky is clear, we're gonna put the drone up and I'm gonna zoom in with my camera. This camera here has got an amazing zoom on it and we'll get some shots of that for you. So hopefully the skies will be clear and I'll be able to get the drone up and I'll get some footage of each stage that it's in at that time, so it should be interesting. All right, guys, again, thanks for watching. Shea Bear, the myth man of legend. I'm gone for now, thanks a lot again, Ben. I do appreciate this, Monkey will appreciate this too because we like to jam, so this is perfect. We'll see you guys in the next one.


This is way beyond the cornivores shilling collagen This is big scale in every single supermarket and this is obviously special interest-funded corporations taking this low-quality waste and trying to sell it as a health product You know, they've created these fake ideas about collagen powder and to a lesser extent glycine To sell highly processed feedlot beef powders notice how none of these are grass-fed or organic Even if glycine and collagen are beneficial, which we will debate shortly You shouldn't have to take these synthetic powders as there are natural high-quality alternatives Why take something that is processed with solvents chemicals poison when you can consume a food product? You know, it's one thing if you couldn't get collagen or glycine from food But we can the reason you supplement vitamin D3 is because it's unrealistic Not everyone can tan outside for five hours a day people work nine to five jobs You know magnesium is from soil depletion. We need to supplement magnesium because you can't get it from a food You know vitamin K2 could be lack of access to fermented foods or gut problems But consuming glycine or collagen is is absurd. It's in like every single food There is here is a flow process for collagen raw material washing assiduation washing extraction filtration hydrolyzed by protease the color filtration Sterilization and drying and this is a flow chart for glycine monocloroacetic acid Ammoniacal liquor Eurotropine Ammonation crystallize out central fugation tech grade glycine drying in vacuum central fugation Recrystallize raw glycine tech grade glycine deionized water activated carbon filtration filter residue Filtrate leave cooling drying in vacuum back to that point earlier notice how these are never labeled organic or grass-fed You can't have organic collagen because of the crappy animal waste. They're boiling down plus those synthetic chemicals Acids and solvents will never be grass-fed organic or natural How do you go from bovine skin and animal beef tissue to a white powder? How much do you have to process it? That is an absurd difference. It's one thing to go from like a magnesium Stone in nature to some magnesium powder or to extract some vitamin D from sheep wool But these processes are so complicated. Is there even any collagen or glycine left? Do they even test that final product? There are many natural foods that contain collagen and glycine bone broth being a popular one But there were many indigenous groups in perfect health Subsisting off of only fish and I would argue that bone broth is more of a modern preparation due to its vessel requirement No natural human diet contains the glycine ratios Recommended by these experts that are selling you the products Plus once you look into the biochemistry of what's happening Collagen and glycine are not needed in these supplemental excess forms First off if your goal by consuming collagen is to increase the collagen in your skin That's not how it works your body requires certain vitamins and amino acids to synthesize that tissue Collagen only provides the amino acids, you know, you don't see people eating bacon or pork rinds for their skin health But that's what collagen powder is akin to The substance in this collagen that people are allegedly benefiting from is the amino acid hydroxyl proline Thing is the body recycles amino acids from old cells on a daily basis At about 93 effectiveness. The actual nutrients needed for optimal skin health are amino acids Which are in all animal foods vitamin c as well as iron This activates all of the required enzymes and cofactors needed But you still need to reduce inflammation in the diet to optimize antioxidant pathways Otherwise your body won't be able to synthesize collagen as much as it can Liver is the perfect food for this. It's pretty safe to say I have the best skin out of all the cornivores and I've never used collagen on the topic of glycine The argument for using it is that glycine will lower methionine And high methionine is associated with shorter lifespan because it increases Homocysteine and homocysteine can cause oxidative stress But the main nutrients needed to process methionine are vitamin b12 and vitamin b9 Glycine only plays a small role So why are we focusing on glycine as opposed to these other vitamins because you can't make a vitamin b12 Or vitamin b9 supplement from feedlot beef waste As we said in this methylation cycle in order to metabolize homocysteine We require vitamin b12 vitamin b9 and vitamin b6 It's more likely your diet is going to be lacking in these vitamins than glycine because glycine isn't even needed In the folate cycle vitamin b6 Actually converts the amino acid serine into glycine And this study shows that serine is about 20 percent more effective than glycine in methionine production That means that consuming unnatural food which contains both serine and glycine as well as those b vitamins Is exactly what we want Nothing here indicates that more glycine is beneficial to emphasize that point The study this idea originated from was on rats who were fed isolated methionine Then when they were given glycine their lifespan improved But all you're doing by giving them glycine is replicating the natural amino acid ratio Of animal foods that they should have been eating in the first place as opposed to isolated methionine In the context of a carnivore diet where serine and glycine intake is high I would argue that the better way to optimize these pathways for collagen synthesis is through increased b vitamin intake You know, it's really funny carnivores are always fear mongering about oxalates oxalates You're going to destroy you. You're just detoxing oxalates. Anything wrong with you is oxalate detox But did you know that consuming collagen increases oxalates in the body Hydroxyproline ingestion and urinary oxalate and glycolate excretion Our results also revealed that the kidney absorbs significant quantities of hydroxylproline and glycolate And their metabolism to oxalate in this tissue warrants further consideration Even for glycine on its own different effects of oral glycine and methionine on urinary lithogenic substances Glycine caused a significant increase of urinary oxalate above baseline without change in calcium rhea The science shows that we don't need these specific amino acids in these artificial amounts Particularly glycine and hydroxyproline Our ancestral dietary habits indicate that they were not making bone broth or sprinkling glycine powder on their steaks The best foods for glycine are skin on so poultry Wild caught fish even shellfish are great options.  I think they moved on to honey or something else now But they're in for a rude awakening when They realize I wasn't eating honey I'm having too much fun with this so Thank you guys for joining me today. Hopefully this saves you guys a few dollars and you don't buy any of this crap If you did reach out to me with a receipt and I'll give you a discount on frankie syringe meat or something because It's it's discouraging that You know, these people take advantage of their marketing powers, but Whatever if you guys could please like the video leave a comment down below Of course, share the video on social media Put these in carnivore groups let people know about these scam products And if you do want to support me further, you know how to do so down in the description Thanks again for joining me today guys. I'll see you for tomorrow's video Oh


