Hello everybody Andrea here with Mr x I want to show you guys how to properly brush your child's teeth, you should always be helping them as well, so I tell parents, let your child do it, depending on the age. They might just chew their toothbrush that's normal if they're at that age, though, you will definitely have to do it for them. Or if they're at the age where they are starting to brush themselves that's fantastic but they're not going to be doing the best job, because they just can't get in there properly, so then you have to either do it first for them and then let them do it themselves. or let them do it themselves first and then you do it afterwards try to make brushing fun if they see you doing it. Having a good time they're going to want to do it to if they hear you say oh I don't want to brush they're not going to do it either, so what I want you guys to do, so this is a really big toothbrush they're going to have a smaller one. Kids typically have a toothbrush this size you don't want anything too big, but nothing too small either because then you can't really get in there properly electric toothbrushes sound like a great idea, but a lot of kids don't like that extra. vibrations, if you will, of an electric toothbrush so manual might be the way to go if they don't like their manual toothbrush then buy them an electric and maybe they will like that one better. Sorry, if you guys hear that noise my puppies are playing below me sorry. Okay, so the toothbrushing you want to go in a circular technique for all of the outside teeth and then on the inside it's a little bit different. So for the outside so can everybody see it you literally just want to go in circles okay in circles everywhere like 123123 or count to five whatever works you don't want to be doing this because that's not good enough you. You do have to go kind of this way, sometimes it's even easier to tell your child to close, so then you can actually do the top and bottom, at the same time. So every child is different, they might not want to close so then that's okay, you just have to make sure to do the top and bottom, but if they don't mind closing say close like this. Then you can do the top and bottom, at the same time, but notice my teeth notice how my top teeth overlap the bottom teeth. If your child's do that they don't typically, but if they do, then you will have to have them open because if. I try to brush my teeth that way, I would just be able to do the top teeth right. So then you might have to have the child open but make sure to get the insights to but it's really hard to brush in circles on the inside. So what I want you guys to do is to just do the best you can and just sort of brush everywhere okay. On the inside, does that make sense it's really hard to brush in circles on the inside, so you kind of have to go just brush everywhere. And you're not it's not going to be perfect that's why it's so important to brush twice a day, even three times a day if you're home so you're always able to get the plaque. The stain off because if you're not brushing the plaque and stain will not come off so once again do the circles for the outside. You could either have your child be open like this or closed and then do them both at the same time, but the insides you just have to go to town and go everywhere. You can brush in circles on the inside, but I find that's really, really difficult to do, so this is just easier if that makes sense. And for the flossing if your child's teeth are close together, that means it's time to floss. I love the floss picks which I thought I brought with me, but I did it i'm sorry, but I love the floss picks do a quick search online just type in floss picks you will see what they look like. They are amazing you will have to do it for your child at first because they won't know how. But then they could easily do it themselves, even while they're watching a movie or TV or something. What a lot of parents ask me is does my kid need toothpaste yes if your child is just brushing with water it's better than nothing. But they're not getting those protective coding ingredients of the toothpaste. On their teeth if they're not using toothpaste so toothpaste is the way to go, I have another video where I talk about the different types of toothpaste depending on the ages, because that does make a big difference, but the rule of thumb is if your child can't swallow yet. Make sure the toothpaste has xylitol in it natural toothpaste aren't always the way to go because they don't have enough protective coding in them to protect the teeth. You're cleaning away staying with a natural toothpaste but you're not doing anything else your teeth and their teeth and need some extra protective elements to help to protect against acids sugars. Anything if they're not using toothpaste it's not necessarily good because sugars acids anything are going to start to eat away at the teeth a lot quicker. Think of a good shampoo and conditioner if you're not using shampoo and conditioner you're not protecting your hair. Are you even washing your hair properly not really you really need that toothpaste to wash the teeth properly if that makes sense. If your child is able to spit I suggested toothpaste with sodium fluoride stannous fluoride stains the teeth stay away from stannous fluoride I like sodium fluoride there are certain toothpaste out there that have xylitol and sodium. fluoride in them, but they typically have to be prescribed by a dental professional but that's the best toothpaste because xylitol helps to protect against the bacteria, so the bacteria can't. Basically grow to cause a cavity with xylitol with the sodium fluoride that will actually help to protect against cavities and if there's a little cavity starting that will actually help to limit that cavity from getting bigger so you need both. xylitol and sodium fluoride any questions though just ask your dental hygienist and they can help you because it really does depend on the patient, so if you guys have questions, let me know I hope that helped we had fun showing you guys how to brush and I will see you guys in the next video.


Dear Chairman, Harlegan, my dear colleagues, ambassadors, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, dear friends, good afternoon. Today I'm delighted to give a speech at IIEA, a leading think tank of Ireland. IIEA has established a China group and invited a few eminent Chinese experts to deliver speeches here, which is quite helpful in promoting mutual understanding between China and Ireland. Great Irish writer, playwright and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, George Bernard Shaw, a strong friend of China, once said, if you have an apple and I have an apple, and we exchange these apples, then you and I will still each have one apple. But if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exchange these ideas, then each of us will have two ideas. Today, my topic is China and its role in the wild world, and I hope we could exchange our ideas in depth. Since I arrived in Dublin in August last year, many Irish friends have been talking to me, China is such a big, fast developing country, and it's too far away from us. How could we get to know China better? The just concluded, the just concluded the 18th Communist Party of China, the short form is CPC, National Congress, I believe, could be a platform for other countries, including Ireland, to have a better understanding of China in a comprehensive way. Based on the Party of Congress report, I wish to talk about China and its role in the wild world with the following three parts.  Wayne asked about the image of China. The Irish ambassador to China, his Excellency Mr. Declan Kellacher, said, the first image coming to his mind is China's high growth rate, which could be two of many Irish friends. China has indeed achieved a great success since its reform and opening up in 1978, especially in the last 10 years when the Chinese economy averaged a yearly growth, a yearly growth rate over 10%. And its GDP has overtaken UK and France in 2005, then Germany in 2008, and the surpassed Japan in 2010. ranking China as the second largest economy in the world. Now China has become the world's largest exporter and the second largest import and the largest emerging market and contributes over 20% to the world economic growth. The progress of reform and opening up of China is not only transforming China itself, but also having profound effects on the whole world. Despite growth, great progress in its economic development, China remains the biggest developing country in the world with a population of 1.3 billion. Every achievement could look negligible while being divided by 1.3 billion. And any problem could become a huge headache while being multiplied by 1.3 billion. The per capita GDP of China in 2011 is 5,432 US dollars, which is only one seventh of the Irish. China is faced with pressing challenges on its way of modernization drive, such as an unsound industrial structure, uneven development between urban and rural, widening gap between rich and poor, and the growing constraints of environment and resources on economic development, as the newly elected General Secretary Xi Jinping said in his inaugural address. The Chinese people wish to have better education, more stable jobs, better income, more reliable social security, better medical and healthcare, more comfortable housing conditions, and a more beautiful environment. They want their children to have sound growth, have good jobs, and lead a more enjoyable life to meet their desire for a happy life is our mission. The Party Congress report has set goals of completing the building of a moderate prosperous society in all respects by 2020, and double China's 2010 GDP and per capita income for both urban and rural residents. It is the first time to set these two goals at the same time. The total value of GDP and per capita income, which ensures that all the people share the flaws of the development and pushes forward common prosperity. The report also lays greatest stress on promoting ecological progress to transform the development model to a green one and build a beautiful country. Secondly, China is a big country with sticks to the path of development and with its own characteristics. Some Irish friends have a keen interest in the 18th CPC National Congress and raised a question with me, given that only 80 years to go until 2020, is it possible to achieve the goals mentioned above and what is the path to China's future? I