Nine times out of ten the book is always better than the movie whether be the lack of character development the removal of certain narrative sections Or even just being poorly converted onto the silver screen novel slash comic book adaptations can vary from good to decent to downright Disappointing there are some films that have broken the norm such as the Lords of the Rings movies most of the Marvel Cinematic Universe some Dennis Delaney novels even a few Cormac McCarthy novels note I say novels not the movies he's written So obviously it's a rare thing when a movie matches and even surpasses the scope of the original source material But I definitely feel that's the case with 2007's 30 Days of Night the film is based on a comic mini series written by Steve Niles and hauntingly illustrated by Ben Temple Smith and published by IDW publishing I enjoy most of the original nine volumes with my favorites being the original three tales Abed and Stella and Red Snow which was written and illustrated by Ben Temple Smith while the concept and the writing were decent My main draw to the series was Temple Smith's artwork his illustrations really stand out like something from forgotten nightmares The visceral tones along with the horrifying designs have drawn me into other works of his such as the Dead Space prequel Comic and even a one-off for Batman It is this look of visceral horror and Nightmare like creatures that was perfectly captured in the film along with in my opinion a much better Narrative structure in the film There is a town at the northern tip of Alaska called Barrow where from November 18th to December 17th The Sun sets and doesn't return for a month Ergo 30 days of night during this event a group of vampires attack the town and nearly kill off all the townsfolk a Handful of survivors led by a town sheriff Eben Olson and his estranged wife fire marshal Stella Olson fight to survive against the vampire horde Throughout the month more and more humans are picked off while Eben and Stella learn more about the vampires and their tactics Once the vampires fully realize the humans resilience They decide to burn the town down to destroy any evidence of their attack in a desperate bid to save Stella's life Eben infects himself with vampire blood to kill the lead vampire Marlowe and save the town the film ends with Eben Wishing to die rather than live as a monster and perish is embracing Stella as the Sun finally returns and now here Are my points as to why I feel the film surpasses its comic origins note These are my opinions and you are welcome to your own I am just a really big fan of this movie and I wanted to give credit where I feel credit is due also do know While this video is definitely centered more towards people who have watched the film and read the comic I still feel that film goers will get a better understanding and appreciation for this film from this video number one Stranger the stranger while a small character in both the comic and the film play a key role in how the vampires come to barrel in the film The stranger brings them to barrel on an old tanker ship whereas in the comic. They just seem to get there by plane There's some means of travel. That's not really explained However in both the stranger does prepare their assault by destroying all satellite phones in the town mapping out the power station and killing The dogs Ben fostered as a fantastic turn as the stranger giving an air to pravati malicious intent and even pity to the character Bar the windows try to hide They're coming the film and comics share the same arc for him until his end in the comic He somehow bends the bars of the jail cell that he's in despite the fact that he's not a vampire But then his blasted to pieces by Evan and Stella in the film He threatens the life of evens brother who was created for the movie and is wounded but not killed This leads to more time with the character including his grief after having been initially rejected to become a fellow vampire When the police station is attacked however It's when he meets Marlowe that a great exchange happens in the final brief moments of his life We almost feel a sense of pity for the stranger who sits there unknowing to Marlowe's Flippant use and baiting of him right up until he ends his life Number two ebb and Stella's relationship in the comic ebb and Stella are a happy husband wife police duo Who truly don't have any development in the story aside from the finale in the film? They are separated with Stella trying but failing to catch the last flight out of Barrow and ebb and is still holding Resentment but also a torch of hope for her throughout the film We find out what brought these two together and eventually what split them apart through the crisis They work together to survive and even rekindle their love which makes Evan's decision to become a vampire all the more believable and the ending all the more tragic Instead of simple cop characters the film adds gratifying layer of depth to these characters as we come to root for them Through their struggles and want to see them survive to the end number three No story detours. One of the main problems with the comic is the sudden detours It takes two of all places New Orleans here We find out about a small secret society who are actually vampire hunters in a sort who have discovered by the powers of Email that vampires are going to attack Barrow. I have never understood or cared for this part as it just seems so Unbelievably far-fetched that they would find out about vampires through email. Yes I know the story is about vampires, but I'll believe that stuff before I believe people were able to decipher and pick out web Vampire mail every time the comic comes back to this side story The whole flow comes to a grinding halt as it usually comes at the most inconvenient time with the horror in the story Eventually this leads to one of the members going to Barrow in a helicopter to try and capture video evidence of the vampires But is ultimately killed by the head vampire Vincente and that guy brings me to my next point number four Marlowe in the comic Marlowe is just a bald teenage Anx-looking dude who comes up with the idea for the Barrow attack But is eventually overruled and ultimately killed by the actual head vampire Vincente in the comic Vincente who also happens to arrive in one of the most remote places in Alaska during one of the most Hostable times in the winter is part of a higher-class society of vampires who are upset by what Marlowe has enacted how they solve This is by basically finishing what Marlowe and his party started or at least trying to in the film There is no other vampire hierarchy. There is no Vincente There is just Marlowe and his company and it works so much better this way in the film the comic book characters Marlowe and Vincente are one expertly played by Danny Houston His presence as a leader in a monster blend together as he is entrancing and Horrifying every time he appears on screen much of the dialogue said by Marlowe in the film Is what Vincente says in the comic in a way With some additional interactions added in the film like with various victims and the stranger We really come to hate this guy But at the same time we cannot deny how bad ass he is and everything from his movements to his motivations to how he shows Absolutely no mercy Having one fully realized villain instead of two half solved villains was a much better decision both in terms of narrative as well As making that finale have far more weight number five the siege of Barrow in the comic time is not very well Illustrated whereas the film notes down how many days have passed the comic really doesn't do this Making the entire event seem to last only a few days in the film The horror and the dread of having to try and survive 30 days all the while being hunted by vampires is front and center in the film With each passing day more and more humans are picked off while the remaining survivors Grasp at any means to survive as the days go on the encounters with the vampires differ from strategic to pure animal instinct to Conniving in the film We also see the humans defend themselves in some manner even if to no avail in the comic the defense is so Bear it seems that the only way to kill them was to do so as another vampire through the film We see that there are various means like the capitation brutal evisceration UV light shotgun blasts to the face as well as falcon punches through the mouth while the human defense ultimately fails At least there is more conflict between the humans and the vampires in the book They literally just hide and die whereas in the movie the people are fighting for their homes We also get that awesome last stand by Mark Boone Junior's character Brower the survivors are more than just evident Stella They have town folk with them who along the way fight and die with them trying to defend their home The film also delves into far more psychological aspects like Billy played by menu Bennett before he got beefy for Spartacus And the fate of his family and the film Billy disappears as the siege begins And he doesn't reappear until nearly the final quarter of the film when they find him Evidence Stella discover that Billy killed his wife and children as to not have them suffer the same fate as the rest of the town This utterly devastating part of the film was almost removed by the producers But thankfully director David slave convinced them to keep it in the final cut Billy's desperate and vain attempt at mercy is a Horrifying yet all too believable reaction to such an event out of all the things that happen in the film This is one of the most horrifying as it is one of the most believable for while they are being attacked by mythical monsters There are still in fact monsters that reside in humans as well Billy's pathetic final moments in the film are truly Polarizing as his end is the most brutal out of everyone in the film While you want to feel empathy for him as he bleeds the death and slowly becomes the very thing that he tried to defend his family from You also can't condone what he did in order to try and spare them Of course this part is not in the comic at all which again proves just how better structured the film is Number six the vampires Visually the vampires are somewhat similar between the comic and the film both of elongated nails Nightmare inducing teeth and inhuman looking facial features similar to that of Nosferatu However, there are two big differences The first is that in the film they speak a completely foreign language sounding both ancient and otherworldly a language That was actually created for the film by an actual linguist The second is that in the comic most of the vampires look like a bunch of douchebags No, seriously, they look and sound like douchebags Some of them are even wearing freaking sunglasses Of course the comic was written in the post-hype of the Matrix So artist Ben Templesmith was possibly taking some notes with the sunglasses and the black leather coats But come on also the dialogue between some of the vampires in the comic is Awful some very cringy insults are thrown around a lot I know that Niles was trying to incite the sense of superiority for the vampires having to mock their victims and such But it just comes off as douche-sauce in the film They mainly just scream or hunt with almost all of the dialogue coming from Marlowe in the comic They are somehow a secret superior society despite how obvious they look like vampires in the film They are monsters emerged from a slumber with a perfect buffet Reading waiting in a town where the sun disappears and there is no means of escape All in all the film beats the comic in almost every way possible The only thing that the comic has over the film in my opinion is one line of dialogue That explains that it is because of the frigid cold that the vampires aren't able to easily sniff out the remaining humans Other than that the film a superior in its narrative construct It's character development size and purpose and it's fantastic immersion into the horror that the story is betraying David Slade creates a fantastic horror film and definitely one of the best vampire films in recent decades Everything from the music to the gore to the characters struggle is a fantastic film to behold If you haven't seen the film yet, you should definitely give it a watch.  Thanks for watching guys If you liked the video leave a like and maybe even suggest another film and subject matter You would like me to talk about if you're interested in more videos and some film reviews hit the subscribe bell Anyways guys, that's all from me. I'll see you next time


