Hey guys, what is up? Welcome to my channel and welcome to another episode of Swatch & Sip. If you don't know what this is, basically we get to hang out. I'm going to be drinking my coffee today. I'm going to be swatching all of my Sydney Grace items that I picked up from their Christmas in July event. So if you want to see some pretty eyeshadows, then just keep watching. If you don't know what Swatch & Sip... Did y'all just hear that? What gremlin took over my voice? Because basically it's a series where I get to enthuse with you guys about how much I love drinks. Whether that be coffee, matcha, chai, all of the above, huge coffee drinker. And I get to be the true makeup goblin that I am where I like to just sit and swatch my body and eyeshadows. I could swim in them. You guys know you do it too. Isn't this mug the cutest? I've definitely shown this on my Instagram. My mom got it for me for Christmas and I use it all the time. I'm sipping on some nice hot coffee afternoon coffee. Coffee and makeup today is going to be a good day. So I did pick up some items obviously from the Sydney Grace Christmas in July sale. Actually last year, their last Christmas in July sale is when I first purchased things from their brand and I waited again till next year and I purchased some things that I've been wanting from the brand. I wanted to buy a lot more. I wanted to stock up on singles. I held back. I have to be a little bit smarter with my money now. So I only did two of the sales. I did not get the new summer days palette. That is one that I was gunning for one of the days, but they sold out before the day and then I wanted to do the deal on. Anyways, I will go over what I picked up. So I placed in order the very first day. So I got the two eyeshadow palettes that I wanted the most. So that was perfect. The first day, I believe it was spend $55.  So what I decided to pick up was the enduring love palette. And I'm so happy I did for the first day because this actually ended up selling out. This is a palette that has been in their collection for a while, but I really, really wanted it. And then to really hit that $55 point, I did pick up a single shadow. So I will swatch the enduring love palette first. This is actually what I'm wearing on my eyes. I do have a lid topper on top from Stila. But the whole blue base that I'm wearing is from this palette and I had an excellent time using this palette. It's fantastic quality. So at the end of this video, I will have a little clip of me doing this. I make a book in case you're curious as to how I did it. But anyways, I had to get this palette, you guys. Isn't it so pretty? If you're like me and you're more of a cool tone fan, you are absolutely going to love this palette. There's not a lot of palettes. I feel like they have a color story like this that's so cool without just using gray, silver and black. I mean, you have those options in here, but you have a lot of other cooler tone colors that aren't the typical cool, cool tones, which I am so happy about. So let's get to swatching it. I haven't even swatched this yet. I've only applied it to the eyes, which is so good. We're going to zoom on in though so you can get a closer look at the swatches. So get a really close look of my makeup as well, which will be linked in the description box. So I think I'm going to go row by row. So we will do the first row first. These are like really soft. I'm making a hot mess. Okay, so I'll just start going down. So we have Romeo. Ooh, this has a little bit of a shimmeriness to it. Then we have Juliet, which this one I made a mess in because I definitely pressed too hard to do a finger swatch. That's a gorgeous transition color. And then this one's going to be everything. Oh, this is like wet liquid metal. This is devotion. So that right there should give you a preview of the quality that we have going on here. I just dipped into Darcy right here. And then now we're going to go into Elizabeth. This color is the last one in the first row. That's really pretty. That would be a nice bright punch. Ooh, this actually makes a really nice look. You could do this for a whole look. Go into row number two. This is Albert, that first silver color, kind of like a gun medley gray color. It's a little bit deeper. Then we have Victoria, which is a nice gray toned color. And then this one's even more gray. This is passion. So like a stone color. You can see how smooth these mats are swatching.  This is Bose. And I use this today on my eye and it blended beautifully. It's a very nice quality black. It doesn't stay true, true black. You can build it up to true black. But if you're intimidated by black, it can blend out to be a little bit more gray. Okay, last color here. This is Ruth. So Ruth is what I'm wearing all over my lid underneath that lid topper. And I'm very impressed with this shade. It's not too loosely packed. So it doesn't make a mess on your eye, which is crazy. So you don't get any fallout from it. Do you see how beautiful and true to color it is? It definitely shows up true to color on the lid. Huge fan of that. So here is going to be the second row. So again, I think it's organized so that you can create looks as, oof. Final row. This color is called John. This is the color that I'm using as my inner corner. It has a little bit of green to it. I wish it was a bit more green, but do you see how beautiful? It's like a really bright silver. So stunning. And you can see how creamy she is. And then the next color is Abigail, which I'm excited to use one day. It's like a plum here. Super pretty. The last one on my finger was my original transition color today, Cherish. It does blend out a little bit lighter, which I really like. It's a really fantastic transition shade. And the last two colors. Ooh, these are going to be good. Okay. We have Robert, which is like a chocolate brown. Wow. Okay. That was a wimpy swatch. That was my fault.  