So today's agenda, we're going to first introduce the panelists here, we're then going to move to a discussion regarding chat GTP in action, how we use it before moving forward to Q&A session. So today's panelists joining us. I'm going to start actually from right to left is Oscar or take up. Oscar is with TechSoup Mexico, our partner. Semaphie, he is an IT services coordinator. Also joining me is Lashika Phillips, our director of equality or equity inclusion diversity and culture here at TechSoup. And then there is myself. I am again, senior technical customer success manager here at TechSoup. And do not sure Felipe is was able to get on with us. Felipe's here. Okay, great. And then Felipe Reyes, he is our director of customer development. And he is going to be first up to speaking with you today. And with that, I'm going to pass it on over to you Felipe. Hi everyone. Thanks for joining. AI and chat GPT, you know, are very popular these days it's an emerging technology I think chat GPT just launched in November and so this is still early days and there's a lot of different things that you can do. Here my personal experience and how I'm using chat GPT. I use it for for copy and so copy writing. I use it for Excel formulas and also for some mid journey prompts and I'll go a little bit of detail on each. The first one is copy editing. And so chat GPT can create copy for you you can say writes me an email, which is which is great. And I found that for me personally, it works better as a copy editor because I'm able to put my thoughts across in whether it's an email or a document of some sort, and I put my thoughts together and then chat GPT acts as a copy editor put my copy in there and I ask it to, to, you know, write this in a more concise way, you know, maybe reference some things, you know, format in a certain way. And it does a really, really good job. I've had a previous life. I always had a challenge with with some of the copy for our marketing materials to where we would use in another nonprofit where I work. I could, you know, use these third party copy writers. And so I would write my, my ticket for marketing, let them know what I wanted to, to promote, answer some questions and then send it through. And then I get the copy and the copy writer we kind of miss the mark and so I go and I'd say, you know, can you, you know, modify it a little bit and add some more notes, and then come back and still it wouldn't quite be there. And the marketing would be like, well, they're contractor and so you only get one at it and then you have to go through so a lot of times I had to just move forward with the copy that I had even though I wasn't really enamored with it. Until a friend of mine who worked in advertising said, copy writers write the copy from the ground up, because I want to take credit for it she goes what you need is a copy editor is different than a copy writer. And then I asked marketing for a copy editor they brought a copy editor and well and behold, that person made my, my things better. And so that's what I needed. And so chat you can see I think works really well as a copy editor. I write my, my copy, my content, and it makes it better and I prompted to, to write it in a certain way. And so that's that's a great way of using it. I also use it for Excel formulas. And so I, a couple weeks ago, I was spent about 45 minutes trying to find a formula for Excel to do something I just I kept going through Google, searching different ways and then it occurred to me, why don't I just use, you know, chat GPT and so I did I wrote it in there and said, write a formula next cell to do x y and z the things I wanted to do. And within seconds it wrote it I copied it paste it into Excel and it worked perfectly and so I wasted all that time and search trying to find the right formula, which had GPT can, you know, write the formula for you and so that was, that was great. And finally, I'm currently using it for mid journey prompts and so mid journey is also AI but it's AI for graphics and images, whereas chat GPT is a language model. Mid journey is for visuals for her doing illustrations and photographs and things like that. I'm relatively new to the mid journey. But it's the graphic user interfaces and exactly all that easy to navigate but if you stick with it. It's a really good way of getting some images that you might be able to use in your marketing.  And so you do forward slash imagine space and then prompt. And so you can go and prompt it and you can see what others are prompting, but you can also go to to chat GPT and say, you know, right prompt for mid journey that, you know, has, you know, whatever and then describe the image that you want and so chat GPT and conjunction with mid journey can really kind of help. So we have a, a quick little poll up here, if you'd be interested in a webinar on AI for images.  Now, sometimes it's difficult to find effective images that kind of portray what it is that you do.  And you can get it much cheaper and very focused on, you know, using AI for images and so it looks like. 90% of folks do want to learn that so not about 92% want to learn that so we will work with our team at our end, and maybe do something similar to, to this webinar. And then finally, the one insight that I have on chat GPT is that you, anybody has a theater background I understand this is chat GPT in my mind is a method actor. You have to give it its motivation.  You've won numerous awards and you know all these different things and now it gets in the character. And it'll go and it will write copy for you, or, you know, you can say, you know, you are a financial analyst and you have, you know, this, you know, this thing that you want to accomplish and so you give it is it's prompt by telling it what you are otherwise it'll just give you something that's better, but it'll give you something that's better, when you kind of give it its backstory and say this is who you are you are earn this anyway, and you're going to write X, you know, so that might be a way of going about it. So, I'll stop there. I hope I stayed within my time, Kevin. Yes, absolutely. Thanks for the pay. Really glad we put the poll in there. That was not quite the response I was expecting 92% is is pretty, it's pretty impressive and we'll definitely have to circle back on getting that into a session of webinar session later in the year. Again, hello for everybody that that didn't hear my introduction again my name is Kevin Mahal, my senior technical customer success manager here at TechSoup. What I'll be speaking on today is how I interact with chat GTP and my role as a technology professional. I like the first preface about the platform in itself. This is a free service, but there is a paid version of it. It's called chat GTP GP T plus. I pay for it. I think it's $20 a month. But I'm probably in a slightly different category as some of those attending. I'm a heavy user of the platform and high availability of the service is an absolute must for me. If I were to provide a sentence to summarize my use of the platform, it would be for the experimentation and testing of different software solutions. And to a lesser degree hardware in order to better understand the features and functions of the tools used by our customers at TechSoup along with a little bit of dabbling into other emerging technologies such as zero trust networking. Breaking down that the world chat GP T plays in the functional areas where I use it specifically, and quite frankly see value forward and nonprofits include some of the following, which you can see illustrated in part in this slide. The first is understanding features functions and requirements of software tools. You've probably reached out to us to ask us a question about the software that you requested. This is actually believe it or not a good way to have a conversation with a very powerful AI tool before even say engaging with us. So an example, you're a system administrator with XYZ nonprofit, and you recently purchased a new server rack for your on premises environment. You plan to run Windows Server 2022 using core based licensing model. The first question that may come to mind. And again, this is one I get very often is how many licenses do I need. You can search the web. There happens to be actually a great licensing calculator tool that HPE has their website. But if that doesn't come up as a first page result, which didn't for me it was like the third or fourth page it was hard to find.   Well, this is a scenario where you could in fact put to the platform and get directly get answered directly within seconds. I personally use this across several of the product offers in our catalog to gain better insight into how an addition of our version on our site may differ from even say an alternate product. Because you'll notice that there are things like for example zoom which around there's a professional and business edition. We have our own catalog, as well as even some products that people have come to me that are not available in the tech soup catalog, but they want to find something that is similar to what we offer as far as the product and then the pricing. Second way that I interact with GPT technical troubleshooting. So, my wish earlier to Aretha's question before we started is what would you want more brainpower I, if I could be anybody I'd want to be Tony Stark. So, to me, I rely on this heavily for breaking down technological questions that I may not even have a strong understanding of. I captured on this slide but one that comes immediately to mind because I've answered it on a regular basis is surrounding voice up voice internet protocol connectivity and call quality issues. For someone that's using something like Microsoft Teams phone or ring central that doesn't have a background and telecommunication solutions. This can be a little daunting questions like, do I have the right port open. Do I test the network for a distributed team, etc. Sure this is something you could take to a standard search engine, and I definitely recommend that you do. But consider running your query or question against chat GPT first to give you a baseline understanding of how you would remediate the potential problem and see if and how any technical documentation lines up with this. This would obviously carry also over to a variety of products and services from Microsoft even QuickBooks, where I was actually able to track down how donations are recorded in QuickBooks online. Third would be enhancing coding efficiency and website content delivery. These both these last two are kind of may or may not apply to you and they're some very high level technical stuff, but at least understanding that GPT has this capability is important. Even where you're say working with a web developer on a two string budget or attempting to do some custom coding on this on your site by yourself. For those organizations where this is a reality, which there are I'm sure many here today. There's an opportunity within chat GPT for both growing and learning and the example on the slide that you see here. I used chat GPT to write a blog article and HTML, and then I tested the code and an emulator at the w three website to see what it would look like. This is of course a very rudimentary example of website contains HTML CSS other elements JavaScript, but the purpose of understanding this is is that you can learn that the basic fundamentals of what goes into something like this. You can use advanced and