So if we look at this diagram here, I talked about the fact that gene was actually converted to the messenger RNA. Chromosomes are the package DNA, and the DNA has many, many genes, and those genes are for specific processes. The cell doesn't express all those genes. It doesn't translate all of those genes into messenger RNA all at the same time. So there have to be ways for the cell to control what actually gets expressed. So often you might have, so in this particular case the gene is listed here with a better drawing of the DNA. There's often a region of the gene that promotes its expression, if it's something that needs to be expressed a lot. And what that promoter does is it binds to the enzyme that translates the DNA into RNA very strongly. And sometimes there are enhancers that are binding to other parts of the DNA and activate our proteins, and those can be a long ways away in the DNA, sort of loop the whole thing over. And so for a gene to be expressed, it requires the interaction of all these different molecules that are responding to the environment of the cell. And so, for example, one of these activator proteins might be triggered by the translation of one gene, excuse me, the transcription of one gene that then gets translated into that protein. And if that happens a lot, you can get more of these activator proteins, which will then maybe promote the transcription of another gene. So there can be a lot of, for example, reinforcing feedbacks. These reinforcing feedbacks can lead to these very specific genes getting expressed, or getting transcribed. There are also some ways to dampen feedbacks in gene expression. And one way to do that is to methylate the genes. So basically the methyl is a carbon and hydrogen group, and it'll bind to the gene, and it can actually then attract other molecules, and then these can actually dampen expression in a dampening feedback. And so a large part of what gets expressed in genes is controlled by the presence of these enzymes, the activator proteins, these methyl groups, and all of these extra factors are called epigenetics. And they're the type of things that control which genes actually get transcribed to produce the messenger RNA, which is then turned into the enzymes.


Dropshipping from China. Is it a great idea or a terrible mistake? So a lot of people are saying that when you dropshipping from China your account will be in risk and it can cause a lot of damage to your account and that the buyers will not buy from you because the shipping time is very long. So today I want to talk about the pros and cons with working with China and why I think that this is a great idea and not a terrible mistake. So first of all let's go on the pros and cons and then we will go to the myth about working with China. I'll be opposing a moment at CEO of AutoDS, writing in the comments if you are working with China right now and if you are planning to start working with China right now. So about the pros, first of all high profits. When you work with Chinese suppliers, Chinese suppliers are working with the big numbers slowly, same as I believe that you should work on eBay. On China, Chinese suppliers are just trying to sell as many products as possible even if they are making a very very low profit margins. This thing makes that we can work with these products and make much higher profits on eBay in our dropshipping stores. So this thing is really amazing. Also we have things like cashback for these sites and we can communicate with the Chinese suppliers and get much better discounts. So this is the thing number one. The second thing is that because most of the things are afraid to work with Chinese suppliers, it's much easier to be unique. It's much easier to find products without high competition and it's much easier to make profits on this way. So here's the second thing. The third thing is worldwide shipping. If you will go to a site like, for example, a similar web, you can see that only 62% of the traffic of eBay.com is coming from the United States. It means that you have another 40% of the world of eBay's traffic which when you work with sites like Amazon without global shipping program, you will not ship to these addresses. When you work with Chinese suppliers, usually you have a very cheap shipping to worldwide and then you can get much more cents and much more market to your products. The next thing is suppliers that support dropshipping. Chinese suppliers like dropshipping, then they will give you any contract that you will request for them. For example, banggood.com have a contract with Banggood and if you contact Banggood or actually our customer support, you will get a contract and this way you can just provide it to eBay if eBay requests it from you. The next thing is that I want to go with you over the coins, the minuses of working with Chinese suppliers. The first problem is language but this is not really a problem because we can just use Google Translate and Translate everything that the Chinese supplier will write to us to English. The second thing is that people are saying that Chinese suppliers don't have a good customer support. This is why they have less good customer support than American suppliers but you can still work with them and the Chinese suppliers which have good feedbacks for example on AliExpress and have experience, they still give a great customer support. You just need to know how to work with it and I will record a full video about how to give an American customer support with Chinese suppliers soon. The next thing is long shipping time. This is right from China. We have much longer shipping time and I will talk about this on the next slide. Complicated returns. Yes, the returns are a bit more complicated but when you know how to work with it, it's very easy and I will talk about this also in the next videos. So let's go about the myth of working with China. Low quality products. So people are saying that when you work with China have very low quality products and then it will affect your store and they will get a negative feedback and think that this is partially right but not really. There are some tools that can help you to find the good products from China. Also if your seller has more than 95% of positive feedbacks and the seller is a long time seller on AliExpress for example, you can be sure that the products will be fine. Also each product has reviews and you can just see that these products are fine. So not all of the products are fine but in the United States also you have bad quality products so it doesn't matter. You just need to focus on a specific product and know if this product will sell good for you or not and if this product has a good quality or it doesn't. About the bad customer support I already talked on the previous slide and this will cause account block. It will not cause any account block if you are working right and today and now I want to talk with you about how to work right with this Chinese supplier. So many people are saying that people will not buy from you because your shipping time is long but this is not right because many people in the world prefer to wait a bit longer maybe two weeks more but to get the products with much cheaper prices. So if you give a better prices but the shipping time is a bit longer it's still worth it for these people. So I really recommend to work with Chinese suppliers because the prices are cheaper the customer support is not that bad as people are saying and you can really provide cheaper prices and get much more traffic to your store because many people are sorting on ebay by price. So this is my answer I really recommend to work with Chinese suppliers I don't think that it's really dangerous I don't think that you can't sell if your shipping time is longer the opposite is the true if your shipping time is longer it's fine people can wait for this and the customer support is up to you I will record another videos about how to give the best customer support with Chinese suppliers. See you on the next videos I hope that you like this video don't forget to subscribe and to leave a comment on this video if you have any questions see you on the next videos bye bye


Hi and welcome to the session. Today we will learn about data handling. So first of all let us learn what is data. Data is a collection of numbers gathered to give some information. For example, here is the data showing the number of children in twenty families in a colony. So according to this data there are two children in first family. There is one child in second family, three children in third family and so on. Now let's see how to arrange the given data in the form of a table using telemarks. So here in the table in first column we will take number of children in a family. In second column we will make telemarks and in third column we will take number of families. So first of all let us take number of children as one and let's see how many families have one child. One, two, three, four, five. So that means five families have one child. Now first of all we will make the table for number of children and number of families and at last we will learn how to represent number of families using telemarks. Now let's take number of children as two and let's see how many families have two children. One, two, three, four, five, six and seven. So seven families have two children. Now let's take number of children as three and let's see how many families have three children. One, two, three, four, five, six. So six families have three children. Now at last we have number of children as four and there are just two families having four children. Now here we are given that there are twenty families. So on adding all these numbers we should get twenty. Also we have five plus seven plus six plus two is equal to twenty. Now let's see how to represent number of families by telemarks. So first of all we have five families. So this represents five. Next we have seven families. So we have five plus two that is seven. Next there are six families. So we have five plus one, six and at last there are two families. So we have two. So we have learnt how to arrange the data in a table using telemarks. Now let's move on to our next topic pictograph. A pictograph represents data through pictures of updates. Also it helps answer the questions on the data at a glance. For example the following pictograph shows the number of computers sold by a shopkeeper on the following days. This symbol represents five computers. That means if we want to calculate that how many computers were sold on Monday then we need to count these pictures. Here there are four pictures that means number of computers sold on Monday is four into five that is twenty computers. Now suppose by looking at this pictograph we need to answer few questions such as day on which maximum number of computers were sold. Now here by looking at this pictograph we know that on Friday there are maximum pictures that means maximum number of computers were sold on Friday. And the day on which minimum number of computers were sold that will be Thursday because there is just one picture that means on Thursday minimum computers were sold. Now let us learn how to draw a pictograph. Now suppose we want to draw the pictograph for the given data. Now here we have given number of students in different sections of class six. So here we have section and number of students. First of all let us suppose that this picture represents ten students and this picture represents five students. Now we have section A and there are thirty students in section A. So thirty will be represented by three pictures of ten students like this. Now in section B there are forty five students. So first of all we have ten then ten more we have twenty by this we have thirty now forty and now we want five more. So here we have five. So this represents forty five students. Next we have section C and in section C there are twenty five students. So let us represent twenty five. So here we have twenty five students. Lastly in section B there are forty students. So this represents forty. So this is our required pictograph. And now by just looking at this pictograph we can make out that their maximum number of students in section B and there are minimum number of students in section C. With this we finish this session. Hope you must have understood all the concepts. Goodbye, take care and have a nice day.


