Everybody for us here. I'm ripping one box of 2021 top scrum f1 racing sapphire for Thomas J. Thomas. Good luck and thank you For the order man. Hey, thanks for the follow John. It sounds like a good idea, right? Can't hurt it. I wouldn't think Okay Tom's J. Buddy. Let's get it. Lewis Hamilton right on top there. That's awesome. Great start Lewis Hamilton on the Portrait there. David Brievio, Lando Norris And a Daniel Ricciardo, right Nicholas Latifi a green Georgia Russell Grand Prix driver of the day, Bach Rain A little stuff there 13 to 75 on that green Got a Giovinazzi and Lewis Hamilton. It's got Sergio Perez. Oh, what's this sepia? Max Verstappen driver of the day Hungary Sepia numbered 23 of 100 nice max Lando Norris portrait there and a James Kee Daniel Ricciardo signs Giovinazzi and Esteban Okam Yuki Sonoda, that's a rookie short print, right? Get a better look at the number here. Pretty sure it is. I just want to confirm No, it's not it's not a short print Oh is not It's a nice Yuki though It's not the short print Chartreuse Future Stars Yuri Vips Chartreuse is 75 of 199 on this one a Yuki Sonoda rookie and a Voltaire Botas Drogovic Fernando Alonso Max Verstappen and a Lewis Hamilton That was a Grand Prix winner Portugal two more here Guillaume Samaya Chartreuse Lando Norris Very nice Nice Chartreuse Lando Dan Tichtum Sergio Perez Grand Prix driver of the day Portugal and Lando Norris Lewis Hamilton Grand Prix winner Tuscany Charles DeClaire and a Gunther Steiner That is gonna do it Appreciate it Thomas some nice color in that box Get it right out to you


So well thank you all for being here today in this very last session of the conferences. It's Saturday so we are really glad that you made it. So well the paper I'm presenting today is a co-authored paper with Rachel. As the title clearly points out we are looking at ethnic inequalities and the educational and labor market outcomes in Guatemala. Let's move quickly to the objective of the paper. So basically what we want is to understand horizontal inequalities but also indigenous politics in the country. Why do we think that Guatemala is important case to illustrate these two phenomena? Well first we have two main reasons. First Guatemala has the second largest indigenous population by percentage in Latin America and a very well documented history of horizontal inequality and violent state-sponsored oppression. So we'll go through it later on. The second reason is that comparing to other Latin American countries and notably with Bolivia what we find is that there is a weakness of indigenous political mobilization at the national level in the country. So basically what we're saying is if you take the case of Bolivia and the case of Guatemala both of them with a high share of indigenous population and if you look at the political sphere you will realize that on one hand Bolivia with 60% of indigenous population since 2005 or 2006 if I'm not mistaken has elected an indigenous person as president of the country and the indigenous movement also has a relative good presence at the Kroger's level. However if you take the case of Guatemala with 40 between 40 and 60% depending on the source you are looking at of indigenous population we'll realize that they haven't had an indigenous president but also at the Congress level they have a very low very weak political representation. So basically the point that we're trying to make here at the argument of the paper is that you see the economic literature heavily relies on the indigenous non-indigenous divide when looking at inequalities. So basically we create the indigenous group if it were just one a very one homogeneous group. On the other hand you have the anthropological or more political science literature that points out to a huge diversity a huge heterogeneity within the indigenous population and take this argument to say that is this fragmentation within the indigenous group of the country that explained to a certain extent this weak political indigenous mobilization in the country. So the argument we're trying to advance here is that it's of course this cultural difference within the indigenous population but also the socioeconomic difference within the indigenous population that explain may explain this weak political indigenous mobilization. So let me give you some context for the for the country itself. So Guatemala it's a small country in Central America it's home of some 50 million people as I have said before 40 percent between 40 and 60 percent of the population that depends pretty much on the sources you are looking at it's has self-identified as indigenous. Within this indigenous population we find 21 language ethnic groups most of them Maya descent but however different etno-linguistic groups right in terms of socioeconomic inequality this has been well documented in previous war between the indigenous and non-indigenous divide you will find that indigenous people are the poorest of the country they are mainly rural and they are fine in elementary corporations and in the agricultural sector mostly. When looking at the more political sphere or the political representation in the country we are going to take the case of the 2011 elections because that's the year we're using for the analysis but what we find is that out of the 150 seats available at the Congress only 22 were won by the indigenous leaders. This role speaking is around 14 percent of the seats available for a country where half of the population is indigenous right. So there's a last point that I wanted to make here is that historically the indigenous population in Guatemala has been marginalized and well all over the periods right. Since the colonial periods they have served as basically a very cheap hand labor for the government then with the state with the independence and with the coming of the liberal state that also were forced to work or serve as a work cheap hand labor in the coffee plantations right and what an important point during the history in Guatemala is that there was a civil war that lasted 36 years. It starts in the 60s and end up in 1996 with the signing of the peace agreement. What is important about it is that the moment the war was over and we start counting out the victims of this war we realize that 83 percent of the victims of the war were Maya were indigenous. So during this war period there were discriminating massacres against the Maya population sponsored by the government. So that serve as a context for the country itself and what we want to show here it's basically the socioeconomic differences within the indigenous population. So we're going to split the sample in two. Basically we work with two years 2000 and 2011 and here what you see is the is the educational outcomes of the different ethnic children groups ethnic groups of children in the right. So the ladino that you see here here so the ladino so the first column basically let's focus on primary complete. So this is basically an indicator variable telling us whether the child has finished primary school by the age of 15 years has successfully complete primary school. And when we see that the ladino which is the majority group at let's see 2011 74 percent of them has successfully complete primary school. If we take indigenous group as a whole we see that the average is 63. However what is interesting for us is to see that when we study each of these groups separately you we find a huge difference among them right. So for instance the Kechi children they have been they are worse off than the others right. So just 50 percent of them have complete primary education by the age of 15. And there is a huge difference of course with the Kechi children 73 percent have already complete primary education by the age of 15. So these two are quite similar between the ladino and the Kechi. The Kechi is doing much better than the other indigenous groups in the country right. So again what what we want to point out here is that there exists important socioeconomic difference within the indigenous populations that have been haven't been taken into account in the economic literature so far. When we look at the earnings so for us labor market outcomes will relied on earnings and earnings distributions of the different groups and what we see here is that so this is for 2000 this is for 2011 so the red line is the earnings distribution of the ladino the majority group of the population. The solid black line is the distribution if we take the indigenous group as one and all the others represent the main four biggest ethnic groups in the country right. So of course there's a trend towards greater equality in education as well and labor market outcomes so the distribution here is more centered at the mean it's less dispersed of course. However we see that the indigenous population together as a whole or separately but each ethnic group is always sorry is always falling behind the ladino population right. So this was for just to show some some statistical differences between the groups. So now what are we actually doing on the on the paper is quite simple so we're gonna work with two household representative service so we work with the household service of 2000 and 2011 and what we're gonna do is we're gonna look at three different educational outcomes human capital outcomes so these ones are exactly the same as that we saw in the previous slide so we care about whether the child is enrolled in the school and but is also attending the school or was attending the school at the time of the survey where that will be the first outcome the second outcome will be whether the child has entered a school the formal school system at the official age official and create in a watermelon seven years old so it will be one if you have entered before or until well out for some of your main error to eight years old let's say and zero otherwise right so this is about late entrance and then we look at the school competition so basically here we want to know if children aged 15 years old by the age of 15 they have successfully complete primary school or not. So the models are pretty straightforward pretty standard so we use probit models these are indicator variables and then for the labor market outcomes what we're doing we focus again on earnings differentials so we're gonna see the different earnings distributions of the of each of the indigenous groups at the means so we use what hack a decomposition and then we also want to know whether there are some differences across the the whole earnings distribution so I quickly move to the to the results so here for educational outcomes so first panel is the data for 2000 2011 all of these three are the outcome variables and here what we're showing is simply the effect of the variable of interest the variable of interest is a dummy variable equal to one if the child is an indigenous zero if it's ladino again for the kitchen here or any of the others is equal to one if the child is a kitchen zero if it's ladino so it's always with reference to the majority group to the ladino children right so for instance obviously two two two important things to notice between 2000 and 2011 all these significant differences have already mostly disappear however what we care about is here so let's let's look at a school attendance a school enrollment so if we take the indigenous group if it were just one group one homogeneous group we see that there are no significant differences between ladino children and indigenous children these difference have disappeared however if we do it disaggregated although this is true for most of the other groups we still see that the catchical children are still four percent less likely to be enrolled in the school in 2000 so if we do this for all the other outcome variables let's focus on primary completed we see that at the mean the indigenous group together they are still four percent less likely to have completed primary school however if we split it we have cases like the mom children who are eight percent less likely to have completed primary school so it's double the the mean and then you have the case of the catchical for instance who is who has traditionally traditionally been doing better than all the other ethnic groups in the country right so once again this this difference here although it seems small they are very important for public policy analysis because if you take it just if it were just one group then you are missing all these nuances between the among the different groups so very quickly that the results for the earnings distribution so I'm presenting only the wajaka decomposition so this is the difference in the gap the earnings gap at the mean we have done it for the whole quantile thing but the results are more moralized the same and for the point that we want to make here is first we see so this is in Ketzal's and is in the lock so let's don't focus on the magnitude let's just focus on the fact that there is a positive gap right for all the groups the indigenous groups compared with the ladino and also of course trend towards greater equality the gap has been reduced between 2000 and 2011 and what is important here is the part of explain and unexplained part of the gap so the explain part of the gap is basically what is due to the difference in endowments between the different population is always one indigenous group versus the ladino groups right and then what we see is about the unexplained part and explain it part is what it's usually attributed to discrimination in the labor market right so what we see is of course that again if we take the indigenous group there are huge difference within the group itself right so let's take the case of the Kichigal where the unexplained part of the gap is more than half of the gap itself right it's more than 50% of the gap so somehow there is some kind of labor market discrimination for this specific group the Kichigal when we look at the man however we see that the entire gap is already explained by difference in endowments and this again is a huge it's very important for public policy analysis right so basically these are the results that we have the point that we wanted to make is first the indigenous non-indigenous divide that is highly found in economic literature obscures meaningful diversity within the indigenous population and second one we have showed that there's so important socioeconomic difference within the population this fact together with the cultural difference and ethnolinguistic difference that have already been pointed out in the most political science and anthropological literature these facts together may explain the weakness of the indigenous mobilization in the country good that's all thank you


you saw my February plans video, then you know I had three projects that I had already made but wasn't wearing for one reason or another. One of them was this jacket that I made back in 2018. So normally this is all the way down, down, down and it's long, long, long, long. This is my Estelle. It doesn't look like much just kind of like hanging like this. I put some pictures of it on my Instagram so I'll put those, I'll insert those in here so you can see what it looks like on me. But basically it is just Ponty fabric sewn together with this waterfall style opening in the front. After filming those videos I think I ended up wearing the jacket one time. It looked great over that fitted dress as you can see in this photo but I don't wear fitted dresses like ever. In fact that exact fitted dress ended up being chopped into a top so now I really never wear fitted dresses. But any time I wore the jacket over jeans like or pants like in this photo or any fuller dresses I felt like a huge balloon. So there it sat in my closet month after month year after year. Until now I ended up chopping off 12 inches from the hem. It was actually so simple to do and fun fact in 2018 I never hemmed it so there was no love or time lost there either. So to fix it I just measured up the hem all the way around at the 12 inch mark, chopped it off and then turned up a half inch hem all around the bottom hem and went ahead and hemmed the front and the sleeves as well. All of this took a total of 30 minutes which is so annoying because I have had 30 minutes many many times over the past two years and never devoted them just fixing this darn thing. Anyways you know what I have worn it twice since making it three weeks ago and that's already 100 percent more times than I wore it the whole two years prior so we're winning. Lesson learned if something's not working for you now it probably never will. Alter it and wear it for the love of God just do it. I talked about two other projects that needed updating in that video this orange floral top and this gray and pink cardigan and I have finished both of them so stay tuned and make sure you're subscribed to catch those updates. One is really really great and one is a fail. Let me know in the comment section which one you want to see next but that's going to do it for me today. Thank you so much for watching I will see you all very soon. Bye!