your ability to use standard or and or chain prompting, which not going to talk about in this case but it is something to look up. You can ultimately scale this service to really return some very incredible things back to you. And the last part and I just really want to speak at this at a very very like skimmed down version is building and designing custom applications. And joining us that are actual developers that work in DevOps, or, you know, you're even interested in say low code no code environments where this kind of cation is something like, for example, chat GPT access tokens. So, chat GPT, you have the ability to communicate your coding repos or repositories within chat GPT that can also map to something called GitHub. If you don't know what any of these terms are, it's okay, that might not be your purview but for those that this is just know that you can use these tools together to ultimately begin building, developing and troubleshooting applications that your work custom applications that you're working on. So that's it. A bit to take in. But hopefully this shows you the capabilities that this has from a technical perspective. And with that, I'm going to pass it over to Lashika. Hi, thank you, thank you Kevin. So for those who did not get the intro my name is Lashika Phillips, and I am the director of equity and inclusion diversity and culture here at TechSoup. And so I have the opportunity to help lead a lot of the diversity inclusion and equity initiatives across the organization and even also with the nonprofit said we serve. So I'm super excited to be here to talk to you about how I am currently using chat GPT. So, I'm only going to cover four key ways that I'm using it. And, and I'll share some examples here. And then I will end off with just a couple of things that I would say, I don't know my takeaways. So chat GPT and other AI, if I can. So one of the first key ways that I'm using chat GPT for my work is efficient email communication. I know that Felipe already covered it and I love how he showed the difference copy editor versus copywriter right and I love the idea of already having my concepts and my idea my content ready, and asking chat GPT to perfect it. But for in my work I take it just a little step further. And so for me what I like to do is I like to take, maybe my email response and put it in chat GPT and ask it hey perfect this, removing any instance of bias or make, make this make this email. More empathetic and sometimes I will ask chat GPT to give me suggestions, as opposed to just rewriting it for me. So for instance, an example would be, you know, give me five ways to make this email response, more empathetic, right. And that's one way that I'm using it and I have provided a prompt, and I do believe, correct me if I'm wrong Kevin here though, but we will share this slide out with everyone and so you'll see the exact prompt that I use for that. And feel free to tweak that you know make it your own. But again this is how this is how I'm using using it for my email communication. Additionally, I really am loving using chat GPT for streamlined meeting summaries. Now one thing you have to be aware of with chat GPT, whether you're using the 3.5 or the four version. It's a character limit. So depending on the length of the meeting on the length of a transcription that you have, you may have to divide it into two parts. But it's it's chat GPT is helping me summarize meeting discussions by extracting key points, as well as action items. And I have to generate all of those in the table for me. And all of this happened trial and error. At first, when I first started using chat GPT to create meeting summaries, I would just say hey take this transcript, extract certain information, and give me all of the action items right. And I had to, I had to refine that because it did it generated all of the action items, but it was just like one long list of action items. And so I was able to really work that and reimagine that. And so now a better approach and better prompt is to ask chat GPT to put that in a table. And so this is one way that you can use for your your meetings that you're having with volunteers, with staff, and you can just take your meeting transcript copy and paste that into chat GPT. I want to mention though that it is important to extract you can extract individuals names. And that's that's how I typically use chat GPT to get my meeting summaries. And then again, another thing to point out here is having to put it in a table for you. It will certainly make identifying action items and any departments that are assigned to those action items is to have chat GPT and you can have chat GPT to put that in a table for you. And again, we'll share the slides out and you can see the exact prompt that I've used there in the past. So I'm using chat GPT for creative brainstorming so I'm leveraging its idea generation capability to help brainstorm initiatives aligned with the missions, the missionary tech soup and our needs. So I'll give you a really quick example that we used recently. So we have an affinity group at TechSoup for black people in tech or black people at TechSoup on black identifying folks right within the organization. And for a while we struggled with what what name should it be. We weren't really sure we just happened to be in a meeting one day, and I said, you know, maybe let's put it in chat GPT and let's see what happens. And it did it generated we asked it to generate 10 unique names and the name that it generated for this one particular affinity group was TechSoul SOL and so we took it a step further. And we said, well, we really want soul to mean something right. And so we asked chat GPT to generate things like 10 or 20 ideas for an acronym. And so we were able to then choose between several different responses to get the name of that initiative. And then another ideas and other ways that you can incorporate using chat GPT as you are thinking and bring some ways for various nonprofit campaigns, or how to engage volunteers, even among your staff so that's just one, one way to do that. And last but not least, I want to mention that I have been using it I have used it in the past for data analysis and insights. So I have used it to analyze sexual data like feedback and survey responses to help identify trends and sentiments in some ways. So I've been able to just take, take some responses, put it in chat GPT and ask it to identify, you know, some key, some key point to your some key trends, along with any kind of action steps that were there were in that feedback and then again, using that prompt to put it in a table for me. It allows us to really be able to identify trends and nodes action steps in that way and again I have a prompts that we will share later with you that you can try or use, you know, make it your own. But I want to leave you with this. When using chat GPT it's, it's very important number one to be responsible with data. Right. So, just be aware of that, that the information that you're putting into chat GPT, there are creative ways that you can do that without sharing or putting in IP or intellectual property and sensitive information. So just keep that in mind.  There are so many ways that people are using chat GPT, and it can be a lot of fun. Also want to share with you to keep a list of your successful prompts. There's nothing like finding a prompt that really works for you and you have something to go back to, even though chat GPT it will keep track of the prompts that you use. I would not always rely on that, because I can recall some days when I have tried to find a prompt, and it was not there. So just keep track of that for yourself. Create a separate document. And last but not least, share with others. I have been amazed every time I let someone know how I'm using chat GPT at work, and then I'm always learning how they're using it, and then I'm also getting tips. So, you know, for my use as well. So thank you so much Kevin for allowing me to share how I'm using it and forwarding on to the next panelist. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. So, I have been reading the different commands for from the session. There are cybersecurity concerns, people who like to have examples of different prompts. There are questions around like chat GPT only has information until 2021 what happens with the last year and maybe the months on this so we will try to figure out all those questions so be a little patient. And let me start with thinking about our daily job as nonprofits. One way you can use chat GPT could be for looking for grants and donors and it doesn't matter that the information finished or the training information finished on 2021, because we have enough information to maybe to find a list of donors, a list of a a call for nominations for grants, nominations for awards, related with our job. And it's very possible that if we have an award that it's maybe for gender equity, that it's the area that we are working. And it has been happening since 2018. It's very possible that we can look for that using chat GPT to identify and then moving moving to Google to check if it's open for this year so don't worry if it has some difference in the timing. You need to think about chat GPT as an important tool. But just as that it is a tool. It won't solve all the problems. It will just help us so first looking grants and donors. I know maybe it's not easy to read because the letter is very, very small, but my problem was, please act as a fundraising expert in a nonprofit organization and please list me 10 potential companies or foundations that could provide support to gender equity projects in Mexico, because I'm living in Mexico. And it's pretty interesting that the answer was, as an AI language model, I can provide you a list of organization that have previously supported gender equity projects in Mexico. And I want to highlight this because it says that in the past, they have supported so it's very possible that if they supported in the past, I can contact them to support me today or maybe for a project in the theater. And the answer was the list of 10 companies. It starts with the fourth foundation company, the open society, global fund for women and the other organizations. So sometimes when I am talking with a lot of nonprofits, they say, oh, I can never find potential donors. So look it as an option, because my next question is, okay, the first foundation can provide a grant on gender equity, but how can I find that information, you can still using chat GPT, or then you can move just to Google, please Google, what is the pressure of the fourth foundation, and you can find the website of the fourth foundation and start reading. If I can't find information, maybe you can use the Bing that is now connected with chat GPT and then ask, please Bing or chat GPT Bing, please tell me if the fourth foundation has now an open grant request for gender equity. And it will start looking in the information around internet using the last articles and news that have been published visiting the website and maybe it can come back with now they have an open request for projects, and this is the website. So consider using also other other tools. Other great way to use chat GPT, it could be for project justification. Sometimes when you read the, the requests for the call for request for funding, and you have to submit a project, you need to have an appropriate justification. So, again, now you can prompt, I am