Welcome to the open house, the zoom open house. And as I said, I'm David Smiley, associate director of the urban design program. And I will take you through things. So you're familiar with what we're after. This is Avery Hall, the main architecture building. We'll spend time here and then urban design also has a studio in the building right behind there. So, this is the kind of main entry point, the great Avery Hall with Avery Library. And, okay. So, here we are, there's Kate Orff currently in New Zealand, getting some work done, and we look forward to meeting you. Meanwhile, we will get started. What do we do? What is urban design? The amazing thing about urban design is that it's not a legal definition. It's not a, there's no test you have to take to be an urban designer. So in many ways, urban design programs create themselves. And so there are a lot of differences in programs. But I would just like to let you know that several premises for our program is that we, even though we're called urban design or architecture and urban design technically. We don't actually see and look at just cities, because for us the city is not a delineated or fixed political entity. We look at territories, inhabited landscapes of different densities of different gradients of different forms of inhabitation. So a village could be part of an urban design study. So urban is a very, in many ways a general term. But we look at infrastructures and networks of all sorts of social processes and resources in cities or outside of cities in valleys and villages in ecosystems. The second point about our program is that we have a kind of two pronged way of thinking about it. First of all, we look at immediate questions, immediate threats at local, regional and global scales. And we also hope to engage long term questions, long term needs of communities everywhere we go. So for us, urban design is a kind of tools based skills based project for specific sites, specific groups and communities. But we also look at it as a larger almost theoretical framework that examines urban form examines how cities change and examines what exactly we count as knowledge for for urbanists or people looking at the built environment. So there's a kind of dual set of guidelines that we look at pretty much as much as possible. Bottom of your screen is a drawing of Amon Jordan and looking at the water system, an old water system that is studied, being studied to be revised and revitalized because of the problems of water accessibility in a dense city. Where water is precious. So overall, the program looks at global urbanization and climate climate crisis. Urbanization produces inequality. And so we're very much interested in social justice, which has made unique and specified through the climate crisis. We use the word climate change sometimes but we think we should think of it as crisis because we are in the middle of it. It's not something that's coming down or coming our way. We look at all sorts of environments, all sorts of places that are becoming untenable to inhabit and will become difficult to inhabit. So we need to develop new ways of thinking about places. New kinds of research is necessary new kinds of engagements are necessary because familiar patterns of inhabitation are are no longer sufficient. They will not hold up. So we are hoping to to to kind of make things better admitting the fact that it's going to be difficult. We need to engage. And so, really, we are our question is what is the role of design of any sort in a world that is changing so dramatically. So at the bottom of your screen, you see a project in Poughkeepsie, New York, where an old stream that was polluted and left to rot is turned into a community center, an educational center for a very diverse community for a community of inequality with great inequalities historically in Poughkeepsie. This is just one drawing from a group of students looking at both housing, new infrastructures. And this is the kind of interdisciplinarity that we, we ask ourselves to cover social questions, as well as ecological questions. This is another activity also in Poughkeepsie a few years ago where this is a different stream that runs a very ancient stream that runs to the town, the city, and but needs to be rethought and cleaned up. And, and the communities abutting the stream need to change their practices. So both the town itself and its regulations. And so, essentially, we look at certain themes in particular, one is that built environments and settlement patterns are complex systems. There's no one way in, and there's no one way to deal with things. The next thing that needs to to move forward is that we focus on engagement and learning. We need to learn. Other people need to learn we need to reach out and be part of community understandings. So we spent a lot of time on that. And I think that any kind of environmental change includes social justice component, because every bit of the environment affects people differently, and has affected people historically and so we're very interested in that and that leads to our kind of position of humanitarian which is essentially that that we need to be concerned with other people and other systems and even other forms of nature and and organic life, all of these things are part of our, our world and we can ignore them. We look at design not just as making a thing, but also design as examining and researching, looking at histories looking at maps, looking at social patterns, and working with people and working with community organizations, as well as experts in other fields, so that we can create and kind of ways of approaching particular problems, both locally specific but also globally informed, because