Hello and welcome to lecture number 9 of this lecture series on jet aircraft propulsion. So, as promised in the last lecture, today we are going to solve some problems based on some of the discussions we have had in the last 2-3 lectures. So, as you might recall during one of our earlier lectures, we started off with discussion on the Brayton cycle. We discussed about both the ideal and the Brayton cycle, real Brayton cycle. We also understood what are the different sources of losses which lead to an actual Brayton cycle being different from that of an ideal cycle. And basically the reason was that the presence of irreversibilities cause a Brayton cycle, an actual Brayton cycle to be quite different from that of an ideal Brayton cycle. And then subsequently, we have been discussing about application of the Brayton cycle in terms of the actual jet engine cycles. And then we have discussed various types of the jet engine cycle like the turbojet, turbojet with after burning turbofan and so on. So, these are different modes or types of jet engine cycles which we have discussed. And then we also looked at what are the different components that constitute an jet engine cycle and how we can estimate the performance of these components. So, what we are going to do today is to have some numerical problems with us and see how we can solve some of these problems based on what we have discussed. So, today we will be discussing about application, well numerical application of the various Brayton cycle, the real Brayton cycle and we will also be solving mono true problems based on component performance analysis. So, we will be having a tutorial today on ideal cycles, well real cycles as well and the component performance. So, let us take a look at the first problem that we have. So, the first problem the statement reads the following, it is a problem on a Brayton cycle. A Brayton cycle operates with a regenerator of 75 percent effectiveness. The air at the inlet to the compressor is at 0.1 mega Pascal's and 30 degree Celsius. The pressure ratio of the cycle is 6 and the maximum cycle temperature is 900 degree Celsius. If the compressor and the turbine have efficiencies of 80 percent each, find the percentage increase in cycle efficiency due to regeneration. So, here we have a problem which is related to a Brayton cycle. Obviously, it is not an ideal Brayton cycle because we have effectiveness of the regenerator coming into picture. We have also been given the compressor and turbine efficiencies. So, put together it does not really constitute an ideal Brayton cycle. So, it is a real Brayton cycle analysis that we would need to do. We have been given some additional data like the cycle pressure ratio, the maximum cycle temperature and also the inlet conditions of air like its pressure and temperature. So, what we are required to find is the efficiency of the cycle with and without regeneration. It is basically to see how much improvement or if at all we get by using regeneration. So, to begin solving this problem as I had probably indicated in one of my earlier lectures and the earlier course that if you had a chance to go through it. I keep emphasizing the fact that it is necessary for us to first understand the problem statement very carefully and preferably sketch a cycle diagram of the problem. Even though it may be a very trivial cycle though you might have a feeling that it is very trivial it is no need to sketch a cycle diagram. I strongly recommend that you first sketch the cycle diagram on either p v or a T s diagram and then mark those points where the data is known and those points where you need to find data. So, this will greatly reduce the effort of trying to figure out which data is given which is not given and so on. And it is a much more organized way of solving a problem. So, taking care from that what I have here is the cycle diagram for this problem. So, here we have a cycle diagram for a Brayton cycle. I have indicated both the actual and the ideal Brayton cycles. So, those points which are indicated with an s that is 2 s indicates the isentropic point on that cycle similarly, 4 s is for an isentropic process. Now, here in this problem there is no mention about pressure laws occurring during either heat addition or heat rejection process. So, we can assume that there is no pressure laws occurring during this processes and so it is a constant pressure process. But since the compressor and turbine efficiencies are given it means that those efficiencies well those processes are not really isentropic. So, if this is the Brayton cycle, Brayton cycle begins with the air at station 1. There is a compression which is non isentropic which takes air to state 2 a and then there is a constant pressure heat addition between 2 a and 3 and at 3 we have an expansion process which is again non isentropic and this process goes all the way up to 4 a. So, between 4 a and 1 we have the heat rejection process and I have indicated 2 more points here 5 and 6 which could be somewhere in between this heat addition and heat rejection processes. These 2 points indicate the regeneration points. We will come back to regeneration little later because that is the second half of this problem. We will first solve this problem find the efficiency of the cycle without regeneration. Now, what is what are the data specified for us? We have the inlet conditions P01 which is 0.1 megapascals, T01 that is the stagnation temperature at state 1 that is 303 Kelvin. We also have the maximum cycle temperature which is T03 that is 1173, 1173 Kelvin. The pressure ratio is 6 that is. So, I have indicated pressure ratio as pi c then we have the compressor and turbine efficiency each of them equal to 0.8. So, this is the cycle diagram of a Brayton cycle both ideal and real Brayton cycles have been indicated there something we had discussed in one of our earlier lectures. So, in this cycle what we need to do is we know certain points we know the pressure temperature at state 1. We know the pressure ratio for this compression and expansion processes. The efficiencies are known and the maximum cycle temperature is known and what are we required to find we are required to basically find the efficiency of this cycle. Now, if you recall from your thermodynamics if you have gone through the thermodynamics course which I am sure you would have then you would recall that efficiency thermal efficiency is basically defined as the net work output divided by the heat input that is how much work output do you get from a cycle given a certain amount of heat. So, that defines the thermal efficiency of a cycle. So, if we need to do that we need to find W net and in this case the net work output as you know is the difference between the work generated by the turbine and the work consumed by the compressor. So, W t minus W c will give us the net work output and what about heat input heat input is basically the enthalpy difference between states 3 and state 2. So, difference between the enthalpy is there will give us the heat added per kilogram of air. So, ratio of this two will give us the efficiency. Now, the question is how do we find the net work output of the turbine and the work consumed by the compressor. Again I would suggest that we need to have a flash back go back to thermodynamics you would recall that the compressor and turbine both of them are steady flow processes and for a steady flow process you might recall that the net work output is or work input required is the difference in the enthalpies. So, for a compressor net work output would be equal to h 0 3 minus h 4 a or h 4 in this case h 0 4 and so that is in turn equal to C p times the temperature difference. Similarly, for a compressor it would be equal to h 0 3 minus h 0 2 and so the difference between these two temperatures would give us the compressor work output. So, with this in mind let us begin our problem solving here. We will first as I mentioned consider a Brayton cycle without any regeneration. So, without regeneration let us look at how the cycle behaves. Now, for the first process which is non isentropic we know it is not isentropic. Now, if it were to be isentropic then we know the temperature at the end of the first process would be T 0 2 s which is the stagnation temperature at the end of compression for an isentropic process. So, this divided by T 0 1 should be equal to the pressure ratio raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma this come from the isentropic analysis which we had discussed earlier. So, temperature ratios stagnation temperature or static temperature ratios can be related to the corresponding stagnation pressure or static pressure ratios the raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma this is from it follows from isentropic relations. This is also equal to T 0 3 by T 0 4 s and what is that equal to this is equal to the cycle pressure ratio raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma and what is gamma gamma is 1.4 of course, it is not explicitly stated in the problem. So, what I will suggest is in a problem where gamma is not been explicitly stated you can safely take gamma as 1.4 which is the specific ratio of specific heats for air. So, if gamma is equal to 1.4 then we have 6 raise to 1.4 minus 1 that is 0.4 divided by 1.4 which is 1.668. So, we get T 0 6 T 0 2 s which is the stagnation temperature at the end of compression for isentropic process which is equal to T 0 1 multiplied by this. So, we get T 0 3 into 1.668. So, that is 505 Kelvin similarly T 0 4 s can be determined by because T 0 4 s will be equal to T 0 3 divided by 1.668 T 0 3 is already been specified in the problem as 1173 Kelvin. So, T 0 4 s is equal to 1173 divided by 1.668. So, that is 705 Kelvin. So, we now have two temperatures with us each of them are the stagnation temperatures for the process if it were to have been isentropic. So, for an isentropic process for and at the end of compression if the process was isentropic we would have a temperature of T 0 2 s and similarly for an expansion process that is a turbine process if it were to be isentropic we get a temperature of T 0 4 s. So, we have these two temperatures with us. So, what do we do with these temperatures? We need the actual temperatures because that is what is the actual cycle about it is not the isentropic temperatures that we are concerned about the work required by the compressor will depend upon the actual temperatures and not the isentropic temperatures. So, how do we find the actual temperatures? So, for this we have the efficiencies with us the compressor and the turbine efficiencies have been specified and from our efficiency definition if we recall we can relate the isentropic temperatures to the actual temperatures. And since the efficiency is known and we have also calculated the isentropic temperatures we now should be able to calculate the actual temperatures. So, from the definition of isentropic