I can be real honest. Most of my clients are in that space. Okay. Excellent. Okay. Great. That's exactly who I serve primarily because most of those clients, if they're starting out with a clean slate, they don't know what to do or where to go. That's right. They don't have the volume to need a full-time quality manager or even a full-time quality engineer perhaps because they might have mom and dad both working in the business You know, that's my typical clientele. And so what I provide to that type of a client is I come in and serve as their quality manager like I am part of their team and part of their staff. And that's the mindset that I bring to each client is I'm part of their team while I'm here. And my goal is to help make their life easier, give them a system that they can follow and sustain when I'm not here. And so my goal is always to work myself out of a job, which means giving them tools to do the work easily and giving them the knowledge that they need to do what they need to do, but not do what I call make work type activity. Because if someone is not fully educated on, you know, how to demonstrate objective evidence that you're meeting the intent of the standard, then sometimes they tend to put in place a lot more paperwork and busy work than is really needed. And so the goal is always to show objective evidence that you have met the expectations of your customer, right? And that you have, you know, given them the product or the service that they have requested and you've done so in a way that's conforming to their quality expectations. So when, you know, I approach a client like that, you know, I try to give them ways to do it cheaply. For example, back when I first started doing this, if one wanted to use some sort of an electronic document control system to record all of your procedures and your records and things like that, you might have to buy something that was custom developed for such purpose and it might cost you a hundred thousand dollars. And that's impractical for a 20 person business. It's just completely out of the range. And so people would make these big paper binders and they would keep hard copies and anytime something changed, they'd have to go and change out all the hard copies around their business. And it was just a lot of work. Well, nowadays anybody who's using Office 365 for their email, which is almost every small business out there. Yeah. And so you've got a product called SharePoint right built in to that system that you've already paid for that anybody can configure to use as a document library, records and key lists for your quality management system. And so I tend to steer most of my clients toward using that product that they already have paid for that they didn't really even know what it did. And we set up their management control systems in this thing that's already there. So they're not paying anything extra for it. So their only cost is generally my time to teach them how to use that. And once they've learned how to configure it. And again, you don't have to be a programmer to do this. Anybody can can use this system that's reasonably capable with. I've never used SharePoint, by the way, just so you know, I've never used SharePoint. We could teach you how to do it in about an hour. Okay. No, no. Okay.  Exactly. But not just documents, any kind of information that you might keep in a form or an Excel tracking list. And it helps make their update easier when collaboration is a requirement. So when you want multiple people in your organization to be able to access the same document or same list, then everybody can be working from the same page. And you're not relying on email to transfer all of that information. And always wondering whether or not your employees have the latest version. Right. Right. And so it's just a real easy tool. And you know, you'd asked about how much does it cost somebody to get, you know, their quality management system certification. It's it's it can be very, very inexpensive. Okay.  So for a 20 person company, most registrars would require at least a two day audit for someone that size. And you know, something like that might cost oh, $6,000. Okay. Okay. Their audit. Okay. And those registrars are companies who do nothing but perform these third party assessments. Okay. So they're completely objective. They come in, they don't consult, they only observe. And they also undergo themselves an accreditation process by a body that is above them to make sure that they're using good processes in the way that they audit. So that is probably the biggest expense for most clients. Now, the added thing that I would like to throw in there with your question about cost is many of my clients who are manufacturers at that size, especially the 20 range. In South Carolina, we have the benefit of the South Carolina Manufacturing Extension Partnership working in our corner. And that is an organization that was set up long ago to be a resource for helping, you know, our states manufacturers gain access to consulting help to certification processes, things that will help us be more competitive on a global scale. Way back in the day, a Senator named Strom Thurman set up that organization as a state agency, propped it up from the government standpoint. Now, since then it has been spun off to be a self-supporting entity. It's not totally a government run entity now, but they are self-supporting in the work and services that they provide. One of the primary things that they do for these small manufacturers is they help them get access to grants from the state. And so in many cases, my clients, when they hire me, they will actually only have to bear anywhere from 10 to 40% of the actual cost of my services and the rest is paid for and supplemented by state grants. What's the name of the program? The South Carolina Manufacturing Extension Partnership, S-C-M-E-P. And the grants are awarded from a variety of different sources and programs through the state. Some may be regionally applied, some may be very locally applied to a specific town through incumbent workforce type initiatives. And there are different goals and objectives with each of the different grants, but in all cases, the primary recipients of these grants are small manufacturers.


You know it doesn't have the substance I'm looking for But damn if I don't enjoy it Hey guys, so today was the 13th episode of Supernatural season 11 and it used this Film as inspiration if they were not borrowing from it follows They're kidding themselves because this episode was basically it follows What's going on is that there's this creature that is killing these people by literally winding up and punching through their Chests and ripping out their hearts not eating them just ripping it right out and It was pretty cool because I actually first person who gets killed like the creature actually just wound up and then went well Bam what's going on in this episode is it's Valentine's Day or post Valentine's Day and the last time Supernatural touched on Valentine's Day was one of my favorite episodes ever and that was in season 5 with famine obviously we're not gonna get that but We'll see what we get and it was decent even though it was a filler episode now I know a few of you people have been kind of going at me thinking that I say it's negative when it's a filler episode What I'm talking about is I hate how bad the filler episodes were in six and seven like they had nothing to do with story I know that filler episodes don't always have to do with story I know that you can't do an entire 22 season episode and everything's gonna be super niche and cut But I don't like it when it's literally just there because they're too lazy or they can't do any story stuff I like how all the fillers were done in the first five seasons Because they always would try and find us a story point and that's what they did a lot in the first season And that's what they have been doing in this one Even though if there's any episode that doesn't have to do mainly with the story They still talk about it and that's what they did in this episode so they come across this girl who is a Nanny for this to call these this couple and she's had her chest Punched in in her heart ripped out in the end it turns out that she was having an affair with a husband who then is killed And what's going on is this a witch story now the whole of which angle was not that great It was kind of funny But there was two memorable things about this one Dean finally won in a game of rock-paper-scissors with Sam That was hilarious completely kind of random out of nowhere because the whole point of the choice was Not really well what I think Dean was wanting to do is he was wanting to get Sam away So he would check one other place at the house because he knew who was going to come it was going to be a Mara So that was it was a random But it was very funny and the second part is the entire basis of the episode is that your darkest desire is coming after you and The whole showdown with fake amara and Dean and it was interesting because she comments on how that you're cloudy You have the shame for this. Why do you have the shame and this creature has no real idea what it is? It's literally we're going around trying to kill you so but the funny thing was as good as This episode was it was a little bit dry in certain areas, but I was intrigued I actually was kind of interested in a new creature and I love it They're always able to find new ones. I love how they're always able to do that and The the direction actually these episodes were this the cinematography was a little bit over basic in this episode And I liked that. I thought it was really cool just with how Like I said with the wind up I've always wanted to see that like how on earth are they able to what do they do before they punch through a Person skull or chest or something one straight up. Well, bam. I'd like this episode I actually I really did I I much more enjoyed it than the last one Which is interesting because the last one a lot more story and a lot more character I'd like this one mainly because they were using one of my favorite horror films of last year as inspiration And I'd like that Dean admitted to Sam what his problem was.  You doesn't bother me. I understand what you're going through and Sam was Acceptant of that Dean was emitting his weakness and Dean admitted he had a weakness which was cool because This show don't get too deep into these characters too often not not on a level of this of this honesty This honesty was really cool And I liked it and as much as I think that I won't really remember the episode other than the fact that it Used it falls. I'm gonna give this episode a six out of seven. I enjoyed it. I thought it was a cool episode I liked the wife character how she would basically kind of thrown into this whole situation and when You know, they're always able to find new ways of making jokes with these filler characters I also the beginning of the episode where Dean looks like an absolute bum and Has the Hickey and everything that was funny. That was admittedly very funny But anyway guys, that's my review for tonight's episode of supernatural. I think it was pretty decent I am looking forward as hell to the next episode though They're in time travel back to the fewer. They're on a summary.   Anyway, see you guys next week


23andMe wanted to create a live pop-up experience so that customers can learn more about how their genes can influence their health and well-being. Presently in the room we have five genes representing five of our wellness reports and 23andMe offers over 90 reports and we wanted to showcase five of our wellness reports because they're ones that we feel that people can actually take steps in their lifestyles to better their health. We have a lactose intolerance room, genes that can tell you about whether or not you're likely to be lactose intolerant, we have a caffeine conception room that tells you about whether or not you can metabolize caffeine, we have a celiac disease room that tells you more about the genes that affect people in terms of developing the disease. We have a muscle composition room so whether or not you're likely to have genes of a power athlete. 23andMe is a direct to consumer genetic test and that's what makes us different from other services. We're the first and only direct to consumer service that has health reports that are authorized by the FDA and so just being at home and we know that people don't know a lot about 23andMe and their genes so we wanted to create this pop-up experience so that people can come learn more and not just look at our website and look at the reports that we offer but really get to see why it's important to know about these genes and how they can affect your health.


