Hey, everyone. Alex here. See this hourglass? This simulation is using an existing open source physics engine that's written in C right inside my web page. How's this happening? JavaScript calling a native C library? My friends, this is the power of WebAssembly. Let's go. WebAssembly, or Wasm for short, allows you to run native code like C, C++, and other languages in your user's browser, just like any other JavaScript code. Wasm is well suited to two use cases in particular. First, if you work for an enterprise with lots of legacy code and application logic, you can easily bring that logic directly to your user's browser. And secondly, if you want to bring a modern library to the web without having to rewrite it in JavaScript. For example, you could use a cutting-edge multimedia or simulation library in your web page using existing code. So today, we're going to use a physics engine in our web page, courtesy of Wasm. Let's take a look. What I'm trying to achieve is to let the physics engine tell me where to place all the grains of sand in my hourglass. So on each tick of the animation, I need to ask the physics engine what the positions have moved to and update the DOM so things paint in the correct place. Let's take a look at the JavaScript that we want to use to trigger the physics engine. Here, we just use the request animation frame callback to call into the physics engine to update its view of the world. Once that's run, we re-back all of the sand grains positions and update the DOM as you can see here. This is all fairly straightforward. Note that the IDs on the circle elements use a number to map into the physics engine model so we know which grain goes where. Now, let's take a look at the C interface to our physics engine. It's pretty simple. CM step is the function that triggers a run of the engine, and CM add circle is the function that creates a ball inside the physics model. Finally, CM getLocation is the function that retrieves the position of a ball after the physics engine has run. To build all this, we need two things. One, we need to expose the C functions that we want to call from JavaScript, and we do so by passing these flags to the compiler. And two, we simply compile using emcc from the script in SDK. The result of the compile is two files. One is a JavaScript file that's the glue between the JavaScript world and the Wasm world, and the second is the Wasm module itself. And that's it. WebAssembly is a really cool, modern part of the web. It's also not just for C or C++, as tool chains are already appearing for other languages. You can try building all this yourself at home by following our code lab. And also be sure to check out the resources in the description below. So remember, if you've got legacy code bases, or want to share code between native targets on the web, use WebAssembly to get your code there fast. That's WebAssembly, the standard way. Sam will see you on the next tip. Hey, Sam, is this the WebAssembly episode? Yeah, it's going really well. Oh, cool. Could I maybe do it? Yeah, of course. I'll move. Oh, cool. Nice. Demosol, let's see.


Plante health is not isolated to the UK. Our food comes from around the world and so any impact of pest and disease anywhere in the world has an impact on our food supply and having those contacts means that if I get something unusual, these guys often have been dealing with it day in, day out. They know how to control it and deal with it. So having that library of information and experience to draw upon by getting these contacts at events like this, I can use in my day-to-day world to protect the UK from regulated and quarantine pest and diseases.


Rhaid i chi'n gwybod, a rhaid i'n gweithio am y dyfodol a bod y byddai'n gweithio ar gyfer yr unig ar y Llwg USA ac mae'r preffindydd yn y minell. Rwy'n gweithio am y tîm Llywodraeth Ddannu. Mae'n gweithio ar gyfer y llyfridd. Rydym yn ni'n meddwl i fwy o ddweud o'r llyfridd. Rydym yn ni'n meddwl i ddweud. Ond mae'n gofio ar y llyfridd. Mae'n gwneud ymlaen o'r llyfridd ar y Llwg USA i 1998. ac mae'r Prosesion yn gweithio'r ddechrau. Mae'n dweud y George J. Mitchell Scholarship Programme ac mae'r Oscar Wild Awards. Mae'r Prosesion yn gweithio'r ddechrau ac mae'n ddiddordeb yn gweithio'r ddim yn ddod o'r Prosesion mewn Michael Dukakis ar y tyfnod o Bairic Obama o'r isu Ysgrifennu. Yn gyfwyrdd yma, mae'n gweithio'r shenanigans, ac mae'n gweithio'r styr. Yn gyfawr, mae'n gweithio'r ddod o'r hyn. As usual, to the regulars here, you'll know the speaking part that Trina will be giving is being filmed. The questions and answers section will not be. The questions and answers will be done under chat and house rules. So just for clarity, because sometimes people mix that up, it means what you say can be reported, but not attributed to whoever has said it. So perhaps we give a welcome to Trina please and starter up on the top. Thank you. Thanks for having me here today. I really appreciate the opportunity. Thank you, Sarah, for that. I said the short of the intro of the battery for me. I was asked to speak for about 20 to 25 minutes about the US Ireland relationship, a lot of which is covered in the book and about some very specific topics, so I'm going to do this. If you're looking from behind and you think that looks a bit ominous, it's only because I've been using a really big font. When I started working for Senator Kennedy, I would have to print out his speeches. I was only in my 20s. I thought, what is with this big type print? Now that I'm getting a little older, I'm a little more appreciative of the need for the blowing up the speeches. I've been involved, as was said, in the relationship for over 30 years, 10 of the years as Senator Kennedy's foreign policy adviser, and for the last 20 years as the founder of the US Ireland alliance. I wrote my book shenanigans because I've been trying for the past 20 years to really get to the bottom of a question that I've had since I created it, and that is, is there sufficient interest in the relationship for future generations? Because if there is interest, it will take serious strategy and resources that I've yet to see really apply to the relationship. Some critical mass is necessary, but it's not sufficient. I feel like the relationship needs shared vision and resources are really required if it's not to continue into decline. I've long been concerned about the complacency about the relationship. This has not been helped by Brexit, which understandably has taken up a lot of the bandwidth, but my concern about the relationship actually predated Brexit. I recently heard Patrick Honohan talk about the financial crisis in 2008, and he noted that Ireland let things get much worse before they did anything. He said, there seems to be a habit of pretending that everything is fine until it's too late. If you're one of the canaries in the coal mine, which I feel that I am, warning about these things, and I think there's often a bit of annoyance that you haven't simply worn the green jersey. You can read more about that in the book. I worked for Senator Kennedy until 1987 when the Good Friday Agreement was achieved from 87 to 98, and that was a pivotal time in Ireland's history, and it marked a turning point in the relationship. It was the time of both the peace process and the Celtic Tiger. The success of the Good Friday Agreement in Ireland becoming a wealthy country coupled with changing demographics in the United States has meant a decline in the interest in the relationship. Some of that's for good reasons, for positive reasons, and it was inevitable, but that also makes it all the more important that we put in a serious effort to build the ties for future generations. For years, I have to say, Irish politicians have come to America with a sort of the same laundry list, which was always, can you help sort Northern Ireland? We give us money for the international fund for Ireland, which was related to Northern Ireland, and we sort the Irish who are illegally in the US, and so much has changed over the past 25 years, and yet it's almost the same exact ask 25 years later as it was when I was on the hill. So I'm going to touch briefly on a variety of these issues that I think reflect the decline in the relationship, and I'm going to start with Irish Americans and the demographics and what I call the non-existent Irish American vote. When I worked for Senator Kennedy, the number of Americans who checked Irish as their ancestry on the census box was 44 million people. The current census, the last one done, which nearly 10 years ago now, was 36 million people. It'll be interesting to see how the numbers change in the 2020 census, but as the generations of Irish who came to America keeps declining, it's kind of understandable why fewer Americans are checking that box. There's less of the association that maybe their parent had and their grandparent had who are identifying as Irish. The connection to Ireland is actually greater with older generations. I saw at first hand when I was with Senator Kennedy and others in his generation, but right now in the United States, millennials outnumber baby boomers and they are just the interest at that level is just not there. There is no monolithic Irish America and therefore there is no Irish vote every time I hear that phrase and I heard it last night on the news, it makes me cringe. Irish Americans are the Republicans, they're Democrats. I mean look at the number of Irish surnames right now that surround Donald Trump. They don't vote as Irish Americans. I spent 24-7 working on US-Ireland relationships and it would never occur to me to vote for the president on the basis of his take on Ireland. That would be like suggesting would you vote for your TD on the basis of how he or she feels about America. That would not be a top, for me it's actually who they're going to put on the Supreme Court, which would drive my decision about who I would vote for. Irish Americans of which I am just one are basically white Americans. There are some that aren't but for the most part white and in the US you are black, white or Latino. Nobody cares that you're Irish American and part Italian American and in fact no one even tracks voting on the basis of ethnicity in the US except for Latino. So if somebody ever tells you the Irish voted this way or that way, ask them for the polls, ask them for the evidence of that because we simply don't count the votes on that basis. What some try to claim is the Irish American vote is often the Catholic vote, but the Catholic vote doesn't actually equate with an Irish vote and that's because for starters more than half of Irish America is Protestant. So when you just take the Catholic vote and say that's how the Irish vote, you've left out half of Irish America. And then there's the fact that the Irish are just one piece of the Catholic vote. The majority now is made up by the Latinos but the Americans who are actually Polish and French, you name it, are also part of the Catholic American vote. So in fact the Latinos now make up the largest part of it. Nor can you assume that all Irish American Catholics vote on the same issues. For some it's death penalty, it's the abortion issue. So the Catholic vote actually swings between parties. So I would argue that it's actually inaccurate and misleading to suggest that the Catholic vote is somehow synonymous with an Irish vote. Demographics and political power in the United States have been rapidly changing. In 2011, Rahm Emanuel became the first Jewish mayor of Chicago which had long been controlled by the daily family. In fact just recently Chicago just voted in anew. I think she's African American gay mayor of Chicago for the first time. She