everything, as you know at this point with the environment. We live in little small decisions about ecology and systems have great reverberations elsewhere. And that regard, we do not look at the city and nature as as opposites, but as really a continuum, a part of a continuum of urbanization, and the way in which the world, the developed development processes, use nature create different kinds of nature, and vice versa how nature creates in different ways through human intervention. We also have a kind of series of methods and approaches, one of them is storytelling, which is that we don't just put a few solutions on the table or say you should try this. We actually try to engage communities and organizations to help them tell stories about that engage their daily life that engage the problems they face to engage the kind of future and and and have a kind of narrative about how change happens. So it's a draw it's kind of a drawn out process of discussion and and creating ways of thinking that cohere with different elements with different ingredients that changes over time. So both analysis, considerable amount of analysis will you'll spend half a semester where you think you should get to the design already but no it's it's as much a long term analysis project that we that we insist upon. And with visualization how how is that, how is that. How do we translate and communicate the kinds of thinking of analysis but also looking towards creating scenarios for to address different kinds of problems. So essentially we embrace all kinds of change, recognizing that there's no stopping such things, but through formal spatial social political technical aspects of different issues, we can embrace that and and redirect, you might say some of those things. This image is some students in the first semester, traveling outside of Manhattan to this is in Queens on to a small water body. You see the Empire State Building in the background but we tend to move to other neighborhoods in the city, and you'll get a sense in your first semester of what that means and how amazing. It is in both human terms infrastructure terms. Perhaps most importantly, we view the idea of representation and collaboration as a kind of pair, a kind of unified project where representation is not just not just mean a set of drawings that represents something that our images of something. But that representation is also a form of participation and collaboration. So on the left you see different ways in which citizens and community groups participate in study and input. So on the lower left, a project where people were able to use plexiglass plates in order to redraw their street. So also sorts of engagement. A lot of times involving young people because, in some ways, they tell their parents what to do, but also to get different kinds of input and to also make engagement part of a, not just a strangely serious project but also one where people can kind of see their own roles as possible. And also representation includes regional maps, detailed maps. The center is a map of the Hudson Valley region showing what they call human nature but but not the kind of human nature of that we often think of as human consciousness, but actually how humans and nature interact. And it's a map of different landscapes and different densities. So we really do work at that scale and try to represent that complexity. The right is a zoom in on a project where students were basically retrofitting a series of midblocks with community activities. And so it's a really accurate representation of collaboration that it kind of embraces the existing conditions of the city. We're just trying to reuse the grid reuse midblocks and think through social activities and social questions within the built fabric of the city. And also, we celebrate ourselves and we celebrate the disciplines this is an end of your show photograph so at the end of each year because you're only you'll be at GSEP for one, one three semesters one year. And so this is pre COVID because we didn't have an end of your show for a year or two. But we're back to the end of your show and something to look forward to where the whole school becomes a massive gallery and it's a great time to celebrate what you've been doing. Meanwhile, a little more detail about what we do, the structure of the program, and what we're after for you to learn the three studios you would take summer, fall and spring, you arrive about June 1 and dig right in is New York City based. We have professors go on over on with four other faculty members. And we look at problems in the city. We also, for those of you know the map of New York City we also periodically go to New Jersey, because it's very close, and the neighborhoods have similar questions. Ecologically, and politically, and socially, but it's, it's a New York metro area studio. I think I'll just mention at this point and I'll come back to it that our studios are team taught. So if there's 40 or 50 or 60 of you in the room, you're all in one studio with six professors. You work in teams of three or four. And you have two or three faculty who are attending to your group. So it's a very different model of teaching where it's collaborative from the very first moment, you enter the room. And that's something that's really vital to our, our interpretation of how how change happens in the world. And we'll come back to that. The second semester in the fall of the urbanized region.  