if I show you the water from the underside and then I point my flashlight my phone flashlight from this side you can see the surface of the water begins to shine it is in fact reflecting the light from my flashlight and you need the angle of incidence to be greater than a particular value which we call the critical angle now this critical angle can be determined from the refractive index of the denser medium with respect to the layer of medium if this value is mu then the critical angle is given by the sign inverse of one binding first by the scientist called Christian Huygens sound is a wave just like light and Snell's law is not something that is specific to light it is a general law that applies to all kinds of waves traveling in any medium the density change in the layers of the air causes this light to bend away from the normal because the air is being heated up by the ground


Everybody forced here ripping 2022 leaf in the game use sports 10 box full case number three random hit style We'll type in the hits as we go here into the random at the very end to see who gets what 50 hits in this one Should get quite a few autos too Well, this stuff has been awesome. Let's get to it. Thanks everybody for joining and good luck so again everything in this is obviously game used or stadium relic of some sort all of its Like tickets that have been in like actual games, of course, so Here we go Personal sonnet will be on drip everybody with Kenzie. She goes live there in about an hour. These are so much fun to open Wait, so you see how fun Already, huh? Okay Good luck. Yeah, my fingers are from last night's Sports lore for Quad Jersey 19 of 20. We've got Kobe Vince Carter T Mac and Paul Pierce So with these I would use the title of the card and like the numbering if it's more than like two or three people Sports lore for 19 of 20 Kobe Vince Carter T Mac and Paul Pierce Sup Carl. Hey, dude, man Dual relic Carlton Fisk and Dwight Evans 28 of 30 And then you can just use like last names and stuff when it's like And you're gonna want to put like Relic or auto and like every single one of these because there's some that have autos it's like sports lore for like 1920 yeah Fisk Evans dual relic 28 of 30 It's pretty cool This is really cool Lionel Messi Jersey Auto 7 of 12 Started off hot Lionel Messi Jersey Auto 7 of 12 Good luck on that one everybody that might end up being the head of the case right there I'll sleep everything else otherwise. I got Mark McGuire relic 18 of 25 Mark McGuire. Yeah, that's really cool Bruce Lee 3 of 3 Bruce Lee 3 of 3 This is game use. I'm not sure what exactly that means Bruce Lee No, Kim's he started starts at 5. That is on time Very good box to start off. I hope every single box is as good as that one If so, then I think everybody in this break would pretty pretty This is a nice one Check out this one legendary locker room 5 of 9 Ted Williams Carlton Fisk Carl Yastremski Tom Brady Larry bird at Bill Esposito Boston legends right there That is a crazy card Again, Ted Williams Carlton Fisk Yaz Brady bird and Esposito It's nice. That is nice Look on that one Boston fans big ticket signature Juan Soto Against Milwaukee here 18 bucks I'm down I'm down nice Juan Soto big ticket signature. I would try Take it like take it auto on Soto or something like that And that's really cool to Jersey Auto Michael Vic 18 of 20 a double auto box. It's not rich Jersey Auto Michael Vic 18 of 20 Jersey card Bill Madlock 3045 Bill Madlock Jersey 3 of 45 and A big ticket rookie Shohei Otani The rookie Otani tickets 2018 right there. It is a rookie year You know, it's honey ticket relic Again, obviously now number. There's are all technically like a one-of-one. So move the magic.  I'll find out a minute here. We're on this one first. Oh move the shack No, you're gonna you're gonna take shack out of the paint. Go ahead and try Good luck with that Triple Jersey Nolan Ryan Roger Clemens Randy Johnson 29 to 45 Ryan Clemens Johnson triple Jersey to 45 Three of the best to ever do it Joe Montana Jersey Auto one of two is that I don't know if it'll say that's chiefs Montana right there Yeah, it doesn't say specifically that that reds close enough to be old Niners or four chiefs There we go Nice, Montana a Madison Bumgardner dual Jersey 21 to 25 Mad Bump 21 to 25 on the Jersey card ring leaders three Here we go Yeah, all right. That's what it was. This is pretty nasty So memorabilia madness 12-way relic numbered six of eight dr. J Andra Iguodala Charles Barkley Alan Iverson Maurice cheeks jewel and bead Isaiah Thomas Grant Hill Dennis Rodman Joe Dumars Rick Mayhorn and Rashid Wallace just put memorabilia madness or 12-way relic six of eight something like that There you go, Philly and Detroit Yes, I'm sort of nice too big and then dual I believe that's a glove for sure that is most likely a glove is a So Ioki and Rio ishikawa 11 of 20 dual glove Ioki and Ishikawa It's tough to read with that like red diamond text Smack the box force. Oh, that's what you should have seen last night rich. Oh, man. Oh Man, one of them last night was was a doozy.  Oh nice eight-way relic here one of six Babe Ruth Roger Maris Ted Williams Stan Musial Duke Snyder satchel page Whitey Ford and Yogi Berra Team utopia one of six Team utopia one of six some absolute legends Ruth Maris Williams Musial Snyder page Ford and Berra printing plate auto one of one Ray Lewis, I thought that was Ray Some of his signatures are different now the Ray Lewis printing plate auto one of one Whoa Yeah, I didn't know UFC was in this Jamal Hall Hill auto numbered seven of 20 Jamal Hall Hill auto seven of 20. It's the first. I think that's the first UFC Piece I've of anything I've seen in this product or a few cases which is surprising usually when the Leaf has UFC they use a little more Maybe there's not that many this time a Tony Parker Jersey eight of nine Tony Parker and captain's Jersey Derek Jeter 23 of 45 Derek Jeter Jersey 23 of 45 Who signs tarantula again? I totally forget That's not I don't think it's Jamal Hill though. I Thought it was someone else at least Okay, so these haven't had the auto These haven't had the auto. I'm gonna go with ease. All righty. We got a Rafael Palmero Jersey 205 Rafael Palmero Jersey 205 Let's get OPG filled up everybody. We still got spots to move on OPG a stadium relic Don Mattingly 30 to a 45 The cathedral old Yankee Stadium relic From the era in which Don Mattingly played Stadium relic Mattingly is a Joe all I don't know that Don Mattingly Jersey auto number 24 of 30 Don Mattingly Jersey auto 24 of 30 Team Utopia 21 of 45 Chris Paul Yao Ming Dennis Rodman pal Gasol Chris Mullen Joe Dumars Carmelo Anthony and Dominic Wilkins 21 of 45 team Utopia cool season. Yeah, and An auto here is Mike Singletary 19 of 45 vignette auto Mike Singletary dual Jersey Bernie Williams 12 out of 50 Bernie Williams dual Jersey 12 of 50 got a big ticket rookie Patrick Mahomes the second Texas Tech ticket right there in the old Mahomes days Mahomes ticket relic Sorry guys, I'm not trying to slam the plastic into each other I'm probably not the most pleasant noise in the world Grand Salami 6 5 of 5 Cal Ripken jr. Frank Robinson Daryl Strawberry Bobby Thompson Billy Williams and Roberto Alomar Grand Salami 6 5 of 5 Dual relic Pele and Diego Maradona to 31 of 40 Two of the best right there rest in peace to both of them to Pele and Diego Maradona dual relic 31 of 40 Good luck on that one That's pretty damn sweet and Jersey auto dan marino 2 of 20 Dual Jersey auto dan marino 2 of 20. All right, uh legendary locker room three of eight Mickey Mansell Ted Williams Joe DiMaggio Stan Musial Duke Snyder and Frank Robinson Legendary locker room three of eight six-way relic Big names and this stuff man a printing plate auto one of one of Jerry west the logo Jerry west printing plate auto one of one and Jersey auto magic johnson 15 of 45 Magic johnson and one of the guys that drafted him. Thank you Carl Because I didn't think it was jammal hall hill a killian of bop a jersey 18 of 25 killian of bop a jersey 18 of 25 A billy martin stadium relic six of six the cathedral Thank you stadium relics are pretty darn cool billy martin uh stadium relic six of six Three more boxes then we random everybody Before we keep going i'm giving you a link for opi-chi we got to get it filled up opi-chi guys still at 14 to go in 1999 a spot You got plenty of spots in baseball as well bowman inception random styles pyts are on sale We got prism basketball later on got nt basketball phoenix football impeccable football And yeah, there's a phoenix full case as well There's some four boxers and a full case The legendary 208 way relic grant hill duke snider steve atwater brett hull alonzo morning mike piazza james lofton eric lindross 22 of 45 the legendary 222 of 45 No, I don't get injured durability of 100 kobe bryant and d way dual jersey 40 of 40 mamba and flash kobe and d way dual jersey 40 of 40 And we got a dual auto first multi auto of the case, which is kind of weird Usually you get more than this with leaf we got knoll and ryan and roger clements dual jersey auto six of 25 knoll and ryan roger clements dual jersey auto six of 25 bob lemon jersey three of five bob lemon three of five And dual jersey rafael nadal 30 of 50. Wow dual relic rafael nadal 30 of 50 21 majors 21 major championships rafa nadal You got he's got to retire soon, right? God be close It's the first tennis relic I've seen so we've seen I think just about every sport We've seen like it. We've seen like all of it because I saw it in Muhammad Ali last night speaking of that This one's really cool. Pele Muhammad Ali, mickey mantel and joe nameth quad relic 16 at 35 a few goats and joe nameth But I guess for time for time for time's sake 50s and 60s. There you go. Pele ali mantel and nameth 16 to 35 Oh, that's freaking awesome Current teammates triple jersey leonel messi killian imbappe namar jr. 13 of 15 current teammates messy imbappe namar triple relic to 15 And jersey auto alan iverson two of four Two of four alan iverson auto The answer Oh, it was like broken. That's why I would I would for sure broke a one of my fingernails been fun Hall of Fame jerseys scott rollin six of 12 scott rollin jerseys six of 12 He must have manufactured that card quick He's only been in all favor a couple months. He hasn't even inducted yet. He's just been elected And yankee stadium relic babe ruth two of four The cathedral relic babe ruth Again from an original yankee stadium seat from the era in which babe ruth played I wonder how much of the state how much how many seats they've bought to make make a product like this the babe yeah force finger force uh dna relic blood everywhere When I was dummy thick cards again Probably one of those 12-way relics I thought it was going to be that it's not that I don't know what that is, but it's not what I thought it was dual jersey grant hill christian latinor to 45 hill and latinor dual jersey to 45 back to back bob greasy And larry little dual auto really cool back to back six of seven greasy and little dual auto from the uh only undefeated team ever greasy and little I don't have one that's too big. Oh, you don't like the blues. Come on, man. We're not in the last box lean on messy jersey 31 of 45 lean on messy jersey 31 of 45 eight-way jersey the legendary 200 to 25 christ paul steeve young pager martinez jock plonth hey ronaldo kevin durant url campbell and nolyn ryan that there's just they're just throwing they're throwing all the names there that is christianna ronaldo by the way not r9 uh cp3 steve young pager jock plonth ronaldo kd