efficiency let us take up the compressor first now we know that eta c which is isentropic efficiency of a compressor should be equal to T 0 2 s minus T 0 1 divided by T 0 2 minus T 0 1 or T 0 2 minus T 0 1 is equal to T 0 2 s minus T 0 1 divided by efficiency. We have these both these temperatures with us which is 505 minus 303 divided by 0.8 which is the efficiency of the compressor. So, this temperature difference comes out to be 252 Kelvin. Similarly, for the turbine we have turbine efficiency is T 0 3 minus T 0 4 divided by T 0 3 minus T 0 4 s therefore, T 0 3 minus T 0 4 which is the temperature difference the actual temperature difference of the turbine that would be equal to efficiency times the isentropic temperature difference. So, that is equal to 0.8 multiplied by 1173 minus 705 this is 375 Kelvin. So, we now have the actual temperature difference for the compressor as well as for the turbine. So, we should now be able to find out the work developed by the turbine and work required by the compressor. So, W t is equal to H 0 3 minus H 0 4 which is equal to C p into T 0 3 minus T 0 4 that is again C p is not explicitly given in the problem as I mentioned if it is not given we assume it to be air and we can we just take the specific heat at constant pressure for air which is 1.005 kilo joules per kilogram Kelvin. So, assuming C p to be 1.005 kilo joules per kilogram Kelvin this multiplied by 375 which is the difference T 0 3 minus T 0 4 this becomes 376.88 kilo joules per kilogram. Similarly, we have W c which is work by the compressor is equal to T H 0 2 minus H 0 1 which is C p times T 0 2 minus T 0 1 which is again equal to 253.26 kilo joules per kilogram. So, we can also now find out T 0 2 because the difference is known and T 0 1 is known. So, T 0 2 is 252 plus 303 that is 555 Kelvin and why do we need T 0 2 well we need T 0 2 if we have to calculate the heat input. So, what we have now calculated is the work developed by the turbine which is basically the enthalpy difference across the turbine and. So, for that we need the actual temperatures. How do we calculate actual temperatures? We calculate actual temperatures based on the efficiency definition and for that we need the isentropic temperature. Isentropic temperature comes from the pressure ratio raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma. So, the next parameter that we need to find is the heat input. So, heat input is basically the enthalpy difference between states 3 and 2 and so that would be equal to H 0 3 minus H 0 2 which is C p times T 0 3 minus T 0 2 and after we have calculated the heat input we can now easily calculate the efficiency. We will be equal to W T minus W C divided by Q 1 and which is basically network output by heat input. So, let us do that and see how much efficiency do we get for the cycle. So, for this cycle the heat input comes out to be H 0 3 minus H 0 2 that is 1.005 into 1173 which is the max cycle temperature minus H 0 2 that is C p times 555. So, heat input is 621.09 kilo joules per kilogram. Therefore, efficiency is equal to the net work output which is W T minus W C 376.88 minus 253.26 the whole thing divided by 621.09. So, this is 19.9 percent. So, this Brayton cycle has an efficiency of 19.9 percent that is it can convert just about 19.9 percent of the heat input to net work output. So, this solves one part of the problem. Now, the next part of the problem is to see what happens if we use a regenerator. Do we get an increase in efficiency if so how much improvement we get. So, regenerator as you know is a mechanism by which we can transfer some amount of heat from one part of the cycle to another. And so, the obvious thing to do in such a cycle is to transfer the heat which is rejected part of the heat which is rejected. Obviously, you know you cannot transfer the entire heat which is rejected because that would make heat rejected equal to 0 and that it violates the second law of thermodynamics. So, that is not possible, but we can definitely transfer some part of the heat which is rejected back to the heat added process. Thereby, we can save on the heat added and we also save on heat rejected. So, that seems to be a clever idea of increasing the efficiency because we are reducing q 1 without affecting either W net W t or W c and therefore, the net work output. So, net work output does not change, but what does change is the heat input we can reduce heat input by using regeneration. So, let us see if using a regeneration, regenerator of certain effectiveness given as 75 percent does that make a difference in the cycle efficiency. Let us take a look at that. Now, if you consider a regenerator in which case we will need to find a few more temperatures, we will need T 0 4. T 0 4 is T 0 3 minus 3 75 that is 11 73 minus 3 75 7 98 Kelvin. Regenerator effectiveness is given as 0.75 and this is defined as T 0 6 minus T 0 2 divided by T 0 4 minus T 0 2 and it means it is basically effectiveness of a regenerator tells us that if effectiveness was equal to 1 then we will get T 0 4 is equal to T 0 6 is equal to T 0 4 that is we can heat the compressor outlet all the way up to a temperature which is equal to the turbine exhaust. So, that is an ideal process if the regenerator had no irreversibilities perhaps that would be possible, but we know it is not because regenerator effectiveness in this case is 0.75. And so T 0 6 is a temperature which is less than T 0 4 and so we need to find how much it is. So, from the definition of the effectiveness of regenerator we have T 0 6 minus T 0 4 divided by T 0 4 minus T 0 2 this is equal to 0.75. So, all these temperatures are known T 0 2 is known T 0 4 is known effectiveness is known therefore, we can calculate T 0 6. So, this comes out to be 737.3 Kelvin as compared to T 0 4 which is 798 Kelvin. So, if the effectiveness was 1 then T 0 6 will be equal to T 0 4 which is 798 Kelvin. Now, the heat input will now be equal to H 0 3 minus H 0 6. So, you can see immediately the difference that you need to only had this much amount of heat here in instead of H 0 3 minus H 0 2. So, this will be equal to C p times T 0 3 minus T 0 6 which comes out to be 437.88 kilo joules per kilogram. So, heat input has changed network output does not change because we are not doing anything to the turbine or the compression process. Therefore, the efficiency of the cycle would now be equal to 123.62 divided by 437.9 this is equal to 0.2837 that is 28.37 percent the cycle efficiency without regeneration was 19.9. So, what is the percentage improvement increase due to regeneration it is equal to the difference 0.2837 minus 0.199 divided by 0.199. So, this is equal to 42.56 percent. So, what you see here is that using regeneration well how exactly regeneration is to be carried out is another issue altogether, but if we were indeed able to carry out regeneration even if the regenerator was not 100 percent effective in this case it is 75 we still get an improvement in efficiency of the order of 43 percent as 42.56 percent which is a huge improvement in efficiency. So, what the moral of the story is that regeneration is one of the ways of substantially improving the efficiency of a cycle which is something you would have understood if you had gone through the thermodynamics course that regeneration is definitely a way of increasing the efficiency. In fact, if you recall there are two such cycles which have efficiencies as high as that of a Carnot cycle and what are those cycles the sterling and the Erikson cycles both the cycles have two processes which are basically regeneration processes one is at constant volume the other is at constant pressure. So, regeneration using regeneration sterling and Erikson cycles are able to achieve efficiencies which are as high or equal to that of a Carnot cycle which means these cycles have the maximum efficiency possible for that temperature limits. So, regeneration of course, again during the discussion on thermodynamics you may have come across description about sterling and Erikson cycles why is it that these cycles are not used they are not used because the regeneration makes the whole cycle extremely bulky and complicated and so it is not suitable for modern day applications and so they have not really been used in any application even though they have efficiencies equal to Carnot cycle efficiency. So, regeneration so this example that we have just solved is one way of trying to see if regeneration makes a difference in the overall efficiency of the thermal efficiency of the cycle and we have seen that it does make a lot of difference it makes about and in this particular case we got about 43 percent improvement in the efficiency of a cycle with regeneration. So, this was one problem the first problem that we solved today by using the Brayton cycle analysis for a real Brayton cycle with and without regeneration. So, let us take a look at what is the second problem that we have for us today second problem is again a gas turbine problem again in some sense it is basically a Brayton cycle problem. So, here we have a gas turbine operating at a pressure ratio of 11.314 produces 0 net work output when 473.35 kilo joules of heat is added per kilogram of air if the inlet air temperature is 300 Kelvin and the turbine efficiency is 71 percent find the compressor efficiency. So, here this is again a Brayton cycle problem, but we have a slightly altered it for a gas turbine. So, we have the pressure ratio specified and it is given that this gas turbine produces no net work output which means that the work output of the turbine should be equal to the work input required for the compressor. So, there is no net work output heat input is given the efficiency of the turbine is given we are required to find efficiency of the compressor. So, in this particular problem we have which is again a simple Brayton cycle analysis the net work output is given as 0 which is true for most of the aircraft engines. If you recall aircraft engines do not generate net work output turbine in an aircraft exists only for driving the compressor and a few other accessories. So, in most of the jet engines the there is no net work output from the jet engine because turbine drives the compressor and that is it. So, there is no net work output that way, but of course, there are shaft power output required for turbo probes and turbo shafts and so on, but for pure jet engines the net work output will be 0. So, in this case we have the cycle pressure ratio we have certain temperatures given to us and efficiency of the turbine we need to find what is the efficiency of the compressor. So, let us try to solve this problem. So, here we have the net work output as 0 which means that W c will be equal to W t or t 0 2 minus t 0 1 which is the temperature difference across the compressor will be equal to t 0 3 minus t 0 4 which is the temperature drop across the turbine. This in turn is equal to t 0 3 minus t 0 2 is equal to t 0 4 minus t 0 1. Now, the cycle pressure ratio is given as 11.314 and that should be equal to the isentropic stagnation temperature ratios that is t 0 2 s divided by t 0 1 is equal to p 0 2 by p 0 1 raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma. This is equal to 11.314 raise to gamma minus 1 is 1.4 minus 1 that is 0.4 divided by 1.4. Therefore, t 0 2 s that is this stagnation temperature isentropic will be equal to t 0 1 multiplied by 11.314 raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma. So, this comes out to be 600 Kelvin. Now, heat added is given as 476.35 kilo joules per kilogram. So, since heat added is the process between states 2 and 3 heat added occurs during that particular process. So, C p times t 0 3 minus t 0 2 is equal to 476.35 or t 0 3 minus t 0 2 is 474 because that is 476.354 divided by 1.005. So, we are assuming that specific heat at constant pressure is the same as that of air which is 1.005 kilo joules per kilogram Kelvin. So, we have a calculator that is the difference that is t 0 3 minus t 0 2 which is 474 Kelvin. So, the next step in this is to calculate the corresponding temperature. So, that we can determine the efficiency of the compressor. Now, from our first equation that we wrote that was equating the work output of the turbine to that of the compressor. We can also write t 0 4 as equal to t 0 1 plus t 0 3 minus t 0 2. t 0 1 is known as 300 Kelvin it is given in the problem plus this difference t 0 3 minus t 0 2 we just calculated in the previous step that was 474.  