And I'm going to ask for your suggestions about what to do. It's not a test. You don't have to answer if you don't want to. If you don't answer, I'll do it myself, but it'll be more fun if you make suggestions. So, first, one thing we need to know is what is the X-ray source?  Someone walks in your door and hands you this spectrum and says, tell me what's in this spectrum. So one of the first things you would ask is what is the X-ray source? What materials were in the X-ray source? Was it copper, krypton, tungsten? And then secondly, what spectrometer recorded that spectrum? What are the properties, the capabilities of that spectrometer? So here's the answer to those first two questions. That spectrum was recorded at a laser facility. It was the Titan laser at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. And the target was a gallium arsenide wafer. So what does that tell you about these spectral lines? Where there are two groups of spectral lines, they look kind of similar, similar patterns. So we're looking for pattern recognition. So one group is probably gallium, the other group is arsenic. And if you have your this chart, gallium is atomic number 31, and arsenic is atomic number 33. So gallium has a lower atomic number. Those spectrum, those transitions would have lower photon energy from the lower atomic number. And arsenic, so if we had an energy scale, we could say one is gallium and the other is arsenic, but we don't have an energy scale. So here's the answer to what spectrometer? The spectrometer was a transmission crystal spectrometer and it covered 9 to 11 kilovolt energy range. And this spectrometer was high resolution, so it was called the high resolution crystal spectrometer, very original. Here's a photograph of the inside of the target chamber at the Titan laser in California. The laser beam comes in through this port into the vacuum chamber. The gallium arsenide target is here. And then here's the high resolution transmission crystal spectrometer. And the size of this chamber is about one meter or so. So now we know the spectral lines are from gallium and arsenic and the energy range is 9 to 11 kilovolts. And it turns out energy increases to the right. So now we can say these are lines from gallium and these are lines from arsenic. Fairly close in atomic numbers, so these are probably the same type of transitions, but just from the two different elements and shifted in energy. Okay, now we need an energy scale. So how do we establish the energy scale? Remember, the first thing you do is you look for the spectral lines you know. So what spectral lines did we talk about during the first hour? We talked about the helium-like resonance lines, the lithium-like satellites, and the characteristic X-ray lines from the neutral or singly ionized atoms. So let's look for those. The helium-like, lithium-like transitions are higher energy than the transitions from the neutrals. So if energy goes from left to right increasing, these are from the high energy charge states, probably lithium-like, helium-like on this side of the distribution. And then the characteristic X-ray lines will be on the lower side of the distribution. So let's make a guess. Let's guess that the lower strong transitions are the characteristic X-ray lines from gallium, and the K-alpha 1 and K-alpha 2 should have a ratio of 2 to 1. So that looks pretty good. And then over here, maybe these two are the same transitions in arsenic. So we have the K lines in gallium. Let's look for the K-batas. So there are probably the K-batas of 1 and 2, which also should have a relative line ratio of roughly 1 to 2. So here's what we are guessing so far, but we still don't have an energy scale. So let's use the very well-known, accurately known transition energies of the characteristic transitions to establish the energy scale. So we're going to use these two K lines from gallium, gallium K-batas, and the arsenic K-alphas, and let's calculate the energy scale. So now we have what we think is a good energy scale. And it does go from roughly 9 to 11 kilovolts, like we were told. So now that we know the K-alpha lines and what we think are the lithium and helium-like lines, we know these transition energies, so that's probably good. What are the other features? So if we know these are neutral or singly ionized, and if we know these are two electron ions, three electron ions, let's just count. Four electron, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. So perhaps these features are from the lithium-like to the neon-like charge states, and similarly in arsenic. But what's the difference between the gallium spectral line distribution and the arsenic? What do you notice? Something is missing from the arsenic. So the arsenic is a higher Z element. It's somewhat less ionized because it's higher Z. So the helium-like and the lithium-like lines appear to be missing from the arsenic spectrum, and that's what you would kind of expect. So things are looking good so far. To go further, we have to simulate a spectrum. We have to use a code to simulate the spectrum because we think we know what the charge states are, so we're ready to simulate the spectrum. And then we can check and see if these line identifications are correct or not. So there are many codes. There's the Cowan code. There's the FlightCheck and GrantGrasp code, Q-Lack back. Lots of codes. Me being an experimentalist, I'm going to look for the easiest to use code. So it turns out that Cowan code and FlightCheck are quite accessible on websites, easy to use, even an experimentalist can use these codes. So let's just look at the GF values from the Cowan code website. So these sticks represent the GF values, which gives an indication of the relative line, spectral line intensities. And so here are the GF values convolved with a 10-EV Gaussian to kind of simulate the experimental spectrometer resolution for the gallium-like transitions. And here's the experimental spectrum. So with this 10-EV shift, you can kind of see the matching starting to emerge. And here are the gallium-brillian-like transitions and the arsenic-carbon-like transitions. So it looks like the assignments of all of those spectral features, it looks good. So now that we are confident of the line identifications, let's really use another code to simulate the spectral line intensities using a kinetics code, and let's see if we can determine the temperature and density of the plasma region. So what code should be, what kinetics code should be used? One that's easy to use, accessible, and that would be the fly check code. Well, first of all, if we're going to calculate a spectrum, we need to start out with a temperature and a density. We have to plug that into the code. So what temperature and density should we use? We have to have a guess to start out with. Earlier in the week, it was mentioned a couple of times that the most abundant charge state in a thermal plasma has ionization potential from that most abundant charge state. Ionization potential is roughly three times the temperature or five times the temperature. So here's a plot of the ionization potentials versus charge state of the various ions in gallium and arsenic. So when you start out with the neutral, it's got a small ionization potential. As you ionize up, you come to the neon-like closed shell, very tightly bound closed shell. So there's a jump in the ionization potential at that neon-like tin electron ion. And then you continue ionizing, and now you get to the helium-like closed shell. So from the lithium-like weakly bound charge state to the helium-like tightly bound charge state, there's a big jump in ionization potential. And here are the ionization potentials on a log scale in kilovolts. So if our temperature is about a factor of three less than the ionization potential, and we know that we have ions between neon and lithium and also some weak abundance of helium-like, let's pick an ionization potential, let's say six. That's kind of in this range of ionization. Let's divide it by three and we get two kilovolts. So that's a reasonable electron temperature to plug into the code. Now the density is a little bit more difficult, but we start out with a solid gallium arsenide target. So solid densities, 10 to the 23, 24, whatever. But we know that plasma expands as it blows off from that solid surface. So the density is going to be some orders of magnitude below solid density. If it expands, you know, a factor of 10 to 100, it's going to go down by several orders of magnitude at least. So let's pick a density of 10 to the 19. So now we run a flight check simulations for a fixed electron density because we have confidence that that's in the ballpark. We have less confidence in the density. We have confidence in the temperature. So we'll fix the temperature at two kilovolts, which we think is correct, and we'll vary the density. So here are the ion abundances for a fixed two kilovolt temperature and a variable density where we vary the density from five times 10 to the 18, which is these curves, this curve, and one times 10 to the 19 is very close. And then there's a shift in ionization when we go up in density to five times 10 to the 19. So you see the density dependence is weak until you get over, up to say, five times 10 to the 19. Certainly above one 10 to the 19, below the density dependence is weak. When you go higher, it becomes stronger. So here are the calculate, this is the calculated spectrum for five times 10 to the 19, one 19, five 18. So take a look at this spectral distribution and if you recall the experimental spectrum, let's see how they match up. Do you recall the largest, the most intense charge state for gallium is carbon-like? So let's see which density gives us the most intense carbon-like. And also notice also that the lithium-like, helium-like are weaker and neon-like