was just elected when Thomas Menino became the mayor of Boston in 1993. He was the first non-Irish mayor in 60 years. Joe Crowley as a lot of you may know in New York lost to what we call our AOC. I can't even remember a real name anymore. And that was long thought to be, oh this is an Irish stronghold and Joe Crowley would keep winning. He was quite senior in the house to lose his job. Ted Kennedy, Tip O'Neill, Daniel Patrick Moynihan are all no longer with us. And the members of Congress who have some Irish ancestry don't really identify with it to the extent the previous generations did in the numbers that they did. There's certainly always a couple of exceptions to that rule. But by and large it's nothing like it once was. And that means that Irish American influence has been greatly exaggerated. An example that I give in the book was in 2014 that were St Patrick's Day parades in New York and Boston. Again thought to be very Irish places. And the two mayors of those cities refused to march because the LGBT community was not allowed to march in the parades at that time. They weren't interested or worried about are we going to offend the Irish by not being in this parade. They were concerned about the flack they would get from the LGBTQ community. So again I think that just shows you even Guinness pulled its sponsorship. So I would also say as with many ethnic groups there's the majority and then there's those who are loud. And it's easy to confuse the two. I would suggest that Ireland needs to help create the Irish America that it wants. Some of you may have seen. I was recently in a bit of back and forth with the t-shirt about male only organizations. I wrote to the t-shirt and suggested that they should not send diplomats to organizations that are male only organizations. And unfortunately he doesn't seem to have a problem with them. I find it really hard to get my head around. I'm not interested in being part of an Irish America that excludes people unless they're white or Catholic or male or straight. And I don't know anybody who is. And when that's the image and when a t-shirt doesn't take issue with that it makes it very hard for people like me who are trying to interest that next generation, the millennials in Ireland when they see that sort of message. Some Irish have gone along with the fiction of Irish American influence because it's one of your prominent journalists told me it's what we want to believe about ourselves. But the concern for me is that these misrepresentations result if everybody thinks I'll find the Americans love us, the relationship is great it results in a complacency about the real work that we really have to do if we are going to secure the relationship for future generations. Now a little about what has been called the de-prioritization of Europe U.S. attention to both Europe and Ireland has been in decline and having worked for Ted Kennedy and having been an advisor to the Obama campaign in 2008 you can guess what my personal political leanings are the U.S. Ireland alliance is totally non-partisan but you can tell I guess what I have but I would be remiss if I didn't note that that de-prioritization of Europe began with the Obama administration and when Hillary Clinton was the Secretary of State in 2011 she wrote a lengthy piece for foreign policy magazine entitled America's Pacific Century and the title says it all she wrote one of the most important tasks of American statecraft over the next decade will be to lock in a substantially increased investment in the Asia Pacific region and while noting that our post World War II commitment to building a comprehensive and lasting transatlantic network of institutions and relationships has paid off many times over the time had come she wrote for the United States to make similar investments as a Pacific power. President Obama maintained his Asia focus throughout his presidency in the Atlantic in April 2017 he was interviewed by Jeffrey Goldberg who wrote about Obama he said he has fixated on turning America's attention to Asia and Europe about which he is unromantic is a source of global stability that requires to his occasional annoyance American handholding personally I never understood why pivoting to Asia meant we had to have any kind of a decline in the relationship with Europe and our commitment to Europe these things I don't find to be in any way mutually exclusive it should go without saying that Trump's view of Europe has just moved the needle from disregard to disdain so I think that's no better a bit about immigration I became persona non grata in some quarters here because of an op-ed I wrote in the Irish Times in 2007 in which I said that there would not be a special deal for just the Irish who were illegally in the US I was simply being honest and some of you may know I've been attacked for that ever since I support legal immigration a path to citizenship I would have been in agreement at the time with the sort of Kennedy McCain efforts on immigration front and as much as I love Ireland and as much as I want increased immigration by the way the United States our own demographics mean we need more immigration it's like when Donald Trump said the country's full it's not full we need more people and I want more Irish but it would be wrong and I still maintain what I felt then it would be wrong for the US government to usher to the front of the line a subset of those who are illegally in the US because they're white and they speak English American politicians are also politically they are not going to irritate millions of Latino voters for a couple of thousand Irish in 2014 Speaker Pelosi referenced racism as a reason why Republicans were not dealing with immigration in a Sunday business post piece by Niles Stannage he quoted Pelosi as saying I think race has something to do with the fact that they're not bringing up an immigration bill I've heard them say to the Irish if this were just you it would be easy I would love to have more Irish come to the US but I don't think that divide and conquer is the right strategy and it's not a good thing for Ireland's long term relationship with the United States once again when I'm trying to interest the next generation in this relationship anything that's massive racism doesn't help that effort and I personally believe that Irish government ministers have spent too much limited political capital on this issue in the US while a post September 11th tightening on immigration was a real thing and it did make things more difficult as Ireland became wealthy fewer Irish chose to move to the US so these are interesting numbers while more than 17,000 Irish immigrated to the US in 1994 alone just before the economy was beginning to take off here the number of Irish immigrants in any given year since 1996 has never exceeded 1600 people so the decline actually predated September 11th this decrease in immigration is of concern in that it causes a reduction of the number of people who can educate Americans about contemporary Ireland but relying on immigration to sustain the ties is futile and we should not hope for economic disaster in Ireland as a way to sustain the relationship John DC has been trying as many of you know to get the unused Australian E3 visas for the Irish that failed at the end of the last year because a Republican Senator prevented passage I suspect that will be tried again in this Congress all I can say to DC is fair play he was very close to having it happen he's making an effort on that front I've been asked about my views on the E3s for the Irish and I have to say I don't oppose them they're unused visas so it's not like putting anybody at the front of the line in a sense they're unused visas but I'm not sure to be honest if I were Ireland that I would be excited about the E3s I'm not even sure how much demand there would be for them because the E3s are for skilled workers university degrees we'd be happy to get your computer programmers but I'm not sure why you would want to encourage what would feel like a brain drain to the US because the E3s will not help those who are illegally in the US they're two very different issues I still believe that the Irish who are illegally in the US will only be sorted as part of a comprehensive plan and if as I said by some unlikely chance some sort of special deal ever you know I think it could be a bigger problem for Ireland down the road in years when a dominant constituency will not likely forget that the Irish were for themselves alone on special envoys former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright wrote in one of her books about the positive role Senator Mitchell played as President Clinton's special envoy to Northern Ireland but she also noted such tools can be overused and should only be employed when the challenge is too much for conventional diplomacy or if only a small push is needed to get an important job done when Obama was running for president I was the campaign's adviser on Irish issues and I wrote in his statement that as president I had him say he would consult with the Taoiseach the British Prime Minister and party leaders in Northern Ireland to decide if a special US envoy for Northern Ireland continues to be necessary that was hardly earth shattering stuff I'm going to consult with everybody involved but there was an outcry from a small number of people again the loud people because Obama just didn't promise an envoy and in campaigns I find there is a tendency to tell people what they want to hear to get past the campaign and then they'll worry about what they promise later and Dennis McDonough who was Obama's chief of staff and who I worked with on the Irish stuff I remember I was actually on the steps of Paul's house one day waiting because I was to meet them at their home and you were a little bit late and I was standing on the steps and this call came through and it was Dennis and he said I'm being beat up by these people because they want Obama to say there will be a special envoy so I'm just going to say it he wanted me to say yeah sure go ahead and say it and I said you can say that but it's not my advice I still feel like you should wait at that moment in time there was absolutely no need for a special envoy so he promised what anybody wanted to promise and Obama won and Clinton became the Secretary of State and no special envoy was ever appointed so it depends on how you feel about just telling people what they hear once Trump became president those who regularly called for a special envoy were doing so again in September 2017 congressman Richie Neill said he got President Trump to promise him a special envoy it's two years later there's no envoy history shows that the chatter about a special envoy tends to pick up when Irish politicians visit and then it fades away when they go from the United States until recently the Taoiseach had consistently sent the signal and rightly in my opinion that an envoy wasn't needed but on his most recent visit to the U.S. he suggested he's now for an envoy I would be asking toward what end no one ever seems to actually define what this envoy would really do and I'm always confused you know Sinn Fein has always been for an envoy and I'm perplexed as to why Sinn Fein thinks that a representative of President Trump who is a fan of Brexit and borders would somehow help the situation what Senator Mitchell did in the mid 1990s was critical and it was necessary but what's needed now is for Northern Ireland's leaders to simply lead I'm going to say only a brief word about corporate tax issue because I'm not an economist I do find that these shell games about moving all the money around can only be understood by certain people maybe