Hey guys, what is up? Welcome to my channel. For today's video, I am going to be doing a holiday makeup products 2020. Where are they now? I'm going over the majority of the products that I bought during the holiday season last year and telling you one year later, my thoughts of them, if they've changed, if I've even used them, all of that good stuff. So if you wanna hear all that, then just keep watching. So I actually filmed this video last year. I did a Where Are They Now 2019 holiday makeup, and I had so much fun with it, so I wanted to do it again this year. I've said this many a times before, but holiday makeup season is my absolute favorite. I think they come out with some of the best products during this time, particularly when it comes to palettes. Last year, I bought a lot of palettes.  I think I realized I had so much makeup, I didn't need to buy those little sets anymore, but I bought a lot of the big stuff, and I realized I'm probably missing some stuff in this video, but I really just wanted to pick out the main products from my favorite brands that were very clearly holiday launches and products that I felt excited to talk about. So if I'm missing any, that's why. Let's get into it. Organize this in alphabetical order by brand. First brand that we have that I purchased from for the holiday season is BH Cosmetics. Now I actually bought this pretty late in the season. I was going to pass on it, but ultimately I decided I wanted it. Particularly last year, I was hot and heavy for BH Cosmetics eyeshadow formula. I just couldn't believe the prices and the quality that you would get.  They came out with two. Didn't pick up a BH holiday eyeshadow palette this year just because I feel like I've done my fair share in the BH line, but how beautiful is this palette? I couldn't not get it. And the thing that really excites me about this palette is that it's the same good formula that I love from BH. This was top notch quality. I believe it actually went on sale for like 50% off, so you could get it for such a good deal. It had some very trendy shades in here, like greens and purples. I had a lot of fun with this because my channel is so eyeshadow based. This is not one that I reached for a ton anymore. I want to say I've probably created about five looks with this, but I've reached into this palette multiple times just to get specific colors that I was looking for because this has great transition colors, great highlight colors. It really is a useful palette and was definitely one of my favorites for the holiday season last year and is probably one of the best values as well, given the price of BH cosmetics and the quality. I heard, I believe, not so great things about their holiday palette this year. Correct me if I'm wrong if you picked it up, but the one from last year was bomb. The next brand that we have is Charlotte Tilbury. I picked up a lot from Charlotte Tilbury. There's multiple things. So the first one that we're gonna talk about is the Dazzling Diamonds Luxury Palette of Pops. Now she came out with multiple, so many releases at different times. So I'm not a palette of Pops fan. I ended up eventually ordering this because I saw it in Nordstrom with all of the pretty lights on it, making it look super sparkly and I was like, you know what, I need that. And I feel like they did improve the pop formula with this one. I don't reach for it entirely too much just because I tend to steer clear of the palettes of Pops. I find that there's a lot of glitter fallout, but with this formula, this is definitely a good formula in terms of the pop formula. These have more base to them. They're really pretty and they do add a little extra oomph to my eyes. But just generally speaking, I'm not one to grab for lid toppers, so this isn't my most used palette from the Charlotte Tilbury collection, but it definitely was a good one. We also have the infamous Fire Rose. Everybody was hot and heavy for this little quad because it is probably one of the best Charlotte Tilbury quads to come out. I love this one. It's nearly impossible to get a hold of in the US. I know to you European folks it was available to you, but if you were in the US, it's really hard to get a hold of this. This really is one of her best quads ever. The formulas in here are so buttery, so creamy, so metallic and unique. You just can't get better than this. I almost don't want to use this because it's so good. I don't ever want to be without this. So yeah, this is one of the best, if not the best Charlotte Tilbury quads. And I just don't know why she hasn't re-released it in the US or come out with something that is the same formulas as these four, like do it again in Charlotte. Along with that launch, she also came out with two new eyes to mesmerize. And to be quite honest, I feel like I have these shades in her eyes to mesmerize as well like before I got these because we have the ever so classic kind of rose gold shade that Charlotte Tilbury is so known for. And then we also have copper sunrise, which is more of a, I mean, a copper color. I noticed that these two aren't as metallic as her other ones, so I'm less inclined to reach for these. I like a really metallic cream base and the other shades I have from Charlotte Tilbury are more glimmery. These I find to be a little bit dull. I feel like I can get more glimmer from her powder shadows as opposed to these. So these haven't been ones that I've been inclined to reach for. When I reach for my eyes to mesmerize from Charlotte Tilbury, it's not most likely going to be those two. They're fine. I do find eyes to mesmerize cream shadows to crease on me, which is why I typically prefer to use these more so as bases in terms of longevity. These just weren't my favorite colors that she launched, so I'm not reaching for them a lot. And then kind of the main core holiday drop was first this Hollywood Superstar Glow highlight. If you've been following my videos in the past year, this was one of my all-time favorite holiday releases. I cannot put this down. This is one of the most beautiful highlights ever. I believe you can still get your hands on it, but this just blends into one with your skin and creates the most beautiful, seamless glow. I cannot recommend this highly enough. It is an astronomical price, but to me it's worth every penny. And this is what I want a highlight to embody. It's just, it is perfection. It is the perfect glow. One of the best that came out during the holiday season. Finally, we have the Be Jeweled Eyes to Hypnotize. So this is her annual big 12-pan palette that she comes out with every year. I much prefer the packaging of this year compared to the one that came out for 2021. This one is so much prettier. The one that came out for 2021 was black. And honestly, this is a little bit more up my alley for color story as well. So I still prefer this over the one that came out this year in 2021 because you have a neutral brown section, you have a purple-y section, you have kind of this typical Charlotte Tilbury pink section and then you have this kind of yellow-y tan section. And this is just more up my alley for colors that I would personally wear. I'm not saying the quality is better compared to this year's. They're both kind of the same quality, but this color story is more up my alley. But you might prefer the one that came out this year's color story more because that one has a green and that one's really pretty. But I think in terms of every day, I'm more inclined to grab for this one. So I love this guy. I think it's awesome. And if you are looking to get into Charlotte Tilbury, these 12 pans are the way to go. I truly find them to be the best value, the best way to experiment with new colors. And sometimes Charlotte Tilbury's quads can be inconsistent. And I find that with these 12 pans, they're more consistent and sometimes better quality than some of the quads. So that's all that launched for Charlotte Tilbury during the holidays last year. Let's move on to Dior. Now this was a very early release in the holiday season, but these were awesome. I have to talk about them. The Dior Backstage Glow Face Palettes, these were limited edition colors. So I don't believe you can get your hands on them anymore, which is very unfortunate because they are so good. So Dior has one of my all-time favorite highlight formulas on the market and these do not fall short. They have a couple other quads that are in their permanent range, but these two particular color stories you can no longer get a hold of. So the first one that we have is Rose Gold and I live, die, breathe for a pink highlight. I am huge into pink blushes and I love when a pink blush kind of blends out into a pinky highlight. So this has gotten a ton of use for me. I mixed these two shades on my cheek today. I put a more pinky mauve blush and then the pinky highlight on top, just stunning. Dior has a superb formula. And then of course we also have the pure gold one. I love a gold highlight as well. I would say this is one that I reach for less than the pinky one, but you cannot go wrong with the champagne colors that are in here and just a gold highlight in general is always very flattering. 2020 holiday season was the year for highlights. They came out with so many beautiful luxury highlights during the holiday season and these two did not fall short. I'm telling you last year's holiday collections top of the line. I mean, a lot of these products I'm still using regularly and I couldn't say the same last year when I was talking about 2019's products. Okay, let's move on to Fenty. So for some reason I only have lip products from Fenty. So later on in the holiday season, I don't know that this was a holiday launch but it came out during the holiday season. Fenty launched a new lip gloss formula and it is their cream version. And honestly, I prefer the cream version over their original formulation. So in the last year, I've been grabbing for these more than the OGs just because these have more pigment to them. And I've been very much into just a lip liner and a lip gloss over top. So these have a little bit more pigmentation to them. I am currently wearing Fenty Glow over just like a neutral lip liner. And do you see how pretty and natural, not sticky it is. It's still the great classic Fenty formula. I just prefer the finish. I also really love Candy Milk. I have a couple other shades in my collection in this formula that I'm staring at right now. It's phenomenal. My favorite lip formula from Fenty. But in terms of their holiday collections, they came out with their holidays lip gloss set. I buy them every year. Those had more of the traditional, original, Fenty lip gloss formulations. I don't even have them now because I use these so much. They are scattered in my purses. I buy these sets every year to put these lip glosses in my purses, have them ready to go because I do love the formulation. So again, another item where I can say to this day, I am still using these. I even bought the version that they came out with this year of those lip glosses because I can't be tamed. I love these sets. And I do think I prefer the holiday set that came out in 2020 over the 2021 set. So that one was my favorite. Next up, let's talk our glass.  