We're at an interesting point in suicide prevention in our country. We're talking about it like we never have before. It's on the nightly news, there's hearings on Capitol Hill and yet we're continuing to lose more than 47,000 Americans every year and we know 10 million people are thinking about suicide every year. Our efforts are not yet reducing the suicide rate and so we really are starting to think about how do we go beyond awareness and get to effective suicide prevention. Suicide doesn't discriminate, it really impacts all of us whether we're someone who struggles with suicide thoughts, whether we're helping someone through those thoughts, or whether we're helping someone who has survived the suicide of someone, it really impacts all of us. So what we're really working on is how do we reconnect the head to the body, how do we think about the brain from an organ standpoint and how do we think about the relationship of the brain to the rest of the body and so we are approaching it in a very holistic way but also very consistent with how we think about integrated care. There are a number of very promising solutions. There are clearly promising solutions in terms of the clinical sector screening on a routine basis for risk of suicide and then appropriately channeling people into specialized services. I think also this awareness that people are at elevated risk if they experienced trauma in childhood or as an adult. We should develop trauma informed institutions, schools and healthcare facilities and workplaces. I think one of the most promising solutions has to do with taking tools that are usually involved in in-person interactions and making them available online so that people who don't want to come in and see a therapist one-to-one can access some of those solutions and care online from their home whatever time of day that they're available. Suicide is a 10th leading cause of death in the nation. It's an urgent problem. It is a crisis across the nation. When you look at the statistics, they're startling. As a nation we must take action now. So we're here to lift up the best ideas. We focused this day particularly on solutions, on policy solutions, on care delivery solutions, on community solutions very intentionally because we think there are solutions out there. We hope that out of this day like-minded people like all of us can link arms to get to work on this.


So I think we're live now Tim, and I'm calling this episode reclaimed video hauling I've done a lot of hauling both on the video and the arcade side. So that's appropriate Although we're in a kind of a sweet spot with the arcade and video store and the living room I didn't even have to haul these these came directly to my doorstep, you know, thanks to the US Postal Service back when it worked Well, they literally left it at our doorstep 200 dollars worth of tapes, just there you go. It's true. Oh, it's raining. Okay Yeah Because there's a lot of people hoping to get boxes of VHS tapes, let me tell you It's the arcade it's the arcade CPU or PCB boards that I worry about Someone which is grab them and not know but anyway, this isn't about the US Postal Service Very true. Well, tell me what I'm looking at because I got a box of tapes in and you're like, oh, this is gonna be a thing And I'm like, okay, so tell me like what who came from like who's suddenly mysteriously sending us a bunch of tapes So I've been as you know, I've been buying VHS tapes for several years now, I think since 2017-18 if not longer and The one offs are starting to get expensive on PayPal and all that and so so or eBay And so I'm starting to say it's not the best way to do it So there is someone who I met at the VHS table that we went to in North Carolina and rally exactly which was amazing And his name was Dan Kinna and Dan Kinna actually Created or made a documentary about VHS collectors called the gesture tracking, which I think you've seen too Yeah, and it's a kind of interesting He goes around the country and talks to these various people have these crazy collections of VHS tapes and Actually Dan Kinna spent a good part of the last 15 to 20 years collecting VHS tapes himself I think he has over 20,000 or something and he lives up in Pennsylvania and he said to me if you ever want to you should you know Come up with a truck and you know, I'm always selling VHS tapes And I've never gotten up to Pennsylvania to do that But then I was thinking of myself like do you think he'd be willing to send us kind of a care package of random VHS tapes once a month and We've we've been pretty busy. So I reached out to him and he said I'd love to and we've been busy So I haven't had a time to catch up. But this is the shipment from January Okay, and we have another one from February and then soon a third one from March But I was hoping just to get a quick Rundown of the VHS tapes he sent us Nice And you're more of a film buff than I am so like I don't think I'm gonna recognize most of what's in here But there's some really interesting ones I can already tell because you know like people donate us tapes and it's like Disney or it's you know Like there's it's very rare that you get something great like workout grannies