lawyers and economists so the economists can explain better feel free but I do know that it worries me as a citizen I've long been concerned about Ireland's reliance on low corporate tax rate because it's not winning you friends as many here have written I've always thought that if the EU continues to stand with you on Brexit that I'd be surprised if they didn't use that to squeeze you on tax harmonisation maybe there we are behind the scenes Americans who look at the Irish corporate tax rate I've either one or two camps we're either annoyed that we're not getting that revenue or if you're a Republican you just want to bring our tax rate down to match yours and Donald Trump has already succeeded in dropping the US corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% Britain's corporate tax rate is about to fall to 17% and I feel like if we want to race to the bottom we will get there and when less corporate taxes are collected services and programs are what suffer on Brexit I personally feel like a return to the border would be awful on so many levels I was just up there in September and drove from the Cooley Peninsula over to black lines zigzagging back and forth across the border and it is actually amazing how much better it is there now than it was 30 years ago and I think anyone who would jeopardise that should go down in history alongside David Cameron the DUP confounds me now as much as it did in the 90s I feel that a hard border will only increase the likelihood that there would be a border pull sooner rather than later and so I think the DUP's approach is counterintuitive so now that I've made clear my opposition to a border and I have a very strong opposition to a border let me play the devil's advocate on a couple of things when I think about the hype in terms of the US-Ireland relationship I think it applies to this issue as well save for a few exceptions I didn't hear any American politicians talking about Brexit in the border until about the beginning of this year and really mostly around March at the time of that deadline Brendan Boyle, whose father came from the US came to the US from Ireland he's a congressman represents a constituency in Pennsylvania in January he introduced a resolution in the House of Representatives that expressed opposition to a hard border as of now that bill has only 14 cosponsors I thought of 435 I guess members of congress 14 cosponsors that's a really small number for something that I would consider is very non-controversial and I don't think a similar resolution has even been introduced in the senate and just to put that in perspective back in 1994 when it was my job to make sure Jerry Adams got that visa we had 50 members of congress sign the letter in support of a visa for Adams and that was really controversial so 50, 14 to me again these things just show a bit of a decline in the relationship in London when Speaker Pelosi was here in April she said that there would be no chance of a US trade deal with the UK if there is any weakening of the Good Friday Accords and then in the Dolls she added including but not limited to a seamless border between the Irish Republic and Northern Ireland and my difficulty was that I don't know how weakening and seamless are being defined because the border is not mentioned in the Good Friday Agreement when Congressman Richie Neill was here at the same time he called into question even a US EU trade deal so let me play the cynic and living in Washington for all these years causes you to become cynical trade deals in the best of circumstances take years to negotiate we already trade with Europe we already trade with the UK and Ireland that's not going to stop the Obama administration even abandoned its own attempt at a US EU trade deal Trump's focus is on China Canada, Mexico some members of Congress would want a trade deal with Europe first but President Trump has said just in the last couple days that he wants a trade deal with the UK first I sense that the government here and people who are in the government can correct me I sense that the government here swings between two places and one is that we want to be helpful to Britain vis-a-vis Europe because that benefits us that's important to us but then sometimes I get the sense that they're feeling a bit nervous that the EU would ultimately throw them under the bus and so when I read what Congressman Neill said about an US EU trade deal my immediate assumption was that somebody in the government said it would be helpful if you said something like that it's just the immediate thing that came to my mind because I know the power of business in the United States is you can bet they do not want to interfere with trade in any way and no matter how much some may care about Northern Ireland or the Good Friday Agreement I just don't see how the votes would be there to block a deal I think we should definitely use whatever influence we can to try to be helpful but I think we should be honest about what the limits of that of our ability vis-a-vis Brexit really is as trade goes on with both the US and the UK without trade deals I think the threats about these things would seem to have limited value I created the US Ireland alliance in 1998 with the aim of building the future in a variety of contemporary ways we've been successful, disproportionate to our funding so the real question I have going forward is is there a willingness to contribute to the kind of work that needs to be done I'm going to only say briefly about the sort of couple of things that we do in the alliance then if you want to talk in Q&A about it I'm happy to expand on the George J. Mitchell Scholarship program and somebody mentioned the Irish Times piece this week and I'm happy to expand on that in the Q&A if you want but we had 370 applications this year for 12 spots to send the top American students over here for postgraduate study there's now 230 Mitchell scholars they are great ambassadors for Ireland, they are great PR for Irish universities they are, as I said, turning down that we interview on the same day that we consider Oxford and the majority have been turning down the Rhodes interview to take the Mitchell and that's a huge achievement when you consider Oxford's always in the top 5 of any global rankings and the highest here is Trinity which is I think below 100 in I think the Times rankings so I think the Mitchell Scholarship is one of those important ways to nurture and interest the next generation of Americans in Ireland and not just Irish Americans I mean our Mitchell scholars I feel like if you can get people to Ireland they will love it and we can keep them hooked for life and we found that that's been our experience we also did the Oscar Wilde Awards every year in Los Angeles and that's resulted in many things not least of which is Star Wars being filmed here which means millions of dollars for the Irish economy way into the future I mean just recently I saw a piece here in the Irish Times that 58 million euros was spent in Northern Ireland last year alone on Game of Thrones tourism so given how much bigger Star Wars is you can imagine what that's like we used to do a high school program or I mean a golf tournament I have a lot of ideas for a high school education program but I think our focus really has to be on business and education and culture and that building those ties will translate into political influence when it's needed in 20, 30 years from now and I'll leave you with one sort of final thing the Mitchell Scholarship is a sort of microcosm of an opportunity the most desired scholarship for young American leaders and just I want to just think about some numbers here there's a scholarship program now called the Night Hennessy it was created by Phil Knight who was the founder of Nike and he just gave Stanford $750 million to attract the best graduate students including the Americans to Stanford $750 million Stephen Schwartzman I think was Black Rock he raised $300 million of it was his own to launch his scholarship for study in China he made no secret of the fact that he wants the program to compete with the roads the roads has hundreds of millions of dollars we're the ones who are competing with the roads we're only trying to raise $40 million we've been working on this for 20 years again more evidence of the decline that you can't find that immediate interest for a scholarship that is at the top rung and bringing students here and remember how I said there were 30 million Irish Americans there are less than 6 million American Jews I get that they are much more motivated because they fear for the very existence of the state of Israel but still 36 to 6 APAC just one US Jewish organization has an annual budget an annual budget of 70 million that's just one Jewish organization and we have this much difficulty with the Mitchell so again I just leave you with this question is there enough interest in the relationship can we sustain it for future generations will everybody sort of plow into it what's necessary which first requires that everybody recognize that the relationship is in decline or is it inevitable that it declines and this all just sort of fades away for future generations and maybe I'll stop there and take any questions thank you


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Meredith asked him about Hermann. Erin had the best night for Hermann. What were you seeing from him? Um, I thought he was okay. Just not overly sharp.  You know, usually he's pounds of strike zone. So losing him there and then Olson. You know, I got to look back, I don't think it was a terrible pitch, kind of up and in that he got to and was able to keep fair, and then a change up that canna got. Then I thought he settled in actually pretty well. You know, maybe not his best stuff overall, but you know, I thought he pitched better than certainly his line will end up.  Was it just a matter of him slipping, or was it more than that? Yeah, he just, the hole in the mound was a little funky and he rolled over it a little bit, but I think he's fine. I think out there, the next inning you had somebody warming. Was there any consideration to making a pitching change then? Yeah, I was actually going to do it with Piscotti.  Then he gets ahead of Piscotti with two strikes and you know, I think is trying to bounce the breaking ball and leaves it in the middle of the plate on a two strike count that obviously ends up hurting them and then, you know, Lowe obviously came in and pitched pretty well behind them. But yeah, I considered it, but felt like that wasn't necessarily the spot I wanted to put Lowe in there, especially when I felt like her mom had a little bit left in the tank. How good was it to see a judge pull a ball like that? Yeah, it was good to see him really, really obviously destroy one there.  And then I thought, you know, I was encouraged even as first about where he struck out, I thought he got some really good swings off where I thought he was completing his move and, you know, he just, he happened to punch but then to really get into one like he did was good to see and hopefully something that he continues to build that momentum. Your offense hasn't held down very often. What was Bailey doing that made it so tough out there? Yeah, that's twice now that he's pitched well against us. Earlier in the year with Kansas City, he kind of held us down too.  I don't know if he walked anyone, but he didn't seem to walk a lot of guys. We got a lot of hits today. I think we had 10 hits, but we just, you know, couldn't get that hit to kind of put us over the top. You know, so it's been a couple of days of that where we've had some opportunities that we haven't been able to cash in.


