Well good morning church. It's great to be with you again today. I wasn't expecting to follow that. That was pretty extraordinary. Wendy and I joke we're both clergy spouses and so I feel like maybe I should have been singing up there but that would have created a whole new kind of melody and harmony that you wouldn't have wanted to hear. Yeah that's a confession about me. I can't sing. That was a bad joke that didn't land but that's what it is. I'm going to invite us as we prepare just to continue today. Would you join me just for a moment again as we turn our attention to God by going together to God in prayer. Would you pray with me? Gracious God that you'd be present filling this place. Bring forth your Holy Spirit. Flood the atmosphere. Help us to to be encouraged and strengthened and inspired. Fill us so that we might be measured and found to be always acceptable in thy sight. For you, O Lord, our Rock and our Redeemer. Amen. Well I like to start by bringing forth scripture and today I have a couple of passages that I want to lead with and the first is a passage that comes from Paul's letter to the church at Ephesus and this is what Paul writes to his church encouraging them saying them remember don't ever forget this and he tells his church at Ephesus this to him who by the power at work within us is able to accomplish abundantly far more than anything we can ask for or imagine. His church at Ephesus he needed to encourage, he needed to bolster, he needed to inspire them and so he told them to remember don't ever forget that that by the power of grace of God given us by the power of the Holy Spirit moving through us we are able to accomplish abundantly far more than anything we can ask for or imagine which means we can do all things is what he's pushing them to, to endure, to overcome, to transform this city in which we're sitting in. Paul encouraged his church that way. He encourages us the same way. Jesus he encourages his disciples in a similar kind of fashion. Paul is the one who was echoing Jesus actually as Jesus encouraged his disciples who were facing a future filled with fear not so much hope and so they were looking for somebody to lead the way. Jesus encourages them in John 14 as he's telling them about the way forward. He tells his disciples the same thing remember the one who believes in me will do the works that I do and in fact will do greater works than these. These two words of encouragement they're huge they're extraordinary they should fuel us inspire us get us excited to go forward and and the one thing I want to ask you this morning is do you believe those words? Do you believe that we're able to do those things? That we have the ability to do greater things or extraordinary things far surpassing anything we can imagine which means we don't even know exactly the extent of that kind of power but what Jesus encourages us and what Paul encourages us to do is to do those things no matter what is lying in front of us we're called to by the grace given us to accomplish extraordinary abundantly amazing life-giving kinds of things this is at the heart of our call these are words that push me but sometimes I need to remember them because I forget them I don't know if you ever forget them but sometimes I feel unworthy of words like that or a call like that when I think about like changing the world as Jesus pushes us to do I come up with excuses I don't have time for that I'm too busy for that I think about the location I'm sitting in you know Kansas City is in the middle of nowhere how can we change the world from Kansas City when I can't even change my neighborhood Kansas City is in the middle of nowhere and some of you are probably thinking no it's not I'm in the middle of nowhere right and we think how can we actually do these extraordinary things what can we do God are those promises really true the call doesn't change our propensity to remember it does if that's the case you're not alone if you struggle with this you're in good company this has been the case from the beginning of time you see this thread of reminding you know faithful people of this call to change the world all throughout scripture one of the things that we read in Joshua is this word of encouragement offered to the children of Israel seeking to live into the promises before them even though they have this tough road to face this is what Joshua cries out he says be strong and courageous and and don't be frightened it don't be dismayed for the Lord your God is with you wherever it is that you go remember God is with you everywhere that you go so so keep going keep keep doing this is this word of encouragement of reminder don't forget God is with you Paul encouraged the church at Rome similar to Joshua saying remember I am convinced neither death nor life nor angels nor demons nor rulers nor things present nor things to come nor powers nor right nothing can separate you from the love of God that's what he tells his church so press on don't forget God is with you nothing can separate him from you the disciples often forgot this I'm formed and fit by the experience of the last supper and in the last supper Jesus he invites everybody together together around them and as he's sitting at that table as they're breaking bread together as as he's foretelling and forecasting his death he takes bread he breaks it he takes wine he pours it and he tells them remember me my love that will not let you go don't ever forget I'm giving you all that I am and all that I have remember what happens 24 hours later the disciples are nowhere to be found after he's persecuted crucified dead buried the disciples it took but a day for them to forget entirely Jesus comes back despite their fear this is what we read in Matthew 28 he has words for them Jesus came to them in their fear and he said all authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me so so go therefore and make disciples of all nations baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit and teaching them to obey everything that I have commanded you my favorite part is how he finishes it and remember I'm always with you even to the end of the age and yet no matter how many times we hear it no matter how many times we live into it no matter how many times we we know that God is with us that God is powering us and equipping us enabling us to these extraordinary things we find ourselves forgetting this is the perpetual dilemma of our journey of faith of our walk of discipleship of our postures leaders we don't feel worthy of that kind of power of that kind of gift we don't deserve it we've done nothing to earn it and yet God longs to remind us time and time again remember don't forget I am with you so go so do so accomplish these things according to the gifts that I've given you and just keep running this race that is set before you this is the word that Jesus brings to us and and as I think about how this applies to me what I what I look for what I what I long for as a pastor is as I long for leadership advice I long for for for conferences where I can go and I can hear people give me seven highly effective traits of a great leader in the life of the church or a great pastor and and yet what I find is that there's no example of anybody who has ever figured out how to be great like Christ is great by taking seven easy steps I felt pressured yesterday to give you an acronym so that you could copy something down so you could leave with something practical like focus and and that was the best I could come up with because when I think about scriptural leadership when I think about what it means to be an effective disciple someone called to go and do the things that God does the only requirement as far as I can see it is that you have to be like the wrong person you you have to be like a misfit full of doubts you need to be full of questions and insecurities you need to have this kind of forgetful mind you need to have literally nothing that qualifies you for the job and this seems like a pretty simple kind of idea or understanding except when I think I read through scripture this is what comes out time and time again as a scriptural pathway toward leadership God calls these people like you well maybe not like you but he calls people like me who are totally ill equipped and this is the beginning of time the journey or the recipe that God has God calls Moses when Moses was a murderer on the run I don't think he was the right candidate the wrong choice for sure for the job God called Jeremiah who was just a boy he appeared before Mary this young unwin virgin she was poor lowly despised outcast Jacob was deceitful Paul spent his life persecuting Christians David was the runt of the litter who enjoyed playing the liar intending to sheep he wasn't this king of kings he was this small little guy that couldn't say anything he was the wrong choice and the disciples themselves were mediocre fishermen who really had no other options except this guy saw them struggling in the water and says hey why don't you come and follow me and they're like well that sounds good we didn't have to fill out a resume God calls the wrong people God calls misfits that's the only leadership characteristic if you think you have it put all together I think you're the wrong person for the job Jesus isn't somebody we would ever hire his resume came across our desk looking for someone to lead our our our life of discipleship within our church we'd see his resume and think he's a carpenter from Nazareth I don't think so he was the headliner on a on a big speaking engagement we wouldn't go hear him what would he have to offer Jesus was the unexpected wrong candidate for those who are longing for a Messiah a Lord they wanted someone to overthrow the powers governing them they wanted someone who could lead a revolution who could change the world they wanted somebody strong and powerful they didn't need this this holy infant even Jesus was the wrong choice the wrong candidate this is how God works he calls misfits people who forget and then he constantly shows up and reminds us I'm with you so keep going trust in me do the things that I do even if they're perceivably wrong because I'll make them right that's been my experience at resurrection downtown we're the wrong people we do the wrong things at the wrong time in the wrong places and somehow God makes them work when we set out as this group of nine people we thought about hosting our very first worship service we landed on a time six p.m. on Sunday nights that's the wrong time to launch a charge we chose to worship in a space that was free of charge they gave us access to our space seven hours a week and it was a space that wasn't equipped for the first time visitors it wasn't accessible to all people it didn't have functioning bathrooms it didn't have air conditioning it didn't have a proper heat it didn't have windows that opened or closed or any sort of cross ventilation and we thought well this is where we're going to host our first worship service at six p.m. on Sunday night I told you what happened when we made that wrong decision great things that started happening because we were just simply pressing on going and doing people started to show up as we met them and invited them they they joined us on this journey in the first four months leading up to Easter we had approached four hundred in our worship attendance at six p.m. on Sunday night Easter Sunday that when the disciples were already kind of cowering in fear we had four hundred people show up to celebrate the resurrection of life that was like a huge extraordinary kind of thing don't applaud yet because you don't know