Okay, we're back here live at the Fluent Conference. This is siliconangles.com coverage of theCUBE, our flagship program. We go out to the events, restrict the signal from the noise. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE. I'm George Michael, Jeff Frick from SiliconANGLE. And our next guest is Brady Forrest, alum to O'Reilly, now a venture capitalist. Worked at Microsoft. You've been in the tech business for a while. We're just talking, tweaking on. Welcome to theCUBE. Hey, thanks for having me.  So you were also involved in this conference. Talk a little bit about the background you and Fluent. And then we can talk about some of the startup action that you're seeing. Yeah, well, so I worked at O'Reilly for six years. I left last June and I did the Web 2 Expo during my time. And that was, you know, it was a big gathering of the people who actually built the web. And after kind of Web 2.0, the phrase itself became passe, we wanted to create another event that would really let web practitioners come together. And last year it was really clear that JavaScript was on the ascendancy, had been for a while, and it was time to come up with an event that anyone could attend. And Fluent was it. And so Peter and I got together. We worked with a lot of people in the community and brought together the people who created browsers, people who created the frameworks and the people who built the websites with those tools and just had them share. So great to be back this year. I'm no longer at O'Reilly. I'm now actually, I've nose dived or sky dived into hardware and I'm working with a PCH International to bring startups up to scale who are trying to create next generation hardware. And that's hardware focus. We had Jake Spurlock on, who was our first cube guest ever to wear Google Glass. We've been doing this three years, our fourth season going to events. And it was kind of cool. So that brings back kind of the concept that the wearable computers are hot and everyone's talking about all the rage. You know, you got Fitbit to wearable computers. Obviously Glass brings it home in kind of a dorky way, but it's very relevant. It's certainly exciting. It's kind of sci-fi, but that's kind of where the market's going where you have these little internet of things, these industrial internet where there's TVs, refrigerators or glasses. There's a notion that we're going to be connected and that the phone could someday be the server, a personal server for ourselves. Oh yeah. I mean, that's what got me excited about doing this new gig was basically the idea that it's going to be, so there hasn't been an AWS moment yet in hardware. So, you know, back in the early days of the web, it was a dark art for how to support a million or two users. And once AWS came out, it changed the game. And really any company could do that. That is still not possible in hardware. And so I think there needs to be some sort of service that allows companies to say, I know how to build this, but I don't know how to scale. And that's push of the button. I want to do that. We're a long way off. There will never actually be an AWS for hardware, but I think trying to get there and helping companies figure out how to scale up is a pretty interesting challenge. And so that's why I decided to make that leap. That's interesting on the hardware side because all we talk a lot about about software-led infrastructure and, you know, software kind of going now. It's such a heavy overlay over the hardware and really hiding that hardware. So where are some of the new hardware innovations coming from? What are some of the problems that they're tackling? Oh, well, I mean, I think that, you know, as John said, the first and foremost is just connected. There's so many different parts of your house that are dead, but I have a Sonos and I've had it for a long time and I love being able to control the music for my house from any room in my house and from anyone's phone. And I want my lights to do that. I'd like my appliances to do that. I'd like, you know, my house to basically control itself. And then just as you mentioned the Fitbit, I'd like other aspects of my life to be instrumented so that I know what's going on and can actually control them as well. Yeah, software is the key to this. So one of the things we're tracking, and this is a cool developer conference where you've got software engineers, you know, full stack, fast stacks, efficiency in the software side, still front end kind of view, but we cover a lot of backend cloud and, you know, some heavy lifting going on, virtualization, flash. So you've got the big compute in the sky going to be powering essentially the edges of the network. So again, we're coming back to the, you know, it's been talked about in the elite circles for many, many years, the edge of the network where the action's going to be, and that's where it is, but now the edge is so multi-dimensional. How do you look at that?  And you have your investment thesis and as you evaluate companies, how do you put that into different buckets? Is it possible? How do you get your mind around that? Well, I mean, I'm looking at companies that are going to enable non-internet companies to basically become connected. So, you know, Bose is not really equipped to create an internet-connected speaker, at least not one I think would work well or Herman Cardin or something like that. So I'd like to find companies that will sell components to them and bring any sort of device online. Electric imp is a great example of that. You know, all a company has to do is hook on an SD card-sized machine. The user can then grab an electric imp card, send it in. That's still way too complicated for non-geeks, but as they learn those use cases, it'll start to become simpler and it'll start to be that the moment you walk into your house, you're connected to this kind of cloud of sensors and actuators who can do things for you based on what you want. And Nest is another great example that you're bringing up right now where, you know, the Nest itself is kind of the killer app. Tell about Nest, because I really love this product. So, talk about Nest, introduce what it is and why is it so compelling? Well, so Nest is a learning thermostat from Tony Fidel, Tony who is one of the fathers of the iPod and it's very simple to use. It learns when you're home, it learns how hot you want your house to be and they've done incredibly well and raised a lot of funding. I don't have any inside knowledge on this, but you could see where suddenly I have this hub on my wall in my home and it's connected to my Wi-Fi network. You could imagine that the Nest itself becoming kind of a suite of devices that control your home and I think there's a lot of companies out competing for this space. Another company that I'm friendly with is Berg. That's Matt Webb and Jack Schultz's company. Berg, B-E-R-G. And they made a lot of waves when they created the Little Printer a couple of years ago and Little Printer is just an internet connected printer where you can send four square check-ins, crossword puzzles, notes to loved ones and it just sits there and if someone's had a message for you you can just grab that ticket and in the day and age of the phone it might not seem like that's really necessary but when you have ephemeral information that needs to be picked up one time and you wanna make sure it doesn't get missed, those little slits of piece of paper can be really handy and so they're trying to build out the Berg cloud that will connect devices around the world and they're rolling out some new services like the Benetton campus in Italy and they're trying to come up with killer applications. Little Printer is just the first one. The thing, I just come on Nest, the reason why I like Nest, I pulled up the founder is Tony Fidel, he mentioned his Apple iPod, University of Michigan grad and so it's with an alumni friend of mine and the thing about this product to me that amazes me is that because the software is so good it's adaptable and he's treating thermostats like an iPod, like a device you can interface with, taking the complexity out of the install so it's adaptive to your environment so it learns what kind of wiring you have your environment and then makes it a usable product not just I plugged it in, I gotta, so it's got all that learning thermostat stuff in terms of like smart metering but it's got this whole dimension that we haven't gone to, you mentioned those, these devices weren't built with user connected experiences and think about a thermostat and now you can do more with it so this notion of learning your Wi-Fi network, self-healing, all those things are software principles. Oh yeah, and I mean I think when we get to a place where we can iterate hardware as fast as software that's when my new gambit will have really paid off.  