It is a mixture of new and classic formulations that already exist in their line.  So it's nice to get it all in one compact palette. And I have to say of every face palette that comes out every year, the Hourglass ones I use regularly in my routine for every single one of the years, they're really that great. So this is the Lighting Edit Sculpture. And I actually use this all last week when Jose's parents were visiting. So it does not go unused, but there's something about this color curation that is not my favorite. The Holiday Palette that came out the year prior to this was my all-time favorite best array of colors. I still very, very much love this one, but it's not as good as the year before. Now thinking in terms of the year of this year's palettes that came out, I prefer this layout because there's six shades as opposed to five shades in this year. So I do prefer the 2020 palette over 2021, but I do think I prefer some of the colors in the 2021 over this 2020 palette. So this one kind of falls in the middle to me in terms of all of the Hourglass palettes, but she is still being used regularly by me. Next up, let's move on to Huda Beauty. Every year, Huda's Holiday Launch is one of her big $65 palettes. And last year, it was the Naughty Nude Palette. And this I did not expect to love as much as I did. It is a bit of a deeper palette and we know that Huda Beauty tends to stick in the same color family when it comes to these palettes, but there was something about this one that was extra rich and extra beautiful. There's some really beautiful, shiny glimmers that Huda does so well and I found the mattes to be extremely pigmented and very, very blendable. I've been into kind of lighter, more simple eye makeup this year, so this hasn't been the one that I've been reaching for a lot. The Rose Quartz that came out this year, I prefer that one over this one. This one is the evening version for me and I don't have very much late nights, but I love this one and I feel like those of you who have medium and deeper skin tones, I would definitely recommend this one over the new Rose Quartz. This one is a little bit more berry based though, so it depends on your color preferences, but no, I did really, really enjoy this palette. It got a lot of buzz for good reason. I'm not using this every day. I have a lot of palettes in my collection. I'm not constantly reaching for this one, but it still was one of the better launches of 2020. The next palette that I have is from Juvia's Places Launch. Now, Juvia's Place is not one of the main brands that I cover on my channel and I quite irregularly buy some things from them, but far and few between. I couldn't resist though, the Wahala 2 palette that came out last year because it does have some multi-chromes. I'm comparing this launch right here to the launch that came out in 2021 for this holiday season and they were all small six-panners, so they didn't do it for me. I kind of like the bigger palette here that launched last year with the multi-chromes and anyways, I don't use this that frequently because quite honestly, this turned out to be more colorful than I even thought. It's definitely something that is out of my comfort zone. I've only used it a handful of times. I do believe I have a TikTok where I was playing with this and I just was in love with the quality, but she's a lot, so she doesn't get reached for a lot, but I do think this is a nice representation of Juvia's Place in my collection since I have so few palettes and I really like this. It causes me to get out of my comfort zone. There are some shades that I find to be difficult to work with for some reason. I'm not in love with Juvia's formula. I don't get it. I mean, I think the formula is great for the price, but I would choose BH over Juvia's any day, but I do love the color story of this. Let's go on to NARS. They came out with the Extreme Effects Eyeshadow Palette last year and I much prefer the palette that came out this year in 2021. Now taking a look at this, I definitely didn't need it and the quality on this one didn't wow me either. It is fine and it has some great wearable colors and I've enjoyed the looks that I've done with this, but they were just boring, every day looks. Yeah, this isn't a wow for me, so I kind of forgot about it, honestly. Natasha Denona, she had quite a lot of end of year launches last year, so it was hard for me to decipher what was really part of the holiday collection. So I kind of picked the three items that stood out to me most, one of which was the glam palette and you know how I went with this one. I am still using this one regularly in my everyday routine. It is probably my favorite, most used Natasha Denona palette. It's my color story. I love these types of colors for every day. I've talked about this plenty of times on my channel. I've done so many looks using this. One of my most used palettes of 2021, I would say. It is that good. Trio Chrome also came out and unfortunately I don't use this one as much as the glam, but I will say I do think it is an underrated palette. The multi-chromes in here that are this center row are disappointing compared to indie shadows, but if you wanna taste the multi-chromes, but maybe want it toned down, these would be good for you, but not for me. What stands out to me about this palette are the mattes in here more than anything. I just find the tones to be really unique. I do not have another palette that looks like this and I'm not even talking about the multi-chromes. The mattes alone made this palette worth it for me. I don't reach for it too often though because it just really is outside of my comfort zone. I have dug for this recently to use it with the Denessa Myricks Lightwork Volume 3 palette, which has a lot of multi-chromes that are way better than the ones in the Natasha Denona because the mattes are so complimentary to those types of shadows. I don't use this as often as I should. I've only used it probably a handful of times. It was a good one, but glam was way better in my opinion. Also, the I Need a Nude Glow Highlight. Now I know this came out with other items, but this really stood out to me as a holiday item. It was bunched up in that group of really great luxury highlighters. This is bomb.com. I'm about to put some on. I did a video on all the luxury highlighters that came out during this season of luxury highlighters because just which direction did you go? This was one of the better ones for sure. I don't think it beats the Dior or the Charlotte Tilbury, but it's a solid third place for the luxury highlights that came out. It looks really smooth on the skin. It is quite blinding. It's a very versatile color. It's going to go with a lot of different looks. And I think it's become a staple in a lot of our daily routines because it is just that good. All right, let's talk Pat McGrath. Guys, now I order everything that Pat McGrath comes out with. So we're gonna start off with the quads that she came out with. There were three. I am wearing two of the quads on my eyes today. So I am wearing Riscay Rose, which I'm wearing this hot pink kind of to blend out. It's quite soft. And this is the color that is all over my lid. Isn't it stunning? I love that there's a blitz shade in there. And then I also mixed in some of Fleur Fantasia. So I use this in the crease, this in the lower lash line, and this as the highlight.  So unfortunately, Fleur Fantasia was not my favorite quad to come out. I found the shades to be kind of bland, honestly. It's a soft, pretty palette. It speaks very springtime to me, but I haven't been so inclined to reach for it. This is the first time that I reached for it in a while. And it is very pretty, but I just wanted a little bit more from Pat. You know, I don't go to Pat for soft eyeshadow look. The saving grace for Riscay Rose is the Blitz Astro shade that makes this quad worth it, as well as this pink is really beautiful. But again, I'm not in love with this quad. It feels very safe to me. It's fine. I mean, look at my look right now. It is gorgeous. I believe these two palettes really are a match made in heaven. They should be made into an eight pan because they worked so well together for this look. But again, very pretty, softer looks. The other quad that came out is Interstellar Icon. I like this one, but I'm just not in love with it. Hamagrath has so many other better palettes, in my opinion, than these three, but this one is really beautiful. I did do a look with this one kind of recently when the new holiday palettes came out. I wanted to pull this one out because it looked similar. This is different than the one that came out for 2021. And it's really beautiful and glimmery. I don't quite love this shade, but I haven't honestly reached for these quads very much and more inclined to reach for her mothership palettes because I just find them to be better. Is that gonna stop me from buying her quads in the future? No. And then of course, we have this Celestial Divinity Eyeshadow Palette. I've said this multiple times. I prefer the OG palette right here compared to the new palette that came out this year for 2021. But the 2020 palette right here is more of my alley mostly because as you can see, there's a lot of purple-y colors. So this is more of my color story. I found the one that came out in 2021 this year a little bit harder for me to maneuver. It is more wearable in ways, but I've just had a lot more fun with this palette. I prefer it. I love the quality in this one. It's one of my favorites. I would recommend this one over the one that came out for the holidays this year, but it depends on the type of colors that you're going to wear. I love it. I don't reach for it a ton. I'm going to be honest. I've been really into the Divine Rose 1 and 2 this year. So this has fallen to the back burner, but it still is a great one. And then lastly, from that collection, I got the Sublime Skin Highlighter.  I think it is not worth the money at all. It's as happy as a brick though. I will say that, but the quality is weird on this to me. It's like a putty formula. It doesn't look very smooth on my skin. It's a little bit harder to work out. It's just not a highlight formula that I enjoyed, especially with all the other great highlights that came out in 2020. I was not inclined to reach for this. It was a bit deep for me as well. Just didn't really care about this highlight. Pat luckily has redeemed herself and has come out with much better highlights in the most recent year, but yeah, that was an off one for Pat. The next brand that I have is Rare Beauty. I remember struggling on whether or not I wanted to pick these up, but oh boy, am I glad that I did. Now I haven't used these in the most recent months, but in the first I want to say six months of owning these, I talked about these a lot on my channel because I was so pleasantly surprised. So this first palette that we have is Magnetic Spirit. And then the other one that we have is Confidence Energy. The quality on these are surprisingly good. They were a very good price. So I wasn't sure what to expect. There are all shimmer palettes as well, which I thought almost kind of cheapened them, but in all reality, the formula on these were stunning. You didn't even need a matte with these shades. And I found the color stories to be really versatile and fun to play with. I was pleasantly surprised by these. I was shocked at how much I liked them, that I kept mentioning them in videos. I loved the looks that I was creating. This one right here reminds me a lot of one of the Pat McGrath mothership palettes. And the quality on these was spectacular for the price. Rare hasn't come out with eyeshadow palettes like these since, and that's disappointing because I thought these were so, so good. Okay, so the next one that we have is from Tarte. I actually didn't buy any Tarte holiday sets in 2021. 