As-Salaam-Alaikum. Welcome to lecture number 38 of the course on statistics and probability. Students, you will recall that in the last lecture I discussed with you the very important and interesting concept of hypothesis testing. I discussed in detail some of the very fundamental concepts involved and we applied this method and this concept to testing hypotheses regarding mu. In today's lecture, we will be discussing hypothesis testing regarding mu 1 minus mu 2 and later we will be talking about the population proportion p and also p 1 minus p 2. But before I talk about any of these students, I would like to discuss with you and revise with you the six basic steps that are involved in any hypothesis testing procedure. As you now see on the screen of hypothesis testing, procedure begins with the formulation of the null and the alternative hypotheses that are denoted by H naught and H 1 respectively. It may be a two-tailed test or it may be a one-tailed test and if it is a two-tailed test, then in case of mu, our null hypothesis would be mu is equal to mu naught and the alternative would be that mu is unequal to mu naught. But if it is a right-tailed test, then the null hypothesis says mu is less than or equal to mu naught, whereas the alternative hypothesis would say mu is greater than mu naught. Hence, it simply means some numerical value that you will be assigning to mu according to your hypothesis. We put the subscript naught to denote this number, mu naught is the value that we are giving to mu under the null hypothesis. Students, you may know that right-tailed test is greater than mu naught. It is a left-tailed test and in that case, your null hypothesis says mu is greater than or equal to mu naught but your alternative will say that mu is less than mu naught. This discussion is in accordance with the previous lecture where I told you that if the alternative hypothesis is greater than or equal to mu naught, then it means that your critical region is totally right-tailed. This is called right-tailed test. If your alternative hypothesis is less than sign, then your critical region is totally left-tailed. The second step in the hypothesis testing procedure is the decision regarding the level of significance. As you now see on the screen, the level of significance represents the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis if it is true. And as I mentioned in the last lecture, students, we always begin by assuming that H naught is true and then we proceed with all the steps. And if in the end, we see that our computed value is very different from the hypothesized value, then we say that we are going to reject this hypothesis. But as far as the beginning of the hypothesis testing procedure is concerned, we always begin by assuming that H naught is true. And since the level of significance represents the probability that we are going to reject a hypothesis which is actually true, of course, we want this probability to be small and it is going to be our own decision how small we are going to keep it. Usually, it is taken as 5 percent, but sometimes we would like to have it as small as 1 percent. The third step is the determination of the test statistic, that formula which will enable us to test our hypothesis. The fourth step is to compute the value of our test statistic based on the data that we have collected on sample basis. And the fifth and very important step is the determination of the critical region. As you now see on the slide, we need to determine the critical region in such a way that the probability of rejecting H naught, if it is actually true, is equal to the level of significance alpha that we have already set. And the other very important point is that the location of the critical region depends upon whether we are conducting a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test. So, if we are conducting a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test, then we are going to take the half area of that five percent to the left tail and the half area to the right tail. And if we are conducting a one-tailed test or if we are conducting a one-tailed test, then we will not divide that area or that level of significance into two parts, rather, poora kapoora jo area hoga corresponding to the level of significance that will be taken on the right tail. To peheli surat jo thi us kesme, humari critical values agar z statistic ki ru se yeh saari baate ho rahe hain, to humari critical values ka honi hain minus 1.96 and 1.96. Lekin dosri surat meh, when it is a right tailed test, humari critical values sirf ek hi hogi and that is z is equal to 1.645. Or in sab baaton ke baad, the last step is very simple and that is to draw a conclusion. Agar meri computed value, acceptance region ke andar lai kari hain, then of course, I will accept the null hypothesis or agar meri computed value rejection region meh lai kari hain, then I will reject the null hypothesis. Alright, let us now proceed to hypothesis testing regarding mu 1 minus mu 2. Aapku yaad hena ke jo lecture sampling distribution ke hawale se hua tha usme, after discussing the sampling distribution of x bar, we proceeded to the sampling distribution of x 1 bar minus x 2 bar. Aapku yaad hoga ke tab yeh saari discussion hui, that we do not have just one population under consideration, rather now we have two populations that we are interested in aur unki jo mean values hain un meh hain interested hain. To humne all possible samples of size n 1 draw ki athe from the first population, all possible samples of size n 2 from the other population, then we found x 1 bar corresponding to every sample that we had drawn from the first population and x 2 bar corresponding to every sample that we had drawn from the second population. Istha se bohat saari x 1 bars, bohat saari x 2 bars hame hasil hui. Lekin baat isse bhi aage jalti hain aur wo yeh that we found all possible differences x 1 bar minus x 2 bar aur wo jo differences aate bohat saari of this type unki jo probability distribution hame ne form ki thi, that of course is called the sampling distribution of x 1 bar minus x 2 bar. Thir do nahayate hain properties pehli kya that the mean of the sampling distribution of x 1 bar minus x 2 bar is equal to mu 1 minus mu 2. The difference between the population means and the standard deviation or the standard error of x 1 bar minus x 2 bar came out to be the square root of sigma 1 square over n 1 plus sigma 2 square over n 2, because we are assuming that the samples were being drawn independently. Students, aap kahange ke itni lambi aur chauri discussion us purane lecture ki dubara se hum kyu kar rahein. Iski wajayi hai ke chahe aap interval estimation karein, chahe aap hypothesis testing karein. Jaisa ke mai pehle kaya chuki hu, both these concepts depend on the concept of the sampling distribution.  Jiski yeh properties me ne abhi aap ke saath share ki, balki revise ki, kyu ke hum already discuss kar chukhe. Toh aap chuke hum nahi chahate ke hum wo derivations iss type ki baar baar karein. Isliye sirf me aapko iss ka jo result hai iss ka jo test statistic bantha hai I will be conveying that to you but I just wanted you to keep in mind all the time ke aap jo formula humare saamne aane wala hai uski bhi bunyadi logic bilkul usi tara ki hai jaisa ke iss se pehle mu ke case me last time hum ne discuss ki. So let us try to understand hypothesis testing regarding mu 1 minus mu 2 with the help of an example. A survey conducted by a market research organization five years ago showed that the estimated hourly wage for temporary computer analysts was essentially the same as the hourly wage for registered nurses. This year a random sample of a number of 32 temporary computer analysts from across the country is taken. The analysts are contacted by telephone and asked what rates they are currently able to obtain in the marketplace. A similar random sample of 34 registered nurses is taken and the resulting wage figures are listed in the table that you now see on the screen. For the computer analysts the wages are 24.10 dollars, 23.75 and so on. And for the registered nurses we have figures 20.75 dollars, 23.80 and so on. Conduct a hybrids. A hypothesis test at the 2 percent level of significance to determine whether the hourly wages of the computer analysts are still the same as those of registered nurses students. In order to solve this problem, aap sabse pehle ye dekhye, ke paan saal pehle ka jo humare paas rekod hai ya jo information hai uski roose to uswakth bilkul baraabar unki wages the aap baan saal ke baaj ye sarve kya jaah rahah hain in order to see ke kya kui farkh pada hai. So according to the six steps that I have discussed with you so many times what would be the first step in this particular problem as you now see on the screen. If we let subscript 1 denote information pertaining to computer analysts and subscript 2 denotes the information pertaining to registered nurses, then the null hypothesis will be mu 1 is equal to mu 2 against the alternative that mu 1 is not equal to mu 2. Now the first statement mu 1 equal to mu 2 can also be written as mu 1 minus mu 2 equal to 0 and the alternative hypothesis can be written as mu 1 minus mu 2 is unequal to 0. Students ye jo mu ki baath ho rahe is particular problem me I hope you realize that it is the mean wage of the analysts or the nurses. Ke humaara jo null hypothesis ho yeh hoga or alternative be issi tarah se hoga ke they are not equal.  