Welcome to the Everton News Daily. Tributes have continued to pour in for Everton Chairman Bill Kenwright who sadly died on Monday night. Roberto Martínez said that his legacy will live on forever at Everton Football Club. Wayne Rooney, Duncan Fergus, Tim Kale, ex-players Michela Tete, all led tribute to the Everton Chairman. Liverpool manateur Jeacon Clough had this to say at his press conference. Obviously a massive heart for the city and a massive heart for Everton. But the message he gave around the Hillsborough thing or the speech he held that time I heard about. They choose the wrong city or the wrong mums. That's a really, really strong message. With all the rivalry especially around the games I don't think we have anything really, any issues with each other left and right of the games. So this just shows how united we are in these moments and that's really big and he found the absolute right words for it. So same here, my condol ends us through the family and I hope they are okay. Nice words from Jeacon Clough there and Andy Bernham who obviously is a master of evertoning and the mayor of Greater Manchester had this to say about Bill Kenwright's passion. It's quite hard if I'm honest tonight because I'm just still processing the news. But Bill, it's just right to remember the person Bill, big hearted person, warm hearted person, somebody who would just try and help people, support people. I saw the care he had for the Hillsborough families when they were going through everything that they went through. So that was Bill Kenwright. Before people think about anything else, that was him, that was the man. Just somebody of warmth, of generosity and somebody who had a deep love for his club. The players and managing team were at Gooderson Park today. Seamus Coleman and Sean Deitch laid a wreath at the statue of Dixie Dean at the park end and then the players who were training at Gooderson Park today. The players and staff undertuck a minute's silence for Bill Kenwright today, paying their respects to the Everton chairman. Seamus Coleman gave his opinion, his feelings on Bill Kenwright. He said, Bill Kenwright was more than a chairman to me, he was a friend. The way he treated me and my family when I first arrived from Ireland was incredible. It meant the world to us and was a massive part of me settling in and having a career with Everton. I know that I am far from being the only player able to say that. The chairman never interfered, very rarely visited the dressing room, but we all knew that he was there if we needed him. And when he did speak to us as a group, we listened because he knew the club as well as anyone. He was inspirational, he was so kind, he loved Everton and his presence will be surely missed. My thoughts and those of my family are with Jenny and the rest of his family at this very sad time. That's from the Everton captain. Everton manager Sean Deitch had his say as well. It's a very sad time for everyone at Everton Football Club to lose our chairman and someone who's been such an amazing servant of the club in many ways. His influence in bringing me to Everton in the first place was important and I have nothing but gratitude and respect for his unwavering support of myself and the support of the staff. It was a pleasure to share the moment of our reaching our objective last season with him, a moment I know he felt so strongly about after such an arduous season on and off the pitch. Deitch goes on to talk about his relationship with him and then finishes off again with beyond his deep love of his family and one of his big passions of course was football. It's something so rare in the modern game especially at the top level to be a boy of Evertonian and then become a chairman of the club. He always believed in Everton and stood by the club even in the toughest of times. He was steadfast until the very end. Like so many I knew him, my heart and my thoughts are with his family at this extremely sad time. Rest in peace chairman. Finally Farad Masheiri, Everton's owner Bill Kenwright, brought to the club and talked about obviously how he became involved in Everton but then finished with on a personal level I will miss no longer hearing his voice at the end of a telephone many times a day talking about players and plotting how the club can do better and better Regardless of the natural unpredictability of our game and the associated ups and downs my friendship with Bill has always remained strong. He was a special soul, a man successful in so many different aspects of life. We will miss him but never forget him. Our thoughts and best wishes go out to his family and friends at this sad time. Rest in peace my friend. That was Farad Masheiri. There is now a book of condolence that has been opened at Everton Football Club that will be available at the park and reception and you can sign that between the hours of ten and four every day. For Bill Kenwright, our chairman who sadly died on Monday night.


Welcome to this 26 lecture, in this we will see quadratic or second order elements. As I mentioned earlier, linear elements may not be good if the field is varying drastically in some regions and if you do not want to use varying very fine mesh of linear elements. Then you can use fewer elements of or coarser mesh of higher order elements to get the same accuracy. So, to start with we will just refresh for linear triangular element, we had seen this expression for b, bx and by where this is not daba az by daba y was this, daba az by daba x was this in one of the earlier in fact lecture 21. This formula was there and then we also see you saw that these are just constant because a1, a2, a3 are the values that you would have got after the FEM solution and q1, q2, q3 and p1, p2, p3 are just you know they depend on only the coordinates of the vertices is it not. So, that means bx and by are constant over element which may not be true in highly non-uniform field right. So, errors will be appreciable. So, then we can go for second order or quadratic formulation. Now, quadratic triangular elements the corresponding approximation is this again now see these are the six, these are the six nodes. Now, the three nodes are as usual 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are at the centers of three sides. Now, there are six nodes. So, there should be six unknowns a bit to F and the corresponding approximation one of the approximation you can have is this a plus bx plus cy dx square plus ex y plus f5 square this is a logical you know approximation that you will make with six constants is it not and then you can actually using the same procedure that we followed for you know linear triangular element. What did we do there using that phi expression there we express phi 1, phi 2, phi 3 and then we eliminated abc by taking inverse is it not and by eliminating abc finally, we got this expression with i goes from 1 to 3 is it not. So, here same thing you can do but now here we will have to invert 6 by 6 matrix to eliminate these constants a to f is it not you will have to invert 6 by 6 matrix which is you know you can see the computational burden is becoming higher. So, that is why there is a simpler method called as area coordinates approach which we will see which does not require you to invert so, what is that approach area coordinates is you know it is it uses area coordinates or natural coordinates as they are defined. So, for example, they are L1, L2, L3 what is L1? It is delta 1 by delta, delta 2 by delta and L3 is delta 3 by delta. Now what is delta 1? Delta 1 is the this is the element so this is 1, 2 and 3 and suppose this is a point P. So, now L1 is delta 1 by delta, L1 is equal to delta 1 by delta, delta is the area of the whole triangle 1, 2, 3, delta 1 is area of P23. So, area of P23 divided by area of 1, 2, 3 is L1. So, that is what is so area of the triangle formed by P23 is delta 1, delta 2 is area of P31. I can see here it is P31 because it is not written as P13 because then the area will become negative. Generally, when you calculate the area you have to always take the 3 nodes in anticlockwise fashion. Similarly, delta 3 area of triangle P12. What is the property delta 1 plus delta 2 plus delta 3 is equal to delta? Is it not obvious? Because L1 will be function of this, this divided by total, L2 will be this area divided by total, L3 will be 1, 2, P divided by total. So, addition of all this L1, L2, L3 will be delta 1 plus delta 2 plus delta 3 by delta which will be 1. So, that is why this is 1. And in fact, for linear triangular elements we had again seen this expression many times now. Is it not? N1 is this for linear triangular element. Now, if you take 2 here, 1 upon 2 times this, this is the nothing but the area of the triangle P23.  