applying for a fund for a fund for nonprofits on gender equity. I need to highlight how working on gender equity can help on economic development in a country like Mexico. And with that information, chat GPT can help you gathering data, putting different points, and that's it. So start using as part of it. And let me use an example that I used in a personal way the last month. I discovered a government open for proposals. And I discovered on April 13, and the project, or the deadline to submit price was April. I discovered on 13, and it was on April 14. So I just had one day to get ideas on how to work on data protection, personal data protection. Also have the enough information to justify why we like to work on data protection. And I asked a chat GPT, chat GPT, give me a justification of why work in chain data protection at Ciudad Juarez in Mexico in no more than 500 works, and it gave me a great justification. Then, give me ideas on how to work to provide or to create awareness or trainings on data protection, and it gave me the ideas for my project. I use that information, and I submitted my proposal in less than 24 hours, and I have some news, at least the proposal was accepted in the first phase. Now we are submitting other information, but just take the advantage of this, of this kind of information, can we move to the next slide please. I have two more traditional ideas. Other is just to get facts or statistics, like, for example, I ask it, please give me statistics on cyber security in Mexico that is a topic that I used to talk a lot. So, it is start giving me some information like for example the first cyber crime rates. Mexico has experienced a rise of cyber crime rates in recent years, according to a report of by the Mexican Banking Association, cyber attacks against financial institution increased 82% in 2020 compared to the previous year. So, also use it to get some facts that could help you to support the idea of your mission and your causes. And the final thing, it could also work great for awards nomination and see the example please. And I had a justification of why Oscar Raul Ortega Pacheco in this case, that's my name, should be awarded in social responsibility because of his work on cyber security. And I, when I put my name, I was not expecting to have an answer or something accurate. But it look around the internet and there was some information about me in the cyber security area. And it's, and it first, it said, why is important cyber security, and then it explained how Oscar has contributed to the cyber security environment so that could also help you to nominate your nonprofit, maybe your CEO, your founders, and others please move to the last slide please. We're on the next one. So there are no limits, the limits to use and how to use it will be your imagination for marketing, you can use for emailing your, your database and use a specific language to persuade people to take connection and please chat GPT give me a person see if subject for an email for the nation. Also for creating images for planning your social networking calendar, as Kevin said for it support. So, you can get suggestions at any topic for your organizations, or how to deal in a situation for your beneficiaries. Imagine you provide some kind of psychological support, and you have experts but now you have an special situation, you can ask also chat GPT, chat GPT, how can I deal with a breakup. Chat GPT will give you some suggestions that you can read, and if they are appropriate, maybe you can use it to suggest that for your beneficiaries, and there are the cyber security risk that someone asked first, never, never, and again, never share personal or confidential data, because chat GPT gets our information and uses for an answer but also stores to continue training the model so if you have personal information or confidential data. If someone asks something similar, maybe it can use information we provided as an input. So that's that will be the first thing. Second, there are some, when you ask for example chat GPT to write an article for a blog. Some of the search machines are identifying that the content has been generated by chat GPT, and if they identified that they are not indexing the content of the article. So, once you ask chat GPT to write you an article and a word justification, an email, anything, please check it by yourself, update the information or use another AI system to correct the automated responses, so you can continue to be indexed in the different areas. Someone else said, please save the questions, the prompts that you are using so you can reuse in the future, and you have better options to continue. So, with that, let's move with the next one. Thank you, Oscar. Just a bunch of great points that were brought up in there. Especially around privacy security, the way that you structure your queries, etc. These are all important things. There's quite a few questions that have come in so I really don't want to hesitate a whole lot longer and I want to start to get into these so that we can cover all of these. And hopefully they'll answer questions that some of you also had. So the first question that I have here from Claudia, did you find any issue with confidential information. We are a legal nonprofit and our concern is the information that could or not be shared. Again, to Oscar's point, this information is aggregated. It's a large learning model, a large language model. It pulls these resources in. Do not consider the information that you sent it to be secured. It could be securely stored on their servers. But for all intensive purposes that again that information gets pulled into its training classifiers, and then starts to become part of how people are even potentially responded to. So again, stay clear, ISO, HIPAA, any legal, other legal parameters that you need to meet as an organization, do not feed it that exact copy. Try to query what it is that you're asking in a nonspecific way. Jenny asks, will we be covering this? Let me give an example of what not to do. Imagine you have a database with a thousand donors and the history of how much they have donated to the organization in the last five years. And also their emails, phones, and other personal information. You can ask ChatGPT, please, from this list that I am supplying, please give me the 50 persons that I have to contact with the most chances to donate in the short term. And maybe with information, the database, ChatGPT can give you a recommendation. But if you submit the names, the emails, and all that details, then ChatGPT can use that information to give another an answer. Just delete or change the name of the donors, maybe just use some kind of internal ID, like just a random number, erase the email link, erase addressing and that kind of information. But if you really need to submit confidential or personal data, then ChatGPT, as it is, is not your tool. Maybe you need to use ChatGPT inside other tools like Azure. In Azure, you have the ChatGPT option and it will store just your information and will use the ChatGPT machine to give you answers. Yeah, that was a great point, especially to the last part, Oscar, the Azure OpenAI service. I believe that can be leveraged as part of the Azure nonprofit grant because as a service it does have an associated cost. $3,500 may go a long way to helping you use something like Azure OpenAI. So the next question that came in was from Jenny, we're covering the risks of using ChatGPT. So I think we've touched on some of them. But I really think that from this I think we're kind of really getting our eyes open that we maybe need to have a couple of sessions, not just about the image. AI tools. Dolly is actually one of my favorites. I'll plug that. That's also OpenAI. But I think that we could probably even break this in based on the feedback that we have that's within the chat. So, Maryland, it asks, how would you upload data from an Excel spreadsheet or Google Sheets file and have ChatGPT analyze the data? Oscar, did you want to touch anything more on that? I think you kind of really hit it out. The big thing is de-anonymizing, or anonymizing rather, the important critical data. So this is not first name, last name, email. It's, again, a special identifier and then some other variables that you do need to have analyzed, but you need to stay clear of personally identifiable information. Yeah. Okay, Kirk, I just got off a Zoom call with a video of myself was up to then other attendees using Windows 10 and a laptop with a camera above the screen. Kirk, I'm going to toss my personal email back in chat. This is something that's going to take a little bit of troubleshooting, but I'd be happy to set up a one-on-one session with you to resolve that. Anne, do you know if ChatGPT has access to the info and academic science journals to come up with answers? As far as that, I would think that maybe Oscar, you could speak to this a little bit more, someone else on the panel that, because I don't, you do academic research per se. I think it's really about how you formulate the prompt. Like, if you call out what the specific resource or resources are, and then you drill down what that data is, that it might be able to pull a response? So, I guess ChatGPT has been trained with a lot of information that it's available in the internet and public sources. ChatGPT, having said that, the training model maybe had access to the journals and other academic information, but maybe just the summaries, not necessarily the total research or the total content of the journal. But of course, there are journals that are open to the public and maybe it had access. So it could be limited in the access to that information, but it may use part of it. That's a great point. So I think it's what you're really talking about when I remember vaguely. So we're talking about access to abstract, like publicly facing information. But to Oscar's point, pay walled information, I don't see how it's going to be able, like journals you have to subscribe to. If it's open in internet, it will. If it's not. And I think to that point that also goes back to how you structure your prompts to ChatGPT is maybe first asking what is, like, what are a list of open source journals that would provide you with research that you're looking for. This is about thinking about how you're having a conversation with somebody that maybe doesn't understand all of what you're trying to say to them. So a lot of times it really comes down it's call it phrasing call it prompts is because it's essentially that's what it is. It's your, you're asking it something. Sometimes it's about restructuring the way and I saw this in the chat is think about how you're asking like what you're asking and how you're asking it is there a different way to do it and to points from that were brought up again within the conversation that we're having within chat. It's sometimes just rephrasing that that really makes a difference. So Steve had asked, what is the best way to leverage AI to most effectively grow a new nonprofit with a focus on raising awareness of our mission among the design and construction community, as well as identifying the most philanthropic focused architects and contractors. Did I could jump in this Oscar did you have any thoughts or anybody else. They wanted to add first. Actually, Kevin, I don't know, please, please. So I'm just literally just the second I just took Steve, Steve I just took your question. And I just went to chat