or something Like those are the rare prizes with it the the bunch of Jerry McGuire tapes that might be in someone's box So most of these I don't recognize but they do look really interesting. So I'm excited to kind of dig in I've got my little wheel of fortune over here that I'm gonna be pulling from But this is just a small selection of a big box over here of tapes So we'll be pulling some over here to be fair. I don't recognize But not well, I can't say I recognize them all well good. This is gonna be a journey first, but let's die then So to start we have a sci-fi classic and I know it's a sci-fi classic because it actually says it on the cover This is Planet of Dinosaurs a sci-fi classic here Let's see this is a maroon spaceship crew battles for survival on a deadly prehistoric planet Okay, my two questions are gonna be what year? Okay, sixties So 1994 but I'm not sure if that was when it was cut versus when it was actually made so let me look Yeah, let's see cuz that's one. I'm not I'm not too sure Again and who directed it or not that that's ever gonna really matter it matter But let's so so James Shay is the director And yeah, I don't know it says 1994 good times home video core But that feels like who made the tape versus that's right, you know when it actually came out I don't have an actual 77 it came out in 77 and it's actually James K. Shea and this is one I haven't seen and I bet you it's a If it came out on good times good times usually has the cult classics Bad sci-fi from 70s 80s and beyond or whatever. So that's a good one. Okay, great That's gonna have to be awesome Stream down now. Do I hand this over to you through the magic of the internet? Is that how this is gonna work? I'd love to see it. Here we go. Let me let me go and give this to you Yeah, that's interesting I Guess well after we're gonna put it over here now. I have it in Italy I can archive it and everything so thank you This is someone that I love this is Chuck Norris Chuck Norris film Delta Force to This is obviously a classic Full screen to you with that one. Yeah, so this is a Operation stranghold is what that says in the subtitle there So yeah Wasn't enough Yeah, you've got a sadistic billionaire cocaine's are Ramon Kota we've got a picture of him on the back too. So yeah, this is this is good stuff So this was 1990 And this was directed by Director photography Yeah, I don't even know if I'm the director. Yeah Yeah Yeah, let's see an Aaron Norris film is that his brother Let's just see for a second so Delta Force 2 it doesn't even have an Italian Wikipedia page It was directed by are they working it half a deck there? Not everything's been translated I guess Let's see. This is about the Columbian connection. That's direct. Yeah, it's directed by Aaron Norris So I'd be curious to know like is Aaron related to Chuck Aaron Norris. He is the younger brother of action film store Chuck Chuck Norris. So you were right And he's and he directed this film because it's interesting too because these started to become vehicles for these Actors right like yeah, I think it's all coming out of the whole Rambo first blood blood sport John Von Dom and you know, obviously Stallone and you know Norris picked up on the same thing. So it's interesting We got I think we got Delta Force 1 2 in this in this hall doing broken Was one broken tape Gotcha. All right moving on is a classic that we both know actually which is gremlins And it's such a beautiful thing. Yeah, gremlins had bizarre comedy, right? So this is a Spielberg movie. Yeah, and Joe Dante He tapped Joe Dante to direct it and Joe don't they probably one of his he's done many films But that's one of his big one. He also did Twilight Zone if you're gonna guess the year. What would you guess? 85 God, you're right on exactly it Killing it. Oh thanks for passing that over to me too. Yeah, no worries I'm just throwing them on your I'm just putting them on your desk if that's okay. Yeah, you think I'm up there The next is the stone killer. So there's the tape there Charlie Bronson, right? Do you know this? Yes, absolutely Charlie Bronson. I do know this one. This is like a 70s maybe early 80s It was basically the death wish thing Charles Bronson found himself like no shortage of work and Really built a kind of genre of films not only in the US But also in Italy a lot of Italian films came out of this whole death wish Like the urban jungle that needs to be cleaned up. And so this is definitely within that vein. Yeah, so this was 1973 Wow Produced and directed by Michael winner Exactly it was actually the year before death wish that came out. So that really that may be kind of classic and that it starts It I'd have to look that up, but that's interesting Stone killer On a similar vein we've got dressed to kill hold on. Let's get a good close-up of that to me Nice widescreen version very important Brian de Palma Exactly and Brian de Palma is a Autor in some ways this definitely one of his big films people love I'm not a huge Brian de Palma fan, but I like the widescreen The way in which the widescreen shows up on that VHS Totally right. Yeah. Yeah, you had like that moment where you needed to know because TVs were changing, right? And