Well, welcome everybody. This is our final webinar of the season for our high-tunnel producers. Today, we are bringing together two of my groups, the high-tunnel producers and also the master gardeners for this joint session. And we are going to focus on spotted winged drosophila. Oops, sorry. So spotted winged drosophila is an invasive insect that is causing big problems for us, and it's really just amazing considering how small this insect is. This vinegar fly is only about two to three millimeters long, and it was first detected in the continental United States in 2008. Prior to that, they had spotted it in the Hawaiian islands in the 1980s, but it didn't give those Hawaiian fruits many problems. You know, if you think about those Hawaiian fruits like pineapples, papaya, mango, they have a pretty thick skin. So we didn't think much of drosophila's Suzuki eye until it showed up in the continental United States. But since then, this insect has been a game changer for us in two different aspects. First, it has been how rapidly it has spread across the whole United States and the unique type of damage that it causes. So spotted winged drosophila was first detected in California, and in fact, the head of IPM for California totally missed the boat on this one. I heard him speak. You know, they've been worried about fruit flies for a long period of time in California, but they've never seen anything quite like this. So by 2009, it had spread across most of California and up the Pacific Coast to Washington, and it was introduced into Florida. By 2013, it was in most of the states. Now, we might have some participants from South Dakota that are listening today. I want to tell you that, yes, South Dakota does have spotted winged drosophila, so it's really pretty much the whole United States at this point. We have a map of spotted winged drosophila distribution in North Dakota. Now, these are the counties that have submitted samples where we were able to identify spotted winged drosophila, but we've got a lot of gaps here. So I'm pretty sure that it is the vast majority of North Dakota at this point. Now, before you can learn how to manage spotted winged drosophila, it's very important to learn how to identify them. We have a lot of different drosophila species that are not a big problem. It's just the spotted winged drosophila that is such a huge problem for us. Now, the male and female flies look very different. The male fly has this spot on its wing, hence the name spotted winged drosophila. Now, the females, however, lack this spot. The flies are two to three millimeters long, and then it has this unique golden brown color with red eyes. Now, on the males, you'll see that the bands are across the abdomen, so that's the last segment of the fly, but you can see they have continuous bands here, as opposed to spotted bands. With the males, one other way of confirming you have spotted winged drosophila is looking at it under a microscope. You'll see that it has these combs of hair on its four legs, and that's quite dispositive of spotted winged drosophila. The female looks a little bit different. You'll note that the female does not have that spot on its wing. Instead, it has what I call the specialized weapon of destruction, and that's called an ovipositor. So, an ovipositor is an egg-lang device. Now, all drosophila species have an egg-lang device, but this one is special. So, you'll notice it's got a serrated edge on the ovipositor, and this is absolutely amazing in that the female can drill into relatively hard fruits to lay eggs. So, this has been part of the reason why it's such a game changer. It's spread across the United States, and it can attack fruits that are just starting to color up, just starting to ripen. Now, in the past, we didn't have to worry about a lot of fruit insects in the Northern Great Plains until the fruits were ripe, or maybe even over-ripe. Now, you can see some of the damage here. Now, Kathy Wieterholt is one of our collaborators, and she has provided some of these beautiful photos. Here we've got some tart cherries. You can see the puncture marks that were created. Now, spotted winged drosophila can lay its eggs in fruit that is just starting to turn color, but it will also lay its eggs in ripe fruit, too. But here you see the puncture marks, and that's a problem. These puncture marks, not only are there eggs in the fruit, but it also introduces rot fungi and yeast, so the fruits then start to degrade. So, you can see this photo here. We've got multiple puncture marks, and then we can see this pupa that is right in the middle. So, these are on Juneberries. So, the life cycle of spotted winged drosophila is extremely fast. So, the female lays her eggs, and then the eggs hatch within a day to two days. The larvae then start consuming the fruit from the inside out. So, you can see the little larvae here in the center of the fruit. It's very tiny, very hard to see, but the larvae start eating the fruit, and we'll talk about the fruit host here in a minute. Let's start consuming that, and the fruit just starts to collapse. So, after the larvae feeds, it then pupates before it then becomes an adult. So, when it pupates, sometimes it pupates on the surface of the fruit. Sometimes it drops to the ground. Now, we can go through multiple generations. Now, we have no idea how many generations occur in North Dakota at this point. Now, we've heard in other countries it can have 13 to 16 generations, but right now we don't know how many generations. But if conditions are right, like 77 degrees Fahrenheit, the whole life cycle can take eight days. And that's just absolutely amazing. So, here are some photos from Ash Siol. He is the entomologist at University of Georgia, but he wanted to see the progression of damage in a blueberry. So, he took a photo once a day. So, 5A is a photo of the fruit just as the fly has laid its eggs. By the second day, there are breathing tubes, which enable the insect to survive in the fruit. By day four, you start seeing a little bit of an indentation, which just enlarges in day five and day six. By day seven, you know, there's just not much left of the fruit. But you can see how fast that progression is in a soft-skinned fruit. So, our horticultural host range in North Dakota is pretty broad. That's another factor with spotted wing drosophila. It likes any of the cane berries, so your raspberries and blackberries. Now, we don't have much blackberry production in North Dakota, but certainly there's some in southern Minnesota and in South Dakota. It absolutely adores cherries. It'll go after Juneberries, strawberries. It's been reported in hazcaps and erronea, plums and currant. Now, that's just a short list. There's quite a few more, but it can also attack grapes. Now, fortunately, grapes don't seem to be a preferred host. It will go after tomatoes. And what it'll do with tomatoes is it will utilize cracks. So, say, for example, you've got a growth crack in your tomato. Spotted wing drosophila will come in, exploit that situation and lay an egg in the crack. You know, the same is true for apples and plums. But really, they'll go to anything. They'll lay eggs in an asparagus berry. Do you know what I'm talking about? So, those little berries that are produced in a female asparagus plant where the seeds are, it'll lay its eggs there. So, it's been observed in over 60 plant species in 24 families. Spotted wing drosophila doesn't stop at domesticated fruits. They'll also go after wild hosts. So, they use these as bridge crops, you know, while they're waiting for, you know, your raspberries or something else to ripen. So, they'll lay their eggs in choked cherries, autumn olive, elderberry, buckthorn, even buckthorn. They'll climb, climbing nightshade, those little berries on dogwoods, honeysuckle, you name it. They will go after them. Now, timing is very important for us because it helps us understand, you know, what the damage is going to be in North Dakota. At this point in time, we don't think spotted wing drosophila over winters in North Dakota. Now, my, our PhD student, and I share a PhD student with Jan Kunodal. She has been studying spotted wing drosophila for the last two growing seasons. So far, we have not found evidence that it over winters. Instead, it seems to come north on some of the lower level jet streams, which bring spotted wing drosophila adults to North Dakota. So, for the last two years, our grad student has been trapping and has not seen any adults until about the first week in July, and that's when the trouble seems to kick in. So, we've talked about how to identify the insect. We're going to talk about what you can do once you know you have it in your garden. We're going to talk about integrated pest management. We'll talk about insects, insecticides you can use, and then some other cultural methods that you can integrate, because I'm sure there are a lot of individuals that are not going to want to spray insecticides. So, there are some ways of trying to deal with it. But I have to admit, this is one of the more difficult insects to control. The first step in any good integrated pest management program is to monitor to see when the insect arrives in your fruit orchard, you know, whether it's a commercial fruit orchard or your homeowner, a home orchard. It's a very easy way to make homemade traps. You can use these little plastic deli containers.  