Now, turbine efficiency is given as 71 percent and the definition of turbine efficiency is t 0 3 minus t 0 4 divided by t 0 3 minus t 0 4 s. So, we can simplify that in a manner which is shown here t 0 3 multiplied by 1 minus t 0 4 by t 0 3 divided by t 0 4 s multiplied by t 0 3 by t 0 4 s minus 1. Also we know that this ratio that is t 0 3 by t 0 4 s should be equal to the cycle pressure ratio raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma because the network output is anyway 0. So, the turbine pressure ratio will also be equal to the compressor pressure ratio. Therefore, we get this ratio from this expression. So, here we have this ratio t 0 3 by t 0 4 s which we can determine from this expression and we also know the turbine efficiency. So, if you simplify that we get t 0 4 by t 0 3 is equal to 1 minus 0.71 by 2 which is 0.645. Therefore, t 0 3 is equal to 774 which is t 0 4 divided by 0.645 that is 1200 Kelvin and therefore, t 0 2 will be equal to 1200 that is t 0 3 minus the difference between t 0 3 and t 0 2 that is 474 726 Kelvin. So, we now have all the temperatures that are required for estimating the compressor efficiency. The compressor efficiency as we know it is defined as equal to the isentropic temperature difference t 0 2 s minus t 0 1 divided by t 0 2 minus t 0 1. So, all these temperatures we have already calculated. So, we get 300 t 0 2 s which is 600 minus t 0 1 which is 300 divided by t 0 2 726 minus 300 which is equal to 0.704 or 70.4 percent. So, we have determined the efficiency of the compressor because the efficiency of the turbine is given and how did we solve this problem. Basically, it is given that the network output is 0. So, we can equate the work done by the turbine to that required by the compressor and if you were to assume that the specific heat is the same for both the compressor and the turbine then we get we can equate basically the temperature difference across the compressor and the turbine. We also know the pressure ratio of the cycle. So, we can find out the actual isentropic temperatures and since turbine efficiency is known if you substitute for cycle pressure ratios and the isentropic temperatures we can actually find all the temperatures which are needed to calculate the compressor efficiency. So, compressor efficiency in this case we have calculated as 70.4 percent. So, the second problem that we have solved today here is again to do with a Brayton cycle as in the case of the first cycle. First cycle of course, we did Brayton cycle with and without regeneration. In this case we have estimated the efficiency of one of the components which is the compressor given some of the other cycle parameters. So, the next problem that we are going to solve here today would be on an intake and we have already analyzed in our last lecture an intake and its performance. We have seen that there are two distinct performance parameters one is the total pressure ratio which is also known as the pressure recovery and the second parameter is the diffuser efficiency isentropic efficiency of a diffuser. So, these are two parameters which which tell us something about the performance of an air intake. So, in the next problem we are going to talk about an air intake and how we can estimate some of the performance parameters of an air intake. So, the problem number three that we have for today is an aircraft flies at a Mach number of 0.75 ingesting an air flow of 80 kilograms per second at an altitude where the ambient temperature and pressure are 222 Kelvin and 10 kilo Pascal's respectively. The inlet design is such that the Mach number at the entry to the inlet is 0.6 and that at the compressor phase is 0.4. The inlet has an isentropic efficiency of 0.95. Find part A the area of the inlet entry part B the inlet pressure recovery and part C the compressor phase diameter. So, in this particular problem we have been given that an aircraft is flying at a certain Mach number at an altitude where the pressure and temperature is given and then we have also been given what is the Mach number at the inlet entry and the compressor phase and also of course, the isentropic efficiency of this particular intake. So, given these parameters we have been asked to find the area of the inlet entry and the pressure recovery and also the diameter of the compressor phase. So, based on some of these parameters which are known we should be able to find out the required parameters. So, first thing that we will do is to try to find out the properties at state 1 that is right at the intake entry that is state 1 and then based on that we can find out the area of the inlet entry because area is equal to the velocity divided by the mass flow rate. Mass flow rate divided by velocity times density and then subsequently we will move to station 2 which is the compressor phase. So, Mach number in this case is given by is given as 0.75 and therefore, we can find this flight speed which is U A U subscript A is the flight speed which is Mach number times square root of gamma R T A. This is in turn equal to 0.75 into square root of 1.4 into 287 into the temperature is given as 222. So, the flight speed comes out to be 224 meters per second and the density the free stream density rho A will be equal to P A by R T A which is from the state equation this is equal to 0.1569 kilograms per meter cube and. So, once we the Mach number is already known to us the static temperature is known T A is known to us. So, we can find out the total temperature which is T naught A this is T A into 1 plus gamma minus 1 by 2 m square and that is basically from the energy equation. So, T A is given as 222 Mach number is 0.75. So, we get T 0 A is equal to 246 Kelvin. Similarly, we can find the total pressure total pressure is P 0 A which is P A into 1 plus gamma minus 1 by 2 m square raise to gamma by gamma minus 1. The pressure is already given to us P A is specified. Therefore, we can find P 0 A this is 14522.8 Pascal or 1 14.52 kilo Pascal. Therefore, the static temperature at the inlet entry that is T 1 is equal to T 0 A divided by 1 plus gamma minus 1 by 2 m square and where does this come from? This is basically because there is no change in total temperature from the ambient that is at station A all the way up to 0.1 and in fact, all the way up to come the compressor phase. There is no change in the total temperature because firstly, we assume that this compression process is adiabatic there is no heat input or heat out rejected by this process. So, total temperature does not change total pressure does change because of frictional effects but total temperature cannot change. So, T 1 is T 0 A divided by 1 plus gamma minus 1 by 2 m square. So, if you substitute for all these values we get the static temperature at the inlet entry as 230.4 Kelvin. Having found the static temperature we can find the static pressure as well P 1 which is P 0 A divided by 1 plus gamma minus 1 by 2 m square raise to gamma by gamma minus 1. So, this is 11386 Pascal. Therefore, density rho 1 is P 1 by RT 1 which is now since we have calculated P 1 and T 1 we can find density that is 0.1722 kilograms per meter cube. So, having found the density and the mass flow rate is already been given we can now find out the area at the inlet entry. So, A 1 will be equal to mass flow rate divided by U 1 into rho 1 because mass flow rate is rho A v that is velocity times density times area and how do you find U 1? U 1 is found from the Mach number. Mach number at inlet entry is given as 0.6. So, M 1 times square root of gamma RT 1 gives us U 1 that multiplied by rho 1. So, if you substitute for all these values we have mass flow rate as 80 kgs per second divided by M 1 which is 0.6 square root of gamma RT 1 1.4 R is 287 for air and T 1 is 230.4 this multiplied by density that is 0.1722 area at the inlet entry comes out to be 2.54 meter square. So, this solves the first part of the problem where we are required to find out the area at the inlet entry. What we basically did was to find out the static temperature and pressure at the inlet of the diffuser and that would help us in finding out the density and since Mach number is given we can find out the velocity and therefore, from the mass flow rate relation mass flow rate divided by U 1 times rho 1 we can find out the area at the inlet entry. The second part of the problem is to find out the pressure recovery. Now, pressure recovery as you know it is the ratio of the stagnation pressures at the outlet of the intake to the inlet of the intake. I already mentioned that stagnation temperature does not change all the way from inlet to outlet. So, T 0 A should be equal to T 0 1 should be equal to T 0 2, but that is not true for the pressure stagnation pressure is not the same there will be a stagnation pressure loss. So, we need to find out how much is the pressure recovery. Now, in order to find out the pressure recovery we will make use of the diffuser efficiency definition. Now, T 0 2 as we know it is equal to T 0 A and the diffuser efficiency is defined as T 0 2 S minus T A divided by T 0 A minus T A. Diffuser efficiency is given as 0.95, T 0 A is known we have already calculated that T A is also known. So, if you substitute for all these values we get T 0 2 S. So, T 0 2 S comes out to be 245.75 Kelvin and therefore, pressure recovery is equal to P 0 2 by P 0 1 and that is equal to T 0 2 S divided by T 0 1 raise to gamma by gamma minus 