Hello, this short video introduces my short book engaging with previous research in your doctoral thesis beyond the literature review. The scare quotes around literature review in the title of the book are really trying to set up for you the notion that the concept of a literature review chapter is quite problematic in some ways. The word literature suggests that there is a very clearly definable body of literature out there for you to discover a scope and so on, which is often not the case in many PhD and EDD theses. And the word review suggests that you need to take them one by one, these pieces of research and critique them as you might do a book review or a film review. And that's really not what you're doing and I'm going to talk a little bit about what you are doing as the video goes on. So rather than talking about the literature and review, I'd rather talk about engaging with the literature or even mobilizing research for your own previous research, for your own research. In fact some doctoral theses don't have a literature review chapter as such. They mobilize the literature and engage with it as they need it within the discussion, within the analysis section and so on. And in a sense we can make a distinction as they do in manufacturing and distribution between just in case and just in time. So the literature review chapter at its worst, understood in the traditional way, is just in case. I'll put everything into this chapter just in case I need it, whereas the just in time approach might not have a chapter and introduces previous research, engages with it, mobilizes it as necessary. So that's the first thing to think about. One of the things that often causes some issues for doctoral students particularly at the beginning is how to determine the content if there isn't a very clear body of literature out there. I would say that there are four things that you need to think about when you're constructing the content of the literature that you're going to mobilize in your research and in your theses. First thing is the research questions and they should be one of the very early things that you do. Do the research questions suggest any areas of literature that need to be addressed and engaged with? Are there any concepts in there, for example, that need to be engaged with? Are there any areas of previous research? Usually there will be. Second one is the methods used and the methodology in the research design. Now it's not normally necessary to go into great detail about traditional methods of data collection and so on, or even methodologies in the sense of overall research design and the underpinning sets of assumptions behind the research design. Their citations and brief references to show that you are familiar with the literature are enough. You don't want to be writing a textbook. But if there are any unusual, particularly innovative approaches that you're using in terms of your methods or your design, then those need to be addressed through previous literature and approaches. The third element of thinking about the particulars of the literature that you're going to engage with is the theoretical and conceptual resources that you're deploying in your research. Clearly writers who have talked about, for example, critical realism or Bordier's work if you're using that and so on need to be addressed. But again, you don't want to be writing a textbook. You want to be thinking about the nature of your research in particular and how those theoretical resources are going to apply and then engage with that literature appropriately. The fourth and final criterion for thinking about the content of your literature engagement is the knowledge claims that you're going to be making for the value, for the significance of your research. It's often quite hard to do that at the beginning. That's one reason why reviewing the literature isn't a thing that you do at the beginning or in the middle. It's an ongoing process which develops as you're writing the thesis, doing the research and so on. The kinds of claims that you're making are often related to previous accumulation, agglomeration of knowledge in the area that you're looking at and what you want to show is how yours is different or adds to that. Now in the literature there's quite a lot of literature on doing literature reviews. You can very often find lists of ways in which one should not write a literature review of the kinds of mistakes that are often made. So I've developed my own but I'm going to critique these kinds of lists in a moment. First of all, giving other people definitions of important concepts without actually giving your own, which might follow somebody else's or it might be a development of it. Second problem is not relating your own engagement with the literature to the thesis, the particulars of the thesis and not telling the reader what the point of your commentary on previous research is, why it's relevant. Third one is not drawing out your own position from the discussion of other people's perspectives in previous research. Another issue, the fourth one is treating the reader as a novice who needs educating. The writing, the textbook is a very frequent problem in doctoral theses. Remember that your readers are your examiners and they're going to be well versed in the area and don't need to be patronized or educated. Another problem is only describing elements of literature rather than engaging with it and by engaging I mean evaluating, analyzing and thinking about the relevance for your work. And then not joining up the different parts of the literature but just going through listing so and so says this, so and so says that and so on. And again in the way that the textbook would. So look for ways to join up, to synthesize and find value from accumulating or agglomerating the literature. And then there's the ground that you cover. Ground danger is not covering enough ground in previous research, leaving gaps in what you need for the rest of the thesis or probably more prevalent is trying to cover too much ground, trying to do everything. Even areas that are peripheral to the thesis or don't need an extended discussion. To that issue about the ground, one problem that often crops up is to do with theory and theoretical resources are introduced, great names are waved around but not actually deployed in the thesis. So again make sure that whatever you put into your literature review chapter if you have one is very pertinent to the content of the thesis, to your argument and so on. Aviad in 2014 warns against the dangers of doing what she calls a narrative review and she contrasts that with a systematic review. From her perspective a narrative review uses undefined methods of searching, critiquing and synthesizing the literature whereas a systematic review is very explicit and uses rigorous methods for searching, critiquing and synthesizing the literature. So it's about being explicit about the methods and about the rigor of the methods used within the approach to engagement with the literature. I think I'd go a bit further than her because for me a narrative review is one that's like a textbook, it tells a story, it doesn't really engage, it simply describes and so that's a big problem and is one that is often found so beware of conducting a narrative review. So if those are the negative characteristics then clearly the desirable characteristics are for the converse. The choice of which areas of previous research to engage with is judicious, it's relevant, it gives fuller attention to the most relevant and less attention to perhaps even just citation to areas of literature that are more peripheral. It avoids the possible accusation of tendentiousness, of choosing, of cherry picking the literature, the accusation of bias because it is systematic and transparent in its approach as Aviard says. It engages with the literature, sometimes to fundamentally criticize it, not being afraid to really critique very fundamentally the literature and it also draws out definitions and perspectives which can be adapted or adopted in the thesis and it does that very explicitly, it doesn't just say so-and-so says but so-and-so says and I make of this X, Y, Z, it's explicit about the reasons for engaging with the literature as it does and about why some areas of literature are excluded perhaps only in passing. It engages with and refines the theoretical, where necessary, refines where necessary the theoretical resources and only engaging with those that are actually deployed in the thesis and explains how they are going to be deployed. It synthesizes, organizes and shapes the literature in a way which is valuable for the reader and the reader's perspective on the rest of the thesis and if there is a chapter it does real work for the whole thesis itself and that's a question one should ask