Well, hello there, good morning, good afternoon, or good evening, depending on where you're joining us from today. Welcome to Engineering for Change or E4C for Short. Today, we're very pleased to bring you this month's installment of the E4C 2018 webinar series, where we'll be covering a virtual demo of the Toolbox on Solar-Powered Irrigation System. My name is Yana Aranda, and I'm the president at E4C. I'm very pleased to be moderating today's webinar. The webinar you're participating in today will be archived on our webinars page and E4C's YouTube channel. Both of the URLs for those channels are listed on this slide. E4C members will receive invitations to upcoming webinars directly. If you have any questions, comments, and recommendations for future topics and speakers, please contact the E4C webinars team. The contact information is webinars at engineeringforchange.org. If you're following us on Twitter today, please join the conversation with our dedicated hashtag, hashtag E4C webinars. Now, before we move on to our presenters, I'd like to tell you a bit about Engineering for Change and who we are. E4C is a knowledge organization and global community of more than 1 million engineers, designers, development practitioners, and social scientists who are leveraging technology to solve quality of life challenges faced by underserved communities. Some of these challenges include access to clean water and sanitation, sustainable energy solutions, improved agriculture, and more. We invite you to become a member. E4C membership is free and provides access to news and thought leadership, insights on hundreds of essential technologies in our solutions library, professional development resources, and current opportunities such as jobs, funding calls, fellowships, and more. E4C members also enjoy a unique user experience based on their site behavior and engagement. Essentially, the more you interact with the E4C platform, the better we will be able to serve you resources that are aligned to your needs. For more information, please see our website and sign up. Now, I wanted to share with you an exciting announcement. So, there is a real struggle when it comes to finding technical information about products developed for and used by those living in resource constrained environments. Data is often scarce, biased, or inaccurate. These information gaps have had a number of consequences. For example, lessons, a loss of lessons learned and consequent reinvention of the wheel, challenges in assessing performance and scalability, ineffective implementation of technologies, and lack of transparency and accountability for poor quality or even worse unsafe products entering the market. In 2012, E4C took on this challenge and started co-designing a resource with our community of engineering and global development experts. What we built is our solutions library. We applied human-centered design and tested multiple prototypes with a growing early adopter community. Today, we are very happy to announce that the solutions library is now launched as an E4C member benefit. E4C members can now access the solutions library with a single sign-on. It's as easy as registering for a webinar. What you see now is an example of one of the products in the solutions library. This is Future Pump Solar Power Derogation Pump. We thought it might be very relevant for today's conversation. The information included in the product report includes neutral market and engineering data, side-by-side comparisons with competitor technologies and user insights. We work with leading organizations, such as the World Health Organization, COST, and others, to identify products for inclusion, data is sourced by our global cohort of research fellows and reviewed by a multidisciplinary network of expert advisors. We invite you to explore hundreds of technologies across a variety of sectors, discover innovations, suggest products for future integration, share your field experiences, and uncover new opportunities for the solution library. Now, a few housekeeping items before we get started. We'd like to practice using the WEX platform by sharing with us where you are in the world. In the chat window, which should be located in the middle right of your screen, please type in your location. I'll go ahead and get it started. Let's see. So I'm joining from New York. All right. We see you folks from Germany, New York. OK, if you don't see your chat window, try cooking a chat icon in the bottom middle portion of your screen. You can use this window to share remarks during the webinar. And if you have technical questions, just send a private chat to the Engineering for Change admin. So thank you for joining us. We see more folks coming in here from Washington and other locations. Now, for us to really, during the webinar, keep track of the questions, please use the Q&A window, which should be located below the chat to type in your questions for the presenter. Again, if you don't see this window, click the Q&A icon in the bottom middle portion of the screen. It may be hidden in the circle with the three dots. All right. So we have folks joining us from all over the world, say London, Germany, the United States. Welcome, everyone. Thank you so much for hopping on today. All right, if you're listening to the audio broadcast and encounter any troubles, try hitting stop and then start. You may also want to try opening up WebEx in a different browser. So E4C webinars qualify engineers for one professional development hour. To request your professional development hour, please follow the instructions on top of the E4C professional development page after the presentation. You may also go to your member dashboard and see information there on how to get those hours. Okay. Thank you, everyone, for your replies. All right. So with that, I'd like to take a moment to tell you a bit more about today's webinar and our presenter. Things to significant advancements in solar tech and plummeting costs. Solar generation now rivals established fuel technologies as a cleaner, more economical choice. There is exponential growth in solar technology adoption, particularly among the 1.2 billion people worldwide without access to electricity. By mid-2015, more than 89 million people in Africa and Asia owned at least one solar-powered product. Inoff-grid solar sales are projected to reach $3.1 billion US by 2020. Solar irrigation products have emerged with the promise of helping substance and small-scale farmers improve productivity. Solar irrigation service providers in turn, advisors and practitioners invest significant time and effort to guide end users and others stakeholders in minimizing risks related to system efficiency, financial viability, and the unsustainable use of water. Today, we're very pleased to share the new toolbox on solar-powered irrigation systems intended to make the jobs of these organizations in individual youth year. We are joined by Robert Schultz, who is the advisor for powering agriculture, supported by the German International Development Organization, GIZ. Robert has been the last two decades working on numerous initiatives related to renewable energy and rural development. Working in family business and solar pumping systems in his home country of Namibia in the late 1990s, he developed an understanding of why technology succeed or fail in the field, which, as we all actually know, often has nothing to do with the tech itself. Robert established a Namibia renewable energy network, which transformed into the Namibian energy institute by the late 2000s, according to renewable energy activities on behalf of the government. He spent time in the consulting industry developing rural electrification programs, and then NGOs implementing programs ranging from fuel efficient cook stoves to large-scale biomass power generation, and from solar cell phone charging to Africa's largest solar hybrid mini grid. He undertook numerous awareness-raising activities and conceptualized and constructed off-road energy trailers to take a message to schools in deep rural areas. We are so thrilled to have Robert join us today and share some of his insights and take you all through this virtual demo. And with us, I'll turn it over to Robert. Wow, yes. Good afternoon, everybody. I hope you can all hear me. Loud and clear. Perfect. Thank you, Yana, for that speaking into a vacuum. Yes, thank