1. Pressure recovery of the diffuser is 0.982. This means that from the inlet at station 1 to the outlet which is station 2 that is the compressor phase there is a certain loss in total pressure that is ratio of these pressures total pressures is 0.982. So, there is about 2 percent loss in total pressure as the flow moves from station 1 to 2. Now, the next the third part of the problem is to find out the area at the compressor phase we will use the same principle as we did for calculating the area at the inlet entry we need static pressure and temperature at station 2. Now, static temperature can be easily found out because T 0 2 is equal to T 0 A which is already known. So, T 2 is equal to T 0 2 divided by 1 plus gamma minus 1 by 2 m 2 square and m 2 is given as 0.4. So, if you substitute for all these values we get T 2 is equal to 239.3 Kelvin and what about P 2? P 2 is equal to P 1 into the static temperature ratios T 2 by T 1 raise to gamma by gamma minus 1. T 1 has already been calculated in the previous part. So, static pressure comes out to be 13001 Pascal. Therefore, density can be calculated density is equal to P 2 by R T 2 which is 0.1893 kg per meter cube and velocity at the compressor phase is Mach number times square root of gamma R T 2. So, that comes to be 124.03 meters per second. Therefore, area at the compressor phase is mass flow rate divided by U 2 times rho 2 that is 3.407 meter square and once we know the area we can also find out the ratio the diameter which is pi d square by 4 is equal to the area and therefore, diameter can be calculated as 2.08 meters. So, in this particular problem which was basically related to an air intake we have been given some of the parameters like Mach number at various stations and also the diffuser efficiency. Given those parameters we could find out the areas at different locations and also the pressure recovery the amount of losses total pressure losses occurring in the diffuser which is basically specified by the pressure recovery. So, in this problem we have basically tried to use the diffuser efficiency to calculate the pressure recovery across the diffuser. Now, the last problem that we will be solving in today's tutorial session is something to do with a nozzle and that is again another component of a gas turbine engine which we were discussing in the last lecture and nozzle as you know it have been well basically have one of the parameters used to specify a nozzle is the nozzle efficiency. So, we will see how we can use the nozzle efficiency in assessing the performance of a nozzle. So, the problem statement number 4 is a turbojet engine operates at an altitude where the ambient temperature and pressure are 216.7 Kelvin and 24.44 kilo Pascal's. So, the ambient temperature and pressure are given the flight Mach number is 0.9 and the inlet conditions to the convergent nozzle are 1000 Kelvin and 60 kilo Pascal's. If the nozzle efficiency is 0.98 the ratio of specific heats is 1.33 determine whether the nozzle is operating under choked condition or not also determine the nozzle exit pressure. So, in this case we have the ambient conditions the ambient temperature and pressure and then the nozzle entry conditions for the convergent nozzle. So, in this case the nozzle is convergent and we have the inlet conditions for the convergent nozzle. The nozzle efficiency is also given and based on this data we have to find out whether this nozzle is operating under choked condition and also we need to find out the exit pressure of the nozzle. Now, let us go back to the definition of the nozzle we have defined efficiency of a nozzle as efficiency of a nozzle is equal to h 0 6 which is the nozzle entry stagnation pressure enthalpy minus h 7 which is nozzle exit static enthalpy divided by h 0 6 minus h 7 s where h 7 s is the static enthalpy for an isentropic process. This can be simplified as t 0 6 minus t 7 divided by t 0 6 minus t 7 s which is in turn equal to 1 minus t 7 divided by t 0 6 divided by 1 minus t 7 s divided by t 0 6. Now, t 0 6 is also equal to t 0 7 because there is no change in stagnation temperature across the nozzle. So, we have 1 minus t 7 by t 0 7 divided by 1 minus t 7 s by t 0 6. Now, under choked condition we know that the Mach number at the exit of the nozzle will become 1. So, if we substitute for m is equal to 1 we know that t 0 7 by t 7 will be equal to 1 plus gamma minus 1 by 2 m 7 square. So, m 7 is equal to 0 is equal to 1 and therefore, that expression reduces to 1 minus 2 by gamma plus 1. Similarly, the pressure under choked condition is basically the critical pressure and so this temperature ratio that we have t 7 s by t 0 6 will become equal to the critical pressure divided by the p 0 6 that is total pressure p c by p 0 6 raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma. So, efficiency of the nozzle reduces to 1 minus 2 by gamma plus 1 divided by 1 minus p c by p 0 6 raise to gamma minus 1 by gamma or this pressure ratio that we have p 0 6 by p c can be reduced as 1 by 1 minus 1 by eta n into gamma minus 1 by gamma plus 1 raise to gamma by gamma minus 1. So, this pressure ratio which is basically relating the nozzle entry total pressure to the critical pressure. So, the pressure is the pressure which the nozzle attains when the Mach number at the exit is equal to 1 if the nozzle is operating under choked condition and if it is indeed operating under choked condition the parameters are easily calculated because Mach number is equal to 1. So, if you know the ratio of specific heats and the nozzle efficiency we can calculate the pressure ratio. So, in this case we can now calculate p 0 6 by p c because rest of the parameters are known efficiency is known the gamma is known. So, if you substitute for all those values we have p 0 6 by p c is equal to 1.878 also we can calculate p 0 6 by p a as equal to 60 by 24.4 that is 2.45 kilo Pascal's and therefore, we can see that from both these expressions we can see that p c is greater than p a that is critical pressure is greater than the static pressure ambient which means that the nozzle is operating under choked condition and so that is if the nozzle exit pressure exceeds the ambient pressure this means that the nozzle is indeed choking that it the nozzle is operating under choked condition exit Mach number is equal to 1 the maximum mass flow rate that the nozzle can handle has already been passing through the nozzle. And once we can find out whether it is choking or not then the exit pressure is equal to the choking pressure which will be equal to the inlet pressure divided by the pressure ratio 60 divided by 1.878 that is 31.95 kilo Pascal's. So, nozzle exit pressure can be calculated from this expression which is basically equal to the critical pressure that is p 0 6 60 kilo Pascal divided by 1.878 31.95 kilo Pascal's. So, in this problem we have we have been we have we could use the nozzle efficiency definition and incorporate that in the pressure ratio for calculating the critical pressure ratio to determine whether the nozzle is operating under choked condition or not. And once it is choked then the exit pressure will be equal to the choking pressure which again can be calculated from the critical pressure ratio. So, what we have solved in in today's tutorial are four different problems two of them related to Brayton cycle and two other problems related to the components one to the intake and one to the nozzle. And of course, as I discussed in the last class we will be taking up detailed analysis and discussion of all these individual components in different lectures in few lectures from now we will take up intake in detail compressor and fan combustion chamber turbine nozzle all these components will be detailed discussed in detail subsequently their geometric construction etcetera also will be part of that discussion. So, I have a few exercise problem for you to solve based on our discussion and the tutorial that we had today. So, you have four different problems as exercise problems the first one is for a Brayton cycle. So, a Brayton cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion has an overall pressure ratio of 8 air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 Kelvin and each stage of the turbine at 1300 Kelvin determine the thermal efficiency part a with no regenerator part b with an ideal regenerator part c if the compressor and turbine have 80 percent efficiency each with no regenerator. So, answer to part a is 35 percent part b is 69.6 percent and part c is if compressors and turbine both have efficiency of 80 percent and no regeneration then the efficiency is 26 percent. The second problem is in a gas turbine plant air at the inlet is at 27 degree Celsius and 0.1 MPa the pressure ratio is 6.25 the maximum temperature is 800 degree Celsius compressor and turbine efficiencies are 80 percent each fine part a the compressor work per kilogram of air part b turbine work per kg of air part c heat supplied per kg of air and part d the cycle efficiency. Answer to this is part a 259.4 kilo joules per kilogram part b 351.68 kilo joules per kilogram part c 569.43 kilo joules per kilogram and part d 16.2 percent. The third problem is to do with an intake an aircraft is flying at a Mach number of 0.8 at an altitude where the ambient static pressure is 40 kilopascal. If the diffuser pressure recovery is 0.9 determine the isentropic efficiency of the diffuser in this case the isentropic efficiency comes out to be 0.738. So, here we have a Mach number flight Mach number flight the static pressure is given and the diffuser pressure recovery specified we need to find isentropic efficiency. Answer is 0.738 and the last problem is nozzle of a turbo jet engine it develops a thrust of 590 Newton second per kilogram. Aircraft is flying at 240 meters per second the pressure and temperature of the nozzle entry are 1.248 284 kilopascals and 993 Kelvin respectively. If the ratio of specific heats is 0.33 determine the nozzle efficiency the nozzle can be assumed to be operating under choked condition. So, here it specified that the nozzle is operating under choked condition and which means that the exit pressure is the critical pressure and so on. We need to find the nozzle efficiency if the thrust is given the flight velocities are given and nozzle entry conditions are also specified. So, the nozzle efficiency is 0.95. So, here we have 4 different exercise problems and based on this particular tutorial we had discussed today. I am sure you would be able to find out the solve these problems and be able to find out the answers which have been given in these exercise problems. So, that brings us to the end of today's tutorial session. We will continue our discussion on cycle analysis of jet engines in the next class. We will basically be taking up real cycle analysis of different types of jet engines and subsequently we also have another tutorial session on the real cycle analysis of jet engines.