you what or if you even with like the full-frame TVs You wanted the widescreen version to get all of the video in there. You didn't want any cropping, right? So exactly now. I think just to kill is an 80s film But I think that I bet you because it's why they're saying it's widescreen. That's a 90s tape So I actually the movie I think might have actually come out in 1990 But this was packaged in 99 so that would make even more sense in terms of why they were specifying it to be widescreen But yeah, I think it's very small type. My eyes are killing me here But 1990 I think is when it actually came out 1980 Yeah, and it was an erotic thriller starring Michael Cain Angie Dickinson We'll hear more about Nancy Allen and Keith Gordon And he was always playing with the psycho stuff and the hitchcock stuff And I think he might be better in retrospect than at the time. I wasn't a fan because I was like, ah You know it's academic, but whatever. Yeah, that's actually mentioned such cock It says in Alfred in the tradition of Alfred Hitchcock's psycho dressed the kill as an edge of seat thriller or chiller With a shocking last-minute plot twist. Yeah, it's got some moments. Yeah, oh Next up we have moon lighting She's a gorgeous model. He's a brash private eye together. They take on trouble and the sparks fly Bruce Willis. This is when Bruce Willis gets his start. This is what makes Bruce still will is a basically he started off a TV and then he became Like can he work with with film? And I think yeah diehard was the film where he basically became Work big. Yeah action hero stuff, but yeah moonlight in the movie. I don't know. I've seen the TV show I don't remember ever seeing the movie. Yeah, so this is a 85 and This was Robert Butler the director It's a good hole in the wheel Thank you, Dan for the great all started here Next is a Roger Corman classic digitally remastered Angie Dickinson in big bad Miami to big bad mama Yeah, that's too dressed to kill and big bad mama to both with That's right. Absolutely Roger Corman and it's interesting because even in this era You can see Roger Corman already starting to have his own little like VHS Collection, yeah, you know He was basically the king of the B movies in the US He figured out a way to make him successful make a cheap and he just took whatever anyone was doing That was successful in a cinema and just made a bad copy of it And then so many directors got their shot with Francis for Coppola like down those line.  Yeah, he was asking about gremlins whether he thought it was 1984, but it was 85 So I'm catching up on the comments, but is it is it 84 you might be well, I well I don't know the box is 85, but again like yeah, let's say gremlins You know if he comes in here and he corrects us, I think we can kick him off the stream, right? I Think he might be right. I think it might be 84 Oh Damn him it is 84 Xander you're good. You're damn good See it's tough because a movie will come out and then I think what they print on the box is when the actual tape comes out Yeah, yeah, it's true. And that's our this shows you it's an original tape right and that looks that tape I like it really is pristine It's a great movie and it's also a beautiful cover So Xander, thank you for the comment Any other corrections in the comments just let us know All right, so next up we have something from the Universal Monsters collection, so this is great. This is the mummy's curse These are always good things, right? Let me make your full screen here do a little photo Oh Great, so that's beautiful your camera is awesome So that's cool because we're really I think we have a fair amount of those universal Releases of the Merrick monster movies. Yeah, I think we have over 20 and I don't know how many there are There's a bunch so I'm gonna have to count them up, but that's nice because he added a bunch He I shared with him our spreadsheet of everything we have and he said I'll fill in some of your gaps Which was okay, so that was kind of think about it I haven't heard I tell you as a crossover to the arcade one of the pinball machines that I've been I've really wanted to get down to play at some Point is a classic called monster bash which has all the various monsters, you know the Frankenstein the mummy the You know the creature from the Black Lagoon like those kind of style monsters in it But it's supposedly a really super friendly to play pinball machine Like it's got a lot of flow to it. It's very good for beginners. I've heard and so I'd love to try playing it I'll tell you we the pinball is Amazing like Guardians of the Galaxy should have a VHS cover, right? It just feels like a VHS goes to the way it deals with Didn't they come out with a cassette when the movie came out that you can buy I think that's awesome. I love that kind of crossover stuff Yeah, probably yeah, that's definitely a thing in the community right where people will Rip thing like stranger things. I know people have taken it and put it on VHS tapes and make their own covers for it and stuff I think that's awesome Super cool Next up an MGM classic with Willie Nelson Moving to acting Yeah, look at Willie Nelson looking really religious there Come on Preacher