you very much. We're actually doing this via a landline telephone, which is the first time in a very long time one gets so used to the fast development of technology that one forgets that only 10 years ago we used fax machines. Well, thank you very much for attending, and thank you very much for this opportunity to present to you the Toolbox on Solar Power Irrigation Systems, SPS for short. My name is Robert Schultz. I am GIZ advisor for the GIZ Project Sustainable Energy for Food Powering Agriculture. Essentially, what we do is we support energy innovations that improve agricultural value chains. So it's not just a matter of supporting the energy innovation in terms of pilot projects and prototype development, but also looking at value chains themselves. Often, there are key opportunities hidden in value chains that are not immediately apparent. So through this process, we acquire an enormous amount of knowledge, which we then reconceptualize and repackage so that we can cater for the needs of various stakeholders and actually share the lessons learned. And more often than not, much of this knowledge then requires some kind of skills development in order to actually be replicated. Now, we have a focus areas that we work within. So we have a broad area called solar processing, which looks at solar-operated oil presses, for instance, or different types of passive solar drying technologies. We are quite passionate about green cooling, specifically solar ice making, but also solar cold rooms. We have a fair amount of experience in energy efficiency. This is more large scales, specifically in the tea sector and the dairy sector. And then, of course, solar pumping, where the technology is relatively mature, but there are so many different types around. I liken it to the Wild West. New innovations popping up every other day. There are not yet clear guidelines and standards and specifications, which is an ideal ground for innovators. But, of course, also an opportunity for us to add some decision-making support to this new realm. So why solar pumping? Essentially, it's a very beautiful nexus technology. Nexus implying it combines water, energy, and food very neatly. And it is an extremely attractive. As Iana mentioned earlier, the market is booming. India, for instance, has a program to launch the installation of 18 million pumps over the last, I think, it's five years alone. They went from 1,000 pumps to 40,000 pumps. So there's a huge, huge market developing for solar-powered pumping. It's a clean technology at the surface of it. And we can definitely assume that the technology will go from strength to strength, specifically with module prices declining further. But that, of course, raises a number of issues. And we've had numerous examples of poorly-planned and executed systems, not only when it came to system sizing, having oversized systems or undersized systems, but essentially also poorly-planned in terms of the actual installation. We have poorly-installed systems. Yes. So sorry to interrupt for a moment. Just making sure that you are able to share your screen, just in case you are sharing some information through your own laptop. Ah, fantastic. Apologies for the interruption, everyone. We know that Robert has really great slides and the demo. I think this was just in the momentum. It's a meeting problem. Just as too many platforms. You have the live call combined with the digital platform. And for those of you who are listening to us on the webinar remotely, please do feel free to select all attendees in your chat replies. So that way, if you are making comments that you would like others to see, that they are able to do so. Great. Yana, just help me out quickly or do this by share and then my screen, screen two. There you go. It looks like it's coming up. Voila. You're seeing it right now, lovely, lovely. Fantastic. Yes, if you can make it out. If you want to present right now, it is in the regular view. Brilliant. Thank you so much. Thank you for pointing that out to me, Yana, between all the clicks. Fantastic. I mean, we enjoy meeting your bio thoroughly, but I think this is a bit more conspicuous. Over and over and over again. Thank you. Well, thank you. My apologies, colleagues, for that technical mishap. You know, that's, yeah, fax machine generation. Great. Maybe I'll just backtrack slightly for the benefit of recollection. I mentioned earlier powering agriculture and the work that we do in terms of supporting innovations that strengthen energy aspects in agricultural value chains. So we don't only support the innovations themselves through pilot projects and demonstration developments and prototype construction, but also looking at value chain assessments, understanding value chains better, sharing the knowledge that we have acquired, and then developing skills programs and training programs that can actually lead to replication of the knowledge. And the toolbox on solar powered irrigation falls into that category. I mentioned briefly the solar processing expertise that we have, our experience with green cooling, energy efficiency, and that brings us to solar pumping and this is where the slides become more interesting and visual as well. So sorry for keeping that from you. So this is a nice example of a large scale, relatively large scale two kilowatt system in India. And there are numerous of such installations, large and small, all over the world increasingly, but as I've mentioned, we are noticing a number of critical aspects in terms of poorly planned systems. This example here shows the very basic assumption that you would anchor the solar panel array solidly on a concrete block, but that is not a given and you find many systems where system collapses imminent simply because the planning was not done properly. The same also applies to poorly installed systems, not only above ground like here with poor cabling, lack of earthing, but also below ground with wells not properly protected from siltation, then resulting in much pumping, which every pump absolutely loves. We have poorly maintained systems just because a solar module is low maintenance does not imply it is no maintenance and that requires sensitization amongst users to be aware that also systems that are essentially can be left alone to a large extent need some care and attention. The thing with solar systems is a little bit that they are counterintuitive or not as intuitive. When a community is used to a diesel pump, then it is very clear that when the pump makes noise, it is working and if it is silent, it is not working. And with a solar system, it's the other way around. If it makes noise, then it's obviously not working. So there's a huge trust component that needs to be developed when it comes to this type of technology. We are also very keenly aware of the possible detrimental environmental impact that this technology might have, specifically relating to the rebound effect, which implies that when pumping is for free, users will over-exploit a resource, which then leads to environmental degradation such as decreased water table, siltation and erosion of underground water systems, salinification and the drawing of salts from nearby coastal areas. Then, of course, ultimately loss in water quality and soil erosion, topsoil losses, et cetera. So that is something we definitely have to deal with when it comes to promoting this technology. Because all of these things, system failures, environmental degradation will ultimately have an impact on the farm economy and just add to the challenges that rural community already face and increasingly face in the view of climate change impacts. And that, by and large, leads to a break in trust. Trust in the technology, which already we are trying to build up or pioneers in the technology have built up over decades can actually become redundant very, very quickly, especially also if fly-by-nights sell low quality systems. Great. So when it comes to the toolbox on solar power irrigation systems, in a nutshell, we essentially had a challenge to address. And that was the lack of holistically trained advisers on SPS. Holistically implies not only advisers that can install a system and know how to connect a controller and do theories or parallel wiring and how to lower a pump into a borehole or a well. These trainings are plentiful, but trainings that also consider the environmental aspects