Is it not? So, will be this. So, if you take this 2 inside, this is nothing but the area of triangle subtended by P which is xy and 23. And then that is, that is why it is delta P23 divided by delta. So, it is L1. So, that is why for linear triangular element, L1 is equal to N1. So, that means we need not, at that time when we saw the procedure, we need not have inverted that 3 by 3 matrix to eliminate ABC. We could have directly used this property and got that. But since we had not seen that this general theory of natural coordinates, we did not use it there. And I wanted you to understand general procedure of FEM. So, that is why we went by inversion there. But here, we can directly get N1 by just calculating, you know, this is the ratio of two triangular areas. Is it not? Similarly, you will have N2 and N3. So, that is why for linear triangular element, we know Ni xy, that means any N either at 1, 2 or 3 will be given by this ai1 plus ai2 L2 plus ai3 L3. So, for i equal to 1, that is node 1, a11 will be 1 because N1 is equal to L1, is it not? i is equal to 2, N2 will be equal to L2. So, that is why this should be 1, this should be 0. Similarly, for N3, so for linear triangular element, then you are, so this is a generalized expression for any Ni. So, Ni will be in general function of L1, L2, L3. But for linear triangular element N1 is equal to L1, N2 is equal to only L2 and N3 will be equal to only L3. So, correspondingly those coefficients will have value. Now, having understood this, for quadratic element, we will just extend, earlier Ni was function of only these three terms, is it not? Now, it is a quadratic element. So, you need to have six coefficients. So, that is why now ai4, ai5, ai6 and now instead of here, here it was only L1, L2, L3. So, what is natural to have L1, L2, L2, L3 and L1, L3? So, now Ni is function of not only L1, L2, L3 as linear function, but also their products. Now, what are the unknowns here? All these coefficients ai1, ai2, ai3 like that, these are all unknowns. And remember this is at every node, there are six unknowns because this is i equal to 1. So, for node number 1, there will be a1 to a6. For node number 2, there will be a1 to a6. And those you have to evaluate at node 1, this we have already seen at node 1, L1 is 1, L2 and L3 are 0. Similarly, these two, at node 4, L1 and L2 is 0.5, L3 is 0. Is it not? Because L1, L2, L3, L3 are 0. See here, L2, L2 at node 4, what we are calculating is, this is marked L2, we are calculating at node 4. So, L2 at node 4 means this will be delta 4, 1, 3, is it not? And divided by the whole area. So, this area is half of this whole area. So, that is why it is 0.5. Similarly, you can calculate all the rest of the coefficient. Now, what we have calculated, these are the values of L1, L2, L3 at all the nodes we have calculated. Now, we will use this in calculating those six coefficients for every node. Because for every node, we have to determine the six coefficients. So, we need six equations or six conditions. N1 is equal to 1 at node number 1 and it is 0 at all other nodes. Is it not? So, that is why N1 is 0 at all the remaining five nodes. N1 is 1 only at node number 1. So, what we do is, now we substitute in this expression. N1 is 1 at node number 1. We will substitute N1 at node number 1's coordinates. And at that coordinates, we know what are the values of this L1, L2, L3. We know those because we have evaluated those here. So, L1, L2, L3, we know at every node. Is it not? So, we can simply substitute in this expression. So, for example, N1 is at node 1 is 1. So, here at node 1, only L1 is non-zero and that is 1. All L2 and L3 are 0. So, all these terms will go down to 0. Is it not? Because L2, L3, either L2 or L3 is there in all these remaining five terms except this first term. So, that is why you will get 1 as A11 into 1, rest everything will be 0. So, you get A11 is equal to 1. Similarly, this for the other two, you will get A12 and A13 as 0. Then, let us take one of these examples. Now, at node 4, we know at node 4, N1 is 0 by definition of same function and property of shape function. Now, at node 4, we have to substitute all these values of L1 to L3. So, at node 4, L1 and L2 is 0.5, L3 is 0. So, L1 and L2 is 0.5 and L3 is 0. So, that is why here 0.5 and 0.5 come and then here it is L3 is 0. Here it is L1, L2. L1, L2 at node number 4 is 0.5, 0.5 and rest again is 0. So, again you know you get the simple expression and now A1 is known already calculated. So, A12 and this is also known. So, A14 becomes minus 3. Likewise, you know you get the remaining two terms also, two coefficients. So, now by substituting the values of all these A1, A6 for N1 in this equation 4. Now, we know all these AIs for node 1.  So, after some simplification, you get and substituting L2 plus L3 as 1 minus L1 because L1 plus L2 plus L3 is 1. So, then finally you get N1 as this. So, just see the difference for linear element N1 was just equal to L1, but for quadratic element N1 is L1 times twice L1 minus 1. So, now we can likewise we can obtain expressions for other shape functions. So, all these NIs for 1, 2, 3 will be this, we will get similar and N4, N5, N6 you will get like this 4L1, L2, 4L2, L3, 4L1, L3. This you can verify by the same procedure that was explained earlier. So, now we go further. Now, we suppose we want to solve this Poisson's equation in magneto-stratics del square i equal to minus mu j and then as we have discussed earlier j should not be associated with mu should not be associated with j because mu can vary in the geometry. So, we bring mu on the other side associated with del square. So, that when we integrate depending upon which element we are in corresponding mu we will take for that element. So, now this is Cij, this expression also we have seen earlier is it not. This is nothing but del ni dot del nj, that expression is this. So, the element coefficient matrix is will be 6 by 6 matrix with this corresponding expression as this. And then the bi the right hand side matrix which is source again you will get j integrated over that element area ni ds. Now, we will see later to be put in a later slide. We will see that here earlier when it was a linear element we what did we do we apportioned j equally to the 3 nodes as j delta by 3 is it not. Here also we will get that but that j gets apportioned equally to not the you know 1, 2, 3 but to the middle nodes. So, bi is equal to j delta by 3 for nodes 4, 5 and 6 and it is 0 for nodes 1, 2, 3. Why we will see later. So, now C e is a symmetric matrix given by Cij e this that means this is a element level matrix now right. And this will be 6 by 6 matrix is it not this will be 6 by 6 matrix. So, the you know Cij in general is given by this expression now C11 is this which is same as earlier. Now this C11 for linear triangular element also was identical this was the same. But C12 is different C12 that means octagonal elements are different. So, C12 is this C15 is 0 because again C15 C26 and C34 are 0 why because there is no connection remember 1, 5, 2, 6 and 3, 4 there is no connection is it not. So, then you how do we get this now here I have given one book reference this book is basically finite element method in electromagnetic this is for high frequency electromagnetic mostly but if you want to verify the you know this coefficient values and expressions you can you know refer this book and some of these you know coefficients I have already been derived which we will see in the next lecture. So, you know all this do not get worried about this expressions because this is one time effort is it not if you do coding and this all these coefficients are known PIs and QIs. So, now we will see derivation of some of these coefficient that we have seen in the previous slide for example, this we know now Cij is this C11 will be simply i and j replaced by 11. So, this is this will be the C11 right now N1 we have derived N1 is L1 times twice L1 minus 1 right and what is L1 it is the area of 2 point P 23 divided by the total area right. So, that is L1 and we had already seen that Li expression is this Li expression is this for example, L1 is here it will be A1, P1, Q1 and then P1 and Q1 as usual though these are the over the state this we have seen number of times is it not. So, if you substitute further capital N1 is twice L1 square minus L1. So, now L1 is this bracketed term square minus 1 upon 2 delta. So, L1 is this bracketed term again L1 right. So, in equation 1 the term dA by N1 by dA by X is related by taking the first derivative of equation 5 right. So, we have to just take dA by when you are talking of first derivative you just take a derivative of this and then you will get this expression by delta square. So, this whole thing is d by dx of this as a minus derivative of this term with respect to X will be simply P1 upon 2 delta right and then now you can substitute resubstitute this because this is nothing but twice delta L1 because L1 is L1 is this. So, since you are getting the same term we can resubstitute those terms and we get this and finally we get this simplified expression right. So, then del dA by N1 by dA by X into dA by N1 by dA by X is equal to you know the product of these two terms right and then you get this. Similarly, you can calculate dA by N1 by dA by Y into dA by N1 by dA by Y instead of P1 you will have now Q1 that is the only difference here they will be all these are all P1 because that was you know P1 was higher multiplied by X. So, in derivative you will have P1 then you are taking now with respect to Y only Q1 will come right. So, here you have expressions with only Q1 and then you get this as dA by N1 by dA by Y into dA by N1 by dA by Y as this. So, now C11 is equal to this total sum of these two terms that we have calculated. So, now each of those two terms are having three three terms. So, that is why you have now six terms and now we use this integration formula which we have seen earlier dX dY integration with respect to dX dY. So, again it will be this formula which we have seen earlier and now actually if you for each of these terms if you use this formula everywhere you will get you know formula this is 4 P1 square L 1 square right. So, L 1 square means m is L is 2 is it not and that actually is substitute here. So, 2 factorial and m and n are 0. So, 0 factorial 0 factorial 0 factorial 0 factorial is 1. So, that is why you get only 2 factorial here and then L is 2 m is 0. So, 2 plus 2 4 factorial ok. So, likewise you can calculate all the terms you know by some using this formula and then you simplify you will get you know four terms they get cancelled and C11 just reduces to this. So, I think we will stop here and continue next time.