turned outlaw. It's so good And Willie Nelson has such a crazy career and the fact that he has like all of these Hollywood things He did like growing up in the 70s and 80s like Willie Nelson. You forget He's such a like iconic figure and then his whole like legalized marijuana stuff in the 90s and out like He's a figure and his he kind of was part of the whole psycho-delic Western which is a whole nother genre. So I'd like to see that one have not seen redheaded stranger. So that's a cool one next up and we're almost there here is Boris Karloff the invisible ray Look at that. That's a beautiful one. Check out that cover. Yeah, I love it. It's gorgeous Yeah, that's a that's a cool one. I want to watch that not seen it. Yeah, so that one's black and white in fact Yeah 1936 Yeah, what an era those monster movies were amazing This one looks to be a collection about directors. It's called first works So it says it's a revealing look at today's greatest directors That's such an interesting one. Yeah, so on the back is mentioned so they cover Roger Corman who we talked about Oliver Stone Taylor Hackford Spike Lee Paul Missouri and Robert Zemeckis That's interesting. It's like an anthology of their early kids or students. Yeah So, yeah, and it looks like, you know, they've got interviews with all six of them and kind of talk through them So I think Spike Lee one of his first films was about a barber shop in Brooklyn, which if it's on there I'd love to see that so yeah Well, see I don't think it's actual movies I think that the tape is like interviews with these directors about their lives So like I think it's actually sort of a meta, you know film It's like rare includes real footage from their award-winning student films clips from the broad buster hits Interviews that reveal past tragedies and triumphs that shape their work things like that So it's kind of like a documentary a mini documentary on each of the various directors Yeah, and that's one of those films That's great like when these things stuff like that because it's not a film per se. It's like an anthology bus That's right. I'm one made. It's kind of one off. It's odd I'm not very popular. So a cool thing to have That's cool Next this looks like something that should have been in Las Vegas Clive Barker's Lord of Illusions Get your tickets today Was that competing with Michael Flatley's Lord of the Dance? I Think I have to believe that's after Hellraiser and you know anything he did people would watch and Yeah, I wasn't again. I wasn't a huge Hellraiser or Lord of Illusions or any of that fan Yeah, this is the director's cut. So it contains 12 minutes of footage to shocking And I'm through my rotating thing so I've got to go to the box me This is better than I even dreamed All right, so I'm going straight into the box here now we've got So danger in the depths aka dive to danger. We've got sort of a tool title there What's in the shadows behind them like is that a shark? That's a good question. It is a shark. Absolutely. Nice call there. So right there is it? Great white. Yeah. Well, that's I have to see that. That's on my list Shark shark guy from the Red Coral divers of Sardinia Get out of here. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah from the divers of Sardinia who dive without oxygen to depths of 350 feet This is real.  This isn't like a fake movie. This is about real divers that dive without oxygen Yeah, regularly encounter the great white shark men and women around the world face the hazards of working under the seas Is your man not just part of your day job? Yeah, never mind the great white This one's called a generation so it looks to be a war trilogy So that's what it says war trilogy a generation the first film and oh lord I'm gonna realize this name watch does unplanned war trilogy canal ashes and diamonds Began a Polish film renaissance Interesting so a Polish film. Yeah, 1954. I have to see it. That's new. So that's a good. That's another good pickup. Thank you, Dan right Next we've got Burl Lancaster in of the swimmer. I am super excited This is an amazing movie and the fact that we have a VHS copy of it He basically goes from backyard to backyard. It's like this weird 60s movie swimming in different people's pools And that's what the whole thing is he just goes in people's pools. It swims That's funny because Yeah, it's so funny that you mentioned this because I just found out that this person that I knew kind of lost his mind at Richmond and he got arrested it has a restraining order because he basically stripped naked and was hanging out in this person's hot tub While they weren't at their house And it's it's kind of weird how like life kind of like comes full circle the swimmer. It's an updated version of that Embarrassment humiliation and steamy passion It's one of those strange 60s movies that I recommend and Bert Lancaster is awesome. I love him. Yeah all right Next up I don't even think I can show the back here on television. We've got Turkish delight Is that rocker how are getting all you see hot and bothered This is from Paul Verho move in Yeah, he did start shit first total recall in Robocop, right? Yeah, this is rocker how are Yeah, about that