That's okay. Nice deep chocolate. I think this next color is going to be a winner. This is Deanna. And it looks like delicious. How delicious does that look? A deep brown molten chocolate smoky eye. My arm is hurting already. This, my friends, is the Enduring Love Palette. All of my crooked swatches. I am not a professional swatcher. Ooh, it looks so good. If you like cool tones, highly recommend. They did say they were going to restock this. This is an amazing palette so far based on swatching and the look that I created today. I can't wait to continue playing with this. And by the way, what's really awesome about Cindy Grace is they give you two options. They have a lighter option and a darker option. So they'll change up the transition shades based on your skin tone. So I of course got the light because I'm very light. All right. Let's take off these scrumptious swatches and let's keep it moving. I spent like 10 minutes just talking about that. We're going to get into one of their new babies. So they came out with two new palettes during this sale. Like I said, I couldn't secure the second one, but I did secure the one that I wanted more anyways. This is Chase Your Dreams. And it has this beautiful purple glittery sparkly packaging. And I did consider this to be a purple palette, but actually looking at it, it's not very purple. You have a lot of colors that are complementary to purple. And I think like this is supposed to be the color of the palette. But yeah, it's not an all purple palette. It's a palette that has complementary colors to purple. But let's watch it. I'm so excited for this palette. Every single look that I've seen that people created with this palette. Stunning. Okay. So there's nine shades. So we'll get the first top three, which are looking like that. Very warm right here to start. So here's that gold. Dang, that's nice. This one is called the dream. And then now we're going to go to the middle shade, which is Aspire. Aw, it's like chasing your dream theme. That's super cute. Ooh, that looks nice. And then the last one is a matte. This is Bebold. I mean, that's the whole look. Ooh, these really are organized where like this way, they're very complementary to create like a three shadow look. Second row. This first color that I just touched, the chase felt like butter. So take a look at these next three. Okay. So this first one, the chase. High hopes for you. That one delivered. It's like a gorgeous reddish shade. And then we have you can. I mean, these mats swatch so amazing. A lot of times even the highest of quality mats don't swatch this great. Like when you pay for a very expensive brand, I mean. And then this last one is don't quit. This one's not as smooth as the others, but I'm sure it's still a really pretty color. So these are the next two rows. Very warm. Definitely starts off very warm. This is the fun row, you guys. This is the row that I'm gonna be dipping into very soon. So we have the dry, which felt really good. Yep. Show stopper for sure. And this palette, this next one is your best, which is a little bit of like a gray G plum. That one also is really buttery smooth. And then enjoy the journey, which is just that token black that we all need. This is a stunning palette, you guys. I would love to see some like sparkly glittery shades and maybe I would have loved this palette to have been more purple all around since the packaging was purple. I was expecting it to be more purple, but it's swatched beautifully. The colors are really nice, but you have to love those like warm toned, purple kind of looks. She wins the award for some of the best-watching shadows, honestly, incredible. I'm like so close. So that was Chase Your Dreams. Let me actually swatch the single that I got in this order to make it 55. Guys, I was so prepared for this sale. I actually purchased this Ulta and Z palette collaboration, which I just purchased because it was $10. So they were 50% off. So I feel like I got a pretty good deal for a big Z palette. So I just kind of picked random colors. I really don't know where to start when it comes to single shadows. It honestly kind of stresses me out. The one that I ended up picking, and this looks really stunning, this is the greatest gift. It was in their best sellers. That's why I picked it out. So let's swatch her. This is such a unique color. It has like a lilac-y green shift. Ooh, that's pretty. It's almost like it'll blend into your skin tone, but then you see that shift. That's really pretty. I don't know how I made a good choice. I'm very happy I ended up with this one. This is gonna be so neat all over the lid. Their singles are extra gorgeous, you guys. If you see all the swatches that people do, they have them on the Sydney Grace Instagram. You'll see how beautiful their line is, and that's what I would use to guide you through the individual colors. If you're looking to buy them, I think maybe next year, I'll try and do a big singles order because I don't have a lot from Sydney Grace. I was looking forward to building it this year, but then I was also trying to be smart, so I didn't mix. Okay, so that was my first day order, all of those shadows. The second day order actually ended up purchasing all three of the mystery bags because I have such a small Sydney Grace collection. I figured I wouldn't have any repeats, and this is a good way to get a taste of the line. So they had a cool tone, worn tone, and colorful mystery bag. They were $25 each, but the deal was I believe if we spent $55, we got a free mystery bag. So I spent $50 on two of them, and then I also did get a cream shadow to make it $55. And I feel like these mystery bags are a really good deal. So we'll start off first with the cream shadow that I got. And I have a couple of these in my collection already. I really like them. They're very beautiful. The only problem is I don't dig into my cream shadows or individual loose glittery shadows at all ever. So that's why I didn't want to get a ton, no matter how beautiful these are. I just don't grab for them, you know? Like today I made an effort to grab for my Stila liquid glitter shadow, but that was the first time I've done that in a long time. So I do need to make an effort. But anyways, I got the shade Boardwalk. So here's what the packaging... Okay, here's what the packaging looks like. And this one is a gorgeous shimmery coppery shade. This is really pretty, you guys. But they have banging cream shadows. I wish I could have more, but you know, creams don't last as long. I have so many already, but I only have two other ones of the Sydney Grace ones. These are so good. So that one was Boardwalk. Very gorgeous. So we'll start off with the warm tone peachy one that I chose. And again, also really cool. They had a light and a dark option for each bag. So I think like the blushes and the highlighters that they chose would be more suited for skin tones. So most of their affiliates, I believe, got this bag. So we already knew what was in this bag. The other two, either I didn't do my research or something, but I didn't know what's going to be in those. But in here, and these I think are just the best if you're like me and you just didn't have a lot from the brand. Really cute makeup bag. I don't need any more makeup bags. I'm a makeup bag hoarder and I didn't need any of these, but they're so cute. I'm going away this weekend. So maybe I'll use that. But in here, let me show you. So you have two little pots in this one. So we have, and I'm not going to swatch these. Maybe I'll swatch a highlight.   