There are many conspiracy theories pertaining to hidden ancient relics which can be found upon our moon. Conspiracies plague not only the known visit to it, but also the possible past visitation by a now lost civilization. A number of studies, including some here upon our channel, have exposed not only theories but valid proofs to support the hypothesis of ancient ruins not only being present on the moon, but ancient lunar ruins having actually been visited in secret operations by NASA and other space agencies. Not only aware of said sites, but accused of studying them in secret. However, a discovery has been made which has seemingly been a lot more difficult, apparently impossible to keep concealed. Thus it has been exposed after having been discovered by a group of intellectuals at the Baylor University, featured within a study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. They combine data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory, GRAIL, and the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, LRO, after finding a huge blob lurking over a hundred miles beneath the South Pole it can basin. Imagine taking a pile of metal five times larger than the Big Island of Hawaii and burying it underground. That's roughly how much unexpected mass we detected, said Peter B. James, assistant professor of planetary geophysics at Baylor University. The basin near the bottom of our sole natural satellite is an oval shaped crater several miles deep and up to 1,242 miles wide, the largest found upon the moon. Located upon the moon's far side, also known as the dark side, it never faces the earth, permanently concealed from the world, it's an ideal place for future investigation by secretive agencies, as the far side would make an ideal location for any base development that one wished to keep hidden from the world. However, the metal object, which is of an incredible size, is yet to be identified and if it has been found already by secret intelligence upon earth, it has until now remained unmentioned and as far as anyone knows, unstudied. One of the explanations of this extra mass is that the metal from the asteroid that formed the crater is still embedded in the moon's mantle, said James, adding that the crater is believed to be four billion years old, almost as old as earth itself. This means that if this was indeed left by a craft, the beings who made it would now, if still in existence, be unimaginably more advanced than the modern man of earth and could, in all possibility, still be visiting our solar system. Was this crater created by a metallic craft? If so, who were these beings? Were they interdimensional or merely interstellar travelers? It is an anomaly, like many others within our solar system, which we find highly compelling. Since the incident at Roswell, many UFO enthusiasts have been certain that earth has been visited by extraterrestrial beings, many claiming that the incident was indeed a UFO crash and that the US government not only covered the event up but seized the craft and have been busily attempting to reverse-engineer this technology ever since. These claims have been verified by a number of claimed whistleblowers who say they have worked on such projects at none other than Area 51 at Groom Lake. Since these claims were made, the CIA, along with many other bodies of US government, have begun to release hundreds of files, including witness testimonies of countless military personnel and civilians, testimonies and satellite and radar tracks made by individuals who have either had an encounter or have experienced unexplainable events connected to mysterious craft, often moving at seemingly impossible speeds or shutting down missile silos, these events would undoubtedly be a worry to the powers that be. The concern is that a hostile nation may have developed or successfully reverse-engineered these technologies in secret. However, there is also overwhelming evidence to suggest that these sightings were not of man-made craft, but indeed that of extraterrestrial life, for not only are these craft witnessed over sensitive military complexes, but a number of experiences have also surrounded schools, two of which we thought were compelling enough to bring to the forefront of our studies, this due to the number of eyewitnesses and what their testimony suggests. Although the accounts from a school in Zimbabwe were initially discredited, regardless of the fact that over 20 students witnessed a craft land in the school field, with the students subsequently going to meet the landing craft and being no more than arms-reach from the beings that emerged, many scientists and psychologists have attempted to discredit the event by putting it down to mass hysteria. The witnesses to this event continue to argue that it did indeed occur. Furthermore, supporting their claims, other encounters have been experienced at other schools around the globe. At approximately 11 am on Wednesday, the 6th of April 1966, students and a teacher from Westall High School in Australia reported seeing a flying object, described as a gray or silvery-green saucer-shaped craft with a slight purple hue and about twice the size of a family car. According to the students, the object was descending, overflew the high school, and disappeared behind a stand of trees. Approximately 20 minutes later, the object reportedly reappeared, climbed at speed, and departed towards the northwest. Some accounts describe the object as being pursued by five unidentified aircraft. Thanks to these, and thousands, possibly millions of other testimonies from people of countless disciplines, the acceptance that these craft exist has been forced upon the U.S. government and other governments globally. It would seem full disclosure, rather than the trickle we see now, is not a case of if, but is now one of when. It is a pursuit of truth which we find highly compelling. There is a very interesting patent recently acquired by the U.S. Navy, one with the potential capabilities to fulfill, or rather stage, a conspiracy theory, which has circled the web in books alike for decades. That being a false-flag alien invasion. What's more, this patent also includes a technology that could amplify a voice over a vast distance, as if one were hearing the voice of God himself. It is a laser technology, whose invention, release, and patent, all made under the possible guise or actual real-world advantageous purposes in its military applications. It creates a heat-seeking deterrent, or more specifically, a holographic craft. Not only derailing said heat-seeking missiles, but could also explain many of the recent military UFO sightings, as this technology has potential only limited by the projectable power of the technology itself. Anything could seemingly appear in the sky as if real. If you add to this the ability to convey a voice over a vast distance, this technology could indeed be used to create a mass false-flag incident. In particular, a mass UFO sighting, or an attempt to fake a rapture within religious sects. The nefarious possible uses of this technology is wide-ranging, yet one saving grace is the U.S. Navy's declaration of the ownership of such technologies. A move we find somewhat reassuring, yet, as always, this new patent is not the only reason for the creation of our video today. For although many, if not all UFO sightings now, can be written off as a possible holographic operation, it does not explain their presence within ancient art. The testimonies and compelling evidence put forth by remote tribes, most notably the Dogans, and their reoccurrence and claim visitation of Earth throughout history, even into the Renaissance, present within certain masterpieces. Not to mention the curious illustrations made in the stones of Mesoamerica, all of which predate this technology by centuries, and in some cases millennia. Thus, the question remains, are we alone? A question which we find highly compelling.