What you can do is drill some holes in the side. You want the holes about a third of the way from the top. This is where the spotted winged risoffola can enter. And then you fill it up, fill up the bottom one-third or one-quarter with a fermenting type liquid. Here we're suggesting one tablespoon of active dry yeast, plus four tablespoons of water mixed in with 12 ounces of water. So, this is a fermenting type substance and it will draw in the spotted winged risoffola. Now, if you happen to have yellow sticky cards, you can put a yellow sticky card in your trap and then look at that to see if there are any risoffola that gets stuck to the yellow sticky card. If you don't want to use a yellow sticky card, you can add a drop of dish detergent to the trap. The dish detergent will break the surface tension so the spotted winged risoffola will drown. But that means you then have to kind of sift out the insects in the liquid solution. As you're making your homemade traps, make sure you place them in a protected and shaded area. So, this is one thing that's been a real eye-opener for us as we've done research. Now, this is an invasive insect, but it is really particular about the environment that it likes. Now, my grad student has killed a lot of spotted winged risoffola because we didn't quite realize how fragile it is. So, it's been almost comical for us because we had a steep learning curve with this insect in trying to keep it alive so we could do tests with it. But what we have discovered is that it likes a shaded area, it does not like hot temperatures, and it doesn't like windy areas. So, we were growing or keeping spotted winged risoffola colonies alive in a growth chamber and they were dying because there was air blowing within the growth chamber. So, if you want to trap these, put them in a protected area in your fruits, in the shade and a little bit out of the wind, and then check the traps about twice a week. You will want to change the bait once a week, and this is unfortunately a smelly job. And when you change the bait, make sure you're not discarding the old bait, you're your fruit orchard because that will draw in the insects. You want to make sure you are as far away as you can. If you desire, you can purchase commercial traps. We have purchased traps from AlphaSense. So, within that yellow sticky card, there's a pheromone lure that is hidden, that draws in the spotted winged risoffola, and then we take a look at the sticky card to see if Drosophila's Suzuki Eye is present. So, we're going to talk about chemical management of spotted winged risoffola.  Some of you are in more of a homeowner situation. Some of you are commercial producers. So, I'm going to give both homeowner and restricted use pesticide recommendations. Restricted use pesticides are those in which you need to have a pesticide applicator's license to apply. So, we want to make sure that homeowners are not applying restricted use pesticides because in that situation, you may be breaking the law. You do need to have a license and you can certainly apply for a pesticide applicator's license, but there's quite a bit of training involved and a test that you need to take. Now, keeping in mind that I'm giving a regional seminar, not every pesticide that I am discussing today may be registered in your state. Now, we have high-tunnel producers from a five-state region that will be listening to this presentation. So, I have presented a broad list of pesticides. You will want to make sure those pesticides are in fact registered for your home state. You will want to also see if it's labeled for your crop and whether it's labeled for a high-tunnel situation or just outdoors. And then pay attention to reentry intervals. So, say, for example, you spray your crop. How long do you have to stay away from it? You know, is it 24 hours? Is it 48 hours? You'll take a look at that. And then consider pre-harvest intervals. So, say, for example, your raspberries are one week away from being picked. You don't want to apply a pesticide that has a 21-day pre-harvest interval. Obviously, you're not going to be able to harvest your insects, or harvest your raspberries. So, you'll have to make sure you pay close attention to that information. For those of you that are in North Dakota, you can find out if a particular pesticide is registered for North Dakota by going to this website. And I will provide my handout to all of you within once we post our webinar online. So, you'll have these notes and you can use them. But for North Dakota, if you are looking up which pesticides are registered in North Dakota, you can use this website and then you can search, you know, by product name or by active ingredient or one of these other search options. Now, I'm sure that for those of you that may be out of state, you have something similar through your own Department of Ag. But I wanted to show you a search result. So, this happens to be a pyrethroid called Mustang Max. So, I looked up Mustang Max. One thing to look for is it a restricted use pesticide in your state? Here it says why for yes. So, homeowners would not be able to legally apply an insecticide like Mustang Max. Now, there's other information you can look up. You can look up the active ingredient in a product. You can look at the pests that are controlled as well as which crops they can be applied to. So, all important information. So, we're going to start off first with homeowner insecticides. These tend to be, I'm going to give you both conventional and organic insecticides. There may be a little bit of overlap in the organic portion with the commercial insecticides. Now, some of these are taken from our spotted winged Drosophila extension bulletin. That's E1750. Jan Knodl, Kathy Widerholt and I are going to be releasing an updated version of this with more insecticides that are listed. So, this shows you some of the insecticides that are labeled for homeowners in North Dakota. Now, these happen to be the class 1A and 1B insecticides. You know, a caveat when you're applying insecticides is that you need to rotate between different classes of insecticides to avoid resistance. So, you know, say you apply a class 1 insecticide, the following week you would want to go to another class, maybe a class 3 or class 5 insecticide, and that will come, that will be apparent as we progress through this presentation. But here, these are class 1 insecticides. They tend to be organophosphates or carbamates. Active ingredients are usually either melithion or carbaryl. These are two conventional insecticides that are very common that you can find at the Garden Center. You know, other class 1 insecticides are listed here. Now, I'm not going to go too in depth into this because, you know, they change, they change this quite rapidly and each brand has its own version of this. But these are some of the brands that are out there and sometimes you can find a combination spray that has insecticide with fungicide. So, I mentioned very important not to just keep spraying one class of insecticide. You know, it's just like antibiotic resistance. We're worried about the insect here becoming resistant to the insecticide. So, you would then, you know, rotate to maybe a class 3 insecticide. These are the pyrethrins. A pyrethrin is an organic product normally. So, it would be derived from a natural substance, you know, such as the pyrethrum flower. So, pyganic is a very common omri-certified pyrethrin and it's labeled for a multitude of crops. It doesn't have a post-harvest interval, but the one problem is that it's only slightly effective. We find that the conventional pyrethroids tend to be more effective on spotted wing drosophila. So, these would include active ingredients such as bifenthrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, lambda-sahelithrin. So, these are some that Kathy Widerholt had found, but there's certainly other pyrethroids that are out there that are labeled for spotted wing drosophila. Now, the difference between these pyrethroids and the pyrethrin is that they may be a little bit more effective because they do have a synergist, which increases the residual on the insects. However, these are not labeled for organic production. Other homeowner insecticides would be class 5 insecticides and these would be the spinocids. So, Montre garden insect spray and bonite captain jack's dead brew. So, the spinocids are derived from a natural microbe and they've been very effective insecticides. So, Montre garden insect spray is OMRI certified. The two bonite products are labeled as organic. I didn't see an OMRI certification on them. But here you can rotate through a class 1, class 3, and class 5 insecticides. Now, let's talk about insecticides for commercial producers. So, these are the ones you would need a license to apply them. So, these are mostly restricted use pesticides. There are some in here which can be applied by a homeowner and I'll make note of those. But just like the pesticides we discussed previously, you need to rotate between the classes. These pesticides, I have pulled them out of the Midwest fruit pest management guide. So, for all of you commercial producers, once again you've got to go through all these questions. Do you have a pesticide applicator license? Is that particular pesticide registered in your state and for your crop?  