But maybe I should be because this one's really pretty. This is like, I don't want to open it and make a mess, but this is like a really gorgeous light pinky color, big fan. And then also this highlighter in the shade Sweet Peach. So I will swatch this. I wish it had like a sifter because your girl's about to make a mess. I didn't put too much on. So I wouldn't make a mess, but it's that second color down below. The cream makes this look boring, but I promise you it's not really pretty highlight. Ooh, I think I would like that. I should have put it on today, but I already have quite a beaming highlight on, but this is a nice highlighter. I really like that. And you can use this all over the eyes as well. That would be gorgeous. And then you get a blush as well. And this one is in the shade Bell of Georgia. This is so pretty. Oh, it's just a light, sweet peach blush. Oh, this is really pretty on fair skin tones. You will really love that shade. And then you also get five of their single shadows. So for $25, that's not bad. So I'm going to quickly lay these out in my palette and then we'll do some swatches. So you can see here are the five shadows. This is that first shadow that I swatched for you guys, but here's what is in the peach bag. Swatch them. So this is Southern of Flame. Really beautiful deepening color. Ooh, nice, nice. Then we have Picking of Peaches. It will be a great transition color. Ooh, and that pulls a little bit deeper than it looks as well. We have nice chocolatey kind of color. This is called Peach Fuzz. See how smooth that swatch is? This is going to create a beautiful look. Like this does the work for a look for you. Kind of the showstopper in this one. This is Blushing Peach. I almost purchased this one individually. I'm glad I didn't because this was in here. Ooh, love it. I love shades like these. Okay, and Peach Harvest is looking like a stunning color. Ooh, oh my gosh. I don't know how well this goes. As a look. But that is so beautiful. I love this one. I think this one might be my favorite from this bag. All right, so that was the peachy warm one. So let's go into the cool one next, which comes in a gray bag. The loose glitter that's in here is called Fine Arts. And it's like a nice silvery glitter. And then the highlighter, I don't know about this. This is called Black Tie. And it's looking kind of burbly. Let's swatch it. You can make that work for sure, but it definitely has that purple undertone to it. A little bit lilac-y. Really pretty though. I need to try these out. I just, I never find myself reaching for loose highlighters, but then when you wear them, they're just so beautiful and glowy. And then the blush that we have in here, this looks pretty. This is Stiletto. This is a gorgeous light mauve blush. That's that one right here. So here are all the shades that were in the cool tone bag. As you can see, very gray scale. We have the black. Not my cup of tea, but also still gorgeous. So let me swatch these for you. So we have Success, which will be the transition color for when you use this. Gorgeous. That's really nice. This one is to the nines. A pretty deep gray. And we have Tuxedo, which I am expecting to be a really nice black. Yeah. I mean, you see that? It's very rare for a black. Just swatch like that. Storm Cloud. This all over the lid for a super smoky eye. Oh, yes. That's stunning. So if you know me, this one clearly is going to be my favorite from this one. This is Happy Accident. And it's like a lilac silver shade. Do you see? This is definitely my favorite one of this bag. I'm in love with it. Oh my goodness. That is gorgeous. So that was the cool tone bag. Now let's dig into the colorful one, which comes in this like bright fuchsia colors. So cute. Before I made the decision that I wanted to get all three of these bags, I almost didn't get the colorful one. I don't know. I was intimidated by what might come out of this. So the loose glitter that is in here is Berry Picking. It's a nice, very light purple lilac glitter. This actually, this is definitely a glitter that you guys know. I will love anything lilac. And then the highlight in here is called Whipped Berry. I was worried that because this was labeled as the colorful one, that I was going to get this like hideous colorful highlighter. But now this one looks really pretty. They always look a little bit scarier in these pots. I feel like they look like they'd be really deep. But normally they turn out okay. Yeah, see? I was worried this would be too dark for my skin tone. I mean, this one might potentially be a little bit dark. But it's so pretty. I love this. The blush that comes in here is Pink Lemonade. It has a little bit more of a glow to it. The other ones were matte. And then this one definitely has a very subtle shimmer to it. This one's really pretty. I like how this is the colorful bag. But it still is not like super crazy colorful. Like I'd still wear this blush. So let me organize this here. Okay, so I like these colors. So here's the blush. And then here are the colors. I like these colors. I was a little bit worried about what would come in here. But these are colorful.  So let's swatch them. And also like you can see how the three bags kind of compared. So this was the first bag, the second bag. That's the extra shadow and the third bag. So we have Masquerade Ball, which has a little bit of that slightly, slightly, slightly, slightly blue twist to it. Really gorgeous. I mean, I would say this is a similar color to what's in the new palette that I got. Here is Pink Fury.  And then I wear hot pink looks literally all the time. So this one will probably get used. This one looks stunning. I'm excited about this one. So here is under the sea. This looks beautiful. All over the lid. Yes. So here's Electric Lime. So this one will compliment maybe this color right here. I don't know. I mean, this is a good color to have for me because I like green looks. So I don't have a lot of colors that are this kind of green shade. And then last one is Aqua Fever. So just by looking at their website, it seems to me that they have some of the most stunning blues ever. I want to pick up more blues from them. I swatched that weird. Hold on. Yeah. And they have a lot of gorgeous blue shades on their website that I'm looking into picking up soon because they look so pretty. I love it. Okay. I mean, that is, that's all I have to swatch. That was hard work. That is it. That is everything that I purchased from the Sydney Grace sale. Got a couple palettes. Got all of the mystery bags, a few things here and there. And I'm very happy with my purchase. I'm very excited to dig into this stuff so far with the enduring love. I'm not disappointed. And the Sydney Grace shadows that I bought last year, I still love very much. So I have a lot more variety now in my collection so I'm excited. I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Thank you for sitting down, sipping and swatching with me. It was a good time as per usual. If you aren't subscribed to my channel already, I would love it if you would consider taking the time to do so. And I will see you guys in the next one. Bye, guys. Have a good one.