Yeah, that's sometimes that is the way that it works. I think it's the arrows in the back. Being early sometimes isn't always good, I mean I was talking about the early, early guys can't get that worm but I think it's really good. I mean I think yesterday hearing Tim Cook at the D11 conference was talking about he was kind of down on the wearables because they're going to come out of the watch but I think he's just kind of like holding the line because they might not have anything but clearly that's where the market's going. You're going to have different devices. I remember, I mean I'm old enough where we get one watch when I was growing up then all of a sudden when I was in high school swatches came out and you had a watch for every outfit or any kind of situation. So I think that kind of computing is going to happen. The question is I don't think people can envision the use cases. So with that being said I want to ask you a question. What is the craziest coolest thing you've seen? Crazy being a good adjective. Well I mean this is where, I mean of course this is where Kickstarter and Indiegogo come up. Like that's where I see the craziest stuff and that's why we want to enable lots of people to come and make new hardware because the ideas aren't just in Google or Apple. They're all over the place and you're going to get the craziest ideas. I'm still waiting. I just ordered a melon which is a headband that's an EEG that will connect to my phone. So that's one thing. Yesterday I ordered a thunkit which is this fun little device. It's just, I don't even know how to describe it. You have to watch the video. It's like basically it's a tool for fiddling and it's got like a steel plunger and magnets around the barrel. Not a shake weight hopefully. No, no, no it's not a shake weight. And you can just, it's this fun little like toy you can play with. And I, you know, I think it will probably show up in like not sharp brains but one of those, you know, at the end of the mall store, like the Sky Mall, the Sky Mall catalog. But right now it's on Kickstarter and that's where I think those products are going to start showing up. They showed a man and then they have to figure out how to manufacture it. So Brady, talk a little bit about the startup showcase here. What is it? How many people are involved? What are kind of the ground rules? What have you seen it yet? When? Well, so I haven't seen the companies yet. I'm one of the judges for this and the way the startup showcase generally works is we try to bring in 10 or so startups, I believe it's 10 this year who are really, who are below two million in funding, less than two years old, have created a product that really try to push the edge of what the given technology can do. And then we have them all just get up and they're in their booths and the judges go around and pick one as the best use of technology in the community, the attendees of the conference get together and pick one. And then tomorrow we'll announce who the respective judges and attendees have picked on stage and the companies will get to present very quickly. And is there any type of hard criteria beyond just pushing limits or is it just kind of go with the feel? Yeah, just go with the feel. Like who do we think has done them? Well, we try not to pick the same one. So there is a little bit of an angling that way. But, you know, it's, I mean, I personally always go for who has found something new because this isn't like trying to pick the best business case. This isn't trying to pick the best entrepreneur. I want to celebrate the technology in this case and that's the point of this conference. So that's what I'm going to be looking for. And when I go around today, that's what I'll be asking the companies about. So Brady, I want to ask you a talk about something that's been on my mind. I haven't really talked about publicly yet. So I might sort of introduce it for the first time now. But, you know, we've been following the DevOps movement since the fore's DevOps. You saw that coming. Your AWS moment was, hey, you know, commoditization of infrastructure and platform. It's a really amazing thing. Spread all kinds of creativity with cloud. But that notion of DevOps, I'm a developer and I just want to make ops transparent. It's a mainstream now. It's hitting the private cloud and all that good stuff. So similar concept with hardware. Is there a DevOps model that you're seeing? I don't really know how to put a word around it. Like what developers and we're a developer conference and fluent, I'm a developer. I want to code hardware. Is there a dev hardware ops or equivalent? Cause that's really what this is heading towards, right? I mean that kind of abstraction of complexity. You know, it's not there yet, but there are certainly services that are trying to get there. So you've got Pinoco where you can upload designs and then they'll send it out. You've got Shapeways, which allows anyone to create, you know, physical store. Then you've got Quarky where I have an idea but I don't want a company. So I can upload that idea and share it with the community and then, you know, I mean, that flexible power strip that Ben Kaufman of Quarky has created sells tons. That thing sells like hotcakes. And then kind of at the higher end, you have someone like PCA, who does a lot of work for larger companies but then also tries to find ways for startups to get in there. And a startup's product is gonna be more complicated than what Quarky is trying to do. But they can have their team just focus on the product itself and not on the actual production. So you see a platform. And will there be a place converging? I think there are folks trying, but it's not there. So there's no yet reference architecture. So as a developer, I just don't want to deal with hardware stuff. Give me a common platform, that kind of thing. Yeah.  But even this Nest thing, I mean, clearly look at the opportunities for someone to build different apps that's on this connected device and sitting in someone's home with access to all this data. I mean, we see it time and time again, you start with a cool app like Amazon noted as a bookselling store and then it became a mall for other people's stuff and it became an infrastructure. One of our favorite quotes on theCUBE, Jeff, was ex-Netscape guy who developed the search engine now. He said, everything that we see so on Star Trek will be invented. And in a way, a lot of that control panel, mindset of the thermostat today is a control panel tomorrow is an interface to Google Glass. This kind of sci-fi is here. Yeah. How, Brady, how early are we?  I mean, what level in this, you know, connected device wearable computers and or Star Trek like future, where are we? I mean, Google Glass is pretty impressive in that regard. Yeah, Google Glass is pretty amazing. I put it at like, so if you make the benchmark of a new technology coming out and how good it is and how easy it is to use, I peg the first generation iPhone. It was missing apps, but otherwise, everything that it shipped with was totally new and yet worked. Worked, I guess. I would put Google Glass at 80, 85%.  