Now, Professor Emmanuel and my Sue has taken a different direction and in a few days they will be going to Atlanta, where the Atlanta region is where this fall the current semester is is working and I'll talk more about that. And then in the spring semester professor or takes students with against six, five or six faculty somewhere in the world. And then we'll come back to most confidence, not the Arctic or Antarctica, but if you look at our website you'll see we've been to quite a few places, and it's a very exciting travel experience to really get a glimpse of urban and territorial and regional questions in utterly different places. So the New York studios called the five borough studio, and we look at sites systems. We spent a lot of time thinking about neighborhoods as a kind of a social used to be called the social unit. But we kind of think of it as a kind of social network just as much. So we learn how to tell stories in the summer. The other part of the summer in studio one is that all the other classes you take in the summer are connected to it. So there's a GIS and digital techniques class which is tied to studio. So here's another class with digital. I'm sorry with stories and narrative and video making also tied to studio. So it's very much integrated summer where you, you kind of are brought into all the kind of techniques and questions of urban design. So we are braving infrastructure in a part of New York that you probably would never have gone to otherwise. And, and, you know, right behind where the photographer standing is, is a neighborhood. We are kind of navigating the different factors of social life in these places. And here we're we're working in a kind of community charrette with visitors and experts. If you look at the map of New York. So what you can see here is Manhattan. And I think this group is actually working in Jamaica Bay, which is an amazingly complex ecosystem on its own. But this is a typical picture of how how studio operates. There are a few groups of students coming together with a lecturer and a local expert. In the summer we also do a lot of work on teaching you how to interview people and record with their permission of course, and ask questions. We want to be able to have all of our students comfortable with the idea that they, they must interact with other people, not just architects and urban designers. And it's, it's a real struggle sometimes it's a real challenge, but everybody comes away thinking, Wow, that was amazing. And in one of the classes you even, you'll make a short video and different class you'll make an animated video related to that. This is a typical mid review, looking where you have a group of a more typical view of reviewers, but also the three students.  And this is looking at analyses, very broad scale analysis of a part of Brooklyn, but also looking at details of specific interventions. Excuse. These are a couple of drawings from the summer where you can see analyses of different modes of transportation. A global look at the food system as it as it works or doesn't work through New York. At the bottom to kind of design proposals that have to do with different use of the waterfront, a lot, taking into account its history. And on the right, a kind of whole new system of energy generation. And this is actually out in New Jersey, out in just across the river close by. The summer is a time of learning how to do analysis and learning how to tell stories about cities through visual means as well as narratives that you will speak in a review and also beginning to design interventions that account for the array of needs of different communities, but also the larger community studio to regional change. So I'm going to Atlanta where Professor I must see you and his team. Look at land and property. What is property. And it's a really big question about race, politics, infrastructure, the history of land use law, the history of exclusion and inclusion. It's a hard hitting of studio with real challenge in in opening your eyes on to the American scene but also to international questions brought into your analyses about exclusion and property. The studio is called currently after property. And so it raises the question of what can urban design do where there are different conceptions of what property means in different places. What is ownership. But there are different kinds of collective ownership other different ways in which communities can make claims to having a role in shaping where they live and how they work. So this is just through the right now where Emmanuel is on volume three and he's going to the studio is going to Atlanta and a couple of days. And so we really dig in here and ask about claims to land claims to property, and how that can be challenged through design and through storytelling and through community interaction. So here we see a kind of a few field conditions of research walking around Atlanta. We have incredible amounts of interviews set up and meetings set up with artists with politicians with ecology groups with community groups with land trusts, trying to think about how to help help the communities and the people to participate and create conditions for change. On the bottom is kind of a collage analysis of different conditions in Atlanta, because we want students to be able to translate some of their perceptions, and some of their thinking into visual form. There's image there's historical maps there's unbuilt problems and there's the highway system underlying things so it's, it's really a studio which engages representation in very complex ways. Again, here both through representation of voices and representations of history and previous interventions. One project that's not seeking to change the, the housing or the street grid but actually proposing a kind of community ownership of shared of once private spaces become shared spaces, which is a, in some ways a very long standing tradition of having common land between