the rest of the story because that that that that day in Kansas City when we had our highest worship attendance ever at six p.m. on Sunday night that was the first time I ever from Michigan experienced my Kansas City summer it was over ninety degrees that Easter Sunday when there's no air conditioning windows that don't open no ability to cross ventilate and in a hundred year old infrastructure that wouldn't accommodate temporary cooling solutions for fear of turning the whole building off what we experienced was the first taste of a long arduous fiery furnace the average temperature for the next seven months in that sanctuary was over ninety degrees on the chancel in the stage where all the lights were burning bright it was over a hundred degrees during that seven month period of time we had four people pass out on the pews and what we got to see slowly but surely were four hundred people hemorrhaging or maybe the better illustration is sweating down to a hundred and thirty I want you to feel like the the weight of that the momentum we felt the life that we felt here's this band of misfits doing all the wrong things at the wrong times in the wrong places God is blessing us equipping us inspiring us yielding this fruit and we had experienced it in great kinds of ways and then slowly but surely it all was going away the people when we invited stopped coming the people we had been so excited to introduce to to the grace of Jesus Christ had a kind of lost interest and we found ourselves in this place wondering you know maybe maybe God didn't choose us maybe he didn't equip us you know maybe we should pack up and go home you know we started doubting and questioning and forgetting that God's promises during that period of time I got to meet this guy his name was Brian van I met Brian van low and behold at a Starbucks and surprise surprise and he hadn't been a part of the church ever and and and I invited him and he was excited he was a teacher in his early 30s and he was excited because we were going to go and serve at a at a neighboring elementary school and he wanted to come and join me and and so and so I met him in in service and we were serving together and as we started serving together I got to know him and I invited him to to then join us in worship in the middle of the Kansas City summer and and and so he showed up on one of those nights that it was particularly hot and he was present with that really really small congregation in this really really terrible you know place and and as he was present there he was worshiping and he was singing and and he was experiencing something that didn't seem to fit his expectation of church and and he found himself in that next morning singing in his classroom he was singing under his breath with his fourth graders as they were taking a test and Brian as he was singing under his breath didn't anticipate that he was singing loud enough for any of his students to hear but sure enough one of them did and that student got up and and walked up to Mr. Van and he said what are you singing Mr. Van and Brian looked at his student and said well I'm singing some of the songs and I was singing at church last night and this little boy said you go to church Mr. Van and he said well well yeah I I did last night and and and he goes well what was it like and and he goes well it was really hot and this fourth grader said well why is it really hot and he goes well there's no air conditioning in that that church and and he goes well that's not right it you should have air conditioning it's too hot outside for for for life without air conditioning and and then the little boy just went back to his seat and just sat there and then he came back up to Mr. Van just a few moments later and said hey Mr. Van can I can I build you a fan and Mr. Van said well I guess what do you need he goes well I just need some construction paper and and so he said well here here you go and he went back and he started cutting out this this this little hand fan and as he cut out this hand fan he drew on it and then he came back up to Mr. Van with this fan and he said Mr. Van do you have a popsicle stick and uh and Mr. Van said well yeah I have a popsicle stick I'm a fourth grade you know teacher gives him a popsicle stick and goes back and he puts the popsicle stick on it and then he comes back up after he finished that and he said can I have all of our class do the same thing the whole class assembled hand fans for Mr. Van I don't know if he ever would have come back but now that he had 25 hand fans he uh he came back the next Sunday it was really really hot again and he and he walked in with this baggie full of hand fans from his fourth grade class I got to present those fans to the to the whole church what was great is I got to tell the story as I told the story of those hand fans to that congregation as they were sweating through worship they realized that God is with us still he hadn't left us or forsaken us but he was going with us even to the end of the age he would lead us and because God is who God says he is he equips us and he breathes life into us and he gives us his spirit so that we can overcome extraordinary things and and press on and and and what that took for us to experience it was this little fourth grader that nobody had yet to meet except for Mr. Van what's greater is the next week they came back again only this time Mr. Van brought back Javan his friend and fourth grader and Javan carried with him an envelope to join us he put it in the offering plate it was two dimes and three pennies everything he had I can tell you that that kicked off our capital campaign that would allow us to move forward from that place I share this story with you largely because what we know is that that God sees possibilities even when we cannot and oftentimes those possibilities abounding around us are are found in these really small insignificant things in these people that we understand to be misfits people that we don't think have anything to offer that that are the wrong candidates the unlikely choice this is how God chooses to transform the world around us this is how God equips us and empowers us and pushes us out into the world so that we might simply have the courage to keep doing the things that God does to press on to go and make disciples trusting that God is with us remembering that he never leaves us God chooses the low and despised in this world he chooses the people who are not to reduce to nothing at the people that are I found that God isn't interested in the strong and incapable but when it comes to changing the world he's he's more interested in anointing infants than adorning superpowers he opts for slingshots instead of these these these superhuman kinds of people he summons infants not not infantries this God is a God of the wrong way and not infants he's grown to lead us on this misfit mission as I've understood it and the only requirement is that you believe that you with all of your imperfections with all of your excuses with all of your perceived inadequacies are the ones that he chooses to lead the way this is what we see every time we read through the gospels that Jesus he spends time with misfits with near to wells marginalized downtrodden the nobodies of society the misfits of this world my favorite example of this happens in John four Jesus he's he's on the run the Pharisees know that that he's he's baptizing more people than John at this point in time and and so they don't like this and so they're pursuing him and so Jesus is running away and as he's running away to go back home he has two ways to go you know this he he can either go the shortcut which takes him through enemy territory into this place of Samaritan living or he can go the long way or around to to take longer to get home but Jesus he goes the short way to enter into this land of of misfits and while he's there he decided to engage in this simple small conversation John four reads Jesus comes to the Samaritan city called Sy Sycar near a plot of ground that Jacob be given to his son Joseph Jacob's well was there and Jesus tired out by his journey was sitting by this well it was about noon and this woman comes to draw water and he says to her give me a drink he didn't have time he didn't have a reason to engage her she's the wrong person in fact she's the enemy she's the worst kind of wrong person in enemy because she was also there at noon she was there at noon because she was trying to avoid public disgrace because that's how people understood her as a disgrace and yet Jesus is there and he meets her and he engages her he asks her for a drink and then he goes past that small talk conversation and he begins to tell her everything about her that she's never told anybody else and as he tells her her secrets reveals to her all of her flaws he continues to engage her to be with her to release her to forgive her to redeem her to bind her up to to allow her to become the best version of the person that God created her to be that that he knew her to be and what's great about this small simple conversation is it is it propels this woman to realize there's a future filled with hope for her that continues as we read the woman left her water jar and she went back to the city she said to the people in the city that she came from come and see a man who told me everything I have ever done he can't be the Messiah can he upon hearing her witness upon hearing her testimony this crazy thing happened this entire city is kind of captured their imagination is is peaked and and they can't help but actually go and see the very same thing that she just testified to and so this entire city based on this small woman's testimony goes to see this man that she's talking about and they're transformed as well many Samaritans from that city believed in him but why did they believe in him because of this misfits testimony how she said he told me everything I had ever done you know witness it's not some big thing changing the world it isn't some big thing that should paralyze us it's something really really really small insignificant something as simple as a misfit conversation with the wrong person at the wrong time in the wrong place has the power by the grace given to us to transform an entire city do you believe this if it can happen to the woman at Sikar surely this could happen to you or I which is why Jesus reminds us time and time again remember don't forget I chose you first to do these things the weekend before resurrection downtown launched I had my last chance I think of this weekend fondly my last chance to worship at another church I don't know if you ever get out to spend time at other churches just to worship I rarely do anymore and so I had a moment to worship in a neighboring congregation and when I go to other churches typically I try to fly beneath the radar I don't like to be outed you know I don't know if that's your experience but I like to kind of just go and so I went and I tried to be inconspicuous nobody really knew me in Kansas City at that point so I felt like I had a pretty good chance of of just kind of you know getting getting by experiencing worship somewhere else and and so I did I had a great experience and I went after worship nudged by coffee to go to the coffee table and and I grabbed a cup of coffee and I thought maybe I just look around steal some material and and and get some ideas and and while I was grabbing coffee looking through their their their programming somebody engaged me and and and they asked me some questions about myself they said hey you know what's your name should have used a different name but I didn't I said