3. Designing a plan for a preschool ESL class. Although I have spent many years as an English tutor and teacher of children, I always relied on my own innate skill and have never been formally trained. Within my circle, I was the resident expert on the English language, as I was one of the few native speakers. From my own efforts and studies, I developed my own program for my students. I often felt unsure if I was applying the right methods and longed for some formal training. Now I can say that I have learned a great deal from studying the ESA method, and have a better understanding of what good lesson planning and classroom management involves. From my own intuition and experience, I learned to apply some of the techniques and methods presented in this course, however, the examples and explanations provided were more detailed, logical, and comprehensive than the lesson plans I had done previously. By Lee Will Experience Classroom. First I must mention that the classes I was teaching were basically enrichment classes. The students were native Bahrain Americans whose parents were non-English-speaking immigrants. As such, although the students spoke English as their first language, compared to children of English-speaking parents, their vocabulary was somewhat limited. Although most of the parents had some level of proficiency in English, they did not have the confidence or ability to help their children in their school work. I was asked to provide lessons to preschool children age 4, to prepare them for kindergarten. For the preschool children, I would generally base my lessons around the seasons and holidays. I would begin the lesson with some songs, and then read a book to the class. Usually, after that, we would do some activity, I used resources and materials from mailbox, a preschool teacher's magazine. Ideal Setting. If I could design my ideal ESL class for 4-year-old children and money was no object this is what I would do. I would have a classroom large enough to accommodate 10 children, there would be one teacher and one assistant. One section of the classroom would be carpeted and used for circle time, music and movement, and story time. One section would have a play kitchen set with all the accessories play food, dishware, utensils, table, etc. One set of shelves would have age-appropriate puzzles. One set of shelves would be supplied with paper, scissors, crayons, and colored pencils. There would also be play sets of farm animals, wild animals, people of different sorts, etc. The materials would be rotated according to the lesson plan, not everything would be out at once. That way the materials will stimulate more interest. There would also be a water, sand table. Objects around the classroom would be labeled, for example, door, window, art center etc. to teach sight words and encourage literacy. The most ideal setup would have a bathroom and sink directly accessible in the room. Routine for younger children. Although older students and adults become bored with the same schedule every day, young children actually do better with a predictable routine. I would base my program on the following pattern, using what I have learned from this online course. Of course, as I learn what works and what doesn't work, I would modify what I do to be a more effective teacher. A lesson based on the Eric Connell picture book The Hungry Caterpillar would have the objective, students will be able to recognize and name the foods mentioned in the story. As teaching aids, I would have the storybook, plastic food items relating to the story, paint, paint brushes, and paper, and a CD with the Hungry Caterpillar wrap. My personal aim would be to facilitate smooth transitions between activities by giving students sample cues before switching. An anticipated problem for the students would be to remain focused on the activities. My solution would be to keep each activity no longer than 10 to 15 minutes and to be prepared to change the activity if it's not working. An anticipated problem for myself would be dealing with any discipline problems that arise during the lesson. A solution would be good teamwork with my assistant and come firmness with the children. As the children arrived they would be greeted by the teachers and asked to sit at the tables to have free play time with puzzles. Some of the puzzles would relate to previous lessons and some would be new, relating specifically to the day's lesson. To begin the first phase, students would be called to sit on the carpet. There I would show the students the play food items in the story and try to elicit the names from the children, teaching them any words they do not know. Then I would read the story, pausing and pointing at the food items and allowing the children to call out the names. Circle Time For the next phase of the lesson, the children will remain in the circle area but will get up and dance to the Hungry Caterpillar wrap. This activity will reinforce some of the vocabularies, and also allow the children to have fun and move. Teacher Directed Activity For the final phase of the lesson, the students will put on their smocks and go to easels that have been prepared with paper, green and red paint, and paint brushes. The children will then paint their own Hungry Caterpillar. Children who already may have some knowledge of letters will be encouraged if they sign their names. As students finish their work, they may go either to the puzzle table or to the kitchen, where they can play with the food items from the story, as well as other items. The students will remain in free play, with the teachers present to guide and reinforce the lesson, until the parents come to pick up the children. Are you ready to teach English as a second language? The same book can be used for further lessons to teach the days of the week, counting, and colors. These lessons could be added on as previously covered material is reviewed in a fun way. Children of this age love repetition and many more lessons can be planned from the same book. This is how I would plan a lesson now, based on what I have learned from ITTT. Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


page. If you haven't been provided your username or password, it might be necessary to create your own login account. The right hand side of this page explains the steps. So you click the button that reads create new account. Give yourself a username and a password. Enter your email address twice. It needs to be an active and valid email address. Enter your first name, last name, town or city and country. Click the button create my new account. So an email will be sent to your inbox. You need to click the verification link and then return to the login page to gain access. If you were in fact given your username and password and didn't need to create your own login account, you would simply enter your username and password to log in.


Welcome to Free Thoughts, a podcast project of the Cato Institute's libertarianism.org. Free Thoughts is a show about libertarianism and the ideas that influence it. I'm Aaron Powell, a research fellow here at Cato and editor of libertarianism.org. And I'm Trevor Burrus, a research fellow at the Cato Institute Center for Constitutional Studies. Today, we're talking about African Americans, libertarianism, and the state. Joining us is Jonathan Blanks, a research associate in the Cato Institute Center for Constitutional Studies. This may seem like a silly and kind of obvious first question, but the state generally hasn't been too kind to black people, has it? I mean, there's the obvious monstrosity of slavery, but it certainly didn't stop there. No, no, no. There's a long history of blacks in the state not working very well together. I mean, you have it started with the Constitution and the implicit recognition with the three fifths compromise. And then you have the Supreme Court decisions like Dred Scott, where Judge Tawny said, Justice Tawny said, there's no rights that the white man should respect of a black man. And during slavery, you had stuff like the Future of Slave Act, which not only affected slaves, black people in the South that are enslaved, but also blacks in the North that would either escape or were born free, but still could be kidnapped and had a hard time proving their freedom, which was obviously put in the most recent, the recent film, 12 Years a Slave. Then after the Civil War, you have Reconstruction. South fights back against that, but eventually it goes away with the Republican compromise that brought in Rutherford B. Hayes, and you had basically all of the rights that had been given to blacks through the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments basically completely stripped away. Blacks in government were removed, some through democratic means, some through basically coups d'etat.  