private homes that was once much more widely undertaken in the US anyway, and is really interestingly documented here. Oops. Excuse me. Yes. Are you sharing the screen. It's visible. Oh my goodness. Hi, I'm sharing the screen. Yes. Yeah, the screen is visible. If someone is having up. If you're having a problem, maybe you should start. Yes, yes. Okay. Here's another project that's looking at large scale land use patterns and trying to rethink them through different thinking about different regulation patterns to enable a kind of a dish. An additional layer to the housing situation in a particular neighborhood. So we ask students to really rethink and invent upon what is existing to really change in habitation and and community relationships and ecological systems. This is a drawing which is showing a kind of a collective set of proposals about community spaces shared spaces, but also a kind of alternative ecologies and economies to use local inputs and locally farmed and locally created resources to kind of dissociate from the kind of larger economic system to to a certain degree, which has not served everyone as well as it should in places like Atlanta, but which of course is a global problem as well. And this is just one transformation. As you can see, there's a Chevron is actually a series of gas stations in America. And this is. So after after property sometimes also includes rethinking the kind of economies that generate that well in this case, an extension and adaptation of a gas station into a community transportation hub with all sorts of social infrastructures. And these things are in part speculative, but also ways of rethinking the history of economic institutions, the history of land use patterns to kind of redirect value and redirect beneficiaries, redirect the benefits of different kinds of institutions. And that's very much what they were often trying to do. And Professor I must do in the fall is really pushing on students to think beyond what we call the limits of property which which in some ways creates a kind of a one directional one directional set of principles and guidelines and we tried to open that up with different proposals for for land use for even for economy and in habitation. Let me see if I can see the chat. Okay, thank you. Third studio studio three global cities and territories where Kate travels with faculty and students to an international or several locations actually when we have, we usually go to at least two locations if not three. And dealing with primarily climate and water as as the generator fact that it's called the water urbanism studio, which means, you know, too much, too little, not clean, not well distributed under threat, and of course civil rise and different forms of freshwater system threats. So we're also looking at informality as part of that landscape governance, which is a very important aspect to understanding the management and decision making process of all territories, cities, villages, whatever. So this is just a quick sample which can brag we've been in so many places. And this is just a few years worth from India, South America, the United States, the United States, the United States, the United States, the United States, the United States. And this is just a quick sample which can brag we've been in so many places. And this is just a few years worth from India, South America, Vietnam was on beak. And so, each, we go to these different places and, you know, Kate works extremely hard to work with, you know, global organizations and local organizations, everything from the World Wildlife Fund to a community group, seeking to revitalize a stream, people seeking to defend their rights to farm, people threatened by ecological and climate change. So, one year went to three sites along the Great Rift Valley, which stretches almost all the way from Lebanon down to and which was an ancient kind of tectonic created valley, but which has an incredible array of conditions with respect to water, as I said, too much too little or too dramatic. So here's a case of kind of a stream that reaching a high water, not yet reaching a high watermark but but not having a kind of management system in place to even understand how to work with the water. And so that's just one series of projects from that year. Most of our time going to these international destinations, just like we do here in New York or any cities to meet with local experts, local advocates who explained to us conditions in particular places to explain and answer our questions about what they're up to. We really try to spend a lot of time. So when we're out in these places, it's an intense focus on existing conditions and what people are doing. So here, we have a mon Jordan dealing with water scarcity, but also flooding when it does rain or moderate India where the water systems are sometimes overwhelmed through monsoons, but also, you know, need need to understand we need to help them understand and learn ourselves how what our systems need to be maintained and managed as part of community life, not just a kind of department of water management coming in and installing infrastructures but managing water and flooding and and sewage even through community based methods or community fueled interests on the left from a kind of water management plan that that organizes an older form of canal making into to a new form of settlement making as a way to channel water and to to manage it. And it's just one of many drawings and many propositions about organizing cities around understanding how their water ebbs and flows and how sewage is is maintained managed and taken care of. Here's on the lower right dealing talking with water experts in in Pune, India, trying