Scott well where are you from I live downtown and they said oh you live downtown well I got somebody I need you to go and meet and and so then I lost sight of that person as they went to try and find somebody to to introduce me to meet and and that person left and that person left only for a little while to come back and I hadn't gotten out fast enough before they found me and and and they they captured me and and engaged me in more conversation this time there was a friend and that friend was probably like a 50 year old woman her name was Bobby Joe and this person then introduced me to Bobby Joe and said hey I got this woman that you need to meet her name is Bobby Joe she she lives right near you on the northeast side she's a prostitute and she's running a house you know just just beyond where where you live and you need to get to know her inside as as I was hearing him unpack this I'm thinking in my head why on earth does he think I need to meet this woman and so I'm panicking internally and then I look at Bobby Joe and then I just kind of push past and I say hi Bobby Joe I'm Scott it's it's good to meet you and Bobby Joe immediately uh corrects this man I used to be a prostitute I live in the northeast with a bunch of women who also used to be prostitutes and and I was interested at that point in her story and so I invited her uh to get another cup of coffee away from this man who introduced me to her and and we did and and that's when I I pressed into Bobby Joe's uh story Bobby Joe had a chance to share with me uh some of her story about how she had her first drink at the age of twelve she drank first because her dad was never home and her mom neglected her in favor of prescription pills she talked about how one day she accepted an invitation from a couple of older boys who took advantage of her who gave her pills of her own that pushed her to this place of dependency to the point of prostitution she said Scott in my book you can read that sometimes my introduction gets boiled down to a bunch of horrific facts like twenty-four broken bones sixteen rapes that I can remember not counting the times I spent as a prostitute or imprisoned as a sex slave two abortions one stint of homelessness sleeping on an asphalt parking lot under a semi trailer she described that that place of darkness and despair and then she talked about this point that she pushed her to this place of powerlessness her her father passed away without her knowing two months later her mom died of of horrible cancer complications of her life of prescription medicine and in that place of despair grieving this this opportunity lost faced with turning back to addiction she received this small inheritance which is an addict's nightmare as she received this gift that she didn't deserve or earn as inheritance she said something happened it's like God was speaking to me nudging me empowering me instilling with her this vision to buy a house and so she did she bought this old nursing home in the northeast part of town and she bought it with her own money and as she bought it she decided with her two hands to refurbish it to fix it up to work on it and so she spent day and night doing all of the repairs bringing it back up to snuff and and as she was doing that she she decided that that she needed to meet her neighbors to to get to know her neighbors and this was going to be her new life going forward and so she did she knocked on the door next door and and she began to get to know them and she began to learn about them and it was a house full of prostitutes and then she felt nudged to help them and so and she invited them to join her rent-free in the house that she was repairing and restoring pretty soon she ran out of room fast forward 14 years later she owns 12 houses she has 150 people living with her in Christian community in an institution called the healing house i want you to see a picture of bobby joe this is the woman who who i met in small talk conversation at a church that i didn't want to go to i want you to see a picture of the house that she restored with her own two hands in the northeast part of town i want you to see some of her people that refer to her as mama bobby joe and the people that she calls her family the next picture worship with us every weekend that's a picture of all of them at the kaufman center for the performing arts where we host our Easter worship services the premier performance venue in downtown kansas city that we open to everybody so that they can experience the resurrection of life without admittance she brings them every year to pose for this picture so they can see the world around them and how god is calling them to transform the world as misfits in mission transforming the world witness at meeting people where they are it doesn't inquire it requires giant things it requires these small simple opportunities to to see the world as christ sees it to live as christ longs for us to live the way that he lives for us first we need to see the way that jesus sees jesus didn't see death he saw opportunities for life he didn't see darkness he saw opportunities for for life he didn't see difference he saw one body fueled by the one spirit with a variety of unique gifts he didn't see pain and suffering he saw redemption and reconciliation this is what we should see as well possibilities surround they abound us all all before us if only we had the eyes to see it so that we would stop with great flexibility with great compassion to engage to meet people where they are whoever it is that they are because everybody has a story to tell everybody has something to offer everybody has been created in god's good image to reflect it in such a way that the world could be transformed by the light by the grace and by the spirit given to us what's your story i know some of us are lifelong methodists some of us are are newly minted i don't care what your experience is i don't care how qualified you are you weren't always that way we weren't born christians we were born babies and at some point in time when we were growing breathing maturing somebody talked to us met us inspired us called us pushed us to this place where our lives changed witnessed us in such a way that changed the way that we saw the world that's why we're here can you remember how god spoke to you who god moved into your life to meet you so that you could become the best version of the person god created you to be somebody capable of transforming the world by the grace given to you do you still feel the way you did when you changed when you profess christ as lord when he called you into service you should don't forget remember jesus says i am with you always even to the end of the age so go and make disciples i wanted to close with a couple of different stories but bishop i know we're pressed for time i'm gonna i'm gonna end with one more story and and it's a story that i wanted to end with largely because it's a story that's transformed my life somebody asked me yesterday did i ever feel like i was going to fail the answer is yes i felt like i was gonna fail i had a moment of pause and doubt when i started resurrection downtown what could a guy from detroit without family or without friends or without connections do in a new city and and i i didn't know what i was going to do and i pressed on and as i pressed on i just did the thing that i knew i needed to do which was to keep making contacts and to keep meeting people and to keep pushing and and then i i experienced some success and we grew and we purchased a building and and then we purchased a second building and and as all that was happening this guy came in uh to meet me he was a neighbor uh his name was brian uh he was the cfo of the kansas city star that lives right next door to our church and he said uh pastor i wanted to introduce myself to you and my name is brian i i'd love to just get to know you a little bit can you get to know me do you have time and i didn't but but i i did so i took the time and i met with him we shared some stories and he told me he was going through some stuff what i mind praying for him and i did i prayed with him for the next three years we met monthly uh brian and i as we met monthly what happened was was we engaged in conversation just like friends would we became close friends uh he didn't worship with us but but we became friends that were neighbors and and halfway through our relationship you know about a year and a half ago uh he asked the question are you guys looking for property and uh we'd been looking for property at that point for over 12 months i said well yeah what do you have in mind and he said well we're looking at at selling our big parking lot in downtown kansas city and uh we have some other offers but we'd really like to do a neighborhood deal and uh would you be interested i was telling jim osher that the other day and i said absolutely we're interested what do you what does the neighborhood deal look like i don't know what this looks like i'm not equipped for such things and and uh and so we started this process of working on a neighborhood deal for this big piece of property it was a really complicated deal it was really a structured deal but but but we pressed on through it because this relationship was forging away just this past september we finally inked the purchase and sale agreement on that piece of property after what was 18 months worth of negotiation that was confidential because this wasn't on the market if it made it to the market we would have never been able to afford it because this is a prime piece of real estate and so that meant we had 120 days to perform due diligence to share the news with our church members to put together a capital campaign to make sure that we'd have enough money to purchase this and to build what we needed to build on it and so we we we did 120 days we raised over 6.5 million dollars we moved through the entire city planning process they approved us in zoning in that 120 day period of time we were finally cleared just two weeks ago i put it on facebook i couldn't believe it it happened that that fast so now we're cleared to go ahead and begin working on design development and construction we're able to do something that hasn't happened in downtown kansas city in over 80 years i want you to see the piece of property because i'm so excited about it it's shaded in that green area our church is that little gray building with that little parking lot right beside it i want you to zoom out if you can so you can see where that piece of property is in relation to the rest of the city i want us to hold this picture here because when i look at that piece of property i think there should be anything there but the church there should be a hotel there should be mixed-use residential there should be any sort of commercial kind of building there shouldn't be a church there cities don't have real estate like that especially in the heart of the city and yet somehow god has made a way to do that god is is faithful god says what he means he means what he says when he promises us when he assures us and and when i look at this picture that's evidence of it what would have happened if i didn't make time for that conversation what would have happened if i gave in to my fear of failure what would have happened if three bishops from different conferences didn't figure out a way forward to do something new even as insignificant as it seemed what would happen if you forgot and never remembered god's love for you god's call for you at the heart of this misfit mission is flexibility and compassion to remember always to stop and to see the possibilities around you abounding before you to meet people who are filled with god-sized potential to invite them to become the best versions of the people god created them to be by presenting them the love of god who already loves them in a way that might change them and transform them and propel them into future that god has for them that god has for all of us a future filled with hope and so i'm thankful to be able to share resurrection downtown story i'm privileged i'm humbled i've done nothing to deserve it except that god chooses us he chose me just like he's choosing you so go and make disciples for the transformation in the world by sharing your story and by listening and attuning your ears to others as well would you pray with me god we thank you for the call and for the people and for the conversations as small and insignificant as they are that have pushed us that have changed us and transformed us god fill us with your spirit propel us into the future equip us with hearts and minds that believe that remember that never forget that we have the capacity to do the things that you do even greater things that by the grace you give us we can accomplish abundantly far more than anything we could ever think to ask for or imagine and god with that love that casts out all fear go with us as we transform the world around us one small insignificant conversation at a time in jesus name amen