and the economic and financial aspects, specifically going as deep as looking into the profitability of a farming enterprise and actually advising a farmer closer on how they can improve their farming system on how they can improve the irrigation system. So we set out to strengthen the advisory services around various aspects through very brief information and then hands-on tools, practical tools with the objective to support informed decision-making on SBIS and with a target group ranging from technology providers. It is my personal ambition that technology providers will move beyond merely selling a technology but actually grooming their market and advising farmers and end-users and become a resource and not just a sales agent. Then definitely trainers and agricultural extensionists, development practitioners because they often have much greater interest in ensuring that the system works and then financial institutions because sooner or later it does boil down or sooner or later it is a critical aspect in terms of obtaining funding for the technology. We've tested the toolbox in early developmental trainings in Mali, Ghana and India back in 2016 and we conducted a number of trial trainings in Germany, Chile and Rwanda last year and the toolbox was officially launched together with the FAO in March of this year. So our guiding principles are that the toolbox is open access, open source and open for adaptation and on that note, everything is essentially downloadable through this online platform that we like using called Energypedia. I'm not sure how many of you are already familiar with it. It's a huge resource on all kinds of energy topics that GIZ amongst others uses to actually disseminate energy related information and it essentially it's the box in toolbox. There we go, that's the box. So it's an online platform through which you can access these tools and use them offline to download them. We specifically looked at creating something that is not dependent on internet connectivity all the time and that uses essentially a software that is available to most. Now within the toolbox, we have two different types of items. We have modules, these are text documents around about 20 pages. We try to be as concise as possible on various topics and these modules in turn are supported by tools, primarily Excel based spreadsheet tools. So if we just take a broad look at the type of tools within the toolbox and modules, we have modules around the preconditions. Two modules, get informed and safeguard water, get informed and assist in understanding the technology itself and all the intricacies that involve the technology and safeguard water looks at the water and irrigation aspects. So it's the S and the I, solar and irrigation. We have tools and modules around planning. On a macro level, we would be looking at promote and initiate. This has to do with a government or a donor or non-governmental organization with the ambition of launching an SPS program within their country. What is it that they should be cognizant of? What should they investigate? What are the major critical factors? And then on a more micro level, we have the design. This is looking at designing in terms of system sizing, but also understanding the site conditions that are prevalent that need to be considered in your planning. We have tools around the aspects of economics. Specifically, the invest tool is of interest because it looks at the parameters important to a financial service provider. We have, for instance, a tool that would allow you to do to compile a form income statement or to do a payback assessment between different technologies. And these type of outputs from the tools would be essential when it comes to fulfilling the requirements of a loan application. So this is very useful for financial service providers to make this a prerequisite for their SPS loans. And then we have aspects around management. From the setup, how to arrange your structure around solar powered irrigation systems, issues around irrigation, how to establish an irrigation schedule, for instance, depending on soil type, and maintain how to regularly maintain your infrastructure and establish a maintenance routine. If you were to open the toolbox, you would see essentially something like this. A large navigation block with smaller blocks in between. Each of these blocks, these smaller ones are modules. In case you're wondering, our favorite color is green. And in order to demonstrate that this is indeed what you would see, I will click on this hyperlink up above and we will now move out of a PowerPoint-based presentation to something a little bit more interactive. There we go. This is the toolbox with a large navigation bar at the top. This bar accompanies you throughout your navigation experience of the toolbox. So you can go back and forth between different modules. Beneath it, we have links to abbreviations simply because I keep forgetting what GIWR stands for. We have a glossary of terms because I keep forgetting what NPV and MPPT stands for. We have an interesting section on training which I will share with you in a short while. We have downloads which allows you to download all the tools separately and all the modules separately or everything together in one go. Right now we only have English versions but by the end of the year we will have French and Spanish versions of the toolbox as well. Contacts if you need to get in touch with us and have very specific questions or happen to spot a mistake. And then a password link. All the tools we use are password protected not because we want to be proprietary and secretive but simply because some users might feel intimidated by Excel. Excel for me personally is the best software in the world or spreadsheet software, let me rather call it that. I like ones and zeros. But not everybody has the same passion and there's a good general fear out there that oh my I made a mistake and in order to avoid this we've protected the sheets and only unprotected the entry cells but you can of course open the spreadsheet up unlock hidden files and really delve into the assumptions, formulas and background data used. Great. And now we go back to our start page. So on our start page scrolling further down here's another way of presenting the modules. This gives you a very quick overview as to the content. So you don't have to click your way into the module itself you can click here and it says that the get informed module provides essential information for agricultural advisors and financial service providers to understand the operating principles of solar power irrigation systems and to differentiate between the individual system components. If you click onto a tool, a module like safeguard water it also describes the tools that are associated to this module. So right now we have nine modules online and a tent is soon to follow the market assessment tool which assist companies in assessing whether there is a market for solar power irrigation systems in a specific country. But still on the start page there are two resources I want to share with you that are supplements and complementary to the toolbox. This is an A0 poster which essentially summarizes the key aspects around solar power irrigation systems. From the planning approach what is evapotranspiration?  