campbell and ryan one of 25 the legendary 200 and soul man mugsy bogs sneaker relic mugsy bogs 24 of 50 before we do that OPG you guys let's get it filled up 12 to go josh jacob's franchise tag paul was earlier today too really strange because it's a 10 it's a 10 million tag for the running backs Good luck everybody will randomize names and hit same amount of times put inside by side to see who gets what or in two six times names first one two three four five and six hazus h down to ryan w six times on the hits now one two three four five and six joe montana relic auto down to the bernie williams dual relic All right got hazus h with the joe montana relic auto john g derek jeter relic hose v mattingly stadium relic michael j mike singletary auto eric k hilden leitner dual relic michael b ryan clemens dual relic auto ritchard w and bop a messy name r triple relic steve r mugsy bogs relic drew b rafael pulmero relic steve r madbomb dual relic ross c with the bruce lee relic shawn r with the uray lewis printing plate auto one of one john g team utopia eight-way relic to 45 drew b scott roland relic tim z leanall messy relic auto congrats tim big hit there robert b eight-way legendary the legendary 225 ryan w paylay mantel neymeth and ali quad relic to 35 drew b jama hall hill auto chris m nadal relic eric k team utopia eight-way relics a six john d mohomes ticket brandon g ruth stadium relic michael m magic johnson relic auto tim z greasy and little dual auto shota with the grand salami relic to five peter c paleo maradona dual relic drew b bill madlock relic ryan m legendary locker rooms relic to nine peter c sports lore for relic to 20 ruby has the bob lemon relic charlie c cobyway dual relic to 40 tim z huansoto big ticket auto shawn b and bop a relic landon g dan marino relic auto richard w with jerry west printing plate auto one of one and don maddingly jersey auto ryan m the messy relic richard w legendary 208-way relic 22 of 45 eric k fisk and evans dual relic drew b ryan clemens and johnson triple relic to 45 a shane w billy martin stadium relic to six paul r mike vick relic auto to 20 joe s shohei otani big ticket just a ticket relic eric k tony parker relic matt t mark maguire relic john d ioki anishikawa dual golf glove it was it was carol g with the ai jersey auto shota with the legendary locker room six a relic three of eight wenman m memorabilia madness 12 a relic to eight and ryan w with the bernie williams dual relic to 50 ryan w that's what i said all right we'll get those posted on to the next one thanks everybody


Hello, we are going to switch to something different now. You have built mountains with Shredar, you've torn down mountains with Shredar, and then you've seen where they go down to the coast with me, and now we're going to start becoming historians. A lot of the job of a geologist is to read the past, to find out what it tells us and what we can do with it. As you know, a lot of people make you take history when you're going to school because they believe that if you know where you came from, that it helps. If you know what's possibly, if it happened, it has to be possible. And so learning about history is a useful thing. And so now we're going to start looking back into history and see if we can tell time, see if we can tell stories, see if we can find out how the environment works. We're going to do a lot of this by looking at sedimentary rocks. We're going to look at what happens to all that sediment that's washed down the river before it gets some talk that interrupted again. And we're going to do this by trying to tell time. We're going to try to sort out time. We're going to start looking at some pretty pictures because we've got to look at pretty pictures. We've got to go to National Parks and have fun. And so we're going to start out with the cause class at Arches National Park. Arches sits just outside of Moab, Utah. It's a great town if you're into mountain biking, if you're into a whole bunch of things, you can go to Moab and have a good time. Our National Parks just scattered all around the place. And Arches is certainly one of the prettiest ones. Here at Shredar, as you certainly recognize, and behind Shredar are the LaSalle mountains. Way up in here are the LaSalle, and LaSalle is salt, the salt. And down deep underneath this, there are salt deposits from an old sea that dried up. And salt, when you squeeze it, gets soft and it moves. So the rocks in this area have done a little bit of this over time. And by doing a little bit of this, they've given us some very interesting things. And in particular, they've given us the arches. If you move underneath a really hard rock, these are hard sandstone rocks from a giant dune field that looked like the Sahara way back when, if you move underneath really strong rocks, they tend to break. And so whether you're looking diagonal in the bottom picture or you're looking end-on in the top picture, you can see that as the salt underneath moved and the rocks flexed, they broke. Whenever there's a crack, the world can get in. It can go beat up the rocks. It can try to change the rocks. And in particular, we're now underneath looking up. And you can see the blue sky way up there in the corner. And you can see where a rock has been cracked. The yellow arrow is pointing at it. And I'm going to draw you a red arrow that points at it too. You can see where the rock has been cracked. And then these funny looking streaks coming down the side of the rock. Water is dripping through the crack. And as it does, it carries sand away. It causes chemical changes. And eventually, the rocks are going to fall off there. And as the rocks fall off, they make these beautiful structures that we know as the arches. Here you can see a couple of places that arches have started. They haven't broken all the way through, but they started. You'll see on the right where Raya is sitting in front of a big stone arch that's sort of arching up over the top of him up there. And the rocks have fallen out of that hole. And it's fallen down the hill here. These big chunks behind Raya came out of that arch. They fell out. And on the left is, that one is in Buncanyon. And on the left is one in Canyon de Chey, where the same thing has happened except the stream has washed the pieces away. And so you get this sort of action. You get cracks. You get weather working down the cracks. You get rocks falling out. And eventually, they break through. And you get glorious beautiful things. You can see Shridhar in the very far lower left of the left-hand picture sitting down there. And he is looking at Delacanarch. It's one of the best icons of the National Park Service sitting up there with the mountains framed behind it, just a glorious place. If you look closely at the rocks of Delacanarch, you will see, hey, that the sand, the sandstone, the sand that's glued together by hard water deposits. And B, you'll see that they have layers in them. In fact, they look just like a sand dune that's had the sand glued together by hard water deposits. And that is part of the story that we're going to be telling here in a little bit, is how sediment turns into sedimentary rock and then what we can do with it. This is Landscape Arch. This is the longest natural stone arch in the world. Landscape Arch is probably not that long with us. You'll notice it's getting very, very thin in places, such as that one. You would not want to be under this one if things were shaking and baking just a little bit. Because if you look underneath Landscape Arch, you'll see a huge number of big rocks that have fallen off. And Landscape Arch is slowly caving in.  And the scar is shown in the lower right-hand picture.  And you can see the rocks that fell off sitting down underneath it. And so the thing is slowly changing. The parks really are active. Geology really does happen. Now, this is a picture in Hidden Canyon in Zion National Park. It's one of the most beautiful places that you can ever imagine. It's a little bit south and west of Arches. And you go up in this canyon, it's glorious. And you walk back there, there's a long distance. And there's sand on the bottom. And the sand has little ripple marks in it from when water flows in the occasional rainstorms. And so you see things like this. It's loose sand sitting on the bottom with its ripples. This is sand stump. And all this is is loose sand that's been glued together by hard water deposits. And so you go from sand to sand stump. When does it change? Well, there isn't any set line. Just about everywhere, you get a little bit of hard water deposit put down. And at some point, you say, this one's hard enough that I'm going to change the name. But there's no real strong line. We find all sorts of gradations between sediment, sand, or mud, or something like that, and sedimentary rock. And so let's go and look at that just a little bit. So we will switch over and we'll write a few things. And so we are going to talk now about sedimentary rocks. You metamorphic rocks in Rocky Mountain with Shredar. You met igneous rocks belching out of volcanoes. And now we're going to look at sedimentary rocks. We tore apart the igneous. We tore apart the metamorphic. We made mud. We made sand and all sorts of things like that. And now we're going to see what happens to them. So you saw that weathering happens. And when weathering happens, which is just weather beating up on rocks, it gives rise to a couple of things. It gave rise to clasts, pieces, chunks. So clast is a fancy geological world, but chunk will do fine. And we also saw that it gives rise to dissolved salts. It's stuff that you can't see that breaks down into individual ions and washes away to make the ocean salty. So it gave rise also to dissolved salts. And so these are the two things that come out of weather beating up on rocks. And so you can imagine that they don't always go immediately to the ocean, to the subduction zone, to the volcano. They may stop on the way. And so if they stop on the way, if they're headed from here to somewhere, and they end up stopping for a while, then we call it sediment. So if they stop somewhere, the stream puts them down, the glacier puts them down, the wind puts them down, whatever, if they stop, we call the pile sediment. We call it sediment. And so you can imagine that this is going to turn into sedimentary rock at some point. And to turn into sedimentary rock, you have to make it hard. So if you take sediment and harden it, hardening sediment makes sedimentary rock. Hardening, that's not a technical term. The hardening sediment, but we'll give you some technical terms here in just a second, the hardening sediment gives sedimentary rock. And there is no, we changed the name Nature Dozen. There are all possible gradations between sediment and sedimentary rock. And at some point, we feel compelled to say, that's too hard. I'm going to change the name. There are several processes that go into this highly gradual transition. And it certainly is a gradual transition, a gradual change that takes one to the other. Up here above where I am, if you take your rock hammer and you hit a sedimentary rock, it goes boom. It's really hard. I have a friend that was studying sedimentary rocks that had been scraped off of the slab in Olympic National Park. And what they call rock, they wanted to study erosion. So they'd go out and hammer nails into it and then watch how fast the nails were washed out. And so there's very, very much softer than ours, but they both were called sedimentary rocks. And so we have this gradual change of one to the other. And it is