If it's just labeled for field production, you're not going to be able to apply that product in your high tunnel. So, you want to make sure that the product is labeled for high tunnels and or greenhouses. So, once again, here's the Midwest fruit pest management guide. Oh, this is a great guide. I wish NDSU were part of this, but we just don't have enough faculty to do that. But a lot of great information in here on a multitude of pests. So, this is what I'm relying upon for some of the recommendations here. So, I've pulled insecticides by a few representative crops. So, these are insecticides you can apply to a plum. I certainly recognize that you're probably not growing a plum in a high tunnel. But I'm going to give you some different classes you can rotate through. These are class 1s, the organophosphates or carbamates. You'll notice that I've got some abbreviations. Now, these are ratings that come from that Midwest fruit producers guide. E stands for excellent control of spotted wing drosophila. G stands for good, F is fair, and P is poor. So, you can see that for class 1 insecticides, imidane is a lot more effective than 7. If you get down to the neonicotinoids, a sale is available to apply on plums, but it's only a fair. It's got a fair rating, which means it's just moderately effective. You know, considering the problems we're having with neonicotinoids, maybe you might want to avoid that class of insecticides. We have a lot of pyrethroids available, and they provide excellent control. So, we see asana, bathroid, danitol, mustang max, proaxis, and warrior that are out there labeled for plums. Now, there are other classes of insecticides for plums. Now, you've got some choices here with regard to spinocids. There's delegate, which is a spinotorum. This is a conventional spinocid. Delegate is supposed to be extremely effective. Unfortunately, it's more effective than its OM-resertified cousin, which is in trust. So, if you're doing organic production, you're going to have to use in trust rather than delegate. And then, of course, you're seeing pyganic again. Pyganic is the organic pyrethrin. So, these are some plum insecticides that are available. The insecticides I'm listing on this page don't require a restricted... They're not restricted use pesticides. Now, I didn't list them under the homeowner insecticides because delegate and in trust are quite expensive, maybe prohibitively expensive for a homeowner. But we do see lots of commercial producers using these insecticides. When it comes to cherries, oh, boy, oh, boy, this is a real challenge. So, I've talked a lot with Kathy Wieterholt at the Carrington REC, and it's been a real chore to keep ahead of spotted wing drosophila because the insecticides are, in fact, so... It's just so onerous on the applications that you need to do just to stay ahead of spotted wing drosophila. So, once again, we've got different classes. We've got organophosphates. We've got neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and then we've got others. You know, once again, delegate and in trust, but there's also XRL and Apta. Now, looking at materials that have come from Michigan State, they were really dire in their warnings about cherry production. So, they're telling you that in order to get tart cherries or in Michigan State, of course, there would be some sweet cherries, too, you got to start applying insecticides as soon as the fruit starts to turn color. And then when you're selecting pesticides, only select those that have an excellent rating. So, they recommended the pyrethroids, imidan, XRL, and delegate. They then talked about high spray volumes, making sure you get full coverage and apply to every role, and then they were advising six to seven-day spray intervals. I think that's really quite prohibitive for most individuals here. Now, when it comes to raspberries, there's a smaller number of insecticides that are available, but certainly you can rotate between pyrethroids, class I insecticide, such as malathion, and seven, and others such as delegate and trust, I'm sorry, organic. From the University of Minnesota, this is what they've recommended for fall raspberry control. So, they're recommending the pyrethroids, they're saying no to the neonicotinoids, apply delegate, malathion, and then have these... So, you're rotating between the three products, and then doing a five-day spray interval in the evenings. All right, so, how many of you are not liking all the insecticides you have to apply?  So, that's why we're going to talk about other tools in the IPM toolbox. So, when we talk about integrated pest management, what are some of the cultural controls that we can use? Well, we can take advantage of timing in North Dakota. If spotted wing drosophila doesn't show up until early July, we know that late summer and fall fruits will be a lot more vulnerable than our early ripening fruits and cultivars. Now, we're studying this right now with my PhD student. We received a specialty crop block grant from the Department of Egg. So, we're looking at monitoring spotted wing drosophila on different crops. When do they first appear? You know, how many are we finding in a trap? We're looking at which hosts they prefer. So, will they lay their eggs in erronea berry and will they progress through their whole life cycle on something like erronea or grape as opposed to their preferred crops like raspberry and cherry? And then we're looking at differences in skin thickness. Will that make a difference? Now, I'm not going to talk about all that today. We don't have enough time here. I'm just going to focus mainly on trapping, which helps us kind of gauge timing. Now, we are using the AlphaSense yellow sticky traps, which have a pheromone lure. And my PortGrad student is counting the spotted wing drosophila that she finds on here on this yellow card. Hopefully, you can see my cursor. Now, obviously, we've got big, big horseflies and all sorts of things on here. Spotted wing drosophila would be much smaller. So, you can see it's quite a big job just to count the insects on each trap. I wanted to give you just a little, just a little taste of this research in the hopes that it can inform you. So, this is the data that Caitlin, our grad student, collected last year on hazcaps at the Carrington Research and Extension Center. On the left-hand axis, she's got the average number of spotted wing drosophila that are captured in each trap. And then on the right-hand side, this is measuring percent ripeness. So, obviously, we don't want to see spotted wing drosophila arriving until after we have harvested. So, we take a look at hazcaps. You can see that by, or before June 30th, the hazcaps are at 100% ripeness and have been pecked. And then we don't have spotted wing drosophila showing up until July on this particular figure. So, this is good. You know, based on this, I would say that hazcaps right now stand a very good chance of ripening and being harvested before spotted wing drosophila shows up. So, here's a crop that you can grow and not have to spray. So, I'll show you a couple other crops here. These are Juneberries. So, Harleen is, I think, on, and we've been calling these Julyberries. They may be called Juneberries, but they don't seem to ripen here until July in North Dakota. But once again, we have kind of the same situation. We've got percent ripeness being shown by the blue bars, and then we have average number of spotted wing drosophila captured per trap.  So, there are some years in which Juneberries can be quite susceptible. Now, in years in which Juneberries may ripen earlier, you know, it may not be as much of a problem, but they're kind of right on the cusp there. Sour cherry. Sour cherry is pretty much devastated.  So, in this time period, spotted wing drosophila can fully devastate the sour cherry crop. So, I have to admit, I'm not, I'm not recommending sour cherry to, to North Dakota producers or producers in this region right now, unless you're willing to spray the heck out of the crop. So, that's showing you, I mean, just a little bit of kind of the research that we're doing is trying to look at timing in fruits. Now, we've got, you know, other crops we're looking at like grape and, and currant and other crops like that. But what we're finding is that if you can have crops that mature early, you're better off. So, that's another reason to plant hazcaps. When you're selecting your strawberries, you may be better off looking at June-bearing strawberry rather than ever-bearing. So, if, now if this trend holds and spotted wing drosophila doesn't show up in the state until July, then maybe, you know, a good portion of your strawberries will escape infestation. You know, the same is true of, of your raspberries. So, the earlier your variety, the less risk there is to you. When it comes to others like plums, I would make sure to pick your plums before they get too soft. Once they start to get really soft, then it's easier for spotted winged drosophila to puncture it. So, I mentioned tart cherries may be a lost cause. And then apples were not too worried about at this point as long as the skin doesn't split. We're probably not too worried about grape either. So far, the only cultivar of grape that we've seen some infestation in has been valiant. So, other, you know, other points, you know, make the environment less hospitable to the insect.  The wild hosts are going to serve as bridge crops to sustain spotted winged drosophila, you know, until your, your domestic crops are ripe. So, if you've got wild raspberries growing in the area, remove them, remove your choke cherries, your buckthorn.  If your fruits are planted next to a wooded area, you're going to have more problem. So, remember, I talked about spotted winged drosophila, liking shaded areas, that's very true. So, your woods are going to, you know, provide shelter for spotted winged drosophila. They may go back to the wooded area during the hottest part of the day and then come back and infest your fruits at night. Now, I have a hard time making these recommendations because, you know, I firmly believe in, in planting flowering crops in your shelter belt to sustain pollinators. So, here I'm having a hard time, you know, telling people to remove wild hosts when we definitely want more flowers, more flowering shrubs out in the environment. But we're seeing that this can be very problematic when it comes to orchard production. Pruning, pruning is very important. So, we want to make sure we prune the canopy, you know, whether it's a shrub, whether it's your grapes. We want to open up that canopy to ensure that there's a lot of ventilation within the plant and we want to make sure that light gets into the plant. Now, that generally improves the health of your fruit crop, but it also makes the environment hotter and less humid for spotted winged drosophila. It's important to make sure you're pruning the canopy. And then, if you have irrigation lines, make sure you repair any leaking irrigation lines because that will provide the water that spotted winged drosophila needs, needs. And then make sure to harvest every day or two.   