is weak, fluorine, oxygen-like are stronger. So just kind of keep that pattern in mind and let's see which density is best. So here's the carbon-like and one 19, five 18, carbon-like is strongest. Higher density, the higher charge state becomes comparable to carbon so it's probably going to be somewhere in this density range. But when you go to lower density, the lower charge states come up and they're a little bit too strong here. And also you'll see a subtle change in the lithium-like transitions. If you recall from earlier in the week, the lithium-like satellite transitions, those are sensitive to both temperature and density. So there's a very subtle change here, I don't know if you could notice it, but this ratio of the helium-like Y transition to the lithium-like Q transition, see there's a subtle change there. It's kind of flat here, slightly skewed and then cannot really resolve the two there. So this is what the spectrum actually looks like. So let's pick one times 10 to the 19 and vary the temperature. So we're fixing the density at 119 and we're varying the temperature from 1.5 kilovolts, 2 kilovolts, 2.5 kilovolts. Now there's a huge change in the ion, the abundances of the ions in the plasma. There's a very large change with temperature so this is very sensitive to temperature. It was rather insensitive to density but it's very sensitive to temperature so we should be able to determine the plasma temperature accurately and the plasma density somewhat less accurately. So which one looks most similar to the data? Well, it's this one where the carbon emission is highest. When you go to a lower temperature, the lower charge states, neon-like, fluorine-like are way too strong compared to the higher charge states, much too intense. When you go to higher temperature then the lower charge states are way too intense. So it looks like around 2 kilovolts is a good guess for the plasma temperature, a good guess so far. Also you see the satellite line ratios are changing drastically, in particular the y to q ratio. So now we know that a ballpark guess for the temperature is 2 kilovolts and a guess for the density is 1 times 10 to the 19. But there are these subtle changes in the lithium-like satellite so we need to really do some more detailed calculations for those lithium-like satellite transitions. So here's the experimental spectrum and once again these are the Kallin code GF values for these letter designations which were in that previous table. I would like for you to remember the M and T satellite transitions. So fix this in your memory, M and T. To proceed we need to think about the hotter electron component. In laser produced plasmas the laser intensity is very high. We can have a thermal distribution like we've found is about 2 kilovolt temperature but laser radiation is very intense. Electrons can be accelerated during the time of the laser pulse to much higher energy than 2 kilovolts. In some cases it can be 100 kilovolts or 500 kilovolts if the laser is extremely intense. So we need to think about the possibility of a super thermal hot electron component much higher energy than the 2 kilovolt thermal plasma. We know that's present because we see the characteristic gallium and arsenic characteristic X-ray lines that are in the spectrum. The energy to produce those lines to produce a 1s vacancy that is as high as almost 12 kilovolts. So we have to have an abundance of at least 12 kilovolt electrons to produce those characteristic X-ray lines. Moreover, in the plasma we think the temperature is about 2 kilovolts in the plasma so those neutrals and singly ionized ions that produce the characteristic X-ray lines they should not be present in this 2 kilovolt plasma because we know from the ionization potentials those neutrals low ionization stages they have very low ionization potential. So the ionization at 2 kilovolt should be very rapid so there should be practically no abundance of the very low charge states which produce the characteristic X-ray lines. But we see them in the spectrum. So how can this happen? So if this is our gallium arsenide wafer and this will be millimeters in size and the laser is focused to about 100 microns or .1 millimeter so this is very hot plasma which is blowing off from the board and this is a intense laser so the plasma is about 2 kilovolts but yet we think there are much higher energy electrons present somewhere so high energy electrons are accelerated during the laser pulse to very high energy and those high energy electrons propagate out from the focal spot so high energy electrons propagate to this cold gallium arsenide material which surrounds the hot plasma so the characteristic X-rays are coming from the neutrals in the surrounding gallium arsenide wafer they're not present in the hot plasma they're coming from the colder material outside the focal spot and it turns out to propagate some distance from the focal spot through this solid density material the electron energy has to be at least tens of kilovolts to have that range in the solid gallium arsenide material so from previous studies and this has been studied quite a bit there's a rule of thumb formula where the super thermal electron energy called t-hot is given by this formula it's proportional to i lambda squared i lambda squared is proportional to the so-called quiver energy that oscillatory energy that the electron has in that strong laser field that's called the quiver energy and if that oscillating electron collides with a nucleus then it will fly off with that quiver energy so that's how the fast electrons fly off and propagate outside the focal spot i lambda squared is a quantity you'll see quite often where i has real units of watts per centimeter squared that should be not one third but I think ten to the seventeen watts per centimeter squared the laser wavelength of the Titan laser at Livermore is one micron wavelength so if you plug those numbers into this equation with this correction you'll get 30 kilovolts which is high enough for the electrons to propagate through the solid material outside the focal spot so now we know there's a 30 kilovolt hot electron component and we have to include that in the flight check code simulations but we don't know how many electrons have 30 kilovolts most will have 2 kilovolts and some small percentage of that electron population will have been accelerated, will have scattered outside the focal spot but that fraction of hot electrons is an unknown so now you not only vary temperature and density but you also vary the hot electron fraction so we have kind of three unknowns so we calculate spectra over that phase space of three unknowns and calculate the correlation between the experimental spectrum and each of those calculated spectra and then you can plot on a two-dimensional plot of temperature and density with different fractions of hot electrons this plot, a correlation plot happens to be for 2% of the total electron population 2% having 30 kilovolt energy and the highest correlation is 1100 EV temperature quite narrow in temperature so we can say it's about plus or minus maybe 5% and then it's a little bit broader in density but it's about 3 times 10 to the 19 plus or minus say 50% and then varying the fraction of hot electrons it's about 2.5% plus or minus some small fraction so now we can do fly check calculations with the 1100 EV temperature and the 3 times 10 to the 19 density the 2.5% abundance of 30 kilovolt electrons so we can calculate a more accurate fly check spectrum which is shown here these are the line intensities and this is the experimental spectrum and I've convolved the calculated intensities I've convolved with a profile that simulates the spectral resolution so I've convolved each of these line intensities with a Voight profile Voight profile is a combination of a Gaussian and a Lorentzian convolution and the Gaussian component has a full width half maximum corresponding to the thermal Doppler broadening the 1100 EV broadening but Doppler width is related to the ion temperature not the electron temperature so we know the electron temperature is 1.1 kilovolt and the ion temperature is the same because the equilibration time in this rather dense plasma is about a picosecond so that's fast electron ion equilibration during the longer laser pulse which was several nanoseconds much longer so during that several nanosecond laser pulse the electrons and ions are being heated but they tend to have the same temperature because of the fast equilibration time we add in some detector broadening and we've measured the spatial resolution of our detector in the laboratory as part of our calibration process so we know how much detector broadening to add in to our line profile and it turns out that the detector broadening spatial resolution profile fits a Voight profile very accurately so it has a Gaussian component and a Lorentzian component so we add in the Gaussian component detector broadening and then the crystal broadening intrinsic spectrometer crystal broadening we've also measured in the laboratory and if I have time I'll talk about how we do that later Lorentzian we have the natural lifetime broadening lifetime of the level gives some broadening and energy for these transitions we know what the radio decay rate A is the Einstein coefficient A from that we can calculate the energy broadening so we know that and then we convolve in the detector Lorentzian broadening make a Voight profile and that's our simulated spectrum and keep in mind that this energy scale is determined by the characteristic transitions in gallium and arsenic the characteristic transition energies from the colder region outside the focal spot but our spectrometer has no sensitivity to the position of the X-ray emission in the source it has no sensitivity because our detectors on the rolling circle where