achieved primarily in three ways. The easiest one for doing this is how you harden it, so the hardening of sediment. The easiest one to think of is probably hard water deposits. Most people these days have soft water. And if you have soft water, they've taken most of the rock out of the water. And you don't notice that your pipes get clogged. But you know something in an old house, you call the plumber. And you say, I need help with my faucets. The plumber doesn't come in with a little screwdriver. The plumber comes in with a big wrench. And the plumber's got a big wrench because all the pieces are stuck together. And all the pieces are stuck together because whenever you put water in contact with stuff, it dissolves something here. And it puts something down here. And there's usually bugs living in it, microbes that are changing the chemistry. And so you end up with anybody that's ever tried to take apart plumbing knows that it's stuck. And it's stuck by hard water deposits. Whenever you've got water in it going, whenever there's a light, there's chemistry. And whenever there's chemistry, you're taking stuff from somewhere, and you're putting stuff somewhere else. And eventually, you're going to end up gluing things together or else dissolving things are getting rid of them. And so we always see this in human activity. It's stuck together. Nature is the same way. If you leave a pile of sand long enough, and you don't stir it, and you let water go through it, eventually, you'll find out that minerals get deposited in the spaces. And it's stuck together. And once it's stuck together, we say, oh, that isn't a sediment anymore. Now it's a sedimentary rock. It's easier if you squeeze it at the same time, because that keeps stuff from moving around. And so you may also see squeezing going on or compaction. If you pick up a handful of sand, and you squeeze it, you won't make it stick very well. You're not strong enough to do that. If you're at the bottom of the Mississippi Delta, it's seven miles of mud on your head. And it's pretty hot down there at the bottom. And if you put seven miles of mud on your head, you get squeezed. And so that will help solidify things. Way down at the bottom, where it's hot and things are getting squeezed, you start to see new crystals grow. Things will dissolve. Other things will deposit. You'll get what we call recrystallization, or the growing of new minerals. And you'll be sitting there and say, OK, he's talking about growing new minerals. He's got a fancy word for that, which is recrystallization. What's the difference between this and metamorphism? And the answer is nothing. We humans have to draw lines. And if it sort of looks muddy, we call it recrystallization in a sediment. And if it looks pretty, then we call it a metamorphic rock. And we change the name. But then this sort of grades into metamorphosis. You heat things, you squeeze things, and they start to change. The biggie for making sedimentary rocks is really probably the hard-water deposits. We actually have a fancy name for that, as you might imagine. We call it cementation. You're putting cement between the grades. And so cementation is usually what group glue sediments together and make something different.  So we'll switch over to the pretty pictures again and see if we can go there. This is, it's so hard to pick a favorite part. They're also wonderful.  You know, sit on the rim in the morning when the sun gets up early and watch the sun come up on Bryce. Sit there in the evening and let the sun sink behind you and the shadows lengthen. It is just an amazing place. It is a place that is hard to believe that anything can be so pretty. The flowers are there. The mountain lions are there. You know, all sorts of wonderful things to see up on the rim. They got green dogs and deer and what have you. You go in the winter. And if you can get in, the last time I was there in the winter, they were loaning out snowshoes at the visitor's center. And you can put on your snowshoes and you can get snowshoeing along the canyon. It's just an amazing place. The scale of it is immense. If you look in the right-hand picture here, you'll see at the bottom a whole bunch of people. I'm circling one of the cause students right here. I came to see which one. Because you'll notice that this is big place. And yet it looks so delicate. It looks so beautiful. Now, you'll notice in all of these pictures that you see layers. The rocks are layered. And that is common in sedimentary rocks. You wash something in. It's put down. You wash some more in. It's put down. And so you end up getting layers in the sedimentary rocks. These happen to be from a lake. Today, there's a little lake left in Utah, the Great Salt Lake. During the Ice Age, when there was less evaporation, there were a lot more big lakes that extended across many places in Utah. And as we look back in time, we see the deposits of many lakes. And so the Bryce Lake, or there's various names given to this, was this big lake that sat down in Utah. If you look carefully in many of these rocks, especially some just a little farther north of this, you will find fish fossils. You will find flamingo tracks. You'll find little snails and all sorts of things that say, OK, this was lake. It was water. It's glorious. When nature starts beating up on these rocks, it just carves such beautiful things that it's hard to imagine. Here are a couple of our cause students down here, Sam and Samir, looking at a couple of really big trees that are sitting at the bottom of the canyon. It's hard to imagine how they live there, but they're doing just fine. Thank you. I don't think they do this anymore, but if you remember, we've talked about sediment being carried in rivers and along beaches and so on. Here's a case that a stream is flowing towards you. So the stream is coming towards you. Now, there isn't much water in this stream right now. It only flows when it's raining. And the trail was getting buried in sediment. So the Park Service put these big logs across the stream. And you'll notice what happened is that sediment is piled up above the logs. It spilled it in. And there's actually been erosion down here below that's cut down a little bit. So you can see the dynamics of sediment, what you've learned in earlier units, keeps carrying through. If this were to sit here a long time, you would get hard water deposits and it would start to become a rock. It isn't there yet. It's still fairly loose. This is a very interesting slide. Dave Genesco of the cause class and I had the good fortune to go up and look at this one. And this one feeds into a story that we're going to tell about reading history, about inferring what happened. We are just outside of Bryce. We're down in Red Canyon and the place I used to shoot a lot of westerns. And we're up on the same rocks that Bryce is made out of. Now, Bryce is mostly like sediments and you find all these fish fossils and stuff in similar rocks around. And occasionally you'll find such things in Bryce. But if you have a lake, there's probably a river feeding into it. And so in fact, as you go west out of Bryce, you find the deposits of the rivers. We know sort of what a river gravel looks like. If you've ever been down to a river that has a little gravel bar in it and looked at the rocks, you know that they sort of look like this picture you see on the left. The rocks tend to be rounded. Rivers break off the hard points. And so after a while, river rocks tend to be rounded. The big rocks, cobbles we call them or pebbles, will have sand sitting in the spaces between them. This thing just looks like a river deposit. It's shaped like one is shooting down from a mountain range to the west, headed down into the lake that was Bryce Canyon. And so this is a sort of deposit that a geologist who has looked at a lot of rocks will be able to say rivers make this and it doesn't look like anything else I've seen. The size, the shape, the arrangement, the rounding, the sorting, all the things that go into this are pointing to this being a river. What's very interesting though is that one of the pebbles in that river, which is this orange one in the middle here, one of the pebbles in that river is itself a river deposit. You can see that this orange one that I'm sort of drawing on over here is made up of little rounded sedimentary rocks itself. There's a big story in this and it's a story that you should start thinking in your mind. How am I gonna tell this story?  Then they've been glued together by hard water deposits enough to make them hard. Then they've been broken out, they've been bounced around in another river until they get rounded on the outside. They get deposited with pieces of all sorts of other things, old mountain ranges and old beaches and other things. They get glued together by hard water deposits and they're sitting up on a cliff far above any stream on the outskirts of Bryce. There is a big story in this and it's a story that, like I say, you wanna start thinking about how you would tell that story and what it would mean. So let's go back over to drawing things that might possibly prove useful and what we're going to do now is we're gonna take a little look at sedimentary rocks such as the ones you were just looking at. So we saw that sediment is either pieces, it's clasts, or else it's dissolved stuff, it's salts that dissolve. As you might imagine then, the sedimentary rocks that are produced from sediment come in two basic types. They either are pieces or they are the dissolved stuff that is put down. And so we see chemical precipitates. If you take a handful of ocean water and you let it evaporate, you will get a handful of salt a little bit. If you were to wash ocean water into a little shallow basin next to the ocean and then close it off and let it evaporate, you'll get a layer of salt. If that happens a few times, you'll end up with a lot of salt. We saw way back in the beginning that valley early mining was for salts. It was actually a particular salt that had borax in it that had washed out of volcanic rocks. The water is carrying the dissolved stuff. It goes down in Death Valley, the water evaporates, it leaves the salt, and then people went in and mined that. And so chemical precipitates include things such as salt. It includes things such as the borax that led to the 20 yield teams in the early mining in Death Valley. And so these things happen, you usually find them in fairly dry places because when it's wet, the salts tend to wash away. Other kinds of sedimentary rocks we can do them in a different color to have more fun. The other kinds of sedimentary rocks are the ones that are made of clasts or pieces, and so we call them clastics. And they are classified in various ways, usually by the size of the pieces.  This is really highly technical, let me tell you. So sand gives rise to sandstone when it gets hardened up that we decide we want to change the name. A little bit smaller than sand, we have something called silt, and silt gives rise to siltstone. And there are actually very technical definitions for these things that you don't need to know. Silt is 116 to 1,256 in a millimeter in diameter. Sand is 116, y'all, so on. If you have clay, it gives rise to claystone. That is less than 1,256 to 1 millimeter in diameter. This is little stuff. Although usually people change the name. They use an old name for claystone, they call it shale. And so you may possibly have come across that as one that you're familiar with. If you get things that are bigger than sand, there's granules. People don't usually talk about granules stone.  