hey you guys so disclaimer I'm on my old computer also another disclaimer I am currently recording several videos today so I will be wearing the same thing if you're noticing that so in this video I'm going to be discussing how I personally keep my anxiety at bay those you who don't know I do suffer from anxiety my anxiety not to downplay it it's more so situational anxiety so I can get excited happy about it but it makes me anxious around the holidays which we're in right now the holiday season with busy schedules and just you know running around acting crazy in general I get anxious and so I am on medication for it but I find that with any type of I don't even want to say disease or with any type of process managing it is the challenging party but at this point this is like my fourth or fifth year into this especially since I have a small child at this point I have noticed some signs and I have created a basically plan of things to help me to keep my anxiety at bay the disclaimer I am not in the medical profession if you have any questions or concerns regarding your own mental illness or anxiety please please contact a local doctor okay your physician or psychiatrist someone who can help you there so what I'm going to do basically is give you guys a breakdown of things that I do to keep my anxiety at bay so the very first thing and I shouldn't say that not in any particular order is to recognize the red flags for me personally it's when I'm forgetting stuff I'm being short-tempered and I can tell I mean I can literally feel it creeping up you know it's coming from my toes all the way up creeping up and traveling up my body that's how it is for me I even say it out loud I'm getting anxious though you know my husband or JB you're driving me crazy because I'm getting short I'm getting I'm getting short with everyone I know the warning signs but then the next step would be to act accordingly and I haven't been and I'm excited in this previous go around I knew it was coming I knew it was coming and what happens especially with me personally is that I get so anxious and so busy with life that then I get sick and then that just heightens my anxiety because now I'm out for a few days because now I literally have made myself sick worrying about things so recognize the warning signs direct flags and take the steps okay so some other things that I'm going to show you some things I actually use is I will say the number one thing that for me is to live intentionally that basically means for me is make sure I'm drinking my water I'm taking my vitamins try to stay on schedule if possible schedules are really big for me I am a to-do list person if something doesn't get done today I've tried to do it the next day if it doesn't get done then I try to do it that week that way I'm not rolling things into the next week and now I'm really anxious about it because my schedule is off okay I'm working out being mindful how I speak to others being mindful of my thoughts when I'm thinking about okay trying to stay on things that are not so negative a next thing for me would be to remain positive stay positive it is really easy when you get anxious and you have a lot of things going on like I said to dwell on the negativity and take it from me you guys I just got out of a spill of anxiety to where I was almost creeping into depression and I had to literally pull myself for me personally I can do that not everyone has ability to do that so I say my positive affirmations I focus on what I accomplished that week or that day and then I use any type of mishaps or fails I should say as a learning opportunity okay what can I do tomorrow next week or next month so this doesn't happen again okay I'm another thing is to be flexible and this goes with my scheduling I used to be a type of person to where I felt like I had to get everything done on a Friday you have two more days Friday Saturday Sunday be open okay be flexible don't be rigid to one schedule one thing goes back to living intentionally plan yet be flexible I like I mentioned earlier I am a planner I have my three priorities for the for the day but sometimes if I get my three priorities for the day done I look at what's going on later on that week okay can I do something from this list if I can great that way if something happens tomorrow now I have two items on my to-do list to do instead of three because I did that extra one today you see what I mean if my plan a or plan B doesn't happen it's okay I really have to tell myself that sometimes you guys because I could get so bombed out if something doesn't fall through but I have to again out loud say it's okay tomorrow's another day let's move it on to tomorrow and let's just move on there's another day just move on so again plan accordingly but be flexible alright and last but not least this is a big one for me extension oils I say I have them in front of me I have an extension oil diffuser we have to say my three favorite oils for anxiety or a lavender sweet orange and frankincense and I have some examples here to show you this is sweet orange you probably can't see that and then this is the lavender I keep several bottles of lavender oil around like this is probably the third one I have in the house but more recently I purchased a oil mixture through whole foods called chill pill and I've already gone through almost half the bottle chill pill and it's actually a mixture of I want to say lavender lavender and sweet orange and there's some other things in here but yes extension oils are great sometimes when I'm really feeling it the anxiety I will put a little bit of lavender oil behind my earlobes on my actual wrists I have a diffuser that goes on 10 12 hours out of the day I purchased this through Amazon I will be linking that down below I was sometimes sprinkle one or two drops on my little boys pillow on our pillow at night yes I do believe in that so that is it you guys let me know if you have any tips any suggestions on how you deal with anxiety but yes I like I said before I do have medication for it but if I can follow all of these items I really do find these five extension oils focus on the positivity live intentional that is really big for me because that encompasses a lot of different things everything from eating well to being whole spiritually and just all the way around okay being aware of the trickery signs or warning signs plan yet be flexible those are my tips so that is it you guys thank you so much for watching take care bye


Sounded good, real good. A weak-ended Malibu expenses paid with a cash bonus thrown in. But that was before I knew about the henchmen, the redhead, and the corpse.  From the pan of Raymond Chandler, outstanding author of crime fiction, comes his most famous character as C.B.S. presents... The Adventures of Philip Marlowe. And now, with Gerald Moore, starred as Philip Marlowe, we bring you tonight's unusual story, The Panama Hat. I was sitting in my office bombing the ashtray on my desk with paper clips, wondering what kind of a job a private detective gets when clients stop calling completely. I was seesawing between the picture of me as a well-starched huckster and the more comfortable portrait of Marlowe, author and English tweets, man of distinction. And the telephone brought me to a rude awakening. Marlowe speaking. My name is Isabelle Gordon, Mr. Marlowe. I must see you at once. My husband Bruce is in terrible danger. Could you possibly meet me in an hour at the Pelican Inn? It's a small roadside place on the way to Malibu. I'll explain everything then. Pelican Inn, one hour, Mrs. Gordon. The Pelican Inn was strictly a liquor license with chairs and a bored piano player in one corner grinding away. The place was empty and I was about to order a drink when the front door opened and a woman entered. She was tall and thin and right out of Harper's Bazaar. From double-lap ankle-strap shoes to close-cropped hair. One look at her fear-crowded eyes and I knew it was Isabelle Gordon. I got up and introduced myself. Then we went to a table and she started to talk. For two weeks now, Mr. Marlowe, my husband Bruce has been receiving unsigned, threatening letters. I'm almost sick with worry. I don't know what to do. Wait a minute, Mrs. Gordon. The first thing to do is to get hold of yourself and tell me the whole thing right from the beginning. Yes, all right. Well, first of all, Bruce and I have only been married a little more than a year. We're living with my uncle, every fair child, on an estate out beyond Malibu. I see. What does your husband do for a living, Mrs. Gordon? He's a photographer. Movie or commercial? Well, at present it's neither. You see, Bruce has been terribly unsettled since the war. Lost sort of, and then recently he got interested in photography and it's been a great help to him. But he doesn't exactly work at it. Well, he's converted one of the rooms in the guest cottage into a studio and he spends almost all of his time there experimenting with portrait work. But he doesn't actually have a job, if that's what you mean. How does that appeal to your uncle Avery? Well, I'll be honest with you, Mr. Marlowe. My uncle thinks the sun rises and sets on me, but with Bruce... It's total eclipses, Eddie. I'm afraid so. All his life, Uncle Avery has been concerned only with dollars and cents. He simply doesn't understand or sympathize with an artist's viewpoint. Uh-huh. Now what about these unsigned letters? Well, Bruce has been getting them for the past two weeks. They're always made up of words cut from newspapers and pasted on ordinary paper. That's a cheap stunt. What do they say? Each one threatens my husband's life. Yet both he and Uncle Avery consider them nothing more than the work of some harmless crank. In spite of the fact that for the last several days, I've seen a strange man lurking around our place every night. Can you describe him? No. No, except... what he's about your height and build. Is that all? Yes. No. I... Wait a minute. There is something else. Each time I saw him, Mr. Marlowe, he was wearing a white Panama. Well, it's not much to go on. Tell me, why haven't you called the police? Uncle Avery wouldn't hear of it. He hates publicity, dreads it. That's why I suggested contacting you, a private detective. That's sort of a bodyguard for Bruce, huh? Yes. However, Mr. Marlowe, Bruce is somewhat temperamental, and I know he'd rebel at the thought of being watched over, so I'd rather you posed as a house guest, an old college chum of mine, perhaps. My fee is 25 a day plus expenses, Mrs. Gordon. Oh, any price is all right, Mr. Marlowe. Let's see, it's a little after seven now. Can you be at our place at Malibu at nine? I think so. But it's a fellow alumnus, Isabelle. One last question. Where'd you go to college? Southern California. Why? Well, I was afraid you might say vassar. After Isabelle left, I remembered that I was already on my expense account. So I had a tasteless, cold, hot blue plate special and a burned cup of coffee, and I stepped out of the pelican inn and headed across the paved parking lot to my car. It was already dark, and I was admiring the full moon and the beautiful wash it made over the ocean when it happened.  