a very good evening aspirants I have an important announcement for you this is regarding pre-storming batch 4 the orientation for this batch is already concluded but the first test will going to commence on December 21st only those who is to register in this batch click the link provided in the description now with this happy note let's move on to the Hindi news analysis for the date 15th of December 2022 and displayed here are list of news articles that we are going to discuss today you can go through it now without any delay let's get into the article discussion have a look at this news article this news article talks about the interstate water dispute it is about the dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over constructions on the Penaya River the news is that yesterday the Supreme Court gave the center three months time to constitute an interstate river water disputes tribunal and this is to resolve the dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and this is the crux of the news article given here in this context let us discuss about the interstate river water disputes tribunal see according to article 262 class one of the Indian constitution the parliament may pass laws to resolve disputes or complaints regarding river water sharing and it is about the usage distribution or control of trans-boundary waters in a river or river valley so under the article 262 class one of the Indian constitution the parliament has enacted the interstate water dispute act 1956 and under this act the states can approach the center to constitute a tribunal here the tribunal is for solving interstate water disputes through consultations to say in simple words the interstate water dispute tribunal is to be established to settle the disputes on the water sources between the states see the interstate water disputes arise when two or more states disagree about the usage distribution and management of rivers flowing through two or more states and this interstate water disputes are a persistent problem to federal water governance in India here you can take the example of Kaveri water dispute and the satellite emuna link canal dispute so to resolve these kinds of disputes the interstate river water tribunal should be established now what about the composition of the tribunal see the tribunal shall consist of a chairman and two other members know that they are all nominated by the Chief Justice of India from the judges of the Supreme Court or high courts now moving on to see when does a tribunal can be constituted see when any request is received from any state government in respect of any water dispute and the central government is of opinion that the water dispute cannot be settled by negotiations then the central government shall constitute a tribunal and note that it should be constituted within one year from the date of receipt of such request from the states and the tribunal is to be established by the notification in the official cassette and this tribunal helps in the adjudication of water dispute here you have to note one thing the water disputes that are settled before the interstate water disputes amendment act 2002 will not be reopened now moving on to see what does the tribunal do after its constitution see the tribunal shall investigate the matters referred to it then it will forward to the central government air report this report will consist of the facts as found by the tribunal and the decision of the tribunal on the matters referred to it will also be given in that report itself note one point here after the consultation of tribunal the tribunal has to submit the report within a period of three years but during unavoidable situations the central government can extend it for a period which would not be more than two years and if the corresponding state government needs explanation of any decision taken by the tribunal it can ask for the explanation within three months from the date of submission of the report but if the decision of the tribunal is published by the central government in the official cassette then the decision shall be final and binding on the parties to the dispute that is the two states thus the decision of the tribunal after its publication shall have the same force as an order or decree of the Supreme Court and that's all regarding this discussion this discussion we saw about interstate river water disputes tribunal then about its composition then vendors a tribunal can be constituted and finally we saw about some of the functions of interstate river water dispute tribunal see this topic is very important for your both preliminary and main exam because this is evergreen topic viewed here often in news so make note of each and every points that we discussed in this article now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion see this news article here this news article talks about a debate that happened in the parliament see the debate is regarding the inclusion of two communities in the scheduled tribes list the union tribal affairs minister kicked off this discussion on the constitution scheduled tribe order bill 2022 actually this bill seeks to include two communities namely the Narikarovar and Kuruvikarar to the ST list and this is the crux of the news article given here now in this discussion we will learn about the criteria that are needed to include certain community in ST list and we will also learn about the process of inclusion or exclusion of communities in the ST list first of all who are the scheduled tribes see the term scheduled tribes first appeared in the constitution of India then which article is defining scheduled tribes see article 366 class 25 is defining the scheduled tribes and what it is saying it says that the tribes are tribal communities or parts or groups within such tribes or tribal communities which are notified under article 342 are deemed to be scheduled tribes and this is for the purpose of the constitution in simple words the communities which are notified under article 342 of the constitution are deemed to be scheduled tribes and know some facts here see the scheduled tribes constitute 8.6 percentage of the population of India also there are over 500 tribes which are notified under article 342 now with this background we will learn about the criteria that are needed to include certain community in a ST list see presently there are five criteria that are to be followed for specification of a community as a scheduled tribe they are firstly indications of primitive traits secondly distinctive culture thirdly geographical isolation fourthly shyness of contact with the community at large and finally backwardness know that these criteria are not spilt out in the constitution and they are provided by the government time to time this is about the criteria now we will see about the process of inclusion or exclusion of communities to the ST list see the process begin from the state government firstly the state government identifies the communities which are to be included or excluded from the scheduled tribe list know that the identification should be based on the five criteria that we have discussed after the identification of communities the state government make recommendations to the union tribal affairs ministry and this is by sending the identified list then the ministry of tribal affairs reviews the list and sent it to the registrar general of India for approval once approved by the registrar general of India the proposal is then forwarded to national commission for scheduled tribes and following the approval of national commission of scheduled tribes the proposal is sent back to the union government then after due deliberations the union government introduces the list in the union cabinet and this is for final approval know that the final decision on the list is made by cabinet only after the approval of the union cabinet a bill will be introduced in the parliament and that bill seeks to amend the constitution scheduled tribes order 1950 know that amendment in the constitution scheduled tribes order 1950 is needed to include or exclude the communities from the ST list and that's why a bill has to be introduced in the parliament once the bill is passed by both the Lokshapa and Rasheba then it will be sent to the president office for the ascent of the president and once the bill got the president's ascent then the president's office issues a notification specifying the change in the ST list which is under article 342 so this is how a certain communities are included or excluded to the ST list and that's all regarding this discussion this discussion we saw about who are scheduled tribes and they are nothing but the communities which are notified under article 342 are deemed to be scheduled tribes and we will also saw about five criteria that are needed to include certain community in the ST list and finally we saw about the process involved in the inclusion of communities to the ST list see this topic is very important for your prelims exam so make note of each and every point that we have discussed in this article now these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion have a look at these three news articles this first article is talking about the nine products which have got GA tag then this second article talks about baipur uru see the baipur uru is a type of boat from kerala see the makers of this boat are seeking GA tag and this third article talks about tandoor redgram which also got GA tag recently this is the crux of the news articles given here in this context let us learn about the products that have got GA tag and we will also learn about baipur uru and tandoor redgram first of all what is a geographical indication tag see geographical indication is an indication to identify agricultural natural or manufactured goods that originates from here definite geographical territory and for those goods only GA tags is given now if you take the manufactured goods it should be produced or processed or prepared in that territory itself and it should have a special quality or reputation or other characteristics so only if these conditions are met then only the manufactured goods are given GA tags some of the examples of GA tagged products are dodging tea, tirupathi laddu, kangra paintings, nakpur orange, kashmir pashmina shawls etc the geographical indication see the name conveys an assurance of quality and distinctiveness and this is essentially attributable to the place of its origin see geographical indications are part of our rich culture and collective intellectual heritage then they also supplement the incomes of our rural farmers, weavers, artisans and craftsmen across the country note that these geographical indications are covered as