to figure out different kinds of plants what kinds of wildlife relate and do well under certain water conditions on the upper right, talking with a forest expert in in Vietnam, helping us understand the delicacy of environments. On the left the drawing of how a bridge can be reused and rebuilt to without using tons of concrete and steel to create marketplaces and to to kind of to plug into local economic and social activities. And of course, as I mentioned, continuous analysis. That we want to go into not just historical analysis but spatial and tectonic analysis where this is a water system that spans Jordan and Syria but also touches on Palestine and Israel, which is politically contested, but also has its own problems of use and overuse different uses and different needs of different power, different needs and different different functions also unequal power relations between different countries where dams are put in, which is a problem all over the world where, you know, living downstream from the dam could condemn you to a very different water capacity then upstream. And so, looking at the, this kind of transect, looking at obsolescence is a key thing because infrastructures, you know, age, you know, you put in the infrastructure pipeline, or anything and it has to be maintained and charted and and watched. And so part of what we talk about is not just in a new system but maintaining systems managing systems and taking care of existing systems in new ways so this kind of this kind of drawing helps us see the many issues that are part of management territory, whether it's urbanized or not. We also, Kate had to do one of her spring studios where we didn't get to travel, and we also made it more, more familiar where we had more information, since we weren't traveling, looking at the Mississippi River from from top to bottom as we say, from Minnesota to New Orleans and and looking at the Mississippi River as, as you see a living river one that's dramatically changes has dramatically changed over time, even though of a previous generation of infrastructure making has tried like many countries around the world to channel and analyze and and concretize the roots of rivers, which, which actually makes them unsustainable over the long term. So, we studied that at different communities along the river, sometimes, you know, taking away levees and taking away walls and trying to let the water find its own roots, which is a very different difficult proposition when you have built up communities, but just trying to rethink the landscape is more porous, and think of community building as part of that porous system of water flow, which is a radical transformation for many communities, because so many places across the world have gotten used to the idea of you build a wall and contain water, but that actually does not work over time. In most instances, and so we struggle with that in the Mississippi studio. And then, in Belize, in off the near the Yucatan in a small country that has great and beautiful coastline threatened the coral reefs are completely threatened by pollution development patterns for international tourism or threatening livelihoods. And so not only did we have to kind of work with all these people to deal with coastline problems but also to look at upstream and see how the water system could perhaps accommodate whole other ways of earning a living, because people eventually are going to have to move away from the coast, but we don't. We want, we were trying to help them stay in the neighborhood as it were, and find ways of living up the different riverbeds where there could be other forms of agriculture and employment. And so this is a section going from the ocean moving its way inland, trying to work with local ecologies, local agricultural systems, so that these things could continue, despite we're alongside climate change. On the upper right, a kind of new design for a kind of community based housing and market system that is basically deployed within an agricultural system. And so that the kind of culture would be not a town separated from its fields but where the whole ecology of settlement changes based upon new ways of facing agricultural conditions as they change. Most recently, the spring studio went to Colombia to Bogotá, Cartagena and Cali. We went with students also from the climate school, which is a new entity at the university. And we worked with the different mayors, different community groups, different ecology groups, and really learned about specific ways in which water and agriculture and urban growth have been kind of at war with each other in a certain way. Not a real war, excuse me. But trying, we were trying to work with the local groups to kind of rethink how communities could function around these very delicate water systems, very delicate forms of agriculture, and helping the local agricultural systems be sustainable. Perhaps some of you know that there's huge movements, global movements afoot to use non local species for corn or wheat or other products.  