And now we're going to give an even bigger, even former round of applause for Alex and Moritz who's going to talk about getting rid of nuclear weapons. Give it up, louder! Thank you, thank you. Thanks. Thanks everyone for joining us. I'm Alex and this is Moritz and as he just said this is a talk about nuclear weapons. Both Moritz and I and also our colleagues back in Princeton spent most of our time trying to get rid of them. But so far we haven't made much progress, especially lately. And 2017 was particularly difficult years. But in this business, you're in for the long haul. You have to be persistent and you want to be ready when there are new opportunities for confidence building, arms control and nuclear disarmament initiatives. Now for this talk, what's relevant is that any new initiative toward further reductions in the nuclear arsenals will have to rely on robust verification mechanisms. And as you will hopefully see today, verification will have to rely on trusted radiation measurements. After 25 years of R&D in this area, no winning technology has emerged. And ultimately it boils down to a lack of trust in the electronics that is being used for these applications. So Moritz and I thought, well, perhaps vintage computing platforms may offer a new answer to provide an answer to this challenge. And so we brought some gear and hopefully we'll demo it in a couple of minutes. But before I get to this, let me just briefly summarize where we are today with regard to nuclear weapons. There still remain about 15,000 nuclear weapons today. More than 90% of them are owned by the US and Russia. And then you see seven other nuclear weapon states in the world. Unfortunately, these numbers actually haven't come down by much over the last 15 or 20 years or so. And by any meaningful standard, it's a gigantic number. New this year was the North Korean last latest test in September, where North Korea for the very first time conducted a test, a large nuclear weapons test, 250,000 tons of TNT equivalent. And we believe this was a two-stage thermonuclear weapon. And it's significant in many ways because North Korea only tested five or six nuclear weapons before that. And it certainly now has a credible nuclear capability and also the means to deliver this weapon. We call it the peanut here. You can see this typical shape for a two-stage weapon with a primary and a secondary. Now in the interest of time, I will not walk you through the global consequences of a nuclear war. Even a limited one. And they are pretty bad as you might imagine. And personally, I believe even a single nuclear explosion in a major city would in many ways be the end of the world as we kind of know it and not in a good way. Obviously with the 200 kiloton explosion, you could wipe out an entire city in an instant. Now, lately there has been quite some loose talk about using nuclear weapons. Again, we haven't seen this in 20, 30 years or so. There is talk in Washington about a preventive nuclear war against North Korea. And that is, you know, disturbing and I'm afraid there will be, you know, more of this in 2018. And this tweet here kind of summarizes the situation quite well. You can't lose the 2020 election if there is no 2020. However, there has also been some positive developments this year. Early in the summer, 122 nations at the UN in New York negotiated a nuclear weapons ban treaty, which places nuclear weapons for the very first time in the same category as biological weapons, chemical weapons, cluster munitions and land mines. For obvious reasons, the weapon states did not participate in these negotiations, but the ideas they will join along the way. Since we're here in Germany and I'm a citizen of Germany, just as Moritz, it's worth mentioning that Germany too voted against the resolution in 2016 to start negotiations on such a treaty. I don't want to dwell on this too much. I personally believe this is a mistake. It would be the right thing to do for Germany to join this treaty and it wouldn't be particularly difficult for Germany to do so. And, you know, just to close on this, and just earlier this month, and this is, you know, it is a big deal, ICANN, the international campaign to abolish nuclear weapons, received the Nobel Peace Prize just for this reason to facilitate the negotiations of this treaty and you can see some of the key folks who have been involved and kind of made this treaty possible. So this is really one of the highlights of this year. Now, but, you know, coming back to the purpose and the topic of this talk, so what is to be verified? I already mentioned it's going to be critical to have verification mechanism in place. It's particularly important also for the ban treaty where you try to verify, you know, the number zero, and the United States, for example, has actually made the point that the ban treaty cannot be verified and for this reason it should be, you know, boycotted, which is nonsense, of course, but you get the idea people do take the verification question very seriously. Now, to kind of highlight or illustrate what involves, we have this cartoon here of a fictional nuclear weapon state, has a bunch of, you know, nuclear facilities, some of them are civilian and you may find them in other countries too, enrichment plans, reactors and so on. Some of them are military and they're highlighted here in blue and, you know, the difference, the main difference between a weapons state and a non-weapons state is that the weapons state, you know, has nuclear weapons and they move around the weapons complex, right? So what they're trying to do is confirm certain constraints on these weapons, limits on the number, you know, and the number again could be zero and they're important challenges that you have to resolve when you, you know, when you try to verify such a treaty and I highlight them here on this cartoon, we could give talks about any one of them, but today we want to talk about one specific one that's typically considered one of the maybe the most difficult one to address, which is confirming the authenticity of a nuclear weapon. So in a sense the scenario is, you know, the counterpart, the Russians, the Americans, whoever shows up and says, look, we have 100 nuclear weapons here, we want to dismantle them and we want to get credit for this, right? We want to kind of have these reductions on the books and how do you make sure that whatever they present to you is actually a nuclear weapon or a bunch of nuclear weapons? That's the challenge and that's what we're trying to solve today with vintage verification. So how do you do that? So the first thing we need to know, and it's really the only thing we need to know is that nuclear weapons, any nuclear weapon contains fissile material, nuclear explosive material, and I put the numbers here on the screen. Typically three to four kilograms of plutonium, for example, is enough or you could expect this in a nuclear weapon and that's about the amount of plutonium you would have in a nuclear warhead. I was told this is aluminum. And again, anything else really doesn't matter too much for our purposes. The key is it's plutonium or haline rich uranium, both of them are radioactive and we can use this to detect them from a distance. Now the issue is, so they have unique radiation signatures. But they are highly sensitive and they cannot be revealed to inspectors. The only exception is really the one you see here on the screen. This is a bunch of US scientists, actually some of our colleagues in Princeton involved who went to the Black Sea in 1989 and made a measurement on a Soviet at the time nuclear weapon and published the spectrum in Science Magazine. And here you go. It turns out you can actually learn quite a lot from this spectrum. So in the aftermath of this exercise, weapon states concluded, well, we cannot really do this anymore. This was kind of a bad call to go this way. So then a couple of new concepts were developed and we implemented one of them in this box over there. The first one is, okay, I can't possibly show you the spectrum that you just saw. So we have to kind of do it somewhat differently. The first idea they came up with is the attribute approach. You said, okay, you cannot look at this weapon or this component, it's in a container. But we can agree on certain attributes. So you sit down with the Russians and say, well, you know, we have plutonium, you have plutonium. That's an attribute and both sides would agree. Okay, yes, you can confirm that there's plutonium in this container. That's one attribute. Maybe there's a certain minimum mass. It has to be more than one kilogram. And we can do this also with radiation detection measurements, more than one kilogram. Certain isotopics. Even the geometry or the size of the mass you can detect with radiation detection equipment. So you make a list of attributes. One approach. We don't really like it particularly much because it's obvious how you would defeat it. Because, you know, if the threshold is set at one kilo, I just need to present, you know, 1.1 kilos, it will always pass the test. That's one way to do it. And the second one is the one we're using here for this exercise or this experiment is the so-called template approach. You do acquire one radiation spectrum from what we call a golden warhead reference item. You store it, perhaps, in some way.  And if they match, you say, okay, I accepted the first one. I will also accept the second one. So that's the template approach. And we'll do this later in a moment. So in both cases, you do acquire sensitive information, right? I mean, the radiation detector will see everything. So what you need is a third idea, which is called an information barrier, which is really just a piece of electronic equipment that would do the data analysis and then only display kind of a red light, green light, you know, paths, fail, go, no, go result. Okay, it will not display the actual spectrum. And that's the main idea of an information barrier. And coming back to, you know, why is this, you know, such a difficult job, the problem is how can both sides, the inspector and the host team, trust the technology at the same time. Okay, so the host is worried that this machine will accidentally release the secrets, right, through some side channel or so. And the inspector's worried that the machine's actually not doing anything meaningful and will just display, you know, the result that the host wants to see, right? So this is actually something that a Russian nuclear weapons expert said when he or she was invited to a visit at a U.S. weapons lab.  So that's essentially where we are today with, you know, the state of the technology. Let me just, you know, wrap up here quickly before we move into the demo part. You know, why are they so hard? I already summarized some of this. So first is, and it's very unusual for an experimental physicist or so, that you actually don't know what you're looking at, except for the fact that, you know, it's plutonium or so. So you cannot reveal or you do not want to reveal about what's actually in the box. Some information may be shared in advance, but you certainly don't want to learn anything else during the inspection.  