an element of intellectual property rights and this intellectual property rights comes under the Paris Convention for the production of intellectual property then geographical indications are also covered under trade related aspects of intellectual property rights that is the TRIPS agreement see the TRIPS was part of the agreements which was concluded on the Uruguay round of general agreement on tariffs and trade negotiations now coming to India in India geographical indication tags are issued as per the geographical indications of goods registration and production act of 1999 know that this tag is issued by the geographical indication registry which is functioning under the department of industrial promotion and internal trade know that this department comes under the ministry of commerce and industry now with this basic understanding now let us see about the three news articles one by one now first let's take up this first news article this article mentions that nine products from across the country got g attack recently now let us see what are those nine products and we will also see where they belongs first is the gamosa of Assam see gamosa is a hand-woven rectangular piece of cloth here the cloth is with red border in different designs and motifs this is about the first product then the second product is Ali bug white onion know that this is from Maharashtra then the third is the lada krakshe karpo apricot know that it is one of the sweetest varieties of apricots in the world and the fourth one is attapadi artukumbu avara see this is a type of bean belongs to kerala and fifth is attapadi thuvara it is a type of red gram and also it is an important traditional crop of the attapadi tribal area know that this also belongs to kerala then the sixth product is kandalur vattavada veluthulli see it is a type of garlic and this also belongs to kerala and the seventh one is know that it is a type of melon and it is also from kerala and the eighth product is and this also belongs to kerala and finally the ninth product is this belongs to this is about the nine products which i have got g attack recently and this is about the first news article now let us see about the second news article see this news article here talks about the kerala's legendary baipur uru the news is that the district tourism promotion council of koli code has applied for a g attack for the famous baipur uru see the baipur uru is nothing but a boat see it is a wooden ship or sailing boat or sailing vessel and it is handcrafted by skilled artisans and carpenters in baipur kerala it is said that these baipur urus are a symbol of kerala's trade relations and friendship with the gulf countries and if you see the urus they are purely made of premium wood without using any modern techniques know that the wood used to build the uru is still sought in the traditional way and this method requires immense expertise it takes around one to four years to build each uru and note that this entire process is done manually this is all about the second news article now let us see about the third news article see this news article talks about the tandoor red grams of telangana this we saw in the first article is right now we will see the features see the gi application has been filed by the ll farmers producers company limited and the gi registration process was facilitated by telangana state agricultural university now we will see briefly about this tandoor red gram see this tandoor red gram is a local variety of pg and p and it is manually grown in the rain fed tract of tandoor and nearby region of telangana see the fertile deep black soil with huge deposits of clay mineral huge limestone deposits can be attributed to the specific quality of tandoor red gram know that the tandoor red gram contains about 22 to 24 percentage protein which is almost three times that of protein content in cereals then it has good taste better booking quality as well as enhanced storage quality and this is all about tandoor red gram and that's all regarding this news article discussions this discussion firstly we saw about the nine products which have got gi tag recently and secondly we saw about baypur uru and some of its features and finally the third news article we saw about tandoor red gram see the gi tagged products is very much important for your prelims exam as nowadays ups is asking more questions related to gi tagged products so try to remember all the products and where it belongs to it will be very much useful for your prelims exam now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion now for our next discussion we are going to take this news article it says that scientists in the internet kingdom have tested a new form of cancer therapy in a teenage girl the girl was affected with a form of cancer called t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and as per the article the test has resulted in a success so in this context let us understand what is t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and about the new form of cancer therapy treatment but before getting into discussion the syllabus relevant to this topic is given here for your reference kindly go through it now let us start our discussion by seeing the t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia so what happens in this form of cancer see t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a form of blood cancer and in this form of blood cancer the t-cells turn against the body and destroy the healthy cells that help with immunity see t-cells are nothing but a class of white blood cells which are equipped to to hunt and neutralize threats to the body know that the blood cancer is rapid and progressive and they are usually treated by chemotherapy and radiation therapy and this is all about t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia now coming to the teenage girl who received the treatment as per the article a teenage girl named alizia was diagnosed with t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia as per the news from bbc she tried standard treatments like chemotherapy and radiation but these methods had only limited success and after this she enrolled in the trial testing of an experimental medicine so alizia was the first to receive experimental gene therapy that relied on a new technique called base editing here you should understand what is base editing now if you want to know about base editing you should know about the basics see a person's genetic code is several permutations of four bases the four bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine and the sequences of these bases only form genes see this image here like this only genes are formed with the sequence of these four bases that is adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine and we all know genes serve as the instructions to produce proteins that are necessary for the body's functions now in alizia's case her t-cells had become cancerous this might be because of a misarrangement in the sequence of bases think about this now if we find a way to correct this misarrangement then she would have a healthier immune system this misarrangement can be corrected by a technique that allows gene to be altered so this means that the errors in the bases will be fixed and the most popular among these approaches was CRISPR-casinine system see this CRISPR-casinine system consists of an enzyme that acts like molecular scissors see in this method a piece of DNA is cut at a precise location after this a guide RNA is used to insert a changed genetic code at the sides of incision and this is how genes are altered using CRISPR-casinine system know that CRISPR-casinine system is the fastest most versatile system for gene editing also do you know this CRISPR-casinine system is inspired from bacteria see bacteria use this technique as a defense mechanism against viral infections now coming back to the article as per the article David Liu of the board institute improvised on the CRISPR-casinine system it is said that the improvisation in the method will be able to directly change certain bases so this means that after the improvisation in CRISPR-casinine system the cytosine can be changed into guanine and thymine can be changed into adenine and this only is called as base editing know that this base editing is very effective in treating blood disorders especially those disorders which are caused by single point mutations or when a change in single base pair causes terminal disease so far we saw what is base editing now we will see how this base editing worked in the trail see in the case of T-cell leukemia the objective was to fix the immune system it should be fixed in a way that it stops making cancerous T-cells so firstly healthy T-cells are extracted from your donor and a series of edits are made to this T-cells know that the first base edit blocked the T-cells targeting mechanism this is done to stop the T-cells from attacking Alicia's body and the second edit removed a chemical marking called CD7 know that this chemical marking will be on all T-cells and the third edit prevented the cells being killed by a chemotherapy drug and finally the T-cells are programmed to destroy the cancerous cells which have CD7 marked on it all these edits were done and after a month she was given a second donor transplant this was done to regrow the immune system that contains healthy T-cells now you may have a doubt whether her cancer cell will come back or not as per the article it is to be established that whether the treatment entirely fix the immune system or not nevertheless it is a big breakthrough right so I thought you should know about this see in prelims you may expect a question as simple as which of the following statements best suits the term base editing at that time you should know that it is a technique which involves the direct editing of alteration of bases in DNA and you can even code this technique in your main sensor whenever needed and that's all regarding this discussion this discussion we saw about T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia which is nothing but a form of blood cancer and we will also learned about a new gene editing technique called base editing and finally we saw about the working of base editing technique now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion now have a look at this text and context page article this news article talks about the decline in India's exports here the article is specifically talking about the decline in exports in October month and the decline was about 16.7 percentage now this is a concern because this is the first slide reported since February 2021 so in this backdrop let us understand some of the important points mentioned