oneself as the chapter is developed. What is it doing for the thesis here? How much work is it doing? What kind of work is it doing? But the trouble with those kinds of lists, I said I would critique what I was just about to do is that people don't take much notice of them frankly and I would say there are three reasons for that. First of all they're kind of abstracted from the detail, they're just abstracted statements when you've got your own thing to think about, your own piece of research and so on it's really quite hard to bring those abstractions and make them apply and see where they do apply to your own work. So that relates to the second one which is about recognition and discrimination. Is this, am I doing this? Am I making this mistake or am I doing this thing which is desirable, the recognition discrimination issue which partly results from the abstraction but partly because it's actually quite hard to think about your own work and analyze it in that way because you're rather close to it. And then the third issue that makes it difficult to apply such lists of good and bad, do's and don'ts is one's own purposes in writing a chapter which engages with the literature and those need to be surfaced and I think that's one of the key issues in the book is about surfacing your own perspective on what you're doing, what you're trying to do, who you're talking to and how you're talking about the literature. So one of the key things that I'm trying to do in talking about engaging with the literature in your doctoral thesis is to move away from thinking about the chapter and the substance to thinking instead about oneself from the chapter to the author. And in doing that I've used an approach which is called phenomenography, what phenomenography tries to do is to look at a range of data very often interviewed transcripts and to try to discover what the different orientations are that lay behind the production of the texts that you're analyzing, if it's an interview transcript, what are the concepts that the speaker had of the thing that you're examining. That leads to a range of orientations if you have a number of speakers or a number of textual sources and that range of orientations is called the outcome space which attempts to describe all the different ways in a particular context that something is understood how it's defined perhaps in implicit ways. Now in 1994 Christine Bruce published a phenomenographic piece of research. She'd studied 41 students who were doing postgraduate degrees in an Australian university and she'd done it phenomenographically. She was interested in how do these students conceive of writing a literature review. One of the different orientations, what's the outcome space about writing literature reviews and she identified six conceptions from this group of students. The listing conception, the search conception, the survey conception, the vehicle for learning conception, the research facilitator conception and the report conception. Really that's a list of purposes that those students understood a literature review to be about. Now those students hadn't written literature reviews, they were neophyte researchers and I thought well that's quite a good idea but I think it would be more valuable to look at actual literature review chapters in doctoral theses, PhD and Edd and other doctoral theses to use that as the raw data rather than the production of text and interviews. So I found in doing that and looking at different theses and draft chapters as well I found five key orientations towards the writing of the literature review. The presenter presenting information about the literature that's being engaged with, the critic which speaks for itself, the taxonomist orientating the literature in a way which can be categorized into several broad categories and subcategories and so on, in other words organizing the literature. The tool maker, the approach that tries to develop tools that can then be applied in one's own research and in the thesis and maker is important there rather than taker, just taker, maybe refining tools, conceptual theoretical tools and so on that others have developed but also making them, making new ones out of those, adapting them. And then the lacunae locator, in other words finding gaps in the literature which need to be filled and perhaps are filled by the research. But I think in that orientations is actually a good word, the way that you're facing and I would say that the ideal is to look into yourself and say what's my orientation, what's my dominant orientation but in writing a chapter or in infusing your thesis with engagement and mobilization of literature. The stance, the orientation needs to change between those five so it shouldn't be just one, it should be dynamic, it should be protein, sometimes presenting, sometimes critiquing, sometimes identifying gaps and so on. As well as those five, I would say more positive ones, there are seven orientations to be identified that I did identify out of the phenomenographic analysis. Not a heavy-duty one, I have to say, quite a light phenomenographic analysis of those theses. So these are ones to be very wary of. First one I've mentioned, the textbook writer, the narrative approach, describing, listing, etc. Second one, the demolition expert, just going in there to criticise and demolish others to try to show one's own work as brand new and very different. And the problem there is very often it's only critical, doesn't see the positives, etc. and perhaps is very selective as well in the literature that it chooses to engage with. The fruit picker, I suppose, just taking parts of literature that are only valuable, only useful and ignoring other areas. So that can be, if there's a viper involved or where the examiners are reading your thesis, they can be quite critical if they feel you're being over-selective and only choosing things which substantiate your position. Next one has quite a clunky name, the giant's shoulder writer. In other words, quoting giants in your engagement with the literature, Bordeaux, Foucault, etc. We all know those names and hoping in some way that there'd be a halo effect simply by showing that you're familiar with their work, whether or not it's that relevant. Next one is Bella Figura, Italian phrase fare Bella Figura, making yourself look good trying to be the saint, the good person, taking the moral high ground and so on in what can be quite an uncritical way. The hobby horse jockey, somebody who only rides their own particular theoretical perspective and doesn't, for example, and doesn't take a critical perspective on it. And finally, the magpie, the orientation that can't really discriminate, chooses anything that's lying around, especially if it's shiny and attractive, again regardless of the work that it can do for the research. So that's kind of the substance of the argument of the book. And the rest of this book on Amazon, which is downloadable either by Kindle or as a paperback, does three things in order to help you to engage with these ideas. First thing it does is it gives examples from actual doctoral theses of the five key orientations that I listed above, the presenter, the critic, the taxonomist, the toolmaker, the lacunae locator. Then it gives an example of an abstract from a doctoral thesis and shows how one might try to answer the following questions from that abstract. So the questions are what areas of the literature need to be engaged with in this thesis, as far as one can tell from the abstract. And remember that earlier on in this video I said that one needs to think about the research questions, firstly secondly the methods and methodology used, thirdly the conceptual and theoretical resources deployed, and fourthly the knowledge claims. Now all of those things should appear in brief summary in the abstract, so it's possible to look at those and think, okay well what areas of literature would follow from this abstract and those things. The second question, what orientation or orientations should the author adopt in engaging with these areas of literature given the nature of the study as set out in the abstract. And thirdly what would the introductory paragraph of the chapter engaging with the literature look like. So that's to try to help you to practice writing such a paragraph. And then some other abstracts are offered for you to try to answer those questions and to practice thinking about that. And then the book finally points to a range of resources available on the web, resources of different sorts that can help you in finding literature, relevant literature, evaluating it and manipulating it. And I hope you find those resources valuable. So that's it then and I really hope you found the video valuable and if you want to please do download the Kindle book or the paperback. Thanks a lot.