And so you'll end up with these being the main heights of sedimentary rocks. What they are, how big they are, whether they're evaporated or not, whether the corners have been knocked off, a whole bunch of things of these rocks tell you a lot about the environment in which they were deposited. And so what we can now do is look in a little bit and we can say that sediments and the sedimentary rocks that they turn into reveal the environment in which they were deposited. And now you can start to see that if we can read the environment, if we can tell what the conditions were in which it was deposited, and we can read time, which came first and which came later, we can tell history. We can tell what the earth was doing and how it was changing.  It's not terribly likely that you're looking at a desert sand dune. You're probably looking at something that had water. And so what you can do is you start looking at things such as fossils and fossils are pretty good indicators of what's there. If you see lizard tracks, you're probably not at the bottom of the sea and you might be out on the sand dune somewhere. If you see ferns pressed in a coal, you're probably not out in the desert where it's too dry for things to grow. And so fossils are going to give you a lot of clues as to the environment. And there's a big difference between a fish and a fern and a lizard and so on and so forth. And so you can recognize these things and you can start reading them. There's other stuff. If you see a pile of boulders, the wind did not blow them there. We never see wind quite strong enough to peg up boulders and put them. Now glaciers can bring piles of boulders. And so you start saying we can look at what it's made of. A beach is all sand, it's sorted, all that going in and going out and washing away. The little pieces are washed away fast. The big pieces are left behind until they get broken up and the beach makes the sand-sized ones, the in-between ones. And so we start looking at the size, the shape, and the sorting, whether they're all the same size or whether some of them have been mixed with other sizes. So the sorting of the sediment, like the size, shape, and sorting of sediment, clearly has clues to what you're looking at. Landslides may include all sizes. Glaciers can carry all sizes. Wind does not, wind is very selective. Little tiny ones get blown far away. In-between ones make sand dunes, big ones are left behind. And so when you see sand, it's usually wind or it's a beach, something like that. And so these are pointing to indications of the environment. Structures in the environment also can give you indications. If you see mud cracks, the mud dries and it cracks. You've got an idea that this was sitting in a place where it could dry so it could crack. And so when you see mud cracks, you can start to tell a story. You see rain drop in for this. Wow, it was made when the rain fell on the mud. And then more mud washes in and varies it. Moraines, if you see the pile left by a glacier and all the scratching and polishing that glaciers do, you're not in the middle of the tropics in a hot place. And so if you see moraines, that is pointing to something else. And so we can do environment by looking at the sediments and what is there and what is doing. If you can do environment, environment, add time, and you can do history. So that's where we're headed. We wanna tell the history of the planet. What was where? Where were the continents? Where were the rivers? Where were the glaciers? Was the climate changing? Who was living here? And so we're gonna try to put time together and we're gonna see what we can do. Now to do that, let me show you a couple more pictures. So we will flop back over to pretty pictures. And I gotta get a little bit here. Warmly, you dump some mud. You dump some more mud. The youngest stuff is on top. Nature doesn't raise the lid and shut mud underneath. You put layer on top of layer, on top of layer, on top of layer. If you're on the flood plain in the Mississippi, you build your house and the flood comes in and it puts mud on the grand piano. The mud is young gripping the grand piano. The grand piano was there and then the mud is put on top. So normally they pile up and we can do a story. The young one's on top and the old one's on the bottom. There is however a bit of a tweak to that which is occasionally nature causes trouble. And you remember in an abduction zone you think can cram things together and if you cram things together too much that they'll start to bend and if they bend too much they'll roll over. And if they roll over now we gotta make sure that we know which way was up originally. And there's a picture over here that we got on the left and if you follow one of these layers start down at the green place, down at the bottom and then follow that layer around and look it bends and now it's upside down at the yellow place. And so geologists can't just say the young one's on top because occasionally nature tries to throw us a ranger. Fortunately we can tell. There's all sorts of things that say this is the direction that was up when I was deposited and a geologist reads these and then they can say, okay, am I down in the green place and I'm still right side up and the young ones are on top or am I up in the yellow place and I'm upside down and the young ones are on the bottom. And so there are many of these indicators. Something has to be before you can cut it. You know, I could cut a piece of paper that's fairly easy but I can't cut it before it's made. And so what we have here is a picture taken in a cliff, it came in the shape and this is a fossil sand dune. And when there are sand dunes the wind blows sand and the sand piles up and makes little layers and so you'll see little layers here. This picture is only about six inches across but you'll see layers that have piled up. The red is actually hard water deposits, it's rust that's been put in here. And so the wind was blowing into this picture from the right to the left and it put down these various layers that you can see in the picture. Then the wind picked up a little bit and it cut the top off. And so all the way along the top there you can see the layers go up and then they're cut. They just end right there and then there's more layers deposited on top of them. And so this one has to be right side up. The old ones have to be on the bottom because they've been cut, they've been walked off on the top by the wind that put the next layer down. Now I can play games with this. The picture that you just saw is now in the upper left and the blue arrow shows which way was up where the sky was when this sediment was deposited. Suppose that mountain building came in and it started turning things over. And so you can look to the right of it there and I've taken the picture and I flipped it on the side and you can look farther down and I've taken the picture and I turned it upside down. All of these are possible. Nature can do this. But you look at it and you say I know because the cut is still there. And so I know if I come to the upper right picture I can see where the layers are cut. And so I know that the layers had to be there before they could be cut. So I know which way is up. I know what the point is. This is a picture in the wall of the Grand Canyon.  This picture is probably a hundred feet high. This is this immense, immense cliff that's sitting there. On top are sand dune deposits. It's a giant, giant sand sea that came in here. On the bottom is a flood plain deposit. You might think of the Nile River flooding across its vast delta, its vast flood plain, and then the desert of the Sahara blowing in over the top. And so the bottom rocks are flood plain deposits. You'll find leaf fossils in them, you'll find footprints in them, and then on top it turns into these sand dune deposits. Now you'll notice right under the red arrow that the sand goes down a crack. The mud, if you've got mud and then it dries out and this huge drought arrives and the mud starts contracting, it'll crack. And when the sand blows in, the sand will fall down that crack and you can follow the sand way down this crack. This picture has to be right side up. Sand does not fall up cracks, it does not fall sideways in cracks, it falls down cracks.  If we turn it on the side, you'd know that. You're now, G-side Ted, you're geology and national parks wise, you can figure this out. These are other mud cracks, these are also right side up. This is from rocks that are just like rice except just a little bit north and the flagstaff lines down, the cracks are going down. And so it cracked and then more mud will fall in but we can see down into these cracks as soon as the right side up. This one is a little tougher because it's a little hard to see but you'll notice my finger in the picture in the lower left and you'll notice the shadow of my big finger. And you'll notice the mud cracks up there in the middle and you'll notice the shadow of the mud cracks right there and right there. So these are sticking up at you. This is the stuff that fell down into a crack that was below it and then we turned the sucker upside down. And so we're looking at the bottom of this one and I'll draw this for you in just a minute after we walk through this. And so this one's upside down. This is, we're now at Sunset Crater, a big beautiful volcano and the lava came down and then it threw these little rocks and the little rocks that it threw actually made mulch for the native peoples that lived there, the Sinatra and they had wonderful times for a while because their crops didn't dry out because those little rocks held the water. But in the lava flows, you know when a lava flow comes down it's usually bubbling and burping and belching and sorts of things and the very top will freeze because it's in contact with the air and that freezes it and the bubbles rise. And so if you look at this one you'll see big bubbles at the top and when you go down there's little bubbles and then there's not many bubbles at all. This one's right side up, the bubbles rose and they got trapped under the top and it doesn't always work but this one usually works too. And so this says it's right side up. If later the mountain building turned it over you would look at that and you say, I know what's going on. Okay, so let us draw a couple of those. Just so we're on the same page and you're sure and this might prove useful someday. Suppose we start out and we have water and it washes in some mud. So down here we have mud and up here we have water and you've got fish swimming in the water. So you know which way is up. Okay, and now what happens? The fish swims away and the mud dries up. Okay, so now we're going to dry this up. This fish is going off somewhere downstream and after the fish swims downstream to safety then the water dries and what happens after water dries is usually it will crack and so you'll get mud cracks. And so there we have a picture of some cracks. The cracks go down, they end, they don't go to the center of the earth and so the cracks go down and they end. Now what's gonna happen? We're going to wash in some more mud of some other kind. Let's make blue mud and so more water comes and the mud comes in and we get another layer in here and what does it do? It spurs down in the crack.  