the lines are focused regardless of where they come from spatially in the target so this should be a good energy scale as experimentalists we're going to say this is a good energy scale, no question but we have to keep in mind that it comes from the characteristic X-ray lines outside the focal spot so those atoms are fixed in space they should have no Doppler broadening they should have no bulk motion Doppler broadening, they're fixed so this is our energy scale well what do you notice here there's something, there's a mismatch between the calculated spectrum and the experimental spectrum well if that's the helium like resonance line W in gallium and this is the calculated helium like resonance line W there appears to be a shift of about 10EV so the experimental spectrum is shifted by about 10EV to the higher energy which is shorter wavelength shifted to blue so a Doppler blue shift can occur when the radiation source is traveling toward the observer that gives a blue shift so we suspect that this 10EV blue shift is due to the plasma blowing off from that focal spot and traveling somewhat toward the spectrometer and that gives our blue shift well it's 10EV, let's just shift the experimental spectrum by 10EV and this is reasonable because the energy scale is from these fixed gallium arsenide atoms but the spectral lines here are from the hot plasma that's traveling toward the observer so the energy scale is from the fixed atoms and the hot plasma which produces these spectral lines are traveling toward us so there should be a Doppler shift and it looks like it's about 10EV so let's think about what we're going to do next we think we understand our experimental energy scale that can't be wrong because we did it, it's got to be right so could the transition energies in fly check be inaccurate? we always suspect the computations because the experiment is always right so let's look at the transition energies of this helium like gallium resonance line W it's a 2 electron atom, these transition energies can be accurately calculated so the grant code calculation dating back to 1980 for this transition is 9628EV in 2005 the calculation was improved one more significant figure was added so it's 9628.2EV this transition has been measured I think some of the best measurements so from Afimoglitsky from 1984 from a low inductance vacuum spark which is sort of like that pulse power machine it's a very energetic high voltage high current things blowing up and flowing so in 84 he measured 9631 but with large error bars plus or minus 7.5EV because I think you worry about the Doppler shift due to plasma traveling with respect to the spectrometer so in 88 he corrected for the plasma motion 9627.5 plus or minus 0.7 which overlaps with the most accurate calculation and the fly check transition energy is 9628.4 so that's good so the fly check transition energy is very accurate so this indicates that the 10EV blue shift is real and it's due to this plasma flowing and we understand the origin of the 10EV blue shift because we're once again our energy scale in the beginning was from the fixed gallium arsenide atoms and the hot spectral lines are from the flowing plasma so that gives the 10EV shift it all makes sense and if you calculate the flow velocity it's 3 times 10 to the 7 3 times 10 to the 7 is a generic plasma flow velocity it comes from the hydrodynamic simulations of hot flowing plasma so if you had to guess what the expansion velocity would be you would say 3 times 10 to the 7 and in fact that's what we observe so this is all making sense so now we shifted the experimental spectrum to match the fly check spectrum to correct for that plasma flow velocity so now what do you notice? well there's this T-satellite transition there's this bump in the calculated spectrum that does not occur in the experimental spectrum and also the M-satellite calculated is weaker than observed but if you remember what I asked you to keep in mind the T-satellite should be 0.7EV higher energy than the M-satellite so I think it's fair to just move let's just move this T-satellite transition energy to where it appears in the Cowan code and let's see what we get so now this satellite feature agrees pretty well with the experimental data but look there's still this discrepancy here and this feature is the helium like X-transition and it appears to be about a factor of 2 weaker in the calculation than we observe and I suspect this line intensity is kind of hard to calculate maybe so let's just multiply that calculated energy let's just multiply by a factor of 2 and now we have a very good agreement see? okay let's go back okay we move the T-satellite increase X by 2 hey we got good agreement we have good agreement with a few adjustments and that last one is suspect you know because we're just multiplying by a factor of 2 sometimes we multiply by a factor of pi you know for no good reason or a factor of 2 so now I think we've made some new discoveries here about the comparison between the experimental spectrum and the simulated spectrum that should be pursued and it hasn't yet been pursued so I can't really say any more about that so now Yuri Rochenko used his code NOMAD to do very detailed calculations of the down here or the calculated this is experimental very detailed calculations of the features from the lower charge states lithium like, helium like, plane intensities are fairly easy to calculate but when you go to the lower charge states from the Kowanko GF values you saw there are many many lines dozens or hundreds of spectral lines much more difficult to calculate and Yuri has calculated these spectra different thermal temperatures and different hot electron components so we're kind of in the process of matching up those calculations to the experimental spectrum okay could you let me know when the time is up because I don't remember when we started six more minutes, okay so now we understand the spectrum this spectrometer has a very high spectral resolution so we can now study the line shapes of these experimental features the line shapes to do that we need to measure very well the instrumental broadening of our spectrometer so we need to measure that in the lab to do that we use a laboratory tungsten spectrum and we very accurately measure the width of one of these spectral lines or several spectral lines there are also some other features like these very narrow dips in the diffraction which is, we understand where those come from so let's pick a line that's isolated and not blended with weaker L transitions so it's not going to be L alpha 1 that's very strong which is nice but it's blended with L alpha 2 this line is isolated but it's kind of weak L beta 1 is very strong but blended L beta 3 is isolated and unblended blended weaker so we pick L beta 3 isolated, unblended and we measure the width of that line so the squares or the data and the solid line between the squares is our fitted Voight profile this is the residual differences so we measure the Lorentzian component of the Voight is 12.8 plus or minus some small value Gaussian is 4.82 so that's the width of the overall broadening contributions to the Lorentzian and the Gaussian components fitted to the experimental spectral line we know that the Lorentzian component has a contribution from the natural lifetime broadening which we know from this reference 12.8 plus or minus rather large uncertainty 1.4 EV detector Lorentzian is smaller the result if we subtract these two from the measured Lorentzian line width is minus 0.8 plus or minus 1.4 so let's call that 0 within the experimental uncertainties let's call that 0 the Gaussian component has a contribution from the Gaussian detector full width half max all of these values are full width half max and a resultant Gaussian width after subtracting in quadrature because this is a Gaussian we're left with 4.75 EV and that represents the intrinsic crystal broadening so we've subtracted out all the contributions and we're left with the intrinsic crystal broadening so this is the intrinsic resolution of our spectrometer we measure the width of the gallium K-alpha 2 line in the spectrum and we get something similar after subtracting out all the contributions we know that's from a fixed atom so there's no Doppler broadening so that's an accurate measurement so now let's measure the width of a spectral line from highly charged ions and let's just pick the lithium like gallium MT where the two satellite lines are very close in energy only 0.7 EV apart and the helium like X transition so here are the measurements and the components for the Lorentzian widths and the Gaussian widths of those two spectral lines so if you take a look here we measure in MT we measure Lorentzian full width half max of 0.41 EV but look X is 0.01 EV practically 0, much smaller and that's because the natural width of the X line which is very is small and the natural width of the satellite line which is a very fast large A value has a much larger natural lifetime Lorentz broadening so we subtract these out within the experiment measurements we get 0 and then Gaussian subtract out all the components the crystal intrinsic broadening which we've measured detector spatial resolution the thermal ion Doppler width and the result is 1.6 EV in one case and 2.55 EV in another case so we're left with some some broadening some Gaussian broadening so it's probably some kind of Doppler broadening of a couple of EV what can that be do to well we think that's due to the spreading turbulent spreading of that streaming velocity so it's streaming at 3.7 3 times 10 to the 7th centimeters per second but there's some turbulence in that plasma as it flows toward us in that turbulence velocity would be say 5 times 10 to the 6 or 8 times 10 to the 6 which is smaller than 3 times 10 to the 7 so it's flowing toward us fast 3 times 10 