They couldn't testify against white people. You had state-sponsored terrorism, where essentially police officers were often the people who were leading in the Klan. They would meet out their own type of justice, whether or not they used the courts or not, which were generally stacked against them anyway.  Allowing lynchings to happen, another one. Well, yeah, allowing lynching to happen, or leading the lynch parties often. When you read a lot about the lynchings, you're like, oh, the investigation never happened. Well, a lot of the reason why the investigation never happened is because they were there. They knew what was going on. Oh, I'll leave the keys right here, gentlemen, and I'll step out. Yeah, exactly. And then you also had less reported stuff like the convict lease program, where you had, of course, the Southern economy was depressed after the war. So a lot of people went to work for sharecropping, and they would hopefully get as much as they had earned. But a lot of times, they were basically living on a substance level. Well, during the same time, they passed a lot of like vagrancy laws.  Then make you work. Yeah. And they would make you work, and they would basically sell you back into corporate slavery, where you had people in the South that arrested for vagrancy, and then they couldn't pay their fine to get out. And they're like, well, now you're going to do a year, and then now you're in prison. Oh, well, we need labor in the North.  And then these are untold stories of hundreds of people who were assumed to be criminals, because they went into the criminal justice system. But then eventually, we're essentially just jobless in the South, and there was not a whole lot they could do. And this targeted chiefly blacks, or was it that, or did it target, say, poor whites and jobless whites as well? It was chiefly used against blacks. I think most of the time, when you had a white person picked up for vagrancy, it was going to be something like public drunkenness, and they'd be basically let out. Oh, yeah. The big weapon for sheriffs and anyone in state positions was just discretionary enforcement of all these things. These laws were not really meant to be applied to white people, and we never applied them to white people. They're just applied to black people. Very bad. And then, of course, they got codified more with Jim Crow laws, which were then put in place with the Pussy B. Ferguson case, too. And then it got even worse and worse and worse. Yeah, absolutely.  You can't go into the front of stores.  Then you have just weird things that happened, like federal recognition of segregation. You had it in the South, and it was basically when Hayes came in and Reconstruction ended, I think it's fair to say that the Republican Party and the federal government just kind of turned their back to the South and let the South do what they wanted to do. Absolutely. But as the 20th century came in, you actually started to have federal recognition of segregation. For example, there are twice as many bathrooms as are needed in the Pentagon because they built it in Jim Crow, Virginia, and they couldn't have the same bathroom. So, of course, the government is spending millions of dollars unnecessarily because they recognized Virginia state law, which is absolutely against the Constitution. Even earlier, you have black troops returning home from who fought in World War II, who had to get in the back of the train while German POWs were able to sit up front in basic luxury cars. Well, it wasn't even the integrating of the military that Truman did too. Exactly. So, the military itself worked on segregated levels up until 1948, I believe, it was the year. Yeah. And so, then, of course, you have the civil rights era, and things get a lot better. You know, the segregation has struck down, Jim Crow dies. And we expect, you would hope, looking back at everything, you know, everything's jolly, but of course, that's not what happened. In the 70s, you have Nixon's persecution of the drug war. Now, keep in mind, when he started it up, it was like supposed to be, you know, equal enforcement and treatment, although he sold it as a tough-on-crime thing. That, of course, exploded under Reagan, and we have these massive incarceration problems, you know, the interstates became war zones because of the crack epidemic. And, you know, again, this is all basically state-driven through the prohibition. Oddly enough. The sentencing disparity too, yeah. Sentencing disparities. Although, funny thing about that is you had, you know, part of that was actually supposed, was supported by the Congressional Black Caucus.  And so, we're going to support this 101. What did these sentencing disparities look like? The crack to powder disparity was basically you would get five years in prison for five grams of crack cocaine that you would get for 500 grams of powder cocaine. But because powder cocaine is more expensive and typically more associated with white people, then crack would get, was this demon drug that was destroying the cities and, you know, the crack babies and everything that was going on, which turned out later to be mostly made up. I mean, it was, you know, it was paranoid. I mean, there were obviously health problems.  But so, yeah, it was, it's a lot of times when this, these sort of racially disparate impact happened not to necessarily use the legal term, but that it's sometimes made from good intentions.  But, you know, here we are. You also have other things like the birth of SWAT, if you read Radley Balco's book, Rise of the Warrior Cop, a lot of this is tied to Daryl Gates and the LAPD and his fight against the Black Panthers. The Black Panthers and also the Riots at the time. Yeah, the Riots of the time. And which is funny, one other thing about the Black Panthers, obviously, I'm not supporting the organization, but they had, they did have a lot of like community-based, you know, aid programs. And they, one of the things they wanted to do was create their own patrols because they didn't trust the police because, again, of the brutality issues and corruption and that sort of thing.  And you get into the 80s and 90s, you know, you've got the Rodney King beating, which, again, triggers the nonviolent, the not guilty verdict triggered, you know, the riots. And it just, the frustration with the state has always been there. And now we have mass incarceration on a level that hasn't been seen with the entirely, which creates disenfranchisement and almost a generation of African American males who are serving time in jail, which means that they have, for usually nonviolent offenses, which means that they have less employment prospects going forward. It all just kind of adds up, but it's been adding up for hundreds of years. Yeah, hundreds of years. But with the sentencing disparity, a lot of these people are coming out now, and there have been some studies showing that because so much of America is still geographically segregated that a lot of these people are going to come back to these same neighborhoods that, you know, that are already economically depressed. Blacks already have a higher unemployment rate than the general population and certainly whites. And if you have a large number, like six thousand people a week, I think, come out of incarceration into these neighborhoods that are already economically depressed, they have lower job prospects. What are we going to do about all of them? Yes, that's a good point. I think a lot of people don't appreciate just how bad the criminal justice system is in the way it treats black Americans. So we've talked a little bit about, you know, sentencing disparities and whatnot, but what are some of the other ways that the criminal justice system is harmful or stacked against? Well, I mean, just like your day-to-day contact with black people, you're going to see like a New York City stop-and-frisk program that Bill de Blasio has finally started to address. There was a federal injunction saying they needed to start having monitors and all that because over the course of, you know, they stopped four million people over the course of like ten years. So what is stop-and-frisk? Oh, stop-and-frisk is basically a program that was billed as an anti-gun measure. Basically, there's a case called Terry v. Ohio in which a cop stopped some people who were kind of lingering around a convenience store, I believe, and he looked like they were casing the joint. So he went up to them and searched them for weapons, found weapons that they had been planning to rob this place. And the Supreme Court said that's okay because he was, he's an experienced police officer. They looked like they were about to commit a crime and for his own safety he checked for weapons. So stop-and-frisk is a much broader program to stop the carrying of weapons and therefore crime prevention method in New York City and other places that basically gives carte blanche to the police to just, if as long as they have an articulable suspicion that a crime is about to be committed, they can pat someone down for weapons. The problem is over the ten years that they were doing this program that there were about four million stops over 80% of which sometimes 89% in any given year were totally innocent. No, no guns, no drugs, no past citations, no outstanding warrants. I think it was higher than 80%, wasn't it? I mean it was incredibly low.  