Hum simply yeh statement de rahe hain ke ji null yeh hain ke the wages are equal on the average or alternative yeh that it is not equal. The next step is the level of significance and as you see on the screen, we in this particular problem are taking alpha equal to 0.02, yani we are allowing only 2 percent risk of committing type 1 error. The third step in this case is the standardized version of the variable x 1 bar minus x 2 bar and according to the discussion that I had with you a short while ago the standardized version of x 1 bar minus x 2 bar is given by z is equal to x 1 bar minus x 2 bar minus mu 1 minus mu 2 over the square root of sigma 1 square over n 1 plus sigma 2 square over n 2. The third reason of the problem is that the value of the variable x 1 bar minus mu 2 is equal to the value of n 1 plus x 2 bar and it is not equal to the value of n 2 bar. It is not equal to the value of n 1 plus n bar minus mu 2, it is not equal to the value because standardization. So, this is our test statistic. Now, the question arises students, if sigma 1 square or sigma 2 square, if they are not known, then what do we do? As I indicated last time, we will be replacing them by their estimators S 1 square and S 2 square.  But, today at this time, I would like to share another important thing with you. If your sample size is large, then small s square is approximately equal to capital S square. The reason is, as you now see on the screen, small s square is equal to summation x minus x bar whole square over n minus 1, implying that summation x minus x bar whole square is equal to small n minus 1 multiplied by small s square. On the other hand, capital S square is equal to summation x minus x bar whole square over n, implying that summation x minus x bar whole square can also be written as n times capital S square. Now, if you match these two equations, then we see that n minus 1 times small s square is equal to n times capital S square, which means that capital S square is equal to n minus 1 over n times s square. In other words, capital S square is equal to 1 minus 1 over n times s square. Students, ye jo relation develop hua between capital S square and small s square, aapne dekha ke agar small n, humara cho sample size hai, agar boh bada ho, toh phir 1 over n toh bohati choti quantity hogeena. And as you again see on the slide, what will happen is that we will have something like capital S square is equal to 1 minus 1 over 500 times s square, small s square, yani agar humara small n 500 ho, toh aisa hoga. But 1 over 500 is such a small quantity that we can say that our capital S square is approximately equal to 1 times small s square. And this is why we can replace small s square by capital S square whenever our sample size is large. Mathematically speaking, lekin waise aapko yad hoga ke main aap se kaha tha, ke as a rule of thumb if our sample size is greater than 30 or equal to 30, we consider it large enough for us to apply the Z statistic. And we do not have to think about the T statistic, the one which we use in case of small sample size and the one which I will be discussing with you in a forthcoming lecture. Going back to our example, students hum yaha tak poche ke hamara T statistic hai, Z is equal to x 1 bar minus x 2 bar minus mu 1 minus mu 2 over the square root of s 1 square over n 1 plus s 2 square over n 2. Dek hiye main aap s kaha hai, iski waja yehi hai na, case problem main, sigma 1 square and sigma 2 square are not available. The fourth step is to compute the value of Z and as you now see on the slide, for the computer analysts n 1 is equal to 32, x 1 bar comes out to be 23.14 dollars and s 1 square comes out to be 1.854. Similarly, for the registered nurse says n 2 is equal to 34, x 2 bar comes out to be 21.99 dollars and s 2 square is equal to 1.845. Substituting all these values in our formula, we obtain Z is equal to 23.14 minus 21.99 minus 0 divided by the square root of 1.854 over 32 plus 1.845 over 34. And upon solving this expression, our Z comes out to be 3.43. Hence aap ne note kiya, ke abhi abhi hamne jo calculation ki usme numerator main x 1 bar ki value, x 2 bar ki value aur uske baad minus 0. Why? Because we always begin by assuming that H naught is true. And according to H naught, mu 1 is equal to mu 2, yani mu 1 minus mu 2 is equal to 0. To prezair hai, ke mu 1 minus mu 2 ki jaga pe ham 0 iri klikhenge na. Now that we have computed the Z value, the next step is the critical region. And as you now see on the slide, since we have already stated that our level of significance in this particular problem is 2 percent. Therefore, students, because of the fact that this is a two-tailed test, half of the 2 percent that is 1 percent, 1 percent area will be taken on the right tail and 1 percent on the left tail. And then, if we look at the area table of the standard normal distribution, we find that the Z value corresponding to these tail areas, the Z values are plus and minus 2.33. Hence, the critical region is given by the absolute value of Z greater than or equal to 2.33. Students, absolute value should be greater than 2.33, which means that our actual value may actually either be greater than 2.33 or it may be less than minus 2.33. If my value is minus 3.14, that is 3.14 and that is greater than 2.33 and therefore, my value is falling in the critical region. After all, minus 3. something, it is in the critical region. So, absolute value that we will say that it is the absolute value of this thing is greater than 2.33. The last step is the conclusion. In this problem, our Z value has come out to be 3.43. This means that it is lying in the right tail and it is lying to the right of 2.33, which is one of the two critical values that we have and therefore, our conclusion is that we reject H naught. Students, this means that with only 2 percent probability of being wrong, we are saying that we conclude that the mean wage of the computer analysts is not the same as that of the registered nurses. We have rejected the analysis. There is a difference between the wages of the two categories of professionals. Now, the next question is which of these two categories of workers is earning more? Students, here you just need to use your common sense. Rejected ho gya. This means that the difference between the two wages is significant. The sample data that came from it, the X-bars that came from it, the difference in that is significant. But now, what is the difference? It is the common sense that you see that for you, your mean value is more. It is obvious that it is greater for the computer analysts. This is why our Z value has fallen in the right tail. If it had been a flat situation, then it would have fallen in the left tail. If our value falls on the left tail or falls on the critical region, then what do we say? They are not equal and then the conclusion would have been that mu 1 is less than mu 2, i.e., computer analysts ki tan kha, kum hai, nurses ki tan kha se. Ye us ke baat ka step hai. Pela step to ye hi tha, ke simply either we are going to accept that they are equal or we are going to reject that. In students, ye baat me ne, ab baad me kaiye na, ye is baat se aap ye na khaz kane, ke ham shuru me, hame kuch idea tha is baare me ke kiski tan kha zyada hoge ya kiski kum. Is baat tham ye assume kar rahe hain, ke shuru me hame kuch idea nahi tha. We were just trying to explore ke baarabar hai ya different hai. Baad me ab hum ye kaisakthe hain, jub hai ne kaha.  