2019 and 2020, I did get 2019 more so. But 2020, I did pick up one of their cheek trios. So they were like this. They come in a little compact and you get three different shades and it came in a set of three. So this is the first one that we have. I actually am wearing this one today. I've used the bronzer, which is good. I used the blush, which is nice and pretty. And then there also was this blush set, which you can see is a little bit more peachy. And then the last one, honestly, I recently decluttered it just because I wasn't interested in it and wasn't ever going to use it. You know, I am happy that I purchased this set. I've liked all of their cheek stuff in the past and I feel like Tarte has very good cheek products. But this year, 2021 was the year that I stopped because I just don't need the Tarte stuff anymore. It seems not as good quality to me. So 2020 was the last year, I think, that I'm going to purchase these unless they really shock me next year. And I don't think these are bad quality, but even quite honestly today when I was using this, I wasn't wowed anymore. I wish I had used my Hourglass instead. They're fine, they're solid. I bought these more so because of tradition because in the previous years I bought them every year and I wasn't disappointed with these. I think they're pretty, but they don't excite me anymore and Tarte as a brand just doesn't excite me anymore. Their stuff seems not as good quality, not as special anymore. So don't use those too often, but I did use them today. Oh, I'm about to get mad talking about this one. So this is from Tom Ford's Holiday Collection last year. This is the Soleil Niche Quad in First Frost. When I tell you, this quad is amazing. It is one of my favorite Tom Ford quads. I have to embarrassingly admit didn't use this one too often this year and I don't know why because it really is a great representation of what I want all Tom Ford quads to be. When I love a Tom Ford quad, I love it.  Tom Ford is inconsistent across the board, which I believe is unacceptable for a brand at this price point. But dang, I keep coming back because when it's good, it's good you guys. This is good. Guess what happened? I came back this year in 2021 for the new Soleil Niche Quad and it was C-R-A-P. Okay, so 2020's Soleil Niche. Gorgeous, stunning, perfect, beautiful, wearable, subtle, still pigmented, still blended, sophisticated, elegant. Loved it, worth every penny. It was a worthful price to me. But I'm only mad because 2021's was so bad. How can a brand come out with something that is so good and then something that is so bad the next year? If you can get your hands on First Frost, one of my favorites, highly recommend it. Then we have a good old Two-Face. You guys know I buy their annual tin holiday themed palette every year. It's kind of a fun little tradition for me at this point. This one is Pumpkin Spice. I think this one is probably my favorite in the most recent years that they've come out with. 2021's was nice. I actually just recently posted an Instagram reel, creating a look with it. I pulled it out again because it was one of the first palettes that launched for the 2021 holiday season. It always launched these early and I recently used it. I like it every year. They're good quality, but they're not great quality, but they're good enough to keep me coming back every year. I love the sense. I love the themes. And since it's one of the first holiday palettes to come out, I'm super excited. So I always pick it up. But colors are wise. This one was the best year in my opinion. You know, these shades down here are a little bit harder to work with, a little bit harder to blend, but we're not paying luxury prices here. They're fine enough to keep me coming back. But yeah, this one, my favorite. I used it a ton, like a lot. Definitely more than the 2021 palette. This one is the best in my opinion. I love that there's purples, that there's greens. There's still warm tones for the holiday season. If you can still get your hands on pumpkin spice, I do recommend this one over the cinnamon swirl. Though the cinnamon swirl is very pretty, but there's more variety in this one. I think pumpkin spice is more unique to the whole Too Faced holiday palettes compared to this year's cinnamon swirl, which I feel like they took a step back because it is a little bit closer to like the gingerbread palettes. Next up, I think this was a holiday launch from Urban. Urban Decay, this is the Stone Fibes palette. Ugh, to me, I don't know why this got so much attention because I do not like this palette. I have not grabbed for it. And the only reason it is still in my collection is just to have the formula for reference, just to bag on it when I want to do a video about formulas I don't like. I don't get a whole lot from these. The shimmers are kind of chunky. There's not much variation between the shades because they're chunky without too pigmented of a base. They all kind of look like chunky glitter on the eyes. The mattes I don't find to blend well. I don't know, I don't know because so many people love this, but I just, some shades are fine. But then some shades, you're like, where, what? It had potential to be so good. If the quality of this was good, I would love it because truly, I think the colors that they have in here look stunning and in the pans, they look beautiful. But performance-wise, I could not get on board. Urban Decay came out with a palette. This year, the Cyber Naked Palette, which kind of has similar vibes to this. I prefer the Cyber Naked Palette, but they're both not very good. So Urban Decay, get it together, please. I used to be the biggest fan of Urban Decay. I used to have all their super cool palettes like 10 years ago. I don't know what happened, man. They need to work on their quality. All right, Vizzy Arts, as you know, 2021, this holiday season, Vizzy Art has absolutely killed it. So the 2021 palettes, I recommend over the 2020 palettes. I think this new year's holiday palettes, Vizzy Art has stepped up the games. But let me show you, let's take a walk back into memory lane of what they launched last year. So they did launch their first round of the Petty Fours. There's some that I really like in here and there's some that I do find to be boring, but I did like these all around. The ones that came out in 2021 are better. I like the color stories more and they have cuter designs. But I really enjoy Praline because it's a little bit more subtle, great wearable colors. I think it's really beautiful for the everyday working person. And then Lila's because they really stuck to a true gray color story. Not too much depth on this, but I just liked that you could get a really simple, easy look in these little quads. I do recommend looking more into the new years, the 2021 Petty Fours because I think a little bit more depth and variety in them. These are definitely more safe color stories, but you might like that about these. But yeah, I've had a lot of fun with these. I haven't used them a ton, but I reached for these more so than a lot of other items. And then they also launched the Violette Etendue. I was very excited about this because it was kind of a redo, a step up from our first purple palette that I loved. I don't think this is as good as that first purple palette, but nonetheless, I think it is a great purple palette. I actually have reached for this quite a lot because it is really great curation of colors. I think the transitions just make a lot of sense for the type of purples that we're working with here. They did a great job. Vizier really has an eye for color and what is going to go with each other. They have the cute print on here. So this was my favorite holiday launch from Vizier Art. I don't use it a ton because I have a vast collection, but this is one of my favorite palettes from Vizier Art. So I like it a lot. Oh my gosh. This is the last one that I have to talk about. Okay, so we have this eyeshadow palette from Wayne Goss. I believe this was a holiday launch. You can correct me if I'm wrong, but it seems pretty holiday-y for me. So this is the Pearl Moonstone palette. And as much as I want to love this, I don't. I love the color story on here and I love this shade, this shade. Incredible. I kind of want to put it all over my eyes right now. The black is also really nice, but these grays I find to be quite patchy. And this is quite an expensive palette. The pans are really large, so you don't get a lot of variety. So you pay a lot for very few shades. So if you're getting few shades, that means they better work. You know, if you get a big palette and maybe one or two shades aren't that good, you can look past it. It's hard when two of the six shades, which happen to be the transition shades, are patchy, because then you don't have a good base to work with. So there's been an internal battle within me because I love the color story of this. I think Wayne did a great job with that. But performance-wise, it wasn't my favorite. These are harder colors to create. I think Wayne has other palettes that I prefer over this one. This one was just average for me. I haven't been inclined to really reach for it because I didn't feel like fighting with those grays. Those are the major holiday launches that I covered last year. I think definitely the holiday products that came out in 2020 were much better than the holiday products that came out in 2019. Either that or I became a little bit more sensible and bought more products that I knew I would really like. But it was a really successful year. There's so many products on my table right now that I see that I am still constantly using or constantly talking about. So I hope you guys enjoyed this video and you found it helpful. Be sure to say two until next year because I will do a 2021 holiday roundup. I'll be honest. I think 2020 might be a little better than 21. I'll let you know next year. But anyways, make sure you guys are subscribed to my channel because I am currently doing Vlogmas, meaning I am uploading a new video every single day. So you wanna get notified to see what I'm going to talk about next if you love good makeup talk. And yeah, I will catch you guys in tomorrow's video. Have a good one.