To certain preconditions that have to be met you need to have a certain solar resource you need to have a water resource. The management aspects ranging from the installation quality to theft prevention measures we have an overview of the components and how they all link and interact with each other ranging from the solar modules all the way to the irrigation system and we have a section on the economics which essentially is primarily two-fold is the farm profitable, is there sufficient income from the farm to undertake an SPS investment and is an SPS investment the right choice in terms of technology? Possibly a grid-connected pump or even lo and behold a diesel-connected pump a diesel-powered pump might be a better economic choice. So these are freely downloadable and printable on a plotter. We have another similar poster which is a flow diagram looking at your decision-making process when it comes to investing in an SPIS of course starting with your basic conditions on site with your slope, soil type the cropping patterns and the type of crops then moving to your irrigation type and water resource type all the way down to economic viability and when you pass through this little labyrinth you will finally get an idea of whether your SPIS is viable or not if it's not you start at the top again and try and figure out where did I take the wrong route so also a lovely resource and I think in terms of pinning these posters up in company waiting rooms for instance would be a great contribution to the discussion that companies can for instance make to solar pumping. Perfect, I hope you're still with me I want to share with you briefly what a module looks like let's go and for instance take the maintenance module all the modules are in properly formatted PDF versions as well but in terms of the electronic version you receive an introduction and then chapters that are all individually hyperlinked so we want to avoid a lot of scrolling down on small screens so when you click on to information that it's more or less contained on one page and I choose an example where it's on two pages so if I for instance click here and I want to have a look at a tool let's take the maintenance checklist I get to a download page I would click download I would open it and I will have an Excel tool called maintenance checklist now in terms of the types of tools that we have we have these checklists we have templates that can be used for report writing we also have templates that are useful for record keeping a way of example if you have a record sheet of your water infrastructure when it was installed what the water delivery is what type of pump is installed on it have you observed any environmental proxy any indicators of environmental degradation in terms of proxy indicators and all of that on a sheet that can then be periodically completed for instance by a agricultural official in a way one can keep track of the sites installed and the last type of tools are analysis tools with relatively complex formulas in the background in this particular case we have the maintenance tool which looks at some general issues does the farm have the contact details for the technician or other support services yes or no our farm name or other identification marks painted on the back of the sheet of each PV panel still clearly readable etc so you would systematically work your way through these checklist items is the reservoir flushed regularly is the water in the reservoir clear from algae are there leakages etc and this is something a farmer would then do every six months and this way I can observe yes I actually have a very good system now I mentioned earlier the training hyperlink the training link is designed to assist trainers and provide them with materials that they can use during the training sessions so we would for instance have pictures of components and also workmanship and maintenance if I for instance click on here we get a fair amount of pictures of systems that have been damaged this is for instance a controller that has been flooded or we have an example here of how you can actually a very efficient way of protecting your modules from theft we have come up with all kinds of complicated systems and barbed wire and high fencing but one of the best success factors we've come across is the simple spray painting of solar modules on the back side using epoxy paint or something similar that hardens it's nearly impossible to wash off and it reduces the resale value of the module instantly so instantly the module has an owner it is no longer anonymous and becomes less attractive to thieves we have other resource materials that we call display materials these are statistics that are related to SPRS that we found very relevant within a training context for instance I can share this one here with you it shows the changes in female share of economically active population in agriculture essentially per continent Africa, Asia, Western Asia and Latin America and as can be clearly seen the female share is increasing everywhere so if I am a company I should be aware that my customer base will be female and I should actually advise my support and also marketing around catering for these specific needs the future of food security globally will rest with women increasingly so for me that is an important parameter to consider when we discuss large-scale SPIS programs we have to be cognizant of this here's another one I find quite telling it shows the distribution of food losses and waste along the supply chain and if we take sub-Saharan Africa which is where I am from we can see that most losses occur on harvest side and then post-harvest and this harvest element is largely due to a lack of regular irrigation, the impact of drought but also of course the impact of pests etc while the food wastage on consumption level is minor so you go to Europe and you will see that their food wastage and loss is not that far below that of sub-Saharan Africa but their largest proportion is food wastage at consumption level that is essentially when you have all your systems are relatively efficient but you have a population that has no respect for food we also have what we call country case cards and these are case studies that we have collected one from Chile and one from Kenya which looks at a specific scenario and then uses the tools to evaluate that scenario so the case card represents the story and the tools are then related to the data incorporate the data in that story and show you how the tools are used and on that note I will now move to a tool I will go directly to a folder I have here let me see to show you how one of the tools or how a tool would work I am taking one of our flagship tools which is the water requirement tool the rationale behind this is that when a client goes to a solar company the solar company will typically ask how much water is in the borehole and according to that data design the system when in fact the question should be how much water do you need and more often than not people cannot really answer that question so we would typically buy a pump that extracts as much water as possible and that would be a more expensive pump and overexploit the resource so we have a tool based on a number of FAO tools but radically simplified that allows you to assess how much water a specific crop at a specific location would require all of our tools start with a readme sheet that gives you a basic overview of what it is that you are facing and then a number of sub sheets some have calculations integrated into the individual sheet others have an input sheet and then an output sheet that summarizes the data so let's have a look at water requirements geographic data sheet I am using the example of Kenya here are average mean daily temperature and average rainfall for Kenya these are two of the three parameters that are important in terms of a plant's water need how high is the temperature determines the evapotranspiration rate the rainfall determines how much water is available to the plant and then hemisphere the latitude are important in terms of sunshine hours per day so these are the hours that a plant has for photosynthesis and the active time that a plant or a crop has we have hyperlinks inserted for external resources where you can obtain such type of data for your country this is what you would enter you would then go to the crop water requirement sheet which looks a little bit daunting but the basic approach to excel is always start at the top so starting at the top we would say the area measurement unit in Kenya is acre and that acre would then be as it uses a unit throughout it's I think 2.4 acres on a hectare then you determine from the graph below you can see your rainfall data these are the average rainfall pattern of Kenya with a larger rainy season and a smaller rainy season I would now select from the drop down list a tub of crop drop down list is relatively extensive we end with wheat and we start with barley and have lots of crops in between let's take cabbage and in terms of the area of cabbage we intend of so by adding cabbage I immediately get a second graph which shows me the evapotranspiration rate for cabbage per month this is the cubic meter water demand for cabbage in a particular month if I type in the acre one acre I get a third graph which is the water pumping requirement per day the next one is the planting season when do you start planting I will show you a nifty feature around this