Continuing with platings and coatings and the passivation and pre-oxidation and right now, perspiration so we'll get rid of the coat and proceed. Stainless steel fasteners are normally passivated or pre-oxidized during the manufacturing process to make them more inert. Of course, I mentioned earlier is done with acid treatment and then of course, the pre-oxidation is just done simply by putting them in a furnace and run them up to about 1300 degrees and cool them to form an oxide coating on the surface. The advantages are that it deters galling and it's a relatively inexpensive process. The disadvantage is that mating parts still need to be lubricated for torque coefficient consistency. Here's the old familiar black oxide coating with oil and it's nice and pretty and black and you put oil on it and it glistens and looks good. But once the oil is gone, black oxide is worthless. It's real cheap, no baking required after plating it. The material strength is less than 200 KSI. Disadvantages is it's worthless for corrosion prevention once the oil is gone and the coating doesn't adhere well to steel. Now here's a bunch of miscellaneous platings and coatings and electric list nickel is one of them and it is used a lot on just coating of steel where you don't have threads. But on threads it creates some problems and that you can get uneven plating on the threads so that they're kind of out of tolerance. This Cermatel-Cermeloid is an aluminum inorganic material that is used for corrosion protection of both unthreaded and threaded parts. But once again, if you assemble, reassemble very many times, it will come off. Cinerogistic is another one that's a combination of surface oxidation and a fluoropolymer used for corrosion protection and lubricity. But for assembly, reassembly, none of these work that well.  So there's an outfit over in shard and it came up with this Dacramet 320 with a plus-L sealer, is a proprietary thing, for the automotive companies. And it has metal oxides, it's ink and aluminum, and a clear sealer, it's good up to 600 degrees. But the coating is damaged by assembly disassembly cycles and it will support fungus growth. And it costs about the same as cadmium so the cost savings isn't there. The only thing that it's kinder to the environment. The zinc-nickel coating is one that is used some, there's about 90% zinc and 10% nickel. But it doesn't work very well on fasteners, it works on rods and things of this nature. Now here is a summary of platings and coatings. And the thing that is most important here is the useful design temperature limit. You will notice that most of these don't go that high.  So you see when you get down to it, about 1200 degrees is the best that any of these will do. So that's why that in a lot of cases where you have super high temperatures, you have to use a material that doesn't require coating like wasp alloy or a Haynes or Incanel or something of that nature because you can't rely on the coatings. Now here's a table that just gives various characteristics of the coatings and plated. There's a couple here that I wanted to mention. Eridite is a common coating. In fact, we used it on the CM1 chamber for it is electrically conductive, whereas anodized isn't. And it is a type of a chromate conversion coating in which you actually treat the surface with an acid to form a real thin layer that is somewhat corrosion resistant. So what we had to do on CM1, you mask it in the eridated areas where you have electrical conductivity required and then the anodized, which is actually used, although it's used on other materials, we know it as being used on aluminum. It is an acid that's using sulfuric acid, I believe, that forms a fairly heavy oxide coating. And in fact, you can't anodize a fastener because the anodized is thick, well, you can anodize it physically, but it doesn't work out very well on the threaded areas because you will have a too heavy a coating in the threads where it doesn't work too well. Now moving on to thread lubricants. There's all kinds of lubricants available and of course, all of us have used the old 10W30 oil and for our cars to lubricate stuff. The oil, grease, wax, graphite, silver, molybdenum disulfide and proprietary types such as never-seize, silver, goop, synergistic and ever-lube and so on. Some of these are applied at installation and some are cured on the fastener by the manufacturer. I'm having trouble turning my page, okay. For oil and grease, you have good lubrication up to the boiling point of the oil or grease which is usually around 250 degrees and of course, you can't use any of this stuff in vacuum. Now graphite, graphite, dry graphite is not dry. It's a fine carbon powder that needs moisture, usually oil or water to become a lubricant and then when the moisture evaporates it becomes an abrasive powder and of course, it can't be used in a vacuum either. Silver plating, as I mentioned earlier, it is normally used on stainless nuts or stainless bolts as both a lubricant and anionic coating and it's good up to about 1600 degrees. It can be used in a vacuum but it is very expensive. Molybdenum disulfide is kind of a universal type that's used in the aerospace industry because it can be put on as a dry film lubricant. It's good up to 750 degrees. It can be used in a vacuum and it can be applied to both alloy steel and stainless steel. Now, never seas is a proprietary petroleum-based lubricant and it contains metal oxides, usually copper or nickel, depending on what temperature you want because the copper, of course, has a lower melting point than the nickel and it's good up to 2,200 degrees because what you wind up with is the metal flakes between the threads as the oil boils off and so this means that you have to reapply each time you reassemble it and it can't be used in a vacuum either but at least you have the flakes in between the threads making them easier to disassemble. Silver Goop, which is made by some company here in Cleveland, I believe, is a proprietary paste that contains 20 to 30% silver and it's good up to about 1,500 degrees but, of course, silver is not as corrosive to aluminum magnesium so you don't use it on them. It's, of course, the silver goop is very expensive and it can't be used in a vacuum either. The fluorocarbon coatings, there's a lot of them available. I'm just listing a few of them here, the synergistic standcoat, stalgaard and everlube and they're only good for a few assemblies because they flake off if you assemble and disassemble a fastener nut and bolt very much and they're only good up to about 400 degrees. They can be used in a vacuum and here was one that I learned when I was looking for different types of lubricants for high temperature applications. Plano milk of Magnesia is used by the turbine engine companies for engine assembly because anything that you use in a jet engine for a lubricant's gonna burn off anyway after the thing's operating but in putting it together this is a suitable lubricant and it doesn't harm anything when it burns up. Now here's a summary of the thread lubricants and most of the stuff we have covered here, this doesn't necessarily include all of them but these are the common ones and once again there's very few that are good for high temperatures. Here are the three that are good for the high temperatures. So this is something you have to keep in mind that going back to that original principle that the first thing you wanna do is establish the environment that you're going to have your fasteners in. Now going into the subject of corrosion, of course this is a major field so we just try to hit it a little here in the way of fastener corrosion. Galvanic and stress corrosion we've already covered and the corrosion resistance of a particular metal to a corrosion can be found in a book of tables which I will be leaving behind when I retire there's a two volume set that actually gives for the different percentages of different types of corrosion it gives the effect on the various materials and hydrogen embrittlement and graphite corrosion we'll be covered in the corrosion section here. Hydrogen embrittlement it's topped about a lot in recent years and yet you can test for it but it's kind of UFO like a UFO it's kind of hard to find. It's caused by having free hydrogen ions in the presence of the metal which in most of the time it's steel what causes problems in. During the manufacturing or plating process the higher the strength of the material the more sensitive it is to hydrogen embrittlement. You can get a hydrogen chemical reaction in which it combines with the carbon and the steel to form methane gas or hydrides with the titanium, niobium, columbium same thing the English call it niobium the Americans call it columbium or tantalum to form hydrides the methane gas can cause cracks and the hydrides are weaker than the parent materials so they can weaken the material. Then you can get hydrogen blistering where the atomic hydrogen fuses into the material and combines in the molecules and then the molecule is bigger so it can't get back out. So it'll build up pressure to create blisters that will eventually cause cracks. And here's the problem there's no external indication that hydrogen is present you can't look at it you can't run it through a x-ray machine anything like that and find out that it's there. So the only thing that you can do is test for it and the way they test fasteners for hydrogen embrittlement they put them on a fixture there's an ASTM spec which I'm not I don't remember the number of it you actually put them on with a wedge type washer and tighten them down and leave them for I think it's 48 hours or something like that if the head didn't pop off, it passed the test. And that's so what they do on testing for hydrogen embrittlement is just take a bunch of samples and test them that way to see if they can find where any of them have embrittlement. Now in a hydrogen environment embrittlement usually you wouldn't run into that because it takes high pressure hydrogen to cause that. So if you had a tank of some kind of high pressure tank that you had fasteners holding something together inside then you could actually get hydrogen into the fasteners just from the high pressure in other words we're assuming there there was no