Eric is an artist who lives life on the razor's edge his sexual escapades with erotic models take on a ritualistic fervor, so Yeah, probably one you want to check out. Yeah, I might need a little rocker how are you know I'm bothered and actually our our our viewer Xander notice noted that the swimmer is based on the short story. That's so this is okay. That's nice Thank you, Xander. We miss you every time video. That's for sure. I do see that's the kind of nuggets that Now age I wrote the short story Xander. That's the question for you John cheaper maybe Moving right along we'll come back to that another universal monster at this time. It is Frankenstein So we should we should keep these together so we can have a little box set Yeah, in fact, there's a bunch of those on the rack in the living room Yeah, so we have a ton of those right and it was John Cheever Yeah Y'all are smart people I Love the cover of this one. This is a shaka Zulu This is a shiny cover, so let me make sure I can get that in there So that actually says underneath the most savage warrior of all time Yeah, story of a tribal Africa during the turbulent 19th century Yeah 86 or 85 one of the two I bet you yeah And that makes sense that it's an 80s film because there was a whole kind of like the gods must be crazy In both comedies, but then like a lot of like dramas dealing with You know Africa is this kind of other world and shaka zoo Something you'd always hear about even in pop culture people would say like shaka or the whole idea Zulu tribe not that anyone really knew any of the history of the context, but that was definitely a presence Which is interesting shaka town shaka come because it feel for you feel for you We've got a 399 sticker tag over this, but I think it says Mario van Peebles solo Yeah, man Peebles absolutely and it is so low and Van Peebles he was the the son of Melvin van Peebles who did sweet sweet sweet backs badass song Which was like a 60s classic about a kid who grew up in a brothel and then went on to be like a This crazy figure and so Mario kind of takes Forward the family tradition and he did posse which was the African-American kind of Western and here is another example of Him doing this as a kind of the action adventure and kind of making a space in African-American culture in the 80s for You know different kind of figures and different stars So van Peebles is an important part like almost generation of filmmaking for 20 30 40 years, which is interesting I kind of love and I'll zoom in here so you can see on the side art here Yeah So he's actually climbing down the side of the vhs date there That's awesome. Look at that We'll mug it. That's so cool All right It's actually fun to talk about these That's fun We're just barely making it down into the box. So we've still got plenty more This one is a Jackie Chan movie snake in the eagles shadow Look at that. So beautiful. Yeah, clearly a very early Exactly Before he does like rumble in the Bronx in the 90s, which is a big break out in the us So this is actually 78 So wow That's classic. I'd love to see it. Don't know it. This says the film that made Jackie Chan a superstar Wow Now that's marketing speak so you know, but But you gotta think Bruce Lee just died like five years earlier Or so like, you know, there was that kind of vacuum and someone like You know actually Chuck Norris fought Bruce Lee and one of the films he made in Hong Kong, which is crazy to think about Yeah, he was a villain This is one of my wife's favorite movies. Um, she had a poster in her college dorm for it Very trendy, especially for your generation, which is the lost boys Absolutely All I can say is Gina Exactly. Yeah This is this is like the banner film for the gen X, right? Totally the nineteen like 89. I think it was an 89 vampire film takes place in Santa Cruz And uh, it has like, um, Cory Feldman and Cory Hame And uh, yeah, it's it's classic and obviously 87 in fact, so 87 Yeah, interesting if that's right. I mean, I've got No, I think it might be right. Yeah But then also it's got key for Sutherland as the uh, as the vampire seemingly to pick up his role from standby me Yeah, he plays a kind of vampire there too Oh, I see another one now. I'm getting to like pick a little bit because I can see a whole bunch over here We've got somebody mentioned the wwf to me and I immediately thought of wrestling and it turns out that it's like, you know About panda bears or something but back then wwf meant something WrestleMania, baby Like it's not it's not about saving the animals. It's about like, you know drop kicks So no amount of hyper hyperbole can put this event in proper context WF championship match the rock versus stone cold Steve Austin Stone cold Steve awesome. I mean, I send you in the 90s Dude check out check out the rock. I mean, this is this is dwayne johnson long before Let's get that zoom in get Yeah, come on. There we are. Yeah, you got it Yeah, so you've got all the players there and who was the masked guy what remind me his name You know I'm trying to think the undertaker it might be but let me let me let me make sure of that Yeah, I was oh mankind. I think right Maybe yeah, I think undertaker had the you know, like