The adversary has de facto infinite resources, okay? And the adversary may be, you know, quite motivated to actually defeat or deceive your system. And just as one data point, the U.S. is currently, or refurbishing one U.S. nuclear weapon, the B-61 MOT-12, refurbishing that weapon costs more than 30 million dollars, one weapon, 30 million dollars, which is more than the weight of gold of that bomb. So a government is willing to pay 30 million dollars to refurbish one weapon. You might imagine how much resources it may throw at, you know, a system that might actually, you know, pass fake nuclear weapons as genuine. And then finally, and that's, you know, for this community in particular, the most difficult one or, you know, ironic one, the host has last ownership of the inspection system before the measurement, so they walk away and, you know, you don't know what they're doing with it, and the inspector never again has access to the system after the measurement is complete, because there may be some form of, you know, classified information left in the system. So that's essentially why these inspections are so hard and which is why we thought, you know, can we offer an alternative with vintage technologies? Now it's time for Moritz to proceed. Here you go. So as we heard, it's hard. And if you look around, who built such systems, they actually have been less than 10 built in the world, which is very few for 25 years of development. I'm going to introduce three, and then we're going to start up the computer that we have set up there. One is called Trusted Radiation Identification System, or short-trist, built in the end of the last millennium by the Sandhya National Laboratories. And this is how it looks like. It's based on the template approach, so it measures a sample and then compares this to an item you want to inspect. For this, it uses a simple sodium iodide detector. It's a radiation detector that detects gamma rays. It's very rough in the spectrum that it generates, but it's good enough for the purpose. It runs from a 12-volt battery, and it has something that's called a trusted processor in this metal enclosure. There's actually two processors and some more hardware that's installed in there. There's a green light, but it has a display and a keypad, so you control it by this keypad and you display the result on the display. And these small, little weird-looking things on the left of the picture, there's so-called eye buttons, and one of them is actually used to store the template. They're basically just, you know, small memory things you can plug into this trusted processor. So what we like about the Trist system is it's very simple in its detector setup. It's passive, and it uses this low resolution measurement information that might then be given to someone you don't want to give. And it also uses a strong tempeh indicating enclosure, so Sandia National Laboratory is actually pretty good in building these things for a variety of purposes. So this is this metal box inside of this. It's actually divided in two sides by a big metal plate. One side is called the red side, the other side is called the black side, and they only communicate through three small holes by optical means, so they're actually completely electrically separated.  And they also added special tempeh boards on the sides to see if someone drilled a hole into this and make eddy current measurements before and after the measurement to see if someone has dealt with this metal enclosure. And the last thing we like, probably not the last, but the last on this slide, is it's actually pretty fast. So you can measure a template or an inspection in 30 to 60 seconds. And then you take the spectrum, condense it down to 60 numbers, and only these 60 numbers are used to compare it to another item by a simple statistical test. There are also some things that we don't like. So we don't like that it actually uses very complex hardware, even if this is only in a 586, an AMD K5 processor inside on a PC 104 form factor board, it still has 4 million transistors that you would need to verify to make sure it actually does what it's supposed to do. It also uses an FPGA for the data analysis, and there's actually two of these processor boards inside, one on the red side, one on the black side. Also, we don't really like that it's a system built only by a nuclear weapon state in the United States, and its main focus was to ensure that no information is leaked. But they actually also said that this was their main focus, so they had a hard time kind of proving to the side they wanted to inspect, that the system actually not just only shows a green light or a good sign on the display when it's asked to. There's a second system that's more recent, built actually by a nuclear weapon state, the United Kingdom, and a non-nuclear weapon state, Norway. They came together in the UK-Norway initiative for about 10 years, and they did two things. One was they simulated disarmament of nuclear weapons as a kind of life-action role-play, so they actually walked around with warheads and measurement devices, not warheads, with fake warheads and measurement devices, and tried to figure out why this is hard. But they also built an information barrier, and this is how it looks like. This is their cert iteration. They had two they built before, one by UK and one by Norway, and they had many goals to build this, so they wanted to have a simple device, as simple as possible. They wanted to use off-the-shelf hardware. They wanted to have it modular, so you see it's divided not only by geometry, but also by color into a digital board, an analog board, a low-voltage board, and a high-voltage board. They wanted also to operate from battery, so this operates from battery, so it's independent of a power supply. And they wanted it to be very robust for use, and they wanted it to be very clear while you're using it. So they came up with these three buttons, and then the middle circles are green LEDs, and the other ones are red LEDs, so there's actually green lights. But they set out to use the attribute approach. So they didn't do the template approach, but they tried to use the attribute approach, and the attributes they picked for this device are the presence of plutonium, a material that you can use in a nuclear weapon, and the ratio between two specific isotopes of plutonium. One plutonium-239 and one plutonium-240, sorry. And if this ratio was above a certain threshold, it would show a green light. What we like about this is the clear operational procedure. They had this very simple user interface. You think this is not that important, but if you have a nuclear ward in the room, you want to make sure that everyone knows what's happening, and there should be no confusion about anything, basically. They also had comprehensive documentation. Download schematics, bill of materials, and the software that ran on the machine on their website. It took them quite a couple of years, but then it's published now, and we actually learned a lot from this. And last but not least, the most important, this is actually a joint design effort between a nuclear weapon state and a state that does not have access to nuclear weapons. And they were aware of this and analyzed also what problems they had doing this. Same here, what we don't like that much. The system is based on the attribute approach, which in general is harder because you not only have to make sure that two things are equal, but you actually have to identify things from everything else. And so they use a high-purity germanium detector, similarly gamma detector, but it gives you a finer spectrum which they need, but it also requires to be cooled by nitrogen, liquid nitrogen to be very cold, and it's not easy to do in the field. They also need a very complex algorithm in the box to say, okay, there's plutonium present, or there's no plutonium present. And they have the same problem as before. They, of course, used... There is no real open chip, but they use a closed chip for the data analysis. They limited themselves also to a simple chip. They had Mega2560, an 8-bit microcontroller for data analysis. When we looked at the schematics, we also found this AT-tiny microcontroller on the so-called analog board, which surprised what this was, but they said they use it for timing issues, but just in a place where you wouldn't expect any digital analysis. This shows... This was for us the first example to say, okay, there might be something going on. Why is there a microcontroller? Why there shouldn't be? And they both have flash that probably could store images, so that might be a problem. The third example, we call information barrier experimental, or IBX, something we built two years ago. We mostly built it because it looks good, and also because we wanted something to learn, kind of a prototype to actually see what problems could we have and as a mean to teach people how you would use this and how you would build this. It's also a template approach. It can store up to three templates and then measure an item and say, you know, it's one of these three templates, and it also uses a sodium iodide crystal, a crystal and scintillator as the tris system. This is how it looks like from the inside. We try to make it very transparent and also cheap. It's cheap in quotation marks. It's less than $1,000. On the left side, there's a single board computer. On the right side, there's a custom-made board. On the right picture, you see when it measures something. And we also, in a sense, ran into the same problem. We use a complex chip. So we use this board. It's called the Rat Pitaya, which is nice because it has this fast analog input we use for data acquisition. But you can only do this if you have an FPGA, basically, because the 14-bit 125 million samples per second need to be processed fast. And if you have a proper processor and we run a full learning stack for now because it was just the simplest thing to do. So then we took a step back, as Alex said. We said, okay, what else can we do? We came up with the idea, okay, let's try if we can actually do the same with hardware that is old. And that's called vintage verification. That's the name we came up for it. Why would you do that? You take the best of all worlds and you try to build a trust through simplicity and probably also through Opsal lessons. And we use a simple detector system. Again, sodium iodide. It's widely available. It gives you the low-resolution spectrum. And then we use vintage computing platforms. We use an Apple II, in this case, which is relatively old. It has been reversed engineered even if the specs haven't been published. Not all of them. It has been reversed and quite good. So it's quasi