It just, it's a whole new paradigm with that stuff and I think that's why Google released it to developers first, because it was a further throw than the iPhone was. Yeah, yeah. iPhone was totally new, but it was much more grounded than kind of what they're trying to do with Google Glass. But then I left how already at Google I owe other people had different Glass. That was just a heads-up display for your Android phone. So they're already iterating on it. Oh yeah, they're other companies doing Google Glass right now, or the equivalent.  No, will they be able to match the, well maybe they can match the industrial design, but I think it'll be a challenge to catch up with Google. Bring it back really far ahead. Bring it back to Fluent, right? We're here at Fluent. You've been involved in the conference. Again, you have a 20 mile stair on the industry and you're in a really progressive area with the hardware stuff. It's pretty cool. Developers still have a lot of work to do. Certainly on the stack side, it's developing into a full stack now. Node.js points through a lot of headroom on server side. A lot of low latency tech is out there. What does it mean, all that stuff, mean for the developers today? And what is Fluent today in your mind? So obviously it's grown from JavaScript. Where is it today and kind of where do you see it going? Well, I mean, I think in the future, it won't, right now, it's JavaScript. It's JavaScript focused. But there's a whole suite of tools around JavaScript and JavaScript is obviously not the only language developed for the web. So I think in the future, it will just be more focused on the web and language agnostic. And so as JavaScript continues to blow up and interfaces with Ruby, with Python, we'll start to bring in more of those frameworks and tools and try to figure out how people are pushing the limits with those other languages. Yeah, someone said this morning in the keynote, web platform, web platform, web platform. Really, it's a web platform. It's not just JavaScript anymore. I mean, developing from that point of view. Great to have you on theCUBE. It's startup scene is hot. It's early. You got your hands in a lot of different pies. Final question, shoot the arrow forward five years. What's the world going to be like? Software, devices, convergence, how does it all kind of come together? Well, I mean, I think all of your devices will be connected via a node-based cloud. You will be running a lot of JavaScript apps on your phone that's tied to your key fob that's tied to your car and your house knows where you are and you know what your dog is doing. Of course. And nevermind, no, I'm not gonna say it. Know where your dog is, take your dog out for a walk. People love dogs, you know? And that's the future of social. We'll be right back. This is theCUBE here on SiliconANGLE's coverage of Fluent Conference. Text us, tweet us on Twitter at Furrier at SiliconANGLE, join us. We've got more live coverage all day today and tomorrow. This is theCUBE. We'll be right back with our next guest. Thanks, Jeff and John.


What's up everybody, it's Jayce here for JaspiersCaseRace.com 2021 upper deck, the Cup Hockey, 2 box break, pick a team number 3, just sold out with this random number block that features 12 teams, guys, the Islanders, the Lightning, the Black House, Canucks, Red Wings, Hurricanes, Blue Jackets, Panthers, Golden Knights, Predators, Jets, and Yolks. Now you get a piece of all these teams via a serial number break guys, those are examples of how it works, number any, unnumbered cars are randomized. At the end, do the breakers discretion, so we'll see how many there is, if there is any, if there's multiple, we can give them out in one lot, or maybe one by one, we'll see how it goes. But of course, everything should be numbered though. Here's a dice roller, Jay, down a D-Low, and of course you have 0, down a 9, although signature renditions I think are not numbered, so I guess we have to pay attention to that. Alright, so here we go, let's roll, and we got ourselves a 1 and a 3 4 times, good luck. 1, 2, 3, 4. Shawn Matic, down a D-Low, those are the teams that's just for the sorting purposes, 4 times, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 0, down a 4. So Shawn Matic with 0, ending our renditions, Shawn Matic with 5, Edward 9, D-Low, you have any one-on-ones, 3, 6, Jay with 8, and then D-Low with 7, 2, 4. So there you go folks, let me just delete this here really quick, just so I can alphabetize the list over here, do that, do that, let's put that in right there too as well. So I appreciate it guys, coming up next is the break itself.


Good morning. I welcome you to this session of fluid machines. Now, we will be discussing in this session mainly the governing of reaction turbines and we will solve some examples on reaction turbines. Before that, I like to show you a typical plot of the efficiency of reaction and impulse turbines as a function of load applied to the turbine. Well, you see this figure, it is clear that this figure in the abscissa it is the percent of full load and this efficiency is the ordinate. As you see this curve refers to the pelton wheel, I can I think you can see. Now, this is the pelton wheel curve, this is the propeller turbine, this is the Francis turbine, this is the Kaplan turbine. Now, here of course you may have a question, it is a propeller turbine and Kaplan turbine are different. Usually in practice we refer to a turbine whose entry is mainly radial and tangential, but exit is purely axial to that of a Kaplan turbine. We refer to that as Kaplan turbine, this one for Kaplan turbine. And we refer to a propeller turbine when the entire flow through the turbine is axial and this type of turbine have got vanes or blades which are similar in nature to the propeller of a ship. And they are very less in numbers usually 4 to 6 the number of blades, these are propeller turbine, this is purely axial turbine. So, you see from this curve this give you an idea that how the efficiency varies, you see the pelton turbine gives almost a very high efficient in a wider range of load. So, therefore, pelton turbine in this respect we can tell is a flexible with respect to the variation in the load, that it operates at a fairly high efficiency during a wider range of load. This is not so in case of Francis turbine or propeller turbine, it attains almost a maximum efficiency at certain load. And then a change in load makes or decreases the efficiency, there is a drop in efficiency either side. However, the Kaplan turbine is a compromise between these two that it is almost like pelton turbine is efficiency does not fall in this side, the that means beyond a certain load you see that it fairly it operates at a fairly high efficiency. Now, after that I will show you another curve this is a propeller, this is propeller turbine P R O P L L E R this is pelton, this is the propeller one, this one is the pelton, this is the Kaplan turbine and this one is the Francis turbine. Now, after that I will show you another very interesting plot is this plot between the efficiency and the dimensionals dimension less specific speed. These are the efficiency values this is I think 0.82, 0.86, 0.90, 0.94, 0.98, 0.82 this is the this is a typical plot 0.86, this is 0.86, this is 0.98, this is 0.94, obviously this is 0.90. So, you see this curve is pelton, this curve is Francis, this curve is axial flow or Kaplan. Now, we have to recall that the specific speed dimension less for a turbine is N P to the power half divided by rho to the power half rho is there and G is there in dimension less specific speed G H to the power 5 by 4. So, we have seen that this specific speed earlier that it is a dimension less parameter and it indicates