Abstract antibody drug conjugates, ADCs, are composed of a monoclonal antibody, MAB, linked to a cytotoxic drug through a chemical linker. They combine the advantages of highly specific targeting and high potency, making them effective against cancer cells. Since the first ADC, myelotarg, gemtizumab ozogamacin, was approved in 2000 by the U.S. Food and drug administration, FDA, more than 15 ADCs have been developed and tested in clinical trials. Additionally, over 100 ADC candidates are currently being investigated. These ADCs represent a new era of targeted cancer therapies, referred to as biological missiles. In this review, we summarise the history and general mechanism of action of ADCs, as well as the molecular aspects of key components of ADCs, and how they affect their activity. We also discussed the approved ADCs and other promising candidates in phase, three clinical trials, providing insight into the development of next-generation ADCs. This article was authored by Juwen Fu, Shijun Li, C. Fei Han, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Hello and welcome and thank you for listening to this podcast from filmsbychris.com. That's Chris the K I'm Chris also with the K and I just I seem to be saying the same thing at each one of these videos So it should hopefully makes you feel comfortable that I'm saying the same thing at the beginning of each of these talks getting you Used to them anyway filmsbychris.com Chris the K today I'm going to talk about a little bit about AI and I want to know what you think about it So be sure to comment below whether you're listening to this on patreon or YouTube I want to know what you think about this this this Not AI in general, but let's talk about AI in advancements theoretical and Taking of jobs. I just watched a video yesterday by the blender guru a talk He did somewhere talking about our is AI going to take jobs away from artists and he went into like how Software is getting better at like rendering scenes out and like taking real-life footage and creating virtual environments from it finding people and animals and creating Motions from them and how much better is getting at and is it really going to take jobs and his conclusion was he thinks over the next 10 or 15 years, I guess that a lot of the grunt work is going to be taken over by computers But the artistic part still going to be taken over is still going to be human done, which is is is a I think a good view Think about Things I've read when it comes to AI and they're talking about how AI is now making music and people can't tell us between that music and music Made by real people. It's composing symphonies and blah blah blah. You know what? That's true And I think that computers could very easily. I mean even without AI I could write a script that randomly generates music that might sound halfway decent if we're talking about, you know Electronic techno or synth wave, which I'm not insulting that stuff at all. I love that type music I listen to it all the time, but it's it's it's very basic and even as it gets smarter It could do more of like a rock sounding song You know with guitars and stuff and maybe sound like a real band playing songs But I think when it comes to that aspect of it, there is going to be still spot for human musicians and that being said I Mean by that is First of all, you know that most music is probably marketed towards teenagers When you're a teenager you're at your most emotional time in your life, usually and and I mean if you're I'm 37 right now getting ready to turn 38 and I love music and a lot of it's very nostalgic to me and But most people the music they listen to when they're in their teens is the music that they they really Feel for and I feel very nostalgic for a lot of it. There's some songs. I listen to From the 90s. There's a few like by my life with a thrill-kill cult Which I only liked a few other songs But there's a few other songs I still listen to and then admittedly I listen to I'm like this really should sound horrible But I really like it and I think part of it is just you know song music I like but also just the nostalgia of it But when you're a teenager things are so emotional and for me my favorite band has been nine inch nails It's just an absolute Trent Reznor is just a genius when it comes to writing music and lyrics Although I wasn't a huge fan of the last album. In fact, it's the only national album I don't own and different some people like some don't it's art. It's it's something. It's an opinion thing. I'm not saying It's horrible. I'm saying I didn't enjoy it but Part of what made his music so good was the lyrics and he was very good about writing lyrics that were very emotional But not very specific and he would say in interviews how he didn't want to really talk about songs I think it was an interview Many many years ago talking about down in it which was his first song Which was actually a he made it in the interview a rip off of a skinny puppy song skinny puppy I think it's name of the band or name of the song. I've listened to it before. I don't remember anyway And the songs are very similar Instrumentally and he's like I'll talk about that because it's an older song So it's about time I talked about but he liked writing songs and not talking about What they were about but his songs were more about emotional and actually that's one of the reasons I still even though there were some newer albums. I liked the music lyrically. I think he felt I felt like he got a little too specific on what he was talking about Like he would have albums that were very much talking about political stuff And not only do I not really care about political stuff that much and don't want to hear it in my songs one way or another His political views seem to be very different than mine But that's I still like the the instruments song But I think he was just being too specific with his lyrics He was trying to get a message across rather than an emotion his older songs were more about emotions where I think his newer songs were more about Just getting his point across But that's where I'm getting at with the AI thing Maybe AI can create a song that sounds just good instrumentally as a Trent and Reznor song and that'd be great I would love that but the lyrics even if AI was able to write lyrics Which I think we're so ways away from them writing lyrics that are really touching and emotional in that aspect Even if they were I don't think it would be as relatable because part of it when you're a teenager and you're listening to these songs That are emotional for you part of it is connecting with that song artist knowing who that artist is and feeling like a connection That wow this person's going through the same thing I am even if they're not even if their song is being vague and you think they're going through You know with Trent and Reznor I'm sure his experiences were very different than mine But the emotions were the same if I knew that was written by a computer I don't think I would have been I might have liked the music, but I wouldn't have been so connected to it So there are definitely aspects of art in there That's still the human element is important even if the music even if the AI can make a great replica of it Instrumentally, there's not going to be that human connection Because because you know it's being faked I guess maybe an AI maybe could write a song like that with great lyrics and then they could Advertise it as a real person hide that it's AI which I would think in my opinion would Should be legal because then that's false or at least misleading advertising if you're saying that's a real person And it's not but advertising can get away with a lot depending on how they word stuff um But there's that aspect of it AI A big concern that people have with it is the whole is it going to take jobs and the answer is yes There's definitely going to be jobs, especially unskilled jobs. There's manual labor stuff But there's also going to be jobs for people still yeah I can go to a fast food restaurant and use a machine to order my food and that took someone's job But there's still going to be if I want to go out and eat at a nice restaurant Part of that experience is having someone serve you having a Waiter a server that you interact with And although that could be replaced with a robot You want that experience and you're going to be paying for that service and you pay more for that service So yeah, a lot of the grunt work just as blender guru said with Uh, the artist part of it. He thinks the grunt work is going to be taken away But there's still going to be that that more defined the more fun Parts of the design for the designer because he said a lot of the grunt work is just like tweaking stuff doing little things you know, uh moving things around and just like fine-tuning it where where He wants to be able to just work on that that more of the the bigger overall creation Was my understanding of his talk and I think that's that's true with a lot of the jobs. I also See and and people can definitely because there's so many different views on this out there when it comes to AI taking jobs Obviously, it's going to be bad for some people and definitely rough at first But really if AI and robots don't turn around and kill us But they keep working for us and there's going to be less jobs. They're still going to the companies That run these businesses