open source. That's what I called it. And it's unlikely that someone hit a backdoor or a hidden switch in the system 40 years ago for the case that it might be used for warhead verification today. So we think this is not very likely. And another thing why we want to use this is you would like to use the BYOIB, bring your own information barrier approach. Where, you know, the host country and the inspecting country would go together and shop for hardware, basically either on eBay or go somewhere and pick a device and use this. And as the processor inside of the Apple II, there is the 6502, something we also like very much. It still has fewer transistors than there are nuclear weapons in the world. We hope to change this for the nuclear weapons. It has only 3,510 transistors. It runs usually at 1 MHz. It has 50 MHz. It runs usually at 1 MHz. It has 56 instructions. But there's an abundant number of these devices built. So the numbers vary depending on who you ask. But people say there have been billions of these chips actually made. And they have been made from 1975 and they are made more or less until today. And these are five chips that we actually had to play with. And some of them are also in these arcade machines in Alex's living room. And you see his kids testing our verification processors if they work good or bad. And they are also in the Apple II. It's the 40th anniversary this year also of the Apple II. So the computer is older than I am and that made it a fun project to develop radiation measurement cards for this. Why would we use that? Why would you use an Apple? If you look at Apple today, you think what's the benefit of doing something with an Apple? But when this was developed it was actually I think probably the last time that a hackability or the ability to extend your system won in the company policy over seamless end-to-end user experience. So when they developed this device, their first home computer that actually came in an enclosure, the two Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had a fight about how many extension slots this device should have. There were eight slots where people could do whatever they like. They could build cards, they could build things, and they could probably verify nuclear warheads at some point. Jobs said they should only be two. One for a printer and one for a modem, and that's enough. People won't do more with that. So we are happy that Wozniak won. And you can see this on the main board. This is the main board of an Apple IIe which is kind of a slightly more advanced version of the Apple II. In this case, I've forgotten the year. I think it's from 82. Yes. This is a board from 82. This is the board that's actually on display here on the table. And it has these eight expansion slots. And it also has some standard computer hardware. It has the 6502 processor. And it has a ROM and RAM. So we can start using it without building our own computer. In Siri, of course, you could just take the 6502 and then take some RAM and plug this together and make the same measurement, but that would be a step further than just developing cards for the Apple IIe. And with that, I think it's time to actually turn it on for the first time. I hope it works. We'll see. Can you switch the video? I don't know if the camera can see this. Turn it on. The floppy disk is not inserted. Okay. The floppy disk was missing. Okay. There we go. So first we need to ramp the high voltage. The detector typically needs on the order of a thousand volts. And Moritz is going to walk you through the details of the boards. So now the high voltage is up and we can acquire the first template. So we're fortunate. Our friends from Bochum brought us a small calibration source that we can set in front of the detector. So, you know, we can actually get a signal. So we acquire the template and here we go. Of course in the actual measurement setting you wouldn't see this spectrum. This is the thing you actually want to have classified, but we thought it's more useful to show to people here that this device is actually acquiring data. So this is a cobalt-60 source. We're not in this business. And people like cobalt-60. I mean, if you like radioactive sources, I guess, because it has these two peaks that you can see and it helps you really understand the sensitivity or the resolution of your detector. Anyway, this is going to count to the 17th count, I guess. So we go back to the main screen. If we let this run in the background, we come back to this after a while. Probably Alex actually has to push a button on the computer to acquire it. There's one issue. The detector has to warm up a little bit. So ideally it would have to wait five minutes or so to stabilize the high voltage. So we'll see how we'll be doing on the verification of the inspection in a few minutes. Okay. So what just happened? Just a very quick Physics 101. We had gamma rays coming from this source that's one type of radiation and the gamma rays hit a scintillation crystal. That's something that's this shiny blue thing. So it's basically a material that absorbs this gamma ray from the radiation source and it emits other photons but photons that are more like standard light and it emits about 38,000 photons for a single gamma ray with the energy of one MEV and these peaks are 1.2 MEV and 1. I always forget the exact number of photons that are on MEV. So all these photons get emitted in the crystal and then they hit this photo-casode which sits at the end of the crystal and they produce electrons and these electrons then get amplified by something called the photomultiplier tube which is a tube where the electrons get accelerated from the casodes towards the anode and on the way they hit these curved surfaces which are called dinodes and whenever they hit one of these they produce more electrons and when they end up at the anode the one electron from the start is 10 million electrons on the anode so it's a very, very efficient amplifier for small signals and then the anode is charged with a lot of electrons but as we saw in the demo it needs high voltage and so we designed a high voltage board first. We cheated a little bit on this here we used this CAEN or cane module which produces the high voltage for us we give this 12 volts and a set voltage from 0 and 2.6 volts and from this it makes proportional 1 kV up to 1.6 kV or 1600 volts and we didn't want to play with this voltages starting to do electronics so we used this module but we want to replace this and we build a very simple digital to analog converter which you can see in the middle based on an R2R network and this gives us this V set and it raises this over time and then we put this into later and then of course we had to build a data acquisition board a board that takes the electrons that sit on the anode feed this into this B and C connector on the left, process it I will come to that in a second and then give it to an analog to digital converter we use a 12 bit flash ADC that has luckily an 8 bit bus interface because the 65 or 2 only has 8 bit data interface and we have some control logic for these red, yellow, green and some blue ones but we decided for this time that we would not use them so in the analog part of the board on the left first you get the signal it's pre-amplified it doesn't mean it's amplified but it's something that sits in front of the amplifier and it takes the charges and converts them into a voltage pulse by a charge sensitive op amp circuit and you see it's a fast rising pulse so the next thing we do is differentiate the signal by a differentiating op amp stage and so the decay is shorter but then it gets inverted so we use an inverting stage we use an inverting stage to flip it back up and also use a trim pot to adjust the gain because depending on the build and the resistors you use you always have to adjust the signal so it actually fits in the ADC voltage range then we do some pulse shaping it's to be noticed here that actually the scope shot this is shots from our oscilloscope it takes a much wider time range and you see that the rise time of the pulse now is slower and we did this to detect this pulse easier and so fast rising we now have a relatively slow rising pulse and then we feed this in the biggest and most confusing stage which is the peak detector and hold area and it also does the ADC timing to the oscilloscope shot and this in detail the yellow line is the line of the output of number one on the previous slide of the charge collecting op amp stage the blue line this is what the peak detection hold circuit actually gives to the ADC and you see this is very nice because it rises up to the peak and then it holds the voltage of the peak and gives the ADC time to convert this and I forgot to mention it is actually proportional to the energy of the gamma ray that we detected earlier so we hold this voltage for a while and then we use the purple which is a digital signal produced by a comparator we say when it raises above a certain level then we should probably start this conversion and then we wait a little while until the signal is flat and then we emit the green digital signal to the ADC so now you can start the conversion and then if you look far to the right of the picture you see that the signal goes down again and this is actually the time when the ADC has done the conversion takes about 10 to 15 microseconds and the Apple II has read the two words from the ADC and stored them in channel in memory and also increased the total counter that counts the total number of events so it did some logic and the whole process only takes about 60 microseconds and if you remember it's a one megahertz CPU and it leaves like 40 microseconds for the processing it means it's actually 40 clock cycles and I guess if people would look at this they might even come up with a faster assembler code but that's a reasonable time and we were surprised in the end how fast we could actually sample signals before we go back to another demo just a few lessons I learned I don't know how many people in this room you know I'm a physicist I did simulations most of my time before I started doing this so I didn't build hardware and then I set out to build hardware for a machine that is older than me so how would you do that you actually start reading actual books there's some manuals online but the best thing I did for this project was to go on a bookstore and buy old books they actually cheap and they describe a lot of things that happen in this Apple II and also general things about electronics and then you have to design some things and you have to try and you have to repeat and the best thing I figured out was when I build a breadboard that doesn't work this is the breadboard where I set up the the ADC card when it doesn't work, the best is just take a new one and start again and then probably it works then and you have better ideas or you're more awake because it's the next day and last for this it's important