You all right, Mr. Yeah. Yeah, I think so. Thanks to your sounding off. That nut was aiming right for you. Yeah, yeah, it looks that way. Did you happen to get his number? No, no, I didn't. What about his face? Can you describe him? No, matter of fact, I only noticed one thing. What was that? The hat he was wearing. It was a white Panama. I tried to be broad minded, but there was no other way to look at it. The gentleman in the white Panama hat definitely meant business. I returned to my apartment in Hollywood where I shaved, showered, and packed, and then I headed for Malibu. At a quarter to nine, I was inside the grounds of the Fairchild Estate, another mile, and I was at the front door. When I entered, Isabel greeted me like I was a keg of brandy around the St. Bernard's neck. Then we waited through an inch-thick carpet to the library where Uncle Avery, fat, bald, and looking like, he just bitten into an under-right persimmon was waiting. I wasn't asked to sit down and I wasn't offered a cigar. Avery Fairchild was not one to waste time. I'm a very rich man, Mr. Marlowe. As such, I'm the target for all kinds of fortune hunters, confidence men, and cranks. In my lifetime, I've been threatened and pestered by a score of crackpots. Each one slightly more psychopathic than the last. It's never bothered me, and it never will. However, in this case, the approach is a bit different. Meaning you think somebody's trying to get at you through your nephew, huh? Never referred to him as my nephew. My niece's husband, if you please. And don't forget it. Uncle Avery. Isabel, my feelings about your husband are no secret. You're being unfair, Uncle Avery. Just because Bruce is an artist, and he... Artist, is he? Why, Isabel, that man's no more an artist than I am a horse-jockey. Good evening, everybody. Hello, Bruce. Hello, darling. You were saying something, Uncle Avery? Bruce, I want you to meet Philip Marlowe. We were great friends at school, and when I heard he was in town for a while, I insisted that he spend a weekend with us. How do you do, Mr. Gordon? It's a pleasure to have you with us, Mr. Marlowe. You're very welcome. I do the welcoming around here, Bruce. Mr. Marlowe's had a long trip, and I'm certain he'd like to turn in early. Bruce, darling, he's going to stay in the guest cottage in the room next to your studio. Will you show him there, please? Oh, I'll be glad to. By the way, Isabel, I'm going to work late, so I'll say good night to you now. Good night, dear Isabel. Good night, sweet. Please, please be careful. Yes, Bruce, by all means, be careful. Remember, the true artist belongs to posterity or something. The guest cottage was only a landscaped hop-skip and a jump from the museum that Uncle Avery called home. And as Bruce and I strolled along a flagstone path, I feigned a deep interest in photography. That was all my host needed. He struck at the bait like a shark with malnutrition. Well, Mr. Marlowe, it didn't even occur to me that photography might be one of your hobbies. Isabel never said a word. Good for Isabel. I'm strictly a dabbler. And tell me, Mr. Gordon, how long have you been at this? Portrait work? Mm-hmm. Well, about six months. You see, I divide my time between my studio here and a school I attend in Hollywood. That way, I capture both the theory and practical experience at the same time. Oh. Well, here we are. Would you like to see the studio? Yes, I would. Here, let me get the lights. Well, this is all right, huh? In the larger, two cameras, darkroom. Are these your pictures? Yes. What do you think of them? I don't know exactly. They're certainly different, huh? They are unusual, aren't they? Yeah. You see, Marlowe, each picture is actually made up of two separate studies which are superimposed. I call it interpretive photography. Uh-huh. Now, this one, a splash of light and a bent pipe cleaner. The sun and the plant shoot. It's called metamorphosis. Oh. What about that one there in the corner? The girl's face and clouds, maybe? Mr. Marlowe, you'll excuse me, but that picture isn't ready for display. I'm sorry, I didn't mean to pry. I thought it was just another interpretive photograph. Well, it's not. That is it. It isn't finished yet. Now, Mr. Marlowe, I'm afraid I've forgotten what my wife said about your long trip. Shall I show you to your room? Yes. Please do, Mr. Gordon. My room on the other side of the guest cottage was wider than Hollywood Boulevard. After Bruce apologized for his display of temperament and bid me a polite good night, I climbed into the silk pajamas that were laid out for me, stretched out on the bed and tried to figure who belonged to the white Panama hat. About an hour passed and I wasn't getting any sensible answers. So I switched out the light, put my gun on the table next to me and snuggled into what felt like a mile and a half of mattress. I was almost asleep and the clutter of a shovel falling on the walk outside brought me straight up in bed and grabbed my gun and made for the door. But the second I threw it open, I knew that I'd made a mistake.  As I came back into the world, I was embarrassed to find myself alone and flat on my back. When I started to get up, I felt like the L.A. Don's water boy and all that run over my face. My gun was a few feet away and when I went to pick it up, I stopped short. It was a souvenir from the man with the great big fist. A gold cigarette lighter, it was engraved to skipper on his birthday. Putting it in my pocket, I picked up my gun and made for Bruce's studio. He wasn't there. I threw on some clothes and went back to the house and found Isabelle in the living room. I was about to give her a biased account of the shortest fight on record when I noticed Uncle Avery quietly entering the house from a side door that led to the garden. What's the matter, Phil? Bruce isn't in his studio anymore. What? Now, Isabelle, there's no reason for alarm. My Bruce often goes off into the night like this, called it a search for beauty or some such rot. And what was it you were after just now outside, Mr. Fairchild? I was looking for my niece, Marlowe. Isabelle, the cousin John telephoned to say he wouldn't be down this weekend. I didn't know there would be other guests. Oh, just my cousin, John Martin, Phil. Not really a guest. He comes down often. Too often to suit me. Oh, Uncle Avery, please. You know that I'm fond of him. Yes, but I don't know why. He's a chronic gambler and of no use to anyone. Living at the Wilshire Gardens when he can't afford it. Driving expensive cars. Oh, you're too hard on him. Skipper isn't that... Skipper? Yes. Do you know him? No. No, no, I don't. Well, you're not missing anything, believe me. Oh, I do believe you, Mr. Fairchild. I believe you're every word. What? Good night, all. I left the house and headed straight for my car with the Wilshire Gardens in Hollywood in mind. It was just a chance that John Skipper Martin might own a white Panama hat. When I got to the prodigal cousin's bungalow, it was dark inside. So I pressed one hand close to my gun and the other against the doorbell. But there was no answer. The side window was open and I started toward it and a nasty voice greeted me from the shadow of a palm tree. Good evening. Lovely night, isn't it? I hadn't noticed I've been busy. I know. We've been waiting for you for a long time. We? Uh-huh. Me and my nice, shiny revolver here. 38. Oh, I see. Well, you make a handsome couple and I hope you're both very happy together now. What do you want? I don't want anything. I'm here to give you something. Advice. Hello, brother. I've already told you I'm busy, so if this is a heist, let's get it over with, fast. You know, I think you're confused. I'm holding the gun, Mr. Martin. Martin. John Skipper Martin. Surprised that I know your name? Why, yes. Yes, I am. I don't recall having had the pleasure. You haven't. People never forget me, Mr. Martin. My tag is Brock. Does that mean anything? What do you do? Sing, dance, tell jokes? Yeah, that's it. The last one, I tell jokes. I can't wait. You won't have to, Mr. Martin. I'm going to tell you one right now. It goes like this. Once upon a time a young punk borrowed $10,000 from a generous gambler on his promise to pay the money back within a week. But the young punk never came across. So the gambler told a nice fellow named Brock to call on the young punk that he had 48 hours in which to get the money together. And that if he didn't, he'd never see the 49th hour. What's the matter, Mr. Martin? Don't you like jokes? Brock Grinch shoved his 38 into a shoulder holster and walked away. Soon as he rounded the corner, I went to the open window and climbed in. I rummaged through two closets looking for a white Panama, you know what. I was about to search a third for something that brought me to a dead stop. It was a key in the front door lock. I closed my right hand over the gun in my pocket, moved flush against the sidewall and waited. But the moment the door swung open, the telephone rang. And the hulk of a man that ended went straight for it. He was wearing a gray fedora. Hello? Oh, hello, Isabelle. What? Bruce? Are you sure? But that's impossible.  Excuse me, Isabelle. I think I have a visitor. I'll call you back. Reach, Mr. Martin. Who are you? My name is Brock. You owe a client of mine $10,000. He wants his money in 48 hours. I'll get it. I swear I will. I'll have it right here on time, all of it. How are you going to do that, Mr. Martin? I've got a way. Someone's going to give it to me tonight. Why? Because it's the healthy thing to do. That's why. That's all you wanted to know, isn't it? That's all. Good night, Mr. Martin. This is Marlowe, Isabelle. I'm calling from a drugstore in Hollywood. Has Bruce returned yet? No, and he won't. He's been kidnapped. What's that? And whoever did it wants $50,000 before morning or we'll never see Bruce alive again. As I walked my car up to the Wilshire Gardens, I felt like my brain had spent the night in a cement mixer. I was about to head back from Malibu when I suddenly saw a skipper moutain dash out of his bungalow and pile into a long, glossy convertible. I followed him out to the Pacific Palisades where he made a call at a little house which sat on a bluff overlooking the sea. Once he was inside, I moved up quietly and saw that the name on the mailbox was Miss Callow Winters. I crawled up to a lace curtain window where I could see what was going on. One look at Miss Winters made the damage I was doing to my tweeds worthwhile. She was strictly dragon-lady, with flaming red hair and a waist you could span with two hands. If you were lucky enough to get that close and the rest of the measurements fit just perfect. Listen, Carla, I've got myself skipper marks to look after. First, last and always. You remembered that. Why should I? You've always been cheap talking no more. Look at you now. You're in trouble. So what do you do? You holler blackmail. Go on. Get out of here.  