the similarity conditions that means we can say that it is a similarity parameter also. And a machine of a particular homologous series has different characteristics curve as far as this variation of specific speed with the efficiency. So, this corresponds to pelton all pelton turbines follow this curve all Francis turbine follow this curve all axial flow Kaplan turbines follow this curve. Here we see that the efficiency of the pelton turbine is high is a range of 0.94, 94 percent when the specific speed is relatively low which means that pelton turbines are efficient only at low specific speed that means at a high head this already we discussed earlier. So, this gives the typical ranges of the specific speed this is one dimension less this is two this is three this is four. The next is the Francis that means Francis turbine operates at a relatively lower head as compared to that of pelton turbine. So, if you operate Francis turbine at a high head what will happen in this range pelton turbine will give an efficiency below 90 percent. So, it is not wise it is not a wise decision to choose a Francis turbine in this specific speed ranges because pelton turbine will be giving a higher efficiency. So, axial flow turbine on the other hand this efficiency drops too much to lower specific speed that means higher head, but at a higher specific speed or at a lower head axial flow Kaplan turbine gives fairly high efficiency as compared to the Francis one or pelton one. So, this we have discussed earlier, but in this regard immediately we can see a very straight forward application of this through a problem straight forward application of this concept and this figure through a problem like this just you note this problem is a very straight forward and simple application of the problem which give you a clear concept in the design of the type of turbines hydraulic turbines for a particular operation which I told you earlier, but now this gives you a clear example a reservoir has a head of 40 meter and a channel leading from the reservoir permits a flow rate of 34 meter cube per second. Well that means the head is available that I have this much amount of head available that is the total energy of the fluid per unit weight and the permissible flow rate that means available flow rate is 34 meter cube per second. Now if the rotational speed of the rotor has to be 150 rpm that means rotational speed of the rotor is fixed 150 rpm what is the most suitable type of turbine to use. That means we have the operating conditions like this head 40 meter flow rate 34 meter cube per second and the rotational speed of the rotor is 150 rpm this three are the operating conditions which are usually specified for a turbine. Now it is a very simple practical example that we have here that means we have to just calculate the specific speed let us calculate the non dimensional or dimensional. Now whether you will calculate the dimensional or non dimensional depends upon the ready made figures or ready made what is called the table is available to you that whether you have the values of the dimensionless or dimensional specific speed. So this is the problem. So now what we do we have to calculate the specific speed that means n p to the power half rho to the power half g h to the power 5 by 4. So h is given 40 meter in the problem you see rotational speed is given. So you have to calculate the power what is power power is density flow g h. So power developed is rho q g h. So this can be equal to 1000 density kg per meter cube 34 meter cube per second is q g is 9.81 you take meter per second square and head is 40 so therefore we get the power developed from the available head as this one which is in what. So this comes to be 13 point if you calculate it 34 mega watt. Now if you calculate the specific speed dimensionless then what you do n is 150 rpm you better put it in r p s then 13.34 into 10 to the power 6 in terms of watt it is nothing only this algebraic calculations mathematical calculations g into h 40 whole to the power 5 by 4. Now if you calculate it it will come as 0.16 I am sorry 1000 to the power half I am sorry 1000 to the power half. If you calculate it I am giving you the answer it will come like this or in terms of revolution this is very simple school level thing just a straight forward application that means you find out the k s t with the values and then you see from our earlier figure 1.037 radian it is given in terms of radian k s t in radian. So which one we will now if we have this chart in our hand which one we will select France is very good. So answer is that France is turbine. So France is we will choose. So for this operation we will choose a France is turbine because it runs at the higher efficiency very good. Now I will come to the governing of turbine well governing of turbine. Now governing of reaction turbine as I have told you earlier the governing of turbine means to change the flow to the turbine accordingly with the change in the load to the turbine. When the load increases we have to increase the liquid flow to the turbine similarly when the load is decrease we have to decrease the flow of liquid to the turbine. So that the speed of the rotor remains constant to maintain the constant in the frequency of the electrical output. This this is done in a reaction turbine by changing the position gate position or changing the positions of the guide blades of the guide vanes of the wicket gates. So that the flow rate to the turbine is altered by changing the gate openings how it is done. Now I already told you earlier I have already told you earlier that the wicket gates or the fixed vanes of the turbine are pivoted so that this can be rotated this can be moved. Now this you see this is the volute casing this is volute this is the volute casing of the turbine. This is the inlet that means the liquid flows through this. Now this is the turbine wicket gates this is the rotor of the turbine. So this wicket gates or vanes which are not shown here they are connected through levers to a regulating ring. This circular portion this is written here is regulating ring. This regulating ring is connected to this regulating rod this two sides these are the regulating rod these are the connecting pins. So these regulating rods are connected to these regulating rings at one ends and the other ends are connected to a regulating lever. This is a regulating lever which is keyed to a shaft this is the typical this type of thing. This is I show you again that if you cannot make it this is a regulating this is the shaft here the regulating rods are going like this and this is keyed to a shaft which is turned by a servo motor. This is a servo motor this is the servo motor piston which is actuated by the pressurized oil the pressurized oil the pressure of the oil which comes to the servo motor and actuates the piston is actually controlled by a governor mechanism. That means that sense the pressure and in that proportion it controls the motion of the servo motor piston which ultimately actuates or turns this shaft to which this lever is keyed and ultimately through this regulating rod and through the lever mechanism which is ultimately connected to the wicked gates or the static vans of the rotor they are shifted. That means automatically when the load changes the oil pressure changes and ultimately through this mechanism the position of the gate is changed. So that the gate openings vary and accordingly flow liquid flow enters or the liquid flow rate entering to the turbine changes. This is the mechanism by which the governing of reaction turbine is made apart from that there is another valve another valve bypass valve or relief valve bypass or relief valve bypass valve that is being used in this circuit to this along with this phenomena along with this sorry along with this mechanism to discharge or bypass some amount of water to a different line. That