I'm Emily Anderson, and I'm happy to be here with the Seawolves. We have Jacob, Donye, and Thomas. And shortly, we will be doing interviews. So we're going to snap that into place by snapping out to Jacob, snapping out Donye, snapping out Thomas. See you in a moment. And here we are back. What do you imagine your life being in five years? What's— Oh, can I answer that? Yes. In five years, but those questions are always a little hard for me. It always reminds me of being in college and that question being asked the first time. But I can imagine that I am living in Vermont and that I'm working with interesting groups of people and that I'm living near water. That's what I can imagine. Yes. What's something you would like the teachers and families of bridging to know? Oh, I—well, I always want them to know how talented you all are and all of the different skills that I feel like appear in bridging moments like this one, where you're here interviewing me, Thomas, and all the other things that will be shared in this show. Do you have another question? What's something you would like to be? Surprise video by next week. Something I'd like to be surprised by next week? Yes. Well, I guess I feel like I'm getting pretty traditional.  What would you do if you got a lot of money, Thomas? I love money to buy a Buzz Lightyear toy. Well, thank you for those questions, Thomas. Lightyear June 17, 2022. Awesome. Thank you for those really great questions. They were great questions. I am going to snap—shall we snap me away? Yes. And you will be soon interviewed by someone. One, two, three. Hi there. My name is Jacob, and I'm going to be interviewing Thomas Vega with his artwork that he created when we were with Topaz weeks ago. Okay, Thomas, let's go ahead and take a look at the artwork. I like Christmas Tree Shop and the New York City Park, and the City Tour Bus is going to camp to come to Halloween with Mummy, and there is going on a City Tour Bus to go to Camp Halloween. And we got the 2003 Ford truck, and December 2019 came out, and it was Frozen 2, and October 2020 came out is Soul. That's what we'll hang with Milani and Daddy and Thomas Vega. That's when Milani sleeps over with Rhys to bear in time and we'll sleep with Pooh Bear. I like sleeping at night when he go camping for Halloween. I like pet animals, as I like the Bugs Bunny Rabbit and the Shark and the Whale and the Dolphin and Clownfish and Butterfly Flish and the Sea Turtle and the Tiger named Tigger and Open Seas and Bear and the two dogs named Mitzi and Julie and the cat named Kuska from Emperor's New Groove and the Sledding. That's like a lot on your artwork. Could you explain what this yellow truck represents? The 2003 Ford E450 truck in New York City. You often see those vehicles in New York? Vehicles in New York City. The trolley bus is taking the trips of great escape. And I see like a couple of calendars saying October 2020 and December 2019. You like to, I hear and you like to randomly say like the dates and someone's birthday. Back in December of 1993. Thomas, could you explain what happened on October 2020? Soul. Soul. Oh, the movie Soul, that animated Disney movie, right? Pixar. Pixar. Pixar. Got it before Toy Story somewhere. Years that Toy Story came out, the same year as Toy Story. Saw and Monsters, Inc. Sully walks away from Boo and Ross and then he slows down. Could you also explain what is this supposed to be? What does that represent? Open Seas and Bear. That represents your Open Seas and Bear? Open Seas and Bear named Boog. I don't think I've ever seen Open Seas and I might have to watch that sometime. And what about that cat right there? What does that represent? Do you have like a cat? Pick the cat from home. Pick the cat from home entertainment. The cat from something from home entertainment. Home 2015. Would you like to give me more details on what your artwork has? A bathtub. Zebra. Tigers lives on wild. And you said that tiger represents Tigger? Tigger from Winnie the Pooh. Tigger and Owl and Eeyore and Pooh. I also see someone with their skis on, is that, what does that also represent? Art of Zerg. Zerg? What is Zerg? Zerg is from Toy Story and Toy Story 2. I'm kind of poor with characters that I don't know. All I can think of is the main characters from the movies I watch. But I think that's just pretty much it. Do you have any more you can explain what your artwork has? The artwork has the New York City Park. I like going on a city tour bus to go to Great Escape Fieldtrap. That's very nice. Great Escape roller coaster rides. Is that it? Yes. Okay. Thank you, Thomas. Thank you. Hi Jacob. I'm Donnie and I'm going to be with Jacob on what he did for a podcast. So Jacob, what is this for? So this side represents what's outside of me. So this map of the United States represents my interest in cartography which is also maps. I often call it cartography now because I think it's much more cooler. I have this vehicle that has this trailer attached which represents traveling which I like to travel. I got this peace sign with two fingers sticking up which represents I want peace. A couple of words saying joy, travel, inspiring. This is what I am. That lion represents pretty much me as a leader. And this picture below, I believe it's Rome I think. This represents that I like architecture. What's the other side? Okay. So this is what's inside of me. So all of this represents my interest with dinosaurs which is one of my biggest hobbies that I have. And when it comes to talking about dinosaurs, I usually be shy to talk about that. I've had this interest for like four years ever since I was a freshman at high school. From now on I've started to pretty much share this and I think I'm starting to get the comfort to talk about this. Well, Donye, so great to have a chance to talk to you about this artwork you made at Topaz's studio. Topaz Weiss has a studio called Expressive Arts, whoops, I'm going to take my mask off because we're on the set, Expressive Arts Burlington and in it I got to be there and see the seawolves creating this collage art. What was the, remind me, what was the theme, was how you see, how the world sees you was one side and then how you see yourself was the other side, so outside. So tell me about this artwork. The other side did it because I love sports and I found this to be a cheer, or the cheer sporting event and then this picture remind me of a football player. Yeah, awesome. I love the way they go together, there's something about the pom-poms they're holding and then, you know, his hair, it's just a beautiful composition, really cool. And then this other side, talk about this. This remind me of family, and then this one right picture right here, I saw another sports picture and so I found skiing, yeah. Yeah, this work really represents, you know, your interests, and I love this year in bridging, I remember thinking about you arriving and being told, okay, you love sports, that's his thing, but we've been in several instances, I know at the BCA Center where we see art and then we make art here at Topaz's and then, I feel like there was one more, oh, we were writing poetry with Edward Burke, but you have definitely moved into expressing yourself through art this year. How has, what has that been like for you? Exciting. Yeah, it's really fun to watch you engage with it, because you can take all your interests and then explore with them, that's cool. I have a bonus question for you. How far into your future can you see? Next year. Next year? What's going on next year? I'm going to try to search. Ooh, that's right. Any, anything you want to say about Project Search? I'm excited. I don't know if all our viewers know about Project Search. One does. What's that? One does. One does. Project Search, a great program. Where does it take place? The hospital. Yeah. Yeah. So you'll have like three different internships?  No. Cool. Awesome. Well, thank you, Donia. It was fun interviewing you. Well, shall we call the rest of the group back in? Yeah. Okay. Here I am with the Seawolves, what a wonderful session of interviewing, and Jacob is going to say a few words and close out our show today. It was kind of nerve-wracking for me. Some spots I was stuck at, how I want to say something. And I was able to get through the making of this recording, and I'm pretty happy about it. I want to say thanks for watching, everyone. Yeah. I'm going to snap. One, two, three.