firmly believe that the goals are certainly attainable. China's GDP grew by 9.3% in 2011, and as estimated by Chinese experts, its GDP will double in 2020, as long as it could keep the annual growth rate of 7%, which is consistent with the realities in China, as for the concerns about a recent slowing down in the Chinese economy, I would like to say it is partly due to the awakening of global economic recovery and also a result of the Chinese government's initiated measures of strengthening macro control and adjusting economic structure. Since the beginning of this year, we have attached more importance to the steady development, focusing on expansion and domestic demand, especially consumption demand and these measures have achieved significant results. China's GDP expanded 7.7% in the first three quarters this year, with CPI increasing 2.8% and the total trade volume expanding 6.2%. China's economic growth has been stabilized. Looking forward, strong vitality and enormous potential is expected in the Chinese economy and the long-standing upward trajectory remains unchanged. We have faith in the future as we have found a path of development which suits the national conditions of China. It is definitely a tough historical challenge to achieve renewal of the Chinese nation and modernize the country, which is large in size and population and once backward in its economic and cultural development. The unique national conditions of China mean that China cannot simply copy other countries model and practice, but only has to seek a path suitable for itself. With decades of efforts, China has opened and developed a road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which proves to be great superiority and a vitality. In the past decade, China has managed successfully to make the Chinese economy one of the first in the world to achieve recovery and rebound and avoid a series of setbacks in China's economic development, becoming the engine and the stabilizer of the world economy recovery. We concentrated our forces on major tasks and successfully overcome the hardship of the SARS plague in 2003 and the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, and we held Beijing Olympics and Shanghai Expo with a big success. We will unswevenly follow the path in the future. Thirdly, China is a responsible big country. At present, relations between China and the world are under historical change. The world focuses more on China now than before. What will China's development bring to the rest of the world? This issue is the focus of the whole world. The party congress report declares again that China will unswevenly follow the path of peaceful development, uphold world peace, and promote common development and prosperity of all countries. China's rise is an opportunity rather than a threat to the rest of the world. Firstly, China, as the most popular developing country, to run its self-will is the most important fulfillment of its international responsibility. China has to feed close to 20% of the world's population with 7.9% of the world's farmland and 6.5% of the world's freshwater. Since the reform and opening up 30 years ago, the Chinese people, once inadequately fed and clad, have been leading a decent life on the whole, and more than 200 million people have been lifted out of poverty. During the last decade alone, over 67 million people from the rural areas have shaken off poverty, which is the equivalent to the size of the French population. It is a significant job and a great contribution to the world for meeting 1.3 billion people's requirements for food, housing, closing, education, and medical care, maintaining a stable and relatively faster growth of economy and society. Secondly, China has made an important contribution to the stable development of the world economy. China pursues an opening-up strategy featuring mutual benefit and win-win results. Since its entry into the WTO in 2001, China has imported goods worth nearly 750 billion US dollars every year and created 14 million jobs for those exporting countries and regions. In addition, China provides assistance to other countries and regions as its capacity permits. By the end of 2009, China had given assistance worth 32 billion euros to 160 countries and over 30 international organizations. Reduced and canceled 380 debts incurred by 50 heavily indebted poor countries and the least developed countries. Following the international financial crisis in 2008, China has taken an active part in the G20's efforts to build a global economic governance mechanism, promoted the reform of the international financial system. It has sent large overseas purchasing missions and helped countries in difficulties. Thirdly, China plays an important role in safeguarding world peace and the meeting global challenge. China is always a strong supporter of the United Nations and has dispatched about 21,000 personnel on 30 UN peacekeeping missions, which is the highest number among the permanent members of the UN Security Council. China is a member of over 100 intergovernmental international organizations, a party to over 300 international conventions and an active participant in building the international system. China has played a constructive role in addressing international and regional hotspot problems. For instance, it calls for resolving the Korean nuclear issue, the Iranian nuclear issue and art hotspot issues through peaceful talks and has helped to establish the six-party talks mechanism on the Korean nuclear issue. China is the first developing country to formulate and implement the national climate change program. It is also one of the countries which have made the greatest efforts in energy saving and emission reduction and which have made the fastest progress in developing new and renewable energy sources in recent years. Fourthly, China's peaceful development has broken away from the traditional pattern where a rising power was born to seek hegemony. China's path of peaceful development is a choice of inheriting the Chinese historical and cultural tradition of UNIT without uniformity and you should not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you. China's path of peaceful development is a choice determined by China's basic national conditions and a choice that represents the global trend. The practice for several decades has proved that it is a right choice and we have no reason to change it. The party congress report again stressed that China will never seek hegemony and will never go in for expansion and will get more actively involved in international affairs, play its due role of a major responsible country and work jointly with other countries to meet global challenges. Meanwhile, I would simply emphasize that China will not create troubles but neither will yet fear troubles. We are firm in our resolve to uphold China's sovereignty, security and development interests and will never yield to any other outside pleasure. Looking forward to the next decade, there are four opportunities in China's development. Opportunities will be found in China's carrying out a strategic adjustment of the economic structure and in all around opening up and exchanges between China and the rest of the world. We have the confidence and ability to achieve a longer term, higher level, better quality development and to complete the building of a moderate prosperous society in all respects. I believe that China's development will be an opportunity to other countries including Ireland and will continue to contribute to the peace and the development of the world. Lastly, I wish to take this opportunity to talk about China-Europe relations and China-Ireland relations. China and Europe are major economies in the world as well as important forces in the international setup. Since the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership in 2003, China-EU relations have achieved deeper frog development. The China-EU trade caught port to 560 billion US dollars compared with 10 years ago. EU companies investment in China allocated over 80 billion US dollars and the Chinese investment in EU countries has increased the scores of times. With China-EU relationship becoming one of the world's most influential bilateral relations, China remained confident about the future of European integration and has provided firm support to Europe since the outbreak of the debt crisis. We contributed 43 billion US dollars to IMF and provided assistance to Europe with our capabilities through purchasing European treasury bonds and increasing imports from Europe. Dear friends, since China and Ireland established diplomatic ties 33 years ago, the bilateral relationship based on mutual respect, equal treatment and seeking a common ground while reserving differences has become a model of friendly coexistence for countries with differences in size, social systems and cultural traditions. The vice president of China, His Excellency Mr. Xi Jinping paid a successful official visit to Ireland in last February and just one month later, His Excellency the teacher and Kenny paid a successful official visit to China. China and Ireland declared establishing a strategic partnership for a mutually beneficial cooperation to elevate the bilateral relations to a new high against the backdrop of the world financial crisis. According to the Chinese statistics, the bilateral trade reached 4.01 billion US dollars from January to August this year up by 6.7 percent year on year. The Irish exports to China reached 2.68 billion US dollars up by 11.6 percent with the ever-increasing exchanges on education, culture and science. Ireland hosts more Chinese students than any other EU country on a per capita basis and the two Confucius institutes in UCD and the UCC and over 70 Confucius classrooms here in Ireland provide good platforms for the Irish friends who are fond of Chinese culture. Riverdance will go full performance tour throughout China at the end of this year which will last for more than two months travel to over 60 cities. They are going to do 55 shows in China. I'm very convinced that China and Ireland could take advantage of our complemented territories in technology, market and the talents and have a promising future for cooperation. So friends, let us join our hands together to bring China and Ireland forward into a greater wing-wing cooperation and the Christmas and the New Year is coming so here I also I would like to wish everybody a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. Thanks a million.