GPT, and it is still generating a response but let me tell you the prompt. So I did your question. So the prompt that I put in chat GPT is what is the best way to leverage chat GPT to most effectively grow a new nonprofit with a focus on raising awareness, everything you said in your question. And so it is generating a pretty lengthy response. And right now the answer is consistent of content generation research email drafting the list goes on. I am happy to share this with you whenever it decides to stop. It is on number eight and counting. Not sure if this is helpful for you but Kevin I don't know if you have anything you want to add there as well. So again, I think this that's awesome thanks for doing that is this speaks to the way that you're communicating to the engine. If you maybe change the syntax I don't know if it also accepts symbols I'm assuming that it does that they communicate like how you would for example like within Slack if you use forward slash type remind me that's a shortcut for creating reminder, probably a syntax language that GPT has, but the point is, is when you're stating that what my thing is is what is the way to like make that the most succinct like our focus. And what are the strings of words that you're using so if you use like, for example, Google search, there's bull it uses Boolean language so and if not, etc. Right so it's a way that you basically filter down. It's a way that you could create that and filter chat GPT's responses to where that it's focused maybe resides in design and construction community, and then nonprofit nonprofit becomes like the way that that's where it pulls the information and nonprofit is the way that it displays the information. Hopefully that kind of makes some sense. So, next we have from Marilyn. This is for you and she could so stay tight here question. What is the source of the meeting transcript your raw notes quote unquote, and a word document or something else. Oh, all of the above so let me tell you I love this question, because I actually I'm using an additional AI for my meeting notes. So I have found a tool called fathom for zoom is F A T H O M I'll put it in the chat in just a second. It's a free tool is integrated with zoom, and I personally like the transcript feature there. I know better than the transcript feature within zoom, but other people, you know you may work differently and that's perfectly fine. So to answer your question Marilyn, I am taking transcript mainly from my fathom notes, but you can, you can use the same thing Zoom transcript, and some folks may even be using order, but you can use any tool will work just copy and paste but also just remember Marilyn, and anyone else who wants to use it this way. Keep, please be mindful that it is a character limit. So if you're looking at a two hour meeting, just know that that may have to be broken up into two separate prompts or responses that you put into chat GPT to hope that's helpful. Thanks, Lashika. So from Dana or Dana. Why is chat GPT telling me I've exceeded my limit. Is there a free unlimited option for us nonprofits. I really was hoping somebody would put this out here. Open AI if you're listening, please, please, please reach out to us because we would love to have this as a service that nonprofits could access at the unlimited capability without having to spend $20 I think it is a month I don't remember Lashika I think that's what it is I it's called chat GP GPT plus. So yes there's a limitation on the number of queries and the speed with which you access it. It.  That's what the free version is. The Ferrari version is chat GPT plus. Again, please if you're listening. I think Sam and company at open AI we'd we'd love we'd love to connect with you guys. From Isaac how can chat GPT be utilized for grant writing. I know that we've spoken a little bit to that. But if there was anything else that anybody because this is not my purview. Feel free to jump in. So for for the grants process, especially for data mining. Remember the first thing you may need a lot of data. If you just have a list of 100 potential donors and a couple columns with information, it won't be enough to create some kind of prediction. If you have information from the last, maybe the last five years, the system can help you in make some prediction, and you can submit the part of the database maybe the where the important data is, and you may need to ask questions like, get me a list of the most important donors in my list so it can filter and give you the specific list. Give me the ones that not that haven't donated in the last six months, and maybe it can give you the list. If you have information, for example, around the email marketing of what kind of topics, your donors like maybe you can ask that kind of thing so it may depend on the information you have. And then the question of what you would like to ask. Also, I would like to add a general comment that is start looking how the different tools we use every day are using AI or are introducing AI. Someone said Google Workspace, it's introducing a bar on the way we use Google Workspace. Microsoft 365 has announced Copilot that will make the transcripts, will make you the summaries, will put you in one note. And it's very possible that this Copilot will be able to propose answers for your different in daily email. So start aware of how they are happening. And also, if there is not an specific AI tool like chat GPT or Dali for the images that has been created or is not solving what you need. Remember that the cloud platforms like AWS, Azure also have some AI filters for developers for data scientists that could use to create your own model basis in your own data. Great. Thank you. We're about five minutes out from the hour so I want to keep this to maybe two more questions, maybe three if we have the time so I'll start with Claudia because I'm not sure about this. So chat GPT summarized video info. My initial thought is is that if a video has a transcript that's yes, like summarizing the video offer images, I don't think that's what the model is built for. I would think that would need an image modeling platform like Dolly or trying to remember some of the other ones lambda maybe, but I don't think so Oscar or anybody have they tried to summarize videos. Just a transcript and just transcripts. Yeah, that's that's kind of what I thought but I'm going to deep dive a little bit more into that because that is interesting. An interesting question. Katie, can you share ideas of using chat GPT for Excel. I was able to get a very basic bar graph of when I tried to have a compare data. It didn't work. Felipe you said that you had used it for for Excel work. I use Excel formula bot for anyone's not heard of that I would recommend taking a look at that too so. Yeah, it works well with the Excel formulas I think I think I've been looking at, I emailed myself little video that I found but I think that there's an add on to chat GPT for Excel formulas. Okay. Okay, I'm going to, I'm going to be a little biker so I'm going to grab a question from another Kevin, knowing that chat GPT is not always accurate how do you deal with uncertainty. Wouldn't it be that you must know enough about the subject to know what is accurate and what is not. How do we trust the answers we ask if we are not knowledgeable on the subject. When asking for example, a biography and a person that was entirely false. That's a great question and point chat GPT is not the end all be all it is a it is a model based on an engine that is based on information that may or may not be accurate. I'll speak to this really quickly technically. I am a user of PowerShell PowerShell. It's like 5050. I have to rewrite scripts probably half the time. Yes to your point, you have to know and understand some of the basic fundamentals of it I found it's a little bit better for JavaScript, Python, Rust and some other more popular languages. But have you guys seen that as far as subject matter related if you're looking for general information or if you see perhaps bias in regards have you come across that where you're looking at it and you know at a fundamental level that this is not accurate. I don't know the Sheikah have you come across that Oscar Felipe. No, not not really I'm just trying to think about like when I have, especially around my work around equity inclusion diversity and culture. It really has been pretty supportive I haven't come across an instance yet why I feel like wait, let's rethink this or something that's wrong or doesn't feel right. It really has been pretty good about what in terms of email communications being able to help me with emails that you know empathetic and tone and, you know, remove removing any any bias language so I'm not really sure fully pay Oscar. Have an instance is there. Yeah, that's why I use it as a copy editor, because I'm knowledgeable of what I what I have and maybe makes the language better. It's not really changing the you know the context of it so I think being an expert would be great.  And at least it's directional so don't take it at face value, but there might be some things that you didn't consider. And now you can dig a little bit deeper on your own do your due diligence and so it's a back to kind of copy editing it can also kind of serve as like a strategy consultant if you upload it and say, I'm this type of an organization, and here's my, you know, strategic plan, and you know here are the things I would maybe not mention your name because back to privacy. I wouldn't upload anything they had no like the, the kernel of your strategy but overall like a marketing strategy you know it's like, I'm doing social media I'm doing this and that you know what else can I do and it might come up with some things that you haven't considered. I agree. Yeah, we're just at the hour. I know there's looks like there's 1718 questions that are still out in the wild. So to speak, I've put in my email address, our teams email address. Please reach out to us. That's what works, we exist, primarily for us to be able to answer these questions from both the strategy and a technology and I definitely would encourage you to take advantage of that it's no cost, but your time and we could probably knock out. Most if not all of what your remaining questions are. So I wanted to come over, go over a couple quick resources here. If you haven't heard about quad. You should probably know about it and take a look at it. A lot of these conversations that we're having are happening there. I had a much deeper level. I highly recommend taking a look at that our digital transformation forum, our digital skills center and training courses. If we don't have AI courses and make out of feeling that I'm going to have a conversation with their courses team to start getting maybe something going on that. And then this is part of the monthly virtual office hour session that we're working in conjunction between customer success and their webinar team. We do this once a month. Really, we're trying to build these sessions around you and what you're saying. Our next event is scheduled for Thursday, June 15. The topic is TBD. I'm kind of working on possibly fitting in something around data, but again, this feedback from this has been so tremendous. I feel like it's almost worth carrying over an additional portion of this conversation to next month. So with that. On behalf of all the panelists. I thank you so much for spending your afternoon your morning with us.