Us vakt ham usko one-tailed ke tari ke se formulate karte. Ham null hypothesis ye rakte that mu 1 is less than or equal to mu 2 and the alternative would have been that mu 1 is greater than mu 2. Dekhye mu 1 kya cheez hai, ke computer analysts ki tan kha on the average. Agar shuru hi se hame re zain me ye baat hoti na, ke inki tan kha zyada hoge hi hai toh phir ye, jo hypothesis me ne alternative me abhi abhi aap ke saath aapko bataya. Ye hamara hypothesis hota. Alternative would be mu 1 is greater than mu 2. Aur yei baat ham test karna cha rahe hote asal me. Lekin uska jo, uska jo alternative hai, that would have been placed in the null. That mu 1 is not greater than mu 2, aap not greater than ko aap istra bhi toh kaya sakte hain na, ke mu 1 is less than or equal to mu 2. Let us apply this concept to another example. Say SRA ideas inshallah consolidate hongi. As you now see on the screen, suppose that the workers of factory B believe that the average income of the workers of factory A exceeds their average income. A random sample of workers is drawn from each of the two factories and the two samples yield the following information. For factory A, the sample size is 160, the mean wage is 12.80 and the variance is 64 and for factory B, the sample size is 220, the mean is 11.25 and the variance is 47. Now, in order to test this hypothesis, what is the first step? Of course, it is the formulation of the hypothesis. H naught mu 1 is less than or equal to mu 2 and h alternative that mu 1 is greater than mu 2. Dekhe ye bilkulu sitara ki baat hui jo maine abhi e bhi, pichle example ke liye aap se kahi. mu 1 of course, stands for the mean wage of the workers of factory A and mu 2 for those of factory B. Factory B ke workers ko ye shikayat hai ki factory A joh hai uske workers ki tankhaa, inki tankhaa se zyada hai. Halaan ke dono factories ki tara ki hai aur wo ek hi noiyat ka kaam kar rahe. Now, students in the alternative we are writing mu 1 is greater than mu 2. Isko aap istra bhi to par sakte hai na that mu 2 is less than mu 1. Exactly yehi baat ye factory B ke workers kaya rein ke hamari tankhaa kum hai factory A ke workers se on the average. Phi dekhye mu 2 is less than mu 1 is what the workers of factory B are saying. Istis ko haam ne alternative me iss liye rakha hai because due to the mathematical rationale of this whole procedure it is essential that we must keep that hypothesis in the null which contains the equal sign. Factory B wale worker jo baat kehre hain uske andar equal sign involve nahi ho raha. The reason is that they are saying ke hamari tankhaa unse kum hai. Wo ye nahi kehre ke hamari tankhaa unse kum hai ya zyada se zyada unke brabar hai. Istra ki ko baat nahi ho kar rahe. Ist liye the one which has the less than or the greater than sign without the equal sign that always will have to be in the alternative and the other one which will carry the equal sign that has to be in the null. The next step is the level of significance and in this problem let us suppose that we want alpha to be equal to 5 percent. Next is the test statistic similar to the last example z is equal to x 1 bar minus x 2 bar minus mu 1 minus mu 2 over the square root of s 1 square over n 1 plus s 2 square over n 2 and substituting all the values in the formula we obtain z is equal to 1.99. The fifth step is the critical region and students this time it is a right tailed test. Why did I say this time it is a right tailed test? Ist liye ke ham baat kar rahe the null hypothesis mu 1 is less than or equal to mu 2. Istra bhi kaisate hai ke mu 1 minus mu 2 is less than mu 2 is less than or equal to 0 and the alternative hypothesis students was mu 1 is greater than mu 2. Istra bhi kaisate hai ke mu 1 minus mu 2 is greater than 0. Abhi dekhye greater than kassain aagya alternative hypothesis me ist liye the right tail of our sampling distribution is going to be involved and the critical region is going to be on the right tail. Ab chuke level of significance 5 percent hai lehaza poore ka poora 5 percent area jo hai that has to be taken on the right tail of my sampling distribution aur ab takto aapko yaad hi hochuga hoga k z is equal to 1.645 if we want to have 5 percent area to the right. To yeh hui baat critical region ki in this problem ham yeh nahi kahenge ke modulus of z is greater than 1.645 please do not do that modulus to aap sirf tab likthe hain aap when you are talking about a two tailed test aadha critical region left side pe aadha critical region right side pe to un dono baaton ko ikatha karke we say modulus of z should be greater than or equal to something jab one tailed test hoga to you will simply say that z is greater than or equal to 1.645 this constitutes my critical region yeh baaton kahenge if we are talking about a right tailed test or agar yeh left tailed test hota students then I would have simply said that the critical region is given by z is less than or equal to minus 1.645 yaani agar mera z minus 1.645 say left side pe fall karjaye yaani usse bhi less ho then of course I will reject H naught yeh baathe me dohra rahi hu or baar baar dohra rahi hu the purpose being that they should you know they should be instilled in your mind ek the faapne is basic baat ko samaj liya to uske baat may it be the chi-square test or the F test or any other test you will feel at home and comfortable with this whole process alright the last step in this particular problem the conclusion to docker liyeh what was our z 1.99 so is it falling in the critical region yes it is greater than 1.645 and hence we reject H naught H naught kyaatha students that mu 1 is less than or equal to mu 2 usko to hamne reject kar diya so what is the alternative that we are accepting that mu 1 is greater than mu 2 jise ham mu b kaisate hain ke mu 2 is less than mu 1 yaani jo factory b ke workers kaya re thena us baat ko yeh saara jo test hai iss ne usko support kar diya wo bhi to yeh kaya re thena kya hamari tankhahe kum hai aur hamara saara jo procedure mathematical and scientific procedure jo hamne adopt kya usse their belief has been consolidated that mu 2 is less than mu 1 iss ka matlab ya hua ke abto wo bahothi aur zyada zor aur shor ke saath yeh demand kar sakte hain ke hamari tankhahe bhar hain jaai because we are doing similar work as the workers in factory a. Dekhah aapne how interesting the area of inferential statistics is this is the most interesting and fascinating part of this subjit balke mein kahungi ke jo kuch aapne pehle kya wo sab ek preparation thi to reach what we are doing now to be able to draw conclusions about real life phenomena that may affect policy decisions in a scientific way based on real date. Students ek aur nahayat important baat note karein. Yeh saari jo main aaj aapke saath discussion ki regarding the testing of mu 1 minus mu 2 maini iss saari discussion ke under yeh kyu nahi kaha ke ji we want to do testing regarding mu 2 minus mu 1.  