In the last problem, we had looked at solving for roots of a quadratic equation, where the equation was slightly perturbed from a state where it was factorizable as two integers, two integer roots into a slightly perturbed state. There I had stated that the epsilon which is typically a non-dimensional parameter and a small parameter for solving the problem perturbatively is introduced through non-dimensionalization. We did not discuss non-dimensionalization for that problem. We now return to non-dimensionalization and what is the optimal way of doing non-dimensionalization and introducing epsilon into our problem. The important thing to realize is that that the choice of typically for a problem for a mathematical model that we want to set up. In this case, we will look at a simple example now, later we will have to do the same for our interfacial ways problem. Typically there are more than one choice for length time, length and time scales. This leads to some kind of ambiguity for the choice of, for the correct choice of non-dimensionalization for quantities like velocity and so on. Here we have to use our physical intuition in order to choose the scales correctly. Let us look at an example. So let us take a simple example where let us say we are standing on the surface of earth and we are throwing a ball upwards at a speed v0. Now of course the distance to which the ball travels will depend on the speed v0. We typically if we throw with our hands we cannot throw the ball very high. When I say very high I mean the distance that it would travel would be very small compared to for example the radius of the earth. Let us write down some numbers to form our estimates. So typically v0 I will take an upper limit on what is the fastest that a human hand can throw a ball. So typically a fast bowler for example in cricket can throw typically at about 130 kilometers per hour. This is approximately it is slightly more than this but approximately this is 35 meter per second. It is about 36 point something but I have rounded it off to 35. So this is a representative estimate of how fast can the human hand throw. So if we have a fast bowler in cricket throwing the ball is expected to be thrown at a typical velocity of 35 meter per second. Now you can see that this is much much less than for example the escape velocity. We all know how to estimate escape velocity recall that the escape velocity is given by the formula 2 gm by r0. Here g is the universal gravitational constant appearing in the law of gravitation m is the mass of earth and r0 is the radius of earth. Now we know that when you throw a ball upwards the acceleration the force that the earth exerts on the ball via gravity is not really a constant. It depends on the separation between the ball and the earth and the center of the earth. Now typically for the speeds at which we throw balls the distance at which it travels is so small compared to the radius of the earth that as a first approximation it is usually safe to ignore that distance and treat the force as if it is a constant. That gives us a constant value of force consequently a constant value of acceleration which we know to be small g which is 9.8 meter per second square. Now suppose instead of throwing 130 at 130 kilometers per hour we throw at a much higher speed you know 10 times or maybe even 100 times of that. So this is a hypothetical situation where we are launching the ball not by hand but using some kind of a mechanism which can let us say launch it at about instead of 130 kilometers per hour we are launching it at let us say 10 times. Let us compare it with the escape velocity. If you estimate this so g is 6.67 so these are the numbers in SI units. If you calculate if you plug in it here you will get approximately 11 kilometer per second. So you can see that this is even if I launch it at 1300 kilometers per hour that is much much less than 11 kilometers per second. So you can see that 11 to 3600 will be much more than that. So now compare a hypothetical situation where I am launching it at a high speed the speed is high enough such that I do not want to ignore the fact that the as the ball goes upwards the force that the earth exerts on the ball actually changes. So I want to solve the exact equations without making an approximation that the acceleration or the force is a constant. We know how to do this. So let us do this. So the exact force so the exact expression would be so let us say that this direction is x we are solving a one-dimensional problem. So mass into acceleration because the force is always attractive it will be directed towards the center of the earth and we take all quantities in the radially outward direction to be positive so upward direction is positive. So the force is negative and by Newton's law of gravitation the force is just this. Here small m is the mass of the body that I am launching. Now this cancels out and so we get x double dot is equal to minus gm by r plus x square. Now you can immediately see that for the typical velocities which so suppose we will launch it at 35 meter per second or 130 kilometers per hour it would the distance that x max the distance that the ball would travel would be far, far less than r. And so when we solve this equation as a first approximation I can just ignore the x in the denominator and just replace this as minus gm by r square. This is essentially minus gm by r square is g which is 9.8 meter per second square. Now suppose I do not want to do that approximation because I want to throw the ball at increasingly higher and higher speeds. The speeds are sufficiently large that the ball goes a distance but it is still a much bigger distance than what it would if I launched it with 35 but they are still small compared to the radius of the earth and the velocity is still much smaller than the escape velocity. So let us see if we can systematically set up a way of non-dimensionalizing this problem choosing the scales correctly. So how do I choose this? So I want to solve the full problem. I do not want to make this approximation. This is just an exercise in non-dimensionalization followed by solving this problem using perturbative techniques. So I do not want to make this approximation to start with. However I also have an intuition that if my v0 is sufficiently small then at the lowest order of approximation this should be my this problem x double dot is equal to minus g should be my first approximation. So with that in mind let us state the problem. So x double dot is d square x by dt square is equal to minus gm by r plus x square. Now I will launch it at time t equal to 0 it was at 0 my origin of my coordinate system is here. This is x in the vertical direction and I am launching it with some velocity v0. Now let us say that I am I want to write it like this so I pull an r out so it will come out as r square and then I will have x by r whole square. I am doing this because I want to write minus gm by r square as a single variable which is g small g. So this is minus g by 1 plus x by r whole square. This is a very useful form because it tells us that if x max is less than r then a first approximation is just x double dot is equal to minus g. So the acceleration is a constant. Now I let us let us try to first non-dimensionalize this problem appropriately. So if I launch the my projectile with the speed v0 I expect it to travel expected to travel a distance v0 square by g. You can get this from a simple estimate assume that acceleration is constant and if you launch something with speed v0 then how much is the distance traveled in some time t. So this is the maximum distance that it would travel before which after which it would start falling. Now it would travel this distance time taken would be if I know my distance and if I divide by the speed with which it travels then I get a time. So that is v0 by g. So this is my choice of length scale this is my choice of time scale this is something v0 by g some quantity which has the units of time v0 square by g some quantity which has the units of length. We are going to non-dimensionalize by these scales my governing equation. Note that the choice of distance and the choice of time is not unique. If I had gone back to my equation and if I had not done this step where I have replaced gm by r square then I had more dimensional quantities like g capital M and r square. In particular I could have non-dimensionalized by my x with the radius of the earth. I encourage you to try that but first let us do it in the intuitively correct way. So I expect it to travel a distance l before it starts falling back I expect to travel that distance in this time which is given by v0 by t. Now let us scale my equations. So I will write it now in terms of d square x by dt square is equal to minus g by 1 plus x by r whole square. This is just the equation that we had written earlier. Now I define a non-dimensional x which is an x with a tilde which is x the dimensional x divided by something with the units of with the dimensions of length. I will choose that to be v0 square by g this scale. I also have to define non-dimensionalize time and define a new time variable t tilde it is a non-dimensional variable. So dimensional time divided by something with the dimensions