Welcome to the US Naval War College, the Navy's home of thought. NWC Talks features our world-class experts examining national security matters. We hope you enjoy the conversation. 1989 was a revolutionary year in the world. The year began with Europe and Germany divided. The year ended with Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania having left the Soviet block and a process having been launched that would lead to German unification and the end of the Cold War. This was truly a major change in the world order. What was equally interesting was this was not being driven by war or military forces. The US military had, of course, set the stage for US success in the Cold War. However, in this point, the driving force was the striving of the people of these five countries for freedom and independence and to live in a free Europe. But it was also backstopped by some very creative and dynamic diplomacy. Diplomacy that is frequently underutilized and underappreciated. Hello, my name is John Cloud. I'm a professor in the National Security Affairs Department and this is NWC Talks. So what is diplomacy? Well, at the Naval War College, we often talk about the tools of US power as being the acronym the dime for diplomacy, information, military and economics. And diplomacy is the part of the dime that is used to persuade people not to use military force but to persuade people to support the United States or to see what the US goals are as their own goals. So a diplomat will discuss with the present prime minister of a country going down to lower levels of the government, members of the parliament, media and public, of what the US is looking for, what we are trying to accomplish and try to get them to support us in doing that or at least not to oppose us. Get them to see that our interest is the same as their interest. Now in this military force can help diplomacy. We can see that example in Iran today where we are using all these tools that I discussed to try to get the Iranians to come under a stricter nuclear regime and to stop being such a disruptive force in the region. And right now military may be the dominant one in that interaction. In other cases you would have more diplomacy being the dominant one. And that's because diplomacy is the low cost, low risk tool that we have. However, diplomacy is not a perfect solution. As Henry Kissinger said, diplomacy is, quote, the accumulation of partial successes, unquote. Diplomacy is also frequently used to manage issues. The issue may be too difficult to solve today, but if we can manage it, if we can keep it from exploding, it might be easier to solve in the future. And a prime example of this might be Israel-Palestine relations where we have tried to work with the Israelis over many years working with the Palestinians to see if there are solutions that can be found that would meet both sides' needs. Of course, that is a very difficult issue and we have not succeeded in finding such solutions. Former Deputy Secretary of State William Burns defined diplomacy as, quote, short of or diplomacy is the main instrument we employ to manage foreign relations, reduce external risks, and exploit the opportunities to advance our security and prosperity. When you look at that definition, though, it comes to one of the problems that diplomacy has. When diplomacy succeeds, often nobody knows.  You just don't have the same visuals that you do with military action. There are two basic types of diplomacy. There's multilateral and there's bilateral diplomacy. Multilateral is, of course, the action of many countries. Bilateral is your relationship with one other country. Large countries, including the United States, have an affinity for bilateral relations because we're such a dominant player. We assume we will be more successful in bilateral. We worry that sometimes with multilateral, the others will seek to balance us. We'll team up together to try to balance the United States. However, we have been historically very successful in multilateral relations. We were able to get the UN Security Council to approve our actions in Iraq in 1991 and our actions in Libya in 2011. To me, this debate on multilateral versus bilateral is sort of a shallow debate. The important thing is using which tool will help you succeed, will help you accomplish your goal, will help you advance the national interest. And that is the one that you should use. You shouldn't get hung up on, well, we don't like multilateral or we don't like bilateral. You should use whatever is the most effective tool. And the reality is you frequently have to use both of them. The Department of State is the primary instrument of U.S. diplomacy. The Department of State has the U.S. Foreign Service, which is composed of talented patriots who are willing to serve anywhere in the world to advance U.S. national interests. I may show some bias there as I'm a retired Foreign Service officer. But State does not have a monopoly on diplomacy. And in fact, our chief diplomat is the President of the United States. The Secretary of State is probably our second most important diplomat. As we see now, we're Secretary Pompeo traveling the world. But other cabinet members and other U.S. government officials, including, for example, the regional combatant commanders of the U.S. military, are extraordinarily important diplomatic officials to go along with what may be their full-time job. One outcome of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the way we fought those wars is that many American military officers had a diplomatic function in their jobs and gained an insight into diplomacy while they were fighting those wars. Another issue with diplomacy, another problem it has, is it can be extraordinarily labor-intensive. And frequently, much more labor-intensive than senior U.S. government officials have the time to commit. If we go back to the example of German unification and the end of the Cold War, President Bush and Secretary of State Baker committed incredible amounts of time to having a success there. And the success for us was defined as German unification with Germany remaining in NATO. But one thing that I find extraordinary is that after these great diplomatic successes that we had with German unification and the end of the Cold War, with the building the coalition to fight the Gulf War in 1991, ending the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo, diplomacy seemed to go out of fashion. U.S. officials seemed to become overwhelmed with the reality that diplomacy includes these partial successes I talked about. They seemed not to want to invest the time in diplomacy. They looked at the imperfections of this tool but didn't look as much as at the imperfections of some of the other tools. Let me turn to three final thoughts. The first is diplomacy should be the first thing that we do and we should exhaust diplomacy before we go particularly to military action. And there's a simple reason for that. Diplomacy is the low-cost, low-risk tool that we have. We can engage with that. It doesn't preclude other options. That leads me to my second point, which is diplomacy may not be enough. But if it isn't, we can go to these other tools, whether they be information, military, or economics. We are not blocked in if we go with diplomacy first. The third thing I want to leave you with is something that Secretary of State Schultz used to talk about when he was secretary, which is the reality that you can't turn on and off diplomacy. Schultz would talk about the need to tend the garden, that you need to continually work with your friends, your allies, and your adversaries so that when you need them for diplomacy, you have already built the base for cooperation. So let me end there. Again, my name is John Cloud, a professor in the National Security Affairs, and this is NWC Talks.


The Ukrainian army already possesses systems capable of striking the rare units of the Russian Armed Forces Reserve colonel of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, Roman Svetan, has said on the air of radio envy In his words, the operation has already started to liberate Russian annex Crimea peninsula Moreover, the Kiev leadership has a certain plan as schedule for recapturing the territories The current movement of our destructive weapons and the Zaparuzhe Front towards the Azov Sea is a proof of this Meaning, our hand already reaches Cheongar Armyan's Chaplinka Militopol In other words, the process has already started, the colonel said According to Svetan, once the weather conditions are suitable and after the ground freezes the general staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine will give an order to advance towards the Azov Sea


Thank you Veronica and Anurad for the invitation. Yes, today I will tell you a bit about ESS. Sorry, there we go. I will give first a brief introduction to the neutron landscape as it is today in Europe to give you a bit of context. I will explain a bit about the very basics about reactor versus spallation sources. And then I will go to a few slides on an ESS update. I will tell you a bit about how the ESS will work, what kind of instruments will offer and what scientific communities we aim to serve with these instruments. And then Anurad asked that I spent a bit of time to explain to you guys how to actually get access to large facilities, in this case neutron facilities. And I will cover a bit about proposals, peer review, how access works and the kinds of things you should think about when preparing a beam time proposal. I will move to the life sciences or biological materials, and I will tell you a little bit about the importance of isotope labeling of your organic or biological samples. And then finally, I will show you a kind of specific research example from my own work and how I got into neutrons in the search for cancer treatments against a metastatic cancer marker. This is a map of Europe showing you all the different neutron scattering centers that are existing. And you can see the list here on the left. The list is, I would say from 2017 from an ENSA report that was prepared to give an overview of all the facilities and it looks like quite a lot, but I will point out that LLB down here in Germany, I'm sorry, HZB in Germany and EFEN Norway are three examples of reactor based neutron scattering facilities that have been closed in recent years. So we've lost actually quite a number of instruments and beam lines. At the moment, the only new one that is being constructed in all of Europe is in fact, the ESS. As you can see here in the bottom tip of Sweden. Almost all of these facilities shown here are in fact reactor based neutron sources, and today there is only one operating spallation neutron source and that's ISIS in the UK. And ESS under construction will be the second spallation source in Europe. And of course, this has a lot to do with the politics of reactors. They're not popular things to build new at the moment. And in fact, much of Europe is trying to phase out and get rid of not only power nuclear reactors but also research nuclear reactors. And this is a trend we could probably reasonably expect to continue. This is a timeline of neutron sources or facilities, and it shows the effective thermal neutron flux, and then the year along the bottom. And what you can see here is of course that neutrons have been around for a long time, but the early days really were dominated and to today actually by reactor driven sources of neutrons and orange. And, and but what you can see is like since the 60s or so the the maximum flux that we are able to extract from these facilities has really plateaued. And there have not been any major advances in squeezing more neutrons out of a reactor for 5060 years now in blue towards the right of the curve, or the graph you can see the advent of spallation sources, and the kinds of improvements in flux that we can get out of these facilities. And there are quite some modern sources available to researchers today the SNS in the US J Park in Japan. The Chinese are constructing a spallation source that will soon be commissioned any day now. And of course the ESS in a couple of years. And you can see that the ESS at the far end here is expected and built to be the brightest neutron source in the world. As I said in the slide before, many of the reactors shown here in orange have been shut down or will not be renewed at the end of their lifespan. So we can really expect this domination of spallation sources to continue. However, places like the SNS J Park and ESS are really large and cost a lot of money to build and operate. And there is a bit of talk in the physics community about finding alternative options to maybe not to be built only these huge spallation sources but maybe fewer, more compact, less politically dividing reactor type sources to have more opportunities for users in different parts of the world to do research. That of course is just a discussion at the moment. I'm not sure what will happen in the future for the moment Europe is putting its eggs in the ESS basket you could say This slide in the next is like a really, really basic