means it is not allowed to go to the turbine this is known as double regulation this is known as double regulation. That means simultaneously the flow rate is controlled through this mechanism by altering the position of the stator stator vans or the wicked gates along with the bypassing or changing the direction of flow or converting or bypassing certain amount of flow in other directions not allowing them to enter to the turbine this is known as double regulation. That depends upon the amount to which the change in the flow rate has to be made that means when the load changes drastically then the double regulation is required. So this is all about the governing of reaction turbine. Now we will solve certain important problems because now we have almost completed the reaction turbines. So therefore at the end we like to go through certain important problems. So that yes please please yes yes yes just just just a moment let me say this diagram otherwise it will be difficult for you or for me to understand other efficiency versus KST diagram yes please tell this is actually the overall efficiency it does not matter it may be hydraulic efficiency or overall efficiency when the picture is there you will have to take care of that if the hydraulic efficiency is more means for that case overall efficiency will be also more it is usually coated in terms of overall efficiency. In the problem that we solved we took the hydraulic efficiency as 100 percent because P we wrote as Q yes very good in the problem we solved we do not know the efficiency we have not assumed that is a trend it is nothing coming quantitatively correct what we are finding out a trend that whether we will use which type of turbine here we have used the power developed we have considered the hydraulic or overall efficiency to be one that means this is the power developed so if we use this power developed we will be getting a KST this amount. Now any turbine if you choose this may be reduced because power developed may be reduced we may add we may make a multiplication of it out that we will not change this order of this KST that means we are interested to find out the ranges of the specific speed where we will tell that in this range Francis is very high that means we are not coming to a range where the specific speed is in the range of 0.1 or 0.2 so it hardly matters so quantitatively definitely this is not the power developed this is the power available so exact power developed will be multiplied by the overall efficiency so at the beginning a priori we are not knowing the power developed so therefore we take this as the power developed there may be some reduction with that you can add we can multiply with 0.9 some approximate value we can take it hardly matters we want the range that means the specific speed will be in the range of 1 we can write in the range of 1 where Francis turbine is the most suitable that is why you have assumed it and we have straight forward written P definitely from the theoretical point of view you should write here that P is this provided we assume the overall efficiency to be 100 percent very good correct. Now next problem next stage is that we should go through certain very important problems which will give a clear idea of the Francis turbines which we have already learnt Francis and Kaplan turbine look into this problem a Francis turbine has a diameter of 1.4 meter this is the diameter of the Francis turbine 1.4 meter 1.4 meter is the diameter and rotates at 430 rpm that means the revolutionary speed or rotational speed is given water enters the turbine runner without shock with a flow velocity of 9.5 meter per second this is the flow velocity and leaves the runner without whirl that means without any tangential component this is usually done in the design of all runner blades that they do not have any whirling velocity if in a problem for your examination purpose does not mention that without whirl that you can assume that the outlet is without whirl and you can draw the velocity triangle at the outlet according with an absolute velocity of 7 meter per second. So, this is the absolute velocity of water at the discharge that difference between the sum of the static and potential heads the difference between the sum of static and potential heads at entrance to the runner and at the exit from it is 62 meter that means it is difference of static and potential heads understand static and potential head that means p by rho g plus g that is the difference between the static and potential head this sum of this two quantities between the entrance and exit is 62 meter the turbine develops 12.25 megawatt this is the power developed by the turbine the flow rate to the turbine is 12 meter cube per second. So, flow rate is 12 meter cube per second for a net head of 115 meter net head is 115 meter find the following. So, problem is a long one usually a francis turbine problem gives so many data sometimes it is very long, but you will have to understand these things what are the data giving that rotational speed the flow velocity without wheel discharge 7 meter per second is the absolute velocity of discharge difference between the heads except the velocity head the difference between the static and potential head is 62 meter the net head 115 meter. So, this is the net head available find the following what are the following that you have to find out the absolute velocity of water these are the things that you will have to find out absolute velocity of water at entry to the runner and the angle of the inlet guide the absolute velocity of the water at entry to the runner and the angle of the inlet guide veins the entry angle of the runner blades the entry angle of the runner blades and the loss of head in the this you will have to find out you have written the problem let us solve the problem again I am telling if any difficulty you just please I repeat the thing have you completed yes now again I repeat a francis turbine has a diameter of 1.4 meter and rotates that 430 r p m water enters the turbine runner without shock with a flow velocity of 9.5 meter per second and leaves the runner without wheel with an absolute velocity of 7 meter per second the difference between the sum of the static and potential heads at entrance to the runner and at the exit from it is 62 meter the turbine develops 12.25 megawatt the flow rate through the turbine is 12 meter cube per second for a net head of 115 meter find the following what are the following the absolute velocity of water at entry to the runner and the angle of the inlet guidance the entry angle of the runner blades and the loss of head in the runner let us find out that how we can solve the problem let us think of the velocity triangle that means if you consider the runner blade like this if you remember this the runner blade so so please see that that this is your u 1 inlet this is v r 1 and this is v 1. So, this will be v f 1 that is the flow velocity at the inlet. So, therefore, this is u 1 u 1 is this one and this is v w 1. So, immediately you will have to think in terms of the velocity triangle the outlet velocity will be like this triangle though this will be now without wheel it is already mentioned in the problem.  