in the news article now let's start with the question whether this export decline is just a temporary one or whether it is going to set a permanent trend see the answer to this question is time yes we have to wait and watch to determine it is a permanent trend or not see the author in this news article cites many reasons for export decline now let me give you example for better understanding the first example is with respect to engineering goods the engineering goods sector includes metal products industrial machinery and equipment automobiles and their components transport equipment bicycles medical devices and renewable equipment even though it provided a strong backbone for India's goods exports this sector has declined 21 percentage in recent years here the engineering export promotion council of India explains some of the reasons for the decline of engineering goods this includes high inflation in developed regions then falling demand in china then slowdown in the european union and the us and finally the russia-okrain war and this is about the first reason for export decline and the second notable decline was seen in the steel and allied products sector see the steel sector saw a decline of 2 billion u.s. dollars worth of exports in october the reason for this particular decline was not external but internal yes the decline was caused by the imposition of an export duty on these products see the government imposed the export duty to help increase local availability of these products and as a result to moderate local prices the commerce ministry also stated that the tendency of workers to take leave during the devolument also affected output since all these reasons went into change with time the author says that we cannot conclude this export decline as a permanent trend but here the happy news is that despite slowing exports the local demand is constant it is even expected that the local demand will re-energize the investment cycle which in turn stimulates growth and job creation in the coming days see the increased private sector capital expenditure is also favouring the situation see yesterday only we saw about capital expenditure right now recall what it is capital expenditure is nothing but the funds used by a company to acquire upgrade and maintain physical assets such as property plans buildings technology or equipment so the increased private sector capital expenditure is a positive signal for the Indian economy since private capital expenditure is typically reliant on credit or loans from the banking system the banking system have also seen a healthy growth in the recent past last month the banking sector reached a high growth of 18 percentage this is about the export trend in India now moving on to see about the foreign exchange reserves see if exports decline there are also high chances for the foreign exchange reserves to decline that is why we are looking at it as on December 2 foreign exchange reserves of India stood at about 561 billion US dollars now if we take October imports at 56.7 billion US dollars as a benchmark then we have roughly about 9 to 10 months worth of import cover only this is not a good sign right because even during the pandemic we had 14 to 15 month import cover and this is the current scenario of exports in India and we have to wait and watch what will happen in the future and that's all regarding this discussion in this discussion we saw about the reasons for export decline in India and we also saw about the foreign exchange reserves of India now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion take a look at this news article the news is that the president of India the Ropati Murmu is planning to visit Ramappa temple during her four-day visit to the state of Telangana now in this backdrop let us learn about Ramappa temple in Prillam's perspective see the Rudreshwara temple which is otherwise known as Ramappa temple is located in the state of Telangana it was constructed in the year 1238 during the reign of Kakathyan empire it was built by Recharla Rudra who was the general of the famous Kakathyan king Ganapati Deva see the presiding deity to which the temple is devoted is Ramalingeshwara swami here note that Ramalingeshwara swami is form of Lord Shiva so we can say that this temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva note one point here the construction of this temple nearly took 40 long years this is a brief about Rudreshwara temple now let's see some architectural details of Rudreshwara temple see the temple complexes of Kakathyas have a distinct style technology and decoration these features are exhibiting the influence of the sculptor see this image here the Ramappa temple stands on a raised platform and the star-shaped raised platform is nearly six feet high with walls and above the platform the pillars and ceilings were built then the hall in front of the sanctum has numerous carved pillars that have been positioned to create an effect that combines light and space wonderfully note that this temple is named after the sculptor Ramappa the Ramappa was the mastermind behind the temple see the naming of this temple making it the only temple in India to be named after its craftsman see the european merchants and travelers were mesmerized by the beauty of the temple and one such traveler had remarked that the temple was the brightest star in the galaxy of medieval temples of the decon apart from its historical cultural religious and architectural splendor Ramappa temple has a special technological feature called sandbox foundation see this foundation only helped the temple to stand tall all these years now let's see briefly about sandbox technique sandbox foundation is a type of foundation involving digging of the earth at least three meters deep and later getting it filled with sand and it is reinforced by gravel and other material later huge structures are built on the sand foundation here the utility of sand filled foundation is that it acts as a cushion or shock absorber when earthquake occurs thus it prevents vibrations in the main structure and protects it from falling and this is all about the sandbox technique on which the Ramappa temple was constructed and that's all regarding this discussion through this discussion we have learned about Ramappa temple and its architectural details including the sandbox technique now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion now take a look at this text and context page article it talks about the history of two asian genes that is china and india here the history spans from the second half of the 20th century to the present day the article also discusses about the future prospects of these two nations in the wider global order see this article was published on august 15 2022 and today it has been republished in the hindu following the clashes involving chinese and indian army in the border areas of Arunachal Pradesh now in this context through this discussion let us see the points discussed in the article firstly we will see about the formative years of both the countries secondly we will see about the economic progress of china with respect to india and also about the lessons india need to learn from china and finally we will see about the author's view of how the relationship between india and china will be in the future years now before getting into discussion the syllabus relevant to this topic is given here for your reference kindly go through it now let's get into the discussion see the article begins with a comparison of population of india and china if you had been following news continuously you'll know that the global population had finally reached eight billion as per the current population data china is the most populous country followed by india but this is going to change see according to recent united nations population survey at the current rate of population growth india will move over china in population in the coming year that is 2023 the article says that it is a rare example of a global ranking where india sits higher than china this point has been made because other than this in majority of all other spheres of comparison india stands second to china for example take gdp see china as the world's second biggest economy while india is in the fifth position this is about the population now let's move back in history we all know that india gained independence in the year 1947 while china with its present day political system emerged as a republic nation two years later that is from 1949 the establishment of india as a multiparty electoral democracy with a free media was different from that of china see china under the leadership of mao zedong was an autocratic country with single party system and there is no free media with this contrasting political systems being adopted by the two neighbors the economic policies of both the countries during the year immediate years of formation were relatively same both looked up to socialist model of development with china relying more on communism see this communist economic model went into scrutiny for the first time in china after the death of mao zedong deng xionping who was the successor of mao implemented reforms which opened up the economy see this was done in later half of 1970s the reforms carried out by deng and his allies gradually led chinese economy to move away from redundant maoist ideologies to market-based capitalist one it opened chinese economy to foreign investments and technology then chinese vast labor force was introduced to the global market thus turning china into one of the world's fastest growing economies now coming to the economic reforms which took place in india see india opened up its economy only in the year 1991 and this was the year the lpg reforms were introduced in india from this we can find parallels between india and china in its economic policies that is both countries started with a socialist economic system and subsequently changed into a market-based one only difference lies in the fact that china introduced reforms pretty earlier than its neighbor that is india see the 15 years time gap may look like a short time but this has helped china in garnering over the manufacturing space for the whole of the world here the author of the article quotes the data that chinese economy had grown nearly over 10 percentage year on year over the last decade of the 20th century and this has resulted in china becoming the second largest economy today china's per capita GDP rate is around 9000 us dollars a year but what is the case with india see india's per capita GDP rate is around 2000 us dollars only and this is about the history and economic progress of india and china now moving on to see about the lessons which