of time which is this. Now using these scales I have to non-dimensionalize my governing equation. So governing, notice that this is a non-linear equation. If you solve the full problem it is a non-linear equation in x may or may not be solvable analytically but we are going to try to solve this using a perturbative procedure. So first let us non-dimensionalize it. So if you, so I will have a v0 square by g in the numerator and I will have v0 square by g square in the denominator and then this will become d square x tilde by dt tilde square. And then I will have minus g 1 plus. You can see that I will have a v0 square by rg into x tilde. You can see that this quantity v0 square by rg is non-dimensional. This is length square by time square. So this is a non-dimensional number. I will call it epsilon. What we have on the left hand side after cancellation you can see is just g d square x tilde by dt tilde square and then on the right hand side minus g by 1 plus epsilon x tilde whole square. I can cancel out the g. What about my initial conditions? My initial conditions is x tilde of 0 is anyway 0, dx tilde by dt tilde at time t equal to 0 would be 1. So I have to solve this equation with those initial conditions. Let us estimate the value of epsilon v0 square by rg. And you can see that if I use the formula for small g that I had given earlier then small g was so it is 1 by g. So it will be r square by gm and this is equal to v0 square divided by gm by r. Now this is equal to v0 by square root gm by r whole square. What is square root gm by r? We have seen that 2 times square root v of gm by r is the escape velocity. Square root of 2 times gm by r is the escape velocity. So this epsilon is nothing but v escape. We have seen that even if you make v0 as instead of 135 kilometers per hour we even if you make it 1350 10 times if I make it instead of 130 I make it 1300 kilometers per hour. So it will travel 1300 kilometers in an hour. This travels 11 kilometer in a second. So in 3600 seconds which is an hour it will travel much much more than 1300. So even if you make it 10 times this ratio v0 square v0 by v escape is much much less than 1. However if you throw it at sufficiently large v0 those corrections to the gravitational force might become important. So let us find out a way to solve the full problem in a perturbative manner assuming that epsilon is less than 1 is much much less than 1 and so we can solve it perturbatively but epsilon may not be so small that we can consider force to be a constant. So our scaled problem looks like this. How do we know that this is the correct way of non-dimensionalizing? First check whether when epsilon goes to 0 do you recover the correct equation or not that you would expect on physical grounds. So if you said epsilon equal to 0 you get the equation d square your unperturbed problem is just this. This is just equivalent to saying that if my epsilon is extremely small so in the limit of epsilon going rather if you think of it like this in the limit of epsilon being extremely small I just recover the fact that force is a constant and acceleration is just g. This is just the scale version of that. However as if epsilon is small but not very small then I can use a perturbative procedure to on this equation. I encourage you to try this non-dimensionalization by choosing other scales. So for example we have chosen the length the length scale to be v0 square by g you could have chosen the length scale to be the radius of the earth. You could have chosen the time scale to be the time taken to cover the radius of the earth at a speed v0. Try choosing those scales and non-dimensionalizing your problem and see what happens to the problem in the limit of epsilon going to 0. You will typically find that it will reduce to either something which does not make mathematical sense or it violates your basic intuition that for sufficiently small epsilon taking acceleration to be constant is a valid approximation. So now this non-dimensionalization has added a non-dimensional parameter to our problem which is epsilon. In this problem it is the square of the speed with which we are launching our projectile to the escape velocity of the earth. Provided we do not launch our projectile at the escape velocity epsilon is usually going to be much lower than 1. Let us solve this problem perturbatively and find out what does the perturbed solution look like. So just like before we think of this as an order epsilon term because x tilde is an order 1 term. So we are saying that x tilde is of order 1 after non-dimensionalization if we have non-dimensionalized correctly and so this whole thing is an order epsilon term. So and the left hand side is again order 1 because there is no epsilon anywhere. So let us say that we are going to set up a perturbation approximation to the solution which will be x0 tilde which will be your function of t tilde plus epsilon x1 tilde plus epsilon square x2 tilde plus dot dot dot. We are going to substitute this into our equation and initial conditions and then work out the solutions to this problem at every order of epsilon. Once we get that then we will have to solve the differential equation at every order. An important thing to notice is that this procedure will reduce a non-linear differential equation into a series of linear but inhomogeneous differential equations. It will be easier to solve those equations because they are linear. However the right hand side of the equation the inhomogeneity will become more and more complicated as we go to higher orders. Let us do this exercise and understand how it works. We are going to first let us work on the initial conditions first. So our initial conditions where so let me write down the expansion again. So x of t tilde is x0 tilde. This is my base state solution. I expect the base state solution to give me the lowest order approximation as epsilon goes to 0. The lowest order is just force is equal to constant. So it should just tell me that d square x0 by dt square is equal to minus 1 plus now my initial condition is this. So what does it translate to? So we will have to use this to obtain initial conditions for every order. So how do we do this? So we say x0 plus epsilon x1 of 0 square is equal to 0. This is obtained by substituting the above into this equation. We also obtain at 0. I can satisfy the first equation by choosing. I am equating the coefficient of every power of epsilon to be 0. So I will have and so on. I have to for the second one I have to be a little bit more careful. I there is an order one term here. This is an order epsilon. This is an order epsilon square. So if I collect all the order one terms which are basically coefficients of epsilon to the power 0 then I get. So this is this is all let me write it at the same horizontal level. So this is order one, this and this. Then at order epsilon we will have then at order epsilon square we will have. And like before if I shift the 1 to the left hand side here then I have 0 on the right hand side. So I have to set all the coefficients to 0 in order to satisfy. So this is my initial condition. These are my initial conditions at order one. This is my initial condition at order epsilon. This is my initial condition at order epsilon square. So you can see that we have 0 0 initial conditions at every order except one except at the lowest order. So this will particularly simplify the algebra. So now what we have to do is we have to go back and substitute this form into our governing differential equations. Let us do that. So if I substitute then the left hand side becomes the left hand side of my equation becomes d square x naught tilde by dt tilde square plus epsilon d square x1 tilde plus dot dot dot. The right hand side has to be worked on. The right hand side is 1 plus x tilde whole square which is or epsilon x tilde whole square. So this is epsilon into x naught tilde plus epsilon x1. And now I will have to bring it up in the numerator using binomial expansion. So this just becomes 1 plus epsilon the same thing to the power minus 2. And if you expand it you are going to get. So the exponent comes as a coefficient and then we just have this and then there will be more terms in the expansion. So now I have to set left hand side is equal to right hand side. Collect all terms which are order 1 that will give me my equation governing x0 tilde. Collect all terms order epsilon that will give me an equation governing x1 tilde. In this equation you will find that x0 tilde appears on the right hand side. We cannot solve the order epsilon equation unless we have solved the order 1 equation. This is also true at every order. At every order we can only solve it at that order provided we have solved at all previous orders. In the next video we will do this, we will continue this. We will write down the equations obtained at every order, pair them with the initial conditions that I wrote in the previous slide and then solve them individually. You will see that at every order we will get a linear differential equation. But it will become inhomogeneous as we go to higher and higher orders. And that will give us once we solve those equations it will recover our part of the solution to the non-linear ordinary differential equation.