the trench coat and stuff But I think mankind had that mask right? Let me see. I think you're I wasn't a huge into wrestling really I but other people I knew were in it, you know Because everything was paper view it might So, you know, it's just sort of like yeah, if it came on regularly I might be able to pick some of it up, but I grew up in a baptist household So this stuff kind of wasn't it was definitely mankind. You were right. Yeah I picked up enough at the uh the lunch room counter Yeah All right next this one is actually. Oh, no, it's not still in the wrapping It's got cellophane over top, but it is open. This is a ticket to die So Interesting. I don't know that one No, so this one is uh Oh, and there's not a whole lot of information here is starring lewis gordon lewis jordan helen chanel daniel turk claudia lane Uh tape cord standard speed on high grade tape using a licensed shell It actually says that on the Standard speed on high grade tape using a licensed shell Yeah, which means it's probably a terrible recording. Yeah So yeah, I don't there's not much about that one ticket to die. Yeah, I mean, this is really sparse I just get a little information about the movie itself um So That's trying to even get like a year and stuff. Yeah for sure That one over here and pull on next We've got dark wolf From hallowed video previously viewed movie 599. That's awesome. I love that under a full moon true terror begins 2002 Yeah, that's early early 2000. Yeah That's definitely a throwaway You know the roger corbin tradition there's a wolf movie out. Let's make dark right Uh, this one is called horror express. It's another sort of sparse film. This is 1972 Telly some color film Yeah, it's got christopher lee in it Ah The missing link discovered in china while being transported by train comes to life and as you can guess not so gently Not with a faint of heart come back with us to china in 1906 and enjoy a bit of oriental madness It's interesting. It's a trans-siberian 1972 That's That's cool. It's also known as the horror. It's the horror express, but I think where was it Who goes there? It was based on the novella by eugenio martin Who goes there? Film has it right peter cushing and christopher lee's of two gigantic Interesting. I don't know that one. I gotta watch that one Really how do we have next we've got another chuck norris in Code of silence Yeah, that might be the one that's broken open that one up and see if the tape is broken Yeah, the top. Well, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Totally the top is cracked. Yeah, that's the one that was broken Yeah, that's the one that came in with a little bit of crap on it Just I do have to do a take to take transfer I wish I could figure out how to replace those little back doors because those break a lot Now was this Aaron Norris now Now director is starting over silver screenplay directed by andy davis Andy davis code of silence. What year is that? silence Was I'm not seeing it anywhere here 85 find it better 85 Yeah, Henry silvers in that who's great because he's a he's a great Actor who then went over to italy and did a lot of stuff there. He plays a great villain And if you see him, you'd know as soon as you see him. He's awesome next up With this vampire, maybe this is uh in the realm of senses Erotic thriller of some kind Band at its premiere at the new york film festival in 1976 This erotic masterpiece is now available in english based on one of japan's most notorious scandals In the realm of senses is the story of an ex prostitute who becomes involved in an obsessive love affair with the master of the household in which she's employed as a servant Wow, 19 1976 Ah, so a 1976 erotic classic Yeah, the los androgynous times says spectacularly erotic Wow, so dan's digging deep on this one. Thank you He is we got that one from the oven It has a quote at the top. It says uh, it turns me on because it's real and it's by madonna Quote is from madonna in 1976. That's so funny. That's awesome. It's gracious. Oh Like a virgin Hey Watched for the very first time Next one james threw a hitchcock masterpiece Vertigo Yeah, what are you gonna do? He's just gonna watch it and say wow Yeah, many people argue his best Space has some stuff up here, but now i'm full on there again. So we're filling up Sure Speaking of erotica. We have the red shoe diaries for auto erotica The master of erotic filmmaking zalman king Drives an all-star cast to peak performance in this sensual journey of unbridled passion and ultimate pleasure Is david du covney in that? Is he I didn't even see hold on one second He sure is Absolutely Good eye. Yeah, hold on. Let me bring this in there. He is right there and ali sheedy and share a lead Yeah, look at that I again, I'm not big on the erotic classics. So these are these are the kind of films that I would try to sneak under like I'd hand my dad like a big stack at the vhs like rental place And I'd be like here we go and he'd just hand them check it out Hand them right back and then I'd be like good night, you know And he'd be like is in the realm of senses Right for you to watch And I'd say dad it's a story about like, you know the five senses Hey, it's