and it keeps you motivated and it's a big problem and this could be anything from changing the heat or turning on and off the light in your room watering plants having a Apollo guidance system fly to the moon or getting rid of nuclear weapons and one of the benefits of working on getting rid of nuclear weapons it's not a benefit actually it's disadvantages the last year was bad and there were many sleepless nights worrying about what Trump and Kim Jong-un might do so when I couldn't sleep I could actually at least work on something that might be useful and if you want to try this for yourself the software for the Apple II is online there's also a repository for the hardware and if you don't happen to have an Apple II which is probably likely there's also a repository which has an emulator for the Apple II where I added special emulation for the cards we built so you can actually test out the software loading the disc that we did just on your normal Linux computer and now we go back to another demo can we switch back to the here we go so here's our template so we could either now inspect the valid item and not touch anything or if we had a second second source we could try and inspect the fake weapon let me see let's do an inspection I haven't touched the source if you watched me in the meantime I actually acquired a second template kind of doing it again hoping that the usage did stabilize in the meantime so we're now inspecting we haven't changed the warhead so to speak so we hope it'll pass but I can't promise do we have a second radioactive source in the audience let me see here we go yes we were one of our friends was kind enough to bring one along we had traveled with radioactive sources not recommended so we tried to find them in Germany they are of course completely harmless let's just wait until this one finishes I can tell you when you start calling your friends look I need a radioactive source I want to take it to Leipzig to the congress people tell you I'm sorry I can't help you with that but some do that so here we go again the code actually most of the software does the display which wouldn't be in the final version of the software so to speak right now how many bytes do we have two thousand? it's two and a half kilobytes but most of this is the display strings you see and the code that actually displays stuff so let me put the check pass that's actually pretty good so now I have the second source let me just throw it you know somewhere on the table and let's run another inspection I hit the three and well you can actually I guess if you watch the previous one carefully you can already see there's a new peak showing up on the left side so I really should fail by that by now if you have anything to add in the meantime while we're waiting we can you know do the announcement basically after this talk there will be other talks so we have to leave the stage quickly but if you want to have a closer look at the device we're going over to the CCCL and we will be at the Forum Informatiker in Frieden area which is on the first level I think and we just set it up there so if you want to have a closer look at this you're invited to come over and see we might not bring the sources just for security just bring the device just one thing in case I forget it at the very end I mean I'll wrap up in a moment but the one thing I think that definitely show with this is you the one megahertz process is actually fast enough to do this right I mean we get about 2,000 counts per second which is actually not a bad number for this type of application and that's one megahertz chip is just enough so here we go it's complete I hit the check and it failed and if you see the hex score here is pretty significant more it's the machine language coding here okay can we switch back to the main screen okay so I had I could very briefly in just two or three slides explain what the code is actually doing which is actually the beauty of the template approach and it's inspired by Tris so here's a real world spectrum looking a little fancier than the ones you just saw but basically the same thing imagine yellow is a valid item and orange is the invalid item here we have you see there's one area where they're kind of different but otherwise they look pretty similar the first thing we do is we divide it up into a number of bins small number we pick 12 but you know there's nothing special about 12 small number and then we take the average count in these bins so it's a very very low resolution spectrum or histogram if you will of this radiation spectrum and then we just compare yellow versus orange and take the chi-square statistic for you know 12 or 11 degrees of freedom and the nice thing is you know see the equation there you know you need to subtract two numbers multiply the difference and divide by another number and you do this 12 times even the machine language you know it's pretty straight forward and easy to implement and when you do this for this particular example you get for a valid item a chi-square of around 10 and you see you know distribution you can define okay what is green what is red pass and fail and if you take the orange one you know it wasn't quite it wasn't very different but in terms of the chi-square you know it looks drastically different so and you're done you have a pass-fail algorithm pretty simple so wrapping up you know where do we go from here you know can we actually turn this into a viable device for trusted measurements you know maybe with the help of this community here so there's a bunch of things obviously we would have to do you know revising hardware clean up the code there's a few things that we actually haven't done yet subtract the background you know correct for detector drift and so on replace the high voltage module you know pretty straight forward we also probably want to package the board or the whole equipment and you know some type of series enclosure so that's robust against you know tempest attacks and so on but the one thing that is probably the most important one that kind of hinges on that particular one for this particular idea is you know can we actually prove that the processor in this Apple II the 6502 is authentic it's genuine this one is actually was pulled from the tempest machine that you saw earlier on the picture but can we prove that the processor is you know is the real deal because if we can't then we haven't really you know won a lot so the Apple II board you know wasn't the next masterpiece more it's showed it already people have done amazing things with the 6502 the visual 6502.org done these very high resolution optical images of the die built a transistor level simulation of the 6502 it's kind of destructive analysis what we hope we'll be able to do is or we ask do this in a non-destructive way not the simulation but the imaging of the chip so that you can actually confirm the architecture the original architecture of the chip because we want to use the chip afterwards obviously and we hope we can take advantage of the fact that the chip is made with you know 8 micron technology it's huge compared to what we use today it only has 3500 transistor and it's very very well understood we think there may be several options to do this mentioned the high resolution x-ray microscopy ideally if we could age date the chip or the package of the chip using some forensic techniques that would be fantastic proof of provenance of the chip or perhaps even some logic testing to confirm the original architecture of the chip again we hope we can leverage in some way the deep understanding of the 6502 you know at the transistor level for this for this purpose I think that's all we have we posted everything on vintagepreferrification.org the slides the code the hardware the hardware designs and as Moritz mentioned will be outside if you're interested and you know demo the hardware and with that I guess we're happy to take questions okay so we have some time for questions so please come closer to the microphones raise your hand and we'll take the first one from the mic number 5 one question you said that you need to verify the chip that's authentic can you not do this afterwards after you use the chip for the measurement to do the destructive analysis afterwards it's a good question I think my answer would be probably not because the damage would be already done in a way that's also why cut and choose approaches where you put 10 on the table and just pick one and inspect the others at home may not be good enough for this type of application the other side would say look the risk is after the fact you learned already and it's kind of too late so ideally we really want to do it before we actually use it for the inspection okay thank you now number one please hi thank you for the talk my question was about the you had stated that you were concerned about side channel potentially leaking some information about like the spectra what you were processing over and I was kind of wondering how you would address that 6502 CPU that's probably the question we feared from the audience we basically we haven't thought of this in detail and of course you would have many side channels in the 6502 but at least that's my layman assumption is that if you can run it from a battery in an enclosure that is RF resistant enough that the system would be simple enough that people would know all the flaws against all the ways you could actually get into the system whereas if you would take a modern chip even if it's a simple chip that many of the talks you always find out afterwards that actually there's a way to listen into what the chip is doing with the 6502 people have tried to do this for 40 years this makes it secure not a full prove of course but it makes it secure than a new chip let's go to microphone number three great talk with great toys I mean what you did is you made gamma spectroscopy available with much lower, cheaper simpler equipment than other people do you also have an idea where to get sodium iodide insulator material so that you could do different spectroscopy applications at home you can actually order sodium iodide crystals on ebay or online and they're freely available to everyone who wants them and they're not even expensive and you can get the whole set of crystal with the photomultiplier which needs to be light has to be blocked out so this is why it's silver shiny so all the light that is inside stays inside and no light from outside hits the photo caster you can buy these things actually in old on ebay for a couple of 10, 20 100 depending on where you get this from dollars or euros does that also apply to red poisoned cesium iodide I guess probably not I haven't checked this is why we like these detectors there's nothing more abundant than this type of detector you can find them on ebay and they're really affordable thank you more questions step up to the microphones and microphone 3 have you gotten in touch with was at all or have