hydrogen embrittlement in the fastener before it was installed then you need about 2000 PSI hydrogen in order for it to go in the material after it's installed. So that's not likely to happen but hydrogen embrittlement is always a problem because it depends on how good the manufacturer was at making the part. So here are some precautions. Use the killed steels, coat and plate the fasteners, bake the hydrogen out within two hours after plating otherwise you can't bake it out. Tailor the plating bath to minimize free hydrogen ions and avoid the use of alloy steel fasteners above 190 PSI because the only way you can plate without getting hydrogen embrittlement is to do it in a vacuum atmosphere. Then use stainless steels that are not sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement and run the tests to see if you can find any evidence of any embrittlement. Now here's one that is slightly different in your book that had a revise it at the last minute. The definition of the graphite here is to indicate what it is. It's actually a dry film, carbon lubricant which can cause corrosion when exposed to moisture because on some materials it can cause you problems and I realize that they put out a lockies or used to put it out which is a graphite in oil to use for lock. But yet it will corrode some types of locks so a guy by the name of Gilbert gave a course on corrosion here several years back and he pointed that out that graphite was a no-no for lubrication of locks for that reason because it'll actually corrode a lock. And one of the things and this happened to us on one of the turbine engine programs around here is a dry graphite is an abrasive. So if you cook it and dry it out now you have a carbon powder abrasive which does a lot more harm than good.  Desincification is kind of an odd word but you can actually get in a material that's even used for just removal of a particular element from a material by corrosion but usually it's the removal of zinc from brass by chemical action leaves a brittle shell of copper. And I saw one of the samples the guy had and you could compare it to what happens to a wet piece of wood once the carpenter ants get done with it. It's just a shell that you can crush and rather striking to look at a failed piece like that. So here's the galvanic series which I had been talking about earlier. In fact, I believe we showed it earlier that shows the different materials. Now, of course magnesium is right at the top and magnesium is a disaster in a corrosive environment In fact, this guy who taught a course on failure analysis pointed out that when an airplane goes down in the ocean one of the ways that they look for it is if it had zinc components in it the zinc will decompose so fast in the salt water that you'll have bubbles coming up out of the ocean and they can look for it. So magnesium, I'm a member of the Milhambock five committee I don't know whether some of you are familiar with it or not but anyway it is kind of the Bible of the aerospace and materials world. And magnesium is kind of out of usage by the aircraft manufacturers for this reason because it is so hard to protect it from corrosion and it's not used in any primary structure that I know of on any of the airplanes. Okay, going on to locking methods. In most any application some type of locking must be used to prevent the fastener from loosening under load and without a locking device of course the only resistance you have is just head friction and nut friction which if you are vibrating it very much at all is not enough. Now fine threads give you slightly better resistance to loosening from vibration than coarse threads but it's not a lot due to the flatter angle of the threads. And one of the things that you try to do and this will help you once in a while is to mount bolts with the heads up to lessen the loss of loose bolts because sometimes maybe you'll find something on your car that the nut's gone but the bolts still hang and they're flopping back and forth and you can go ahead and put a lock nut on it. Now here's one of the most common type of locking methods is deformed thread. And what you do with the nut, it's usually on the nut, after you have formed it, the last operation you actually hit it from two sides and make it slightly oval. Then when you put it on and this hit's gotta be controlled too because otherwise you can be in a heap of trouble. It will kind of go back to circular again so that's see initially here it is oval then when you put the thing on it goes to circular it will actually deform enough and of course when it does that the threads will lock up on the bolt. Then when you take it off it will go back to oval again. So you can use this one all around 10 times before it loses its locking capability because eventually putting it on and off you're going to yield it back to the circular condition and it will no longer lock. But that's one of the good ones and you can buy deformed thread lock nuts at your hardware store. Now here is the locking collar type and although I didn't call it out your elastic stop nut is one of the biggest manufacturers of these. What you have is you have a fiber or nylon collar here in the top of it. The collar has a smaller diameter than the bolt thread so when you run the bolt in it will interfere on that collar and it'll also provide a little bit of sealing if it was kind of sealed from getting water in there it'll give you that much sealing although it's not for pressure or anything like that. But the only problem is this collar is usually only good for about 250 degrees till where it will start softening up to become ineffective. Now here's the split beam lock nut. This is one that works quite well and what you have you have a smaller diameter at the top of it and it's saw cut so that when you put it on it'll spin freely until it gets up to that area. Then as you tighten it up the beams if you will these six beams on it have to deflect outward in order for the bolt to go through. So once again this gives you a pretty heavy friction load on the threads and will lock it in place. I had a personal experience with one of these on a car that I had that the shock absorbers didn't want to stay on it and I put these split beam lock nuts on it and that held versus the jam nut to which I'll cover later. Now here's the nyloc pellet. Nyloc is the biggest manufacturer of this type of thing although it's even covered by a mill spec so there's a lot of people in on the act on making it this way but what you do is you cut a little hole in the thread and stick a nyloc plug in it. And this plug sticks out past the thread so when you put it on the nylon will bind up in the threads and cause it to lock. This one is a fairly good cheap way of locking stuff using on a bicycle or a lawn mower or something like that it'll hold up. But once again the temperature range on it is kind of low cause nylon starts getting soft at about 250 degrees. And of course the threads will chew it up so you can't put the thing on take it off very many times without running into trouble. Now here's Loctite which we use around here all the time that's actually a trade name but different people make this it's actually a one component type adhesive that you just smear on the fastener before you assemble it. And it's made in different grades so that if you want to remove the fastener you use the less sticky type like in Loctite I think 242 is for removable and 271 is a temper proof fasteners and there's another one in between another one or two in between there for bolts that just want to make difficult to get off. But some of the manufacturers other manufacturers of this are Bostick, Indie Industries, Nylok, 3M, Feldpro and Permabond. And Loctite is good up to about 400 degrees. Now epoxy ribbon this is used a lot on bolts. You get them and they have two ribbons of epoxy so that you have the main one and then you have the hardener that goes with it. And this way you can store them that has a shelf life at least that you can keep them for I think up to a year or something like that. And the epoxy is mixed when you install it so it will combine and harden to hold the fastener in place. Now of course this type once you would remove it it would have to be replaced because you destroy the seal because it's a one time type thing. And the maximum operating temperature on these is also about 400 degrees. Here is another type of thread that's a special thread spiral lock. I think Detroit tap and die is the holder of the patent on this one. And this is a cross section here of a tapped thread and a fastener. Now the problem with this when you install it is you have to have spiral locks tapped because this is an oddball. See the thread, the tapped hold is not fit. The thread and you get your locking action by actually wedging the ramp of the thread up against the oddball type tap. And but you can distribute over several threads so it offers better locking capability than ordinary thread would. And some people have used it and run vibration tests and it holds up fairly well but of course the disadvantage is that you can't, you have to get their tap to tap the hole initially. And so that creates a problem sometimes for people on universal type assemblies. On the direct interfering thread in this case you just have a fastener that is made deliberately with an oversized root diameter to give a slight interference fit to lock. Now some studs that you have where you have a stud that is installed in something and you wanna leave it in place, you use this type of thread so that it will not come out when you take the nut off the other end. The tapered thread is kind of a variation of this in which you actually taper it. This is a smaller diameter up in here. And then when you put it together it has to push the threads out here and that gives you a locking force on it. Now here's one that we covered in the drafting room manual stuff that Ron Roman chucked. We fought semantics in that one a lot whether it's a castle nut or a cast-related nut. So since I wrote this I put my preference in as cast-related nut with a cotter pin. This is used a lot for installing bearings and things like that where you don't want to tighten it very tight but you want it to stay put once you tighten it. So you can tighten the nut up then to the torque you want then back it off or tighten it to the next spot on it to get you a slot because you only have a single hole drilled in the end of the fastener. So you line up one of these slots with that hole. Then put a cotter pin in it and it will hold it in place at the exact spot that you set it. And this way when you're, for instance, a lot of the cars are made this way and there's another way that will be my next slide I think. But on wheel bearing when you tighten it up usually you tighten it up tight to seek the bearings then back it off enough to let it spin so the nut is a little more than finger tight. Now here's another one that is used for the same reason. Evidently this is cheaper because you're doing the same thing with a regular nut then you're taking this nut cap which is a sheet metal, a stamped sheet metal piece but it has the serrations here with the slots in it that you can put the cotter pin in. So you torque the nut to the spot you want it then slip this thing over it then put the cotter pin through the hole in the axle or shaft, whatever it is and fasten it the same way as we did on the other one and of course the reason that grease cap is on there is I got this diagram from a truck manual and I didn't separate the grease cap from it that goes on after you've installed everything else. Now here is lock wiring