Shair ne kaha hain ke khirad ka naam junu rakh diya junu ka khirad jo chaha hain aap ka husne krish massage karee. You can do that and then what will you do issara kassara gharbar ho jaye gana. Actually there is no need to panic. Aap sab kuch usi tara se kareenge sirf the roles of 1 and 2 will interchange. But just keep in mind one thing students ke agar aap mu 2 minus mu 1 kahde hain hain aap, then you are talking about the sampling distribution of x 2 bar minus x 1 bar aur uske mutabek saari baate uske baat aap kareenge. In fact I would like to challenge you and I would like to encourage you to attempt the same questions that you would first do taking x 1 bar minus x 2 bar, baad me aap unni questions ko kareen using x 2 bar minus x 1 bar, yani un notation school taade. Aur dekhain ke aap ki jo aap ka jo result hain hain husakta hain ki usne kuch fark pade. Kis tara se? Not in the numerical value, but in the sign. Shahid aap kareke dekhain. Abhi iss problem mein, you had 1.99 as your answer. Shahid aap uskul taake karein to aap ka answer minus 1.99 who? But students, even if that happens keep in mind that if in the previous situation your 1.99 was falling in the right tail to the right of the critical value 1.645, in this new situation your value minus 1.99 will fall in the left tail to the left of the critical value minus 1.645. To phir netija kya nikla students? kya aap ke conclusion badal gayi? Aur is it absolutely the same? I throw this to you as a challenge. Aap iss pe khud work ki jay aur apna conclusion khud draw ki jay. What I would like to do next is hypothesis testing regarding p, the proportion of successes in a binomial population. Let us do this with the help of an example. As you now see on the slide, a sociologist has a hunch that not more than 50 percent of the children who appear in a particular juvenile court three times or more are orphans. To test this hypothesis, a sample of 634 such children is taken and it is found that 341 of them are orphans, one or both parents dead. Test the hypothesis using 1 percent level of significance. Students abham egb binomials population kisa deal kar rahe. Isliye ke hum yeh kaya rahe hain ke iss kusam ke bachon meh yaa teenagers meh, yaa wo orphan hain, yaa wo orphan nahi hain. And if he or she isn't orphan, that is success and if not, that is failure. To iss tara ki population ko hum binomial population kahenge. Aap hum jo testing karna chaathe hain, that is of course regarding p, the proportion of orphans in this category of teenagers or children. So what will be the procedure? Exactly the same as before, the six steps of any hypothesis testing procedure will prevail. As you now see on the screen, the null hypothesis says that p is less than or equal to 0.50, but the alternative is that p is greater than 0.50. Aap hu yaad hain na, that the sociologist has the hunch that not more than 50 percent of them are orphans. Ab yeh jo not more than ke alfaaz hain, students iss ke andar less than or equal to yeh dono baat hain iss ke andar aati hain. Therefore, this particular hypothesis jo sociologist ka hypothesis hain, in this particular problem it is falling in the null, not in the alternative. The second step is the level of significance and in this particular problem we want it to be as small as 1 percent. The third step is the test statistic, the formula that will enable us to test this hypothesis. As you now see on the slide, in this situation the test statistic is z is equal to x plus minus half minus n p naught divided by the square root of n into p naught into 1 minus p naught and in this formula plus minus half stands for the continuity correction. Students aaye ab iss formula par step-by-step gaur krte. Sabse pehli baat yeh yaad karein, that in a binomial situation x represents the number of successes in n trials. Duce lafzo mein, x represents the number of successes in my sample of size n. Yeh baat humeisha yaad rakhiye, ke aam halat mein, jab ham kisi aur type ki distribution kaazikar kar rahe hote hain. Maslan the normal distribution or the uniform distribution, continuous variable, waha peh x represents that particular variable that we are interested in. For example, height, weight, blood pressure, income, waghehra waghehra. But in a binomial situation x as written in the formula that you just saw always represents the number of successes in my sample of size n. x is the binomial random variable and it goes from 0 to n. Aapke sample mein mumkin hain ke ek bhi success na ho aur aapke sample mein ho sakta hain ke sari hi sari hi successes ho. Probability chkhwa hain us baat ki bohat kum ho but it is not impossible. So, x is the random variable going from 0 to n representing the number of successes in my sample of size n. When you studied the binomial distribution students, you remember that you found that the mean of this binomial random variable is equal to n p and the standard deviation is equal to the square root of n p q, where q of course is equal to 1 minus p. So, iss hawali se agar hain apne iss binomial random variable x ko standardize karna chahin z mein convert karna chahin iss basis pe ke agar sample size large hain to binomial distribution jo hain that tends to the normal distribution. So, we can use the normal approximation and then we can talk about z ke hain musko standardize kare to phir hain hain z mile. So, what will be the formula? z is equal to any variable minus its mean divided by its standard deviation and in this situation z will be equal to x our variable minus n p over the square root of n p q. So, abhi abhi apne jo formula dekhah, is it not very similar to what I just said? Let us have another look at the formula z is equal to x plus minus half minus n p naught over the square root of n into p naught into 1 minus p naught. Ab dekh rahe hain, ke agar hain iss mein se plus minus half hatane, then we are left with x minus n p naught over square root of n into p naught into 1 minus p naught. Ab ye jo p naught hain, jaisa ke main aapko pehle bataya ke null hypothesis ke tahain p ki jo value hum rakhinge that can be called p naught and since we always begin by assuming that the null hypothesis is true. Therefore, this is the value that we are going to have in the formula. Ab rege baat ke ye plus minus half ka kya sils lahe students, you do recall the continuity correction. You remember that when we said that the binomial distribution can be approximated by the normal, if n is large, to jo points hain, they are replaced by intervals and this is called continuity correction. Intervals hum jo baata hain, usse wo continuity hain me miltiye. Yeha pe hum iss ki jada tabseel me to ne jainge uska jo basic logic hain boh hi hai. Now, the question is ke hum plus half kab istimal karen or minus half kab istimal karen. Students, the answer is that if x is greater than n p naught, then you will subtract half, but if x is less than n p naught, then you should add half. As you now see on the slide, we have p naught equal to 0.5 according to our null hypothesis and n is equal to 634. Therefore, n p naught is equal to 317. Now, x is equal to 341 and therefore, x is greater than n p naught. Hence, we will be subtracting half. Therefore, our z value is computed as follows 341 minus half minus 317 divided by the square root of 634 multiplied by 0.50 again multiplied by 0.50 and upon solving this entire expression z comes out to be 1.87. Now, the next step is the critical region our alpha is equal to 0.01 and this is a one-tailed test because our alternative hypothesis says that p is greater than 0.50. Since this sign is the greater than sign, therefore, the entire one percent area has to be taken on the right tail of the standard normal distribution and if we look at the area table, we find that z comes out to be 2.33. The last step is the conclusion. Our z value has come out to be 1.87 since it is less than 2.33. Therefore, it does not fall in the critical region and hence, we can accept H naught and conclude that the sociologist's hunt is acceptable. Do you remember that the sociologist thought that not more than 50 percent of the children or teenagers of this particular type are orphans or since our z value fell in the acceptance region, therefore, we can accept this hypothesis and we can say that this data does not provide sufficient evidence for us to conclude that even more than 50 percent of such children are orphans. Students, in the next lecture, I will be discussing with you the hypothesis testing procedure regarding p 1 minus p 2. Of course, we can talk about p 1 minus p 2 and our test could be null hypothesis that p 1 is equal to p 2. For example, the proportion of smokers in Karachi is the same as the proportion of smokers in Lahore and the alternative that p 1 is unequal to p 2 or we can have a one-tailed test. In the meantime, I would like to encourage you to attempt a lot many questions pertaining to hypothesis testing regarding mu 1 minus mu 2 and hypothesis testing regarding a single population proportion p. My best wishes to you and until next time, Allah Hafiz.