If you are going to neglect your fruit crops, if you're not going to spray, if you're planting, is going to become a source of infestation, I think it's then going to be better for you to remove your fruit crops rather than allow them to become a source to infest your neighbors around you. So, you know, some very important points to think of. Okay, if you don't want to be spraying in pesticides, you might want to invest in some exclusion net, exclusion netting. So, Dale Isla Riggs out of New York has been lecturing across the country about her use of exclusion netting. So, she has been netting her fruit crops. I have to admit it's not cheap. She is using ProtectNet, which is the brand. Now, in a lot of her presentations, she's saying that she's using an 80-gram weight netting. This is... I've been corrected on this. She's actually wrong on that. There's only a 70-gram exclusion netting that's available through ProtectNet. But that's what she's using. It's a little costly. It can be $7,000 to $9,000 per acre. And that's the cost in 2014 and 15. I'm hoping in the future that the price of that netting can come down. But this is a very effective way to beat spotted winged drosophila. Of course, you have to be very thoughtful in how you do this. You want to make sure that you've got some redundancies, making sure that you're protecting your entrances, so you're not bringing in spotted winged drosophila every time you go in and out. If you do happen to have a fruit crop that requires insect pollination, then you have to have a strategy, too, because you might have to bring in bumblebee hives to pollinate your crops if they're netted. So you do have to think of those aspects. Other IPM measures, mow the tall grass and weeds. Remember, this can provide shelter. And then you may want to consider plastic... I'm sorry, fabric weed mats. So that's that black weed mat. What we've been hearing about is that the pupa will sometimes drop from the fruit and then drop to the ground. If you have a weed mat that's black, the pupa may in fact fry on that mat. So they're starting to look more and more at weed mats as a potential for reducing the spotted winged drosophila that pupates. Sanitation is very important. Clean up all your dropped fruit and then carefully dispose of it. You're going to find that crushing isn't going to do the job. There's still going to be eggs and larvae in the crushed fruit. Bearing your crop is not going to work either. I'm sorry, bearing your infested berries. In fact, the larvae have a great ability to dig through the soil. So you would have to go impossibly deep to bury your dropped fruit. I've heard some people use a kaolin spray. So that's kind of a clay spray that they use. I don't know how effective that is. Probably your best bet is, okay, if you have a smaller amount of fruit, you can freeze it solid.  Or you can solarize the fruit.  For those of you that sell at farmer's market, you may be concerned on whether you're selling infested fruit. There's a very easy test that you can do. What you can do is mix up a solution of salt and water. Generally about one tablespoon of salt to one cup of water.  You'll crush up the fruit and then allow the salt to act as an irritant. The SWD larvae will then float up to the surface and you'll be able to see roughly what the infestation rate is. So it's a good tip for those of you that may be selling at farmer's markets and want to make sure that you're selling produce that doesn't have spotted winged drosophila. Other things to think about would be refrigerating your produce as soon as you harvest it. So stick them in the refrigerator. And what that will do is say, for example, there are eggs that are laid or maybe even the tiniest instars, refrigeration will stop development. So your customers will not see the infestation. Now if you're running a UPIC business, tell your customers that they need to refrigerate their fruit. Very, very important for this reason. For those of you that are freezing your fruit to save for later, that's a good way of preventing the eggs from hatching and the first instars from developing further. So all along I've been telling you how to avoid spotted winged drosophila.  Are you going to die? Are you going to be poisoned? What do you think out there? Well, you're not going to die. You're not going to be poisoned. It's just the yuck factor. So I like to tell a lot of people it's added protein. It's all added protein. It's all good. So are you thoroughly depressed now about the state of fruits in the Northern Great Plains? Is there hope? Yes. Millions and millions of dollars are being spent nationally. They've got so many entomologists working on that. I'm hopeful that we will come to live with this invasive pest. They're looking at different parasitoids from Asia. So spotted winged drosophila comes from Asia. So they're looking at the native parasites that would prey on spotted winged drosophila. They're also looking at natural predators here in the United States. There are predators that will eat spotted winged drosophila. So there's more work being done on that. But that's not going to be the silver bullet, at least not now. They're looking at netting, as we mentioned, and then repellents. I was really quite optimistic when I read a new paper on butyl athranolate. This is actually something they use as a food additive, meaning that humans can consume it. But maybe in the future, you might be able to spray a repellent, such as BA, on your crop. It would be food safe. And at the same time would deter spotted winged drosophila. We don't know if this is going to come to fruition, but there's research being done on that. As well as new insecticides that would not be poisonous to humans. So they're looking at sugar alcohol types of compounds, like erythritrol, which can be in fact very poisonous to different drosophila. They're looking at different traps and lures, looking at ways at doing mass trapping or using trap crops to kill insects. They're looking at genetic modification and also spraying the ground around the plants. So there's more research coming up right now. Now mass trapping seems to be kind of striking out, but maybe doing a trap crop might work. So you'll be seeing more and more of this as we progress. So I wanted to acknowledge our research team. Caitlin Krueger is our PhD student. And then Jan Knodl, Harleen Hatterman-Valenti, and I are on her committee. And we're also working with Kathy Wieter-Holt at the Carrington REC. We are very thankful that the Carrington REC has allowed us to conduct research there. And then we thank the specialty crop block grant program, which is administered through the North Dakota Department of Ag. So at this time, I'll take any questions or comments that you have. So you're welcome to type them in the chat box, or if you have a microphone, that's certainly something that you can use. So any questions out there? I know I covered a lot of information, but I wanted you to have the most recent information. So any observations? Are you seeing spotted wing drosophila? Excuse me. This is Drew up here at Ray. Yes. I am horrified with the course permission on and in around my land. I planted Juneberry, choked cherry, buffalo berry. My small grouping of 25 current is thriving. And of course I have plum and tomato and asparagus, Mary Washington that does in fact have the female. The female berries. Yes. And I have seen those seed and I have planted from those. So I don't know if they're here or not, but since I'm only half mile from the extension service here, I presume we're going to be, we're close enough to be cross infesting each other. You know, there's a possibility, but I would assume that your REC is controlling spotted wing drosophila. You have an advantage that we don't drew. Drew is from Western North Dakota. We do see that spotted wing drosophila does not do as well in areas that are much drier. So I believe that your area is going to do better because you're on the drier side of the state. Investations won't be as bad. We worry a lot more in areas where we receive a lot more rainfall. So we don't quite know how bad things are going to be. You know, out in Western North Dakota, so far we haven't been hearing a whole lot, which leads me to believe that spotted wing drosophila may be more of a problem in wetter areas of the state rather than Williston. So there's hope. There's hope on that side of the state. Thank you. I need hope. All right, so I'm seeing questions from Beverly to everyone. Are you wanting reports from anyone trapping? Now, if you happen to be in one of these other counties, here I'm going to just kind of, where we don't have, here, I'll go back to the map here. We are looking for samples from other counties so we can fill in the distribution map. So I'm sorry, it's towards the beginning here. Oops, there we go. So if you're from one of the counties that is in white or light blue, yes, we are looking for samples to confirm the distribution. That does give us information. So good question, Beverly. Question from Joan. Where do we get the yellow sticky traps? I'm trying to remember the name of the company. It might be Gemple or was it Leonard? There are horticultural supply companies that have it. Any insect supply company would have it. They're very cheap. You could probably even get them on Amazon to tell you the truth. Just Google yellow insect sticky traps. They're very much widely available. The only thing is that they are really sticky. So be careful. Lindy Berg. Oh yes, Lindy Berg says yes. You can get the trap supplies at Amazon. Other questions. There's a question from Jamestown. Yes. Is mulch in raspberries a bad idea? Like hay or straw on the ground to keep the weeds down? Well, they're doing research on that. They, they are finding that the black. Well, it's, I think it's kind of a double-edged sword. Now the black weed mat does, does cause those pupa to dry up. But at the same time, I think they're researching whether the mulch provides habitat for the natural predators. So we don't necessarily have a clear picture yet on the role that mulch plays, but it is possible that natural, or that mulch may in fact provide habitat for predators that may then eat the pupa and pray on spotted wing drosophila. So that's still being researched. We don't have, I don't think there has been a conclusion on that aspect. But great question. You know, frankly, as a horticulturist, we say mulch everything.  