In addition to understanding the pressures of differences in water flow and differences in temperatures which are fully affecting different kinds of plants that can grow, as well as understanding the patterns of an habitation that the city has traditionally taken in this part of the world. There's a lot of factors and so you're going to be working with different experts and different university groups. In most cases, when we go to one of these cities or places. Students from the local university will actually work alongside our students when we're there in the 10 days or so that we're there. And then we will stay in touch with those students and faculty over zoom, which is why I zoom ever since COVID has really in many ways helped us so we can collaborate and we do over zoom and and so the students in this case, Columbia, we're working with us in New York and kind of sharing information and kind of doing almost a joint studio, even though our capacities are quite different. I see a hand. Let's see. Okay. Who is that? Yes, this is this is Pierce. Can you hear me? Hi. Sure. Yeah. Just a quick question on community partners when we're, as we're on the subject, I'm sure that community partners are kind of paramount for supporting a studio's curriculum within our site. I was just wondering if you'd speak a bit more to what the profile of these organizations look like NGOs, universities, etc. How y'all curate these partners and then what does the engagement model I guess look like, both on site and outside. It's great question, because it's actually to say the word community partners the tip of an iceberg because it's a so many community partners are so different from each other. Each site has very different types of organizations. There are some that are come from agricultural advocacy. Some come from social justice advocacy. Others come from land rights advocacy. And then there are university groups which are not overtly advocates so much as just other universities like ourselves but local universities trying to address similar problems as we do. And so in some ways they're they're urban design co-professionals or they're urban design co-urban designers because they're working in programs in their universities. And so their faculty help out our faculty and are on Zoom on the reviews even after we visit. So that's another form. Then there are many in other cases there are international NGOs like the World Wildlife Fund is very much interested in climate change and in setting up local groups to organize that. There are many organizations that do that. Managing that is actually an incredibly complex project because first of all, how do we, you know, Kate and some of the other faculty spent a long time permanently looking at different groups and finding different groups and using their contacts to find the other groups. So the work that happens before the studio is quite intense to set up the right relationships. So when we're on site, you know, for five, six, seven days, we're working with these groups continuously and also we're walking around and getting tours, walking around with them and kind of them showing us the kind of sites that are specifically related to certain questions. We also have mayors and local officials also participating to get their point of view. You know, we try to learn as much as we can. And, you know, we've been very successful because I think people in these kind of stressed communities are looking for new ways to do things. So what we bring to it is a kind of, you know, you could say a fresh pair of eyes, but usually we have to kind of rein in our fresh pair of eyes to accommodate what the facts on the ground are. But it's that mix, which is really interesting. And sometimes problematic. And there's disagreements among the community groups that are not all on the same page because some of the farmers have different points of view than the town businessman. And so, you know, we're not interested in conflict, but conflict is always there in some form. So sometimes community outreach and partnerships expose conflict. And it'll be right there on zoom, you know, two weeks after we've been there where two two organizations kind of give us very different points of view. And that's, and that's real. That's very real. Because there's no, there's no easy solutions or questions that that we can fix. You know, sometimes it's a very contentious process and that's actually, in some ways, you know, you've hit hit it's something important when there's when there's tension over it. And that's something that we try to embrace. The other kinds of classes you'll be taking. Well, let me let me preface this by saying in the summer. We'll be taking an assigned set of classes. So, when you arrive. You'll be taking four classes. Studio, a history class, what we call a New York reading New York urbanism class which is learning about New York City but learning how to how to film and photograph New York City, and then a fourth class on digital software's. So we actually, I know this sounds terrible, but we don't give you a choice when you first get here. Some of you are from, most of you are going to be from all over the world and so part of our reasoning is we want to get you on an introductory studio and semester where you're learning all the different issues that urban designers face and what issues that we think are are are important. So, some students bristle at that, but then most students recognize that we're trying to kind of shape a discourse and though that discourse dramatically shifts, we are, we do that in the summer where everybody kind of tries to figure out their skills, their knowledge together. So as I said it's one big studio, you have 4050 60 students with six or eight faculty, and it's one big room and everybody's kind of learning together. So the seminar options are for the fall and spring semesters. And then we kind of give you a lot more freedom. We have a few requirements but they're they're minor. There are just some classes that are currently being taught in at GSAP, where have been taught at GSAP, and you can see the titles there. They're very focused on the kind of different ways. One can look at the problem of the cities and territories and social justice from more ecological takes to more street based interests to questions about public space. So, we also have some GIS, elect