One play for all the marbles for all the marbles boys one play one play for everything here Let's go man off my field man. Oh Those third down So boys in this game I play spamming buttons who was in Madden Bowl last year and as emerges one of the top comp money game Tournament players on the scene in the last year So make sure you're on a lookout for him you guys can watch me play every single night Twitch.tv slash dub dot that link is below, but let's take out check out the team that we're using right now in mud I'm gonna switch to New Orleans playbook go back to the tight offset any of you guys that watch me play Oh geez to the channel know that I dominated with that formation for a lot of years. This is the defense I'll be honest. My defense is offensive. We got the Badger Jamal Adams Jair Alexander sweat cocks chase young Jalen Ramsey Dion Sanders all these guys have acrobat. We have Bogo on my d-line doesn't work Stonewall and secure tackle on Jamal Adams. I actually have landing Collins to a secure tackle Just try to make some tackles boys offense. We're gonna be running that tight offset We're gonna have four wide receivers and the Shawn Jackson Devante Smith Tyree kill Lance all worth all worth and Smith have a route tech We have Christian McCaffrey and Derek Henry McCaffrey has catching abilities Henry got running people over abilities And we're gonna lean on Josh Allen to go ahead and rock the offense rock There's no one was just my first time back in tight offset in about Two years now, so let's get into this game. King of mud. Do y'all like him? Does anybody like King of mud get your bets in he might be cracked King of mud might be cracked He looks cracked. I'll be honest. He looks cracked. He's got good abilities Good players good abilities. He might be cracked. I have always told y'all this boys That people that wear Eagles jerseys are normally sheep. I Have always always told y'all that He does have good abilities. I'll tell you that here we go We might be held hold up. Okay, Adderley Just I feel like you can't I feel like you can't you can't Can't be in the line this year. It's like it's too hard to be in the line Like your lurk can't be mugging alignment. You can't do it, bro It is through the beast. Oh my god. How are we not in right there? It's just like we're just getting mauled man Oh landing. There it is. There is Stonewall.   Give me a fumble right here, man I mean, bro, I'll bump it into people. Oh my god. Thank you, man. Somebody fight get home.  I get more frustrated when people have all day than when they just dot my But if I make a tackle on the goal line at a loss We're in we're in a better spot than we are now, bro I'll just block him to have a way for me, man. You pushed him right to me. You tried it great You great run defense right there. That's what a guy right This thick W. Let's go man. Let's go badger I mean, bro. All right.  I gotta let the computer do that. That's secure tackler That's a fourth and four. I just beast. Oh, I gotta let the computer hit him. Oh, that's perfect That's exactly what I want exactly what I want.   I gotta get corner out I gotta get now he's on the 21-yard line if he throws a corner out to the short side trips from the 21-yard line. The game is awful. I'll tell you that right now I just it's just broken. You can't flip the tackle. You literally can't flip the ball. You can't I'm fine with whatever he runs, but I he I can't flip you feel me. I'm going back, right? I'm going back right. Yeah, you can't flip humble One play for all the marbles for all the marbles boys one play one play for everything here Let's go man off my field man. Oh Those dirt down he might run if he runs he's Scream let's go man.  That's all I got for y'all. That's that's all I got for y'all, bro GG's bro. GG's


People look at stories through different lenses. I have my own take on some of these trending issues. Hi, I'm Mariah Ram-Harak and welcome to In Case You Missed It. The big big question, do you see yourself one day representing the West Indies women's teams? Definitely. I've taken into consideration my accomplishments in this short time, like a year and something. I've been playing crickets seriously. I think I have the ability to make West Indies in the future. Hi, my name is Brianna Haritran and I'll be on In Case You Missed It on SportsMax this week.


Okay, in this segment what we're going to be doing is we're going to be looking at systems involving conduction where there is heat generation within the solid. And to begin with what I'm going to do is review the heat equation or the heat diffusion equation. So that there is the heat diffusion equation that we derived in an earlier lecture. And what we're going to do that will be the starting point that we will examine systems with heat generation within them when we look at conduction. But I'm also going to write out the other forms of the heat equation that apply to other coordinate systems because depending upon the problem sometimes the starting point would be either the heat diffusion equation in cylindrical or in spherical coordinates. So there is the heat diffusion equation expressed in cylindrical coordinates. And what I have done here is I've introduced a new symbol and this is one that we will find quite often with transient conduction and that is the thermal diffusivity. And it has the symbol alpha and it is defined as being our thermal conductivity of the solid divided by the density of the solid and the specific heat capacity of the solid. So that is the thermal diffusivity. We put it into the equation as 1 over alpha. And then finally looking at the heat equation in spherical coordinates. Okay, so that is the heat diffusion equation in three different coordinate systems. That's a partial differential equation and consequently in order to solve it we either use numerical methods or we reduce it significantly and solve it analytically. But that will be the starting point by which we will be looking at heat generation systems. So when we're talking about heat generation or heat source systems. So when we have heat source systems looking back at our equation, the heat equation, the place where we have the heat generation is the q dot over k term. And consequently for heat source systems or heat generation systems, q dot is not zero but it exists. So that is the heat generation rate. And the units for that are typically expressed in watts per meter cubed in Si. And the source of that internal generation could be from a number of different sources. It could be from a nuclear process. It could be from a chemical reaction. And the heat generation rate could be either positive or negative. So it could be an exo or an endothermic reaction. Electrical resistance heating or dual heating. And there could be others and I will just leave that as etc. So any any kind of process that exists where you have this generation, you need to address that in the way that we address it is through this q dot term. So what we are going to do now is we are going to work an example problem that considers a system with heat generation in a slab. And so that's what we'll be doing in the next segment. And then we'll plug in some values and take a look at what it looks like to see if it makes sense. But the place where we're going to start looking back here, we will start with a heat diffusion equation. Given that we're looking at a slab, we're going to be dealing with the one in rectangular coordinates. So that's where we're going in the next segment.


Okay, you're gonna be quiet now. I know we're going to bed soon, but I have to film this video. Thank you Here I am again setting a new goal creating a new habit so far. I have a financial goal Self-improvement goal and now I will add another one a fitness goal Calisthenics before you come at me and remind me that I failed at this experiment or this project a while back Let me say this when I first had the idea to start calisthenics I had a lot of things on my plate to be honest way too many main issue Was that I didn't have enough time to spend on this project that was working on so many different things One of which was my green card with that being said learn from my mistakes. That's Falco and he wants out Good boy Sorry about that. Um Yes, we taught him to ring the bell whenever he has to go pee so that was that where was I oh, yeah Learn from my mistakes. Um, whatever you want in life Whatever you want to achieve in life needs your full attention Side projects most of the time don't come to fruition now that I have That I have a very clear vision of what I where I want to be in the realm of calisthenics I can attack this project with full force This video is gonna be a lot of fun to edit as you guys know There are a lot of people on YouTube that already show off their amazing skills and strength and body weight exercises And I'm super motivated to get even close to where they are, you know within the next couple months Mind you, I am well aware of my current capabilities and also my weaknesses Which I have to you know strengthen and work on I did a lot of research gathered a lot of information As some of my amazing friends were really good at calisthenics on how to actually get started and what the best way You know would be for me to get into this game One important thing that I wanted to know was recovery and frequency because when you train for hypertrophy, you know exactly Okay, I'm gonna hit whatever legs on Monday Then do another body part on Tuesday and then maybe legs hit on Thursday again So you split it up the entire week, but with body weights and compound movements I wasn't too sure about that my conclusion was to focus on the main exercises that are basically in every single compound move To just strengthen and build a strong foundation. Here's what I did so far I focused on push-ups pull-ups or body rows dips planks v-holds and Stretching why did I add stretching because I am not flexible enough to do certain things? For example to get into a handstand from just being on the ground because Those people just have their legs like really close to their body and then it just get up I'm probably right here right now. So I really want to get to this position.  How is that gonna work? I'm gonna document every single rep that I'm gonna do for the entire week Add all of them up and then by the next week. I need to do more. So here the numbers for the first week I did 424 push-ups 235 body rows 14 minutes of v-holds 16 minutes of planks 142 dips and 35 minutes of stretching to my surprise I was only sore for the first two days Which was great because that allowed me to work out every single day for the the past week Which obviously pumped up my numbers my body adjusted really fast to the new workout which I was very happy about because I thought I'm gonna you know be extremely sore and won't be able to work out for a couple days So I worked out every single day in this apartment. I didn't have a gym So all I did was push-ups the planks the V ups the Rows and the dips that's all I did But yeah, I wanted to establish a really great foundation So I can basically build up and improve and increase the the the workload and the Difficulty of each exercise for example for the pull-ups Since I don't have a pull-up bar in this apartment. I'm gonna start with the the body rows So I'm just gonna do Australian pull-ups or body rows I just call them body rows and then as soon as I have my pull-up bar I'm gonna move on to pull-ups and then even high pull-ups and then last but not least a muscle up So that's my progression and I want to get better at that step by step But again, I need to start and you know perform the body rows first so my body knows okay That's that's a solid position I can hold that and that's good And then I move on to the next one same thing with the push-ups I'm gonna start with regular push-ups although I have to say I already Moved my hand position a little bit closer to my hip because I know for the plan which is the future goal I know it's it's far away, but that future goal. I need to be able to bring my hands really close to my hip Puts a lot more stress on the shoulders, but I already started that it's really difficult for me right now To just bring a really like far back I can probably do like two or three, but I didn't want to push my body too much to the point where I'm actually So sore that I need to stop for a couple days My idea is to slowly increase the repetitions and the intensity so my body can Adapt while I increase the workloads so I don't have to stop and take a day off dips are so far my favorite exercise I don't know why probably because they're the most