india need to learn from china the author of the article is of the opinion that china's economic growth was made possible because of its stress on education so the author wants india to learn from china and increase its spend on social sector schemes here let me quote a data see china nearly spends 2.7 percentage of its GDP on research and development while the number for india is very low which is at 0.7 percentage see the countries which currently spend more on research and development as future prospects of better return and this is why india need to increase its spend on social sector schemes and this is about the points that india need to learn from china now coming to the final part of the discussion the author of the article says that the actions of both china and india will shape asia in the next decade moving to the economics and population of the current day both the asian neighbors are on the path of supremacy but the current global order is not providing conducive platform for both the countries to work closer see alliances like us led quad are providing problem to both india and china and the author ends the article by saying that both the nations need to work closely to ensure greater good for the global society and that's all regarding this discussion this discussion we saw about the comparison of population between india and china then about the history and economic progress of india and china and we saw about the lessons which india need to learn from china and finally we saw some of the use of the author now with these key points in mind let's move on to the next news article discussion now have a look at this news article it says that the number of journalists jailed around the world has touched a record high it is reported that as of december 1 2022 363 reporters were depraved of their freedom this data is as per the 2022 presences released by the committee to product journalists know that the committee to product journalists is a non-profit organization that promotes press freedom worldwide and this is the crux of the news article given here using this article as an opportunity let us see the important points mentioned in the committee to product journalists report as we already saw this report is the 2022 presences released by committee to product journalists we call shortly this as cpj as per the report this year's figures of 363 reporters overtakes last year's record by 20 percentage and the report is saying that this marks on the grim milestone in a deteriorating media landscape now let us see some facts given the report firstly according to the report the top five jailers of journalists of this year include iran china yanmar turkey and balas respectively and they are categorized as most offenders in the report secondly the report also stated that there is a key driver behind the authoritarian government's effort to stifle the media now what is the key driver it is nothing but the intention to subsume the discontent in the world now you may have a doubt why there is discontent in the world see the discontent is because of the disruption caused by co-19 and the economic fallout from russia's war on ukraine thirdly the cpjs data highlighted another theme it is nothing but the ongoing repression of minorities as per the report in iran curts have been affected the most it is said that at least nine kurdish journalists are among those in jail in turkey authorities arrested at least 25 kurdish journalists likewise in china many imprisoned journalists are ethnic Uyghurs from Xinjiang province unfortunately the report highlights that the means by which the authoritarian leaders curtail the press freedom i will give you some examples from the report it includes imprisoning the journalists using tactics like fake news laws see these vaguely worded legislation are used to criminalize journalism by doing this the authoritarian governments are ignoring the rule of law and abusing judicial system and the final example is exploiting technology to spy on reporters and their families this is about the examples that are mentioned in the report now finally let's see some of the india specific information see as per the cpj report seven journalists are in jail in india this is a record high for the second consecutive year since cpj begins its prison census in 1992 as per cpj india is drawing criticism because of its treatment of the media particularly india is receiving criticism for the use of preventive detention law that is the jamun kashmir public safety act apart from this anti-terrorism law such as unlawful activities prevention act is also used to charge the journalists know that six out of the seven jailed journalists are investigated or charged under this law and this is about india specific information as mentioned in the report and that's all regarding this discussion this discussion we saw about a report that was released by committee to protect journalists and the report name is nothing but prison census and we also saw some facts given by the report and finally we saw about india specific information with these key points in mind now let's move on to the next part of the news article discussion that is to discuss preliminary practice questions now look at this first question the question is regarding interstate water disputes tribunal now let's take up the first statement the krishna water disputes tribunal was the first interstate water disputes tribunal to be set up in india see this statement is correct yes the first interstate water dispute tribunal that has to be set up in india is krishna water disputes tribunal see it was set up in the year 1969 so statement one is correct now coming to the second statement the decision of the tribunal are binding on the state governments yes this statement is also correct as we saw in the discussion the tribunal's decision are same as supreme court's order or decree so it is binding on the state governments so statement two is also correct now the question is asking for correct statements so the answer for the question is option c both one and two moving on let's take up the second question ct is a previous prillams question that was asked in 2019 upc civil services exam prillams and this question is regarding particularly vulnerable tribal groups in india now look at this first statement pvtgs reside in 18 states and one union territory see this statement is correct as per the data of ministry of home affairs the pvtgs reside in 18 states and one union territory so statement one is correct now coming to the second statement a stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining pvtg status yes this statement is also correct there are certain criteria i will tell you kindly make note of it firstly a pre agricultural level of technology secondly a stagnant or declining population thirdly extremely low literacy and finally economic backwardness see these four criteria are followed for determination of pvtgs so statement two is correct now coming to the third statement there are 95 pvtgs officially notified in the country so far see this statement is wrong because the ministry of home affairs have been categorized only around 75 tribal groups as pvtgs but here in the statement it is given as 95 so this statement is wrong now coming to the fourth statement irular and kondha reti tribes are included in the list of pvtgs yes this statement is correct they were included in the list of pvtgs so statement four is correct now the question is asking for correct statement so the answer for the question is option c one two and four moving on now let's take up the third question see it is match based question one side ga tagged products is given and another side the state is given and we have to find how many pairs are correctly matched now look at this first pair tamangalong orange manipur this is correct the ga tagged tamangalong orange belongs to manipur now coming to the second pair chamba chapal himachal pradesh actually this is also correct it belongs to himachal pradesh only thirdly tandoor redgram andhra pradesh see this statement is wrong as we saw in the discussion itself the tandoor redgram belongs to telangana and not andhra so third power is wrong now coming to the fourth pair yadi urchilli kerala this is also correct yadi urchilli belongs to kerala state so how many pairs are correctly matched only three pairs so the correct answer for the question is option c only three pairs moving on let's take up the final question see it is also pair based question one side the region where the conflict occurs is given on the other side the countries involved in the conflict is given we have to find what are all the pairs are correct now look at this first pair nagorno karobak armenian aserbayjan actually this pair is correct see the nagorno karobak conflict is the long-running one in post-soviet eurasia in 1988 ethnic armenians living in nagorno karobak autonomous oblast from soviet aserbayjan to armenia as the soviet union collapsed tensions grew into an outright war when fighting seized in 1994 nagorno karobak and seven adjacent districts where wholly are partially controlled by armenian forces and from 1994 until now intermittent deadly incidents drone attacks and special operations by forces are happening in the region here the conflict is between armenian aserbayjan only so first pair is correct now let's take up the second pair falkland islands argentina and britain see this pair is also correct see the isolated and sparsely populated falkland islands is a british oasis territory in the southwest atlantic ocean it remains as the subject of sovereignty dispute between britain and argentina they both waged a brief war over the territory in 1982 see argentin forces landed on the falklands for territorial claim but they were ejected by british military task force argentina says it has a right to the islands because it inherited them from spanish crown in the early 1800s it has also based its claim on the islands proximity to the south american mainland britain rest its case on its long-term administration of the falklands and on the principle of self-determination of the islanders know that almost all of the islanders are of british descent so the second pair is correct now coming to the third pair parcel islands china taiwan and vietnam see this statement is also correct as we all know this is very famous one we all know that china taiwan and vietnam have attempted to reinforce their claims on the territory they are doing it by the construction of government administrative buildings tourism land recombination initiatives and by establishing and expanding military presence on the islands so pair three is also correct now the question is asking for correctly matched pairs so the correct answer for the question is option d one two and three and this is the question for you today i will pose this question in a community section try to answer it and displayed here are the main questions for your practice go through the questions write your answers and post it in the comment section with this we come to the end of the video if you liked our analysis please like comment and share it with your friends and don't forget to subscribe to shankar eyes academy youtube channel thank you for listening