Thankfully, it's November and Appalachian Wireless is offering the Samsung GS8 or the GS8 Plus for $100 off the regular price with two-year agreement. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless, an East Kentucky network company. The case against a Floyd County couple accused of stealing from a Pikeville church continues to develop. According to an indictment handed down last week by Pike County grand jury, John and Michelle Allen allegedly obtained lines of credit and credit cards in the name of the First Presbyterian Church of Pikeville where they both were employed and purchased items totaling more than $10,000. On Monday, several thousand dollars worth of items were recovered by the Pikeville Police Department and returned to the church. And with these recoveries, Pike Commonwealth's attorney Rick Bartley says there is the possibility of additional charges. As the police continue investigating, I think they are finding additional items and additional things and now they're starting to recover some of those. So the city police have done an excellent job in this case and I think there probably will be other evidence. Now whether that will result in additional charges, we'll just have to look at that once we get everything in. John Allen was arrested last week after the pair was accused of shoplifting at the South Williamson Food City and remains lodged in the Pike County Detention Center. Michelle Allen is now wanted by the police because of the felony charge of theft by deception that she is facing in the indictment. Bartley says the longer Michelle Allen remains on the run, the less likely it will be that his office will be willing to work with her when she does eventually appear in court. Anybody that does not turn themselves in, that has to be brought in forcibly, we almost always tell the judge we think they're a flight risk because look how we had to get them in here. And when it comes time to work out the ultimate disposition on charges, we generally take into consideration again how hard was it to get them in here. EKB News spoke to Michelle Allen's attorney and asked if she was planning to turn herself in, however she declined to comment on the matter. In Pikeville, I'm Shannon Deskins, EKB News.


aid something about um give me a break first first they have a mask mandate and now they I'm not gonna I'm not gonna agree to uh a tax tax increase after they've done the mask mandate and I kept thinking of like yeah like the non sequiturs you know it's like you know being being an immigrant uh so and so was a great newspaper man yeah what the heck does that have to do with each other um but anyway um feel it's or that's who that's like feel it's um yeah it's it's there's there's some faulty logic out there but it's also you know it's not the first time that this is the other piece that's always hard is the municipal budget is dwarfed by the school budget yeah and so an 18 percent let's say that number is accurate and true if it works um is going to be it's going to be so buried and what your actual tax rate will be when you combine the municipal and the school together that um it um it's of less consequence than for instance if the school budget were to go up by that 18 percent then I'm not suggesting it is yeah you know I actually just this last thing I'm going to say on the whole thing tonight anyway is it I don't really begrudge people for being confused and and not yeah following this stuff I mean I'll tell you before I was on the select floor I uh I wasn't I wasn't up on the nuts and bolts of municipal government now you know I admit that freely and I'm not embarrassed by it but perhaps I should be but you know the reason that people have a select board is because they said look I'm not gonna I'm not gonna do the details on this stuff you guys do it and then present it to us so I mean the the details are not I don't expect I don't expect most people to follow the details the way that we do well Ted if I was perfectly honest I would admit that um despite my years on the select board I still feel like oh yeah it's it's a learning project I appreciate it I think was Chapin who was who's mentioning you know the philosophy behind the budget and I feel like that that this year especially given the massive increase we're proposing and you know fire personnel um you know we're trying to hire you know a digital police officer just to get to the the level we've had budgeted but also even you know hiring you know public works staff and paying them more possibly an energy coordinator you know you know the value added I think is is the full you know it should be the basis kind of for the philosophy for this and how to you know really get people to focus on that this is the safety this is a you know a town town needs and you know that some of this is overdue I think Rick McGuire used to he used to harp on this and I think it's an excellent point the vast majority of the services the town provides are safety related sure and um you know which is something we should be investing and I can just offer the board a couple numbers I was looking at this week um you know the this proposed budget has a 12.8 increase on the expense side um if we break it out it's 5.8 percent for the budget as it is right now and 7 percent towards the fire personnel of that 12.8 to looking where where other towns are landing in their proposed budgets online um I think Winooski South Burlington they're around six percent right now and not looking at that level of personnel increase so shows me you know with inflation and everything kind of where our status quo operations are where we're landing about where other places are but we're looking to address potentially some some personnel operational items here I also looked at our tax tax rate if if it did end up around 32 cents right now at 20.2721 we're second lowest in the county the town right above us as St. George is currently at 32 cents before any other movement I think it's trying to get the message to the value that the local options tax has had for the town it's it's really offsetting about 15 cents on the tax rate right now on an annual basis let's and um one cent on the tax rate is about $210,000 of revenue so if the board thinks about from a policy standpoint and a potential rate structure um if you think about that removing a half cent removing a cent you have to find that balance and expenses or added revenue to to offset that on on the right side so those help me and surely rationalize it would kind of the big the big budget chunks and really where your levers are here to think about the the big picture so no I'll be here to uh whatever budget you settle on a staff will work to get that message out to the community here and leading up to town meeting I just asked that when we were having the fund balance discussion the nice thing about having a healthy fund balance is we've been able to do things like pay for the muddy brook project overage and possibly the additions to the fire staff for this year but then we have you know those unknown things that always come up like there's the discussion about you know whether the vsp is going to dispatch for us at all and what that might mean and we don't even know that yet so that's we're having a little bit healthier fund balance helps us not to increase anything else and be