difficult for me at the at the moment And I love a big challenge But I have the most fun working on dips because I see the the progress very fast I started with a couple like seven eight like solid ones like lock it out all the way down And I also focus on the execution So I do it slower and I try not to just like wrap him up really fast for dips for now I just want to increase my numbers. I want to go up to 25 30 40 50 dips even and then after that I will probably increase by adding some weight my abs are currently my weakness even though They don't look too shabby. They're not or my abs are not strong enough to support me in Basically, I would say like 70% of the exercises that I want to do a human flag a planche a Front lever a back lever like all these exercises I want to I want to perform but I tried them and It hurts so my core is just not strong enough to hold my body up instead of doing Crunches, which is like a different exercise I want to train my abs in the position that I need them for all the exercises that I want to perform and I've already seen I'm almost done, baby. Do you want a kiss? Come here a kiss Thank you. I need five more minutes. Okay. I need five more minutes. Yeah I've seen great progress already with my planks and with my v-holds I also had to adjust my v-hold because I realized I had some back issues Which indicates a weak core? So I just brought my knees a little bit back have you know bent knees and just hold that for as long as I can Hip is rotated in and then I just squeeze as hard as I can I know for this video. I didn't have too much b-roll of me working out, but in this apartment. It's kind of Busy right now because we're moving so the entire apartment is filled with boxes, but we're moving in one week So I'll I will do my best to record the next week in here because that will be the last week in the apartment To really showcase how I train and I obviously want to document every single step So I see the progress because I think there will be a big progress within a couple weeks I'll see you in the next video. Falco. Come on. Let's go to bed Falco says bye to you say bye All right, hey, it's better


There are four main types of ribonucleotides present in the cells and it depends upon the types of nitrogenous bases present in a ribonucleotide. You know the structure of a ribonucleotide. There are three components. One is pentose sugar, ribose sugar. The other one is phosphoric acid and the third one is nitrogenous base. The two components that is phosphoric acid and ribose sugar they are same in all the ribonucleotides and the only difference is in the nitrogenous base. So as you know there are four types of nitrogenous bases present in a ribonucleotide. One nitrogenous base is present in one ribonucleotide but overall there are four types of ribonucleotides. So there are four types of nucleotides which are present in a ribonucleic acid. These four types they depend on the type of nitrogenous base. As you can see this colored portion this colored portion is a nucleoside. You know this is a nucleoside because a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base they both when they both combine they make a nucleoside and here a nitrogenous base is adenine. So this nucleoside is adenosine and when to this adenosine our phosphoric acid is attached it becomes a nucleotide. So this adenosine becomes adenylate. Let's move to the second type of ribonucleotide present in the nucleoside. Here it is guanine. So in this colored portion a guanine joins with the pentose sugar and they make a guanosine and when to this guanosine a phosphoric acid is attached it make a guanilate. So next here are two other types of ribonucleotides. Again the colored portion this colored portion is a uridine because the nitrogenous base present here this is uracil. So to this uridine one phosphoric acid group is attached and it becomes uridylate. This is third type of ribonucleotide present in the nucleoside. The fourth and the last type of ribonucleotide is cytidylate. In our cytidylate the nitrogenous base is cytosine and this pentose sugar and this phosphoric acid is present. So when a cytosine attaches with pentose sugar it make cytidine. And when to this cytidine a phosphoric acid is attached a complete nucleotide that is cytidylate is formed. So these four types of ribonucleotides are present in the ribonucleotides. How these ribonucleotides are joined together because I said ribonucleic acid is a polymeric compound. So many ribonucleotides join together to make a molecule. So here you can see this is one ribonucleotide and this is second ribonucleotide. So in this ribonucleotide one phosphoric acid is attached to its five carbon and this attachment is through ester linkage. So the hydroxyl group present here in this phosphoric acid it attacks to the hydroxyl group present on the pentose of next ribonucleotide. So in this way a condensation reaction takes place here a water molecule is removed and here you can see these two ribonucleotides they join together and they make a dinucleotide in which these two nucleotides are linked together through phosphodiester linkage. Why this is called phosphodiester linkage because here one phosphate group is present and this phosphate group it is linked with one pentose with the ester linkage and the second ester linkage is present here. So all this is one phosphate and two esters so it is called phosphodiester. So in this way polymeric compound consisting of many ribonucleotides are formed. So in this way many ribonucleotides they join together and they make a polymeric chain which is called a polyribonucleotide or a ribonucleic acid.


Maybe we will just give you a few numbers. So 4.54 billion years. It's how old the earth is Does anyone know the significance of this number 200,000 years? Not quite that probably came before 200,000 years Shout it out if you know Yeah, that's right. I heard that somewhere. This is how long the modern human has been around right and does anyone know the Significance of this number 100,000 years Hang on. It's it's little relevant to what we are Yeah, so we've been using voice as a means of communication for 100,000 years right Which is weird because we've been using voice as a means of communication for so long yet It has taken our personal computing and how we interact with personal computing this long to actually, you know be voice-enabled right, so if you really chart How we have interacted with personal tech and personal computing from sometimes the mid 70s We started off with very basic character mode think of it as Extremely primitive versions of terminal that a lot of developers use nowadays you had like this tiny monitor Which was black and white with like use You know squiggly lines you typed out things It wasn't it was the best user interface, but it was what was there back then Sometime ten years after that in the mid 80s Of course you move to the graphical user interface Era where a lot of companies started operating systems that were graphical in nature, right? So you could see files you could see a word document you could see like an excel spreadsheet Of course, they were very primitive back then and just interacting I mean, I don't know how many people here use computers in like the early 90s like when I first used Windows 95 I found it so difficult to actually move a mouse and drag like a you know like a file or even while playing solitaire It was really difficult to drag like a card because I just wasn't used to that sort of way to interact with computer Of course things progressed and in the mid 90s was the era of the web I was one of those people who use Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer back in the day We had really really basic HTML websites with blinking text and mark we text that moved across the screen And of course now it's a it's a lot more advanced right and but we still use the web In the mid 2000s, of course came the mobile revolution something that we're all familiar with here in India We might have it might have skipped the web and the GUI and desktop era kind of skipped India as such If you look at it from a popular point of view, but we really felt the mobile era here We we moved from very basic, you know, like handheld You know tiny Nokia phones with like very clunky keypads To the advanced sort of smartphones that we have today and even that if you remember surfing the web Like maybe a few years ago you had to I mean websites weren't really responsive So you have to like zoom in like multiple times to click on a link and You know, but then we Yeah, you have to zoom in like multiple times to actually click on a link and they weren't really they weren't optimized for mobile But then it was people like y'all like designers and coders and people who really worked on You know mobile web who kind of figured out, okay, we have to make these things Responsive right they have to look native to a mobile phone. So that's how you know, we have come to this stage If you can see almost every 10 years there's sort of been a shift in how we have interacted with tech So sometime in the mid 2010s is around now. It again shifted to the era of the voice user interface So we've been using voice as a means of communication for a while, but it's taken personal computing this long To actually come there are a variety of reasons why this has happened One and I can't stress this enough, but I think voice is the most natural way the easiest way to communicate But earlier it wasn't very easy to kind of do this, right? You had systems that could process maybe tens of words to then hundreds of words But just to make something as simple as like say a dinner dinner reservation You you need like extremely good computing power. You also need a lot of data You know to really process what the users trying to say and right now we are at the stage where we have that data We have that computing part. So it's a sort of perfect sound really, right? So voice really represents the next major disruption in computing We are in Bangalore, which is sort of the Silicon Valley of India The lot of startups here in Bangalore, you know most of the for those of you who might not know There are a lot of unicorns unicorn companies actually started here right here in Bangalore and we we hear this word a lot but I think in this case it's true that voice is the next major phase in disruption because It's one of those things we see where voice is everywhere and since it's such a natural way to communicate It's something that we'll be doing a lot more in the next few years Now Hey, I must start off by saying I'm pretty honored to share the stage with Mr. Alan Cooper and he If you saw his talk earlier today, he spoke about working backwards, right? And I think it was a fantastic talk Coincidentally Amazon has this philosophy of working backwards, right where we essentially we kind of apply the same principles that Alan spoke about and It was with that idea, you know, so how many here use a Kindle? I use a Kindle a lot. I think it's a great device That's awesome and essentially we had this idea of having like this device That could allow you to access any book in the world within a minute, right? You could instantly download any book anyone in the world had an internet connection in less than a minute That was the idea and we sort of work backwards towards that idea like Alan said We you know we we didn't think of like constraints basically thought if everything was magically possible what what would be like an ideal sort of device and Obviously that meant you know looking into publishing looking into hardware, but it was with that principle We actually came up with the Kindle similarly we saw this Disruption happen this disruption this phase this shift towards moving to voice and our idea was to have a device that would be like the Star Trek computer the computer in Star Trek, right? Basically, it's everywhere. You can get things done by just talking to it I think for the millennials in the crowd may be Javas from Iron Man or Avengers is probably a better example But that's what we really wanted to do, right? And it was with that idea. We came up with Amazon Alexa and Amazon Echo That's Cross-section of sorts of the device. So let me quickly talk to you about the hardware itself not not doing too much for product pitch, but The the the cool part about the device. I mean it has a great speaker blah blah blah But also I think the very cool part is it has a microphone array of seven microphones right at the top Right and this enables this thing called far field recognition So there was a lot of tech earlier that you know tried something like this But