Still want to make money And if people don't have jobs and they don't have money at some point like if everyone loses their job Then there's nobody spending money and that's bad for everybody. So there's definitely I think again going back there many many like Probably like 75 years ago There were a lot of people who thought that by this time or even way before this time We'd be down to like a 15 20 hour work week Which would be awesome So I would hope that I think there would be a level of adjustment But I think at some point if if a lot of these ai's are going to take over our jobs that We're going to work less hours But still be a little bit because theoretically and of course there's you know You got corporations are always going to milk you for as much money as you can get But theoretically Things are going to cost less because you're paying less to have them done because you have these machines doing the labor Uh, and it's going to save money So things should be cheaper so you can work less and still get the same things that you were getting because things are going to cost less And I think that eventually get that There's still going to be aspects and and this is all just theoretical Just thoughts I've had and I'm not saying that this is how it's going to be right Definitely think it's going to be like this is just some thoughts I had I think materials are definitely going to be a big thing because you can have machines Mine for the materials you can have machines assemble the materials But you still have to get those materials So it's going to be the people who own the properties where you can get these things But then at the same time you can probably reuse and recycle a lot of stuff where you can um You know, maybe have garbage that you you usually send to recycling then You know recycling plants where they would recycle these things Maybe you'll have a robot that will be able to repurpose these things for you And now you're buying less which might be a bad thing for corporations. There's just it's so unknown and we won't know We won't know what's going to happen until it does happen And it's going to be a long slow process and there are going to be some growing pains But I think overall as long as the ai doesn't kill us That ai is a good thing because I I would love to see and it'll probably be but be you know, I'll be retired By a time we really get to this point to where people don't have to work 40 50 60 70 hours a week um And also if you're in a job that's easily replaceable By ai it's time to start thinking about a new job and I get you know Obviously one of the things a lot of these companies are working on are self-driving vehicles self automated vehicles and um If you're a taxi driver or a truck driver and you've been doing this for years You know, it's going to be a good at least 10 years before that really start taking effect And who knows it's like the timeline on it But for things for these things they still need a lot of work and they then they have to get approval So it's going to be years before going and if you're already in that career great But I know I had a friend just like two or three years ago get his truck driver's license He's still a young guy and he's going to become a truck driver. It's like why would you go into that career? Knowing that that's going to be one of the first jobs that's taken and it's not like that you're just getting a job You go through a lot of work to get one of those those positions But we'll see um, but think about your job think about how easy it is I'm a firefighter That's my day job and I've seen videos of robots learning how to fight fires, which I think is awesome I think it's awesome for multiple reasons One it's going to be a slow transition. It's going to be a look at these robots Yeah, they can walk into a room and fight a fire, but they're not going to be able to crawl through the things at this point the machines that they've created A fire scene is not just an empty room with a fire most of the time I think it's going to be if that was to happen. It's going to be a very slow transition It's going to be fought for fought by a lot of firefighters to prevent that from happening But I see it as an opportunity to up my skill level because they're going to need people who need to Control these these robots and stuff like that I don't think that it's going to be a long long time till they're completely on me And I think at first they're going to be remote So firefighters don't have to go into buildings and fight fires They can be outside the building and send in a robot. I think that'd be great. Um, and I think it would just help protect our lives And a lot of people would disagree with that, you know that we see it as taking jobs But I think something like that Is going to be a slow transition. It's it's not going to happen anytime soon And uh, and if I saw if I thought these robots were ready to To take over firefighter jobs, I would tell people don't become firefighters now I would but I still recommend becoming a firefighter I think it's going to be long after our retire before there's any type of these robots actually taken over But there's still technology increasing that actually makes our jobs better Uh, and safer all the time And I would love to see more of that. Anyway, again, this is just a theoretical theoretical talk Uh, there's so many different things that could come out of AI good and bad. What do you think? Let me know below Comment and I'd love to hear what you have to say. Thanks for for listening Please visit filmsbychrist.com. That's chris. Okay, and my patreon page patreon.com forward slash milux 1000 Thank you and have a great day


Awesome, so this talk is about making Kubernetes simple for developers and yeah, this is something about me. I work at Red Hat as an interpreter for introducing me and also contribute to compose, open compose, Kubernetes and sometimes OpenShift and yeah cool. So I just want to set a stage and like I want to show off hands how many of you have used Docker, Docker compose. And Kubernetes know at least basics of Kubernetes. So yeah, then like you'll find out like what all things are there. So this is a story of a developer, a normal developer who does like application development for mobile backends and yeah. So like my manager goes to a conference and finds out that microservice is a hard thing and then he comes back and like it shows like we need to do everything in containers because that's the microservices and containers. That's that's that's the thing we're going to do. So so I start with like I start with this application which is so for for starting out with containers, I do Google search and the first thing that comes up is Docker because that's the most used container technology right now. And yeah, so I figured out Docker installation I do it locally and it's it's working. So what do I need from it for my application? I need a database right so so that so I run local commands Docker run and Docker and postgres because that's I could I could I could locally do the postgres client and so it's it's working fine right so and I start with local development like the local Python virtual Envy is there and the code is working fine my I can talk to postgres everything is going fine. But so yeah, so that I mean going going ahead that's that's not how you do containers containers is a packaging mechanism. That's that's that's how you will distribute your application. So I create a Docker file and so that everything all the code that I write will be into a container in itself and so so the code repo is more or less like a Docker file the application and the whatever that application needs. So so every time I write a code I have to do Docker build and Docker run and then curl on to some some some URL so that so that I can I can know whether it's it's running fine or not. And so so after that there is one more service so the application is growing I'm writing more code now I have two Docker files like Docker file dot the application that I had and the new one which is Docker file dot API server so so it's it's growing right now I have to run like six commands for one for starting the API server one for starting my application one for postgres then I have to curl on that and then fine everything is working fine so so yeah so this is like really complicated writing six commands every time so that's where Docker compose comes in it it it it helps you write everything into one file like this and then all all I need to do is do a so so once I add the Docker compose file like this where I have specified what ports are there what volume mounts I have to do what the ports are what Docker files everyone is going to consume so I so now I have two Docker files for each service and Docker compose file and so this is all I need to do Docker compose up and curl on that thing so so yeah everything is going fine I'm happy like things are working but like how long this is this is good for local development now I want to take it to a production like system so what do I need to do for it like I need I need something that will take care of all of these containers running all the time so so yeah more more Google search and it leads to me it leads to something called as content container orchestrators but like what is container orchestrator like it it will so it says like it will keep them running all the time