We do like to, we do like to amend the soil and think about soil health concerns and moisture retention. So how's that for a wishy-washy answer? Other questions or comments? So how bad, how bad is spotted wing drosophila where you live? Yes. This is Cecilia from Jamestown. And we definitely have it in our raspberries. And my neighbor who's watching us with me does as well. And, but you know, if you do follow those practices and pick early and pick often, it's not so bad. And we need to one of those, my friend and I are still living and we've eaten plenty of larva. So, you know, if you just don't watch. Cecilia, I just absolutely love you. I love you. Cecilia. But anyway, since this is kind of depressing, but hopefully the research will help. Yes. We're hoping, we're hoping because we don't want to just be spraying all these, all these pesticides. That's not what we're about. But, but great point, you know, pick early, pick often, you know, make sure you're not giving them more time to lay eggs. That's, that really is the key, particularly for homeowners rather than spraying the heck out of it. Anybody else? Well, thank you very much. I'm going to be, we're going to be posting the recording on our, on our website. Oh, I'm seeing another question in the chat box. Beverly has them in Glen, all in. So yes, that's getting more towards the western area of the state. I think Glenn all in is in Morton County. If I'm not mistaken, maybe a little bit drier, but maybe not as dry as Williams County. All right. Well, thank you very much. And this will be our last webinar of the NDSU high tunnel community practice series for the season. We'll start up again in the fall. Master gardeners will have other webinars, but they'll be more master gardener focused. Thank you very much and have a good day.


Hey guys, welcome to SSUniTech, so we'll decide and today we are going to see about the parameterized linke services and we'll be going to also see about the parameters in the SEO data factory. So first try to understand about the parameter and then we'll be going to see in the linke services how we can use the parameters. So this is very important while you are going to work in the real-time environment. So go to the next slide and we'll try to understand. So what is the parameter? So the parameter you can use to pass external values into the pipelines, datasets, linke services and data flows. For the data flows we did not discuss as yet, so we'll be going to see in our upcoming videos. So here we can understand like on the pipeline level we can create the parameter. In the dataset level we can use the parameters and third we can see the linke services. So on these three levels we can create the parameter and we can use those. Next once the parameter has been passed into the resource it cannot be changed. So while we are going to pass the parameters into the resources we cannot change that. By parameterizing resources you can reuse them with different values each time. So as you can understand if we want to load the data from any source for example our source is the blob storage. So we want to load the data from the blob storage to three different environment. So first environment is the dev environment. The same data will go to the jouet environment and the same data should go into the prod environment. So here instead of creating these three linke services we can use and create a single linke service and we'll be going to utilize that in different environments. Similarly we can also create the single dataset and that dataset will be the dynamically handle these three environment. So our source is static and our destination is dynamic. So this is the actual requirement that we'll be going to achieve by next two to three videos. So in this video we'll try to create the linke service and how we can make that as dynamic. So first go inside the browser and we'll see about the source. So here as we can see this is the blob storage under the ssu testing. We are having ssu container and here we can see this table that is employee.txt table. So this table are having only two column id and name and the values that we can see right here. So we want to load this into the sico server. So inside the sico server as you can see we are having these three environment like dev environment, prod environment and uat environment. So we'll be going to load the data into these three environments. So here I have created these three databases only but in the real time you will be having these three sico servers. Here we are having only ssunited server but in the real time you will be having these three different different servers by which we'll be having these tables. As we can see here we have this employee table under the dev environment. In the uat and prod we'll be having the same employee table so that you can see and verify. So this is the requirement. So first we'll try to create the linke service and how we can make this as dynamic. So go to the browser, go to the azure data factory. So here go to on the manage and under the manage the first option under the connections we can see the linke service. So if you haven't watched the linke service video of this video series so I strongly recommend to watch that video before going forward. So here I want to create a new linke service. So click on this new. Now here we have to search so our destination that is the azure SQL. So we can search for that and click on continue. Now let me call this as dynamic linke service for azure SQL and this is for the employee table. Now let me scroll down. Here we are having the option to select the subscription server name and database name. So let me select the subscription first then the server name and then the database name. So I am going to create this with the static connection with the dev environment because here we are not going to see any option by which we can make this as dynamic. So in the real time you have to make the dynamic with the server name along with the database name as well. In our case it will be only database name is dynamic. Now we have to specify the user ID and password here. So let me provide the user ID and password. Test the connection here. Connection succeed click on create. So it will create a new linke service and this is the dynamic linke service azure SQL underscore EMV. So it is created now but this is the static. Now we want to make this as dynamic. So let me click on that again and now here we can see the database server and authentication type everything we can make this dynamic from here. If you can click on this here we can see the option to add dynamic content. Let me click on that. So here as we can see we don't have any parameter because we did not create any parameter. So either we can create the new parameter from here by clicking on this plus symbol and this parameter scope will be limited under this linke services. So we can create the parameters as I told you on the linke service level on the pipeline level and on the dataset level. So here we are going to create this as linke service level. So if you can scroll down side and here we will be having options for the parameter either we can create from there or we can create from here. So let me click on new. Now we can call this as server name. Let me add another parameter and this will be the database name. Let me add one more. So this will be the user ID or the login ID then the password. So these three parameters we have passed. So if you can go upside and here we can see the database. So let me click on that and here we can see the add dynamic content. Let me click on that. So instead of getting the static values we want to get these values from the parameter. So this is for the database. So we can click on the database. So it is getting like here you can see the link service dot database name. So it is referring like this database name parameter is coming from the linke service only. Let me click on okay. It is not selected. Let me go and select it again like the database name. Click on okay. So here we can see the database name which we have specified ssu div static value but this time it is coming from this parameter. Do the same thing for the server name as well. So server name click on okay. It is loaded. Now here we can see the username. So here we have the user ID. So we can add that click on okay. Now we can see the password. So let me add the password parameter as well. Click on okay. Everything we have selected and by default value we did not pass anything here. Now we want to test the connection. So click on the test connection. Here it is required to pass all those values. So first we have to pass the server name. So this is the server name. Then with the database name. So let me pass the database name as ssu div. Then the user ID and user ID will be pvi and then the password. So let me add the password here and click on okay. So it is testing the connection. So test connection succeed. So it is able to make the connection with the div environment. Let me try to test the another one. So click on test connection again. Here instead of div let me have the ssu uat and click on okay. So it is testing the connection for the uat and connection succeed. So that looks good. Click on test connection again and this time I want to test the connection for the prod one. Now click on okay. So it got succeed. So it is working fine. So let me click on apply. So we have making the changes under this link service and we have make this as dynamic. So if we can go here again. So here we can see the first parameter that is dynamic. The second that is again dynamic third and fourth. So we have created these four parameters and we are using these parameters under this link service. So I hope guys you have understand how we can make the link service as dynamic. In the next video we will be going to see how we can make the dataset as dynamic. So thank you so much for watching this video. If you really like this video please subscribe our channel to get many more videos. Don't forget to press the bell icon to get the notification of our newly uploaded videos. See you in the next video.