you wanted to or needed to you mean with Steve Wozniak not yet maybe after this talk I mean literally if you knew when we finished this project you know kind of just a few hours ago so to speak but now we have something that actually works and I'm not actually sure what we would ask him but I feel like it thanks more questions we still have a little bit of time maybe for one more question we can run more inspections if you want okay good someone's coming up microphone 1 so thank you very much for the talk maybe a very naive question but what is secret on the spectrum what can you learn from a spectrum it's not the receipt of Coca Cola I guess yeah I have to go back all the way to the beginning but you know I mean you could make the argument and I think it's a valid one I mean it's something especially from a non-weapon you should ask what's the big deal about your secret you know it would be so much easier and that's a true statement if you revealed the secret then we wouldn't have to protect it and it's always worth asking what exactly do we have to protect we you know a kind of a middle ground here is we believe that these 12 numbers they may be just on the edge where a weapon said might say look you know what these 12 numbers for the template for this particular weapon type we might as well put them out there and we don't have to protect the template that would be a big deal but in general the idea or the the concern would be that you as you can actually learn more or less the design of that particular weapon they are weapons so people try to defend against them so your adversary might learn exactly how you designed your weapon and may actually come up with an idea to defeat it and again I'm not subscribing to this viewpoint but that's obviously something that people would bring up and weapon states have invested billions of dollars into this technology because they think they need it and they will protect the secret but the question about revealing the secret is a very important one and you know we shouldn't just take it at face value yes we have to protect every secret that you say is a secret and I think the argument if you actually give us if you're being more transparent about certain things the verification part gets so much easier and maybe less intrusive and it could be win-win at the end of the day but of course the recipe for Coca-Cola would also be pretty important sorry never mind that was the last question we are out of time unfortunately but give a huge round of applause to Moritz and Alex from Princeton University getting rid of nuclear weapons thank you thank you so much


What's going on, infinite fan? Welcome back to another video. If you guys are new to the channel, make sure you guys hit that subscribe button and turn on your post notification bell. Leave a positive comment down below for a chance to get a post notification shout out at the end of today's video. So I don't know if you guys hear the water running in the background, but that is Janice taking a shower. She just got back from the gym not too long ago. She's gonna be getting ready for the day. We have a lot of things to do today, guys. So we're gonna be taking you on like a little vlog. But what's really going down is the title and thumbnail of the video, as you guys can see. So basically what I'm gonna be doing is, at some point during the vlog, I'm just gonna bring up, oh, you know, babe, some random kid just sent me like a selfie of him. And I'm just gonna start roasting this made up random kid. I just wanna see what her reaction would be if she saw me like bullying or roasting or making fun of anyone, especially if it was like one of our supporters or subscribers. I wanna see would she join in, would she defend you guys or would she simply just not say anything at all?  We are at where we are right now. We owe you guys the world. We love you guys so much. So we would never, ever, ever make fun of any of you guys. If anything, we go hard for you guys. But yeah, I just wanna put that little disclaimer out there. Again, this is a random made up kid I'm gonna be talking about. We love you guys all so much because of you guys, again, we are at where we're at. So we can't thank you guys enough for that, but with all that being said, we're gonna wait for Janice to finish getting ready and we're gonna get this vlog started. So if you guys are ready for today's video, make sure you guys smash that thumbs up button, comment down below. Team Isaiah all day every day. Let's get into it. What's going on, Infinite Fam? Welcome back to another video. If you guys are new to the channel, make sure you guys hit that subscribe button and turn on your post notification bell. Leave a positive comment down below for Janice to get a what, babe. For Janice, I wanna shout out in the next video. That is right, guys. So today we have a lot of things to do today. You wanna tell them everything we're doing? Woo! So first off, we're gonna go pick up a shop right order because I am feasting for my coffee creamer. Will you order the- Yes, and I ordered three of them because this is the literal best coffee creamer, but anyway. Can I have one? No. Please? I'm just kidding, babe. I got one for you. You're lying. I'm not lying. Three, yeah. Cause you go through them faster than I do, so that's why I got three. Coffee cake, I didn't think I was gonna like it, but yo, it's low-key fire. It slaps, so. We're gonna do that first, then after that we're gonna go to bed, bath and beyonds. I need to get some sprays and some oils and candles. Yo, we gotta get that candle, that one candle. Oh yeah, the one that smells like, it's like mahogany or something like that? It's mahogany, intense teakwood or something like that. I don't know, but I know if I smell it, I'm gonna get it. So we're gonna do that and then I have to go pick up some birth control and then that's pretty much it. Wasn't there one? No, no, no, and we're taking Instagram pictures. Oh yeah, we definitely are. That's why, you know, I got my makeup on. I can't even see it. So if you guys don't follow us on Instagram, make sure you guys follow us right here and let's get the vlog started. First stop, shop rate.  I don't like making such trips. I like doing everything all at once, as you can see. Clearly, look at all the bags. Go ahead, my strong man. All right, but this one it's like, this is mad cold. Yeah, it is, it's freezing. Yeah, we out, we out. So we are on our way currently to get my birth control and then after that, we are going to do exciting things like going to Bath & Body Works to get some sprays and all that. I'm so excited for that candle. That is the only thing I'm looking forward to today. Honestly, me too. I love when our house smells super good. I just want that one candle. Yeah, that candle smells amazing. Like if you guys have ever smelled that candle, just comment down below and let us know if you like it or not because it's freaking so good. And Isaiah and I love kind of like manly smells, I guess. Like it smells like Abercrombie or something like that. It's called the Teakwood Intense. Mahogany. Mahogany, something like that. Those three words, it's probably not in that order, but you guys will get the gist of the candle. But I'm telling you guys, it's the best smelling candle ever. And if I find it, I'm gonna keep on, I'm gonna fight too. You're freezing? I am literally completely frozen, but honestly, I'm so cold, I'm like not already. Yeah, I'm like shaking. I don't know if they could tell that the camera's shaking, but guys, this is where we're taking our Instagram pics. Kind of like a cool little, I don't know, what would you call this scenery right here? I don't even know, dead. Dead. All right guys, we're gonna finish up here, try to get some cool pics and then we'll take it back to the car. Wait, look at this. You can't even see that. You can't see that. Yo, it should be illegal for it to be this cold out, bruh. It shouldn't be this cold out. It should be, it's like 20 degrees. Oh my God, I don't care for in the Northeast and it's currently 28, it don't feel like no 28, it feel like two. Oh my goodness. I feel like two. All right, so guys, and I know you guys are probably gonna say, you should wear thicker coats. I know, but dripped, right? Pictures, we needed it to look all right decent, so. Well my coats, all my coats are pretty thick and I'm still cold, like there's just a little like changing it. So guys, right now we just finished up the pictures. Make sure you guys stay tuned for that, follow us on Instagram to see how they came out.  God, I can't feel my fingers. I know, it's crazy. Oh my God, all right guys, we'll catch up with you guys on the way there. So we're almost at Bath & Body Works, wait, what are we hitting first? Bath & Body Works or CVS? Bath & Body Works. Okay, cool, so we gotta get my candle. All right, that is a must. Now, I forgot to tell you something too. This morning I woke up and you know how I check my DMs and all that, right? Yes. So I like to go through my DMs in the morning guys. It's kind of like a routine thing. I can't go through all of them, but I go through, try like at least half of them. Yo, some weirdo kid sent me a selfie of him, like a chest up kind of picture. Without a shirt on? No, he had a shirt on and all that, but I was like, yo, I'm like, yo, this kid's mad weird and he was mad ugly. And he was like, oh, yo, bro, I'm your biggest fan. I'm Team Isaiah, like ride or die. Like he was like going hard and all that, like he ugly though. Bro, because the kid was ugly. Like yo, he was- Babe. What? Seriously? What? You're saying the kid is ugly? Babe, he, I'm sorry, but the man looked weird. Was he a man or a kid? He looked like he could have been like 17. I don't know if he could have been- Well, if he's not a grown man being weird, then he's just a fan. Babe, but yo, he was ugly and then his haircut looked weird and then the shirt he was wearing, I'm like, yo, you would never catch me dead wearing that. That's not nice, babe. How's that not nice? You're like making fun of his clothes and stuff. What if he can't afford it? What if he can't afford cool clothes and stuff like that? He literally just wanted to DM you. You gotta do something, bro. Cause I don't know. He was looking weird. The kid was looking funny. Honestly. Don't be saying stuff like that. Seriously, I don't like that. If he got a girlfriend, I'll be really surprised. All right. Well, can you not say stuff like that? Cause I really don't like that. You're like making fun of our supporters and that's not cool. They're the ones who like- Supporter or not. Supporter or not. Supporter or not. Subscriber or not. Wherever you want to call it, that kid was ugly. And he looked funny. Like he funny in the face. All right. You really need to humble yourself because I don't know what you're trying to do. I don't know if you're trying to tear somebody down to make yourself feel better. I'm not trying to make myself feel better for anything. I'm just trying to say like, yo, he was like, honestly, you ever look at like someone and you'd be like, hmm, they look like they smell.  