Live from Washington DC, it's theCUBE, covering Boomi World 19, brought to you by Boomi. Hey, welcome back to theCUBE. We've got Kandy, that's right. I'm Lisa Martin in Washington DC at Boomi World 19 with John Furrier and John and I are excited to be talking next with the Chief Technology Officer of Kandy.com. Gary, welcome to theCUBE. Thank you for having me, great to be here. So tell our audience about Kandy.com. Kandy, all that you want.com, cool stuff. It is cool stuff. It is the endless aisle. We used to go into the supermarket and it never runs out. It's absolutely perfect and that's actually how we started. Knowing that there was so much Kandy out there that people wanted and the lines just weren't long enough to put them in, no matter where you checked out and we started off being the online Kandy store, which was a foot in the door but it was a very small opening at that time. One of the things you said when I met you today, whilst eating Kandy that you guys brought, thank you very much for that, it was very appropriate, was that Kandy is recession proof? It is, it's good times, bad times. People are going to have birthday parties, people are going to get married, holidays are going to come. You've had a really great day, it's the Kandy bar. You've had a really bad day, it's the Kandy bar. It's just an impulse buy but it's an impulse buy with your favorite. I mean it's something that's a comfort food more than anything else. Exactly. And the technology side, talk about how you guys are organized, what are some of the challenges and how does Boomi fit in? Take us through the journey. Sure, when we started out, we thought how hard could it be doing data entry? We'll get the orders, they'll come across, we'll have some people enter them into the system, we'll start fulfilling them and then everything else will take care of itself and within about a few minutes we realized that was probably not going to work, it was not scalable because first of all, data entry is error prone. If you have someone actually trying to do it there, it's not going to work for you. So we realized that there was a mechanism out there with EDI and we went to a third party provider to help us with EDI and that's how we started with the first couple of integrations and it was good, it got us off the ground and it got us further into that door. So you started with how many different partners, trading partners, take us back to kind of the last 10 years of Kandy.com and how that trading partner network has grown. It's like the journey, it always starts with the first step. We had one that was interested, one that wanted to work with us and we started to do the work with them and figure out how to handle it but they had multiple divisions. So even though there was only one, there was three actual integrations that had to be done and being a traditional brick and mortar, it's very competitive. So once the word got out that they were working with us there was a couple others. So we had six pretty big ones lined up early on that we needed to have integrated and up and running very quickly. And from a digital perspective, what were some of the initial systems, applications that you implemented to start being able to manage and track those trading partner interactions to ensure that you're able to deliver what the Kandy, the Kandy demand that you need to fill. It was sadly a lot of CSV, a lot of email, a lot of phone calls back and forth. A lot of hours. It was a lot of hours and it was one of those ones where we would really just bring in temps and try to keep up with it. Did not really have a repeatable process or a good technical footprint of what we needed to do. We didn't know what we didn't know when we started and we very rapidly came to become aware of what we needed to do. So starting with ERP, NetSuite, brought NetSuite in. Correct. Two years ago. Tell us about that and what you thought, is this going to solve all of our problems? Well, NetSuite's a great package because it brought us both order management and it brought us ERP. And there were so many modules and so much technology behind it and they have a warehouse module. And there was like, oh, we could grow forever with this. It will never be bounded. This is going to be fantastic. But what we forgot is that it was only as good as the data in there. And if we're using it as a manual data entry, it's not going to meet our needs. We needed to come up with a better way and a more efficient way to get the data in. And this was still back in the day when we were trying to fulfill something within a week, much less where we're at today. Okay, so where does Bumi fit into play? We realized, unfortunately, that even when you have an integration up and running and as good as the integration is, some of your trading partners will have changes. They're going to give you a different reference number. They're going to give you a different requirement. They're going to make something that was optional, now mandatory. So we had problems because it wasn't just us that it was impacting. Everyone that was doing an integration with that trading partner had it. So if I had outsourced it and there was a hundred people that had that map, we were one of a hundred. Sometimes we were one and sometimes we were as far away from one as possible. And you understand that and you appreciate it because there's only a finite number of hours to get things done. So we understood that to be really profitable and get to the level of service, we needed to control the data. And that's when we decided that we needed to bring the EDI in-house. So when you were looking for the right integration partner, what was it about Bumi from a technology perspective and a business perspective that really differentiated it? First and foremost, the number one requirement is it had to talk to Netsui. It had to have a native Netsui integration. If it did not talk to Netsui, it wasn't even going to make it onto our plate because we weren't going to spend the time to reinvent the wheel when obviously the wheel was out there. We had actually done that once before and it was successful but painful.  From a business need, it was we can't drop data. We need to be efficient. We need to be timely. We need visibility and looking at Bumi, it met all those needs. We had a connection into Netsui. We had a reporting tool. We had error messages coming back. We had everything that we needed to manage our own world and take control of it or so we thought. Okay, so to get this implemented, what sort of opportunities does this start opening up? You talked about control there or so we thought. What have you been able to unlock where control is concerned in the last few years? Well, we didn't realize what we were doing is that we were just basically turning on everything and trying to run as efficiently and fast as possible and that was really the wrong approach to take. What we needed to do is add some governance to it, add some logic to it to not compete with jobs. There's a finite number of avenues into the backend system. You need to utilize it. But there was also tools that we found out inside the system that handled things like error trapping and retry logic and timeouts and stuff like that. And as we worked with the subject matter experts at Boomi, as we worked with the people at NetSuite and our account managers who would show us things and help us along, we learned a lot more about it. When we went live back in February of 2016, we were very excited. We did a thousand orders into our system in one day and we thought, how phenomenal is this? I mean a thousand orders. How many more orders could you actually look for? And we very soon realized that there was a lot more orders willing to come into our system if we could handle it. So when you first started with Boomi, went from some number to a thousand orders per day, what was that original number that you guys were able to handle when it was more of a manual process? It depended on how many attempts we could hire that day. Sometimes it was a hundred orders we got in, sometimes it was 250. It was really dependent on people. It was 100% dependent on people. It was also dependent on someone remembering to send us the spreadsheet. That sounds painful. Painful and not really easy to plan for. But you discovered pretty quickly, you went from, I won't say zero to a thousand, but somewhere in between. And then realized the capabilities though of the system was going to allow you to get to 20,000 orders per day. Where was the demand coming from? Was it coming from training partners? Was it coming from their customers? Was it coming from your internal team seeing, hey guys, I think there's a lot more power here than we originally thought. Well, success begets success because we were able to get an order in now in a timely fashion and ship it out there. All of a sudden they realized we were shipping orders within 48 to 72 hours. It wasn't taking 10 days anymore.  And then as your experience is good and you share it because social media is the way of the world. And all of a sudden, if you tell two friends and they tell two friends, we start getting more volume. Then what starts happening is someone realizes they're losing market share at their brick and mortar website and who's fulfilling the orders for them if they're doing so well and we're losing business and they start knocking on the door saying, well, we'd like to work with you as well. And the other thing too is just timing. In the United States, it's pretty warm between April and October and the bulk of perishable and heat-sensitive product will ship through one of our warehouses because we have the thermal controls and the programs in place to give a good experience and make sure the product arrives the way it's supposed to be treated. Yeah, you were mentioning that when you were on stage this morning with Mandy Dalliwell, Boomi's CMO and Jason Maynard from NetSuite. There are obviously, if you order some chocolate, I want it to get there in the exact state in which I saw it online, right? But you've got to have a lot of access and visibility and systems to be able to help you facilitate that temperature control depending on the type of product.  