We need a mind shift to reconnect world development to planet Earth and we need to start recognizing that we're now in a dynamic, transformative and non-linear exponential phase where the key challenge is to start seeing the opportunities in transformations to global sustainability. We have overwhelming scientific evidence that humanity now face a new juncture of grand global risk. We have actually just in five decades transitioned from being a relatively small world on a big planet where we could allow ourselves to have unsustainable economic growth without Earth sending any invoices back to humanity to now being with overwhelming scientific evidence a big world on a small planet, we've reached a saturation point and we're hitting the ceiling of the biophysical capacity where we can no longer exclude destabilizing the entire Earth system. And this illustration is so powerful just reminding us that we depend on this 11 kilometer thick atmosphere for our survival on planet Earth and the stability of an Earth system that remains in its holocene interglacial state. It actually means that incremental linear business as usual is no longer an option. We've had five decades of negative exponential rise now the challenge is to tip over into the similar exponential journey towards a transformation to sustainability. And I think it's good just to kind of remind ourselves what this means. If I take 35 linear steps from where I'm standing I will barely reach the coffee stand outside of this room. But what happens if I take 35 exponential steps? If I double at each time step? Well what happens is not much happens in the first 20 or so steps. I would reach kind of Copenhagen after 21 steps. But three more steps? Oops, I'm in New York. Another two steps and I've circled the entire planet Earth. And if I add another nine steps to my 35 I reach planet Mars. That is what happens when innovation starts doubling at every time step and that's exactly that surf point that we're starting to see indications of which could actually take us to a point where we avoid the gland global risks and choose a journey towards opportunities. Now science is getting nervous, seriously nervous because we're starting to see destabilization of critical biomes that regulates the stability of the entire Earth system. You've all certainly followed what we heard just a few months back with the anomaly of a 20 degree Celsius deviation of warming in the Arctic which is something that was doubly worrying for science. One was it was beyond the predictions. It was well outside what could be predicted in variability plus global environmental change. But also and you see here the natural curves through the seasons of how the Arctic sea ice normally distributes itself. You see the lowest curve right here is the dramatic year 2012 which was a very nervous point. Actually the entire Greenland ice sheet was a liquid surface which absorbed so much heat it actually exceeded in terms of absorption of energy because you know a white surface reflects back energy to space meaning that our polar regions are cooling systems for the entire Earth system but 2012 during two weeks just the absorption of heat because the entire Greenland ice sheet was a liquid exceeded the annual energy consumption in the United States. Just talk of feedbacks when the Earth system starts really moving in the wrong direction. This deviation in October, November was something we'd never seen before. The ice was not reestablished at its should in winter but the real nervousness in science was that this was in one way a surprise because it could not be predicted but it was even more worrisome because we understand what's happening. We understand that it is the upwelling of an unprecedentedly warm ocean that takes up 96% of the heat caused by our emission of Guinness gases. Talk of a resilient Earth system. We emit Guinness gases for 150 years and 95% of our debt is absorbed and hid under the carpet in the oceans and it's now upwelling in the Arctic. We also know that the Arctic vortex that keeps the high pressure cold air and the jet stream stable was opening up in a very wiggling way releasing heat to southern latitudes and letting heat into the Arctic combined that with atmospheric warming which as you may recall a two degree warming in the world means five degree warming in the Arctic. These things together led to this surprise exponential early warning for humanity. These are the kind of destabilizations we're seeing across the world. But I can tell you science gets even more worried when understanding what we depend on. So we have big, big changes occurring but we now understand scientifically what's the state of the planet that we depend on to be successful as a world community. This comes from ice core data and I think that this is the most important graph we have today because this is not the last one million years of us going in and out of ice ages in our 100,000 year Milankovic cycle. No, this is the last 100,000 years. Why is this exciting? Well, because we have been modern humans on Earth for roughly 80,000 years. So we've had the same intellectual and physical capacity to develop civilizations as we know them today. During this period, the y-axis here is temperature variability. This is from the Northern Hemisphere. Was, I can tell you, a jumpy ride indeed. You know, we were hunters and gatherers. We were a few million people. We were jumping between plus minus 10 degrees Celsius in a decade. We had a very rough time until we exit the last ice age and enter this last orange period you see here which is this extraordinary, in Pope Francis words, miraculously stable, interglacial, geological epoch we all learned in school to call the Holocene. It is so stable, in fact, that the maximum temperature variability on Earth is plus minus one degree Celsius. One degree Celsius. And we barely enter the Holocene and we do our most important invention of all. We go from hunters and gatherers to become farmers and off we go in the civilizational journey as we know it. And this is, we know today, the most dramatic and simple message science has to humanity. The Holocene is the only state of planet Earth, the only equilibrium state we know that can support our modern world. And this may sound very dramatic, but the good news is that we know the Holocene so well. So we can actually put very high scientific criteria of what it takes to remain in the Holocene. Dear friends, we're moving out of the Holocene. We have a journey which is taking us to a new geological epoch and this journey starts in 1750 with the Industrial Revolution. It starts with James Watt inventing the coal-fired steam engine in the United Kingdom. It is the take-off point of the Industrial Revolution. It's a point that occurs with industrialization, railway infrastructure and we rapidly colonize the entire planet. But we're still just having very incremental impacts on the Earth's system. On the y-axis here you have our impacts on carbon dioxide, biodiversity, sulfur emissions, overfishing, all the parameters you may think of. We come to the end of the 19th century here and Fleming invents penicillin, which creates longevity and we go from one billion towards the population growth we know. We come to 1900 here and the Haber-Bosch process is invented allowing ourselves to produce modern food and actually feed a much larger population. But we're still at this linear phase until we come to the 1955 branch point and that is, dear friends, when science today stipulates that this is when we enter the moment of the great acceleration. We're 3 billion people, 10 years after the Second World War and off we go in an exponential rise of our pressures on the Earth's system. We start overusing biodiversity, deforestation, emptying oceans to 60% today. We have emission of greenhouse gases that just concentrates more and more. We see Arctic ice sea loss. The warnings come already 1962 with Rachel Carson's famous Silent Spring warning us that if we continue this way we cannot exclude negative impacts for humanity. The Club of Rome comes 72, warning that by 2020-2030 we could go in the wrong direction. The warnings came early but we continue on the exponential journey and it is in 1990 that we start seeing the first evidence of invoices being sent back. So it seems like our unsustainable journey worked up until the late 1980s but the collapse of codfishes out of Newfoundland. We crossed 350 ppm on carbon dioxide concentrations. We see accelerated ice melt. We see the first signs of large-scale acidification and bleaching events in coral reefs. So it is in the last two-three decades when we've reached the saturation point and today we have overwhelming evidence that these myriad of hockey sticks results in us being able scientifically to welcome humanity to the Anthropocene. We are in a new geological epoch. We are now the dominating force of change on planet Earth. We exceed the forces of the Sun or of volcanic eruptions. We are in the driving seat. In fact, the big question then is well if we're punching the earth so hard is the earth's response? Well as long as the earth's system is resilient the response is linear and so it was up until 1990. But today what you see on this map is the scientific evidence of the tipping points that we can induce in the Anthropocene in this saturation state. We now have ample evidence that Earth is not responding linearly. Long periods of incremental change as long as oceans and forests and the climate is strong as we weaken the system suddenly a small incremental change can lead to abrupt, irreversible and potentially disastrous shifts. Here you have the latest map of the different tipping points we can foresee. The key here is it's not only the risk of destabilizing the Greenland ice sheet or the West Antarctic ice shelf it's also the risk of tipping over the Amazon rainforest to savannas. It's the risk of losing the monsoon rainfall systems because of destabilizing the interconnectivity of the different components of the Earth's system. To put it simple we all depend irrespective of where we live in what economy or what business we depend on on the functioning of every biome on planet Earth to avoid tipping points that could take us in the wrong direction. And now we can actually scientifically even couple this between the Paris Agreement and tipping points. This is the first time this is done I think this has a very powerful message to us in the last 20,000 years of the 100,000 cycle I showed you earlier. We exited the last ice age right here 20,000 years ago you see it's minus 3°C on Earth just a few degrees lower is an ice age we come out of the last glacial then we enter this extraordinarily