The narcissist is terrified of you leaving them, but just to make it clear, they don't really value you or care about you as a person. You're not special to them, they only care about themselves, and you're just their toy, you're just something they play with when they're bored, you're just an object, you're not significant to the narcissist, you're just something they like to use, but they see you as their property and they don't want to lose something that belongs to them, they fear that someone else might take you away, because they're very insecure, which is why they try to compensate for that by acting like they're special and important, as though they're better than everyone else, because deep down they feel inadequate, they feel like no one cares about them, like they don't even matter in this world, so they have to make up for that by acting as though they're the best, and as though everyone wants them, so if they lose you, it's like an attack on what they think they are, because they're telling themselves they're the best, they're telling themselves there's nothing better than them, but if you leave and you find a better situation without them, that means they're lying to themselves, and then they have to face reality, they have to feel inadequate, because if they were really the best, how could you move on and do better without them, which is why they don't want that to happen, they would rather you stay with them and have no energy or money, and with no help or support from them, instead of you moving on and living your best life with someone else, that's how they're thinking in their minds, that's all that matters to them, and it's what makes them want to make you stay, even though they know you may not be happy with them, because they don't want you to be happy without them, it would make them feel insignificant to see you moving on without them, to see you not even thinking about them, because they have to tell themselves that they're the best, so that they can feel significant, they don't really want you or care about you, but they will still keep you around, because otherwise that means you'd have to move on and forget about them, before they got the chance to do it to you, and they don't want that to happen, which is why if they know it's about to end, they will go out and try to find someone else in a determined and energetic pursuit of their needs, they will keep you around long enough, just so they can find someone, and then they can go, because they've got someone else so they won't care, as long as they've got someone who has given them attention, as long as someone thinks they're special, so that they don't have to go through the pain and suffering of you moving on from them, they have to be able to control the situation, they have to say that they didn't want you, they were already done with you, so that they can feel good, they have to change the story, it can't be that they messed up and lost you, it has to be that you weren't what they wanted, so they had to leave you, everything they do is about themselves and their emotions, the only thing they really care about is how they feel about themselves, they don't care about anything else, and they're very sensitive, their feelings can change very quickly, they can change from one moment to the next, they're easily hurt and offended, which is why they try to put themselves in the best situations, where they won't have to deal with things that normal people have to deal with, such as disappointment or failing and losing, which is why they can never be loyal to anyone, they can never be with just one person, because if the ship is about to go down, they've got to have a backup option, they would never loyal to you, they always had someone else on the side, you just may not have known about it, but narcissists cannot put all of their eggs on a basket, they need to have other people just in case something goes wrong, because things always go wrong with them, they've seen it happen before with other people they were with, so they expected it to happen again, they're expecting you to get fed up and leave them, or they're expecting something to go wrong for you, but they don't want you to leave, so they will pretend to be nice, but once you've let them know that something is wrong with them, that something is not perfect, it's all over for you after that, because they don't want to feel like anything is wrong with them, so once you've told them that something is wrong, from that point on they're going to see it as though something is wrong with you, and they need to get rid of you, because if you can't see how special they are, you have no use to them, they have no purpose for you, but the crazy thing is, once they do get rid of you, or once you leave, they will beg for you to come back, they will apologize, they will cry, they will buy you gifts, just so they can do the same thing all over again, it never changes, because no matter what, they just can't do the right thing, because if they did that, it would mean that something was wrong with them all along, it would mean that they were the cause of everything, it would mean that they messed up, which is something they're never going to accept, because they're telling themselves they're the best things in sliced bread, they're telling themselves everyone wants them, but you want to leave them, so now they have to act like you're the problem, so that they can feel good, because the only thing that matters to them is how they feel, rather than accepting the truth and reality of the situation, which is that they did mess up, they did make mistakes, and they are the problem, they are the ones who need to be fixing things, or they are the ones who need to be left, not you, they're never going to accept that, but it's why they don't want you to leave them, because they don't want to accept the truth that they messed up, they don't want to accept that maybe they're not so great after all, thank you for watching, I hope this video was a little bit of a lesson for you, please like, comment, share, and subscribe if you would like to donate, my PayPal link is in the video description, coaching inquiries, you can email me at coaching.narcsurviver.uk, thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


the bridge. In order to get to the bridge, I want to go back and just say a few more things about voyages and about Crane in general. In Crane's letter to the distressed editor of poetry magazine Harriet Monroe that prose selection included in the back of your book Crane defends his poem At Melville's Tomb and specifically defends what he calls his recourse to the logic of metaphor. What does the logic of metaphor mean for Crane? Well, he distinguishes his criteria from Monroe's on page 968. He says, my poem may well be elliptical and actually obscure, but in your criticism you've stated your objections in terms that allow me the privilege of claiming your ideas and ideals as theoretically, at least, quite outside the issues of my own aspirations. And he says, to put it more plainly, as a poet I may very possibly be more interested in the so illogical impingements of the connotations of, well, that's a misprint. It should be words, on the consciousness and their combinations and interplay in metaphor on this basis. Then I am interested in the preservation of their logically rigid significations. Crane is talking here about, well, putting a kind of priority in his poetry on connotation over denotation. He's interested in the ways words relate to and through other words before or in addition to the ways in which they relate to the things of the world. In this sense Crane introduces us to a sense of poetry as a linguistic environment that is constructed through words relating among themselves in ways that play upon our imagination, systems of association, that in effect solicit our contribution to complete the thought, all of which supposes and seeks a kind of special intimacy with us as readers, gives us work to do. I suggested that the C is a kind of figure or metaphor in Crane's work for this linguistic space, an imaginative space to which we are summoned. In a poem like At Melville's Tomb, he's concerned with specifically how messages are transported with the, well, what he calls the dice of drown men's bones. You can understand the poem as an elegy for Melville. It's also about reading Melville and getting his message that is reaching back into the past and becoming for Melville the kind of reader that Crane himself seeks as he describes it in his letter to Monroe. In talking about Voyages II, I suggested that the Voyages III, rather the third section of the poem, I suggested that the image of infinite consanguinity was in part an image of this linguistic mixing and promiscuity that Crane is interested in poetry. In this poem the mixing of words in poetry is analogized to the mixing of bodies of lovers. Love here is also like death because it's a shattering experience through which the self is remade and changed with and through another. This is a process of transformation. It's one that Crane calls transmemberment, which is a way of evoking not so much a sharing of identity, but rather some kind of exchange of it, which is an experience of the self changed and the self redeemed. In Crane's eyes this is exactly what the wasteland contemplates and draws back doesn't embrace, turns away from. It's what in Crane love promises. It's what poetry song promises. The space of the poem, which is like, as Crane imagines it, a space of love, is set apart from ordinary life. You might contrast the kind of song and singing that you find in this poem with Eliot's love song for Prufrock. Crane recovers in this poem a kind of heroic blank verse, the medium of heroic drama, and uses it for the speech of a poet lover who celebrates the power of sound to make its own sense through the affirming force of desire. He imagines this again as a kind of resurrection of some kind, what he talks about as what has to happen after the wasteland. In this sense Crane is talking about some kind of passage through death, and you can understand that death as Crane's admission, as I suggested last time, is the illusion of the