You, I could tell you got a sense of, you kind of stink. All right. Well, I would understand if it's like somebody that's like mean to you or somebody who you don't like. But if it's like a supporter that's like supposed to be there for you all the time, they watch our videos, they're DMing you and coming out of their way to say how much they love you. Yeah, but why are you sending me a selfie of yourself like, bro? Maybe because they want you to know what they look like. Maybe because they want to be nice.  Like the kid is weird and he was ugly. That's what makes it worse. That's just so much stuff. Like, yo, you look funny. I don't like that, babe. It's not funny. Like, you keep on repeating that. That's not funny, babe. Stop being so serious. I'm not being serious. I just don't like that. Like, I don't like bullying. You're bullying somebody, especially if they're the reason why we do what we do. That's messed up. I don't like that. Can you stop? Seriously. Give me a high five. For what? Give me a high five. For what? Just give me a high five. Oh, for real? Give me a high five, for real, for real. Why am I giving a high five? Give me a high five, babe. This was a prank. Give me a high five. That's what I'm talking about.  You don't take that. Give me a high five. Of course. That's what I'm talking about, baby. That's what I'm talking about. We don't down talk, no one. We uplift everyone. It's always positivity, always. Like I said in the beginning, I made an intro in the house when you were showering when you came back. What kind of prank? How was this even a prank? I wanted to see.  Yeah, I wanted to see if you would go hard if I was talking crap about one of our subscribers, one of our supporters. I don't like to call y'all subscribers.  I like to call you guys family that may sound cringy and cliche, but honestly, that's how we feel. You guys, because of you guys, we are where we're at right now. Yeah, that's what he said. Y'all are family. I handle mine when it comes to my family. That's what I'm talking about, babe. You wasn't having it. You wasn't having it. Give me another high five. You wasn't having it. I didn't like that.  No. I don't know where this came from. I wanted to see. I can know how mighty and better than everybody. Where that come from. I would never. I would never act like that.  Exactly. I had to check.  Yeah, I did not like that. I just wanted to see your reaction. Were you going to stand up for the person or were you just going to not say anything at all? Or would you be the type to join in and start roasting with me? You should know damn well, I would not join in and roast with you. Honestly, I was probably going to be like my last assumption was that you were going to go ahead and just join in with me. But, you know, I just want to talk about, babe. You just made me happy. I hope so because you will not catch me talking bad about ourselves. No, we will never do that. I got my candles, yo. Oh my God, you're screaming. I'm so happy, yo. I got three of them. I got three of them. They was on sale too. Okay, so what I got is. Nobody cares, nobody cares. Are you trying to fight? I had to do that. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. We can fight. Anyway. Sprays with very merengue into the night. Like a witch on a broomstick into the night. Yeah. It's all this progress. Don't ever do that again. Don't ever do it. I'm just gonna let that one slide but don't ever do that again. It's a hocus pocus reference. The girls who get it, get it. And the ones who don't, don't. Anyway. And then. Ham. Gang, gang, gang. I don't know, bro. It says love. Love by Bath and Body Works. That's what it's called. By Gang Ham. All right. All right. So now that we're done with the show and tell, we're gonna head over to CVS which is right across the plaza. You done? I wasn't done. You wasn't done? No. Go ahead, Janna, show them. I'll wait. Ah, show my phone. You only got one thing. I got three. I got these lip glosses. I got a lip oil. And these are for $8.  Boy, bye. I shower three times a day. Stop trying to play with me. No, you don't. I used to. You used to not anymore. You shower twice a day now. Yeah. Well, I don't got school no more. So, all right, I'm done. All right guys. So now that the show and tell is done for real, we're gonna head over right across the plaza. We're gonna go to CVS. She needs to get some women's products. Yeah. She's not in my business. All right, yeah. She needs to get some women's products. And then from there, we'll head home. Yeah. So we'll see you there. Got my candle, yo. All right, guys. So we got the female products finally made it back home. It is currently getting dark outside and it's only, it is only 5.30, not even. So this is one of the reasons why I hate winter injuries because in Florida right now, it's still bright and sunny. Same time zone doesn't make sense to me, random, I know. But that is it for today's video, guys. I hope you guys enjoyed it and I thank you for the vessels. Thank you. I know, he's like so excited that we're home. Thank you, thank you, thank you. So time for today's post notification shout out. Today's post notification shout out goes out to Shaquille Hickman. Thank you for all the love and support. If you guys want to post notification shout out, all you guys gotta do is like, comment, share, and subscribe and turn your post notification bells on so you're notified whenever we post a new video. And with all that being said.  No, you didn't. And with all that being said, we will see you guys in the next video.


Scientists at DeepMind published a paper in the journal Science on Tuesday, showing that one of their models called GraphCast outperformed the best existing weather forecasting models in predicting global conditions up to 10 days in advance. And they did it in a minute. One minute. Took one minute to like look at all the data and go, yep, got it. GraphCast uses a machine learning architecture called a graph neural network that is trained on more than four decades of ECMWF data. But instead of simulating like the ECMWF does, it just does what machine learning does. It predicts. It isn't as good with your neighborhood forecast, with your smaller scale forecast, like how much rain am I going to give in my neighborhood?


Hello, in this video I am going to interpolate the temperatures from meteorological stations to a raster. At first we need to clean up some data. So I open the attribute table and toggle on the editing. And I see here some null values for the temperature which I need to remove before I do the interpolation. So with the control button pressed I selected those features and I used the bin to delete them. Next I need to convert the temperatures to degrees Celsius because they need to be divided by 10. I use the field calculator to create a new field that I call tc, it's a decimal number, I only need three positions and one decimal. Then from fields and values I add the temperature underscore t0.1 Celsius, I click on multiply and I type 0.1 and in the preview I can see that the result is what we want. When I click OK this is applied and the tc field now has the temperatures in degrees Celsius. Toggle off the editing and save the result. Note that the join is not saved in the layer but the derived data, the temperature Celsius is saved. To demonstrate this I am going to remove the table with the temperatures, the original one and open the attribute table again and here you see that now that field has been removed, the join is broken but the tc that we calculated remains and that's important. If we want to have kept all the fields we should have exported the file before removing the table. Now let's do the interpolation, go to raster analysis and then choose grid nearest neighbor which will result in so called decent polygons. It simply assigns each location to the temperature of its nearest meteorological station. So for the Z value I choose the temperature field and I choose an output file which is a raster so adjuctive in this case and I call it tdaynn from nearest neighbor. Let's run it. Here's the result, we can clearly see the decent polygons and I move the stations points on top. Let's now do the inverse distance weighing interpolation which uses an exponential, if I use the power of 2 here, exponential decay function for the weights with distance from the station. So here for the Z value I choose tc and I save it to tdayidw and then I run it. And here you see that the result is a smooth image. Let's do some styling, first for the points, I use a simple marker, make the field color black and change the size, add some labels, change it to single labels and here we have the names of the meteorological stations but it would be nice to also have the temperatures. So I go to the expression editor as we did before and we have the name field, I concatenate a new line and I concatenate from fields and values the temperature but we also need a unit so I concatenate this with a string which has a space because values and units need to be separated with a space and for degrees I use the character function and you can find character codes on the internet but for degrees it is 0176. So here you see in the preview the degree symbol, I concatenate this and now I need to see from Celsius. So remember in single quotes I can add text. Double quotes are fields, single quotes are strings. Here we see the result. Let's change the stations to title case because it was all in capitals and this looks much nicer and we use center, let's use a different font, Calibri, Bold and I add a white text buffer but actually that looks too prominent so let's change the opacity. Let's adjust the placement, choose around point and change it to 2 millimeters. Now let's do some styling of the interpolated rusters. They are both continuous rusters even the decent polygons so we choose single and pseudo color and I choose here the spectral ramp but the spectral ramp needs to be inverted in order to have red for warmer areas and blue for colder areas. Furthermore I can change the blending mode to multiply to see the open street map layer in the background for orientation. Now let's do that also for IDW, change it to single and pseudo color for continuous rusters, invert the spectral color ramp and for mode we try here quantile because it gives some nicer results and we also use multiply to blend it with the background of the street map. Never blend it with the nearest neighbor so when you show it or make a screenshot for an assignment always make sure that you have either IDW blended with open street map or nearest neighbor blended with open street map but not two interpolations blended with each other. So in this video you've learned how to interpolate point data to rusters using the decent method or the inverse distance weighing.