So we understand that and we have a phenomenal staff and our QA team will go through and we have changed ways to test the product to get to the melting point and we know different products melt at different temperatures and we determine what those temperatures are and we build those thresholds. We do calls out to get the weather. Now, if I'm shipping it from my location to you, what's the temperature of mine? It doesn't matter if it's cold at your place, if it's 90 where I'm shipping it from. So we look at what is it now? Where's it going? What's it going to be the next few days? How big is it? How much product is in there with it that isn't heat sensitive? And we have a pretty complex algorithm that we put in place that has really enabled us to handle the summer months and give a good product because a lot of people like s'mores but they don't want the pre-melted chocolate showing up at their house. I would agree. That takes the fun out of the bonfire part, right? Exactly. So let's talk about the people transformation as you were saying, you were 100% dependent on manual, somebody even sending the spreadsheet let alone to start inputting data to process X number of orders per day went from almost zero to 1,000 overnight with Boomi then saw this capacity for 20,000. How has your team, has other business units within candy like finance? How are they benefiting from all of this, what I presume is massive workforce productivity gains that you're giving everybody? Absolutely, it was a great problem to have because as we got bigger and we started getting more and more orders, well then we got more and more invoices and we got more and more checks which we always think is a good thing but those checks need to be reconciled and they have to be reconciled against the transaction side of NetSuite. And it's no exaggeration that we would have pages printed out with a ruler going down and highlighting one by one on the invoice to make sure nothing was omitted. And we were spending, an individual would spend an eight hour day three days a week just going through to reconcile one invoice that was coming in and we would get two or three a week from them. So it was painful and again, also error prone and these people are very creative, very smart and they offer so much more to the business that it was a waste of their time and a waste of their intellect. So Dell Boomi we found out is not just EDI, it's phenomenal at EDI but it has all these other tools and one of the tools we had was to be able to take the remittance file from the financial institution, reconcile it against the invoices in the system and create a CSV import that would run that we have a script for that created a cash payment in our system that would actually close out the invoices and be paid so that we would take care of it. It was done and finance would basically get the file and email it to us. We would file it back and they'd run an import so instead of 250 hours a week it was five minutes of file. That's a dramatic saving hundreds of hours a month but also faster time to revenue recognition. That's a big one because when you try to get people discounts or give them breaks or if your terms are not there it's nice to get it in there and keep your systems clean because you also have to answer to the end of the month. You want to close the books and everything and in manual processes are one of the few things that you can't just throw more horsepower at. I'm glad you brought up though from a resource kind of reallocation perspective is these folks in particular areas of the business have value that they're not able before weren't able to really unlock and deliver and now with the technology in place they're able to probably focus on more strategic areas of the business or more strategic projects. I also imagine your sales we said faster time to revenue and revenue recognition but big boost to candy.com sales since you've implemented the technology. Yeah. Correct I mean the sales numbers have just grown. I mean as much as we do our forecasting and think where it's going to go we drastically underestimated this year. The summer was very very good to us. Our first year under Boomi we ran for 11 months. We did a little over 600,000 orders for that first year in comparison in June, July and August this year we did over a million orders. That's a lot of chocolate going on. That's a lot of candy. Most certainly is. Is that a busier time period than I mean Halloween's in a few weeks, Christmas is coming. How does that compare in terms of like the flux? We have a peak obviously at Halloween. Halloween is obviously the time but of course November 1st our orders are zero because everyone walks in with a pillowcase of candy from their kids to the office. So it literally goes from a million miles an hour to nothing and it's kind of eerie but throughout the summer we stay very very busy because a lot of the marketplace is don't have the facility and listen they're great. You know it's one stop shop and they have everything but everything is in a warehouse and that entire warehouse is not properly controlled to handle food products. So they decided it wasn't advantageous for them to ship you know during the summer and it's poorly monocled as a summer ship program because it's really more of a heat sensitive program because we'll add the thermal product to protect the thermal packaging to protect the product even in February. I mean there's some spots in Florida and Texas that are pretty warm that you want to protect the item. So it's a heat sensitive program that we're very proud of and we keep advancing and we keep growing and you know I have I'm very fortunate I have a great team. I mean you know we're not going to call out you know like Jim and Scott because that would be wrong to do but these guys have been with me from the start and they put the EDI in place. They put the scripting in place. The guys are just you know rock stars and I look good because of their effort and I'm very very proud of the team we've assembled that does this to make sure that your end satisfaction is always met. Awesome story. So I imagine you know when we hear like four out of five dentists recommend this kind. I bet is the fifth dentist recommending candy.com is that where that guy's been? Yeah he's got four kids going through college and everything so he figures candy.com's a good way to make the money to make sure those tuition's get paid. All right well Gary it's been a pleasure to have you on theCUBE. Thank you for sharing what you're doing with boomie at candy.com we appreciate it and thanks for all the candy. Oh our pleasure and thank you very much for having us been a great couple of days I'm glad to be part of it. All right our pleasure. For John Furrier I'm Lisa Martin. You're watching theCUBE from Boomie World 19. Thanks for watching.


Hoi Hoi and welcome to the channel. So the idea that I'd reach 500 subscribers as quickly as I have really crossed my mind when I started this channel, but I am very grateful to every single one of you out there who have hit the subscribe button. I'm blown away by the responses I've gotten so far, and I hope to keep you guys interested and engaged for a good long time. And with that said, I'd like to step up my game a bit. I mean, I always intended for this channel originally to house like one or two podcasts months and maybe an occasional SCP reading. But with the audience building like it is, I think a more regular schedule is probably appropriate. So starting in April, and more specifically starting on April 2nd, I'll be doing a podcast on the first and last Mondays of the month. So you'll always get to and every Monday, Wednesday and Friday will be a content upload of some kind. So that could be one of the podcasts, reading a shorter examination of an article, an examination of pretty much anything else, SCP related, or just answering some questions you've asked in the comments about a previous upload, which reminds me questions. Episode six of the podcast was a Q&A, and I really enjoyed doing that. So I'd very much like to do another episode, and hopefully it'll be the next episode. It depends on how many questions I can get. I have a smattering of questions from my audience across all of the podcasts and uploads that I've had since. But if you have a question about the SCP Wiki, the writing process, or a specific article, I'll try my best to answer it. So post it in the comments down below. And to circle back around, I'd like to say again, how much I appreciate that over 500 of you have put enough faith in my content to hit that subscribe button. I hope you like what's coming out and what's going to be coming down the pipe. And if you have content suggestions like what you think I should do, maybe a let's plays of SCP games, you know, whatever, throw those in the comments too, because I'd really love to know what you guys want to see more of. And that's it. I got some recording to do, so I'll see you guys on the second. And don't forget to like and subscribe.