stable Holocene period and then here we are today starting to warm the planet what you see here is the Paris Agreement it is about staying under 2°C warming compared to the pre-industrial level aiming for one and a half degrees what you see is that even if we succeed with Paris it's above the maximum range for the Holocene so it's already kind of a little bit of a nervous point this is the IPCC scenarios and you know that as business as usual we're heading towards 4°C average global temperature by the end of this century a point we haven't been in for the past 4 million years but here comes the key message this is when you overlay the risk of tipping points what you see here in the bars in red is the uncertainty range in science and then you see the different systems at what temperature we may induce tipping points and I'll just kind of focus in on this range of systems that actually are within the Paris Agreement so what you see here is that even if we deliver on Paris we cannot exclude losing the coral reefs on planet Earth and we saw evidence last year with the remarkable and niny event 30% bleaching even in the Australian Bayer Reef which was totally saved in the 1998 niny event you see what is at risk at the Arctic sea ice we cannot exclude losing the system even at 2°C and even the West Antarctic ice shop in Greenland are in that risk zone and the key point here is that it's not as if we lose it it's gone the key point is that we may push on buttons that would irreversibly commit us to lose the systems it might be 1°C it might be 3°C but we cannot do anything about it Earth goes from a friend to a foe and takes over and that is why it's so important for exponential transitions we must now understand that we are this fundamental force of change on planet Earth it's so fundamental in fact that here I'm just sharing with you ongoing research on the what I would argue is the most fundamental over the last 50 years we've actually exponentially moved in the wrong direction exceeding where we've been for the past 10,000 years but equally we now know with very high degree of evidence that what we do over the next 50 years will determine our outcome for the next 10,000 years so we are the generation right at that tipping point we were alive in the exponential journey that took us here we will probably be alive in the journey that will provide the outcome for the next 10,000 years because we know that the planet Earth can be in three types of equilibrium states it can either take the cycle of glacial cycles the 100,000 year cycle when we go into deep ice age temperatures go down which means that the planet becomes whiter reflects more heat into space and gets self-reinforcing into an ice age so that's critical the glacial cycle here which is the interglacial cycle the cycle that has enabled us to thrive on planet Earth the cycle that stays in the interglacial that has two caps of ice keeping the temperature at this plus minus one degree Celsius we're now trying to explore what's the ultimate planetary boundary level beyond which we risk going into the third state the only third state we know which is the hot state that we would irreversibly push planet Earth to self-reinforced warming to an ice-free state and unfortunately we have so much evidence of the carbon dioxide and the heat in the oceans of the carbon dioxide in biomass and soils the methane in permafrost the ice and its albedo effects that we have the machinery for great change that could take us in the wrong direction this in my mind is the biggest challenge we have to stay in a manageable interglacial and to define therefore planetary boundaries and science has done this to ask the question what are the processes that determines the stability of their system and what can we scientifically define as boundaries within which we have a safe operating space shown in green here that allow us to remain in a manageable holocene-like interglacial to do the exponential journey in the right direction this gives us a very interesting journey over time because we started here with James Watt in the Industrial Revolution being right at the center of the safe operating space but already in the 1950s we started off in the Great Acceleration you see that we already at that point were kicking off the dangerous drive to the sixth mass extinction of biodiversity loss in the 1970s we're filling up very prominently the whole safe operating space we're booming out on nitrogen and phosphorus on the ozone depletion of the stratospheric protective ozone layer and on biodiversity and then look at the situation today we are at this grand risk zone but there is one success story we were at a danger zone on stratosphere but science identified the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and policy listened business has solutions and we were able to transition back into safe operating space on a stable stratospheric ozone layer so we have been planetary stewards once before and now is the time to become planetary stewards at the planetary scale entirely and we have the agenda for this we have the 17 sustainable development goals these are a roadmap for the first time for people and planet I would just argue scientifically that if you take the science that we have today that let's not allow ourselves to use these as a Swedish smorgasbord and kind of cherry pick our favorite goals let's now recognize once and for all that they should be organized as a wedding cake it is truly so that goal 6, 13, 14, 15 the planetary boundaries on water, oceans, biodiversity and climate are non-negotiable they give us the safe operating space to be successful for thriving humanity on social and economic development so there is reason to be very proud of a science based agreement in Paris of transitioning to a future to be Celsius but it requires a deep transformation and to close this just to give you what this really means an exponential change this is where we are in terms of global emission of gas it is roughly 40 gigatons, billion tons of carbon dioxide and this is where we have to be we need to transition into a fossil fuel free economy by mid-century and go to negative emissions to stand a chance to deliver on Paris now this can take us into a few key messages the first one is this one that we need to peak emissions of greenhouse gases no later than 2020 in three years time we need to veer off into a journey that then must take us to a net zero carbon economy by mid-century this is a revolution this is an exponential journey no doubt the second key message is that we need to be at zero by 2050 including land use and agriculture which requires a massive transformation sustainable agriculture actually to a point where land use and forestry must be negative emissions over the next half of the century so sustainable agriculture and forestry is a fundamental prerequisite to succeed as if this was not enough we also need to invest in engineering, carbon capture and storage at a massive scale to have a chance to stay under 2 degrees and reach 1.5 degrees Celsius and finally we need to maintain the negative carbon sinks the fact that 50% of our emissions greenhouse gases are taken up in oceans and in ecosystems and that that resilience must be kept so this is the story that we need to take on and it is an exponential story of massive exponential change this leads to the conclusion that we need a carbon law an exponential law equivalent to the Moore's law as you remember of computer chips doubling in speed every 18 months there is actually an equivalent science based carbon law and that carbon law says the following if every one of these oil barrels is 10 gigatons we today emit 4 of them 40 gigatons and the carbon law is to half emissions every decade meaning that going from 40 to 20 in 10 years from 20 to 10 in 10 years and from 10 to 5 in 10 years and then in 2050 have negative emissions so we are at 0 from land use this carbon law can be applied by any business any country any household and the world as a whole half your emissions every decade we are within a Paris agreement are we actually at a point where we can succeed well potentially yes this is a very exciting first evidence of the fact that we seem to be starting to bend the curve of emissions already today the last three years we are starting to see a leveling off of global emissions because the 40 nations reducing emissions out pass the majority of nations that are increasing emissions we may be pushing ourselves in the right direction this is another good evidence showing that the pace of renewable energy is actually doubling every 5.4 years if this exponential journey would continue we would by 2040 have 100% of our primary energy from renewable energy if we double every 5.4 years as we are doing today and we have evidence that this is happening on wind and solar and battery capacity we are actually at an exponential reduction in cost exponential rise in uptake we are at the early stage the first 21 step the Copenhagen steps of an exponential journey what if this continues what if we are able to meet the SDGs by 2030 and then go multiple pathways to a future where we thrive within planetary boundaries on our small small planet with this thin layer but it's our best friend and still the window is open to succeed let's hope we do so thank you very much


Can I just say that earlier this year, I was invited to go down to Ngai Tahu. They had a conference unleashing the Māori. You know, Māori's already gone. He's long gone. Māori has been unleashed. But this time it's a bit different. Because with Māori is Moana. Highly ethical, visionary, all about the people. We can't lose this time. Because Māori has been unleashed. And Moana sits very firmly beside him. Keeping on track, Bailey. Now, as we celebrate such an amazing night with such amazing people, you know, I'm reminded that we still have a lot of challenges. We still have whānau who have issues. We have an epidemic of pee, of other substances, of other illnesses. Let's not forget, in this glorious place, that we still have issues. We still have challenges. Please, let us never forget, because that's what we're here for. I guess, who's he gone? I just want to say that I love the work I do. We love the work we do. And actually, you know, we've been born to serve. We've been born to serve our people. We've been born to serve Aotearoa, Inc. And I think we're doing a damn good job of it. But we've got a fair way to go. And I guess the last thing I want to say, and thank you, Jane, but we've got Bailey who colours outside the lines, and that's so true. Lizzie, you colour inside so true. Bludge, you're all over the place, so true. Actually, I drew the lines.