but like yeah it's it's so so much things so much confusion like you have Kubernetes then there is OpenShift from Red Hat or something and then there is Docker swarm and there is Mesos marathon and like all these things right like I mean I am a developer what all things I should learn but then yeah that's where since I am already using Docker compose I see that like Docker swarm is first thing I could use because I could directly I could directly give the Docker compose file to the swarm and then maybe it will run but also reading more I find out like I'm doing bills locally but since doing you're doing bills locally the cluster might not find how to do the bills I see that I have to change some things in the file Docker compose file I cannot use it as it is I'll have to like remove the build and make sure I have a container registry where I'm pushing it and and things like that so also then yeah reading more I find out like Kubernetes is more robust like it has more community and it comes with the Google's whole experience of running containers for more than a decade now and like lot of other companies are putting their efforts into it and yeah as you can see it is like it's starred and all that thing and it has huge community behind it so yeah why not like I try I go and find out why not explore this technology because it's exciting right like a lot of contributors are there a lot of everyone is talking about it everywhere everywhere you go so yeah what is this Kubernetes so this is what you get when you see a Kubernetes one-on-one talk like you are explained that there are so many components in it there is a master there is there are nodes and then master and bunch of servers even nodes those are serving your containers will also be here some kind of server and in cubelet so so it's it's it's a it's a complex big system and and then Kubernetes in itself comes with a lot of new things like there is parts there are services then ingress and replica sets and there was a application controller and now you use deployments and stuff like that so there's there's lot of things going on at the same time like what all things should I look at like I want to get my application running so so yeah and I already had this thing so like what do I do with this because and how do I get this thing to on Kubernetes on a production gear system like that and this is what I'm doing I'm banging my head because there is Kubernetes and it's so mind-boggling lot of things are going on right now and that's where compose comes in I do like so a few Google searches and then I find out like Docker compose is for you if you are developer Docker compose and it can help you get to the Kubernetes because it creates some it does some conversion magical conversion and I can feed it to Kubernetes and then it will bring up my application somehow so okay so I find this thing interesting because I'm not doing much and I don't need to learn much like writing all the configurations and the existing thing I had I could like feed it to Kubernetes so yeah so I had a sample application so this is a so I'm running a local cluster here just to show the demo and then it's a here I create a wordpress application a project in the in the in the cluster and then so yeah this is the Docker compose file it's it's just two services a WordPress and a MariaDB and then it has all the all the ENVs and the ports and the volumes and yeah so yeah I create a I create a directory and that's where I'm gonna convert those artifacts or create those artifacts out of and yeah so it basically generates all the all the artifacts that the Kubernetes needs like okay there is service there is deployment and then there is there is a persistent volume claim so that I could like the database could have a persistent storage for it and yeah so I just feed it to the cluster and so basically this is running in a in a in an OpenShift cluster which is basically more or less a Kubernetes thing and yeah so I see that the I see that the apps are coming up and like they start they start listening on the servers and yeah opening these things it's up so yeah that's the demo so yeah compose is quite helpful because it's generating configurations I don't need to do much I can still work with my Docker compose file the defaults it has taken are quite okay because it created a PVC which was like 100 MB so because and yeah you might not know you might not want 100 MB for the as a storage for your database and then like yeah it's it's good but it's working for me as long as I have some generic use cases but but my application is not just like two or three services it's like grown into many things now so that's that's where like compose starts like getting going bad because it's it's it assumes a lot of things like you cannot have service types defined and then you cannot do Kubernetes jobs or the secrets and the config maps things which come in Kubernetes are hard to get from from Docker compose and then the volumes info as I said it's just 100 MB so you'll have go manually and then edit that for the volume size and then the liveness and readiness things and then how do I put multiple containers into single part because that's a big thing because they the whole the entire unit the the basic unit in covenants world is part and it could run like multiple containers and like yeah generating generating templates directly so all these things so so like what what compose did is to retrofit the lot of things that were missing in the cover Docker compose and want and you want and wanted it to be generated in the into the Kubernetes they added a few things like they added their custom labels to expand the Docker compose Docker compose spec itself but yeah so it's okay it might not break your application but it's just that I'll have to add like more labels to run my application so yeah as I said job secret secrets and volumes and the ingress routes like that how do you how do you specify ingress or outs that compose was never created for a cluster application it was mainly for the developer who is doing local development on single machine where they could like directly host mount the local directory into the container or directly port map the container sport onto the machine and things like that with cluster everything changes right it's not one machine where one container is running the container could run anywhere it could you don't you never know so where do you hit it but things like that like star started creating a gap in there and yeah liveness probe I said then service types and so yeah how do I get around it I I just generate it once and then start editing those configurations like yeah create once and then start maintain these things and then dump the docker compose file so so like it's it's not it's not that easy to do so so yeah so taking a so putting on the docker as a compose developers hat on so as a compose developer when we're adding these features so it was like it was tempting to extend the docker compose spec in itself but but as you see like it's it's not a good thing to do because it might break their application locally or might not add value to the existing thing so so we need something that's that's not docker compose and is native to the kubernetes world or very what kubernetes can can understand directly so yeah what's what's next that's where open compose comes in like open compose is a spec which is as easy as docker compose and and and kubernetes and native to kubernetes so all those gaps we found in docker compose while mapping it to kubernetes so that's that that's what we're trying to fill out like things like defining multiple containers in a pod defining defining something that should be exposed outside in the form of ingress then defining volume how much volume you want it to be and and things like that so so so and and and if you see docker the kubernetes artifacts they are more of they're more of like the like like how you how you want to deploy the application so so we don't want developers to do that we want developers to just define the application and that's it not how to define the application so so yeah docker open compose more of this looks like this it has like services and then we can define containers in multiple in a single service and then envs and then you can do volume mounts and stuff like that so it's we have tried we're trying to create the similar user user workflow with the open compose as well like we did with compose and yeah let's see a demo of a new project again so this is also running in a local mini shift cluster it's a locally running open shift and that's so that's the that's the file that's the same wordpress container but down below you can see there is volumes there I've defined size and all which I can modify which was not it was not possible even using docker compose and yeah similarly I'm creating configurations and yeah and then converting it and then feeding it to the feeding it to the kubernetes cluster similarly so the same workflow and the same application so yeah it's it's it's coming up in this you can see the you can see my sequel is come up and yeah so here here I'm exposing the web web into to the outside cluster so open shift has something called as open shift has something called as routes so using it's similar to ingress in kubernetes world and yeah that's how that's how you expose it to the outside world and yeah