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. Question says, 5 cards, the 10, Jack, Queen, King and Ace of Diamonds are well shuffled with their face downwards. One card is then picked up at random. Second part is, if the Queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked up is A and Ace be a Queen. First of all, let us understand that probability of occurrence of an even T denoted by P e is equal to number of outcomes favorable to E upon total number of possible outcomes. This is the key idea to solve the given question. Let us now start with the solution. Now we are given that Queen is drawn and put aside. From these 5 cards, Queen has been drawn and put aside. Now we are left with these 4 cards. Now one card can be chosen in 4 ways from these 4 cards. So number of total possible outcomes is equal to 4. Now we have to find the probability that the second card drawn is an Ace. Now clearly we can see in these 4 cards there is only one Ace and it can be drawn only in one way. So number of outcomes favorable to an Ace is equal to 1. Now probability that second card drawn is an Ace is equal to number of outcomes favorable to an Ace upon total number of possible outcomes that is 1 upon 4. From key idea we know probability of occurrence of an even T is equal to number of outcomes favorable to E upon total number of possible outcomes. Here the event is second card drawn is an Ace. So probability that second card drawn is an Ace is equal to number of outcomes favorable to an Ace upon total number of possible outcomes that is 1 upon 4. Now this is the required answer for the A part of the given question. Now in the B part we have to find the probability that the second card picked up is a Queen. We are given that the Queen is drawn and put aside and we are left with these 4 cards. Clearly we can see these 4 cards do not have the Queen. So the second card picked up is a Queen is an impossible event and we know probability of impossible event is equal to 0. So we can write probability that the second card is the Queen is equal to 0. So our required answer for the B part is probability that the second card picked up is a Queen is equal to 0. So this is our required answer. This completes the session. Hope you understood the solution. Take care and have a nice day.


Lasti, lasti, your name has been dragged in the mud by some parenting accusations over a mud that is actively in court by one messy comment. She says your father's children you said you are giving family but you are refusing to take care of your own children. I know this mud that is in court but where are you and how does this make you feel? As a leader, as a public figure, a Christian I would like to believe, how does this make you feel? First and foremost this is the matter which is before the courts of law and I'm very reactant to comment about this matter but it's very important and we can't comment beyond the passing of comment which we will make. I'm very happy that the matter is in court and it is a matter of its own kind because it happens in other countries where especially in Europe, in America where a lady can just pop up from nowhere and say oh this is my husband this is my but in Zambia this is the first case of its kind and I can assure you that it is under the courts of law and very soon the truth will come out and I'm happy that we have an organization like NGOCC, Legal Heads and many other organizations who have short interest to see to it that this matter is concluded in a normal way and I'm very happy about that but we have seen also from social media we have seen people commenting on this issue. I recall Mr Sata when he said they educated in Zambia they are cowards and they don't want challenges when you see some comments coming out and he said this person then I said oh we have functional illiterates in our country some of the people can comment about this thing thinking no this is this is true without analyzing the issue and their comment is within what they have let okay that's why I've said functional illiterates you see what I mean doctorates, professors discussing issues which they can't think beyond what they what they know so for me I'm happy that this matter is concluded I'm a married person I'm a married person with five kids very beautiful daughters and very handsome and I'm a Christian I got to church I've received Jesus Christ as my personal savior and if today they found out that yes woman you are the one you are the one now of these kids I'll resign as the member of parliament for Kavushi Constituency and I won't be worthy to be called honorable member of parliament for Kavushi Constituency after DNA I can't resign without DNA because it is it is wrong for me to do such a thing DNA it's the best and I can assure you that after DNA the next course of action I don't want the people of Zambia to talk because the next course of action I've taken time to talk about this matter because it has been in the public domain and the public the court of opinion they have judged me they have said a lot of things but as a leader those are challenges which I expect to to go through I can assure you that first of all I'm not moved they don't call me buddhosa for nothing this is the reason why they called me buddhosa you know I eat with my wife I eat with my kids I eat with my friends we laugh and the the life goes on how can you have a girlfriend Kennedy me am a very busy person how can you have a girlfriend who doesn't even know your your own friends your own friends friends because me as a as a busy person maybe twice or three times or five times I can call my friend or uh boy you don't even know my friends you don't even know one of my best friends even my confidence you don't know and you claim to be to be my girlfriend it is a pity that but you know this person you know this lady do you know her I don't know her I don't know her and I don't know where she's coming from but for me that is not important the important is woman are you the one of these kids that is the most important thing are you the one of these kids but I can assure you uh Kennedy that this is a very interesting matter very interesting matter and a lot of people they have said a lot of things I laugh at them your last words my last words is that 2026 whether we like it or not president Akainda Hrema is coming out of state house because he has failed to govern this country the words which is giving to the people of Zambia that is fighting corruption is not fighting corruption president Akainda Hrema is uh politically is now witch hunting okay is witch hunting there are cases for 20 uh 2019 some cases for 2019 which they are bringing up today which is very unfortunate and can you say we want justice to prevail for 2019 no no it's not so these people these people they are doing politics they are doing politics and I've seen this before I've seen this before I've seen excited presidents before I've been in political fraternity for quite some time uh you know we started as dyad now uh honorable members of parliament bulldozer so I understand politics very well unlike uh president Akainda Hrema he has never been anything okay he has never been anything is just president so it is very difficult for me to for him to uh to govern for us uh Kennedy last words for us even today if we go for elections today and win the president of our party and the country will announce cabinet in five days or six days because we are ready uh today we have uh shadow minister of information shadow minister of commerce shadow minister of land shadow minister of shan and we have permanent secretaries shadow permanent secretaries for all ministries and when we are talking in parliament we don't think is bomanos talking there is a think tank behind us who are coming up with issues no there is this issue there is this issue and our our job is to communicate uh to the people that the people of Zambia you were you were taught this they haven't done this they haven't done this today today kabushi kabushi member of parliament mr paulman losambo thank you for coming on state of the nation