When skipper slammed the front door, stomped to his car and roared off, I couldn't figure any reason, legitimate reason, that is, for calling on Callow Winters. So I returned to the Fairchild Place. Isabel was somewhere between hysteria and collapse over the fact that she and Bruce had less than $2,000 in their own name. Uncle Avery, of course, was more than reluctant to pay the ransom demanded for the return of a man he'd rather not have returned. But his niece won out. All right, Isabel. I'll give you the money. But understand, I'm doing this for you. Not for that no good... Yes, yes, Uncle Avery. I understand. But can you get that much cash at this hour? The banks are... Who said anything about banks? You know, I don't like them. Money will be in your hands in 30 minutes. In the meantime, tell Mr. Marlowe here what arrangements you've made with your husbands of doctors. One minute, Mr. Fairchild. What about the police? The police have already been notified, Mr. Marlowe. They've agreed not to interfere until tomorrow morning. By that time, I suppose, we'll have Bruce return to us. To...to us, Uncle Avery? As you may slip with the tongue, Isabel. I'm only paying for his return. You take over from there. I don't want him. A half-hour later, Avery Fairchild handled me a bundle of bills which added up to $50,000 cash. The bills seemed slightly dirty. The old geezer must have had them buried someplace. For a moment, I couldn't help thinking, boy, to get at this place with a shovel sometime. But then I got back to the more pressing matters at hand. I wrapped up the money in a shoebox and I drove north along the Pacific Coast Highway. I covered the 60 miles to the rendezvous which was a junkyard near Ventura in about as many minutes. And according to instructions, I slowed down to 10 miles an hour. I blinked my lights twice, tossed out the shoebox. I was just about to resume my speed when the headlights of an approaching car fell on a man as he darted back into the junkyard. And I saw what I'd been expecting all the time. A white Panama hat. But I was still playing by the rules. So there was only one thing I could do about it. I slammed my foot down on the accelerator and kept it there until I reached the nearest telephone where I telephoned Skipper Martin at the Wilshire Gardens. It was just possible that he owned two hats. But that little balloon exploded in a hurry. Mr. Martin? Who is this? This is Brock, remember me? Oh, yes, yes, of course. You mean you got the money right now? Well, a couple of hours. You're sure, Mr. Martin? Now only one thing figured. The man in the Panama hat worked for Skipper Martin. It had to be. An hour later I pulled in at the Fairchild Estate. In the moment I put my double-A over the threshold I knew that the kidnapper too had kept his part of the bargain. Bruce Gordon was back, safe and sound. It happened shortly after you retired, Mr. Marlowe. I was working in my studio when a man wearing a white Panama hat... A white Panama hat? Yes. But how did you know that, Mr. Marlowe? They're very popular this season, Mr. Gordon. Darling, Mr. Marlowe was a private detective. But I'll tell you all about that later. Go on with your story. This man was wearing a handkerchief over his face and he forced me to go along with him at gunpoint. Took me to a car parked in the service driveway and told me to turn around. And I was hit from behind and went out cold. Oh, darling, how terrible. It wasn't pleasant here. When I came to, I was bound hand and foot, blindfolded and gagged. I had no idea where I was. Oh, but didn't you see anybody before you were released? No, Uncle Avery. Before they let me go, they hit me again. When I came to that time, I was lying on the road out near Ventura untied. That's about it. I suppose you've told the story to the police already, huh? No, he hasn't, Mr. Marlowe. And what's more, he isn't going to. I'm sorry, but I was forced to lie to you earlier this evening. The police mean reporters and they mean publicity.  I'm sure you'll see my point. I wouldn't make a book on that, Mr. Fairchild. Secrets like this only encourage kidnappers. Well, since we no longer see eye to eye, Mr. Marlowe, I'd suggest that we consider your services at an end. I'll have my check at your office in the morning. Good night, sir. Avery Fairchild wasn't the kind of a man you argued with. I threw my coat of my arm, tipped my head to Isabelle and stepped outside. I hadn't once mentioned Skipper Martin to the family. That might have been a mistake, but I still wanted to look around before I yelled copper. As I walked past the guest cottage, I decided to go in and check Bruce's studio. Maybe the man in the white pH had left a few odd footprints on the ceiling. I tossed my coat in a corner chair and started through the clutter. Ten minutes later, I found nothing. I was about to leave when I suddenly remembered the picture of a girl and some clouds that Bruce had been so careful to keep out of sight. It hadn't been moved. And when I brought it into the light, I didn't have to look twice. It was the portrait of Carla Winters, the red-headed dragon lady that Skipper Martin had visited. Now things began to add up. At the chauffeur's quarters, there was an outside telephone, and I put through a hurry call of Lieutenant Ibarra at Homicide in LA. The best I could get was one Sergeant Neely. I'm sorry, Mr. Marlowe, but the Lieutenant's out on the call right now. There's some kind of a row uptown. Well, do you know where he is? The address, I mean. Those bungalows at the Wilshire Gardens. The Wilshire Gardens? That's right. What's so special about that? Maybe nothing. I'll know in a minute. Thanks, Neely. This is Marlowe Ibarra. What brings you to Skipper Martin's at this late hour? He fired a gun several times a little more than an hour ago. Four shots, to be exact. Well, do you think Skipper Martin fired him? No, Marlowe, I'm sure Martin didn't fire them. You see, he stopped them, personally. Before I hung up, I gave Ibarra a quick run down on the whole story. After making me feel like a schoolboy for keeping him in the dark so long, he told me to sit on the Fairchild's front steps until he got there. Well, it gave me a half hour to kill, most of which I spent walking around aimlessly, trying to get something close to four out of two and two. But I couldn't. Finally, I heard Ibarra siren up to the front door. I was about to head for him when the chill in the morning air reminded me that my top coat was still in Bruce's studio. I went back and got it. When I turned for the door again, I noticed a little slip of paper that had been under the coat fall to the floor. I picked it up. I must have held it for a full minute before I realized what it meant. Just a small slip of paper, and yet, it made everything, the kidnapping, Carla, the murder fall right into place. When I entered the living room at the house, one glance at Isabelle and Bruce told me that she'd already knew about Skipper's death. Only Uncle Avery, who was not one to shed crocodile tears, hadn't changed. Ibarra, of course, was unhappy. Tomorrow, we can't run any kind of a police department when every private detective acts like he's the commissioner himself. Why didn't you call me when this business first began to smell? You know better. I'm sorry, Ibarra, and I hate to sound immodest, but I happen to be one of the two men in this room who can name Bruce Gordon's kidnapper and Skipper Martin's killer. You know what you're saying, model? I think so. The man in the white Panama hat who kidnapped Bruce Gordon, Lieutenant, is Bruce Gordon himself. In other words, Bruce Gordon kidnapped Bruce Gordon. No! You're out of your mind, model. Am I? Would you still say that, Gordon, if we paid a call to Carla Winters and asked her to hand over the $50,000 of so-called ransom money? She's holding for you, too. Oh, would you prefer the window, Ibarra? Bruce! Then, in other words, model, Bruce, who eventually planned to divorce Isabelle and marry Carla Winters, wanted to have a little steak like $50,000 around first. That's right, Ibarra. But Skipper Martin knew about Bruce and Carla's plans to marry later, and he tried to blackmail them to pay off his gambling debts. That's why he came to Bruce's cottage on the slide. However, he got there just in time to see Bruce leave of his own free will and therefore knew later that he couldn't have been kidnapped, which gave him two holds over Bruce. That's right. But he made a mistake when he went to Carla's house and got too demanding because she told Bruce about it, and before he released himself, he took care of Skipper with four gunshots to be exact. Charming people, aren't they, Ibarra? Lovely. Sometimes I think I should shoot higher and save the state a lot of money. And he almost got away with it. By the way, Marlo, how do you know that Bruce was the man in the white Panama hat? I was pretty certain, but I got my proof accidentally. Promise not to repeat this, Ibarra? Yeah. Well, I practically fell over a little slip of paper in his studio. It was a receipt from a department store, and it was made out of Bruce Gordon for one Panama hat. Uh-huh. Nothing else but. When I finally got back to my place on Franklin Avenue, the sun was already up, and the people who work at nice, sane jobs were beginning to fill the streets. I'd been on a go for a steady 24 hours, so I could think of nothing but my bed. I was about to put my key in the lock when a next-door neighbor walked by. That alone wouldn't have disturbed my sleep, but why did he have to be wearing a white Panama hat? The Adventures of Philip Marlo, created by Raymond Chandler, stars Gerald Moore, and is produced and directed by Norman MacDonald. Featured in tonight's story were Jack Will and DeWitt, as Isabel Gordon, Wilms Herbert, as Uncle Avery Fairchild, Bill Lally as Bruce Gordon, Shep Menken as Skipper Martin, and Lou Krugman as Brock. Detective Lieutenant Ibarra is played by Jeff Corey. The special music was conceived and conducted by Richard Orant. Be sure to be with us again next week at this same time when Philip Marlo says... When her will was read, everybody figured she'd been crazy when she wrote it, and that included me. But I changed my mind after spending the night on an island with a pig, a cat, and an ape. Because in reality, they were people. Tonight, Amos and Andy return to the CBS network, and along with all their friends, King Face Lightnin and Henry Van Porter, they're settling down for a permanent stay. Be listening for them later this evening over most of these same CBS stations. This is Roy Rowan speaking for CBS, The Columbia Broadcasting System.


The Nile Basin Development Challenge is working with local platforms in Geldu, Diga and Afogra in Ethiopia, and the members of the platforms as they have action research, in this case further development, because that was found to contribute at large to land and water management issues in those areas. Effelde is an experienced sharing event. The main purpose of Effelde is to share lessons with wider stakeholders including farmers from the wider community who could be the potential target farmers in the scaling out of the practices in the future. Effelde begins with participants coming in the morning. The facilitator welcomes the participants and invites community leaders to have a blessing of the day. Then all the visitors will be led by the farmers to show what he planted or what he did in his own farm. At the end of the farm tour, the participants come and gather under a big tree. They are asked about their own views about what they have seen. The farmers when they saw the fodder and when they heard from their fellow farmers that some started generating income from the sales of the planting material of the fodder and their animals liked it and their soil is stabilized and protected from erosion. They were inspired and they wanted to try the material on their own farm. Some of the farmers who were initially contacted to be part of the research process because they were new to the idea rejected the invitation and when they were summoned for the field day and saw the performance of the fodder and the farms of their own friends, they regretted that they refused the invitation initially. They asked for participation in the research. Innovation platforms in field days are expected to continue even if Nile-based development challenge program stops its activity with them but that needs to be worked out before time because the capacity of the local platform members has to be grown technically and initially also financially. There should be stakeholder to take over the facilitation role and currently Nile-based development challenge is devolving the facilitation role of these platforms to local facilitators which are hoped to continue not only on one farm but in many other farms. Field days are generally good to enhance participation in the dialogue among farmers and also experts. Traditionally research is done elsewhere and it's given to farmers to implement but now farmers are equally planning and implementing and monitoring and evaluating the research. Now everybody comes around the field day object and everybody is free to share his own or her own views and if you talk to farmers just theory and tell them these things works for you and why don't you try and so. They are not comfortable by hearing and doing it that way. As it is traditionally said seeing is believing they are more comfortable than they trust when they see what is done there and when they hear from their fellow farmers about the performance of any intervention.