wordpress has come up and I can so yeah so this this thing that we are doing it's out there in the community we are doing we have proposed this thing to the people to the community on on kubernetes channels they know this efforts is going on they are also giving their feedback on this and yeah so this is a general chart of comparison between docker compose and the compose how it's converting and open compose of how the kubernetes features a map there so yeah these are some references and yeah I can take questions uh hi uh so I am in a sort of a unique condition that I have quite a few bare metal servers with me and I want to use kubernetes so what would be your suggestion from having those raw servers and getting a cluster running so how are your applications defined right now there or they are on the bare metal running in these are extra servers for me I want to add them to the whole cluster the rest of the cluster is VMware but I'm willing to move out of it so for doing that I would I would recommend like I mean you deploy it and write the configuration so compose might help you for generating those configurations as a first a first hand because writing those configurations by hand for the first timer might be very erasome and you might miss out on a lot of things but once you generate those configurations out of compose you can you have to add things like resource quotas and secrets and all those things by hand so just to clarify your problem is running kubernetes on the nodes that you have or running the application on kubernetes that you have because his problem is solving running the application on kubernetes both okay so there two different problems just to be clear one more we have question time for one more question then have some announcements and then we can obviously run for lunch one last time yes nice talk Suresh can we run kubernetes cluster on power pc architecture yes we can and you'll find some IBM people around in the in the conference as well they are doing a lot of work for making this happen would it be easy for to find the required bandwidth for power pc for kubernetes about binary i think the the distributions the respective distributions should create those rpms or devs or whatever and i think that should that should be possible okay thank you and so one more announcement we do a kubernetes meetup on 20th may we are doing a one-on-one hands-on on kubernetes so if you are new or you know someone who wants to learn rsvp at bit dot ly slash k it is 101 and yeah cool thanks Suresh just a reminder please fill up the feedback farms and hand it over at the help desk


they don't get that intrinsic reward from connecting just on a regular basis, so very low amount of connection. But maybe if they're in the circumstances where they're in a good mood, the mental health is low, the environment's right, they're with the right people, they feel comfortable, then their emotions go up steadily and it gets to a point where they can feel it, and then there goes the hot, they turn hot. They want to connect with everybody and everyone and they want to share and they want to feel and they want to socialize and communicate and it can sometimes feel a bit overwhelming, especially if you've only experienced that sort of cold like side of them for the amount of time that you've been dating.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here seem to talk about Chuck E season 2 production on Chuck E season 2 is Expected slated I guess to start this month now. This is according to spoiler TV plus I'll leave a link to it in the description They have a listing up as you see on the screen of Chuck E season 2 Associated with the sci-fi network and then on the right. That's the production start date or start month start time February of 2022 Don't know how true that is because we haven't gotten any set photos or anything so far. They could be doing something else That's why none of the actors are involved just yet I also know that there was a production weekly listing or something Involving one of those production listing sites that you have to subscribe to where they were showing that production might have started This past Monday, but then apparently Alex Vincent who we know is Andy Barkley He went on and did an Instagram live recently supposedly because I didn't see it and He shot that down. He said that none of the actors will be doing anything on Monday, February 7th So, you know the the filming starting on February 7 might not have been that might not have happened They might have just been doing something completely different on February 7 And that's why production still started on the 7th, but they haven't done anything involving the actors just yet So maybe if production is indeed supposed to be starting this month in the coming weeks We should expect to see something related to Chucky season 2 start to appear online We should expect to start seeing behind-the-scenes photos start to start to see things that indicate where season 2 will be taking us get confirmation Of course about the trio of kids coming back and just understanding where they're gonna take us next going forward And from Alex Vincent's perspective with those comments if he didn't if he did indeed have that Instagram I think it's safe to say he'll be back Brad Dorff, of course That's a given please the voice of Chucky, but nothing seems to have started as far as I know I haven't seen anything. I know that there's some people involved with the series who have been Posting stuff on their Instagram page. I think the costume designers one person people keep talking about you post stuff on her Instagram page But apparently the production that was supposed to start on the 7th From again a production listing site page that was shot down by Alex Vincent again They might have been starting production but doing certain something completely different that didn't involve Andy and those other people that we know like Devin Jake Lexi, etc. And you know, there's still a chance that that production is indeed under way and it started on Monday We just haven't seen anything yet. So over the coming weeks we can expect to start seeing things Of course if February 2022 is indeed when the series is supposed to start filming if it's filming this early Of course, I guess I can assume they're trying to aim for that October release again If anything if they film it a little bit later, I guess you can still make it in October I mean, honestly, you can you can put it out at any time of the year I think people will watch Chucky season 2 any time of the year you put it out But I think they want to target putting out seasons of Chucky every October I think that that's what they are trying to do here if they keep getting renewed They want to try to put it out every October Like I said before you can put these out at any point in time If it doesn't work out to be released this year again because of some filming debacles Putting it out early 2023. I don't think anyone would be against that especially Knowing that screen six is coming possibly in early 2023. Chucky and Ghostface back to back I would sign up for that in a heartbeat So hopefully we get to see some new things come out along the coming along the coming days and weeks Learning who is involved in Chucky season 2 I know Don Mancini has gone on record to express that we could possibly see some familiar faces that we have been dying to see back A lot of people have been honing in on Glenn and Glinda appearing A lot of people think that Miss Fairchild is Glinda A lot of people think that Glenn was somewhere in season one. I've seen that talked about Apparently there's an actor that people believe has been cast to play Glenn as well For the appearance of season two We know that Tiffany actually does mention them in season one towards the end And I think also another time briefly early on I think no I think that was Chucky that mentioned them while it's talking to Jake says they have a they have a son And then Jake says you have a child and you know the whole gender fluid comment came out So I just think that we'll be seeing a lot of returning faces. I think that I personally would prefer to just see Karen and What is his name?  