So, therefore, this angle is the angle of the blade at the outlet this is the angle of the blade at the inlet beta 1 and this is the guide van angles guide van angles are always specified as the angle of the guide van at outlet that means the angle at which the fluid leaves the guide or this is the angle of the absolute velocity of the fluid approaching the runner and all the angles are referred whenever we tell angle we do not tell with what direction because it is always referred to the direction with the direction of the tangential velocity that means the tangent to the rotor at the point in the tangential direction. So, if this be the velocity triangle now we what are the quantities and we know that we know u u 1 we know what is u 1 u 1 is pi have you calculated n d 1 by 60. So, it is given in the problem is it given in the problem 4 30 r p m. So, pi into 4 30 divided by 60 here n is the r p m and what is the diameter of the runner has a diameter of 1.4 meter now here there is a problem that is why I like to point out the problem in particular when this diameter of the runner is given you will have to consider this diameter at the inlet diameter because it is not very explicit in its mathematical language is the diameter is the inlet diameter outlet diameter because the flow takes place with varying diameter is a radial flow machines for a pelton wheel or for an axial flow machines we mean diameter means that the mean diameter where both the inlet and outlet is taking place, but here it is very difficult to know that whether it is inlet diameter outlet diameter. So, it is a convention the diameter of the radial turbine means the outlet diameter in case of radial flow machines diameter is the outlet diameter. So, it is very important thing. So, you find out you what is the value of you 31.52 meter per second. So, then what you will do v w 2 is 0. So, what you will find out power given to the runner by the water this power given that means power available power available or power developed you can write by runner what is the power developed by runner it is rho into q into you know from the Euler turbine equation v w 1 u 1. So, u 1 we know we know v w 1 how do you know v w 1 v w 1 we do not know, but we know the power developed that is 12.25 10 to the power 6 and we get v w 1 as 32.39 v w 1 we get because we know that the turbine develops 12.25 megawatt.  So, we consider the mechanical efficiency the mechanical efficiency is not given we can consider this to be 1 and we can find out v w 1. So, now it is easy to find out the alpha 1. So, when we know the v w 1. So, we can find out the alpha 1, because we know the flow velocity at the inlet is 9.5 meter per second. That means v f 1 is equal to 9.5 meter per second. So, we can calculate tan alpha 1 is 9.5 divided by 32.39 and this comes to be not tan alpha alpha 1 comes to be 16.35. Now, how to find out tan that beta 2 or beta 1 which we will have to find out please tell me which we will have to find out the at entry to the runner and the angle at entry to the runner. That means this beta 1 that means we will have to find out beta 1 how to find out beta 1 if I write tan beta 1 is v f 1 by very good v w 1 minus u 1.   So, this will give you a value of beta 1 is equal to 84.77 degree all right. So, next is the head loss to the runner we have to find out ok. Now, we see that total head now head loss to the runner how to find out head loss in the runner this is the last thing that you will have to find out what are the things we have found out absolute velocity of water at entry the angle of the inlet guide vends and runner vends the entry angle of the runner blades the loss of head in the runner.   So, this things are clear we have been given that this head available what is the value head available to the runner. So, we can find out this thing from a different way that we know this p 1 by rho g minus p 2 by rho g plus z 1 minus z 2 rather we can take p 1 by rho g plus v 1 square minus v 2 square is equal to the right hand part. Now, this is given as 62 meter 62 meter well this is given as 62 meter. So, this part we can calculate from our velocity triangle we can calculate we have already calculated v 1 have we not we have not calculated v 1 know so far.  So, if we know both v 1 and v 2 from the velocity triangle with the trigonometric relations then I can find out the net head across the runner well this thing is already calculated this thing is already known to us. So, we can find out h l so ultimately if you calculate the h l will come to 13.49 meter all right this we have already calculated earlier 32.39 this is 32.39 what is that into 31.52 divided by 9.80 this is v w 1 this is v 1 so plus h a. So, this way we can solve this problem next we come to another problem this is another interesting problem this you can take it francis turbine quick you write this problem time is of this problem the diameter of the runner the diameter of the runner the diameter of the runner the diameter of the runner the diameter of the runner of a vertical shaft turbine the diameter of the runner of a vertical shaft turbine you please write this problem is 450 millimeter is 450 millimeter at the inlet the diameter of the runner of a vertical shaft turbine is 450 millimeter at the inlet the width width of the runner at inlet the width of the runner at inlet is 50 millimeter is 50 millimeter. The diameter 50 millimeter the diameter and width at the outlet r the diameter and width at the outlet r 300 millimeter r 300 millimeter and 75 millimeter respectively 300 millimeter that means the diameter and width at the outlet are 300 millimeter and 75 millimeter respectively this is the diameter this is the width well the blades occupy next is that the blades occupy 8 percent of the circumference which will give you the idea about the flow area. So, flow area is not the entire circumference times the width the blade occupy 8 percent of the circumference stop the guide when angle is 24 degree which is alpha 1 that is the angle of the absolute velocity at the entrance to the turbine the guide when angle is 24 degree the inlet angle of the runner blade is 95 degree well the inlet angle of the runner blade is 95 degree and the outlet angle is 30 degree and the outlet angle is 30 degree the fluid leaves the runner the fluid leaves the runner without any whirl the fluid leaves the runner without any whirl the pressure head at inlet is 55 millimeter above that at exit the pressure head at inlet is 55 millimeter above that at exit from the runner the fluid friction the fluid friction losses the fluid friction losses account for sorry 18 percent of the pressure head at inlet the fluid friction losses account for 18 percent of the pressure head at inlet calculate the speed of the runner and the output power calculate the speed of the runner and the output power well calculate the speed of the runner and the output power you write another problem for this is the last one axial flow hydraulic machine quick and axial flow hydraulic turbine you have to be little first in writing because time is short and axial flow hydraulic turbine has a net head of 23 meter across it axial flow hydraulic turbine has a net head of 23 meter across it and when running at a speed of 150 rpm develops 23 megawatt that is the power develop that is the net head across the turbine and running at a speed of 150 rpm the blade tip and half diameters which is very important here the blade tip and half diameters are 4.75 and 2.0 meter respectively that means the tip and half diameter determines the flow area because here the flow is axial axial flow turbine the blade tip and half diameters are 4.75 2.0 meter respectively but inlet and outlet is through the entire height of the blades through the entire diameter that means this is not a radial flow machines if the hydraulic efficiency is 93 percent and the overall efficiency 85 percent calculate the inlet and outlet blade angles at the mean radius assuming axial flow at outlet assuming axial flow at outlet the entire flow through the turbine is axial assuming axial flow at outlet alright. So, you please try this problem next class if you have any difficulty in solving the problems we can discuss before starting the new topic pumps rotodynamic pumps. So, next class I will discuss the rotodynamic pumps but I have given you this two problems one problem I have solved other two problems which I have given you please try to your hall. So, if you have any difficulties next class we will discuss about this and then we will start the new topic rotodynamic pump. Thank you.