If DVR skills were beneficial for survival, would we eventually have some sort of dance-dance evolution? A few days ago, some biologists published a paper in the journal Nature that's gotten a fair amount of attention. It's titled New Deep Sea Species of Xenoturbella, and The Position of Xenokillimorpha. I'm not even sure if I'm saying those words correctly. But because this newly discovered creature happens to look like this, the scientists who discovered it have developed a pet name that's a little bit easier to parse. They call it the Purple Sock. The Purple Sock is an oddly simple critter, one of about a handful of similar species that we've known about for a century or so. It's a worm-looking thing with no eyes, no brain, no gills, pretty much nothing but a mouth that consumes food and expels waste. And a lot of biologists are flipping out about it. Okay, so why is this silly looking thing making such a ruckus? To answer that, let's take a close look at the driving force behind biology itself, the theory of evolution. Evolution is one of those theories like gravity that is super obvious in retrospect but was elusive for a long time. The basic principle is simple. Small variations in species driven by genetic mutations occasionally make them better or worse suited for survival in a certain environment. Over a long enough period of time, because the creatures with helpful variations tend to reproduce more, those variations become more and more exaggerated, eventually leading to entirely new species. It's so simple and so intuitive. While we haven't had millions of years yet to see it happen naturally, we can certainly see the process at work and even harness it to our own ends. Evolutionary algorithms, genetic engineering, selective breeding, it definitely works. But there are some details about how evolution works, some implications and complications that may not be obvious at first blush. First, it's easy to make the mistake of thinking of evolution as an optimization process, something which always results in the best adapted creatures for any given environment. That's how we usually think about it when we're evaluating the physical makeup of different species. We see some trait and we think, why is it like that? It must have a really good reason for being like that and not some other way. The thing is, that's not necessarily true. When you're talking about what sort of genetic mutations will be selected for survival, it doesn't always strictly matter what's best. In some cases, it's what comes first or easiest that matters most. For example, you've probably noticed that most plants are green. This is because chlorophyll, the chemical which allows them to turn sunlight into energy, is really really good at absorbing most wavelengths of light, but not green light. Which is weird, because if you look at the energy available in various wavelengths of light here on the surface of Earth, green light has the most energy by far. If plants were engineered like solar panels to get the most light energy possible, they wouldn't be green, they'd be black. But chlorophyll has the advantage of being a relatively simple molecule to put together. Even if some enterprising prehistoric plant life was on track to synthesize an optimal version of a sunlight energy conversion molecule, something which utilized all frequencies of light, by the time it got halfway to a decent version, it would already be dead, crowded out by other more successful plants that went with the good enough chlorophyll. That's another interesting implication of evolution. There has to be an unbroken chain of advantage from beginning to end. Even if you can see a path to a fantastic adaptation, if any step along that path puts you at just a slight disadvantage to other creatures, you might as well not bother. This is why you don't see animals with wheels, even though a cheetah with wheels would totally run house on the savannah. There's no such thing as an almost wheel which can compete with an almost leg for locomotion, so any cheetah ancestor which had almost wheels would quickly die out trying to compete. That's not to say that every mutation must be beneficial to stick around, it just can't put you at a disadvantage at any point along the way. Finally, because evolution is a strictly iterative process, which depends on all previous versions of a species having been survivors, with each new variation on that species, all of the previous adaptations are generally locked in. Because you're competing with other members of your own species, if you regress back to a previous disadvantaged state, even if it's to try something else that might be better, you're already dead. This last bit is why the purple sock has been such a puzzle for biologists for such a long time. There's been a lot of confusion about its taxonomy, that is, how to group it, what relationship it has to other forms of life, what house it should be sorted into, sorry, phylum. It seemed at first like sorting various creatures into categories is a weird thing to be excited about, like biologists or over-excited librarians or something, but the structure of the so-called Tree of Life tells us a lot about how various species became what they are, and when. Each branching of the tree represents a common ancestor, some species which had a really useful adaptation that was so successful at surviving and procreating that its offspring could go on to develop even greater complexity, sort of like a functional chassis to bolt other crazy stuff onto. The further back you go, the more basic that chassis. Before this paper, the purple sock's evolutionary ancestor was thought to be way up here, which is a problem because this branch of the tree has things like eyes in the digestive tract that Xenotubella clearly doesn't have. That didn't really square with our understanding of the implications of evolution. Remember how evolved traits are generally locked in from that point forward? The idea that Xenotubella would have evolved these traits to give it an edge and then lost them, that was a problem. However, these researchers have compared the purple sock's genes to the genes of other creatures from other regions of the tree. This is a useful way to establish where something should be sorted. Even if you grow out of your evolutionary ancestor's gills, you still have some markers in your DNA for them. From that research, they concluded that Xenotubella branched off way earlier to do its own thing, around about the time that jellyfish and flatworms were figuring their stuff out. On the one hand, this is good news because it means that our understanding of the implications of evolution is probably still right. On the other hand, that's great news. It means that the purple sock represents a huge step forward in our understanding of the order of processes that led to more complex animals, like us. Biologists depend a lot on archaeology to supply them with fossils, so they have some idea of which animals were toodling around at certain periods in Earth's history. Unfortunately, they don't get to pick which fossils they end up with. A trilobite? Another f***ing trilobite? I have a hundred of them! I'm up to here with f***ing trilobites! Could you please just find me a transition between bilateria and deuterostomia? But if we have evidence that a living creature is an offshoot of a really, really old branch of the tree, we can compare its genes to the genes of other, more recently evolved creatures and get a rough idea of what life had come up with by then and what still needed figuring out. That's really useful information, believe it or not, by understanding how the genes for certain traits came about, we gain a better understanding of how to manipulate those genes for our own purposes, from medical research to genetic enhancement. And learning the sequence of how life came about on our planet gives us a better idea of what's necessary for that process so we can look for other similar or different forms of life elsewhere in the universe. Although, if we ever do find an alien species, I hope they don't look like the purple sock. I just can't take this thing seriously. What do you think of the subtler implications of evolutionary theory? Please leave a comment below and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share. And don't stop thunking.


Welcome to Wikipedia for beginners, in this video we'll look at the watchlist. On Wikipedia, there is a watchlist where you can follow Wikipedia articles to see when they are updated. To see your watchlist, click on the watchlist icon in the top right hand corner, it's next to the alerts and notices icons, and is a star with lines. Clicking this icon takes you to your watchlist. This shows recent updates made to pages on your watchlist. For me, it shows pages that I've created or edited and some that I watch because I'm interested in them. You can easily add or remove a page to your watchlist by going to any page and then clicking the star icon. When the icon is filled in, it's on your watchlist and you'll be able to see recent updates. Back on the watchlist page, new updates appear in bold, and you can mark them as seen by clicking the mark all changes as seen button or just leave them. Using live updates will make the page automatically update as new changes are made, otherwise you will see a small button appear on the page to let you manually refresh if there's updates to see. You can filter what is shown on the list such as seeing changes made by logged out users or changes made to talk pages rather than articles. There's also a series of abbreviations used on the watchlist page and the key to understanding them is on the right hand side of this page. M is for minor updates, usually when a very small edit has been made, like correcting a typo, while B or MB means the edit was made by a bot. Bots are automated tools that fix common mistakes and will clean up referencing errors or similar things in the background. At the top of this page, if you click view and edit watchlist, you can see a list of all the pages you watch and remove them too if you want. I watch about 180 Wikipedia pages, but you can have thousands on your list. When editing an article, you have the option to add the article to your watchlist after you click publish changes. You can also change this so it's only on your watchlist for a short period of time or forever.


On February 18th, 2020, at the Fox Theatre in downtown Tucson, Arizona, country star Lyle Lovett played to a sold-out crowd. It was a typically lucrative night for the 90-year-old Art Deco Theatre. An event like the Lyle Lovett event might have been grossing $80,000 to $90,000, potentially more. Then came COVID-19. After we shut down on March 13th, our earned revenue went to zero. We have not earned $1 since March 13th. As businesses across the country shuttered due to the pandemic, many turned to what they thought was their last line of defense, their business interruption insurance. Their claims were denied. Now, hundreds of businesses from theaters to restaurants to minor league baseball teams are suing their insurers. Both sides say their very survival is at stake. Is the background okay? Let us elevate it a little bit. This is Daniel Schwartz, a law professor at the University of Minnesota. He has been closely monitoring the fight over business interruption insurance and coronavirus. Most business interruption policies start out by saying that in order for there to be coverage, there needs to be physical damage or loss to insured property that results in the interruption of your business. While each contract is different, covered damages typically range from natural disasters like floods and earthquakes to man-made ones like first-water pipes and fires. Standard insurance covers rebuilding the physical structure, while interruption insurance covers revenue lost while the property is out of commission. Some business interruption contracts also cover when a government official closes a property due to damage from its neighbor, what's known in the industry as a civil authority action. But again, it all comes back to that word, damage. So the key question courts will have to decide in the coming months is, does COVID-19, a microscopic virus cause physical damage to a business? Owners say yes. Courts have long recognized that that term physical loss or damage doesn't just refer to physical changes that are observable by the naked eye. For example, courts have ruled that asbestos, largely invisible to the eye, can cause physical damage and property. But before businesses get their hopes up, there's one major roadblock that they are going to have impressing their cases, a virus exclusion written directly into their contracts. For all the talk about how no one could have predicted the pandemic, nobody knew there'd be a pandemic. It's an unforeseen problem, give out of nowhere. There was one group who saw it coming, insurance companies. In 2003, the SARS virus infected more than 8,000 people, mostly in Asia, and killed more than 800. While the outbreak was largely contained, the insurance industry still paid out millions in business interruption claims. Crunching the numbers, industry executives realized that a larger, global outbreak could quickly cripple their business. Insurers started to write into their contracts, exclusions for losses caused by viruses or bacteria. These exclusions are likely going to be difficult to challenge in court. Most judges are not going to rewrite contract law. This is Evan Weinberger. He covers the insurance industry for Bloomberg Law. Every case that I've seen has basically ended up with either the judge saying, I'd really like to help, but I can't. It's in the policy. Or the plaintiff saying, this is a losing fight. I'm just going to drop it before we get an adverse ruling that affects other people. That's the decision Tucson's Fox Theater ultimately made. Ultimately, it became very clear that that business interruption was the hard line in the sand that the insurance industry was drawing. The insurance industry says that requiring it to pay up could quickly exhaust the $800 billion it has to settle claims. Business owners say that they have spent years paying premiums exactly for times like this. But concrete solutions have been hard to come by. In the early days of the pandemic, a handful of states proposed bills that would require insurers to retroactively pay coronavirus claims. Those efforts largely fizzled. The insurance companies have basically said, to pass bills like that, we will not provide coverage in your state. It looks like the insurance industry beat it back. There's growing consensus that an entity with even deeper pockets than the insurance industry is going to have to step in. What people think is going to have to happen is some sort of program similar to the national flood insurance program. Things that the companies don't necessarily want to cover because of the expense of it all. Federal government would then step in as sort of a backstop. One thing is certain, business interruption litigation will be around for years to come. It may even outlast the virus itself. The cases will still be going just because that's what we do in the United States. We sue when these cases last forever.