to the 7 within that there's some turbulence which causes plasma flow bulk motion flowing with some Doppler motion superimposed on that and it's about 5 or 8 times 10 to the 6 I think I'm about finished in time but if I can use one or two more minutes the spectrometer we've been using has about 2,000 resolving power it's about 4 or 5 EV intrinsic crystal broadening that's a 10 kilovolts that ratio is about 2,000 we have now developed a spectrometer in the laboratory with 20,000 resolving power so it's 10 times higher so now we can measure line shapes almost 10 times better but we haven't done the experiment yet we have tested this spectrometer in the lab by measuring the copper K alpha 1 and 2 lines from a laboratory copper X-ray source these are the 2P to 1S single hole transitions but we see these wings on the low energy side and this has been observed before at a synchrotron using days or weeks of taking data we did this in about 5 minutes and these features are double hole transitions so double hole 2P 3D decaying via a 2P to 1S transition with the 3D spectator hole so 3D is high line so the lines are closely blended with the parent single hole transitions if you plot this on a log scale there's this bump and this bump is due to a double hole transition where the spectator is a 2P electron so lower line larger energy shift from the parent line and this has also been observed in synchrotron measurements so this is a double hole transition with the 2P electron that should look very familiar to you because in helium like die electronic satellites to the hydrogen like resonance line most of those satellites are from 2P squared levels and then the satellites with an equal 3 spectator electron are closer to the resonance line just like this correspondence between the transitions in hot plasma from doubly excited levels to transitions in neutrals with 2 holes physics is beautiful thank you


Fabulous! So then, without further ado, I think we'll hand over now to Julia, who will talk us through post-traumatic stress in Australian meatballs. Julia, are you live now? You might need to switch your microphone to live, actually, the button at the top of your screen. Good morning, everybody. Welcome to this session of the Virtual International Day of the Midwife. I am very happy to be able to present findings from my PhD work, which was conducted or finished last year. As you see, this was done in Australia, so I'm talking about post-traumatic stress. My research has done post-traumatic stress in Australian midwives. It says Germany on my name, so I moved to Germany meanwhile, so that's why there are the two countries. Why is it important to look at post-traumatic stress? Why have I decided to dedicate my time and energy to that? We see a lot of traumatic birth experience in women. It's like depending where you look between 15 and 40% roughly of women say they have experienced their birth as traumatic, as a traumatic event. And we also have now research that is showing us that midwives can experience post-traumatic stress. So that's been done in the UK and in America and my research in Australia. However, so these two things are just standing. We have a lot of traumatic birth, women experience this as traumatic, midwives experience as traumatic too. So what I felt was missing from this puzzle too was to work out, okay, what are risk factors? Because we do not have really a lot of information about which factors make it more or less likely for midwives to experience that sort of distress of experiencing themselves traumatic stress when being witness to a traumatic birth event in their role as midwives. Okay, so that's the background. That's why this topic was of interest to me. And in regards to our role as midwives where we are to promote normal labor and birth, I also see that post-traumatic stress does have the potential to affect the quality of midwives work. And that makes it even more important to find out about factors that make it more or less likely for midwives to suffer from post-traumatic stress. In particular, we've seen that post-traumatic stress can increase how midwives perceive risk during their practice, during their giving care to women in labor and birth. And this is of course very, very central to our, to midwifery practice because if we as midwives see more risk, then we may also, we are certainly acting differently and in the end this may result in an increase in obstetric interventions, which then increase the likelihood of causing trauma to women. So it's like a big circle. It's always, it's about midwives and women and how, what happens during birth actually really connects midwives and women and how, yeah, how we really also in this topic of traumatic stress, it's kind of mirror that midwives and women are connected. So we share all this lovely experience, transforming experience of birth, but we also share birth trauma and we are affected. And yeah, so this was something that very much fascinated me to how midwives and women are really both in that big, big topic of traumatic birth. So, okay, so if midwives are stressed, we know then, yeah, they can, they perceive things different. If they have had traumatic experiences that gave them traumatic stress, they are more likely. Traumatic stress does something like it makes you see the world more different, more negative. So like if you have experienced a trauma and you have not dealt with it and you have persistent symptoms of past traumatic stress, which is when, and these symptoms, they, they then give you a more sinister view of the world. And for midwives, that means a more sinister view of the normal birth process and a more an exaggerated estimate of risk in birth. So that has been observed, not only in midwives that has also that has been observed in other health professionals to this connection between symptoms of post-traumatic stress and increased perception of risk. Okay. So, to the methods for my research, I did an online survey and I invited midwives who were holding registration in Australia and the Australian College of Midwives agreed kindly to support my research and they distributed email invitations to, to members and invited them to participate in the survey. So when we talk about post-traumatic stress, it is, of course, important to be very precise what do we mean with it and how are we measuring it. I decided to use the post-traumatic stress, post-traumatic stress disorder symptom scale self-report version, the PSSSR. And I also had to decide on a cutoff point from where we say, okay, these people now have what we call probable PTSD. So just to explain the term probable PTSD, it sounds a bit funny, but it's just because we have self-report and with self-report by definition, you cannot ever set a diagnosis. So you always can only say it's like probable PTSD. To really give a diagnosis of PTSD, you would have to do a one-to-one interview. So when you do a survey or something, you use these self-report measures and as a result, you get the likelihood of probable PTSD. So the PTSD symptoms are intrusion, avoidance and arousal. So just to illustrate it with intrusion is that you have reoccurring thoughts. Also, we can also say re-experiencing that these memories of a traumatic event come back to you in situations where you don't really want them. We have no control really over that. Connected to this then is also that you can have avoidance symptoms. You try to avoid anything connected with a traumatic experience. So for midwives, this could be like they try to avoid to work in the birthing room where they missed the traumatic event or they try to avoid a colleague who was part of it or an obstetrician. And the extreme example of avoidance is of course you avoid being a midwife altogether. Before that, maybe you just move to postnatal care or to internatal care. So you just try to avoid the birth setting because birth itself can be of course a reminder if you have post-traumatic stress due to witnessing traumatic birth events. Okay, and then there's arousal. This just gives you like stress, increased heart rate. Yeah, just symptoms of stress and alertness where again you can't choose, you have no control to stop that. When these symptoms kick in you just kind of are a bit, you just have to deal with them. So that is the symptoms of what we call post-traumatic stress disorder. And yeah, it will be called in my research probable post-traumatic stress disorder. Okay, so what was good and interesting is that many midwives were really happy to participate in the survey. So I felt that many midwives really appreciated being asked about this part of their midwifery practice. And that's also I got received emails from midwives telling me that. And so there was a general kind of appreciation of being asked about the topic of witnessing traumatic birth. So lots of respondents in a short time, 601 got to fill out the whole survey, which was quite lengthy, was about 35 minutes. And in this group, I had 17% of midwives scoring positive for what we defined as probable PTSD. So that is nothing really new. We knew already we have this research. We now midwives get distressed. They experience when they witness trauma and they experience signs of traumatic symptoms of traumatic stress. The number I found the 70% if at all is less than what has been found in studies in the US and in the UK. And this is because I had my criteria quite tight and the PSS SR gives rather in the cutoff I chose. So it gave a rather conservative estimate. Of course, you can now look and say, okay, there's lots of people also who don't have the full who don't meet the criteria to have this probable PTSD diagnosis, but they still have symptoms of post-traumatic stress. So that would be another whole group of midwives. So but anyway, 70% it's still quite a high percentage of midwives, almost one-fifths have