which is normally used just by the aerospace industry because of the cost and labor involved because you are winding these wires on here through either holes straight through the top of the heads or in the case of the nut holes through the corners of the nuts. You put these on in such a pattern that if you try to loosen one fastener it tightens the other one. This way they can't loosen because they're all tied together and this is a method that is covered by an MS spec 33 540 you can use it quite well where you have a circular pattern of fasteners on a flange or something like that but the only people that use it in normal cases are as the aerospace industry. Here is an alternative method to the lock wiring. This is a similar thing in which you start out with a piece of cable by the Bergen cable company here that has a barrel already swaged in place on it so you just feed it through you run the wire through the heads to wind them the same way so that one can't loosen without tightening the other one then when you get to the end you have a machine similar to a rivet gun or something that actually puts a barrel on here pulls the right tension on the wire and closes it off so that this is actually a faster and cheaper way of lock wiring than the standard lock wiring method with the twisted wire. This is the disc lock washer. It is a little bit cumbersome in that you have a pair of washers together and these lines here represent the angles on them where you put the two together and turn them together now as long as you keep them together they can't rotate with respect to each other. So the angle of this ramp is steeper than the angle of the thread so it will keep it from turning however the bottom and top of those two washers have to have serrations on them that bite into the joint material and also the bottom of the nut in order to keep it from slipping with respect to the nut or the joint otherwise the washer will spin as a unit and doesn't help you any. So that one will work if you are not concerned with tearing the coating loose on the surfaces. Here is a kind of a take off on the disc lock washers in that you have a nut assembly. Now this one has the ramped shear and the lower part of it from here down is not threaded, just the upper part is threaded. Well you see you put the two of them together you put them on with a socket that extends down over both of them. Now this will hold the thing while you torque it up and then of course the bottom surface of it has the serrations on it that bite into the attaching plane of the joint. So once again you're scratching the surface you're attaching to however a company on the west coast makes these and the president of it told me that they were selling millions of these for the heavy truck industry because the heavy truck industries had a lot of trouble through the years with nuts coming off and wheels coming off. So they're paying for this type of nut in order to hold them on because they do work on holding truck wheels on. Here is another method. This is a Durer lock nut which is a trademark of SPS which was one of the big manufacturers of fasteners. It has serrations on it here that bite into the surface so that it will not slip and start loosening up once you get it tight. Now you have to depend on this embedment of the serrations in the contact surfaces and so it will scratch up the surface. If you can live with that, this one will do a pretty good job of locking. Here are tooth lock washers which are common in the electrical and automotive industry because they do afford locking but once again they do it by gouging into things. These teeth are twisted. Although this doesn't show it, they're actually twisted so that you have one surface bites into the fastener, the other one bites into the surface that it's up against so that it will get enough bite on both of them to hold them in place and prevent rotation. However, you damage the surface quite a bit. Now this one is also available with teeth on the inside so that the outside is smooth and areas where you don't have room enough to have it stick out that much. You can get them with the teeth on the inside. Here is the old famous jam nut which is one that if I polled the people in the audience neither one would be able to give me a positive answer on which side you put this one whether you put it here where it's showing or you put the big one on the inside and the little one on the outside because the experts can agree on that. It's difficult to load each one of these so that it'll carry any load compared to the other ones because if you tighten this one tight, it will unload this one and if you don't tighten it enough, then the two of them will not work together. So it's very difficult to get both of these loaded to where they would carry a load so jam nuts in my opinion are not to be used for critical designs unless it's something like locking a turnbuckle or some sort of a rod where something else carries all the load and you're just pushing this up against it to keep it from working loose. And here is the good old split helical lock washer which is a misnomer because once you compress it under normal bolt torque, it will flatten out and then it's just a flat washer anyway which doesn't do anything for you. And vibration testing of the split lock washers assemblies indicate that they're about the same as a flat washer to resist vibration. And I don't recommend them for any kind of a locking situation although I was sharply criticized for writing this in a faster magazine because the person who wrote in the criticism was a manufacturer of split lock washers. So he didn't like it because I said his product was worthless for locking. Now here is a method that is used some but it's kind of a going a long ways to do your locking as I see it. This is a trademark of some company on the West Coast stage eight and you see what you have is a special bolt that has a kind of a double headed one with a groove machined in it which creates a little problem on initial manufacturing. Then you have a retainer plate that slides down over this outer head onto the bottom one. Then you use this snap ring to put in that groove to lock the thing in place. Now you do this after you've already torqued the bolt to the spot that you wanted. Now the only thing is you have to have something for this to brace against to keep the bolt from backing off. So it has to be a special design in that respect. And then the other problem that I had on the control arms on a Ford wagon this retainer plate is made out of sheet metal.  So that one is one that I would not recommend in any environment where you would have corrosion. Now getting into washers. Now some of them we've already covered so we won't do a lot on some of them. The most of them are flat and are used to provide a hardened smooth surface for the contact of a fastener head or nut. And that's really one of the main reasons for using washers both under the head and the nut is if you are rotating either one usually the joint surface is not as strong as the fastener so therefore you have to have that to avoid embedment. And then here's another one for a shade tree mechanics. If you have a washer under a bolt and it's rusted in place usually you can take a cold chisel and a hammer and knock the washer laterally and get it loosened some so that you can loosen the bolt and the washer. Now here's the plain flat and countersunk type washers. This is the ordinary hardware store variety and they're covered by all kinds of standards. There's MSA and ANSI so on which defines the outside diameter inside diameter and thickness for a given size. So normally you can just call out a dash number from one of these specs and you're covered. The countersunk washers are made with a countersink in them where on a high strength bolt you have a larger radius under the head. So you don't want point contact. If it is this diameter is tight you could get point contact on the head radius. So you want countersunk so that it will now distribute the load better under the head and you won't have that high stress concentration at the radius. Now on the course we covered the split lock washer the tooth lock washer and the disc lock washer I just wanted to point out that we'd already covered those in case somebody would wonder why we hadn't. Then we go on to another unique type and this is used a lot in the construction business the DTI washer, direct tension indicating. It is a flat round washer that has these bumps stamped on it but you have to use regular washers in addition to these in order to distribute the load properly because you don't want these grinding against the head or nut of your bolt. And actually these are manufactured and they do test to determine the loads on them to where the amount of compression that you get on the bumps determines the axial load in the bolt. So you torque the thing with a torque wrench without reading the torque unless you want to down to the point that you have a certain gap left underneath the washer and the bumps and you measure it with a feeler gauge. So this way regardless of the coefficients of friction on the threads or the head or anything you can actually torque it down to where the gap you get will tell you how much axial load you have in the bolt. Now here's our old familiar Belleville washers that named after the inventor who invented them way back in 1867 so they've been around a while. It's also known as a cone washer or a spring washer and these are designed with a load preload determination for a given washer or how much it takes to flatten it and it will flatten elastically. So a lot of the times you can use them in a critical application where you want to limit the amount of axial load you have if you put a Belleville washer on and tell the mechanic okay just torque this thing until the washer starts to go flat and then quit regardless of what your torque wrench says. It also can be used for absorbing differential thermal expansion between fastener and joint material. For instance if you're bolting big joints of aluminum with steel bolts so you have a different coefficient of expansion and contraction you can put Belleville washers on to absorb some of this thermal expansion to keep from overloading or underloading the joint. You can use them in stacks, in series or parallel in order to in effect use them to become a spring. Now here's another one that is kind of an odd ball you don't see them around very much because they're expensive, a self aligning washer. You can use these on a structural shaped flange which is usually has some taper to it. And the reason they're so expensive is the washer and nut or machined as an assembly so you actually have a cone here, two cones that are rotating together to give you the proper alignment so that you still get axial loading on your bolt instead of putting bending on it. And this will take up to eight degrees maximum misalignment. I don't remember now what the angle is on the I-beams and stuff like that and I think it's less than that, I believe it's like a three to five degree or something like that, paper on the flange is seven. Now this is another one that gives you a axial reading without using a torque wrench. And this is a PLI preload indicating that SPS has a patent on. And on this one you have a regular washer, a soft inner ring and then a ring that goes around that that has cap stand holes in it and then a regular washer. And you put all this assembly on, you take it down and this inner ring is actually a load cell if you will in that for a given amount of compression it has been pre-calculated the amount of load that it takes to