shortly the average growing time minimum maximum or average depending on the seed type you have some seeds might germinate faster and have a faster growth cycle so you say it has a minimum growing time the irrigation scheme that you use is it drip, is it micro sprinkler is it flood irrigation, is it a traveling gun let's go for drip that's always a good idea drip has a 90% efficiency and you will go for normal spacing you have three to choose from normal double or triple spacing if you are not sure which spacing what is the normal spacing we have put a resource here for you to consider so now instantly you will get this green bar message which says the highest daily irrigation water need per day is 24 cubic meters in the month of June in Kenya the pump utilization rate is 22% the yearly water need is 1900 cubic meters and now you can start planning because observing these green figures and observing the graphs below by changing your planting state you can influence the water requirements so if I would decide no I want to plant closer to the rainy season I went from 24 to 19 cubic meters in the month of May is now the highest month and we have increased our pump utilization rate because the pump can be smaller now than the original 24 cubic meters we had earlier so we can now start optimizing our planting according to the seasons I accept of course that there are other criteria as well in terms of planting you might want to plant when the price or harvest when the price is highest so there are other factors to consider in terms of your geospatial parameters this is a useful tool to use if I change from drip to micro sprinklers I would immediately increase my water demand if I decide to add another crop I would then influence my pump utilization rate pump utilization rate means that this investment works 27% of the time so it's one third, two thirds of your investment stands idle for the rest of the year and that is one reason why solar pumping makes such low economic sense in many instances especially when it comes to crop irrigation but this can change if you for instance plant beans one hectare or one acre at another time now we plant beans very much close to the time that we plant cabbage and immediately our water demand increases but if we decide we want to plant it actually have a second season I still have a high water demand not as high as before and I increase my pump utilization rate and this can essentially then be manipulated and used for planning we have a similar tool for livestock watering it's a little bit simpler because livestock needs water every day so it doesn't have the planning intricacies as crops would have we have a summary sheet which is useful for printing out and sharing with the client or if the client uses it if the farmer uses it to share it with the technology supplier and then we have a sheet on how this tool works there are assumptions in the background related to evapotranspiration rates we use the Blaney-Kridl method which is not as complex as methods that would be used for intricate and much more in-depth design but the idea here is to give users and agriculturalists a sense of the critical parameters that affect water demand great so Janna I have a second tool to share to just breathe through is that good? yes if we can breathe through it as quickly as possible that would be great so we can at least have a few minutes for questions because we are coming to a time yes this is easy this is your payback tool this is when does the investment when do you have a return on investment in this particular case we have an input and an output sheet under input I would have basic assumptions for instance what is the inflation rate what is the fuel price increase do I pay a water levy what is my farm income this you have calculated using the farm analysis tool and how much what proportion of that income do I plan on investing in my water infrastructure so in this particular case 50% you would then add data around your solar powered pump in this particular case we are actually lending some money for purchasing the pump if you have a subsidy you can add the value there we are comparing it with a grid powered irrigation system prices for the system but then of course you have higher operating costs for the grid electricity consumption this you would calculate here which will then automatically give you an idea of the type of CO2 emissions that results from your grid based pumping the grid emission factor can be obtained through another hyperlink similarly if you want to use a diesel pump you have operating expenses and then you can see what is the CO2 emission in kilograms or tons per year for your diesel pump so basic data that you would enter your output sheet summarizes everything your basic assumptions your basic data for your solar pump your basic data for the grid pump and your basic data for the diesel pump it provides you with graphs that give you the accumulated cash flow internal rate of return NPV system lifecycle cost the comparative cash flow over 10 years the average annual water cost so you get an idea what does a cubic meter of water actually cost me that is this is all inclusive so all your interest payments your maintenance services etc would be factored into this and then you get to compare this with your income and across the board with the other technologies so from this graph you can see the green line represents your income it crosses the blue and the grey line almost at the same time year and a half which means the payback for your grid and your diesel pump is after about a year it crosses the orange line the solar line in year four and a half so in year four you would have the payback on your solar system you can also compare the different technologies to each other because here you can observe that in year six and a half your diesel now becomes more expensive than your solar and often because data is hidden when you only take a short planning horizon we have a 25 year graph which then also shows you that at some point in year 19 diesel the diesel cost will have exceeded the income from your farm so from the year 19 your diesel is costing you money and hence you receive an error message up here that says years for payback for diesel no payback and if there are too many data in here and you want to actually reduce some of it you simply select and deselect and you then get only of the data that you require and that's it almost let me jump back here with this perfect thank you so much Robert as one of our attendees noted this is precious information so a very very useful insight and tool and we thank you for taking us so thoroughly through the tool itself so a couple of questions and for those of you who are listening please do enter your questions into the Q&A window if you don't see it it is located in the middle bottom of your screen or if you know you're having a struggle just put it into the chat for now so we have a couple of very practical questions one question comes to us from Morocco one of our listeners is Morocco who has noted that most of the farmers in Morocco use tinkered gas engines guessing what that means is that they've been altered so the question is can you confirm that the use of conventional electric pumps for solar pumping is considered here yes so in the payback tool if you opt to use a normal AC pump on a solar system you would then need an inverter and you would add the cost of that inverter to the pumping technology to the pump okay there hopefully yes go ahead oh sorry so it's variable for that also if you decide no I actually don't want to use diesel I want to use LPG you can simply add the LPG data write LPG instead of diesel and also select LPG for your CO2 emissions and then all the graphs will compare solar to LPG to gas engines fantastic thank you I hope that helps to answer the question it's great that you guys have taken into account obviously the practicalities that are really the reality on the ground the toolbox that is particularly kind of practical is that the posters that you shared which I agree with are truly a great visual way to look at and absorb the information is all of this information available in different sections of the toolbox visually or just in select areas it's we've tried to make the toolbox in such a way that you never get lost so on the start page we have these posters but then under training