So you break it down by year, it starts off around 82% and then it gets up to... But the guns, the guns are pretty low.  So you have this, this anti-gun program out of four million stops. They found about 8,000 guns. 8,000 guns is a lot of guns, but it's two tenths of one percent of the amount of stops that they were doing. So with this, you say they need the articulable suspicion, does this mean that they were coming up with suspicion to articulate after the fact in many cases, that they probably didn't have anything at all or were these people, I mean, is there a sense that these people were legitimately acting, say, suspicious and it just turned out that... Well, generally with the criminal justice system, people are going to believe cops over here, average citizen, no matter what color they are, but particularly given the history and like the stereotypes against black people, you're going to have that. A lot of these, part of when the injunction was written, there were a lot of insufficient documentation that they couldn't really put a reason why they did it. And in one year, they stopped more young black males in New York City than live in New York City. So you're stopping people multiple times and they've shown that they've basically camping outside of neighborhoods and just searching guys six, seven times. And these are like students that are going to school and so no, a lot of times I think they were either making it up or they're just like, well, he was nervous around a police officer. Oh, I wonder why, but that's a good enough reason for them.  I mean, this has got to be pretty psychologically destructive. Well, absolutely. Even in the Terry decision, there is a footnote in which the judge cited the justice cited a law enforcement critique that's saying in minority communities, stop and frisk, not based on articulable suspicion creates a lot of resentment and you can understand why. And so if young blacks have so much contact with police if they're just kind of hanging out, being kids, you know, it's like, what are you doing here? Things that a lot of other people don't have to do. Yeah, white kids get hit with it too, but it is so much more prevalent, so much more hostile. And it creates a resentment and like a society that just doesn't want you. And I think that that's a good, that's a point in general because you start to get these neighborhoods to feel like the police are an occupying force and this basic disconnection between the government and you that they come in and they're not us, they're them, the white government who comes in and treats us very poorly, which is a general, I think, trend in a lot of the ways that African Americans have dealt with the state.  It doesn't help for community policing. It doesn't help to solve crimes, to have anyone actually come forward and say, hey, I'll help you out because the police are friends. It really destroys that tie between the people in the state in a way that I think, again, going back to the general topic, African Americans feel that and have felt that for a long time, that the state is them, it's not us. Yeah, and I think also like general society. I mean, it's just, I don't think they're thinking, oh, it's this police department that's doing it. It's like, you see so many people around you going away to prison, coming back, not being able to get a job, you're getting followed in the mall by cops of security. You get shaken down when you're just like trying to go to a movie in your own hometown. I mean, how, it's so alienating and it's just really difficult to see when people are like, well, you know, why were those kids doing that in the first place? Why are the cops like just harassing people? And so I think it really reduces the buy-in to the American dream that we all kind of want and kind of aspire to when you just have agents of the state you know, making lives miserable for basically no reason. Let's go back and talk about some other things that have created that distance, I think that a lot of people don't know about in terms of policies that had extreme racial or racist origins to them or were enforced in a racially disparate way. One of them, a big one is gun control, which more and more people I think are realizing there's a couple of books that came out recently both talking about the importance of guns for civil rights, but especially KKK, gun control, gun confiscation organization really, right? Yeah, essentially, I mean, one of the first things that after the war, one of the first things that the South did before like fully implemented reconstruction was try to disarm the newly freed blacks because a lot of these ex-slaves had guns for hunting because they were allowed to do that because they could forge for their own food on their days off. And part of the reason that we passed the 14th Amendment was in fact protect the gun rights of the freedmen, but throughout the history since then, you have, again, you're talking about the Klan would try to take the guns from freedmen, the governments would try to strip blacks of their rights. It was... Well, another good one is the May issue, we're talking about discretion, the May issue license permitting that they have, which is you have to demonstrate to some government officially you need a gun permit. There's a case from 1941, a Florida case where they say, well, everyone knows this law was passed to not apply to white people. The sheriff in his discretion just could deny black people having guns, but that never happens to white people. Right, I mean, it does today. You basically have to be a celebrity to get a carry permit in New York, but in places like New York. But take, for example, Martin Luther King. I mean, he was, he didn't believe in political violence, but he was not against self-defense or defense of his family. He applied for one of these May issue permits and he was denied. And of course, that was racially based. The South is famous for its love of guns. And I obviously have no problem with that, but the problem is when it is selectively enforced, it's going to have an impact on the people who that is being enforced against. I think this is a broader problem that a lot of people don't appreciate with when you have discretion baked into laws. So we say things like, well, this law looks like, I mean, this law looks like it applies to everybody, but if there's any discretionary angle on it, then that discretion, I mean, the discretion may be used legitimately in a lot of cases, but if there are prejudices that the person with the discretionary power holds or there are racism or other forms of bigotry are in existence, then the discretion's going to start aligning with those things. And so a law that looks perfectly fine on its face on the ground is going to have really pernicious effects and be used illegitimately. But the problem I think that a lot of us face when we're talking about things like the experience of poor blacks in this country is that we don't see it. Like we don't see that effect and that the people that it's happening to are often not in a position to make their plight known. They don't have, they don't have access to. And they don't even have the ability to get that discretion reviewed at all at the time. Well, absolutely. And I mean, this is basically one of the major problems with the drug war. Whites and blacks use drugs at roughly the same rate. Dave Weigel, I think, wrote about this recently where he was at a party with a lot of DC journalist writer types. And there was marijuana there. And there is literally no fear for them to openly use in their homes in Northwest with, the cops are not coming to bust down the stores. Northwest DC is what he means, like more gentrified area.  