explanation of the differences between research reactors and spallation sources. And at the heart of a reactor as shown here in this diagram is a core of enriched uranium 235 typically eight to 10 kilos of fissionable material kept in ponds filled with light or heavy water to keep them cool. Of course, naturally uranium 235 undergoes fission where it decomposes to smaller lighter atoms and with each fission event there is a release of neutrons. These neutrons come out at a fairly high energy and they have to be slowed down or moderated and in fact we use moderators to cool or slow them down so we can actually use them in neutron scattering experiments. So besides sewing them down. We also introduce monochromators and they essentially chop up the beam in some way so that we only extract the relevant wavelength or energy for the particular material we would like to study. So beam lands are often equipped with moderators and monochromators around this core. Then there are beam guides that then transport the the neutrons to the relevant instruments shown here at these end stations. The situation at spallation sources looks very different. We don't have fissionable uranium material on site. Instead we produce neutrons in a pulsed on demand way. This cartoon at the top shows the components that the ESS has all the way from the source to the target where the neutrons are produced. At the front end we have an ion source where we boil the electrons of hydrogen plasma to produce protons. This proton beam is then injected into the accelerator that is composed of many many very technical components that ultimately all together serve to accelerate the proton beam to roughly 96% the speed of light when it reaches the end here. At this stage they are directed into a tungsten target that is helium cooled and it is this interaction between the incoming proton beam and the tungsten target that actually produces the neutrons. This shown in the bottom right here where you have a primary incoming proton and you knock out a secondary neutron in very basic terms. This is this process is called spalling hence spallation neutrons. These are produced in this interaction at roughly 10% the speed of light so they have been massively slowed down but they're still extremely fast and high energy for what we would like to use them for. So the same situation that we have at reactors we also build moderators to slow them down. Beyond moderators we then direct them into beam ports you can see in the bottom kind of here. And then often at most beam lines at spallation sources we introduce a series of chopping discs or choppers that spin and chop up the neutron beam into the appropriate wavelengths. So you can literally slice and dice quite a range of neutron energies into the appropriate ones that your instrument is optimized for. Finally the same as at reactors at the very end of beam lines of course you have all your various sophisticated instrumentation where you will put your sample and measure your scattered neutrons. The ESS is a next generation neutron source in that it will be incredibly bright. First a little bit of history or overview the total construction budget that the member countries have committed to building ESS is 1.843 billion euros. The host countries of course are Sweden and Denmark. The actual accelerator complex where I'm sitting today is being built just outside of Lund Sweden next to the synchrotron Mach 4. And our scientific computing and data center actually sits in Copenhagen. So Sweden and both Denmark host the ESS. Then there are a number of additional member countries that will put in money and contributions to make it happen. As of about a week ago the project construction-wise is about 72% complete. So we've made a lot of progress despite the pandemic in 2020. In the picture to the left you see an arial view of a layout, a diagram of the ESS facility. In red you can see the actual proton accelerator and to the far right is where this ion source is where we will produce the initial cloud of protons that will be injected into the red part. These will then be accelerated until it hits what isn't shown in green, which is this tungsten target. And then in yellow we have a number of experimental holes are quite large and they will house the first 15 instruments that today are already under construction. We expect to make the first proton beam to hit the target late 2022 maybe early 23 and sitting over here I can tell you that date is coming very very soon and there's a lot of work that still has to be done. And shortly after that we will immediately start commissioning our instruments and be ready for first science and users in 2023. At the moment we are constructing 15 instruments but the ultimate goal is to put in 22 and have those completed by 2030. Here is an actual photograph taken with a drone last month to show you how it looks from the sky. If you can see my cursor this is the linear accelerator over here and under the P for progress is roughly where the ion source sits. I am sitting in these container box office boxes over here. And this out here is our campus building where we will move to in February over here and here and the long haul you see the three experimental halls. And this gives you a really good idea of the scale if you look at the construction vehicles down here. These buildings are massive. And back here you can see scornotrafic and the tram depots so it comes right in front of our facility but the ESS stop is actually back here. So that's how it looks today. Again it looks really impressive and a lot of progress. Here is a cartoon version of the experimental halls and I show you a list of the 15 instruments that are currently under construction. And you can see on the cartoon roughly where they are distributed in the different halls. Several of these already have quite some infrastructure installed. I often go into these e-buildings over here and NMX and BFrost have already completed or started their cave construction. So these things that looked like cartoons are actually now huge blocks of concrete. So things are really becoming real and the instruments are coming together. All of these instruments are designed and where they are located to receive a huge range of neutron energies. And each of them really have a specialist neutron science community that they are designed to cater for. The ESS will really support researchers coming from a wide background of disciplines. We have many instruments that support life sciences, soft contents matter chemistry. There is quite a use of neutrons in battery research that of course has a huge impact on our future. Magnetism, engineering, geosciences and then of course people like to use neutron imaging to also study archaeologically relevant or important samples. And finally of course the particle physics community is very keen to build something out here as well. Due to this extreme high flux that we are building the ESS to deliver but also all these support labs we are building on site. We are in a good position to enable high impact science. There are a few reasons for this. Due to the flux we can really expect to look at much smaller samples than is possible in other facilities. The measurement times will be significantly shorter, which will really not only increase the tone turn over the number of samples we can do but also allow us to probably take the time to do better measurements. And then all the support labs. We are building to help users not only synthesize but also characterize their samples when they're coming for a beam time. So the next few slides I will tell you about how to access these facilities. First of all it is important to know that all operate on a peer review proposal based system. They all have different access rules and some may have restrictions on the national balance. That is the nationality of the people applying for beam time or they may even exclude certain countries based on them not being members or paying for the operations of these facilities. The proposal and nationality of the team requirements then can really vary. So it's really good to check with each facility because the rules can be quite complicated. Usually the facilities issue calls one to once to twice a year. And despite or in addition to these calls that are announced and then have a strict deadline and closing date. Many also offer rapid access if you can write a proposal and argue why you urgently or rapidly need access to beam time and this rapid access mode is open all year. And you're not bound by these deadlines but you have to have a real urgent reason. The next two slides I'm showing you an example of how it looks if you go hunting for information for users and beam time. The ILL in Grenoble. This is their website and you can always go to any of these Isis and LZ and so on and find similar types of information specific to that facility. So here you can see what you want to apply for beam time. It gives you all the many different complicated options and like I said it varies from facility to facility so it's really good to educate yourself on what each facility offers. There's quite some fine print. And so in this case you can see if you want to go for the standard beam time that is free to users you have to subject yourself to external peer review. They list the different kinds of calls they have what the deadlines are and should you be a member from an ILL member country or what kind of team nationality rules apply. They also give you an estimated response time and you can see that it varies if it has to go for peer review. It can be four to eight months before you get a yes or no. The peer review process is incredibly important. These panels are made up of external scientists experts in their field, not affiliated at all with the facility. And they give their expert scientific opinion if the work is important or transformative and does it necessarily earn beam time. There are other options of course, not everybody wants to write a peer review proposal and you can think of industry for example, where they are often quite willing to pay for beam time to not have their proposal peer reviewed or be forced to publish their results if they get anything out of it. So here you can see on the bottom you actually can bypass peer review if you want proprietary beam time. For urgent experiments, like I said, this rapid access mode, these are often reviewed internally. Again, this varies from facility to facility. And these are open all year and you can expect feedback very quickly, but you have to demonstrate the urgency of course. So if you're interested in this, I invite you to go to ILL or ISIS or MLZ website and click around and see how it works for the different facilities. Also at the ILL up here you can see they have a special tab where you can actually get guidelines for it and many also give you guidelines for how to how to write a proposal or what the specific facility may want to see. Typically, however, this is quite a generalization your proposal is typically limited to two to three pages of content and this includes figures and references so it's good to be brief. You should explain the current state of knowledge around the scientific question you're looking to address and also what the expected impact is of neutron measurements or studies of your particular scientific problem. You should also clearly state or motivate why you absolutely must have neutrons and why you can't use other complementary techniques to get at the question. And for example, I'm a protein crystallographer, and often in the kinds of proposals we write or review, we would say that we really want to know where hydrogen atoms are in a protein crystal, so that we can understand how a drug binds or how the enzyme works. And these are things you cannot do with any other method. So that is usually strongly emphasized in the proposal. And then you should also spend a little bit of space in your proposal to clearly explain what is the measurement you would like to do. So this will of course be aimed at a specific instrument, how you want to configure the beam line, what kind of sample environment you may need, are you doing ambient measurements, do you need a cryostat, do you need a high pressure device, and so on. And then how many hours or days you need and why, and also how many different kinds and types of samples you would like to bring on site. This part is very important, not necessarily for the scientific review of the importance of the proposed work, but for the internal feasibility review that the facilities do. This is a crucial bit of information so that we can do some initial assessment of safety and what is involved and if the proposed experiment is even at all possible on the instrumentation the facilities offer. So that is an important bit of information. And often for the researcher by themselves, this is not easy to figure out. So almost every facility on their website encourage you to talk to the beam line scientist, or to the local contacts to reach out to them to discuss your experiment if it's feasible if it's possible. And it is really important to do that