able to rely on that when something totally unforeseen comes up like even adding our third dispatcher so we have the ability to dispatch so I thought the um the message that went out regarding the mass mandate was was effective you know people may not have agreed with it but it was very effective should we consider a similar type message about the budget the tax increase we used to do a mailing right but that that would that would always be after we decided on the budget and we were explaining the town meeting and this would be different this would be this would be I mean this is not the word I'm really looking for it's the one that comes to mind is confronting that in kind of the argument that 18 percent is the only way to look at the tax rate increase yeah and the answer may be no this is really something we need to step back and just let the discussion happen but if there are misconceptions about about that probably now is not a bad idea to if it's possible to try to correct the record for lack of other words I thought about that as well but it can't be a full page document because nobody's going to read it that is true needs to be bite size types of things over a period of time it addresses certain things any of your videos address like the the minutiae of like how that that works I can't I've watched most of them but I can't remember if any of them addressed that it's one a couple years ago just like a power point on how the the grand list interacts with with the tax rates so we can I think those are all all good ideas from you know going to get somebody's attention you've got to do it in a creative way and people aren't going to pay attention for more than 30 to 60 seconds really if with all all the things going on in the world right now I think from I'll take any direction the board wants for staff on this you know part of it is you've got to set the bottom line first too so if that's going to be moving you know the the message numbers could be moving in a couple weeks here so you know if you want me to lay just some general principles and some messaging we can certainly do that too or or wait to get into the specifics once you have that that warning finalized it helps budget for tonight if not we'll go to manager report be short and sweet again thanks for everyone's patience and going through the stock and I said it's a big lift it's the biggest public policy document support has to have to work through every year for however things connected in town here so a couple quick things Ron Gomer at the resigns of the planning commission last week so beginning that position advertised we've got a lot of folks in the queue to fill some open positions here we just had a had a lot of other items to go through right now for the energy committee we now have eight applicants that filled the last three seats so Terry and I have spoken we're going to split those in two groups and work with the other items on the on the agenda coming up so plan is to have that full committee stood up end of january and start meeting later that month and I've got staff working on on how they're going to support that to get started here and we'll be we'll be closed coming up here on this friday and the following friday for the holidays happy happy holiday on behalf of all the towns in there and what brings us to other businesses or any other business that we should talk about tonight if not this is the last meeting of this year in the calendar year and to the board the staff and to all people who are watching Merry Christmas and Happy New Year and we're adjourned


This is a leather makeshift settlement and this is block B. You see many women and girls they are collecting purified water. Before they had to depend on rain water or they used to collect from canals or local parts. But now they are happy to get this station to get 100% clean water from them.


Someone's lying by their eyes. Well, one technology company thinks so. We'll take a look at their new program called Eye Detect. Now they say the eyes are the window to the soul. Well, one technology company believes that they're also the most effective way to tell if a person's lying. Reporter Gabby Hart takes a look at the new technology. A new form of lie detection claims it can see the truth. There are markers in the eyes that are able to accurately determine if an individual is being deceptive. Neil Harris is the vice president of Converis, the company that created this new technology called Eye Detect. It uses only the eyes to determine if a person is lying. When a human being is being deceptive, that there are these micro dilations of the pupils. It's the extra mental energy that it takes to be deceptive. Eye Detect has been in the work since 2003, only taking 30 minutes to complete this new testing technology could be faster and more efficient than the old school polygraph. Its creators argue that Eye Detect may have the edge because it isn't influenced by any human bias. So by removing the human element, we believe we can make the assessment of credibility far more forensic in nature. Ron Slay is a security consultant who administers polygraph exams. He says in his 40 years of experience, he's seen all forms of deception. And he thinks it takes more than a computer system and answering a few questions to detect a lie. You can't automate the human mind. We wanted to put both methods to the test. So I sat down to see which machine would best read my lie. I'm in the hot seat. First, we put the standard polygraph to the test. Slay asked me two questions that were simple enough to answer honestly. No, I want everybody to watch the blue line. Is today Tuesday? Yes. But before he even finished asking me the third question... At work, did you ever look at a boss with sincere eyes when you knew the reaction is already over? It took off and it's barely coming back again. Then we tested Eye Detect. Harris had me write down a number between two and eight and then hide it. I chose the number seven. The examiner told me to lie about my number to the machine but to tell the truth on all the other questions as the Eye Detect system calibrated my eyes and then monitored my pupil dilation. I did not choose the number seven. Eight was not the number that I picked. Look at the spike on the seven. Safe to say that I got caught lying or preparing to lie on both tests. But Slay says it can sometimes be harder to catch the people you want to catch because they have their own truths. They're not really answering your questions at all. They are answering what they perceive to be your question. Slay and Harris agree that both Eye Detect and polygraphs can get it wrong sometimes. There will be some false positives and false negatives with Eye Detect as it exists today. But Harris says the beauty of computer algorithms is that they get smarter over time. I trust computers and algorithms far more than I would another human being. Still the polygraph remains a powerful detection tool not likely to be replaced anytime soon. I think it's the age old argument of man against the machine. Bigtime technology company Apple has taken notice of Eye Detect. Apple purchased the sensor technology that's used to calibrate and read the eyes. Does this mean our iPhones could eventually become handheld lie detectors? Harris says only time will tell. I'm Gabby Hart reporting.