illusory nature of rhetoric, of love itself, of the power of desire, which Crane is always realistic about, you could say. The poem, Voyages, treats its theme as really the triumph of desire, even in defeat. That's also the theme of Admiralville's tomb, and it's the grand theme of The Bridge. The Bridge is Crane's great poem about America. Let me bring up a picture of him. This is Crane in 1927, or 28, it's unclear exactly when the photo was taken by Walker Evans, a great American photographer and Crane's friend, on top of 110 Columbia Heights, where Crane lived in view of Manhattan, and The Bridge, the Brooklyn Bridge. The Bridge is Crane's great poem about America, or about the idea of America, and I'll say more about what that means in a moment. And it's a reply, self-consciously so, to the wasteland. I suggested that the shortness of the wasteland was, in some ways, a kind of argument against epic in the modern world, an argument about the impossibility of epic vision in a culture which lacks shared myths, shared symbols. Against this lack, Crane proposes The Bridge, the Brooklyn Bridge, as a kind of central recognizing symbol for modern culture. This is a picture of The Bridge being built in the nineteenth century. It's important that as Crane looks at The Bridge as a modern symbol, that we remember that it wasn't built in 1920, I've forgotten now the year in which it is, but it was at least, I think, sixty years old at the time, and you can see when Robling's Bridge was first created, there's no Manhattan skyline for it to reach to. When Crane turns to The Bridge as a symbol of the modern, he's already looking back to an earlier vision of the modern, if you like, and in doing so he is joining many other American artists. This is a photograph by Walker Evans, who took many images of The Bridge with its cables and gothic arches, all of which play into Crane's poems in complex ways. This is the very great poem, one of many poem paintings, by Joseph Stella that appears in the Yale Gallery. A fantastic work, one that Crane hadn't seen actually when he began The Bridge, but which in all sorts of ways is harmonious with his vision, including the ways in which the sublime vision that it offers includes darkness, and I would have to say perhaps frightening or sinister elements. It is also importantly a moment in American art when artists like Stella, like Crane, are interested. Here's Joseph Marin with another image. This one painted from The Bridge in which artists are creating a kind of idiom that involves, includes abstraction, shows us images of the world in realist representation that are being transformed into something semi-abstract and symbolic. Crane is very much involved in the same kind of activity as these artists. These are more images from Evans. These, of course, shot from underneath The Bridge and showing it as a kind of form rising into the New York skyline. This is the title page of Crane's poem, as it appeared in the Black Sun edition, a limited edition in Paris in 1930. Its first publication followed shortly thereafter by publication in New York. Crane took The Brooklyn Bridge as a kind of symbol of a structure, the structure of a spiritual action, as he understood it underpinning American history. It seemed to him to embody what he saw variously embodied in American history. For Crane, American history is a series of new world visions, all of them versions or avatars of what he also calls Atlantis. The city sunk beneath the waves in platonic myth that promises to return and return to some kind of redeemed community. Atlantis is Crane's name for a kind of promised relation to the world that's been glimpsed but also lost. To aim at Atlantis, as the poem does and as Crane says American history does, is to go interestingly, confusingly, simultaneously into the past and into the future. To rescue or recover something from history promised for the future and to bring that future into being. Crane understands the mythic work of the poem, his poem, as a kind of act of crossing, one that has this kind of chronological mission of going back into the past and forward into the future. The title page here, you can't make it out, but it's clear in your anthology carries an epigraph from the Book of Job from going to and fro in the earth and from walking up and down in it. The epigraph from Job introduces these two motions as being essential to Crane's imagination in the poem, that is going to and fro back and forth and by going up and down. You can see these two motions, in fact, easily visualizable in the form of the bridge itself, which drives its pylons into the river and rises up in these gothic structures in order to carry people back and forth across the river. The epigraph is also a kind of joke, because Crane wrote this poem like Job tramping around across the northeast from one apartment or house to another, or one couch to another, and wrote it in Europe and California and elsewhere, himself Crane being without secure station in the writing of the poem. Crane's interest in the poem in hobos and marginals of many kinds, as well as with pioneers and other kinds of travelers, all represent figures of spiritual questers who are, in a sense, without a station in life, but rather in motion, as Crane himself was. This is the table of contents of the poem. It's helpful, I think, to look at it, because it's confusing. The poem consists in this poem, which I'll talk about in a few moments, when Crane actually dedicates his long poem, actually dedicates his poem to the Brooklyn Bridge, as if you could dedicate a poem to the bridge, to an object. A first section called Ave Maria, which is spoken by Columbus. Columbus, not on his way to the New World, but rather on his way back. He speaks to us on his way back, and it introduces the theme of carrying the message or the vision forward into the future, the question of how to retrieve or recover the vision of the New World is initially introduced there. Then there's a section called Pau Hatton's Daughter, which refers to Pocahontas, invokes a vision of the American continent through a series of poems, The Harbor Dance, Van Winkle, The River, The Dance, and Indiana, which all explore various moments in the history of the conquering of the continent. There's a section called Cutty Sark, which introduces us to a drunken visionary sailor in a bar on Sand Street in Lower Manhattan. That figure seems to metamorphose into Walt Whitman in the section for Cape Hatteras, in a sense, the center of the poem. Cape Hatteras is concerned with the invention of flight, and it links Whitman to well really the whole history of American invention. There are a series of songs called Three Songs, another section called Quaker Hill, evoking in 1920s New York suburb, really, or Connecticut Hills, which brings us up to the present as does the poem The Tunnel. The tunnel being that most closely based on the wasteland and describing a kind of infernal journey through the New York subways. And then finally, Atlantis, a kind of visionary rhapsody that invokes the object of quest that the poem is concerned with. The poem, as in this way, charts various journeys, westward and eastward, back and forth in time. Discovery means nothing without the relaying of the vision, the kind of carrying it forward. The bridge is concerned in these various sections with a series of symbols, symbols that are very frequently vehicles or transports from Columbus's ship to the subway to the Wright Brothers airplanes. Transport, this is in a sense the grand theme of the bridge. The root meaning of metaphor is to carry something over, to transport it. For crane, metaphor is as central a concept and activity as translation is for pound. But in crane, the emphasis is on imaginative transformation. That's really what metaphor is. The central symbol of the bridge, the bridge itself, you could understand as a metaphor for metaphor. A metaphor for a primary human capacity. The capacity to posit an object of desire, frosted eyes there were that lifted altars, to posit an object of desire that expands the horizon of the real, what's possible, and in so doing violates existing systems of cognition and projects the vision of a new world. This also means that the poem is constantly producing new symbols for this activity, new metaphors. Crane said in one letter, the bridge in becoming a ship, a world, a woman, a tremendous harp, which finally does, seems really to have a career, and so it does. This is, again, the Black Sun Edition, which I recommend that you go to Beinecke and look. It's one of the most beautiful books I know. It's a great big book with these big margins and red headings. Let's look at the poem as both an introduction to the poem and as a kind of summary in miniature of its intentions, claims, procedures. How many dawns chill from his rippling rest, the seagull's wings shall dip and pivot him, shedding white rings of tumult, rising high over the chain bay waters liberty. Then, with inviolate curve, forsake our eyes as apparitional as sails that cross some page of figures to be filed away till elevators drop us from our day. The poem begins with another resurrection of some kind, in this case not a seal rising from the water to gaze toward paradise, but rather a seagull rising as many times before how many dawns chill from his rippling rest, and this seagull becomes a kind of image of ascent and ascent. I guess it is an initial image of transport. The bird sheds white rings of tumult, and there's that word from voyages three. Remember, and wear death if shed presumes no carnage but the single change. Here, again, there's an action of shedding as the bird throws off the darkness and rises, building high. Then disappears. The vision vanishes. We are in the world of work. We are in the office spaces of lower Manhattan till elevators drop us from our day. If we've just gone up, now we go down again. I think of cinemas, panoramic slits with multitudes bent toward some flashing scene never disclosed, but hastened to, again, foretold to other eyes on the same screen the movie theater. The movie theater is a new machine of transport in the twenties, a kind of mass entertainment that Crane's poem will, in a sense, try to rival and provide a complementary way of imagining a collective vision. What he offers next is the bridge, which he addresses in this archaic language, archaic and intimate language, as if Brooklyn Bridge could have a subjectivity, and thee, he says, across the harbor silver paste as if the light on the bridge were being seen as a kind of movement that the bridge was itself involved in. As though the sun took step of thee, yet left some motion ever unspent in thy stride, implicitly thy freedom staying thee. This is