give you that compression. So you compress it down to where this outer washer, the cap stand ring and the regular washer are grinding against each other and won't turn. That means that this thing is compressed down to where you bottomed out on this. So you check the thing, you can't turn that ring any longer, you know you've got it to a certain axial load and they have them color coded and available in all kinds of materials so that you can get them to use where you want to determine the load and there's really no good way of doing it as far as measuring it. Now going to inserts which is a very common thing around here in the aerospace world. An insert is actually, it's a special bushing that's threaded on the inside diameter and locked with threads or protrusions or a combination on the outside diameter and installed in a drilled molded or tapped hole. It's used to provide a strong wear resistant tapped hole in a softer material normally than the fastener and you can also use them to repair stripped threads where you've stripped the threads in a hole rather than going to the next bigger size in taps you can put an insert in without opening the hole up as much. In fact, one of the places you use them is when people strip the spark plug holes and aluminum engines, a lot of the times they use a helicoil or Keenzerters, I believe they use helicoils most of the time for that. And in general there are the two types, the one that is threaded externally and those that are locked by some method other than threads and we'll go into them and you can get self capping and all that sort of thing too. Now the airspace industry uses inserts and tapped holes and soft materials in order to increase the load carrying capability of pull out. And this way you can use a smaller fastener and put in an insert and since the insert is normally about an eighth of an inch bigger in diameter than the internal thread in it, you can take a 1032 bolt and install it in like an equivalent 516th tapped hole. Here is one of the most common one and the generic name is Keinsert, although some call them a solid threaded bushing or whatever. And the insert will usually have external locking tangs, that's these tangs you see here and when you install them, after they're threaded in, you pound those, there's a tool for pounding those down and they extend actually past the threads here, the root diameter of the threads to give you locking capability. The bigger diameters will have four of those on them, whereas the smaller ones will have two and of course you can get them that are not locking at all that you use some other method of trying to lock the external thread on them. Now they are very labor intensive to install so you don't install them unless you have to. Here is the other type, the Helicoil, which is I believe now owned by Black and Decker, I think is the owner of the patent but they're all so called a wire thread. And it's usually made of stainless steel and has a diamond shaped cross section that will actually form internal and external threads when installed and it's like taking a spring if you will and winding it down into a hole and the diamond section part on the back goes into the existing threads and then the diamond section on the inside is your thread diameter that you put your fastener in. Now they're usually coated to deter corrosion and seizing and you can get them both in locking and non-locking, you see if you look at this, this is the non-locking here and this is the locking, you actually have some deformed coils down in here. And this installment tang, which you may or may not be able to see on here is broken off after installation. Now the difference between the Helicoil and the Keen-Cert, the Keen-Cert is only available in one length for a size. The Helicoils, you can get them in different lengths. You can get them up to from one D to three D length where D is the diameter of the fastener. And another thing, of course you need to open the hole up less where you put a Helicoil in. So if you're repairing stripped threads in an area where you don't have a lot of room, you can re-tap the hole just slightly and get it opened up enough that you can put a Helicoil in it. Now here's a kind of a more rare type. This is a locking type insert in which you have the split beam nut machined on the bottom of it. Remember I showed you the split beam lock nut earlier. And so that you have the locking capability, but of course you have a longer insert because of this thing having to be installed because you see this is not threaded into the hole. And these are made primarily for aerospace usage out of either A286 or in Canal 718. And since you have less external thread, you have to be careful in soft materials to make sure that you don't exceed the pullout allowable when you install a bolt in them because of the split beam increasing the overall length. And here is one that solves some problems, but it also creates some others. The floating insert. Of course, if you're using, and I'll be covering this later on, if you're using countersink or flathead fasteners, the countersink tries to self-align fastener. If you're going into a rigid tapped hole, now you have the two of them working against each other, which is not too good. Well, this solves that problem in that the insert is in, you have actually an insert in the bottom of this one so that it's externally threaded just like the regular kinsert. Then you have this little jobby that floats down in here. And so this will give you some self-alignment when using countersink fasteners. But by putting all of this in it, it, since this has to float inside the main kinsert, you have a smaller diameter internally for a given diameter externally. So therefore you're losing some to put that floating capability in, you're losing some so you might wind up having to go to a larger diameter insert externally than you normally would use. Now here's the self-tapping inserts. This is usually a self, or it's a solid bushing with either tapered external threads like a self-tapping screw like this. Or you can have, and you can have them also solid with a nylock pellet here for locking them. Or you can have one that they use in plastic quite a bit, what they call a speed cert. And this is used I think for, like in electrical circuit boards and stuff like that.  So all right, we will continue next with unthreaded inserts. So we'll take a break for right now.


Okay, let us start So just so in the in at the end of the last lecture, so I introduce the explicit formula For WRT environment, which essentially defines it. So I was a bit in a rush So there were some questions. It was a bit the formal was a bit messy. There were some questions So I rewrite it and so just what is the idea so we take the color of John's polynomial of This frame linked and so you've seen the uncolored John's like It's got a John's polynomial of unframed links in jCasmos and lectures, and I told you how how it's How it depends on the framing so dependence on the framing is very is very simple and explicit you just Have some extra factors and so what do you do? You take this a bunch of so you calculate a certain sum of all colors so for each link component you assign a color and each color runs in the sum from one to k minus one and so you add some weights and then you you introduce some denominator which normalizes it in a certain way So one part of the numerator is essentially do the same thing but you replace Your link by a bunch of unnot this framing plus minus one and their number is B plus the number of positive eigenvalues of linking matrix and B minus number of unnot this frame minus one and then you add also normalization corresponding to the number of zero eigenvalues of Of the linking matrix, so let me make a A couple of remarks. So the first remark is that so normalization here so the standard confirmation in the when people talk about double-edged invariant, which is denoted by tau is such that on a sphere It's equal to one. So this was part of the exercise and But there are also another standard another natural choice of normalization and which I will denote by that s u2k and So it's essentially the same thing But you multiply it by The following factor and So it's this it has a property which was also the result as a direct result of the one of the exercise is that It's normalized such that now it's normalized such that on a s2 times this one is equal to one and this is a normalization is monochrome from Tqft point of view and As you will see later in the lecture the double-edged invariant Can actually be understood as a evaluation of a certain Tqft on a close to a manifold and so So People you usually use this normalization so in this normalization it behaves well under the connected some operation on the connected some It's just a product of the Dumbarty environment of the corresponding manifolds But for this it's it just it will it will also be a product, but with extra factor So the remark number two is that this can be generalized so now so we define it as a function from positive integer to see but this can be generalized to the function from rational numbers to see and What what you do is so if you take a rational number and represent it as a ratio of r and k Where so that r and k are coprime The result you will be given by the same for essentially the same formula, but you instead Replace so here you do replacement like this, but now you just want to replace q by e to z to apply i or Okay, sorry to be precise. It's a it's a mark from integers Modular from rational numbers modular That of course Okay, and it's actually can be generalized to kind of for to what is called the WG environment to see to any Modular terms of category, which I will talk a bit later Okay any questions so another remark is that it was motivated by more physical And not and not so mathematically rigorous approach by written and So in this approach The double or tenor and so now I will be mostly talking about the environment, which is normalized like this, which is different by this Factor simple factor. So kind of the physical definition of this of the value of the environment on a close to the range of three manifold is given by a certain pass integral so this is This part is mathematically defined in principle, but I will comment on this later so over a certain space and Here I integrate exponential of 2 pi i k minus 2 Transimons functional of a so let me elaborate a bit on different indigrants here So transform so a is a connection one form of offer SU 2 principle bundle over M3 So any SU 2 bundle so as you to as you to bundles any as you bundle where m3 is trivial So it's always So that's why we can all we can globally choose a connection one form to describe the connection on this on the principle bundle and So then the Transimons functional is defined as integral over M3 of our trace of a da plus two-third a Cube so the connection one form I understand So since I can I can globally trivialize my mind or just in terms of the element of the easy one form while it in SU 2 the algebra and The space which I integrate our is So is a space of all Connection one forms on M3 Modular gauge equivalence So the gauge equivalence is so I can identify a is another a which is Related to each to it by the following explicit formula where G is a function from m3 to SU 2 group and So this the transimons functional is well defined so it's It's a well-defined function of from a SU 2 to To real numbers Modular integers and so this is because it's so it's invariant under all gauge transformations This can be connected to a trivial one, but if you take a gauge transformation Which