the thing that was very difficult to pull off was far field recognition where you can actually Recognize or listen to someone talk from across a crowded room Even if people are talking in the room, even if there's music playing in the room, right? And this is possible with seven really powerful microphones that you see at the top of the device Cool Now when you when you sort of buy a mobile phone, right? It comes capable It comes it has to your capability right you can I know send SMS you can take photos You can you have a calculator and alarm clock You can even make phone calls something I do think to me must do nowadays But it comes with few of these built-in things But the first thing you do when you buy a new phone is to obviously download apps you get WhatsApp You get all our Uber clear trip whatever Similarly with the Alexa device there are a lot of things that can do on its own You can ask at the time the weather you can have like social conversations with it lists reminders get the news play music But you can also extend its capabilities or really enhance its capabilities by using these things called skills basically their analogous to apps and phones and Right now Alexa launched in India. I think couple of weeks ago officially and there are tons of skills available I think the number in India is specifically 12,000. So yeah, do go check it out So now I've spoken to you a little bit about Alexa. I've used the word echo. Let me just make the distinction very clear When I when I say echo or Amazon echo, I mean the hardware device in itself Alexa is essentially the cloud service that really pass all these devices So I'll probably use them interchangeably But essentially what Alexa is is it's a really powerful cloud service that does some things like, you know speech recognition and natural language understanding and there's a huge machine learning component built into it Right and I'll talk to you about some of those things. It's essentially supported by two really powerful frameworks If the first one is called the Alexa skills kit, which is essentially say you have some content, right? Or you have a service. Maybe it's an app or a website and you want to bring that content Into like an Amazon echo right or you want to bring that to a user through voice enabled You have to use the Alexa skills kit There's also another framework called the Alexa voice service Which is essentially if you have a hardware device anything with the speaker or a microphone You can bring the capabilities of Alexa to that hardware device So maybe you're built like a smart toy or maybe you're built something cool on your Raspberry Pi And you want it to be voice enabled. You can use the Alexa voice service to really Make it voice enabled Yeah, yeah, all of this is absolutely free to So I'll be talking to you a little bit about how you can actually build skills, right? A little bit about the tech and also how voice design plays like the most crucial role in actually building skills for Alexa So let's talk a little bit about actually building for voice with Alexa So this is the sort of typical interaction diagram for a user right here to talk to an Alexa device now Most of the magic as such happens in the Alexa cloud the hardware itself does just two things Right the couple of things that it does is the first one is wake word detection and the second is beam-forming So what wake word detection is is essentially your device is not continually listening to everything you say and recording Because that would really shoot your internet bills up. You really don't want that happening So it listens for this thing called the wake word which in this case is Alexa Right and only once a user says something like Alexa will it start listening to what the user says and then it knows Okay, now is when I know when I need to process what the users say Once it's listened to the wake word and it hears the wake word It essentially does this pretty cool thing called beam-forming where it detects the source of the sound Right and this is pretty much what enables far field recognition Since there's a circular array of microphones It's able to do noise cancellation on the other sides Apart from where the sound is coming from so that it can pick up the sound from across the room So this is all this pretty much all the hardware device does It listens to what the user says after the wake word and then it just sends that to the cloud and in the cloud is Where all the cool things happen If I have to really divide what happens in the Alexa cloud it's a couple of things the first one's called Automate automated speech recognition which essentially is speech to text, but it's slightly more complex and that right So for instance if I were to say a phrase like 40 times you can see that 40 times Those are the phoneme the units of sound for the phrase 40 times Right a user could have meant something like 40 times doing something the number 40 times The user could have meant something like 40 times reference to child drinking time.  It's very difficult to sort of Kind of realize what the user is trying to say what Alexa does is Accurately figure out this by using a bunch of different things one is of course as a designer You have to sort of provide like training data for this to happen, right? So maybe Maybe your skill just needs a number of times something has to be done So you sort of provide that as training data and then thanks to the sort of machine learning That's kind of inbuilt Alexa knows okay the training data says that The skill needs a number of times. So it's probably 40 times It may be a skill has something to do with ordering tea and coffee Right and you're providing that training data. So then Alexa knows okay. It's probably for tea times You know the user wants some time. Yeah. Yeah, so yeah So his question was why do why why does he have to provide the information as a designer or a developer?  That's difficult for you That's something you're developing, right? So you have to sort of provide the training data of the things that a user might say To interact with your skill and then that's how the speech to text happens rather accurate Okay So once that's done once Alexa sort of figured out the speech and converted that to text it's really up to Again the cloud to sort of convert that text into an intent right, so now I'm going little technical here, but Natural language understanding which is basically Understanding what a human is saying and converting that into structured data is is like the sort of key, you know to To having like conversational you are right If I have to draw an analogy to the web, it's very different if you have an app or a website and you have a button that says okay You're sort of relying on the user to kind of figure out if okay the word there is okay So if I click that it probably means I can go to the next step and you're relying on the user sort of innate natural language Understanding say okay if that person click if the person clicks that button. They're going to the next step But with something like voice it's it's a little different right a user might say okay The user can say something like that's good or go to the next step or sounds great or love it or okie dokie Right, so how would you really match all these sort of utterances and handle all of that to go to the next step? Yeah, so to do this you have this thing called an intent which is essentially Like the word says right it is think of it as like a sort of feature your skill might have Let me give you another example Say your skill does weather Right and pretty much the one intent in your weather skill is to get the weather now There are different ways a user can actually say or ask for the weather right a user can say hey Tell me the weather get me the weather what's the weather how's the weather but they can also say something like hey Do I need my umbrella today or do I need my coat today all of these utterances sort of match to the same intent? Yeah, so that's what the cloud does it sort of matches all these different utterances That a user might possibly say and some of which some of which you provide as a designer to an intent Once you get that intent of course it's structured data like I said natural language understanding converts this human conversation into structured data Computer can really understand so in your request you get like structured data which goes to your back end Right in your back end once you get some structured data You can leave it up to your developers to really do what they want right they can you know may be called a database They can call a public API. They can have some hard-coded data. It's really up to you to you know code your skill Once that's done you send your response back So let's take the example of the weather skill someone says hey, what's the weather in Bangalore? It converts that speech to text it converts that to an intent saying okay my intent is like a get weather intent I send that Structured data saying intent get weather intent city Bangalore to my back end which gets the weather and The back end sends the weather back saying hey, it's a pleasant 28 degrees in Bangalore right now That is again sent to the Alexa cloud Which does text to speech? What really again what really differentiates conversation that we are having that we as humans have versus Computer just reading out words is things like you know emphasis or adding Adding like a whisper or maybe spelling out words or maybe saying like a local Indianism for example All of that is taken care of by the cloud by this thing called SSML which is speech synthesis markup language It's pretty cool tech. It's it's it's a tech that's there in a lot of voice technology It's not something only related to Alexa, but essentially with that you can you know add whispers You can add like if you want Alexa to say ballet ballet or matcha you can actually get Alexa to do something so Yeah, Alexa takes care of the text to speech once that's done your device will Tell you the weather or whatever the skill actually does. So that's the sort of general Interaction flow of how a skill works Yeah, okay. Yeah, so there is also the gentleman here ask the question. What is this card component here? Okay. Yeah, so even though Alexa is a voice first device it comes with the visual component as well There is a companion mobile app a lot of experiences are really good voice first But sometimes you want to augment it with like a visual element like say shopping for example So if I say hey, what's the price of a Raymond suit, right? I'll get the price via voice, but I still want to see the suit before buying So you can send like a visual response on to the card I can't do the app Right, for instance if you ask Alexa, what's the weather? It'll tell you the weather in Bangalore like 28 degrees But it'll send the weather for the next seven days in the card so that you have that data on your phone Yeah, it comes on like a mobile app or even on your website if you log in Essentially, it's a think of it as a visual component that really augments the experience. It's still a voice first sort of experience But yeah, you really want to augment Yeah, it is So so we I'll talk a little bit about that in like your design principle But the way we see a lot of these things is how you would communicate with the human Right. I mean if I were to send you an email, it's there But if I were to tell you something now It's it's there in this particularly and then it's up to you to whether you want to remember it or not So it's something similar you can always come back to the skill or come back to me and ask me the same question And you'd probably get the same answer. So that's how we see it. Okay, so I'm here to kind of talk to you about key design principles for actually designing Alexa skills This kind of applies to designing for voice in general, right? It's not specifically with Alexa And and the reason is I think we've all been used to designing visually right now most lot of people I'm guessing a lot of designers in the room you guys would have designed like websites or apps and Even for the ones who probably haven't if I were to ask you to rate like an apps UX Right, I'm sure you guys will be able to accurately tell me what what the good things are what the bad things are because Simply because we've used apps so much right or we've used websites so much It's little different when you're designing for something. That's completely voice first for one There is there are no guardrails as such that UI provides you It's something that's completely natural But the biggest difference is a lot of things that might read well