before you sit down to write a proposal so that you know what to put in these important sections. Then you are submitting these proposals on a deadline or not depending on the mechanism you're applying through. Then there is some time usually while proposals are assessed internally and externally, and then upon review and acceptance of your proposal of course you will be notified of your beam time. And I will warn that there are quite some logistics involved from you getting being told your proposal is accepted to you arriving with a sample. So it's really good to plan in advance and not wait till the last second. The user office and your local contact could be the instrument scientists are playing a very important supportive role in getting users on site to do sensible experiments. There are many things you have to keep in mind travel accommodation you need lab access you need to ship your sample. We may need to prepare special equipment before you arrive and you need to complete safety training and so on. So it's really important to plan in advance and build in enough time in your being time plans so that you can do everything you would like to do. So now for the last half of my talk I will tell you very specifically about life sciences and biology using neutrons and it is quite focused on my work and journey and how I got to to use neutrons and actually work for a large scale facility. Actually for my entire career since I left graduate school. So really the secret why I got interested in neutrons lies with the scattering links and the isotope sensitivity that the probe offers. Sean on the bottom here is my biologist view of the periodic table you can ignore all the other elements and only focus on these because of course they're fine in protein and DNA to the most extent. And what you can see here is a comparison of x-ray and neutron scattering links with the same element types. And it is important to note that in pink or red with x-rays you see an increase in the scattering magnitude as you increase the number of electrons. So the amplitude is related to the atomic Z number. Neutrons however interact with the atomic nucleus so this means they can discriminate between different isotopes of the same element and they are blind to the number of electrons. And if we go to the very left end here of this reductionist view of the periodic table we see hydrogen and its isotope deterioration. And I will remind you that roughly 50% of the atoms by number in biological samples are in fact hydrogen and you can see with x-rays they are in practice invisible. Which means we're missing a lot of information. Naturally abundant isotope of hydrogen has a negative scattering length however this is very hard to see but there's a little great dot in the middle of this sphere. But its isotope deuterium which is chemically extremely similar has totally opposite scattering. It's actually positive and quite a bit bigger. So it gives a huge advantage if you can replace hydrogen in your sample with deuterium and this is of course called deuteration or delabeling. And this is really important so that you can maximize the benefit from using neutrons and these unique scattering properties of deuterium. What you would like to see and the technique you want to use really determines then the kind of deuterium labeling you should do. On the right hand side we show here that for small angle neutron scattering and reflectometry deuteration isn't really used not so much to see the hydrogens but really to use the labeling as a tool. So we can employ something called contrast variation. And in very simple terms you can label one component in a complex. So the red green bit on the bottom here is a complex. If we do to write the red and then put the whole sample in a solvent where we can match the amount of deuterium in the solution. We can actually make that red part completely invisible and only study the green bits. This strategy is called contrast variation and it is a very important and often indispensable part of doing sands and reflectometry. For crystallography on the left, which is where I live, we are actually interested in finding the atomic 3d positions of the actual hydrogen atom. So here we're not deuterating as a tool to do contrast variation here we are actually deuterating to maximize from this positive scattering from the deuterium atoms. And what you can see in the maps here is that it really allows us then to nail down where all the hydrogens are in a protein crystal structure. None of this information you would get normally with x-rays alone even at extreme or ultra high resolution. So here is a very basic summary then or overview of the different types of things you can do. On the left, like I already said we can do 3d atomic structure determination with crystallography and neutrons. There's more about that when I get to my science. And then in the middle and on the right here we have solution structures and also surfaces. Small angle neutron scattering is really well suited to complexes of things. This could be DNA and protein complexes. It could be lipids and protein complexes and typically systems like this are quite large and dynamic. So they're not the kinds of things you can pack into a crystal. So you need to study them in solution and maybe you're interested in the dynamics as well. Then here you would use contrast variation and this selective deuteration to be able to study them together. For surfaces we can actually do reflectivity measurements where we're looking at surfaces, membranes. These can be mono layers, bilayers, even natural lipids extracted from living things. And here you may want to study a membrane protein embedded in a membrane itself and study the changes and things that happen to the membrane when you introduce external factors. So for structural biology what I call structural biology which typically in my very biased view is crystallography. Neutrons are very useful and complementary to almost every other method that biochemists may use. It allows us in the case of crystallography to really visualize directly hydrogen or deuterium atoms. If we can see hydrogen atoms we can also figure out what they're doing. And many hydrogen atoms are of course involved in hydrogen bonds. It can be within the protein between water molecules and other waters. It could be between waters and the protein. If we can see or not see a hydrogen that also tells us something about the protonation state of amino acids in the case of histidine or lysine where it can be neutral or positively charged. And this gives us an overview of the electrostatics of the active site. We may be studying. Furthermore, if we extend from there we can also study the details of ligand or inhibitor or substrate binding to an enzyme or a protein. Because again we can see the electrostatics and we can also see the hydrogen bonds. And finally water is an extremely important thing enzymes use as the catalytic agent. And sometimes it is really important to know what kind of water your enzyme may have to understand the mechanism. And here you can really have quite a few waters. You can have H2O, hydronium, hydroxide and of course just a proton. And the proton of course has been stripped of all electrons so it is in practice and in theory totally invisible with X-ray crystallography. For the other three, all three of those would actually just appear as an oxygen in standard X-ray derived electron density maps. But neutrons because they were super sensitive to these hydrogens will actually reveal and clearly show the difference between a hydroxide and a hydronium for example. And this has been again and again demonstrated in neutron protein crystallography. And I will say there's exactly all these features that were dangled in front of me as a grad student that actually got me into this field. I was studying at the time an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase that actually catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide to make bicarbonate proton. And at the core of this enzyme catalysis is a nucleophilic attack on carbon dioxide followed by a series of proton transfer steps through a water network. And my graduate studies were focused on high resolution X-ray studies of this active site to try and figure out is the water bound to the zinc, a water or a hydroxide and what is the charge state of this tyrosine and histidines around the active site. And I was presenting a result at a conference. I was midway through graduate school when a beamline scientist came up and chatted about my poster and suggested that I try neutrons to to get at this problem that neutrons may be a tool that can actually help give me the information I was desperately looking for during my graduate studies. So, and that's what happened. And 15 years later I'm still working for large scale neutron facility. So back to see a in humans are 15 expressed as isoforms of carbonic anhydrase, and they are involved in many physiological processes. The ions bicarbonate and protons of course are extremely important to use for pH homeostasis in the body. They're used to synthesize cerebrospinal fluid, gluconeogenesis and a whole bunch of other stuff. But really one of the most important job CA does it is to make carbon dioxide soluble so you can transport it where it is produced in your tissues, all the way back to the lungs. So you can exhale it. So without CA's we wouldn't exist they make respiration and the exhalation of carbon dioxide possible. So one of these isoforms, which has been studied to death you can say is one of the fastest enzymes known its carbonic anhydrase two, and it does this CO2 hydration and proton transfer roughly a million times per second. So it is one of these ultra uber fast enzymes. And what is also known about CA is that it has been clinical target for many decades. The first CA inhibitors were developed in the 1950s and have been clinically used pretty much since then CA inhibitors are used as I drops to treat glaucoma. And they can also be taken systemically to be used for hypertension because they diuretics. And in recent decades, they've also been used to control epilepsy and also to treat acute altitude sickness. And beyond this very traditional hypertension and glaucoma treatment CA nine in the last 15 years has been identified as actually almost exclusively over expressed in 30 tumor types. Only in small parts of the digestive system where we see CA nine constantly or constitutively expressed, but an over 30 tumor types to date. It has been found that it is massively over expressed when the tumors reach a certain size, and they become starved for oxygen. They start to express a number of metastatic markers in fact glucose transporters and geogenesis growth factors and so on they're basically saying help I'm starving I need sugar and oxygen. And part of this cascade is CA nine that starts to be over expressed when tumors become hypoxic. The presence of CA is really a very negative clinical indicator, it often indicates that metastasis may already be happening or has happened, and its presence is associated with very low survival rates in patients. When this link was found about 10 years ago, CA nine has really emerged now as a very popular cancer targets. And there's a lot of efforts globally happening and trying to find compounds that can inhibit CA nine. As I told you in the previous slide, CA two and other CAs are doing a really bunch of really important life sustaining actions in our bodies. So taking CA inhibitors to knock down CA nine systemically is an extremely bad idea. And of course to complicate things further, the CA isoforms in the human body are highly conserved. So it is very difficult to design compounds that target one over the other and not just inhibit them all. So there is quite some push to find isoform specific inhibitors and I would argue to do that we really need to know where the the hydrogen atoms are. So CA has literally was described in 1933, and up to now there's over 15,000 publications in this field, and almost 1000 deposited structures. And I will say in the last 10 or more years when we started to get more neutron data on the active site of this enzyme we have really been able to start to understand some of the catalytic features in the active site and what they may mean. And now this work has sort of progressed more into looking at CA nine and ligand binding using neutrons so we can discriminate between the different isoforms and see if there's anything we can maximize or profit from to make inhibitors that bind one and not the other. So this is a funny little story on the on the left is a cytosolamide it's one of these classic glaucoma inhibitors that were developed in the 50s. Clearly unsuitable to take systemically it has a lot of side effects and the amounts you need to reach chemotherapy levels would be extremely deleterious to the patient. So in the literature popped up some decades ago that saccharin was thought to be a sort of low level inhibitor of carbonic and hydrase find in our mouths.  