I want Joe for jaspyscasebrace.com doing a quick little R&B a random number block not rhythm and blues Doing a random number block for the Yankees Dodgers and Nationals Works just like our number blocks right here And thanks everybody right here. I think they add Daniel Jonathan PJ. I think you are Pretty familiar with the rules on this. They've been around the block or once or twice. There are the numbers right here And let's roll it randomize it five and a six eleven times for names and teams Names and numbers one two three four five six seven eight nine ten And eleven the final time after eleven PJ Dan and Daniel five and a six eleven times for The numbers two three four five six seven eight nine ten And eleven the final time after eleven. We got three down to two Now remember I don't think redemptions are too common in definitive collection baseball, but Remember zero gets any and all redemptions including one of one redemptions as it says in the item description But that's a moot point because PJ has zero and one already He also has three Daniel has seven PJ with nine Ed with four PJ with five Ed with eight Jonathan with six and Daniel with two So let's sort this by column B And I think we have to knock out one more number block and that should sell out the break if you're watching live Might be sold out already, but anyway check it out in a separate video will be the break itself Jasper's case breaks calm


The President of the United States. Let us pray. Heavenly Father, we humbly thank you this day for the many blessings which you have bestowed upon us. You have given us the opportunity to live in this nation, the United States of America, a nation which guarantees the blessings of freedom and liberty to ourselves and our posterity. A nation which sends forth rays of hope to the oppressed, the unfortunate, the forgotten throughout the world. Dear Lord, we especially ask you to keep our President under your watchful and protective care, granting to him good health, protection from all perils, and the wisdom necessary to lead our nation in an uncertain world. We wish to thank our President for his unfailing efforts to advance the cause of human freedom and individual dignity for humankind throughout the world, knowing that no one can be perfectly free till all are free. No one can be perfectly moral until all are moral. No one can be perfectly happy till all are happy. Today, O Lord, as we thank you, we also remember in our prayers all the oppressed and captive peoples throughout the world. We especially remember the Lithuanian people who are forbidden in their homeland by the Soviet occupation forces, amen. Enjoy the meal. Let me introduce Anu Lis Esop, who will take you on a musical journey to the spirited land with the medley of Estonian folk melodies. Cameroon Yin and Ms. Monira Sroon. They will be dancing the wishing dance, wishing the President, the American people, and freedom fighters throughout the world peace and prosperity on Earth. This is from Silver Spring, Maryland. This will be by the Cush States of America. Thank you, Ambassador Dobriansky. I want to express my deep appreciation to the Ukrainian Catholic Church for permitting us to use this shrine. And let us look forward to the day when Ukrainian Catholics and members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church will again be free to gather and worship in churches like this in their own homeland. There are indications of change coming from the Soviet Union, and those are welcome. But we should not and cannot turn our attention away from those who look toward the day there is improvement in human rights and basic freedoms. Today, we come together to declare again our solidarity with those whose nations have been captured by communism. This commemoration is in keeping with the vision of our founding fathers who saw our new land as an inspiration to all mankind, a bastion of freedom and a shining beacon of hope for all the world's oppressed. And that's what America is all about. And together, we intend to keep her that way. A member of my staff recently brought to my attention a document that reflects this traditional American commitment to the universality of human freedom. The document concerns Governor Laszlo Koshut, one of the leaders of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, an uprising that, except for the brutal intercession of Russian troops, would have allowed the Hungarian nation to move toward liberty and independence. In 1852, Governor Koshut was traveling through the United States, speaking about the people of Hungary and their desperate struggle for freedom. One place he visited was Springfield, Illinois, which was then on the edge of the frontier. A town meeting was called by some of the community's respected citizens, including one Mr. A. Lincoln. Apparently, the Hungarian leader's speech aroused a fiery debate about America's international role among the people of Springfield. A vote was taken. And the final resolution included the following unmistakable and heroic commitment. It is the duty of the United States not to do any act or lay down any principle in regard to non-interventionism that shall prevent this nation at any time from interfering in favor of any people who may be struggling for liberty in any part of the world. So said the people of Springfield, Illinois in 1852. I wish we had a few of them with us so they could pay a little visit to Capitol Hill the next time Congress is about to vote on support for the freedom fighters. There is still a non-interventionist sentiment in the United States, although it's tempered by an understanding that our country cannot live in isolation as we did before World War II and that the free people of the world look to us for leadership. Our global commitment to freedom does not mandate the sending of arms or troops, but at the very least it means that any people whose liberty is denied or whose independence is violated that these people know we Americans are on their side. We are the keepers of the flame. It's up to us to foster the legacy of those who came before us and to ensure America remains a champion of liberty and a force for good in the world. I want to take this opportunity to thank each of you for what you have done and are doing in this regard. Many of you have contributed much time, effort, and resources to this cause. I hesitate to mention any names because there are so many here who've done so much. Those who suffer under communist oppression may not know our names, just as we don't know the names of every American who attended that Springfield Town Hall meeting back in 1852. Nevertheless, those behind the barbed wire, those who are separated from us by the killing zones and watchtowers, realize they have unnamed friends in distant lands, people who care deeply about them, and people who are uncompromising in the fight against the tyranny that enslaves so much of mankind. We're not misled by the propaganda and parades, the rallies and the orchestrated spectacles and events. We know that communist governments do not represent those whom they govern. Otherwise, they would not suppress the people's right to speak or travel or have free elections. Those brave souls who endure such regimes are our allies. They, more than anyone else, realize that communism is a failed philosophy, a theory that creates only misery, deprivation, and oppression wherever it's put into practice. People who live in the Soviet Union tell many funny stories, often as a form of underground protest. One is about the question, what is a communist? The answer, a person who has read the works of Marx and Lenin. The question, what is an anti-communist? The answer, someone who understands the works of Marx and Lenin. Today, we're being told that there are historic changes taking place in the Soviet Union, that the leadership is now pushing for openness and democratization. Well, last month when I was in Berlin, I called on Soviet leader Gorbachev to prove to the world that his Glasnost campaign is more than words. I challenged him to tear down the Berlin Wall and to open the Brandenburg Gate. I renew that challenge today and expand it to include opening up those countries that are now under the domination of the Soviet Union or its Leninist protégés from the Baltic states through Bulgaria, from Vietnam to Ethiopia. If the leadership of the Soviet Union desires a new relationship with the West, it can start by establishing a new relationship with its neighbors and allies. Let us hear that the so-called Brezhnev doctrine is no longer policy, it is null and void. Let the Kremlin announce or renounce the use of force as a means of imposing on any people a form of government they do not choose or of preventing the captive nations from freeing themselves. At home and throughout the Soviet bloc, open up the gates, tear down the walls, let the political prisoners go. We can have a peaceful world, we can spend less on weapons, we can have more cooperation and make no mistake. The improvement of freedom and human rights is essential to progress between East and West. Petra Ruban, for example, is a prisoner in Special Regiment Labor Camp number 36-1, one of the most notorious of the Soviet gulags. In 1976, he fashioned a wooden replica of the Statue of Liberty, and for that was taken away. Later, he was arrested again for criticizing the invasion of Afghanistan. Well, free Petra and the others in the gulag and respect people's fundamental human rights. The free people of the West are also looking closely at what the Soviet Union is doing in the third world and in regional conflicts. In Afghanistan and Angola, brutal puppet regimes are being propped up by Soviet and Cuban troops. For some time now, we've heard words about the movement toward peace, especially in Afghanistan. But if Moscow wants reconciliation, why do Soviet aircraft still bomb villages in Afghanistan? Ground your helicopter gunships, take your troops home, and let the people of Afghanistan solve their own problems. In Central America, over a billion dollars worth of Soviet-blocked military hardware and other assistance was poured into Nicaragua last year alone. The communist regime in Nicaragua has been engaged in subversive aggression against its neighbors almost from its first days in power. The word about the Soviet attempt to establish a beachhead in Central America is getting through. The polls now suggest that the American people are waking up to the threat of a communist power grab in their own neighborhood. Let me pledge to you here today, we are not about to stand by and see our neighbors in Central America added to the list of captive nations. Thank you, I predict the increased awareness of the American people, as you've shown here just now, will permit us to continue providing weapons and support to those brave individuals who are struggling for the right to choose freedom and not to continue a communist dictatorship in their native Nicaragua. Our own security and the cause of human freedom are inseparably linked in Central America. The threat is too close to home to ignore or to be deluded by wishful thinking. It's too close to home to tolerate an on-again-off-again vacillating congressional policy toward that region. All indications suggest that the more people know about what's happening in Central America, the more they support a strong stand for freedom. Thomas Jefferson said that if the people know all the facts, the people will never make a mistake. Well, I have one favor to ask of you, men and women, who understand the threat communism poses to our country and to the free people of the world. Can I count on you to help me get the word out and mobilize the American people? Thank you. You just made my day. I'd just like to leave with you one thought. I think America is heading into one of the greatest periods in its history. Yes, we have our differences. And at times, politics can get pretty rough. Democracy is not for weak spirits. Whatever problems we have, whatever differences we have, however, are minor compared to those of our adversaries. Freedom is now on the offensive. We turn to corner in 1981. And if we have courage and are realistic in our approach to world affairs, freedom will not only survive, it will triumph. Furthermore, our economy is strong, and our young people are filled with energy, creativity, and optimism. I don't mind telling you that what we've got today in those young people are the best darn bunch of kids we've ever had. The general once said that about another generation. He used a word that I didn't feel in my position I could use, so they are the best darn. What I see in America today is that same character in spirit, that same love of freedom was evident back in that town hall meeting in Springfield in 1852. The final resolution from that town hall meeting contained the following section. The sympathies of this country and the benefits of its position should be exerted in favor of the people of every nation struggling to be free. As I say, now it's up to us. Thank you, God bless you all.