like, you know, like, okay Yes, you're showing like an error message or a success message. They might read well But they don't necessarily hear very well, right when you hear them hear it out allowed There's something very off about it and that's not how users would typically converse Right so because of these things and because you know people find it a little difficult to sort of design voice experiences We've come out with like five principles to really help you design for voice right lot of these principles might seem like sort of common sense, but Again, it's something that you really have to keep in mind while designing for voice In fact, I mean I come from I mean I started off my career as an app developer and a lot of times when we had to Develop an app we always started with like hey, let's see if this API is working. We'd write like some boilerplate code Basically start off with the code like maybe make a call to a database and then sort of say, okay Now let's figure out the interactions. Let's figure out what the user wants It's probably not the right way to do so, but that's how a lot of tech projects kind of start off When it comes to voice though, we really recommend not starting with the tech at all The first thing you literally do is sort of simulate conversations between the user and Alexa like literally Write them down and have people read it to each other purely because then you know how it sounds by year and not like when you're reading it Yeah, so Just going Talking a little bit about the principles The first one states that a skill should have a clear purpose again This might sound very self-explanatory, but I think it's really important to think of interactions that are made either Faster easier or more fun or better with something that's voice first You really do want something Hey, I have a website if I just get it get like this Alexa to read out my entire website It'll be cool, which is not really a great use case right you you really want to think of interactions that can be made either more engaging Or fun or faster By a voice like good examples of things like you know book me a cab like I can just say Alexa book me a cab She says there's a cab three minutes away. Do you want me to book one? I say yes done boom over Another great example is just generally interacting with smart home devices when I enter my house I'm just going to say Alexa switch on the light and it's which which is on the light Yeah, I don't I really don't want to like pull my phone out enter a passcode open the app I have some authentication there and then hit like an on button in the app to switch light on or Even better do it like old school where you're stumbling around in the darkness to look for the switch and then actually turn it on It so that particular interaction is completely made it made easier It's made faster by a voice first and those are the sort of skills that you should actually be I also typically tell people to you know sort of choose use cases that solve like very Modular sort of problems as opposed to saying as opposed to like saying something like hey my skills going to do literally everything I'll help you book a cab book a flight book a hotel Because then you're really setting the wrong sort of expectation Again remember there are no guardrails as such in voice So users can say like random things to your skill right yours yours might be like say I know a skill to book movie tickets, but someone might say something as random as pineapple Right because you're not set that expectation. You're not set that purpose very well So try and set that maybe you know via like a good welcome message or even the name of your skill or whatever, but choose that specific purpose and Yeah, okay The second principle is skills should evolve over time I think this is an interesting one now if you think back to the first time you probably met a friend or a co-worker Think of the sort of interaction that you had with them It it would probably be a lot different from how you interact with them now. This is a good chance You know you introduce yourself. You said hey, what's your name? Where you from like what do you do that sort of thing and That is sort of how we also see Alexa like really evolving over time With the user now evolving over time could mean a bunch of things right it could mean One in terms of remembering Preferences for instance it can remember your name that simplest thing. I say hey my name is so on to the skill So that's typically how that whole process goes With with this though with like a voice base skill. It's the opposite right you really want sort of variety you really want Your skills UI to keep changing in the sense that every time I log on to a skill. I want a different welcome message I don't want the same robotic. Hi. Welcome to the skill right. I want to hey like glad to have you back Sometimes sometimes I want something maybe a little longer like telling me about a new feature in the skill So really try and evolve your skill over time in terms of its UI Which again if you draw an analogy back to the web is not something that we are told a lot to do right because that relies on sort of repetitive motions where a user sort of knows okay this buttons here this menus here So you know these are the patterns I need to do for this particular thing Whereas you know in voice. It's slightly different Okay third one Users can speak actually to your skill again. This sounds very sort of self-explanatory But it's important to remember we are in a voice first Interface right here. So your users cognitive load should completely be On actually using the skill and not on trying to remember things within the skill Right. So a good exercise that I typically tell people who are trying to build skills is to try and think of the previous Conversation you had like just think of a conversation you had earlier today Right and think of the purpose of the conversation Was the conversation social you know where you're saying hey, how are you doing how your kids doing? How was your vacation or was it something that was completely goal oriented where you're saying hey Can you give me directions? Hey, what's the time? Can you pass me this book something that's very goal oriented? Also think of the role that you played in that conversation Right. Why are you the ones asking the question? Why are you the ones? Why are you the one answering these questions? So really think of these things while developing your skill and try and figure out how your users are going to converse What role will your user play at that point of time in your skill, right? Will they be the ones asking the questions or will they be the ones answering the questions? Is the purpose of your skill really social or is it goal oriented? Right and when you start thinking of these things will you actually start thinking about designing for voice first?  They should be also able to operate your skill with their attention distracted as as you would when you're Talking right when I'm talking to a person and someone distracts me ask me for a question I'm still able to answer that person fairly accurately at Alan spoke earlier about you know thinking fast and slow as long as it's a question that Involves something that's thinking fast. I think we'll all be able to answer. So Think of these things again while designing your skill Okay, Alexa should understand most requests now With voice design it again. I come back to the point that there are really no guardrails like there are in UI So sometimes things can get really complicated So let me give you an example Let's take the example of a simple travel skill like something like a clear trip or a go I be both and Essentially the question Alexa asked the user is Where do you want to go this? Where do you want to go? And the user says I want to go to go out this weekend So if you see what's happened there, the user has over answered Right typically in in something like Website or an app you'd have a drop-down. Where do you want to go? You choose from a list of options and that's it But it doesn't work that way in conversation if I ask someone. Hey, where do you want to go? I'd say something like I want to go to go out this weekend So I'm not only answering where I want to go, but I'm saying this weekend as well So it really wouldn't make sense from a design point of view for your next question to be when do you want to go? Because the user has already answered this Right, but unfortunately how most skills of design are very flowchart based like very IVR interactive voice response We're saying press one to speak to this one press two to continue press nine Yeah, so basically what they'd what a lot of skill builders they fall under the strap of saying Hey, where do you want to go the next question will regardless be when do you want to go? You know, then what type of flight you want to take that sort of thing, right? A user can maybe answer all of it in just one shot and say something like I want to go to go out this weekend on a first class Flight and come back next weekend, right? But then it would be completely pointless to ask the next six questions Similarly, a user can do the opposite like suppose a Suppose Alexa asks you, okay, where do you want to go a user can say something like I want to go hiking from Bangalore Right, the user is completely under answered in that case They haven't answered where they want to go but they want to go from Bangalore and they want to go hiking So you've got two other data points, but you don't really have the data point that you have been asked So this provides it's a big challenge in itself really because if you design a skill to be like completely like a flowchart like an IVR You're going to have a really bad experience for your user and your user is going to get frustrated Because then and it then becomes very non-naxial very non-conversation There are ways you can actually do this from a design point of view I won't go too much in detail, but basically there's this thing called graph UI versus frame UI, right? Where in a frame UI you can get into the conversation at any point of time so I can start off with I want to travel next weekend and then say something like I want to go to go for instance, right and There is this concept called slot filling which is essentially you define slots like slots are essentially variable right that complete an intent So assume your skill has three slots Which is where you want to go when you want to go and how you want to go and say the user says something like I want to go to go out this weekend it automatically fills those two slots and realizes okay The one thing that's missing is where they want to go from let me ask that question Right as opposed to it being like this completely linear thing. It's it's little more horizontal And it just fills in the slots and then you realize okay This one slot is missing to really complete the information that I need that's what I'm going to ask the user and then finish this interaction So that's what I really mean by Alexa should understand most requests and the last one is skills should respond in an appropriate way now Again, this might sound like slightly self-explanatory, but I think it's really important why we're actually doing all of this, right? If you really look at it humans weren't sort of designed to Interact or think in like a radio button or a drop-down menu or these sort of constructs, right? So in a sense with like apps and websites, we were kind of forcing ourselves. We are forcing humans to think like computers It's something that's conversational. We're forcing Computers to sort of think like humans, right? So you really need your skill to sort of respond appropriately now this can mean a couple of things It can mean things like okay, obviously you don't have You know like adult content on it or profanity on it because Alexa meant for the family blah blah blah But you also need to realize that you need to shield your users from any error handling Remember, there are no real errors in conversation I'm a fiver if I go to dinner with a friend and my friend tells me something really weird and unexpected I'm not going to say error for not for right. I'm going to say Hey, I really didn't get what you mean or did you mean this or I'm sorry. Can you repeat that? So you really want to shield your users and keep them away from this sort of error There will be times when users say something that your skill doesn't understand Maybe it's something random that they have said maybe it's something that you've not accounted for when you're actually developing your skill But try and handle those instances