under display materials and posters you will also find the posters okay fabulous thank you one more practical note so personally for me as an engineer I have to tell you it's an engineering dream to see that there is an Excel spreadsheet with a checklist for operation and maintenance so thank you on behalf of the entire engineering community for thinking of that one of our attendees is also asking are the Excel sheets that you presented can they be used for any project in any country dealing with solar pumping yes absolutely that was a it's nice to have questions that one can answer with a resounding yes essentially the technology is so universal and many of the water aspects we actually understand are also universal can apply universally and that's what we try to incorporate in the tools so if you come across something extremely unique in a country that is not currently accommodated in the tool then we would love to find out about that and see whether we can build this into the tool brilliant so this is going to have to be the last question because we are a time but this is again another question that is very specific so for users that have calculated the need for the volume of water to be supplied per day how do they go then about selecting the type of pump or specific pump that they may be able to install and I'm going to also add to that so please go for it Robert and address that initially we started and analyzing using very specific pump types and models we've moved away from it and started in our system sizing tool giving ranges, recommending ranges of installed PV capacities instead of mentioning specific pump names Reason is two fold the market is developing so fast their new products on the market all the time and secondly that the current front runners in the market are developing their products at a continuous basis so that would imply we would incorporate an element that needs very frequent updating and also would expose us to possibly wrong recommendations or excluding other innovators in the space and that's what we wanted to avoid the recommendation on a pump if you want to find out who in my country is selling pumps we have a tool that a little guide that says okay how many pump manufacturers are there in your country and then you would actually do this small micro assessment open up a telephone book and or do web searches and identify the pump the technology providers you can then use the tools to double check the recommendations that a pump provider then makes so if a pump provider wants to sell you a 2 kilowatt pump and our system sizing tells you it's a 1 kilowatt pump then you have grounds to be suspicious indeed and to build on that actually we shared this earlier in the webinar but you can find a variety of pump examples of pumps that are available on the market in the engineering for change solutions library so combining the tool and the outputs of the tool with also the guide from the energy resources you may be able to select at least a few examples of existing organizations companies that are selling pumps and then have a much better competitive analysis as you look to purchase a pump for your project or program with that I would like to thank you Robert for joining us today we are we are so grateful for this fantastic tour of the tool and excited to use the tool ourselves and certainly share the tool with our community I would like to thank all of you for attending today from all around the world we are thrilled that you were able to join us today please note that the webinar will be recorded and we will share the recording after this for those of you seeking your professional development hours please do submit the form that's available on the professional development page and also in your membership database with the PH code listed on this slide if we didn't address your questions please feel free to email us and look for them accordingly and if you are not a PhD member do sign up so we can send you invitations to upcoming webinars directly to your inbox with that I would like to wish you all a good afternoon, good evening or good morning wherever you may be and we look forward to seeing you on the next engineering for change webinar have a great day, bye bye bye bye


Well, thanks everybody for a really fascinating series of presentations over the last three days. I'm going to start out with some specific things and speakers were all fabulous. Thanks Sarah for really making this workshop a success. Thanks to all of the co directors of the carbon removal initiative for putting the pieces in place and thanks to the steering committee for really assembling a vision that just clicked at least for me, and thanks also to the background team that made this happen, including Jennifer Milne, Bikki Yu, Maxine Lim and Justin Warren, it's gone flawlessly except for my not being aware of who was on and off the screen. You know, when I when I look over what I've seen in the past three days. It's, it's really impressive to me how much progress we're making in this area, and how in the area of technology and policy and finance. We're seeing these real edifices of progress that are doing exactly what we need in terms of of building for the future. There's been a lot of recognition of the fact that we're not on the trajectory that we should be in we need to find a dramatic acceleration. It's really impressive to see the individual pieces, and also the vision of how the pieces fit together, particularly in terms of generating sustainable finance to advance the technologies to learn by doing and to deploy the kind of diverse portfolio solutions that we're eventually going to need. The really compelling aspect of all the presentations is the emphasis on scale. And, you know, when we think about solving the climate challenge we always come back to the problem of scale and how, when you're doing at the level of billions of tons per year, the kinds of philosophies and policy levers that work for scaling software or social media just don't work and we need to be a lot more disciplined, and we need to have a lot longer term vision to deploy the solutions to the climate challenge at scale. One of the things that was interesting to me about the presentations we heard over the last several days is an emphasis on on diverse theories of change, and recognizing that there there is a big gap between aspirations and progress, and that it's only by being nimble and creative, willing to recognize that we need to learn by doing that we're going to have a chance of making the kind of progress and the kind of acceleration that we need in order to change the ambitious climate targets that will make so much difference for future sustainability. So let me close with just three quick thoughts of what my take home messages were. I think that although we have lots of impressive technologies that are that are under development, we really need a lot of work in moving along learning curves to drive down prices to figure out what's going to be socially acceptable and to make sure that the deeply important level of equity in the deployment and access to these technologies for people at all levels of income is going to be available, even though we have a lot of technologies that are increasingly right, there is tremendous need for for more investment in learning and by doing taking an active approach recognizing that a lot of things that look promising today may run into unexpected barriers and a lot of things that are really at nascent stages may turn out to be transformative. I think the most important take home message for me is the critical centrality of the conversation between different stakeholders in in this enterprise between civil society companies, governments, and the academic community. I was inspired by all of the things I learned this week, and I know that I'll be embedding those in my own research programs and I hope that all of you will also have the opportunity to take advantage of this learning as we build build this shared agenda together. Thanks so much for joining us, and I wish everyone the best. Again, I would like to thank all of our speakers from the last three days, I would like to thank our organizing committee, I would like to thank our student note takers, and I would like to thank all of you in the audience that participated and joined us. So thanks again, and have a great rest of your day.