a wild kind of address to architecture, as if the bridge were animate with the power of motion, and as if it had a kind of motion that was fountain-like and could not be exhausted. Then suddenly we're given another vision. The threat of suicide suddenly rises up in the poem. Out of some subway scuttle sell or loft a bedlamite speeds to thy parapets, tilting their momently shrill shirt ballooning a jest falls from the speechless caravan. The possibility of failure seems dialectically to be written into this poem's grand ambition. It's wish for ascent and redemption. Crane turns then to images of the bridge in the New York skyline, down wall from Gerter into street noon leaks, a ripped tooth of the sky's light, all afternoon the cloud-flown Derek's turn. Thy cables breathe the North Atlantic still, as if it were a kind of ship. I don't know about you, but I am thrilled every time I read Crane's language for evoking the kind of sensual power of New York architecture. O harp and altar of the fury fused, how could mere toil align thy quiring strings? The bridge is harp and altar, instrument of music and sight of worship, terrific threshold of the prophet's pledge, prayer of pariah and the lover's cry. Again the traffic lights that skim thy swift, unfraction idiom immaculate sigh of stars, beating thy path, condense eternity, and we have seen night lifted in thine arms. Under thy shadow, by the piers I waited, only in darkness is thy shadow clear, the city's fiery parcels all undone, already snow submerges an iron year. O sleepless is the river under thee, vaulting the sea, the prairie's dreaming sod. Suddenly the bridge crosses the Atlantic, it crosses the American continent unto us lowliest, and now it's a kind of divinity that he beseeches to descend, and of the curbship, of the bridge itself seen as a kind of vehicle, a curbship, lend a myth to God. The poem means to incorporate the threat of failure and the threat of death and move beyond it, much as it aims to incorporate the wastelands' despair and move beyond it. It is a kind of jest, a kind of prayer, a kind of pledge that belongs to lover or pariah. These are speech acts that are models for the kind of poem that you're reading. The intention is to somehow create from a series of fragments a whole that would be an unfraction idiom, as Crane calls it, which would be a kind of pure and redeemed language. There's that phrase in the last stanza of the curbship, meaning both derived from the bridge, I think, and partaking of it. He asks the bridge to lend a myth to God, to lend is to give, knowing it will be given back. This is not a permanent name for God. It is not the one symbol for God. It is only one in an ongoing series of acts of naming, which are all acts of metaphor, which are all acts by something from the past is joined to the future, something far is joined with something near, out of some kind of spiritual need or vision. Well, the poem was begun, Crane liked this idea, both ends at once, just the way you build a bridge, by writing the poem and by writing Atlantis, and gradually over time moving towards the middle. This is the final section, Atlantis. In fact, why don't we turn there for a moment. This is this kind of splendid, outrageous Shellian lyric speech. Through the bound cable strands, the arching path upward, veering with light the flight of strings, an image now in your minds, that great Stella painting over in the gallery. Top miles of shuttling moonlight syncopate the whispered rush, telepathy of wires. Up the index of night, granite and steel, transparent meshes, fleckless, the gleaming staves, sibiline voices flicker, waveringly stream as though a god were issue of the strings. Here, at the end of the poem, Crane imagines a kind of ascent through the structure of the bridge, which becomes a grand musical instrument, a harp. The visionary appears here in fragmentary ways, as in line 25, where shirly the eyes, like seagulls stung with rhyme, slit and propelled by glistening fins of light. Crane talks here about the eyes moving up through this structure, like the seagull that we saw in the first line of the poem. The object of desire, the version of Paradise Crane offers us is there in line 42, where he talks about the bridge as vision of the voyage, bridge lifting night to cycloramic, it should be crest, of deepest day. O choir, translating time into what multitudinous verb the sun's and synergy of waters ever refuse, as if somehow the sun and water on the space of the bridge beneath it created what Crane calls a multitudinous verb, recast in myriad syllables some of Cathay, that's of course Columbus's goal, Cathay. O love thy white pervasive paradigm, it's also a vision of love. Here Crane gives us a kind of vision of the word, the multitudinous verb as what his poem draws its energy from and what it moves towards. It is not a Christian word, importantly. It is, I think, a name for a creative process that's accessed in and through our powers of language. The word in Crane's poem is secular and historical, but yet it unfolds from what he calls an ever-presence beyond time, towards which the poem is questing. It is a creativity, a power of world making that's embodied in our language. Crane is imagining a post-Christian religion for which America provides iconography and myths. The poem is an encyclopedia of America and places in American culture, popular culture in Berlesque, in national winter garden in the river in Virginia. There's slang, jazz, advertising, all of that worked into the poem. The poem combines a kind of popular storybook history of figures like Rip Van Winkle and the most challenging abstract modernist poetics at the same time. Every line is loaded with symbols and reference linking up to other lines in the same way. In the same way, Crane is suggesting that every moment in American history links up with others and with a larger structure of action of which it is part. Crane's poem is therefore, I think, at once knowingly naive and hyper-sophisticated, both of these things at once. Crane composed the poem through the funding, with the funding of Otto Kahn, businessman, philanthropist, and he explains his outline of the poem at still a relatively early period of composition in that letter to Otto Kahn that I included for you last time. Well, I'll refer to it briefly. Keeping in mind that table of contents I showed you before, there's a kind of story of American history told in large in the poem in which Crane moves from Columbus to the section called Po'hatton's Daughter, where the theme is the betrayal of the land in the conquest of the continent. In the middle, in Cape Hatteras, when Crane is writing about invention and technology in American culture, his theme is also the Civil War and World War I. Again, a kind of betrayal of vision by which technology becomes a means to kill. In his letter to Kahn he talks about having a section on John Brown that would take up the topic of slavery. This section was never written, but there are traces of it you find in the section called Po'hatton's Daughter. In each of these sections, Crane turns to and looks to again hobos, marginal figures who are emblems of lost promise, who seem to represent possibilities included in but also marginalized by American history, American culture. You can understand these figures, such as the sailor that you meet in Cutty Sark, as versions of the authors to whom Crane appeals throughout through illusion and epigraph, Melville, Dickinson, Po'hatton in The Tunnel. Crane reaches back to these authors, canonical for us, authors that you study, but that were largely left out of accounts of American literary history in the 1920s, who themselves appeared to be marginals. These are versions of a kind of community that Crane wants to recover and carry forward for the creative promise that they seem to embody. Well, let me just point to the poems, let's say, two different endings. The history of the composition of the poem is different from the sequence that you read. Because Crane began at both ends, the end of the poem is really, in one sense, the middle. When Crane completes the chorus at last, after struggling with this section for a couple years, he completes the span of the bridge in one particular image, one sense, and that's towards the end of the section on 636. And he invokes and quotes Whitman. Here, seen as a kind of marginal who is recovered for American culture through the Poem's imaginative act, Whitman is addressed, recorders ages hence, that's a quote from Whitman's Calamus poems, recorders ages hence, yes, they shall hear in their pencil thy sure tread, Whitman, and read thee by the oriole the halo round thy head of pastures shine, panis angelicus, bread of angels. Here Whitman becomes a kind of figure for a kind of secular communion. Yes, Walt, a foot again and onward without halt, not soon nor suddenly, no, never to let go, my hand in yours, Walt Whitman. So that's a kind of moment when, in this hand clasp, a certain aspiration of the poem is completed and a connection to the past is achieved and asserted. The conclusion of the poem that we find at the end of Atlantis is another vision and I'll conclude with that. It's, I think, something to be contrasted with this triumphant and reassuring conclusion that Cape Hatteras offers. Here, well, here are the last two sublime stanzas of the poem, Migrations that must needs void memory, Inventions that cobblestone the heart, unspeakable thou bridge to thee, O love! Thy pardon for this history widest flower, O answerer of all, anemony, Now while thy petals spend the sun's about us hold, O thou whose radiance doth inherit me, Atlantis, hold thy floating singer here, Atlantis is brought into being with the singer himself on the verge of drowning, thy floating singer.  So to thine ever-presence beyond time, like spears in sanguine of one tolling star that bleeds The orphic strings, now the cables of the bridge have become the strings of Orpheus's lyre. Ciderial phalanxes leap and converge, and again you can see the structure of the bridge imaged there. One song, one bridge of fire, Is it Cathay? Now pity steeps the grass and rainbows ring the serpent with the eagles in the leaves. Whispers antiphonal in azure swing. The poem ends with this question, Is it Cathay? Columbus's question. An error, a mistake. It is the nature of the object of desire to be misnamed, precisely because it has no one name. And even in this error, this kind of defeat, there is for Crane an affirming of the scope of desire, precisely through its failure to be contained by a single reference. Well, we'll stop now. And I know you have done your work and gathered a note. We'll collect these and put together our own annotated version of the poem.