Well the PhD student in my former lab had this idea to go to Starbucks and get a coffee and grab some sweetened low and he actually went back to the lab dissolved it and soaked it into crystals of CA nine and observed with x-rays that it bound directly to the active site zinc. This caused a lot of excitement and they since then collaborated with people looking at cancer cell lines. And just dissolving sweetened though they've since corrected for this and repeated the result with pure saccharin from Sigma. But in this case they just use sweetened low sweetener and showed a dose a dose response curve for cell killing in this breast cancer line. Collaborators of ours in Australia took this idea of using saccharin as a base molecule and synthesize the whole library of inhibitors where they conjugated through a linker different sugars. And one of the best candidates from this screening work was then this SGC saccharin glucose conjugated molecule. And you can see from the K eyes that it has slightly better inhibition profile against CA nine, but really it doesn't at all bind to CA two, which is the CA and red blood cells that help us get rid of CO two. So this was a really important discovery and it was also shown to kill cells at a much lower concentration than sweetened low. I think that's mostly because sweetened low is a bunch of filler the actual amount of saccharin in those is quite low. So we set out to use neutrons then to understand what are the differences between how saccharin and this conjugated to glucose saccharin molecule operates. And we collected a number of neutron data sets of the enzyme was nothing bound of the enzyme with only saccharin and the enzyme with only this SGC compound. And then we very carefully and specifically compare the different structures to try and understand why one binds better than the other and why CA nine is better inhibited by these but not at all CA two. So there's a lot of technical crystallography results here and they're really not important for you to understand. We can just look at the pink and blue bits at the bottom and I will just say, if we compare saccharin bound complex to the April. We see that in blue, the water molecules that overlay with the saccharin molecule are completely displaced. And of course there's an energetic cost that comes with that that affects the inhibition constant. And we see in the bottom part here, we see an amino acid side chain and a water molecule that has flipped and rearranged to accommodate or create a slightly bigger pocket for the saccharin to bind. And in fact, this residue that changes is not present in CA two, it is unique to CA nine. And we think it is the presence of this specific amino acid at this position that allows this rearrangement to occur that allows saccharin to bind. Now what happens if we add this massive linker and glucose molecule to this compound is quite dramatic. This molecule, of course, this view is far more complicated than the saccharin, it's quite a long molecule. And what we observed in the neutron and x-ray crystal structures is that this molecule extends far to another side of the active site and actually interacts again with a set of residues present in CA nine that are completely different in CA two. And in fact, in CA two, where this glucose sits, we see that they are these huge bulky hydrophobic amino acids that are not present in CA nine. In other words, the active site side shape in this area actually allows this glucose to sit or be accommodated in the pocket, giving this far better binding to CA nine. In CA two, this part of the molecule have the inhibitor, there is basically no place for it to go. And we think that is why we can't detect any binding at all. And then in addition to this bulky clash, we also see a number of hydrogen bonds broken, rearranged and water molecules being pushed out of the way. So in summary, then neutron studies here really allowed us to look in atomic detail on the changes in the target protein when the inhibitors go to bind. What I didn't say is we could also see here that both saccharin and this SGGC compound bind in the minus one anionic state. And this is really important for drug design to know the charge of the thing that preferentially binds. We could also then carefully map an inventory, the numbers of waters displaced for each compound and the number of hydrogen bonds that were made broken or remodeled to accommodate compound. And we were of course able to observe the hydrogen bonds between the ligand protein. And all of these together allowed us for the first time to really rationally explain why we observe this preferential binding to CA nine versus CA two and how that is reflected in the inhibition constants. So all of these details we never could do with only high resolution or even ultra high resolution x-rays neutrons really delivered a complimentary view to completes to complete all the levels of information we need to see to do these kinds of studies. And finally, I will just point out with the ESS coming online very soon, we will be able to do all of this on far smaller crystals in a fraction of the time. So it took for the APOL, Suckerin and SGC complex it took roughly two years at different facilities to collect all the data. These would be three days at the ESS, even in the beginning when we're still commissioning. So I very much look forward to that and I think we can expect big steps forward for drug design and pharmaceutical type research at the ESS in the future. On my last slide, I will just there's so many people involved with these projects over the years. But what I want to point out for for you guys is really these data were collected at ILL at the MLZ at ESRF and the old and new max lab. And without these facilities, we would not have been able to collect the six data sets we needed for that one paper. And the instruments scientists and support staff are really, really excellent during and after the measurements to help us make sense of it all. So I am finished and I'll hand back to Veronica and Ani Ragh. Thank you very much as I was so we clap to this great presentation in the name of all the audience. As you can see from the coffee hands presentation. So we asked to the audience, if someone would like to address that question to Zoe, because the number of participants is manageable this time. Please feel free to write on the chat. You can write on the chat. And if you're not if you're shy, you can also email me if you have any specific questions or want to know more. I mean, I have like one, it's a question. It's also kind of a, yeah, a kind of a suggestion for the audience, because as you've shown before, in the process of applying for a for a being time from the ILL webpage, you can see that you can apply you also for the D lab sample preparation. So which means that you don't have your own facility in your home. So this is a working place. ESS will allow users to apply so to write a proposal for the sample preparation to have them those rated that if you don't have the expertise because the ESS will have the expertise on site right. Exactly. So, yeah, I should have pointed that out. Not all these facilities have support labs open like the D lab, the deuteration laboratory at the ILL. And in essence, you would apply for access or support from the lab in the same way you would apply for a being time. But in that case, you're specifically asking for help to prepare your deuterated sample. The D lab does this. ISIS in the UK do chemical deuteration. So they make small organic molecules synthetically. And us here at ESS, my group provide both chemical deuteration, biological deuteration, and we also support users for protein crystallization. And we do have one proposal call a year where we ask, we invite users to ask us to make them things. And these range from deuterated proteins to small molecule deuterated materials, detergents, lipids, surfactants, and so on. And yeah, it's working and we are going to be a key part of operations here when we also have instruments. Yeah, we have the rather specialized deuteration labs and then we're also building sort of more general purpose chemistry labs on sites that will be fully accessible to users as well during their beam time, or even before if they need to come and prepare something in the labs. And that's a really important aspect. I think I think neutron facilities operating with no support labs will not be as successful at those that really reach out to help the users prepare the proper sample. Precisely, because users can come from both the like academia also private sectors and might not be that familiar with the process of deuterated samples or so. The deuteration is complicated. It takes long, not always straightforward. And we, many of the facilities at least in Europe have these support labs to really take that burden off the user. So they focus on their science and we focus on the sample. Which is really great service that ESS will provide the future users. So, yes. I have one question. What we do is we have a solid state electrode and we somehow immobilize the enzymes by our enzymes onto those electrodes and try to study these the reaction at different timescales. So what is the resolution or is it possible to take the snapshots of this different processes which happens between from picosecond to nanosecond time regime. Absolutely, you would of course have to choose an instrument that have the right time resolution. It sounds like spectroscopy or some beam line like that maybe perfect for those motions and time scales. Yes, and we're building one of those. And for this rapid access that you suggested before like during the proposal. So is it more for the private sector, the private sector we have like a highway to apply it for proposal or it will go together with the I don't really, I don't know, we don't have, I have never had industrial users, so I don't know if they use rapid access more. But I myself have applied for rapid access beam time and in those cases it's usually I unexpectedly got a sample and the sample is unstable. And I believe I have a short window of time to take a measurement before the crystal falls apart. So in those cases we have written that we know these things are not going to survive until the actual next run cycle. And maybe we don't have the ability to prepare more than we would beg for rapid access beam time so my experience that's how I would use it it may also be that there's competition. Maybe you know a competing group is doing something and you have an edge maybe you want to ask for rapid access. Yeah, that's considered scientifically important or not it may be a consideration. Yeah, yeah. That's why it's really good to know that actually if you do if you're studying a very unstable system or material then it's really good that you can actually use this future. Yeah, I have certainly done that. And of course now what we're seeing is almost all these facilities are offering rapid access for any scientific issue question related to SARS Coronavirus 2 or COVID-19. So it may also be that facilities choose to do topical or very urgent health topics to society and essentially prioritize to give access very quickly and easily to researchers that have a need. Yeah, that's a really good. Yes. Yeah, that's a great question and it really depends on what the material is composed of. So all the sort of standard atoms that that I study protein crystals in other words, they do not activate at all. There's no radio activity at the end of a measurement. However, if you're studying biological materials in buffers containing things like sodium. So a PBS buffer or something like that sodium will actually activate not to a high level it'll cool down after some days or a week. But you can just walk out with your lab waste at the end other materials like I think cobalt copper a few of these metals really really really activate. So there you can really end up with a problem and your sample may need to be locked away for quite some time to cool down or it may have to be disposed of as radioactive waste. So for the average materials, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, these kinds of things not a problem. But some elements really really do activate. Yeah, we are interested in this transition metal oxides. Yeah, for sure. Those will probably be a problem. But they're not a problem. All the facilities are actually designed and equipped to deal with these things we will have and shielded cabinets to lock activated things up in we have radiation protection support around the clock to monitor and measure these things and to ensure that we dispose of them properly, of course, many for many types of samples it is sufficient to just wait for some cool down period. We can release them and we survey everything before we release it. So that should be okay. Okay. If the audience doesn't have any question, because they are shy probably or because they find they can they can email if they have something burning. Yeah, that's no problem. And they also know that this video has been recorded so they can go back. They were so entertained they can watch it again. Yes. Information. Yeah, I would say that it's the time to then thanks Zoe for a great talk. Thank you guys.