have these symptoms to the extent that they meet the criteria for probable PTSD. So, okay, we knew we knew this, but many midwives suffer from that. But then it was interesting. I tested a model to see what what is it that makes it more likely for midwives to get that distress. I approached it. So you see already on the slide, this is what I found. I'll just explain a bit how I how I got to investigate these specific these specific variables. So I chose like what you call a socio a ecological model to look at it. So I look, okay, there must be individual reasons within the individual midwives. There must be professional reasons in the professional environment that make it more less likely to get these post-traumatic stress symptoms. And there must be factors that have to do with birth culture and with the way we manage birth. So I investigated these these layers and also, of course, I looked what what do we know what does the literature tell us in other populations? What makes what are risk factors for PTSD in other populations? So and so so I collected these variables. And then, yeah, these three variables that you see here on my slide, the emotional reactions, the first two, the peritraumatic. As a peritraumatic, this means during the trauma that you had during or shortly after midwives showed a reaction of horror. And they also showed a reaction or they had strong feelings of guilt that were the strongest predictors. So it means these midwives who had those, they were much more likely than to be part of those 17% who had the diagnosis of proper PTSD. And the last predictor that was significant in my model was a personal traumatic experience when giving birth. So when when midwives rated their own birth experience when they gave birth to a own child as traumatic, then they also had double risk for probable PTSD. The other factor that also showed in the model, but it was not was just significant was workplace decision authority. Maybe somebody was there last year, I talked about that specific aspect last year. So that was about professional autonomy. So that did show in my model to you, but it just was not highly significant. This was like on the edge of just being significant, but it played to you. So the more professional autonomy midwives had, the less likely they were to develop PTSD symptoms or the other way around, the less they were able to have a say what happened at their workplace, work independently, the more likely they were to actually have symptoms of post-traumatic stress after witnessing trauma. And yeah, so these three factors you see there, they double the risk. That's where the main findings of my study. And of course, just going back one step, I asked all the midwives, have you ever witnessed traumatic birth and what sort of traumatic birth have you witnessed? And of course, all midwives who participated in my survey have witnessed traumatic birth events. So that was a, yeah, that was, that happened to all of them. Yeah. Okay. So yeah, that was the main findings. I, here you see another time the table and where you see down there you have the empathic concern and personal distress. So they were like empathy measures. They also were, they also were just, they also showed up in the model as significant and also what we call psychological demand. So, but yeah, these, the adjusted odd ratio were the strongest for horror guilt and a personal traumatic experience when giving birth. So, of course, there's this, these are interesting findings. And we need to, of course, think what, what does it mean now? What, how can these findings impact how we address post traumatic stress in midwives? What can we do? And I did put in the implications here as a first line that we still need recognition that post traumatic stress is something that happens to midwives. And I feel we're moving towards that. There's much more talk about birth trauma and that it also affect midwives. So I see, I see, and when I talk to colleagues, I perceive there is a change in perception in that. And the second step or my second big, big, big implication is that we need in general, like a culture of what is called trauma informed care and practice. And here this is the point that brings together again, what I said in the beginning that women and midwives are in this topic together. So midwives are affected, but women are affected. And if midwives don't deliver sensitive care, trauma affects women even worse. So we need, therefore, we need like a bigger approach, like a system approach that not just looks at how can we help the individual midwife to deal with her symptoms. But we need to look at how do we make our birth culture? How do we change our birth culture so that we have a lower incidence of traumatic birth? So we have less traumatic birth in the first place. Because if we have less traumatic birth, we have less midwives witnessing traumatic birth and then we will have less post traumatic stress. So that's very, very clear. And of course, then we also have less women experiencing traumatic birth, which is would be, you know, a really, really important outcome if we look at all the effects that experiencing birth trauma can have on women in the postpartum time and also beyond that time. So, yeah, I would like really to see also to place my research like as a part of the big puzzle of trauma, birth trauma, and to say, okay, we're midwives, we are part of this, but the solution needs to be a bigger approach. It needs to be a system approach. And when we change, when we address post-traumatic stress in midwives, we automatically address also birth trauma in women. And that is totally what we should do because, yeah, by the definition of our profession, we are women and midwives are connected. So, yeah, that's, I think that's my last slide, too. So that's good final words. Yeah, these are the references. So, that's my presentation. It's always funny. You talk and Julia, you did a marvelous job. Thank you very much on behalf of all the audience. Thank you. I'm sure we're all clapping for you. Thank you. So audience questions, please, for Julia, if you'd like to raise your hand either in the left hand sidebar or right to your questions in the right hand chat box. We can feed those to Julia and she can answer your questions. While people are thinking about that, Julia, a question that came to my mind was, how does this compare with other countries? You are specifically looking at Australia. Does the results compare to other countries? I hope it was all clear and please ask me questions if there are some. Australia, no, the numbers are lower than what has what Beck have found in the US and also watch compared to what she and Spivey found in the UK. But that has to do with the way of measuring it. So, you know, that's like this whole area of how do you measure post-traumatic stress. And so comparatively, you know, I asked the audience if you have questions. I'm not sure if I remember how to say it right, but she and I think they had 23% of post-traumatic stress. So if you compare all these results, so if you say what happens with Australian midwives, it looks first like it's not more than other countries. But also I used a very conservative measure. So that's, you know, if we would all use the same measure, I would suppose we probably had a similar ish results. But then again, you know, there is risk factors. And yeah, so that's what it was also about to find out. Is there things that could maybe change midwives risks? Yeah, I would like to develop an intervention for midwives to see how can you, like firstly, I would like to take that step back and look at general trauma awareness in our culture and our birthing culture. And this would be one thing I'd like to create trauma awareness. I think if midwives, before we go on and look at the specific, you know, how can we reduce stress in midwives? It's good to take this big step and say, how can we make everybody trauma aware? How can we see that everybody realizes that birth has potential to traumatize? Most of that is like re-traumatized because many people just go into birth, like many women go into birth and have already, they have already had some traumatic experiences in their life before getting pregnant, before entering their birthing situation. And because of the nature of birth, like the intimate nature and the physical nature and all of that, birth is just a very, an event that is very, it's very likely that birth re-traumatizes people who have had traumatic experience, particularly like sexual trauma or trauma related to experiences of interpersonal violence. So that's something where I feel like we should just aim for a trauma-sensitiveness in our birthing culture. So that would be something I'd be working on like an intervention, yeah, to do, to increase that. Okay. Well, again, here my experience would be that it's important at the workplace, that at your workplace, that there is like room to talk about these experiences and to name them. I think what happens still a lot, also I said it's trauma awareness is increasing. There's still like this normalizing we're getting used that birth can really have this women experiences as traumatic and everybody is a bit horrified. And, you know, there's feelings of guilt. It's just has become something so normal. So I think the first step is really to realize what is happening here. Is this, why am I feeling so weird or so off after this birth experience or after a shift or in general. So just really to learn about this language of trauma to accept, okay, birth is a subject where trauma is closed. So there's this really healing potential of birth and that's the traumatic potential of birth. So that it's been acceptance of that, which will then create a platform to talk about these experiences. And then I think that will already, you know, be good that it was