can be easily translated into other languages. Actually, it's a way of coding in which the strings in your theme or plugin can be translated later without modifying the source code. That's the goal of internationalization. And localization is the subsequent process of translating the internationalization code. Usually, internationalization is denoted as I18N. That means there are 18 letters between I and N. And localization is denoted as KELTA-MEN. That means there are 10 letters between L and N. So why you should care about internationalization? This chart is taken from WordPress website a few days back. So in this, you can see that only this chart shows the total number of WordPress installations in the world according to the locales. So here you can see that only 45.7% of the WordPress installations are in English language. That means US English. So more than half of the installations are in language other than English. So that means you should always write translate into code if you want to reach your plugin or theme to a wider audience or a larger concept. So that's the reason we should do internationalization. So we can move to coding. First thing that you need to do is normally when you develop a theme or plugin in WordPress, you should write some header lines, like plugin name, other name, team name, et cetera. So in addition to these lines, you need to add two more lines. That is the text domain and the domain path. Text domain is actually a unique value assigned to each of your strings. And domain path is the path where your translations are saved. Also if you are planning to submit your plugin to the WordPress repository, the plugin slug should match the text domain. Plugging slug is the unique part of your URL that you get once your plugin gets approved in the WordPress repository. In this example, you can see that my plugin, the last URL, my plugin is the slug of this plugin. So the text domain should also be the same. Next thing we need to do is we need to load the translations. We need to write a function to load our translations on loading the plugin. So you can use the load plugin text domain function in WordPress. And you need to pass the text domain, text domain as the first argument and the languages folder as the last argument. So when this languages folder contains all the translations of your plugin. So whenever your plugin is loaded, all the translations will be loaded from this language folder based on the text domain. Similarly, in the case of themes, you need to call the load theme text domain function and it works the same as the plugin. Next thing is WordPress uses the get text libraries and tools for internalization. It's actually a tool used widely in the open source world. And it's used to buy a lot of applications in the world for internalization. We can see some string functions. This is an example of a get text function. All the get text functions start with that underscore. Here you can see that the first function starts with two underscore. And the function contains two arguments. Actually, this means that the first one, first argument is the string that needs to be translated. And the second one is the text domain. It's a text domain. This, actually, this means that the string in the first argument belongs to the text domain, which is the second argument. Normally, if we want to print something in PSP, we would write something like echo the string. But if we write like this, it cannot be translated. In order to translate this, we need to convert it into a get text function. You can see the converted function below, echo and the function and the string. So here, what happens exactly is, if a translation is found for the string in the first argument, then it will echo the translation. If no translations are found, then it will echo the same string. It will output the same string. Also, there is a shortcut for the echo function in get text. It's underscore-y. So normally, we use the underscore-y function instead of the echo function to print strings. And next thing you need to notice, you should never use variables in text domain and strings. Because get text cannot execute or get text cannot get the value of the variable. So you should always use plain text only in the text domain. But in the case of string path, the second example, sometimes we need to output strings like that. So in that case, sorry, sometimes we need to use variables. So in that case, you can use the printer function for the sprinter function in PSP. Next is another function, underscore-n. It's actually used to display strings based on plural or singular. The first argument of the underscore-n function is the singular text. And the second argument is the plural text. So based on the value of the count, it will display either the singular or plural value. Another example of getX function is the underscore-s x function. It's actually used to display content based on the context. So the noun and verb of a verb may be the same in English. But in a different language, it may not be the same. So in that kind of cases, you can use the underscore-x function. Also, as you know, in WordPress, we have an SK function for escaping malformed HTML or script or prevent CSS injection and all. So the SK function in WordPress can be combined with all the getX functions. You should always use the SK function with the getX function. Then your code will be more secure. So I have only explained a few of the getX functions. There are lots of functions. You can get a complete list of getX functions from the WordPress Quotex. So as you have a basic idea of how to write translatable code, we can now move to localization. It's a part where it actually gets translated. So normally there are two kinds of plugins, as you know. The plugins that we create for our personal use or the plugins that we create for our clients. These are all private plugins. Also, there are plugins that we submit to the WordPress repository. It's actually a public plugin. So the localization steps for these two plugins are different. So first we'll look at how to localize a private plugin. So first you need to understand three basic files, port file, PO file, and MO file. You can look into details of these files. The port file actually contains all the strings in your plugin or theme. This is usually generated using I18 rules. There are lots of I18 rules available. The most common one is the make port tool. It's a command-layer utility. Using it, you can generate port file. Also, there is a tool called PO edit, and there are lots of other tools to generate this file. Actually what these tools do is these tools will scan your entire theme or plugin directory, and will extract all the strings in the getX functions. So it will get all the strings in your code. This is a sample port file. Here we can see file names and the strings inside that file. So once you generate a port file, you can share it with a translator. And the translator can enter his translations and save it as a PO file. So for each file, there needs to be a separate PO file. Also, the PO file should be named using the correct locale. Locale means the area code and language. It's a combined code of area and language. For example, ENUS is the locale for US English, American English. EN underscore GB is the locale for British English. So also, the MO file should be named in the format plugins like hyphen, language locale. Here in the example, plugin is the slug and ELUS is the locale. This is a sample PO file for the Malayalam language. Here you can see that the port file and PO file are exactly the same. The only difference is this file contains the translations. Next is the MO file. So this is the actual file that the system reads to get your translations. So we need to convert every PO file to an MO file. The port file and PO file are used to by developers and translators. But the only file used to be the system is the MO file. This file can be generated using a tool called MSGFMT, it's a commanding utility available for both Linux and Windows. And once this file is generated, you can place it in the teams or plugins language folder, which is the folder I have explained in the first slide. So when the plugin is loaded, it will load all the translations from this file. Also, there are many tools available to generate all these three files. The most common one is the PO edit. It's available in a free version and a paid version. Using this PO edit, you can generate port file, PO file, MO file, all the files can be generated. And we can also use WordPress plugins to generate these files, like the most common ones are the local translate, WPML string translations. And there are lots of other plugins. So the advantage of using the plugins is that not only you can generate these PO and MO files, but you can also do all the translations from the WordPress dashboard itself. So if you create an account for your translator, you can log into your WordPress website and do the translations from the WordPress dashboard itself. That's the advantage of using plugins. So that is how you will organize a private plugin. In the case of a public plugin, actually, you don't need to do much. You just confirm that everything is coded correct, like the text domain is defined in the header, as I have explained in the first step, and the load text domain is called correctly. If everything is correct, you can