I get a lot of press releases and I've got to say that one of the best ones that really caught my attention was the marketing material for a product called D-Free from a company called Triple W. I'm here with Tai-Taki, I did it right beforehand, Tai-Taki Yanagi. And we're going to talk about D-Free and I think this is a really interesting product that might be an embarrassing product but it's going to be really interesting I think. Yes, this is a portable bladder scanner designed for seniors and people with disability who suffer from incontinence. Okay, you don't even have to have a disability to be incontinence. I'm just telling you, you had a baby, whatever it is, it can happen, right? Absolutely, there's over 500 million people worldwide who suffer from incontinence. So it's a big issue but no one wants to talk about it. Right, right, which I figure I'm going to come here and talk about it. Why not, right? So this is an audio and video podcast. So we'll describe these things. You've got two things in your hand. One is a puck that's maybe three or four inches in diameter and then a little tiny sensor, I don't know, maybe the size of an Apple watch we'll call it. And they're connected by a little bit of a cable, so what are these? So this is a ultrasound sensor that you attach to your body and this is what scans your bladder continuously and this is a data transmitter. It uses Bluetooth to communicate with your phone. So the bigger one is the data transmitter. Correct, correct. So you just, let's see, it's got a clip on the back. You put it on your belt or whatever on your waistband. You can attach it to your belt or your clothing and it's very lightweight. So once it's worn on your body, you kind of forget about it. Right, right, and now the sensor, how does that attach to you? Yes, so it goes on your lower abdomen and it's secured using a medical tape. Okay, like a double back medical tape?  Any off the shelf medical tape, yes, will do. Okay, so that looks pretty roundy and comfortable. Would I can imagine forgetting I was wearing that? Yes, yes. Like I said, once worn, you kind of forget about it. It's very lightweight, so you wear it in the morning. The battery is good for 24 hours, so you don't have to recharge it during the day. Oh, so how do you recharge this? It has a USB port and a transmitter. Okay, you basically use any basic USB cable to charge it. We'll zoom in on that with the video here. Okay, so this looks interesting, but I'm guessing that the app itself is where the fun happens. Sure, sure. I can hold that for you if you want while you show the app to the camera. Yep. Actually, I'm wearing my sensor right now, and this is what my bladder looks like, so as you can see...  This is kind of embarrassing, but it shows that my bladder is 50% full, and oftentimes, I have to go when it's 60% full, so I'm getting very close. Okay, I won't keep this interview going too long. So what are you dialing that up and down? Sure. Why are you doing that? This is a notification threshold, so basically you can set it anywhere. You can set it so that you get a notification when it's 40% full, 50% full, so that you have adequate time to maybe look for a bathroom when you're out and about. Okay, and then how would I know what level to set that for? How do I know where I should set that? It really depends, Allison. Some people go to the bathroom when it's 50% full. My daughter, who's 7, goes to the bathroom when it's 10, so it really depends on that person. Okay, so that's kind of interesting. Now, I would think also you might want to set it to different levels depending on the conditions, like if I'm at home, I can wait until I'm 70%, 80%, but if I'm at a football game where I'm going to be in a 20-minute line, I probably want to heads up on that situation. Absolutely. When you're in a car, maybe traveling, you want to heads up so that you have ample time to look for a bathroom. You can say, sweetie, we're going to need to stop in about 40 minutes, right? And you can be very precise about that. Wow, that's information that'd be interesting for all of us on a regular basis. Now, I see some other controls down here. Are those anything interesting there? Yeah. Absolutely. You can chart your toilet activities, if you will.  Because with metrics, if you can measure something, you can affect it, right? You can affect change. You can change behavior. You can do different things if you have the metrics to support it, right? Absolutely. So if you know that you go to the bathroom every two hours, you kind of have to start looking for a bathroom every two hours, but with the data, you can be very precise about that. Wow. This is really, really cool. Thank you. I'm fascinated by this. So when do you expect this to be on the market? It's actually already available. We started selling it in September of last year, so we're relatively new. Oh, wow. That's fantastic. How much does it cost? Yeah. You can rent our device for $40 per month or you can buy it for $500 if you like. Oh, that's interesting. So a try before you buy kind of an option? You can try it and whatever you pay towards, the rental gets applied to the buyout. Wow. That's a nice pricing plan, so you must believe in the product to do that. We do. We do. We want as many people to try it out as possible and we want to help people. Okay. So the company is Triple W. The product is D-Free for diaper-free. And where would we find D-Free? Yep. On our website, it is dfreeus.biz and we also sell on Amazon as well. Oh, fantastic. Well, good luck with this dye. Looks like a really cool product to help, but a lot of people will be a lot less embarrassed. Thanks, Allison. Did I make it in time for your, let's check your bladder before we go. All right. I'm still at five, so I'm good. I'm good. You're good. Okay. Thank you. Thank you.


I'm Amanda Richards with the UT Libraries in the Betsy B. Creekmore Special Collections and University Archives, and today we're going to work on doing a sew-in. Pamphlet binder, music score and parts, linen thread, beeswax, awl, sewing needle, microspatchelow, binder clips. Alright, now that I have all my materials set out, I'm going to go ahead and start the process. I'll start with the actual music score, set this aside, and they usually come with the staples on the side, so we're going to go ahead and remove those. The safest way to remove these is to take a microspatchelow and gently lift up the prongs on the inside of the score and make them as vertical as possible. And once you're finished with that, flip it, and then with your fingers on either side of the staples, you can gently rock it back and forth until they have given just a little bit, and you have a little bit of space underneath to insert the microspatchelow once again and gently pry them out. Now that your staples are removed, we'll go ahead and grab the pamphlet binder here and I have these spine wrap binders, so we will go ahead and fold it in half and then I fold the tape back as well. Gently jog the papers to make sure they're all lined up and place them in the correct direction into the pamphlet binder. And then from here, just gently line up on either side, grab your binder clips, and I also bind the adhesive tape as well just to keep it out of the way while we do our sewing and our hole punching. So now that it's here, we'll grab the awl and start with punching a hole through the center spine. If you fold it closed while pushing, you have a better chance of it coming through the fold on the spine as well. Then about three quarters of an inch to an inch down on the top and bottom of that fold. And then if it's been stapled, I will punch the hole through one of the staple holes so you're not putting another weakness, I guess, in the fold. Punch that through. So now you have five holes. Put that aside. So there you go. Now grab my thread and measure out the amount that I need, which will be five lengths of the spine. One, two, three, four. Now grab your beeswax and just pull that thread through the wax just a few times. And this just coats the thread just a little bit and keeps the thread from tangling and helps it stick a little bit better as well. So now that you have your needle thread and the threads are lined up, you'll start the sewing process. As I use the spine wrap, I start from the outside in the middle hole, straight through the middle. And you leave about two inches of thread out the back. And that's just to tie off at the end. Now you'll go up to the next hole and through here. And sometimes going in through the back, it gets a little bit tricky to find that hole on the inside. So you're just going to be a little sneaky about it, I guess.  And you'll just want to make sure that you're not stabbing that thread. Otherwise, trying to tighten up these stitches at the end will be a bit more of a beast like I just did. So if you do stab through the thread, see if I can hold this up or you can see it, you can just take your needle and go right back through it. And now that it's released, tighten it up a little bit.  And to follow the same general process as before. So through that last hole, and then back through this one. And then lastly back through that middle hole.  All right, now that you have gone through all the holes that we punched, we will line this up so this long thread that goes from here to here is between these two end threads. And I'll take this moment to tighten up and I'll start at the ends and give it a couple gentle tugs and then I'll pull each tail. You don't want to pull hard enough that you're pulling through the holes, but you want it to be hard enough that you have a little bit of tension on the inside.  So basically what that means is when I tie my knots this hand, I usually have that thread on top. So for me it's the left thread on top. And then when I go to tie the knot again, instead of putting the left thread on top, the right thread goes on top. And that just makes the knots go in opposing directions. So when you tie your knot and tighten it down, you have less chance that that knot is going to slip out on you.  And now starting from the middle, work your way out and gently brush all the air bubbles out of the tape. Flip it over and then here I'll just push these threads down so you don't get as many bumps in the spine. Then it's kind of hard to explain, but I take all my fingers and kind of work it up on the spine first and then gently down to try and make sure everything's coming down evenly. And then starting from the middle, working out, working all those air bubbles out.  That's a wrap!