Hi everyone, welcome to your daily serving of Barn's Takeout. I'm Karl Walsh, I'm a postdoctoral researcher at the Barn studying their Egyptian objects in the collection. And today I'd like to talk to you about a Egyptian statue head that has been perfecting the art of social distancing for quite a while now, since the mid-1990s. This statue head used to be on display in the Dutch room of the Marion building, the original building the collection was in. And this room was a small room that was mostly filled with Navajo tapestries and lovely hardwood furniture.  And both of these photos show the statue head and the one on the left is an archive photo dating to 1951. And the one on the right is a reconstruction of this room that was done for an exhibit at the Barn's in 2015. Now the reason why this statue isn't on display anymore is because this room was actually decommissioned in the mid-1990s to make way for an elevator to be installed in the Marion building to improve access. So most of the objects in this room have been in storage and are no longer on display at the moment.  So this statue dates to the early Ptolemaic period in Egypt and this is roughly about 300-200 BC. At this time in Egypt the country is being ruled by a dynasty of rulers called the Ptolemies who were descendant from Ptolemy who was a general of Alexander the Great. And you probably know at least one of the Ptolemies already because the most famous of which is Cleopatra, Cleopatra VII who was the last ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt before Egypt was conquered by Rome. So this is quite an interesting statue head and kind of exciting time period that it comes from as well. Looking at the statue you can see that it's made out of this lovely dark stone called diorite or possibly gabbro. And the features of the face are really finely carved and they're really well done. It's a really nice example of Egyptian stone carving. You can see it has these lovely almond shaped eyes with these little lines carved in low relief that represent coal which is a black eye makeup that the Egyptians were famous for wearing. He's also got these lovely stylized eyebrows that are basically just lines. He's got quite a big chunky nose and lips as well and he has this very kind of faint smile and I think this gives him a kind of a sense of kind of quiet serenity or joy as well. The features are what we call idealized. So this isn't actually supposed to be a accurate form of portraiture. It's not supposed to be kind of realistically showing what he looked like in life. It's instead supposed to kind of put forward an idealized version of him like his best self basically and it's also fitting within the kind of the traditional canon of Egyptian art that has been practiced for thousands of years by this point as well. So this is a very kind of specific intent for the statue. It's supposed to be kind of putting this best self forward rather than being an accurate portrayal of what he looked like in life. You'll notice that he's bald and that kind of seems antithetical to him being a most ideal form of himself but the reason for that is because this is communicating his specific role in Egyptian society that of a priest. Priests were expected to practice very kind of strict hygiene and grooming rules in order to be kind of pure and clean to enter into the sacred spaces of temples. So the reason why he has this lovely kind of smooth head is to express that he is a priest and that he is practicing Egyptian religion as well and that he's an important person in society. You'll notice that his head is still pretty kind of bulbous in large and again this is not kind of reflective of what he actually looked like in life and looking at the side view you can see quite distinctly that kind of rather exaggerated shape of the head it's really really round and looking at the front you can see that it's kind of bulbous and then on the rear as well you can kind of still see how big this head is. The reason why they do this seems to be, we don't really know really, it might have something to do with kind of expressing the head as a kind of show of wisdom or knowledge which would kind of fit in with the idea that he's a priest because priests kind of are allowed access into temples and they perform all these rituals and practices connected with gods that are kind of secret and not seen by a lot of people in society so that could be a reason but we don't really kind of know at this point but we have a lot of other statues dating to this period, the early Ptolemaic period of priests that have these really big heads and Egyptologists call these egghead statues for obvious reasons. So we have other examples of this type of statues and there are actually ones you can go see in places like the Metropolitan Museum in New York and the Brooklyn Museum as well. Originally this also would have been a full statue so it would have been a standing statue, it's not just a head the Egyptians don't really do portrait busts of that kind so this would have been originally part of a larger piece as well. We don't really know who this individual is usually Egyptian statues will often have a hieroglyphic inscription which will name the individual and often have kind of ritual incantations or titles of the individual but because ours is just a head we don't have any remains of these inscriptions that could have been on it which are usually on the base. They're sometimes also put on what we call a back pillar and we could see in our example here that we have a really nice back pillar behind his head that would have run the whole length of his body and this is a space where they can usually put inscriptions as well but unfortunately our example doesn't have any remains of carved hieroglyphics so we don't know specifically who this person is. All we really know is that he is a priest and therefore has probably a quite important position in society. I really wanted to emphasize as well that the stone that this is made of is really wonderful and it's kind of hard to see just from an image you really kind of have to see this in person to get an idea of how wonderful the carving and the finish to this is as well. This lovely dark stone that it's made out of this diorite or gabbro has looks very kind of dark and black from a distance but when you come up closer you see that it's full of these little flecks of lighter and darker stone they get this almost kind of kioskoro effect of contrasting light and dark that's really kind of wonderful to see and you can see variations of color in things as well. The surface of the stone is also beautiful it's really really tactile, finely polished. When you see it you really kind of want to go up and touch it because it really kind of engages to you and you really want to feel and experience the texture of the stone as well and the way that the light travels and kind of reflects off the surface is also wonderful because it really engages you it makes you want to kind of walk around the piece and to really experience all those different angles and reflections of light and how they illuminate different parts of the face and the body and how they kind of bring out different things every time you move around it as well. So it's really engaging and really interactive it's not just kind of visual it's definitely multi kind of sensorial and I think this kind of brings an animism to it it's almost kind of alive in a way and you almost feel like you're interacting with a person and this is definitely intentional by the Egyptian artists because statues are not kind of are not made to be works of art that are appreciated in kind of in a garden or anything they're meant to represent people after death they're funerary monuments so they are intended to represent again this most idealized form of an individual and to help them continue to live after death and the afterlife as well and the act of making an image of a person is really powerful it's really important it helps to kind of according to Egyptian belief maintain the essence of the person to keep their body and the parts of their soul together after death so they continue can continue to enjoy the afterlife and everything about this statue is helping to kind of continue this individual's existence after death making it out of stone obviously gives it a huge amount of permanence and make sure that it kind of it can live on for thousands of years after this individual died and even the stone color is really important it's this dark kind of black color and black in Egyptian art is a really powerful symbol of regeneration and renewal because when the Nile floods it leaves behind this dark black mud and silt that fertilizes and brings new life to the land so black as a color is one that is associated with renewal and rebirth so you can see that this priest was really concerned about him surviving in the afterlife after death through choosing what type of stone that he's having his statue made out of as well and being able to afford that type of stone too so because these are funerary monuments as well they have specific locations that they probably would have been placed in they would have been placed sometimes in a tomb but often they're in a tomb chapel above the tomb or near to it or in a temple courtyard and the reason for this is so that members of the deceased's family and if you were wealthy priests and could continue to come and give offerings to your statue offerings like food and water incense and flowers that would help you to continue to live and kind of consume in the afterlife as well it would seem that these offerings were actually gave life and sustenance to the deceased through their statue so this statue was actually probably placed in a temple courtyard and this is because of other examples of this type of egghead statue in the early Ptolemaic period often seem to come from temple courtyards so it's likely that this individual was probably this statue and this individual had this placed in a temple courtyard which makes sense because he's a priest so he's very intimately tied to the temple as well so I've had a lot of fun introducing you into this hidden gem in the collection and that wraps up today's barn takeout if you haven't already subscribe to our channel to get your daily serving of art and you can also leave a comment below we really really enjoy reading these and responding to them so please do leave a comment and thank you for watching today