I honestly So his his death does not not disappoint me by any means. I wasn't heartbroken of anything. I was cheering for it Sadly, but uh, well not sadly. I was happy he died But going into just more season two I think that they could explore again What Andy is up to with that tiffany doll in the back of that and that truck of chuckie dolls that are apparently You're supposed to be sent out in a hopes because it seems like chuckie's big plan was to take over america Take over america a country-wide domination of sorts And I have said in the past that Andy is a character that I think I don't think Andy should be around for like the long haul of this series. That doesn't mean he should die I just think that Andy Might be better off just getting written off at some point and we can explore these new characters Because I think what you've done is you've done a good job setting up these new characters And you're invested in them some of us or another is least the ones who watched this series Which apparently has Managed to garner almost 10 million in that one season, which I can understand why you're doing season two at this point But I just think Andy We've been with him for so long. I think you can write him off Write him off let him in his life But then the other thing of course would be how can he live his life with a country-wide Chucky invasion occurring if we get to that and I know that sounds ridiculous now, but who knows how it comes off on screen I'm not saying it wouldn't be ridiculous Dick list still but how it how it comes off on screen really says a lot Then just talking about it because I couldn't be imagining the most ridiculous thing I'm imagining something like shark most of you might be imagining something like shark nato when I tell you about a chucky wide america invasion type of movie or episode in a In an upcoming season sounds like shark nato, but depending on how it comes off on screen It could be the best thing ever might be one of the best things this series has ever produced I just think that Andy isn't necessarily going to be someone who sticks around for the long haul if they keep up the Series format not say there's anything wrong with it. I love alex vinson. I love that character One of my favorite final boys as well Andy barkley through and through one of my favorite final boys But let me know what you guys think about this down the conversation below Do you think chucky season two will start filming this month and are you excited to start learning about other details about it? And I'll do the recaps for it later on in the years as well when it comes out But let me know what you guys think about this down in the comment section below if you have already, of course Make sure you subscribe turn on post notification in every video in the scripts I have links from my social media accounts on facebook turn on instagram you can message me there Of course limiters any movies news or reviews you'd like me to cover in the future and with all that in mind guys I will see you in the next video


So I mean that should echoing green is amazing. It's like 27 years has graduated cohort after cohort through their through their programs And I can't think of another entrepreneur network and and support system that is as long-tenured and six. Oh wait Actually, I can it's Ashoka Ha Ashoka Bill Drayton has been running Ashoka for more than 30 years They are a global entity on so many Cuts you want to go geography sector Etc. Etc. They are everywhere and so we thought it would be amazing to get Bill up here to get into conversation with Eric Brandham who's actually the CEO of Mission hub which runs so cap and a bunch of impact hubs around the United States to really go deep on what they are Plumbing in terms of learning so I want to turn it over to Eric Brandham and Bill Drayton and please join me in welcoming them Thanks so much. Thank you, Tim Thank you everyone I know the question has been asked a number of times in terms of folks first so cap But again, raise your hand if this is your first so cap ever And it is mine as well. I feel a little bit like Stephen Colbert on the late show. I sort of like the new gig I feel like I need like a band and about dancing or something like that. That's amazing I am thrilled to be here I joined as CEO of mission hub seven months ago and I'll talk a little bit about mission hub before bringing Bill on to the stage But um, you know, I'm in my mid 40s And this is the world of impact and social entrepreneurship is relatively new for me You know folks in the mid 40s is that classic kind of midlife crisis time, you know, some people find God I like to think that I found good and get to join you here on stage so I Did start life as a climate scientist I was a carbon dioxide researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography working in the lab of dr. David Keeling And worked on the famous Keeling curve both an atmospheric and in seawater carbon dioxide so It has been really fun to move through the technology industry through the worlds of startups and entrepreneurship and eventually working on platforms for innovation which has actually brought me here to mission hub What is mission hub you say? How many of you actually know what who mission hub is actually it'd be like four people in the audience mission hub One of our objectives and goals actually here at Socap was to talk about mission hub and actually raise the awareness of the mission of mission hub We are the parent company of Socap We actually are the a network of campuses impact hub co-working campuses here in the United States and in your program books on the sort of the second and third pages it talks a bit about who mission hub is and with this notion that Socap is really powered by mission hub I view mission hub as a marketplace a Marketplace that is building the future of social innovation with you all as parts of that We are a marketplace of ideas like the Socap conference We are a marketplace for skills in learning one of the new programs that we're launching at Socap 15 is Socap 365 which is actually bringing the content the rich content from this conference out to our five campuses into Weekly programming so that we can inspire and teach the next generation of impact investors and social entrepreneurs We are a physical marketplace for the goods and services that social entrepreneurs need to launch and grow Yesterday Samutney Sam out here. I know it was in the back there Sam is a managing director of impact hub New York City Which is a mission hub company and talked about the impact bizarre Which is this physical marketplace for these goods and services? Hey, Brian Brian Breckenridge from box.org. Thank you for joining us We are a marketplace for financial capital our Philadelphia campus We are going to be building a world-leading center of expertise around impact investing and continue to take this amazing fabric that we are weaving together and bring it to market and Lastly and ultimately we are a marketplace that transcends place You may have seen Socap TV which we're launching at Socap this year so cap 15 which is recordings much of the content and Snippets and bringing it online to a worldwide audience so that they can view and interact with what we're doing So first off, thank you for being here. Thank you for letting me share the stage with you this morning And I am thrilled to bring on to the stage a man who probably needs no introduction to the vast majority of people in this room But I will introduce him nonetheless Bill Drayton is the CEO and founder of Ashoka innovators for the public whose vision is in everyone a changemaker world Or anyone can apply the skills of changemaking to solve complex social problems Bill pioneered the field of social entrepreneurship as a Harvard undergrad as a Yale Student at Yale Law School a management consultant at McKinsey at the US Environmental Protection Agency and as in a MacArthur fellow He's taught law and management at Stanford Law School and at Harvey Harvard's Kennedy School of Government and serves on the boards of Get America working in youth venture. Please join me in giving a very very warm. Socap welcome to mr. Bill Drayton Thank you so much So we're talking actually before this bill and this is your first socap as well in terms of physically being here But I've interacted and seen some of our great content to date. So thank you for joining us Bill you're a lifetime social entrepreneur and have been at the helm of Ashoka since you founded it in 1980 After more than 35 years, what is unique about this moment for Ashoka? Well, I think everyone here knows the answer to that We know The way that we are a transition point the most amazing transition point ever That's why socap is so important. It's a key part of that transition and Ashoka is very privileged To be able to see the patterns because of the three thousand fellows because of our many other partners and In brief summary The world has been organized for millenia for efficiency and repetition. So think assembly line law firm But since 1700 the rate of change after being static has been escalating exponentially it's just a fact and so a World of giving people a skill which they will then repeat for their life doesn't work anymore and That way of organizing doesn't work anymore Instead we are living in a world of change Which is the opposite of repetition and we have to organize differently and everyone has to have different skills so Seeing this and realizing that we're at the turning point I think we all everyone here has a Responsibility to help the world through that transition and the key part is helping people see it Once you see it, then you know what to do especially when the people around you also see it So it's a frame change moment and thank you to socap and everyone here for being a key part of that Thank you you mentioned build the the scale of the Ashoka Fellows program 3,300 fellows across 85 countries with with now An organization of that scale and size. What are some of the patterns that you see you're seeing to emerge from from the fellows themselves? Well, I've just mentioned the most important one, but First of all, let me introduce who the fellows are Over half of them have changed national policy within five years of launch and three-quarters the pattern in the field. So these are Extraordinary people organizations and movements and we would be blind if we didn't see the patterns And that is really really important It's not only seeing where we're going but how to get there and So let me just give you an example of the largest