gracefully like few ways you can actually do this By saying, hey, I'm sorry. I'm learning. Is this what you meant? Or you know, hey, these are the things I can help you with what do what would you like me to do? That sort of thing There are also ways using tech by which you can actually see Things that have not been handled by a skill and then account for them Right, so maybe it's something legitimate that you wouldn't take into account while developing a skill After all, there's no humanly possible way that you can say hey I know all the eight billion ways a user can book a ticket it because again It's completely natural. It can be like a cultural difference. It can be a language difference. So You will find instances where users have said the right things as in they have said, okay Where they want to go when they want to go they've said it in a different way that you didn't anticipate so it's important to kind of analyze all those things and You know added to the design of your skill as well Cool. So those are the sort of five principles that we spoke about So I'll give you an example of a skill that Does this pretty well. There's a skill called travel buddy and you'll see all these Principles being applied in the skill. So basically a user says something like Alexa launch travel buddy and here's what the skill is saying So the skill says hi, I'm travel buddy. I can easily tell you about your daily commute. Let's get you set up Where you starting from so if you see it's it's at expectations. Well, it's chosen It's it has very specific purpose which is to help you with your daily commute, right? It's not saying hey, I'll do like a bunch of things related to like travel and finance and stuff. It has a very specific purpose It's also very goal-oriented, right? There's not much socializing happening with this killer. It's saying how's your day and I'm doing good. It's great to the point right and It also is going to evolve over time by asking questions like where you starting from so the user says whitefield which is a place in Bangalore for those of you are not from Bangalore and the skill says, okay Why are you going I say? Electronic city another tech hub in Bangalore. So then the skill actually gives me very contextualized information and says, okay Great now whenever you you ask I can tell you about the commute from whitefield to electronic city, right? So it's it's evolving right there. It's going to remember my start and my source and destination It also says something like the current drive time is 1 hour and 42 minutes There is an accident on Hosu Road. By the way, this is completely unrealistic time If you were to travel in Bangalore between these places, you would probably be on the road for far longer So it's giving me information that's extremely contextual to where I want to go at that point of time Say I come back to the skill like four days later and I say Alexa launch travel buddy It's not going to ask me these same questions again because it realize it's a commute skill You won't change your commute too often, right? You're going to mostly go from the same place your home to work So it directly just gives me the contextualized information which was your commute is one hour and two minutes as for that day So it's using all those sort of principles that we have sort of discussed Now if you really take a step back While building your skill we sort of follow this thing called crawl walk run But if you look at it, I think the whole voice Ecosystem in itself is is going to follow like a crawl walk run philosophy right where essentially right now We are really really in the starting days. It's something that's going to be very ubiquitous soon But I think all of us are still trying to figure out a lot of things about you know designing for voice because it's so new to all of us So even with your skill you should sort of follow like a crawl walk run philosophy and first sort of determine What's your real core functionality? So if you take the example of that travel skill You know, it's simple thing just give an estimate of how long it would take to get to your workplace. It's very simple No jazz no bells and whistles Then kind of get like user feedback and sort of optimize your skill Maybe you can start getting you know like okay, there's a construction on this road. There's an accident on this road Things like that little more information using like a API maybe so you're really sort of improving like the sort of core functionality of your skill and you also analyze user feedback So you've gotten like you know more utterances that you use a might say and you have handled more of those things well as well And at the end of course, you know You have like this really really evolved version of your skill where you can proactively also maybe alert users of delays Right to be honest. No skill right now is at that phase Not as the ecosystem if you ask me, but that's why we are really headed Cool so that brings an end of sorts to my talk What we really say to get started is to really just start building things right even if you don't know a lot of the tech There are a lot of tutorials and templates that kind of help you build skills and it's really easy to do So just please go ahead and build skills There are some resources that I'm putting up the first one Alexa dot design slash guide is is a sort of summary of a lot of things that I spoke about today and I think it's pretty useful There's a very cool free course on code Academy. So just go to alexa.design slash code Academy and Alexa design slash India has like India specific things. So you'll find some templates local to India You'll find our next events are meetup groups things like that. I just really want to end by saying You know, you guys are designers. You guys are creative people. So do go out and maybe build skills see how you can you know creatively Do voice design and really connect with your users It is something that's completely new. So it's up to people like yourselves to really shape how Voice design is going to be so yeah, that brings an end to our talk I'd really love to hear what skills that you're going to build hit me up on Twitter on my email ID right there and Also, we have this contest running where you can tweet using this hashtag designed for Alexa about skills that you Want to see maybe your ideas that you have a skill and we'll give out an echo to one winner at the end of today Yeah, so thank you so much and you have any questions. Yeah Yes, I think yeah, too. We have like a couple of minutes. So I'll take you Jarvis to launch another app Jarvis ties it all together. So do you do you see it going that direction eventually? Or do you know if that's that's where it's headed? Yeah, that's a really good question And it is kind of where that's headed right even now If you try Alexa and it says if you say something like hey Alexa book me a cab Alexa Inherently cannot book your cab, but there's like Ola and uber in India that can so she'd say something like hey I can open all our uber to book your camp for instance another thing it does is where you say hey Alexa What's my horoscope for today? Right? It says hey, I don't have the horoscope But I can open this skill that will tell you your horoscope and if you say yes It opens the skill and you get the horoscope immediately. So it's sort of moving to that Location that also solves for a lot of discovery problem of skills You know because it's voice first you really there's no visual element for you to look at Alexa and say okay These are the skills I can use right and that is like a companion app and a website But having something like this really solves for discoverability Hi, I had a question. I'll just yeah take that. Yeah, so I think everything I mean it's working great, but we can also see that it's in its initial stages The things that we've spoken about are just kind of convenience things I mean I can check the weather on my app, but it's maybe saving me a couple of seconds if I just ask So is there also some research that Amazon per se is doing to actually solve a problem because none of these are problems that Humans are facing and maybe it's a long journey before that gets resolved But I wanted to know is there anything in the pipeline that can actually solve a problem that we are facing rather than just telling Us what the weather is or you know switch on the lights which I can anyhow do by Going and switching it on yeah, so before I answer your question I'd actually counter what you're saying, but if you look at every tech innovation you can argue the same thing right like okay There wasn't really a problem my horse-drawn carriage could take me to wherever, but then you came up with the car or whatever Like did you really need a mobile phone? I could make calls using so I could really argue that and I think that's If you really look at like apps in the early days They were extremely primitive right and they might not have provided the sort of value that they provide now You had like very basic apps that didn't do too much. So like I said, we're still in the early phase I really think things like You know like smart home devices are just the interaction is a lot better using like something that's voice-enabled If you see like even things like playing music where I could I can get a song instantly I think it's a better interaction as opposed to opening your phone looking for that song typing it out and then playing it So I mean that that's what that's what I'm going I'm getting at that. I think it's genuinely Yeah If you think about infants, they can't read or write yet, but they can they can understand sound and they can speak They can mumble some words So you can think of this as a very fascinating way of getting Infants to expose to internet like they can access things without learning to read or write So there's a lot of fascinating stuff that can happen So similarly for people for blind people for example home screen is a little bit more difficult I think you're now enabling a voice Conversational interface so you can solve a whole bunch of problems that we've not been able to you're right on the you know That the special ability people that Loading the barrier to access tech in general with something that's Conversation right because if I if you take my grandmom I have to really really teach her like a new UI in an app and she finds it difficult still but something That's conversational. You don't really need to educate them and you say you can just talk to this And it would get something done. Of course, there are questions like oh will it you know understand like say Canada for example We are not at that stage yet, but we will be That one last question that I think


Hi, my name is Tracy Tucajones-Pinosa and I want to welcome you to our new course, Effective Online Teaching Planning for Differentiation. In this course we have four modules and the first we're looking at the concept of bundles or many libraries or ways to create a stock of resources for a classroom as opposed to just a single textbook. We'll be looking at some of the traditional types of resources you might already use, worksheets, readings, videos, but we're also going to talk about some new digital resources that you might not be as familiar with, including different types of platforms, apps, and gamification. In module two we'll be looking at this variety of tools and talking about their pros and cons, you know, what are the benefits of using some of these in the drawbacks that might also exist and how you can go about choosing the right balance of these different tools for your particular class. In module three we'll be considering this wide range of students that you all have in your classrooms and to talk about differentiation and how we actually meet those needs either through differentiated instruction or through differentiated evaluation. So we're going to talk a lot about how you can differentiate homework, which is a less known concept, by leveraging the information that you put into your bundles. And in the fourth module we'll be looking at the different resources and how to find them online yourselves. We'll be giving you a list of more than 600 different apps and games and resources and platforms that are possible, but we'd like to, you know, sort of teach a man to fish. The idea here is that you learn those basic skills yourself, so in the future if you need to modify or tweak your bundles you can certainly do that on your own. I am really looking forward to working with you in this course. If you have any questions before we begin please go ahead and send me an email looking forward to seeing you soon.