Well, that's where the drug war is fought. And for doing the same thing, white professionals in DC can get, will land you jail time in Southeast. And of course, that's where you're going to have your SWAT style raids where you have police officers in full military gear. As you said, like they're in Fallujah, kicking down doors, holding semi-automatic weapons to people's heads, keeping them on the ground for with no expectation of violence going in. It's just, that's just how drug warrants are served now. And this has been able to grow because we have this, like the crime rate in the 1980s just got everyone. So like worked out crime is a number one public policy problem. So you had a lot of sort of white voters being scared that, oh no, our crime rate is going up and we need to do something about it. We need to put resources and effort into more policing, more aggressive policing. And so they provide the incentive for the government to ramp up all this, but they don't feel the effects of it, what that looks like on the ground with the tanks, with the automatic weapons. It's because it's exploding all over the country now because of the Pentagon subsidizing the militarization of all these units. More people are starting to see it because, also because of like cell phones on this. Tim had a great briefing yesterday where he was talking about. Tim Lynch. Yeah, Tim Lynch about the expansion of cell phones and people can record what's going on where and it is now affecting white homes and now people are starting to get upset about it because you have people who are absolutely, a lot of times because these are wrong door rates that get bad information, there are perfectly innocent. Their dogs are shot, like Mayor Che Calvo over in Maryland had his two dogs shot and he was tied to it. His, I think it was his wife and his mother-in-law were tied to a chair while their dogs bled to death on their floor and questioned about a DHL package that was sent to their house full of marijuana that they did not order. And I think when you have people that are able to see what this enforcement looks like, you're now seeing more backlash against it. But more white people taking notice possibly. Indeed. Some other policies that have hurt African-Americans disproportionately. What's another good example? I think that definitely minimum wage gets some attention on that level. The thing is with the CBO recently put out a report about if we, up the minimum wage to 1010, we have a lot of people would benefit. They would pull up wages on a large scale, but that we would probably have a net job loss of $500,000. I mean, 500,000 people would lose their jobs and they would not be replaced. I'm not an economist, but I look at this and I'm thinking, okay, where is this going to hit the hardest because the unemployment rate is already higher among blacks and minorities. And if you have 500,000 job losses, who is that likely going to hit more? I don't have the data to support that. But certainly in the past, during the New Deal, when they were raising minimum wages, it priced unskilled blacks out of jobs. And this was pushed by unions because unions used to be exclusive to whites. Incredibly racist, yes. And while they've certainly amended for that, their policies still affect people the way that they were originally intended to. Well, the Fair Labor Standards Act in the first federal minimum wage, there is good evidence that a lot of people, particularly in Ohio, representatives of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, that was where the great migration was occurring of blacks trying to get out of the South because it wasn't very nice down there.   Well, no, it's actually that if someone is racist and you're trying to get them to hire you, sometimes the only way you can do that is to actually give them a lower cost for you. It's bad that they're racist, but you can have a job if you undercut someone else in the same work. So there is a lot of racism originally behind the minimum wage and unions and Davis-Bacon and all these things to control wages which really disproportionately hurt African-Americans. Yeah, absolutely. Another area that we often don't recognize how much it harms black Americans, especially because the rhetoric of it is that it's meant to help especially poor people throughout the country who couldn't afford alternatives is public schooling. Yes, absolutely. If I can go way anecdotal here, I grew up and I went to a magnet school and it was intentionally racially integrated, these advanced programs and all that. When I was in second grade, we moved just outside of the city district we didn't realize. And I had to switch schools and I went to this school that was a majority black. And the students had already came up to me like, you're the smartest kid in the school. I don't necessarily know that I was, but I was probably the best educated.  And I was like, yeah. And it didn't really mean anything to me at the time, but I look back on this, I transferred in fourth grade. But by that point, these kids had already taken a position that the white kids were the smart kids. And if this is something that they were being taught at that young age, I mean, I don't think they understood it at the time either. But they felt it. Yeah, they felt it. And of course, I was in the advanced classes all through school. And even though when I got to my majority black high school, the advanced class was mostly white. And that's a problem. But in a broader sense, you have these schools, again, because we talk about how segregated neighborhoods still are. Schools, neighborhood schools are vastly segregated. And I don't think there's a more dramatic explanation of this than right here in D.C. D.C. has the, I think the 51st out of 50 states and the district ranked public school system. And they spend the most money. And they spend the most money, much on security and other things, and administration. And in the outlying areas, in suburban Virginia and Maryland, you have, I think, three or four of the top public school districts in the country. You know, obviously it's not a geographic issue. You know, and it's going to have a, you know, it has to have a racial component on it because these schools on the outside, mostly white. Schools in D.C., almost 100% black. And it's, if you don't, if you trap these kids in these schools, as the public school systems do, you know, there's no way out. And we mean quite literally trap in the sense that, I mean, with the public school, it's where you live is what school you go to. And so if that school is bad, your only option is to up and move. And if you're poor, you don't have the options to move out to Fairfax County or some very wealthy county that has great schools. You just, you can't afford to do it. So you're stuck in the school system. The law doesn't allow you recourse. Yeah, there are horror stories. There's this woman, I think she was in Ohio that was prosecuted for lying where she lived to get her kid into a better school district. I mean, it's absurd. The- It's more, it's absurd and it's something that, you know, I don't use this rhetoric. It's a human rights violation in some basic sense. The people on the left like to use that rhetoric more. You're literally trapping people into school systems that if their kids go to them, they're worse off than if they don't go to school at all because they might end up in a gang. And then when they try to get out of it, you're putting them in jail. I mean, it's just unbelievable.  And what irritated me more than anything was when Obama came into office, one of his first priorities. Now keep in mind he had said that he was going to do not what it was good for, like the party, but it was going to be good for the people. And one of the first things his administration did was to limit the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program, which is a local program in which you could get tax, was it tax credit or is it voucher? Voucher, I think. Yeah, that you could pull your kid out of the DC public school and take it to a charter school or a private school, whatever, wherever you wanted. The funny thing about that was it was effective. It wasn't, you know, these kids weren't like off, the kids who left weren't like off the charts better, but they were doing as well or better and for less money. And this was taking absolutely no money from the DC public schools. They moved to kill it probably on behalf of the teachers unions. And one of the excuses they used was, well, it's not available to enough children. Well, if you look at the history of the legislation that authorized the DC Opportunity Scholarship, the teachers union caved and said, well, yeah, but limit it to this amount of people. So here the DC teachers union says, you know, only this amount of kids can go into it. And then years later when they're stripping it, it's like, well, it's not available to enough people. So we have to. That's unfair, yeah.  