Hello, thank you for joining me. If you're wondering where I am, that station is called Ware. So Ware is where we are. And what we've come to do today is to go and look at a fascinating grotto hidden away on a housing estate. So this is the level crossing on the heart of the east branch. It's an unusual bit of railway, because all this video is not about railways, it's double track. And then there's the point. Just through Ware Station, it's single track. But it then becomes double track again. So it's a bit unusual that it's what we're going to find now here at the bottom of this level crossing is Amwell House. That's the beginning of what we've come to look at. So it's this building here in front of us. It's quite noisy by the way so I'm going to take you in here by the new river and I'll explain that in a moment. So this building in front of us, that's Amwell House. Now this is once the house with a lot of grounds. It's like a state home really even though it's very close to Ware Town Centre. And in those grounds was a grotto. But the grotto is still there, but most of the grounds have had houses built, but not the grotto. The grotto was safe. Look at it though, these two wings actually came out further once, but when the road was widened they were demolished, but the facade were recreated to set further back. It's recently been converted into flats. So what we're going to do now, we're just going to walk beside the new river a little way. This river was built to supply drinking water to London. So a man made river and although it looks like well, it looks like a canal. The thing to give away is not a canal. Not many boats are going to get under that bridge. So, Scott Scotto. John Scott, he was a Quaker. He moved away from London to get away from smallpox. He settled here in Ware and in the grounds of Amwell House. He built a grotto and a summer house. So the grotto we're going to go and see is really quite fascinating.  There's shells. It's decorated with shells. There's a council chamber at the end. So it's going to be quite exciting to see that. And then above all of that, up at the top of the garden there's a summer house. So it's the summer house where he would sit and he'd write some of his most famous poems. So that's the railway line along there and this is the new river. And there's a road just up there called Scotch Road. So imagine this road would have probably been here. But all of that was all Pleasure Gardens of Amwell House. So it had a situation on the road. It was a big estate and it had various Roscoe themed buildings. But the grotto is the main centerpiece. It's meant to be inspired by the grotto in Twickenham. So the path along the new river carries on. I hope I can get out of this gate.  Now I can get out of here. So I haven't got to walk back. So out through this gate to make sure I shut it up again which is so easy to do. The gate's closed. We're going to go up here. It's called Scotch Road. So we're going to go up Scotch Road and find Scotch Grotto which I'm really quite excited about. So there you go. Scotch Road. Let's go up there and find the Scotch. I'm now coming up the hill from Amwell House. Town of Wears in the background. This is called Scotch Road. Now the grotto we're going to is in here. You sort of wouldn't expect it in the middle of a residential area. But of course this was all Parkland once. So this is where it is. It's open every Saturday and it's well worth coming to see. I'm very excited about seeing it. This is Scotch Grotto. And we cross the road here and there's a big flag saying open. So we're going to go through these gates. We're going to have a look around Scotch Grotto. So here we are. We have arrived at the grounds where the grotto is. So we've just come in there. Roads on the other side of the fence. And as we follow this little path we look down there and you can see the front door there. You can see this other building here. So let's go in and have a look around. There's all shells and flints. It's a bit like some of the flints you can see here on the steps. There'll be a lot more of it once we get inside. So as we get to here you can see in front of us the entrance to the grotto and up there on the hill is the summer house. We're going to go to that later. You can see that's part of the grotto. And if we have a look and come to here you might just be able to see but we'll have a proper look as another skylight into the grotto. I do like the drain pipe. See how they've got this shell with a hole in it. Now this is the first of many shells we're going to see as we explore the grotto. So as we come into here this is the entrance to the grotto. Many shells. You can just see above a little flint there. And what we'll do, that one's just a dead end. We'll go around. So we go into here. Now it's lit to from here. But when we get down the corner it will be pitch black. So I have brought a torch with me. So as we go down here there are some air tunnels. As you can see it says no access to them. We're going down there. That is because you can't see much. So here's my torch. And let's go into the grotto. So we go down here and already we come to a junction. So that's the path that will take us right through. But as we have a little chamber, so let's go into this one first. So we go through here. It's very small in here. You can much be able to see daylight there and daylight there. So there's some more air holes in here. But just have a look at the shells. And I think that goes through to the next chamber. I'm going to do a slightly mad experiment. I'm going to put the torch in there. Because it doesn't look far. See if I can go and find it. So I'll put the torch there. Can I find it without a torch? It's pitch black. But if I go here, I'm going around the corner now. I promise you there'll be light. There it is. There is my torch. I'm going back. So we are now in another chamber. It's a bit damp in here. There's what appears to be more shells and like volcanic rocks. So it's a little bit, I wouldn't say spooky, more just different and exciting. Those are lovely patterns made with the shells. So we're going to now see some light without my torch there ahead. That's where we've come from. So we're going to take this tunnel here now. So let's go. There's another little junction here. Oh actually I think that's the main route down there. We're going to go down here. That's the air tunnel. That goes up to the entrance. It gets here. There's another air tunnel up to here. You can just hit people up there. So have a look at this. There's another air tunnel. We're going to make our way down to this chamber down there. So let's go back through here. Tunnel. It's quite a longer tunnel curving round the back. You get to hear that one. It's just a seat. That's where we've just been. That's where we were a moment ago. And we're coming to this chamber and they've made more nice patterns with flint and shells. An amazing place this is. As soon as someone comes through, we'll go through the tunnel in the next chamber. We'll wait for these people to come out and we'll continue with our underground adventure. Here we go. We can go through this next tunnel now. There's little seats everywhere.  Another seat there. Now look at that. We're not going to need to talk much longer because the next one's lit up. If you look down here there's a tunnel. It's all lit up. As we can see a little conical roof above us as we came in. That's up there. Just okay, the camera's messing around with the light. But the two little lights are up there above the chandelier. But just look at these shells. They're amazing. These one has a different pattern. This one's quite cool. So they're all different patterns with different shells. I think it's really terrific. It's a really amazing building. And to think this is all going to be demolished when they built the estate that surrounds this place. I'm very glad they saved it. That's where we've just come out of. Looks very, very dark and forbidden. We were down there. Look at these shells all around the outside there. What we're going to do now is we'll go out there. Skylight. We've got up here to the entrance. There was one up a little chamber. There's no one down there. That's a dead end. Let's see what happens. If we go down here this is the last chamber. But there's not much in here. But this is the other chamber we didn't see. I'd just like to do everything. So that's it. That's the air tunnel. We were right down there. So what we're going to do now I shall go into the light and we'll look around the garden. So let's go out of here and we're going to go up and look around the garden now. So we come out of the Shell Grotto. We're going to go up to that summer house up above the Grotto. Yes, thank you. I've just been for a walk around. The lady very kindly asked me, did I know the way? So I said, yeah, I've had a look. So we get to here. Now there's two roots we can take. We can take that one. But let's take this one. It takes us lower and up. We can see a bit more of the Grotto from above. Have a bit of an understanding of where we've just been. So that's the porch into the Grotto. When we came into one of those first chambers we were in there. So it actually had lights here. The shaft kind of goes down that way. And so the chambers are basically under here in the hill. Come up to here. There's another little sort of a Grotto just here. This one here seems quite small compared to what we've just been in. So that's the roof of the Grotto down there. Follow this path around here. Must be really strange if you live in that house and you've got this as your neighbour. So that is the roof of the council chamber which was the really nice last one we saw.  That's interesting. It looks like next door they've also got a Grotto in their garden. I am not entirely sure. Or it was partly the original one. So here we are. We're coming up to the top of the garden now. So we were right down there. So we've been right underneath here in the hill. And here we're just behind it. This is the summer house here. Look at that. Let's go and have a look inside. So it's inside this summer house. So this is the summer house on the hill above the Grotto. Above the Grotto. So we've gone up to the top. So we've gone from underground to on top of the hill. So this is the summer house. There's a trap door. I've been told no link to the Grotto. There's just a chamber under here. There's a picture of how the Grotto may have looked once. And where we are now That's the view out over where. That's where we are. That's the view over where. So let's go back outside. We'll walk to the top end of the garden just so we've seen everything. And then it's time for me to walk back down to Weertown Centre and go for a walk I think by the River Lee and maybe see some trains. So I hope you enjoyed this video from Scott's Grotto In Where. It is open from time to time. So do have a look and see when they're open. Do come visit yourself. You can get here very easily by train on the railway line from London to Hartford East. So from the garden with this amazing Grotto in it I hope you enjoyed this video. Thank you very much for watching. Please do feel free to like, subscribe and comment and from beside the summer house above Scott's Grotto. Bye.