Merry Christmas, I wish you all a Merry Christmas, I wish you all a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. This video is not about Christmas but I just wanted something fun to share on this special day and that is why I'm uploading this video on this day. You know why? This is my Christmas gift to you all. And you know what you need to do for me? Please like this video and subscribe and be part of this awesome channel. I'll be so happy if you share this video so that we'll be able to hit 1.5 million by the end of the year. I know like 20,000 people, I know we can make it happen. I mean you got the family members. Share this video now and tell your family members to subscribe to this YouTube channel. But hey, I attended a wedding in Surinama and trust me this is one of the best authentic African traditional wedding that I've attended which is out of Africa. I know you all like what you see. That is why I'm uploading this video on this day because I want you and I to have fun on this day. I've never been to a wedding that everyone in the wedding is busy shaking their wings. This wedding feels like a waist shaking competition. So you know what we're going to do? Select which lady is actually the best waist shaker in the comments section. I would love to sit back and read your comments. Welcome to Surinama. Let the real wedding begin. The sun in Surinama hits so hard. I thought like I live in Ghana so I'm so used to the sun but I can never be okay with the sun. It seems like the sun is right in Surinama. But hey, that's not why I'm here. Good afternoon from Surinama. It's a beautiful day, you know. I've been invited for so many things in this country. I was invited for a funeral. I went and today I've been invited for a wedding. The only thing that no one has invited me is a food competition. I really want to be part of a food competition even though I don't want to win. I'm not interested to win. I just want to be invited so that I can sit and eat and lose. This is a typical traditional Samaka wedding. And it feels the same way like how we do our weddings back home in Ghana. Where are we right now? We are at the place where the bride lives. And now they will take everything home to the groom. And from there they will move from there and go somewhere to celebrate the wedding. Is it a traditional wedding? It's a traditional wedding. You know, coming from Ghana, a traditional wedding has been done in the House of the Bride. Yes, correctly. Just the same. So I guess, is this the home of the bride? Here is the home of the bride and from here. But now they rented a place to celebrate the wedding. Oh, okay. So it doesn't mean it's not traditional. It's tradition, but they take it, you know, a bit Western system. Okay. To rent a bigger, more space so that they can do it better. So this is the home of the bride. I can see everyone is getting ready. What are they carrying? What are they carrying? They're carrying food. Oh, that's food? Yes. Can I carry it too? If it's food, I want to carry it. Where do we carry the food? Let's go. If it's food, I want to carry it too. Sorry. Hi. You're looking beautiful. Thank you. Apparently inside this basin is not just food stuff. It's also gifts from the wife to the groom. That's crazy, man. I didn't know that. Actually, it's always the bride that receives gifts from the groom, which is more like a bride prize. So in Ghana, when you see people getting married, you see the family of the groom carrying stuff like this and walking in line. It's more like a bride prize, man. It's not the same thing. It's not the same thing. It's not the same thing. Because the bride prize is paid already by the man. The bride price normally paid in the night time. After they sleep, the next morning when they wake up, it's this ceremony. Wow. Where's the going? I'm looking from here to where the groom is living. Is that on the groom that just came? Inside, yes. Because the sisters of the wife have to go and take the groom to here. Is that the bride? Yes. Right now they're going. Oh my goodness. That's so beautiful, man. Look at that. Whoa. Oh my goodness. Yes. Where are they going? To the groom's house, right? The groom is coming house to take the bride, and so they move on to... Why is the groom wearing cap? There's a tradition. No, no, no. That's not traditional. Oh, you look so beautiful. Hi, man. Nice to see you. Wow. So what's going to happen? I've seen... That's the... The bridesmaids. The bridesmaids. So many bridesmaids. Yes. Why so many? Can you smile for me? Thank you. Thank you. Smile. Just smile. Okay. Wow. Are they going to walk or are they going to be in a car? They will go into the car because the distance is too long. If the distance wasn't too long, they should walk to the groom's house. Oh, okay. So everyone is going to the groom's house? Yes. So the groom comes in here to take the bride. Yes. And then go together with the bridesmaids to the groom's house. Yes. That's true. Wow. That's a different culture, man. Interesting. Our way to the wedding grounds, which is apparently the groom's house. Yeah? So yeah, this is a convoy. It's the same way we marry in Africa, man. We are finally here. Hello. Hello. Hi. Hi. How are you? Good.  Can I help you do it? You see, it's the same thing that we do. Okay. Come on. Come on. The same way, right? Then yes, you're welcome. What they are going to carry is for the groom, right? Yes. Okay. Wow. That's so beautiful. It's the same culture like us. So this is the bridesmaid carrying the food and the food for the families of the groom. Yes. I'm smelling the aroma of peanut soup. Yes, that's true. Oh. Oh. You can also smell it too. Yes, that's true. I can't wait. I hope there's Fufu here, man. I can't believe what I'm seeing, man. It seems the bride is also going to carry stuff. Why is the bride going to carry stuff? You're going to carry it? Why? Traditionally, the bride is supposed to carry something on the head to show I'm woman enough to take care of my husband. Yes. If you go to a traditional village, if you see a woman wear the triangle means I'm already married. But you have to check the cloth. If the cloth is above here, that means they are not married yet. Okay. But if it's beneath the knees, it means they are married. So, yes. This one is not married. This one is not married. Not married. Not married. Not married. Not married. Not married. Why all of them are single? Why are you all single? Ah. Okay, let me go closer. All of them are single. I can confirm that. Yes. I can confirm that. Are you looking for where to get a husband here? Is anyone looking for where to get a husband at this wedding? So that you tell the world that I met my husband at a wedding. This is a typical Samarka wedding. That is the groom holding the umbrella. I see you, brother. You're so happy you're getting married today. Ah, nice. I love you I love you I love you I love you I love you We must be singing. The verse says, we are in a boat of love. We don't live without love. Sure. We are in the boat of love. We cannot live without love. That's so true Did you say what am I? Oh, nice to see you Hello You're all coming for the wedding There's food there There's food there I'm coming for the food I love food I don't just like, I love it Are you Samaka? Oh, Samaka I am Samaka woman You're Samaka Muye Muye Oh, okay, interesting So you know the bride or you know the groom? The groom Oh, okay So you came to support your uncle I'll give you all a bit of a contrast of what is happening The marriage ceremony in here is exactly the same where we do it in Africa The main ceremony took place yesterday which I was not around So what happened yesterday was the groom going to the bride's family to go pay the bride price which in here they call it the parka I don't know which African country calls it parka too If your country calls it parka, let me know And once that is done the traditional wedding takes place which they make it official So how does this happen? The groom goes to the family house of the bride go take the bride to his house and once they are going to his house there is a gift that is going to be presented to the family of the groom So this gift is from the family of the wife to the family of the men I don't know if that is how it's done in Africa I don't know about that and I'm not going to be here to lie We made it to the ceremony on the ground This is where the whole ceremony is going to take place I mean the wedding ceremony is going to take place We moved from the bride's house There was a bit of a tradition going on but it's a very minimalist wedding in terms of the people that I'm seeing here but 99% of the people present at the wedding are basically women I hardly see no man in here So one thing that I find is so unique in here is the way the women are dressed up You know Everyone is wearing a wrapper which I know is more traditional but the top is more like a crop top Everybody is dressed the same way I mean, yeah I really want to find out if that is a traditional way of dressing or it got a bit of influence of the western culture because I don't think in those days this is how they used to dress I think maybe as time goes on they got modernized I remember there's food there there's water mire and the food is behind the scenes so the wedding is going to take place and right after that Oh wow! That looks so good That's fried rice Pasta cakes This is nice man but for now I think I just have to wait for the bride and groom to come for us to do the whole ceremony Right after that we just come and dive into the food You cannot tell me that the black people of Suriname are not descendants of Africa because even here they do the African time same thing They told me that this wedding is going to start up from 11 o'clock to 1 o'clock and believe me I've been here since 11 and we finished everything we got in here I mean it was too late and 2 o'clock I came in here just to wait for the bride and the groom and it's 6 o'clock and the bride and the groom are now coming so which means we've waited for 4 good... it's extremely beautiful seeing the beautiful African culture it's exactly the same way how we do things way back in Africa and listen you cannot tell me that this is not Africa you cannot tell me that this culture is not beautiful the sounds the same sounds from Ghana, Togo, Nigeria Benin it's just absolutely beautiful and the fact that the dances in here looks exactly like dances from Congo and Gola the dances that people wine they are wasting all of that it's exactly the same thing that is happening here it feels like when they came here they really stick to the African culture and that's one thing that I really admire about the people of Suriname What is the ceremony about music and dance? I think that before the music and the song all what they be happy with them they are actually the best so I cannot come here without knowing what they have I got to taste it or I should say no to this man you guys are saying no, you eat too much what's chaos here I brought the food and the food is when I came in here I've seen so many men why is it so? the first time women have come first the traditional wedding women have to come first and then men followed so is it going to be a dance where men and women are going to dance together or something traditional wedding traditional wedding the women come first and then the men follow the groom wearing the hat it's my first time seeing a wedding like that that's so cool man but we are lucky he didn't put it to cover his face at least you can see but this is quite an experience, I love it I love the fact that I've been able to experience an authentic traditional Samarka wedding and it feels so good to be here man don't forget to like this video subscribe to part of this awesome channel we are bringing Afro Descendant closer to Africa and Africa closer to Afro Descendant this is actually the best thing that I've ever done can you guys clap for me as soon as I step out of the place and they go I'm like, no thank you thank you thank you I want to hug thank you thank you thank you hey hey louder louder louder music louder I really enjoyed and I know that you actually enjoyed this Christmas by watching this video a lot and that's why I'm asking you all to like this video for more and don't forget to subscribe to help us reach 1.5 million I want to set a record by hitting 1.5 million on 1st January can we make it happen? please I'm on my knees oh my goodness I'll see you all in the next one