clearly able to identify this. This is I'm having symptoms of traumatic stress. I feel I want to avoid the situation. I feel stressed and aroused. I'm re experiencing re experiencing this situation. So then you can give it a name to give a name to your distress. And then I think it's important to do more research and find out what is so my research point. You know, there was a bit of a tiny bit of evidence, which as I said, did not quite turn out to make it in my model. But other, you know, other statistics, I did did show actually that there is a relationship between how much professional autonomy midwives have and how. So the more professional autonomy they had, I'm sure that decision authority and like the job content questionnaire. I'm just for you want to look it up. These midwives shared in general a bit better. And I think because they were able to manage birth in a way that in a way allowed less for traumatic experiences to occur. So that would be one one way at looking at to see maybe how is our professional autonomy at that workplace. Could that would that help us maybe to avoid traumatic birth situation or to deal with them better if we could have more professional autonomy. That's I find that very important. See that like a, I think there are in the I would have to I think that there is some colleagues. Looking at the same topic in the UK. But I'm not aware that they had a check room. But another question has come up here. Yeah. No, I'm not aware that like the trauma. Maybe that would be, you know, not sure if you would have to have a really good moderator because it can also be, you know, disturbing to read.  So they could be an aspect of sharing. That's good. We exchange, but they could also be like a disturbing aspect to this. Everybody, you know, describing really, really, you know, we experienced very extreme situations as midwives and to get this unfiltered. So I think we have to be find a very mindful and good way of discussing these experiences. A constructive way. Yeah. Okay. So thanks, Alyssa. That question. I did actually saw my survey had some had some open ended questions too. And in one of these open ended questions, I did also ask midwives. What was the most traumatic thing? Or what was like you talk about hotspots for what was the hotspot of your traumatic experience? Because again, when we look at research with women during birth and Iris and Harris and Harris and I have done some research and that they say, okay, for women, for example, the relationship with their caregiver during birth, that's a hotspot. So that's something if this relationship with their is like, that doesn't go well, they very likely can perceive that as traumatic as being neglected and so on. So that's a hotspot for women. For midwives, I did ask this, I did ask it in an open ending question. And I have not, I have not gotten around to do this. I'm conscious of time. So there are a couple more questions. There are very, you know, there is a lot happening. I have not done a conclusive analysis. I just commented in the text. What I can say is that witnessing about the impact of work. You know, like short analysis and witnessing. Trauma that had to do with actions of other obstetric personnel. Obstetricians or other midwives. So witnessing obstetric violence. That that was something that got to midwives very, very much. And that they find very hard to deal with. Is that clear? Is that answering your question? Where, hang on. I'm just trying to find. Oh, yeah. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. I'm just seeing that. Yeah. Well, I would say, you know, to tell me that we know that social support can really be a protective factor for people experiencing post-traumatic stress or severe post-traumatic stress. So if you have bullying at a workplace, you have decreased social support. So I did not investigate that variable in my research. But that is well known in all other PTSD research that social support protects people from getting long-term symptoms. So again, it's important everybody might have symptoms of avoidance, arousal and re-experiencing after witnessing a traumatic birth. Important is do they come back? Sorry. Do they come back or do they remain over time after four weeks? Do you still have these symptoms? And for those people who have support, that's less likely. And that's very established in the PTSD research. So I'd say bullying, the combination of bullying with a workplace where there's lots of trauma is a very bad combination for midwives' mental health. Yeah. Very quickly. So you see in the poll, I'm just asking basically, I would like to ask the participants if they have ever, you know, these findings resonate or if they've ever thought about what they experience in these terms. So I'd like to maybe quickly put it up. It's just for questions. I see there's another question from Michaela. If I've, yeah. Okay. So did I find any links to the model of care? No. So I did it in Australia. And in Australia, you have public hospitals. And then you have private hospitals. And you have a just developing workforce of midwives who is providing like independent midwifery care and they have like continuous care models and so on. So I distinguish these groups. And I think that's just because it was not so many. The statistics did not give it that you say it's significant that those midwives who work in work as independent midwife that they have less traumatic stress. And what is interesting here too is because it's only a recent development in Australia, what you can also assume is that midwives, all midwives have previously worked in hospital because there was no independent midwifery. And maybe one reason that motivated them to change into independent practice was that they had traumatic stress and, you know, that they had re-experiencing. That's my theory, you know, that that's a big thing for midwives to move away from birthing. They just don't know it or don't name it, but they want to get out of there and they do something else then, which for some might be independent practice or working somewhere else at least temporarily and maybe come back or maybe not come back. So it has to do a lot with retention too. Does that make sense to you, Michaela? I think very much related to that is then the question of the Comet from Joy Theatre. Yeah, same thing. I would answer Lindsay that it's really important because I'm working a lot with students on that topic too. And I think first thing is to give them concepts to make them realize, OK, what is a traumatic birth to give them an idea how often we see that and that there's different types of trauma. The final really important concept to give them to say there is what we call interpersonal trauma that has to do with other humans doing something. And then there's non interpersonal trauma. So that's like a earthquake or something. So if you look at the birth situation, you have to say, OK, we have interpersonal trauma that has to do with what the relationship and what people do and how the interaction is. But then you also have these obstetric emergencies, but those are very few. The vast majority of traumatic events has to do with interaction and it's interpersonal. And that then has to do with women also, some women re-experiencing previous trauma.  So for the students, I think first step two is just to give them information so that they're not laying in this confused state like, oh my God, this is a lot of intense feelings and I don't know really what's going on. So give them some language, some concepts, some statistics and then self care. They're mindful of how to be still empathetic with the women but not kind of lose yourself. So that's the skill of midwifery. I think that's what we need to teach in the whole course of a three year midwifery degree. Fabulous. Well, on behalf of everybody, thank you very much indeed for your presentation Julia. We're all clapping here in it silently. But thank you very much indeed. We're going to switch off the recording now and thank you very much to Sarah for running the poll and handling the background things. Much appreciated. We're very interested to our audience. If you have any photographs of yourselves or if you could take some photographs of yourselves sitting wherever you might be and however you might be attending this workshop we'd be interested to see how and where you are.


Mohal responds to not being legally married to Somiza. South African media personality, Somiza might longos a strange husband, Mohal has taken to his social media to react to his unregistered marriage to him. The couple has been all over the internet after it was reported that their marriage was not registered and they are not legally married. A tweet tagged him in a tweet that read, How can you forget to sign? You fumbled the bag. Mohal then replied saying, The day I bump into Angie Mosheka. Another tweet that sent proudly then explained what he meant when his tweet got lost in translation. Education system is F-U-C-K-E-D-U. According to this tweet, Motong meant that he didn't get the proper education to understand that he needed to sign the marriage certificate to secure the bag from Somiza.


The Office of the Independent National Electoral Commission in the half-year local government area of Abia State has been set ablaze. Like this happened on Sunday night, days after the commission's office in Aqbaibam was set ablaze by unknown gunmen. The incident was confirmed by the resident electoral commissioner for the state, Joseph Illo, when the commission met on Monday to discuss a wide range of issues. A statement issued by the National Commissioner and Chairman, Information and Voter Education Committee, revealed that the attack is not the first the commission has suffered in the state in recent times. And don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.