Second story, as you know, at the beginning of this year, I was in Boston at the MSF conference and even in talk, talking about certification, talking about ecosystem, to get certified for some strata and kind of migration specialist, and it was a quite reasonable answer to this talk. We have remade a workshop where some attendees in the workshop were very interesting to do business around LibreOffice, but there was no migration project, no interest from the most proper fair side, there was no need to have an ecosystem around LibreOffice to bring in instance. So there's exactly a chicken hangover, or chicken hangover. How do you say chicken or hangover or chicken hangover? It's the right thing. Oh, you don't even know it, so it's okay. So what can we do? This workshop will give you the idea of what can we do to become this bank, to have a growth in many points of the map in the world, to have professional programs in the world with an even right ecosystem, a local ecosystem, who can support these migrations. So what I now want to do is I thought something about these catalysts, let's go. And I want a little bit summarize what I think were some catalysts in the German market. I think the idea behind this, and later we will ask three other people from around the world they think what were the catalysts for that. But to get an idea of these cast submissions of that, what we can do as the certification part of TGF, but also with all members of the TGF to bring up these. So Germany, or me, as these are my experiences, I will contact in the early 2000s with some. And my company was perhaps the first official partner of some micro systems in these days where we do some work on start-ups, afterwards open-office. We have done some sort of tool development for migrating automatically from Microsoft to start-office and a little bit later to open-office and so on. So we were relatively in the open-office history relatively early in these processes involved. Afterwards we have done these work that in Germany the companies Star Division, which were kind of a start-up first, were relatively known. Some were coming in by some of them. There was, I think there was, relatively, a catalyst that some was doing something like market development. We can discuss if it was good market development or something like this. We made a decision to open-source start-office and they did something like a partner management. Somebody from us knows. But they were doing such things. The white partners every half year to come to Hamburg where the start-up vision was located was information and care about these partners. So I think something like an anchor company, and I know it's heavy to discuss, but I think in these days the anchor companies were one of the catalysts for growing up this German ecosystem and getting such preparation projects. There must have been persons, not only the companies, but also the communities. So we have, the early days, we have footage. It was an association, it was an association from German community. We have done a lot of work to do that. We have done the first conferences in Germany for free-office systems. There was a lot of work and there were some anchor persons in the community, in the local community. Somebody knows Thomas Kornbauer, one of them. Jörg-Hemingpool, Florian was one of them. And certainly I forget someone. Yes, there were some others. I hope I don't forget some others. So the issue is one. The second catalyst is persons, anchor persons. In person, Gabriele is over about such things. We are in people business. So, beside that, there were in Germany, especially one, but afterwards a few others, life thought projects. Everybody spoke about the city of Munich. You know the history, which is going as time goes by. But in this time growing up the ecosystem, the awareness about professional retro-office deployments depends on these life thought projects, and mainly in the public affairs. So much can be in the economy, but more in the public affairs. I think this is my question. We can discuss this. There was another issue. This is something more like a technical issue, or a mute, that there was a need for changing. A need for change. This time we have this depression in the ecosystem. We got more and more cost-sensitivity, awareness of the weather, for Microsoft especially. And there was a very, very important issue. It was the development of the open document format. The document format is a technical driver in this ecosystem, which can't underestimate it. So this was the situation, which will be in Germany, and there were a lot of eggs, a lot of migration projects, and a lot of companies who were doing that. Support, terms and so on. But nowadays we have to look, we have lost a lot of them. Not just companies who are waiting, doing other things. Also projects, which are gone, which are migrating back to Microsoft and so on. So what I would like to discuss here was how is there the role of the open document format ecosystem? Or are we perhaps the heads of the history? So could we expect such developments in other areas of the world where the ecosystem is helping us? This is not the question, I think we should discuss now, which we should have. And the evolution never stops. The product is going ahead, and we have in the world something like people office online. This is changing things a little bit. We don't talk about any more, about any more, let's talk, and so our product is not in combination with Linux, and this brings up some questions. So what I want to do now is to have some other views, and to bring in other points of the map and ask them to tell us what they think, where we're trying to bring up this migration project, to bring out the growth and the humidity on the ecosystem and so on. I've given them three questions, so I think three to five minutes for each of you. That's your point. Should we begin with, for instance, tell us something about Italian? What was that similar? In other words? The problem is it's a local national law. The national law in this law is clear that the particular expression is not meant to evaluate if there are some strategies to the international law. So this one is the first way to at least to have a first evaluation. Then on the community side, in Italy, not in the ocean, not only in the office, but in general, in the international community. That one. So, for an open format, sometimes when I talk to the special staff to discuss, to search, or mainly from the same cost, because this one is the first resource, they try to understand if the government is available to manage the government in the same way, like office. So starting from the format is the first way to load the document. Because if the government is providing that in an open format, the format in theory is a little bit simple. But this is not enough, because it is also important to organize trainings, because without trainings you can also use the FF format, but if you are formatting wrong, the problem is still there. So you need to discuss some of the styles, for example, or you need to show which are the issues with the document that is formatted in an infancy way. We saw the document that was really critical. So this one is another problem that we forget. As an ecosystem it is important to interact with the local community. So the local community is the bridge between the foundation and the activities that are done in a specific country. So without any interaction there is no the company that is trying to provide services doesn't know everything that is needed for a collaboration. For example, there are companies that are providing services following the thought about that, it's not in the years one. In the years one, maybe it's the best platform but it's tested. And we already got to show the the main need for this. So this one, the last one more is the Italian platform. For your life. Yes. Thanks Marina. Some words from the weather in the beginning. Okay so, the case of Beijing is a little bit different. The country used to be isolated until the 90s for technology in general but also eventually to open source software or open source philosophy to reach out to us quite later than European western countries or other countries in general. So we started having the communities who belong to open source software after 2012 where Open Labs was established as an organization which was also the first organization in our country to do this kind of events. And after that year we started making