seminars as well that are not actually listed here, which you learn in the summer, but you can take advanced versions of that in later seminars. So these are just images from some of these classes. We teach a class called public space, rhetorics and practices. There's another well known planner, Damon Rich, who teaches about tensions in the history and current affairs of community design and urban design. Justin Moore teaches a class with a class at Tuskegee. They have half the class on Zoom. So that students from a different university are also participating. And that continues as we speak. And then recombinant urbanism by Graham Shane, who's very well known book urban design since 1945 is a little inset there. I mean he's a brilliant and knowledgeable thinker about urban design practices around the world. These are just for there's there's others that come and go. But we're trying to undertake what we call research in a more traditional way which is that you study other practices you do readings, you, you kind of interview people. I mean each one of these seminars has different methods. And we try to get you to learn what is research when you're not in the studio. And there's a lot of different ways that can happen. And then also in the fall and spring semesters. We have electives that are not in urban design. They're in the architecture program. They're in the School of International and Public Affairs there in the climate school there in the program for sustainability management. They're outside of Avery Hall and we and we help you navigate all of these electives so information modeling or data mine in the city are taught by other architecture professors. Human rights in the Anthropocene is taught by one of our faculty in the Human Rights Department. Then we have a spatial exclusion is taught in the planning program. And of course, since this semester are taking comparative urban policy in the School of International and Public Affairs. There's the sustainability management program, which has different classes all the time, which are very hands on kind of studies of some very specific aspects of sustainability practices. And you can, and every year I hunt around for classes where there might be cities of Central America, a kind of sociology class. And, you know, I'll put that on the list of electives. So, you know, one of the things that we hope that you will realize is that in your three semesters at Columbia, you should you take advantage of being at a great university. And that's one of the things that the electives are for. And you can take a very minimal amount of classes or you can take a lot depending on your workload, depending upon how you how comfortable you feel with all your work. So there's there's room in your schedules for different forms of different amounts and different types of classes to take. The other thing I should say is that the university is a very busy place outside of class. Here's the lecture series currently going on at GSAP, but there are equally amazing lectures going on all over the place. And it's a it's a it's an incredibly rich institution. I don't mean that just money. I meant, I meant that a rich and culture institution where there are incredible people speaking in political science in climate change in social tensions. And you will be exhausted. And you won't go to any half the stuff you would like to go to. So it's a great, it's a great opportunity. And I'm still odd by how much is taking place in different programs in different departments. So it's a it's a really, it's a good problem to have too many things you want to go to. So that's all I have to basically give you the, the kind of the kind of the gist of our program and the kind of basic expectations. And really, I hope I give you a sense of our attitude, our position. Our kind of treating urbanism as more as much as social condition as a physical condition, understanding what we mean by research both in the studio and outside of the studio.


Everybody forced here ripping in a five-pack lot of the 2020 to be father's day packs for Shane Oh, so we got five packs here. Thanks Shane. Good luck Start off with Justin Herbert and a rookie Evan Mobley. They have Brad breaks on the Brad breaks on late in gaming. I think only right now Kevin Garnett wander Franca rookie It was fun Mike It was definitely fun Donald Desmond Ritter rookie okay, can you pick it rookie a Riley green numbered? 24 of 199 try young and rookie Matt Corral That'll do it. Thanks again Shane. We'll get those right out to you


Alright, positive reinforcement. Again, this is the one that everybody thinks they know, but they don't really know. So positive reinforcement is the contingent addition, or my words started to come on as application, but it finished as addition, which was weird. So the contingent application or addition of a stimulus following a response, right, that increases the probability of the response in the future. Don't forget, you have to watch in the future. You have to see, does the behavior change? If the behavior doesn't change or maintain at the certain level, it is not reinforcement. So again, the positive or the added, a stimulus is added to maintain or increase the probability of a behavior. Want a chocolate? Please.  So anyway, so Brad attempted to reinforce me with a piece of magical chocolate that doesn't really exist. But just the fact that it was humorous is reinforcing enough. And in fact, a great example of doing these videos, these are short little tight packed videos. And it gets hard to do these things. So Brad and I spent a lot of time just joking around behind the scenes. And that seems to be a positive reinforcer for us to continue to record these things.