There's no problem. If you happen to come to a cliff and you happen to see something that looked like this, let me see if I can get this. Suppose that you saw it this way, okay? And it was looking something like this. You would look at this and you'd say, oh, no, mud cracks didn't do that. The mud didn't start with a giant overhanging cliff with cracks going up into space. This thing has been flipped over. So this has been flipped. Okay, so this one is right side up and the one down here has been flipped a very funny way. You know, it's not flipped quite all the way over but nature doesn't do that. Sometimes it flips it all the way. Sometimes it flips it three quarters of the way. There's all sorts of possibilities of what nature can do with these things, okay? The same thing would do if you had footprints. If you had a dinosaur foot, you could even think of these as being, you know, if you wanna think of that as a footprint rather than a mud crack, it's the same sort of picture. And so footprints do the same. Footprints go down. Raindrop imprints, if the raindrop falls in mud and it makes a little hole, that goes down. Bubbles rise in lava flows and they're trapped just below the top because that chills very early. They're trapped below the chilled upper layer, the chilled top. People often look at shells on this. If you go down to the beach and this will be interesting for you to do, this is not a hundred percent, but it usually works. Suppose that you have a shell sitting on the beach. Beach, okay, and this is a shell and here's a seagull flying over. Yeah, okay, big shell. Now what happens when the wave comes in? When the wave comes in, it's gonna get under this and it's gonna rock it. And so this is what you would call your unstable, easy to rock position. All right, well, what's gonna happen? It's sitting there and it's gonna rock back and forth and eventually it's gonna flip over. And so it flips and now it's sitting here and then it gets buried in the beach and it will stay there. And if you go down to a beach that has lots of curved shells and you look at them, you'll find that most of them, 80, 90% often, are in this position. It's stable like this. And so most shells end up this way. They get buried and you can tell which way was up. And so there's all these things that are sitting there that are telling about it. Let me try to draw the one I showed you in the Club of Canyon, the Shea, with the way that sand dunes work. And so let's see if we can draw a sand dune. We'll make it a red sand dune. And so the wind we're gonna bring in this way. And so here comes the wind and what happens, you know how sand dunes are, is that they sort of, you know, there'll be a pile here, but they start growing this way. And so over time, the sand is blown over the top and it piles up in the lee of the dune. And so the dune builds out that way. And so it grows this way, grows sand there. Now what happens is there's usually changes in wind, sometimes just stronger, sometimes just weaker. And very often what you'll find is that the wind will come through and it will actually scour things off. And so you'll go, oh, that wasn't what I wanted to do. Okay, well, let me draw it back in. We'll erase everything. And so we'll go back and we'll say, okay, we've got this sand dune and it's sitting here and it grows along like this. And so here comes our sand dune and it's growing. Then the wind will come in and it will basically scour off the top. That gets cut away. And after that's cut away, you may bury this in another sand dune that's coming through later. And so now let's put some more through. The layers may be nearly horizontal. They may grow like this. But what you'll find is that where the cut is, these things will always sort of grade into what's underneath them. They won't be cut, whereas the ones on the bottom will be cut. And so the top ones are not cut. It's got to be there to be cut and the bottom ones are cut.  And so there's an indicator there that you're dealing with up and not up, okay? The other thing one notes is that indeed most layers usually start sort of horizontal, be slant, but they don't make cliffs. You'll never go out and see a giant 100 foot height cliff of sand. You'll see sandstone, but not sand. And so what you'll also find is that most layers start out nearly horizontal and they start out nearly horizontal because of mass wasting, otherwise they flump down. So that now gives us enough tools to tell stories. We can read environment. We can tell what the deposition was, whether we're a glacier, whether we're a lake, what have you, and we can read time. We can put events in old order from oldest to youngest. If you do that, a very, very remarkable result comes out. And this is something that was developed first by a canal engineer. This canal engineer, William Smith, was out trying to do canals and he was trying to work in England and he found that there's a lot of sheep in England. There's a lot of grass in England. It's sort of hard to find the rocks. And he'd find the rocks in a few places and they'd look around at the rocks and he started realizing that when he put the rocks in order, that he put the fossils in order. That there was one kind of fossil here and another kind of fossil there. And it also turned out that some of the fossils, actually he'd find in the dirt and he could identify from a fossil which rock was underneath. And so there was this canal engineer and his name was Smith. A canal builder named Smith in England and this happened in the early 17th century. And what he found is if you put the rocks in order, it puts the fossils in order. What does that mean? It means that the fossils that are near each other in the pile of rocks are similar. If you do the same environment. Now let's be very clear. You don't get exactly the same things if a lake turns into a sand dune. You sort of have to compare a lake to lake. But if you compare a lake to lake or ocean to ocean or something like that, what you find is the fossils that are near each other are similar. The fossils that are farther apart are more different. The fossils on top are more like the things that are alive today. And the fossils on the bottom are more different from the things that are alive today. And so what you find then is that the rocks of similar age have similar fossils. The rocks of very different age have very different fossils. So different age, different fossils. And the rocks on top, the youngest rocks have fossils that look most like things still alive. And so the youngest rocks, the youngest fossils, look most like things still alive. Now this was done for purely practical reasons. This is an engineer looking for a shortcut as to help him identify the rocks that are down underneath all the sheep and the goats and the heather and what have you. This clearly turned into something much bigger or helped contribute to something much bigger that we're going to talk about. We will come to that in just a little bit. Right now we just need to add a couple of things. One is that this gained a name. It was called the law of faunal succession. Now this is not a law that was passed in Congress. This is just a rule that is found to work over and over and over again. And after you check it 10 times, you check it 100 times, you check it 1,000 times, and it just keeps working. And eventually you say, well, this works. And so we should give it a fancy name so that people know that we checked it a whole lot and the thing keeps working. So they call it a law. But there's no law here. It's just a summary of observations. It is the law of faunal succession. Another thing that came out of this, and this will be the last thing we need to get through for today, is that when people had put all these fossils in order, they got really tired of talking about, well, you know, the time that they had those big, clunky trilobites with the giant eyes and the little horned corals. But not after you showed up with the big, gritty clamps. They needed names. They needed some way to talk about this, aside from talking about big, clunky eyes and trilobites. So they came in and they named everything. And you know that geologists and scientists in general have a habit of trying the name of a lot of things. And so they gave their names. And if we go from young rocks on the top to old rocks on the bottom, the big names that they gave it, they said, OK, today we're going to call the senozoic. All right, now, you'll recognize in the word senozoic, zo, for life down there. Seno is actually something like new. And so this is the time of new life. There are lots of things alive today. There are insects and all sorts of things. But sort of the big land critters are more mammals than anything else. So you'll often hear this called the age of mammals. Although, if you've ever been out in a really mosquitoy place, you begin to wonder about that. Now, below that, they said, well, there's different things. We need another name for that. We don't see mammals dominating all the way back. So below that, they called the mesozoic. And meso is middle. So this is something like the middle life. And the big land critters, this is bias for us, big land critters. So this is middle life. And the big land critters were dinosaurs then. So this is what you often hear as the age of dinosaurs.  So let's call it the paleozoic. And so this is something like the old life. There weren't a whole lot of land critters until the latter part of this. So this is old life. And if you want a catchy name, you could call this the age of shellfish. Because there are lots of marine life that's making shells. And we have good records of that.   We're going to use an old term that's a little easier and lumps a whole bunch of them together. We're going to call it the precambrian. It turns out that the paleozoic and the mesozoic and the zenozoic have subdivisions. And one of the subdivisions of the paleozoic is named for whales or cambria in the United Kingdom. And the rocks that are exposed there have these cute goggle-eyed trilobites, since they call that the cambrian. And then this is older than that, so it's the precambrian. And if you want, that's just the rocks that are before the cambrian, so don't worry about that. And there isn't a lot there. A lot of algae, blue-green algae, cyanobacteria, various other things. So let's just call this the age of algae. That is a little bit loose, but I think it'll get us there. So we have come a fair distance here in a very short period of time. You see some beautiful things. I hope that you enjoy seeing these. I certainly enjoyed going there with the cost students to take the pictures. We have seen that sediment, which is washed down from the hills, which is landslided down, which is broad-bred glaciers or what have you, can be glued together by hardwater deposits to make sedimentary rocks. We can look at those and say, are you a sand dune? Are you from a glacier? Are you from a landslide? Are you from a lake? We can put them in order. We can tell if nature is trying to fool us by flipping them upside down. And so we really can say, this one's younger, and this one's older. We can put the events in order. And once we do that, we are going to start telling histories. One of those histories is going to involve who lived where, when. Some others are clearly changes in where the continents were. They're going to be changes in all sorts of things in the climate. But one of those stories is going to be who lived when. And we've got a few words now down here that sort of help us summarize who lived when. Notice that we don't have any numbers on this young and old. And so we have to go look at the putting numbers on the young and old before we can go further. And it's a further. So that will be our next task is to try to put years on this. And then we're going to tell history.