a lot of local communities such as Wikipedia, Nexla, Mozilla and most importantly, also in graphics. In terms of we don't have a lot of case studies to share where big organizations or big institutions went through this process or through big migration. And the only one that we can mention currently is the one that which is taking place at the municipality of Tirana. Also another thing that I can add is the fact that we need to offer consultancy or any other language service related to migrations to liberal office. And also certified professionals yet. So this makes things a bit more challenging for us and we need to raise to our countries but we need to also take into consideration the cultural differences in each country because for example, Germany can't really be a case study for us because the countries are quite different in many aspects. So currently we have a migration which is taking place at the municipality and an important driving force that I can mention which impacted their decision to migrate was the impact of the local community the fact that you have people here who are strongly promoting using open standards and using open office as a replacement to Microsoft office the fact that these people are organizing this kind of events or which are to the people who are standing behind behind the ground gives some sort of certainty in order to proceed and take the big decision to migrate which in the case of an institution is a very important decision because you are taking a lot of responsibility in your shoulders. So basically this is like a general overview and the actual situation in Albania I hope that in the future when we have more people or hopefully more companies who operate maybe there will be even more cases with organizations and not only institutions who go ahead and start to see the progress. Thank you Thank you So we have 20 minutes to tell us the aging of the track record I say the shikane very different in Taiwan most of the one of the main programs is that people can get the private software in a very good part not in a very good part and not in a very good part but for this year in Taiwan this condition is much better so interestingly that gave us a chance so in Taiwan now actually almost all of the free software related activities including business activities they were mostly a junior faculty the catalyst would be government in nearly 20 years before our government goes once by that time because the business part didn't catch it and they made a big mistake because those companies at that time they first they just won't get paid for it but don't wash it deep against it that's the problem still is this in Taiwan now and the second is of course at that time the whole environment moving at that time probably is not the truth the case is not the truth now but now in recent years we had a very good chance because now we have a very good server now and I just say that for the low price provided for the problem it's much better in Taiwan now so many companies many government now suffer from legacy and finally right now is the government launched the position it's an instrument it provides both radio and sticks and what community do is some of that theory we have done to fix the directions and then this time I will raise example that our government invests in local companies local developers to diversify their offices and they are feedback to the machine now so I think I have become optimistic in the condition of Taiwan because we are now having a small but looks like good ecosystem of course it will have changes that's the now we have a big migration project in whole Taiwan just those small units call me and I will give them especially for community community that's true about community but then now those other business those other companies that will join in I will insist that yes of course we can join in but remember not just again but so I think that's the condition so what happened thank you I give one minute of your time thank you so we have now heard from all different local persons around the world and what we should learn about this and this is the overwhelming solution of creating flank points on the map growing up is it's all about community it's growing the community it's all about having persons there it's all about bringing from the present community bringing up these all these categories to other points travelling the government travelling to them to the workshop but the target should be to have locals growing up because they understand the culture of the government of the people and so on and if you have any persons there like you, thank you and we can overcome these chicken and egg dilemma for the ecosystem and the professional this was my thoughts behind this talk and remember that this was the third talk for growing up all around the pro-office I repeat my colleagues with thoughts about product marketing government about growing up taking ever membership members from the world and now I'm with the chicken and egg government and ecosystem and all have the same answer and we have to do it we have to go there we have to overcome these language issues and so on cultural issues and bring it up and grow locals


One, two, three. The combatives program, particularly here on Fort Stewart, is to help the students and soldiers and veterans and all veterans in surrounding community to close the distance with the enemy. LaSerta Cup, which is formerly known as All Army Combatives Tournament, is essentially all the units in the Army, both active and reserve, come together, put their best fighters forward for five days straight and see who's the best. It's phenomenal to find another place that you will experience this type of camaraderie, this type of environment of inclusiveness. It's very hard to match that in and around the Army of the Self. I think the camaraderie that's built in combatives is a really strong one.  I feel really confident about my team. I'm really excited and I'm really happy to be training with these guys and to have built this relationship so far. They've definitely been working hard and that's what impressed me the most, like whether we win or lose, it's just like the growth among the process. So I'm really excited about that. Everything that happens on the mat definitely builds like a stronger relationship than camaraderie. It shows in particularly to being a dog-faced soldier that we do not quit. We run toward the fight and we don't practice running away from the fight.


Hopefully that will shift over, but in the meantime, so welcome back to a pretty packed schedule for the day. I thought we had a great introductory session last night that really set the frame for what we're interested in getting through today. One of the points that I wanted to make, there would be a redo. Actually while they're doing that, I might mention that this little camera here actually points at each of us and displays us, and so be careful when it's aiming at you. In addition, if you could take the green bags off of the table so we don't get any questions about why people are eating at a federal meeting, it would be very helpful. Excellent. So I don't actually have much to say in advance of the sessions today. I think everyone's already put in a lot of work into thinking about their presentations. One point that I did want to make though was just to clarify something that I don't think we fully clarified yesterday, and that may come up more in the discussions today, and that is particularly as we segue between the Mendelian space and the complex disease space. And that is that we can talk about something playing a causal role in a disease. In other words, it contributes in some mechanistic way to the onset of disease in that particular case, but of course that doesn't necessarily mean that it fully explains the disease in a particular patient. We had some examples yesterday over that. So I just want to make sure when we say causal here, we're not necessarily saying completely causal. We just mean contributes causally to that particular disease. So I think that's basically it from me. So I thought once Jeff's finished arguing with his neighbor, I think we can switch straight over to Jeff to start the first session of the day. Jeff will be discussing the work they've been doing and considering study design for assessing causality. And maybe I could just come in. Jeff, we'll have the timer set at 25 minutes for each of the presenters. So that's the amount that you'll get.