submit it to WordPress and once it is approved, people from all over the world will translate and you can sit back and relax. So actually, this is done by translation contributors. So we can have a look at how these translation contributors work. Actually, the translation contributors in WordPress is called Polyglot's team. They are responsible for ensuring WordPress is available in the sense of language and many more regions. Also, the role of them is to release quality and consistent translations. Currently, WordPress is available in more than 200 locales. Actually, anyone can become a translation contributor. If you know more than one language, you can also become a translation contributor. You just need to sign up at WordPress, you just need to create an account at WordPress.org and you can log in to translate.wordpress.org. Once you log in, you will get a screen like this. Actually, when you take the site itself, you will get a screen like this. Here, all the available locales, that is, the local in which WordPress is available will be displayed. From this, you can choose one local and start contributing to the translations. Or you can search in the search field and do the... So once you select a local from this module, you will get a screen like this. Here, I have selected Malayalam locale. The official code for Malayalam locale is ml underscore ia. Once you select a locale, you will get all the projects inside that locale. For example, here you can see WordPress themes, plugins, et cetera. WordPress is the WordPress core CMS. So here, WordPress is selected, so it will display all the versions of WordPress. So from this, you can select a version and start contributing to that. And also, there are themes and plugins. If you click on themes, you will get access to all the themes in the WordPress repository and you can start contributing, start selecting one of them and start contributing to that. Similarly, it's a case with plugins. You should note that there are more than 54,000 plugins in the WordPress repository and I think more than 31,000 themes are available in the WordPress repository. This is the screen that you get once you have selected a module to translate. Here, I have selected a module of the WordPress core 5.0 version. So once you select a module, you can see that the total number of strings and the untranslated number of strings and the strings that are waiting for approval. Here, we can see that actually there are two columns. The first column contains the strings from the source code, the strings extracted from the source code. And the second column contains the translations contributed by users. So, you can see that one of the editor teams, one of the text is not translated. You can just double click there and a text area will open and you can enter your translations. Once you have entered a translation, you have also become a translation contributor. So, all the translations need to be approved by PTE. PTE means project translation editor. For each plugin or team, there will be a PTE team. So, one of the team members should approve your translations. Also, there is a team called GT. That means global translation editors. They can also approve your global translation editors are actually responsible for a complete module, sorry, complete locate. So, they can also approve your translations. Both GTE team and PTE team can approve your translations. So, once the translations are approved, it will be added to the corresponding module. That's how it works.


My name is Richard Faith. I am a father, a husband, a student, a musician, an athlete. I have a family. I have families to provide for. Their needs are greater than my needs, and so I had to generate greater income. I plateaued in my current field, so I had to retool and find a new career. I have attempted college five times now, and I don't think in any of the other times that I made the attempt that I was mentally ready for the process and not bested where it's now I hit a crossroads and it's time to make a change and pursue education. I am currently enrolled in the social technology program at WCTC. I'm a first year student there. I initially went to college pre-med, so I have a sort of a background and a desire to be in healthcare. The search tech program was the one that gave me the most hands on almost immediately. I could have the most impact the quickest or the shortest route to getting into healthcare and have an impact and do something that would be a good career and have some room for advancement. I've always thought that I was intelligent, but not really had great academic success until I did it right here, and part of that is because of the resources that are available and the instruction that we get from the instructors. My name is Kerry Galecki. I am a WCTC surgical technology program instructor. The surgical technology program is a tough program. We have a lecture portion, and then we have a lab portion where students are actually coming in and doing scales and scales and scales, and then they have to do a big test out portion, which is nerve-wracking and intense, but in order for them to step foot into an operating room, we have to make sure for patient safety that they are ready, and able, and willing, even under those stressful situations, since the operating room can be very stressful. With the smaller classes that we experience at Penn River Colleges, the instruction is more in-depth because the instructor can take more time to deal with this one-on-one and help with the reinforce areas that we're having issues with, but then also because the classes will be smaller, we have more time within our lab settings, regardless of what our program is, that enable us to learn our trade better and learn the instruments and learn the technique, and things are really critical to our success as employees in the workforce. Richard is a student that shows grit. He came into the program not super confident. I thought he was going to be on the game and then found out skills were not his strong suit, and we had to work through them. We spent extra hours together, one-on-one, practice, practice, practice, practice. Practice makes perfect. He is proof of that. He has grown confident. He has persevered. He, in clinical, is successful. And she's there for me, and so that's huge. The college has many resources both on campus and online. We do have an SLL or a science literacy lab on campus, which is dedicated to health care students. There's a learning center on the other side of campus that's for all students that has help in every category. When I was first coming back to school here at WCTC, I wasn't sure what the demographic was going to be from a student body standpoint, and I certainly thought that I might be the old man on campus. But then I rapidly realized I was not necessarily the oldest student in my class or even on campus. So learning that I was capable has then given me the opportunity to continue to want to be successful and continue my education and keep moving forward rather than hitting a brick wall on my own while I'm not supposed to be here and going back to just working my regular job. You see there are many opportunities outside the classroom to grow as a person and as a student. I took advantage of a transcultural health care program in January. We went to Guatemala for 10 days and did some health care intervention type work where we installed water filters and stoves that are more efficient and filters smoke out of the individual's homes so that respiratory health is better. But personally I had a huge growth from that trip and it's sort of changed my life. You know it's added a path that I have going down in addition to my educational process and then taking my older Sunday bottom all the summer and so it's really opened my eyes to some more global awareness and issues that are happening. In my program, surgical technology, we have a club that is called the Scrub Club. This Saturday we're going to walk a breast cancer and all the money we raise is going to that. And that is great because it does force us to realize that there's community that we are involved in even though we don't realize it. My trip also showed me that other areas of the world sometimes community is all that they have and without community we lose a lot of social structure and other happiness. The value that I will bring to my future employer will be proper education and knowing how to do the job that I've been training you effectively. I also have been taught how to have a strong surgical content which is critical for a surgical technologist. And from a personal standpoint this foray into the college process for me has really had me experience tremendous personal growth. I'm not the same person I was two years ago when I got here. I'm probably not even the same person I was at the beginning of this very semester. I have been forced many times to step outside of my comfort zone which is healthy and we learn better that way. The career path that I'm on currently once I'm actually employed in the field as a surgical technologist there will be days where I have cases that I may not have ever had or cases that I may not have had in many months or years that I have to go refresh and relearn the procedure. I probably will always be a lifelong learner at this point knowing how much fun it is to be successful and actually learn new things.