Live from Las Vegas, Nevada, it's theCUBE. Covering Knowledge 15, brought to you by ServiceNow. We're back at Knowledge. Hi everybody, I'm Dave Vellante with Jeff Frick, my co-host for this segment. We're pleased to have Shane Jackson on. Shane, welcome to theCUBE. It's good to see you again. Yeah, you guys too. So we're talking partners, products, platforms, platforms, beat products. We've been talking about that for quite some time on theCUBE, and a big part of the platform is the ecosystem. You see that in successful companies, successful software companies especially, have to have an ecosystem. And it's a big part of an initiative that you're driving at ServiceNow to build that partner ecosystem. So first of all, congratulations for having that role. This is a really important one. It's a lever that can really drive momentum forward. But give us the update on where you guys are at with that whole initiative. Yeah, I mean you hit it right exactly where we're at. We started out the week on Monday morning with 700 partners at our partner summit, partner reps in the summit. And that's exactly the message we had for them is that if you look at the software companies that have done really well over the years, the Oracles, the SAPs, they needed a big healthy ecosystem around them to have the growth that they did. And we're turning to them and talking about like here's your opportunity, it's not too late. Cause people have seen how Fast Service Now have grown and they feel like, oh maybe I missed the opportunity. I'm not in the ecosystem and I missed that opportunity for myself, but there's still so much ahead that we can do together. We're getting them on board and trying to get them to see where the opportunities are. And that can be anywhere from development on the platform, implementation, there's seven, eight different things that we need in that ecosystem, roles that those partners can play. Well it's interesting when Jeff and I first did Knowledge 13 and Fred told us the story of I developed this platform and went to customers and said, what can you do with it? Do anything, that didn't really resonate that much. It wasn't a budget for anything. We talked to Doug Neone about that and Doug was like, yeah, well that was kind of iffy. But then really the focus became the product and you saw the app creator and that whole thing and you said, wow, this thing has so much potential. So what kind of partners are you attracting? How do you sort of envision that portfolio of partners? Yeah, we can use a couple of different examples, right? So you look at the start on the higher end with the GSIs, the global systems integrators, the KPMGs, the Accentures of the world. They have entire businesses built around markets like oil and gas or legal, HR, and so they can build a whole product offer of which ServiceNow becomes just a part of it, right? And so they're out doing what they do to enter those markets and that's good for us because it gets us into that market as a platform play but they've got the expertise in that particular area that we would never be able to build out on our own, right? Deep, deep, deep, deep, expertise, right? And they don't make that bet unless they've got the confidence that that investment will pay off in building a really big practice for them. That's right, yeah, so it takes time to build those up and we're seeing things like KPMG had announced an HR own board this week so that's a perfect example of that play. And then you kind of go to the other end of the spectrum and it could be a single person developer or a small shop who is looking for a platform to build the next great application on, right? So Nivola is a good example of that and we just talked about them at the CreatorCon keynote about a year ago, they didn't know who ServiceNow was but they had this expertise in clinical management, clinical asset management where they understand how hospitals work, how clinics and all the assets that need to get tracked very expensive medical equipment that cost $30,000 and you order them in boxes of six and five of them go missing, that's a big problem. They understand that those processes and they said, we can build a solution for this but what do we build it on? And then they found ServiceNow and the workflow processes that we have on our platform and that this is it and now they've got that product on the ServiceNow store and they're out in market selling that in less than a year. And what about like managed service providers? Where do they fit? Can you give us some examples there? Sure, sure, so we have a vibrant group of MSP partners and so there's a couple of things there. Sometimes there's partners or customers that may be too small or not ready to engage with ServiceNow and so they can go to an MSP that can provide a whole managed service of which ServiceNow is a part and then there's larger MSPs that have entire practices around service management, sometimes in IT, sometimes in other disciplines and they can use the ServiceNow platform as part of delivering that service and those might be customers that we would never be able to access on our own because they either get everything managed by another vendor or we just don't have a connection with them yet and that gives us an opportunity to go there as well. Yeah, there's an interesting partner that now we've been to is our third knowledge which is it's great to come back and see a lot of familiar faces and reconnect with people and there's one really small partner Dave in the Bay Area who's a one man shop but he manages, I think he's had 130 or 140 seats across a number of customers and he's built a business really just doing that as a one guy shop where again the customers are big enough to really engage directly with you guys but let's talk about the goal. The goal that everyone talks about at every show we go to is developers. Everyone wants developers. How do you get the attention to developers and you guys seem to really be doing a terrific job there. I wonder if you could talk specifically about that ecosystem. Yeah, it's easy for us because they're already here. So we had 9,000 people at the show and there's all kinds of people who are already developing on our platform. A lot of times they're professional developers.  Other times they're just service now administrators that is their job to maintain service now but the platform is so easy for them to extend certain applications or build new applications where they see that there's a problem that they can solve. They develop those skills and all of a sudden they're developers too and so we're not looking at just one part of the developer community. We're looking at all of it, right? Anything from a professional developer to what we call a low-code developer to a no-code developer, right? Which I'm a perfect example of a no-code developer, right? We have Service Creator, which you could have someone in marketing who has a request-fulfill process that is getting done in email and spreadsheets could create a service within Service Now not understanding how to do any code whatsoever and that's a great opportunity for to get service now used by almost everybody in the organization. We're talking to Shane Jackson, Vice President of Marketing at Service Now. Shane, what about certification? How do you approach that with the partner community? Yeah, that's something we're putting a lot of effort into. We've had a couple of certifications available so far, an implementation specialist certification and a certified administrator. The one we just announced this week is certified application developer. So that's really, again, going back after that theme of the development community and so we have at CreatorCon 400 seats available for people to take the certification exam and I'm already seeing the tweets come out of people with their certificate walking out of the room. So we're minting new certified application developers as we speak and we'll do more of that. As we look at, you've probably heard a lot about the business units and you've met all the business unit leaders come through the CUBE this week. There's opportunities to do specialization and certification in all those areas as well. Yeah, I want to talk more about the ecosystem. You have experience in infrastructure, part of that VMware community years past and I'm sure you remember well, guys like Todd Nielsen who at the time was the president of VMware, he used to give a stat for every dollar spent on VMware license, X number of dollars is spent on ecosystem partners and the number would keep growing. It was 10 and it was 15 and it was 18. I'm not talking about that so much anymore but regardless, that is a great ecosystem there. Do you think of it in those terms of the total available market and sort of enriching that ecosystem? Is that something that you could have conceptualized or even tracked maybe more specifically? Yeah, I wouldn't say it's on any math in terms of dollars for dollars. It is just the opportunity for the ecosystem to be around us to help make us a better solution overall. So if you've got a chance to walk around the expo here at the show, there's 115 sponsoring partners. All of them had each their own unique thing to offer to the customers that are attending here. Exploded, I mean, that's maybe not talking dollar terms, maybe we could talk in value terms. Think about the value that's created in the ServiceNow ecosystem. You got the platform and yeah, ServiceNow a great company, growing revenues, got nice, great market value, whatever. But the value that's being added on top of the platform, it feels like it's starting to dwarf the value that ServiceNow is creating.  