is not connected cannot be connected to a trivial to a territorial map to identity as in its can change by an integral number and But the exponential of the sink is of course since K is integer here The exponential is is in wire is a well-defined function on the space to the complex numbers Okay, so again, this is You'll define but I actually Kind of can make so in the next lecture we talk how can one try to make sense of this integral So the idea is that so I mean suppose you have some so the problem is that It's not here how to define a measure on this infinite dimensional space But so usually I mean the point if you if you calculate some integrals Like of this of this for example of this form some complex integral I mean some integral over over over real line. So you actually don't like calculate don't calculate it by by the definition using measure so you do some counter deformation and you You do some sort of easy you you you collated you collated using the singularity structure of this all this function so essentially one can try to define it by just using the Kind of using the topology property of the space which is can be which can be mathematically well defined Yes, well, I think you can get any any integer Yeah, any other question? Okay Good so and Well, but the point is that from this motivation is that it's actually is a what is called partition function so is a partition for what is called partition function of Tqft so this is So this is how you usually write a partition function of quantum fields here You do some you calculate a pass integral over fields and the fact that the the here the action Come the exponential of the action so action is the functional of the field the fact that the the action doesn't depend on the metric means that this series topological and but the The the Tqft is a quantum field theory kind of is this it's usually described some and value is evolution in the time So you can see the manifolds particular direction and we want to understand the time direction So we also should be able to define this The Kind of what is what do we associate not to close manifold by some Bardism and So the Bardism can be through the time evolution And this can be so If one understand Tqft this way this can be formalized So the definition of Tqft sub already kind of appeared in the lectures So cheaper and mentioned and also in the lectures by Søren it was mentioned. So let me Kind of remind you what exactly what I mean will mean I Remind you the definition and also fix kind of notation what by What will I mean by Tqft? so an n-dimensional Tqft Form is a symmetric anoidal function From the So earlier I will use the word Bardism instead of co-Bardism. So I mean there's subtle difference, but in this case I mean, there's some difference when one for example studies the generalized homology or co-homology here associated this but Here there's not actually much difference to the category So I will I will in my in my right hand side the The category will be a very particular category. So it will be the function will be valid in the category factor spaces over complex numbers and So in principle, of course one can consider any field here But at some point it actually will be important that this filter for us as this filter is algebraic closed And on the left hand side So let me clarify what I will mean. So what do I mean here by the category of? n-dimensional Bardism so objects and of course, I will be interested in the case n equals three objects are So I can I can assume smoothness, but it's not it's not in this three-dimension. It's not really important as smooths and Manifolds so n minus one Manifolds oriented. So for me, this would be always a rented and closed for now and And morphisms so morphism from Let's say M and 1 2 So, okay, let me let me denote it by homes homes from m1 to m2 are Also, so oriented So again, I can assume if smoothness, but it's I cannot just consider them as topological manifold oriented and Manifolds M such that There is explicit there's explicit choice of so in the in the political case there is choice of homomorphism just a choice of homomorphism and In the smooth case, I need to choose a different morphism together with some neighborhood such that homomorphism from So this should be homomorphism preserving Orientation to and one bar where bar means reverse of orientation to in the joint union to the joint union of Yes. Yes, the choice of homomorphism is extradite Yes, and so more I can see that with this modular I homomorphisms preserving Boundaries, so I can see the home I can see model homomorphism which preserves this And so So what is he what is the symmetric monoidal? so the magnetic monoidal function means that the function which respects symmetric monoidal structure on this Categories so So I'm not gonna go so Roughly very briefly the symmetric Monoidal structure so on so on that so let's first Consider the right hand side on vector. So there is a notion of of course tensor product So monoidal structure means there is a notion of a standard product and here This is it will be a standard tensor product of vector spaces over C and Moreover, there is a canonical. There is a choice of isomorphism to a tensor product reverse and there also Identity Object and from generally denoted by one. So in this case this object is just my field C and So it's object. It's also it's a it's a cubed with So the tensor product with this is equipped with canonical isomorphism to the V itself and swapped around so there is data which consists of this isomorphisms and So on the left hand side So if I take two objects the the tensor product in the in the sense of the monoidal monoidal structure is This joint union and of course we have a natural canonical isomorphism to the joint union swapped I'm sorry. There is there a standard homomorphism from this to this and So the identity object is Empty space Well, I'm saying three dimensions and lower it it doesn't really well the Yes, well, you have well you of course Yeah, I mean the statement is that Yes, I any for any homo there is a unique The unique smooth structure if I take my manifold there's a unique smooth structure Yeah, up to dimensions Yes, yes here. Yes, this is why it's called cement Okay. Yeah, the statement that well, this kind of is inverse Just if you apply the another I mean it's inverse to itself In a sense that if you so okay, so as a like before proceeding to three dimensions. So as a warm-up And consider two dimensional to give teeth. So this was briefly mentioned by chip ring and And So there is statement that if I take a Frobenius Algebra, so now here I can see the algebras over C This me this produces me a 2d 50 and And this map is actually one-to-one correspondence and so So how do we construct this? So if I take so if I take a Frobenius Algebra V so as a So now I have a statement how do I construct this response so I want to produce some function that V and So first statement is that that V of s1 is equal to V as a Just as a vector space and now, what is the what is the additional structure on the on this V and how does it? correspond to How does it correspond to the properties of this function so first of all there is a so what is the data of? Frobenius Algebra so first of all there is a Multiplication so it's a map from V tensor V to V and This map will correspond to the following Bardisson and second Part of the data is a unit is a map from C to V Which correspond to the following Bardisson and the third part is well, let me write it and It's in particular one which means I mean the unit map means that one is maps to the unit with respect to multiplication and and Three is a core unit or like we can call it trace And I will do it by trace map. It's a map from V to C and It will correspond to this cap So this is enough for you can feel this is all the whole data which you need, but you require some properties So it's not arbitrary Collection of mu Counit epsilon and this trace map. So first conditions Is Associativity so you want So for example if I can see there well, let me let me draw it now the Bardisson seen the vertical rotation So if I can see there Uh Then the product of a triple of V three copies of V. I can first Apply multiplication to the first pair To get some element in V tensor V and then I can apply The multiplication here to get some element in V or I can go the other way around I can apply identity times mu and Then apply mu here and So this diagram should be commutative and this is reflected in the in the in the fact that So how do I how do I realize these maps the composition of this map as a composition of Bardisson's it's Goes like this so the identity The identity morphism the identity morphism in the Bardisson correctly is just Is a Bardisson which is given by the product of the manifold with It is an interval and this is of course homeomorphic to the following to the other composition of Bardisson's and the second property which the second condition which we need is that Which so the it's required in the Frobenius algebra the The Following composition trace with mu which is a map from V And there we to see so there's some billionaire firing on V is non-degenerate And this follows from the fact that we can explicitly find its inverse so so this composition corresponds to the following composition of the pair of pants and the cup and But of course if we can find it inverse By compositing with this banded cylinder and then identity here and This is the same as identity up to Up to homeomorphism. So indeed This should be this part. So it should be non-degenerate So we see that there is a kind of the structure of two-dimensional to kft is encoded by some algebraic structure and So we want something similar in three dimensions Any questions? Yes by twisting well, I can consider the topological Kft as a kind of as a supersymmetric kft with just superchargers actually so Kind of in this sense The statement is becomes true. I Mean I can always consider to kft as kind of Three way like twisted sympathetic kft in some three in some were in some two logical sense Just all superchargers suck trivially like all states are already bps states Well, I don't know maybe you mean something more some some well you At least in this sense is the question The other answer is yes Yes, but it can be it can be Obtained using this data this data is enough because you can so if you want to construct co-multiplication so let's see you So what do you do you you can start with some sort of multiplication and Then So first you can So you can you can apply so first you can you can define this thing and you can apply a cup kind of and you can express co-multiplication Using sorry not no just don't you can express co-multiplication using I'm multiple using multiplication on this and this kind of Kind of copiering and the copiering can be understood as inverse so the copiering is fixed by the condition that it's it's It's inverse to pairing which is defined by the by this composition So you can you can unambiguously determine co-multiplication using this unit co-unit So they'll be in the indexes there are some problem there are some problem which kind of about some simple example Yes, but co-multiplication I can Can constrain requiring that this in its inverse. It's an adverse of multiplication Sorry, what do you mean? No, it's okay. So first let me so first I can I construct the pairing right this pairing by by composition of multiplication and and the trace or co-unit Then I construct this then I can construct A copiering which is a map from C to V tensor V by by by the condition that this is Identity and then I use a composition of