And there were protests, and I think they had it on life support for a while. I haven't checked and see where it is at this point. Well, then let's shift our focus a bit because given, I mean, the horror stories we've just described and these awful policies piled on top of awful policies, it would seem that libertarianism as both a political movement and an ideology would have a lot to offer to blacks, yet we don't see a whole lot of black libertarians or black self-identified libertarians. But what, I mean, let's start by saying what are some of the policies that libertarians advocate that would address the problems that we've been talking about? Well, yeah, well, certainly obviously ending the drug war is the biggest one. I think it goes a little broader than that because you do have to start thinking about how the police treat the people they come into contact with as a general rule. So I think just broader criminal justice reform would help. But again, and we were just touching on its school choice, allowing kids to get out of these terrible schools that are stunting their ability to become viable participants in a global market economy. They have to have a better opportunity to move up and libertarians have been leading the way on school choice for a very long time. Economic freedoms? I think libertarians have a lot to offer in this regard on business regulation. There are so many just sort of old protectionist, ridiculous rules that prevent people from starting businesses or even joining businesses. For example, there are rules in which moving companies in certain states aren't, have to sign off on any new entrant into the business. Well, why would they do that? So if someone's to start a moving company and say this, they have to go to this cartel and say, can we join your cartel? Customers would be deeply harmed if there were too many moving companies. Indeed. And there's also restrictions like for haircutting. Madam C.J. Walker was a famous black entrepreneur back in the early 20th century when she sold hair and skin products because black people a lot of times have different hair and skin needs than other people. But, and so hairstylists, barbershops, and other cosmetic stores are very popular in black communities. However, there are these regulations that prevent just anyone from going into business. There are some regulations about, because you have to be licensed to do some of these things, and some of these licenses are unavailable to you if you have a past criminal conviction. Or they're just super expensive too. Well, absolutely. Yeah, so they're cost prohibitive and if you're just, you know, just starting off, you know, just the amount of red tape and the amount of money that people face trying to go into business for themselves, which again, is the American dream, and I think in many respects. It's like starting off for yourself, being your own boss. Libertarians want to strike all this stuff down and I think that's something we can offer to, particularly the black entrepreneurs. Then what explains this relative lack of libertarianism among blacks? Well, I think part of it is that we have some very unfortunate past associations. I think a lot of people who kind of held on to the lost cause and holding on to the revisionist, southern way of the Civil War have kind of fell into our camp and they also tend to be anti-federal government and good for them, but they, when they talk about welfare and they talk about crime, it's often, it was coded language. You know, basically you look at the Willie Horton ad during President H.W. Bush's run. It was race-baiting. That was the ad that accused Dukakis of letting this guy out of jail who later killed some people, correct? Yeah, yeah, yeah. I mean, it was basically an attack on the pardon power, which is another story altogether, but the idea of the welfare queens and all this, and this is always associated with black people, even though more people on welfare are actually white, but it's like this sort of racial overtones that have fed white resentment politics for so long that is identified with libertarians fairly and unfairly, I think. I think that's like a real big part of it. And again, like your general association with the right Reagan, again, led the war on drugs. He, I mean, he didn't start it, Nixon did, but the way he ramped it up and the way that it affected black communities during that time, you know, anything kind of vaguely assigned with the right is not going to be most popular with black people. So I think- Although it used to be the case that all blacks were Republicans until about FDR, and it was the party of Lincoln. And now Republicans are supposed to be racist or they're often called racist, so any association we have with them is probably not helping us. Yeah, I think libertarians basically have a branding problem right now. And I think there's also sort of a misunderstanding in some of the policies that we pursue in the courts, but- So how should we talk about this stuff more in a different way, or what are we missing in communication-wise? I think part of it is to sort of make it clear that when we talk about we want to reform the welfare state, when we want to, you know, in this criminal justice issue that we understand that there is a racial component and we actually say, hey, this is wrong. And distance ourselves from those of the past who have kind of been in the same boat that we are. I think that would be a first step in a program in getting more people on board. Probably is not the best strategy too to endlessly talk about any of the Fed or macroeconomic policy or focus on corporate tax rates. That's the thing libertarians have more to offer about a theory of freedom. Absolutely. That's not just about tax rates and corporations and- Which are important issues. Of course, absolutely. But there's often the perception that we talk about those to the exclusion of other issues. Yeah, absolutely. I think in libertarian rhetoric, a lot of times we have fun with, you know, we have these mental exercises like how far do we believe this, like the famous quirk of libertarian summer seminars is like, well, what do you think about black tar heroin and vending machines? But one of the problems with this is one of these rhetorical flourishes is taxation equals slavery. And it sort of delegitimizes what American slavery looked like, what damage it did, what legacies it has left behind that we still feel today. And, you know, that they want to increase the capital gains tax. No, it's not the same thing. So I think, again, it goes back to a branding issue and just sort of understanding that freedom is more than free markets. Free markets are absolutely essential to freedom, but it is more than that. That there are actors and there are problems within our society that still, unfortunately, have this racial component and that those should be reckoned with and those must be dealt with. But there's this reticence of some libertarian Stephen address race because I think it's playing identity politics. And I don't agree with that. I think that when you have a community that knows it's being treated differently because of its race, because of resentment, because of just where the neighborhood is, that recognizing that and saying this is wrong and this needs change is important. But the idea that, oh, when we talk about issues that actually affect black people that's engaging in identity politics, it's weird to me.  No, they have issues because they are farmers. For people who want to read more, follow up with you on these issues, is there somewhere they can find you online? Absolutely. I have an irregularly updated blog at blankslate at blogspot.com and you can follow me on Twitter at blankslate. Thank you for listening to Free Thoughts. If you have any questions or comments about today's show, you can find us on Twitter at Free Thoughts Pod, that's Free Thoughts P-O-D. Free Thoughts is a project of Libertarianism.org and the Cato Institute and is produced by Evan Banks. To learn more about Libertarianism, visit us on the web at www.libertarianism.org.