Arun, welcome to ODSC India. Thanks, Hamas. Now you're not strange to ODSC having spoken at our previous events, and I want to talk about that in a little while, but do tell us about yourself and do tell us about your talk you're about to give this afternoon. Sure. I had one of the teams of quantitative research in Bloomberg, we work in the quantitative finance discipline, looking at deep domain expertise in asset pricing models, looking at derivatives pricing, for example, or risk models. But obviously, lately infusing that with machine learning and data science. As you know, finance is a goldmine for data. So this afternoon, I'll be talking about use of machine learning and finance, especially with respect to looking at sentiment-based strategies out of the news data and also more general factor rotation strategies for investing. So definitely there's a lot of areas we're exploring within Bloomberg to bring more automation, more data science into financial computing. Yeah, and Bloomberg is a great company. I used to work in finance myself, use the Bloomberg terminal. Lots of very smart people working there, and really a lot of questions I could ask you. But one very hot area of finance has been for a while, the sentiment analysis, right? Because everyone wants to gaze at the sentiment of a stock, of a bond, of the markets. But a very difficult area at the same time, because so much unstructured data there. So tell us a little bit about whatever you can about that area of finance. Yeah, so this is really the area where Bloomberg sort of started his machine learning efforts with the natural language processing of news data. So we do have the benefit of having large amount of in-house experts with our editorial staff and journalistic staff and industry experts who can give us a lot of training data. So we don't have to outsource our training data, corpus generation. So our experts tell us whether a certain story is positive or negative with respect to the company's mentioned that news or the tweet. And then we apply very complex machine learning algorithms on top of that training data to really find out in real time as the stories break whether the story is going to be positive, negative, or neutral for the entity mentioned in that news. Yeah, very exciting stuff to work on. But Bloomberg, more so than any other finance company in the planet, you've got a pulse into all the asset management and the quantum firms. Like how big is the interest in data science in AI for finance right now that you guys see from your perspective? Yeah, so as you said, Bloomberg is kind of like central nervous system of the fintech world. And the interest in data science is really huge. I mean, a lot of the processes need automation just to begin with processing of news, generation of alerts. We even do generation of news from data-driven signals. So we are looking at all kinds of multi-factor data coming out in the markets whether it's macro indicators or market indicators. And we alert our training community or our users to if there's something interesting going on in the markets. For investment as well, trying to build training signals from newer and non-traditional and alternative data sets. We're looking at, for example, credit card transactions or satellite image data which can tell us advanced signals on how a company might perform. So all of these areas need heavy amount of data science. No, that's very interesting. And you mentioned something earlier. You talked about factor rotation, right? Which is very much an institutional side thing like when to figure out, when to get out of retail stocks or energy stocks or into something like that. Pretty complex concept because that's fraught with risk. And so machine learning has been used for that as well. That's very interesting. Specifically, we're using it for what we call style rotation where you look at some of the investment factors which have been popular over the years called the style factors, looking at value or momentum or profitability. And you'll see that these factors don't have a persistent performance over time even though they are long-term risk premium factors but they will not perform consistently every single period. So if you can link observed market conditions to performance of these factors and then essentially build a prediction model as to which factor will be the winner next period, then you could sort of rotate between factors and build a dynamic multifactor strategy to take advantage of that. Very interesting. And PWC, I know last year released a report called Season the Price and they showed the adoption of AI across different industries and stay predicted between the next three and seven years. There's going to be a 100% adoption rate for AI in finance. The retail institutional side, do you agree with that sentiment? Not quite. I agree with 100%. I think AI in finance, I think we definitely see it making a huge impact in terms of sort of more consumer finance whether it's to sort of look at predicting defaults of consumers or for credit cards or loan data or a lot of automation. But in terms of investment, I think building better investment strategy, I think as we know finance has a lot of sort of inherent noise in the data. So to really build it robustly and provably is a very complex process. So I think AI will definitely help in that process but I think a lot of the onus is on the data scientists and the users to really make sure they are using proper science as well. Oh, of course. But there's also a lot of excitement in specific areas and new areas. Like if you think Robo Advising, right? Which has got positive and negative press around us. I'm giving advice to people via AI. But if you think of countries like India which a lot of people don't have access to financial advisors, for example, like huge potential around that. Any thoughts on the Robo Advisor industry and was it Kencho out of Boston? Yes. Is it very big in that space? Yeah, Kencho was acquired, I think with S&P, I believe. Yes, I think those are like sort of entry level ideas in terms of like sort of doing simple data driven sort of strategies looking at essentially pattern analysis of what happened in the past and similar conditions were there in terms of the market as of today. Then you can sort of study patterns in history and build predictions, things like that. I believe a lot of that has potential is sort of simpler data science maybe, but it's very important. But as we all know, more and more people start using similar methods, the real alpha or premium goes away. So you always have to look for newer data sources, newer algorithms, so that search is like ever continuing. Well, I ruined AI and finances. We could speak for hours, a really interesting topic, but thank you so much for being here at ODSE in the end. Looking forward to hearing your talk this afternoon. Thanks, Seamus. Thank you.


Okay folks, Larry Pesavento with the Mid-Morning Update. We've had a pretty big rally from yesterday's big drop. We've rallied up to 61% retracement on the S&P and on the Dow Jones industrials. NASDAQ went to the 786 and the Russell just barely made it 382. They started to sell off. Folks pay attention to what's going on right now. And the reason why I say that is, is we've had this huge rally here, Dow up 450 points at one time. And all of a sudden, if you take a look at the banking stocks, the only reason the Dow was up that much was because of Goldman Sachs. But if you look at the other stocks that are banking stocks that we've been following, now this is after we had the Federal Reserve come in and Chairman Yellen, Secretary, not Chairman, Secretary Treasury Yellen told us everything's okay in the banking system. Everybody came on and told us everything was okay in the banking system. Boys and girls, I got some bad news for you, Bubba. This puppy's going down. Be careful, boys and girls. This is really serious what's going on. What the Federal Reserve did, they should be put in jail for. And I don't care if the woke people get mad at me. It's the truth and history will bear us out. They put in $4 trillion and it's gone and it's gone and it's gone and look out if something else happens. Look at the price of Federal Reserve, First Federal Bank, First Republic Bank of Los Angeles. It was going to be bought out. It was up 22% yesterday, making new lows today. Look at the look at the flagship of our banking system, folks, JP Morgan down. Look at Bank of America. It's taken out lows it hasn't seen in six or seven years. I mean, something's wrong in the banking system, folks. One more big bank and it's going to be really tough. We're all going to be okay. There's going to be great buying opportunities in here, but there's something not right. I hate to bring that to your attention, but by golly, that's the way it is. My guest today will be Shane Smollion. I'll be doing Dave's show after this. I still say Dave's show because I know he's around somewhere. But we've got a lot of things to cover. So I've got a special gift for everybody today, so I hope you get to tune in and hear what I have to say. And we'll see you have some fun here, you know, doing some of these things that we look at here today. I've got to get this thing working so that we're all ready to go here. So we'll be right here.