single group of Ashoka fellows Focuses on children and young people which is probably true for everyone here in our personal lives And there's a Extremely obvious pattern 95% of them put kids in charge Which is not what the schools do It's not what most parents do It's a very different model And they're also You can see that pattern in another way because over 80% of the Ashoka fellows Started something when they were in their teens We're usually early teens And so if I just summarize this pattern you can see immediately how it fits a world where everyone has to be a changemaker The new definition of success in growing up and Therefore education is Every young child must master empathy and guide their lives by that and then when they become a young person around 12 And they have to practice and practice being a change maker Now what I've just said is Coming from the reality of a world where everything's changing and where you need everyone to be a change maker Any young person who doesn't have these skills is not going to make it Any society any city any group? It doesn't make sure that this generation of children and young people have those skills is in deep deep and fast trouble So that is a This is like just this is like 100 years ago saying we needed everyone to be literate and written language We needed people to read street signs and manuals No one's ever agreed about how to do that But that's just a fact and we're now at a moment where these other skills cognitive empathy Sophisticated teamwork a completely opposite type of leadership and changemaking is necessary so that is a pattern and The final point about it. It's it fits the everyone a change maker world and you can see that in field after field fellows dealing with health put patients Friends family neighbors peers in charge. Oh, that fits so okay As a part of that as a shoka shifted from just supporting individual Entrepreneurs to this notion of the world right everyone a change maker How did that open up new possibilities for a shoka as an organization of the way that you were organized? so We've historically been organized as a series of Individual entrepreneurs with a team Finding the best ideas entrepreneurs helping them get started building a community in Nigeria or Poland or whatever When you have to take on How are we going to change the framework of thinking for example about growing up Well, then all the pieces have to work together We have to become a fluid open team of teams just as much as everyone else and that's a very different way of organizing Over the last I'd say a couple of years we've learned Something very profoundly powerful Which is collaborative? entrepreneurship to Jiu Jitsu So, okay, we see this new pattern Every young person must practice and practice being a change maker And that means that schools have to be in everyone a change maker culture Well, how do we and in that fits the everyone a change maker world? You have to do that Well, then how do we get people to see it? Well entrepreneurs are always a small force tipping the system How do we do that together and so This is amazing That we're actually succeeding at this and we've there are four stages the first is the trigger What's the least number of forces you need to set in motion? That will create a self-multiplying dynamic leadership teams in a few schools a few writers and publishers and Leadership from some fellows that has already led in the US to 12 graduate schools of education to ministers of education We're looking to Bring on teachers unions Hall sale partners have to pick up in the next stage and you have to make it open The third stage once millions of people see it and are talking and it's the subject of conversation How do you make sure that the conversation is as sharply focused as? Intelligent as possible. How do you provide the flow of anecdotes and then finally institutionalization? That's a completely new thing and it's incredibly powerful and In a world where you have to have fluid open teams of teams This is a really important one whenever there's a critical mess of Social entrepreneurs entrepreneurs bringing major change for the good of all They need to be able to get together to be as powerful as possible And that's what collaborative entrepreneurship. You just who does one of the things we talked about before coming up is Talking about that that 12 year old So I have three kids an eight-year-old boy a 10-year-old girl and a 12 year-old 10 year-old girl and a 12 year-old girl Who was super fun and amazing what what is your message to my 12-year-old daughter Sophie? Who's out there trying to find her own sort of identity in the universe and frankly part of my motivation of coming into this role? Is is trying to be an inspiring person for her and to engage her with this universe of change? What is your message to Sophie? well Given this framework change We have something called Ashoka youth venture and the goal is to help any young person anywhere Have their own dream build their own team and change their school or neighborhood anyone who's done that has There are change makers, so let me tell you a story that I found very powerful in a meeting of about 350 us youth ventures I sit down at lunch and this very tiny young woman comes down and sits to my right No, I turned to and she introduces herself and says I'm 12 because she's sick of people thinking she's a probably And so I asked her what's your venture and she said oh well my brother is autistic and All through school I would cry When he was mistreated But now we fix that. Oh, well, how did you do that? Well, we get together Whenever we see a special student not being treated well and we figure out what to do and then we go and do it and we're very persistent now that's 90% her words word for word and If you were there you would not have one cell of doubt that she is a change maker that she knows it But she's never going to be afraid in her life and she's going to get better and better at this She is able to express love and respect in action in a powerful way and she knows it He's also brought a whole bunch of kids along with her She has her PhD in the most important skills. She has to have to contribute in a world of change There is huge demand for people with those skills the people in this room don't understand because we all have that gift What it's like not to have it. It's terrifying. It's the worst Now I asked you one other question How many student groups are there in Shirley Middle School, which is a poor rural school Which has flight of talent from the community as fast as possible. It's an Appalachian like environment. Oh over 50 Well, if there's one tenth of one percent of all the middle and high schools in the world that have 50 student groups I'd be surprised One guy in that community eight years ago took the youth venture idea and said this is how we turn it around if we've got a Community of change makers were a magnet people aren't fleeing He made it happen. So when she at 11 went into Shirley Middle School She had a problem and everybody said to her You got a problem you solve it you build a team look around. That's the way it's done and she did now What we all have to do is Make sure that every middle and high school in the world is in everyone a change maker world So it is the norm It's not Exceptional to be a change maker because the world needs everyone to be change makers and it's cruel It's awful to allow any person not to have those skills. So there's very direct action here Everyone here knows a young person The next time she says something is a mess put your book down and Quietly say well, how do you think you could solve that problem? Who well, why don't you get your friends together and fix it me? Yeah, you can do this and This is the most important thing you can do and here's why and it's okay to drop piano practice You know anyone can do that and we need to do that for ourselves For our friends for our co-workers and we also have to do it for the organizations we care about This is a very challenging transition from hierarchy and stovepipes and repetition To an everyone a change maker organization and just think about this strategic environment Everyone is bumping everyone else. Everyone is a change maker They're better and better because of so cap in the web that the amplitude of bumping is accelerating. That's why the change Curve is going up exponentially There's just a fact so you need everyone in your organization Whatever it is to understand the environment they're dealing with To see the changes to understand them to change to help the people around you change and to see the Opportunities and then everyone has to come together quickly. Oh, there's a big new value creating opportunity over here And we have to create a new team of teams a different Constellation because it's a new opportunity and oh by the way you don't get to repeat that for 10 or 20 years That's a so this is a different environment. You have to have everyone a change maker and That affects every part of your life And so I just urge you give yourself permission to recognize this is the strategic change This is a historic moment and those who give themselves permission To have the courage to say yes, this is happening and this is really good. This is a much better world That's a great opportunity to serve Thank you so much Bill and thank you for taking the time with us today