No, I mean, we always feel like we should be the minority developer and application provider on the platform, right? It's the partner ecosystem that should be developing and building the majority of the applications because they've got more expertise than we do in any given area, right? And you're starting to see that specialization of partners in HR, in legal, in finance to go and be able to consult with customers on what they need to do any process re-engineering needed to then do the automation with ServiceNow. And the market's so large, and I talked to a number of people, you know, are you comfortable with the white space? Are you kidding me? There's so much white space in this ecosystem. Yes. So where do you see that going? What are your goals for the partner, for the program initiatives? How do you see it of all? You know, our message for them at the partner summit was be creative. You know, there is so much green field, you're literally pulling the bullets off of our summary slide, right? The last two were green field. There's so much opportunity, right? Even though we have an HR application that's available as part of our service management, we have a marketing application that's available as part of that suite. There's all kinds of different flavors of that that you could still do, or do one just better and let the market will decide which one is the best. And if they go get one off, you know, customers are buying something off the store for marketing rather than ours, then that's great. So there's plenty of opportunity. And so it's, I think the message for the partners is be creative. And think about what is it that you want to go and do. And don't wait for us to try to give you some kind of signal that we're going to go over here so you better not go over there. They just need to go for it and get after it. Yeah, I don't know if it was Matt earlier in the show talking about if a partner's got an app and we've got an app, you know, that's okay. You know, they're two different apps, maybe slightly different, maybe slightly different go to market. At the end of the day, we're selling the platform and people are delivering value to a marketplace that needs to be served. I thought that was an interesting take. Yeah, I mean, made the best app way and it was kind of, right, right. Obviously it's not service now strategy to own the whole application ecosystem. That's right. Don't try to be oracle. All right, give it another 20 years, maybe. But that's what's so neat about when you talk to some of the partners that were on the floor, they're, some of them are fairly small. And the one that I haven't mind that I talked to them, 13 million dollars of annual revenue, right. And so you come into a show like this and they feel like, wow, they might just get overwhelmed and not notice, but they have a specific thing. They do around automation for call centers that's a perfect fit into the things that people use the service now platform for. So all of a sudden they're getting access into very large companies that they could use their solution. So it's a great play for them. Very wide spectrum. And obviously given the growth of the event, they get, I think I'm right, the most of the attendees this year for first time attendees, right? I don't know if I've heard that at all. No, I couldn't, no, I'm sorry. I'm doing the math wrong in my head. But the growth, yeah, because they probably attended previous sessions before, but the growth is just enormous. But I've talked to a lot of people that have, you know, less than, certainly less than two years, even many inside of 15 months experience on service now, which is phenomenal. Yeah, and what we're starting to see in addition, like the shift from, you know, go back a couple of years, it's exclusively an IT audience. You know, now we have HR titles walking around, marketing titles, legal, finance. So people who aren't in IT coming to the show to see, well, if everything's a service for any department, then what's here for me? And so we've built specific content at the show for them. In fact, 25% of the breakout sessions were about service management outside of the IT discipline. So when do I get started? If I'm a partner, I'm sort of new to service now, I'm interested, a lot of action here, looks good. I want in, where do I start, Shane? What would you advise me? There's a couple of things. We have the app showcase, which is kind of a collection of applications that our partners and customers have built. We introduced that at the show last year. There's 518 different applications in it now. It's different from the store, so you can't download anything, but you can just kind of scroll through it and see what's out there and kind of get inspired is about what's possible. So that's one place. You can go to the store to see what people have actually built and are selling, and then you can get engaged with the technology partner program. And through that, you can, you know, you really start with the developer program, I guess would be the better entry point, which kind of gives you the ideas of here's what it takes to develop on the service now platform. It's where you can get your free instance and you can start practicing and, you know, see you playing with your ideas. And then once you have something that you feel like, okay, I want to go post this on the store and then you can sign up for the technology partner program and off you go. So the big push on partners, I mean, you always had partners, but you're really starting to focus on it. What have you been hearing from the partners in terms of specifically the announcements that you've made this week and what kinds of things are they pushing you to do? Yeah, they're super excited because this isn't our idea to have a store for them to be able to sell applications on. They've been asking for this for quite some time. Last year we announced SHARE, which is a good way for customers to share things they had developed with each other, but it didn't really solve the monetization piece for the partners who were building something and they had something great, but how do they expose it to the entire service now ecosystem? They had one chance a year before and that was the knowledge show. And then what do they do for the other 360 days of the year? And so they're super excited about store, just the fact that we had over 80 applications and integrations on the store on day one, shows that they're ready to go and have been waiting on us to get that functionality for them and we're already seeing downloads and purchases. So what are they pushing you for there? They want to see the thing mature, they want to see, what do they want to see from service now in terms of support for the store? Yeah, it's mainly just give us a place to showcase what we've done so that people can find us and we've done that with a store through filtering capabilities. You can search on different kinds of application types and we've given them a lot of flexibility to do their own marketing essentially, so they can go in and write their own descriptions and things as part of their store listing and then we're going to promote the store heavily, obviously, to attract as many customers to it as possible. How are you going to promote it? Through our community primarily, so we have a very vibrant community of our users and so that'll be the primary way, plus all the usual things on the website for the banner advertising and things. Back to the platform app story. Give these guys, give them a platform, give them a platform, give them a go to market opportunity, give them a cluster of customers that's pretty target rich environment for them to sell into. That's right. And then with the developer program, the community and the store, it's kind of all integrated together so they can promote their own success on the community where they're building an application, selling an application, get back on the community and talk about what you built and how did it solve a problem for a customer. Are you seeing any patterns developing in terms of, I mean, it's kind of a lame question, but I'm going to ask it anyway. There's so much, I said, white space before, but are you seeing any patterns developing in terms of where the most activity is or traction? Well, you've heard a lot about HR. I mean, you guys talk a lot about financial, HR marketing, but where do you see the hottest action right now? Where are the fish swimming? Yeah, I mean, that wasn't a lame question, but I'll answer it with your answer, which is HR. In that discipline, there's so much work that gets done through email and spreadsheets and people just not knowing where to go to get what they need and they're stressed because they have a benefits question or something about coming on board or they're going to be leaving the company. And so it's just a lot of opportunity to come in and make that process better and give an HR a way to manage that work and a system of engagement. Beyond that, then probably the next one that we see the most is facilities. So if you think about this kind of integration between IT and facilities, it's pretty close, right? There's a lot of overlap between those teams sometimes in having like a conference room that has IT equipment in it, right? And so there's having a single platform to build those applications on so that if you are booking a conference room and then you get in there and the projector light is out, being able to create the incident in the same application, pretty cool, right, on the same product. So we see a lot of affinity towards kind of facilities, management kinds of applications. Legal's a pretty hot one after that. And then it could go almost anywhere. And that's what's fascinating about going through the app showcase is you just, you find apps for one of our kind of favorites inside the company is pork life cycle management. It's just an application that a meat company built so that they can manage the process of how they did production for that. There's just infinite number of examples and it's all things that the customers are thinking of themselves because they have business problem to solve and they know that they've usually been able to solve it with other things and service now. So they naturally look to us to do it again. So you got the store, the CreatorCon, number of initiatives that you guys got going on, obviously knowledge itself. What other sort of organizational support are you providing? You guys staffing up, specifically dedicated to partners or are you more sort of sharing resources? Can you talk about any kind of human resource moves that you're making? Yeah, no, we have partner teams that are assigned to partner types basically. So you've got a GSI team, MSPs, we think of a little bit differently. So there are categories of partners that we have and structure built around that. The developer community itself is really a platform, business unit driven activity and it's more programmatic and less one-on-one interaction with those guys and more programmatic. Okay, and obviously it's not just the US centric initiative, right? No, definitely not. So what kind of differences do you see around the globe? It's kind of typical in your technology adoption lifecycle right in the US tends to be out ahead a little bit and then in the other regions, it's still more IT focused through the service management capabilities and the connection between managing services the way you do in IT, doing it in other domains is just starting to kind of get noticed in the other geos. Our last question, the bumper sticker question. So the trucks leaving the Mandalay Bay from Knowledge 15, what's the bumper sticker in the back of the trucks? The big one for the partner community is get certified and build a great app. All right, there you go. Shane Jackson, thanks very much for taking us through the partner ecosystem and the initiatives that you got going on there, congratulations on that. And we just see explosion coming and we're seeing it right before our eyes. So thanks again. Thanks for having me. All right, keep it right there, buddy. We'll be back with our next guest right after this. We're live. This is theCUBE from Knowledge 15. We'll be right back.