actually made by sesame street. Come on, but donna loves it Yeah Uh Next one we have the serpent and the rainbow Don't bury me. I'm dead West graven I saw that in the theaters man. That freaked me out There's a scene where there's like ants coming out of a woman's cheek It was so weird and it's about like Haitian voodoo and all that stuff. It's actually pretty scary. I think it's an early vehicle for bill polman Or the other one who looks like bill polman Yeah, for sure. Yeah, this was after a nightmare on elm street. Yeah. Yeah 87 Yeah, that was I saw that in the theater. I was like, what the Yeah, west craven's got a psycho mind Oh, this is great King Kong The 8th wonder of the world God, I love it Ferre Bruce Cabot robert armstrong Cabot Cabot. Yeah, and that's the original right that's from 33 Um, yeah, yeah looks like I don't know. This is a reprint obviously, but oh brian Who did all that which was the inspiration for ray harry housing all the animation and that one Drove ray harry house.  Let's get a close-up of that back. Look at that Look at that beautiful. Yeah, and even the front you can kind of tell it's yeah that early style That's great. Yeah The 1976 one is also great and that one is like with jeff bridges and Jessica lang And that one is great. That was directed by or was produced by De Laurenti's and I think the 76 version is great king kong. Yeah, I love that one They're coming out with a blu-ray soon. I want to get it We're about halfway through this box. So we're moving right along. I'm gonna I love the next one. We've got is the stranger with bonnie bedelia And peter on reager Yeah, I don't know. Yeah, peter reager Again, that's that's one. I don't know. We're gonna have to watch. I love it when I get all these ones We I don't know and here's good. This this was a good all because a lot of these are new to me Mm-hmm. Also Uh next here is another hitchcock classic spellbound Yeah, look at that and I love from the library of from the library of phil and lois ulson. Isn't that so cool Yeah, and I think that's am I right is ingrid bergman in that ingrid bergman. Yep, and gregory peck Yeah, that's awesome Surrounded by tapes all around me. Uh, this one is completely wrapped in plastic. This is nowhere to hide So it's brand new, huh? Tony misanti. This is 1992 Notorious ruthless mobster Blah blah blah I wonder that's is his destiny And I guess that's on the I don't know on the heels of like good fellas Because then in the early nineties you had all these mob the return to the mob just like after godfather and all that so Never heard of it We got another fully wrapped one that I have up front on display in reclaim video is um spinal tap We got an untouched spinal tap too from this hall. So That's really hard because like most of the time we're like, oh these are meant to be played and like we want people to enjoy it But it's like when it's still wrapped it's like You know But you're like, oh, but it's spinal tap Oh, this is So we have an employee who is a big Beatles fan and I know he'll be excited by this Uh, because this is help That's a great one. That might be one of the nicer. I love that Yeah I need somebody Not just anybody Uh, this isn't how the case. It doesn't look like so it's just here, but it's a iron eagle two Yeah, I saw that came without it and that's kind of like iron eagle two and iron eagle were I've kind of come back up into pop culture. Thanks to corba kai Because johnny loves iron eagle That's his favorite film of the era So iron eagle and iron eagle two This has a sticker on it that says wraps bicycle center In uh, butler pennsylvania How interesting I don't know what the bicycle center was but It might be one of those cases where anybody was renting bhs because anywhere you could get Yeah Ride the wave The next one we have the later one the forsaken Yeah Yeah, this would be I'm trying to find a date. Why do they make it so hard to know dates late 90s because it says since the Sexiest thing since the lost boys so Saken I don't know what that is forsaken. What the movie is it called? It looks like it might be around 2001 Wow, so that would be a late vhs tape too You know what I mean like one of those vhs tapes that You really don't see them because right, you know the switch to dvd put the dvds all but done All right next we've got blood sport three That's awesome Franchising making a living right now We've got uh, Daniel Bernhardt James Hong John Reese Davis Nice, I'll tell you blood sport the first one though really did blow my mind. I loved it. Yeah Yeah, I did love it I think we might have already had this one. This is exciting. Maybe tell me if i'm wrong, but python We did have that one. Yeah. Very good. Do you know our collection? I recognize though and Robert King's one Yeah, I mean just to give you a preview of what this movie is like check out this photo Let's see. Oh my oh Like just the python rolling into the mother showering If you're afraid of snakes, I don't think this is the movie for you for sure I saw a movie just the other night with with tess and Antonella called crawl And it was a disaster movie about a hurricane in florida But the whole idea was based on they're stuck underneath the crawl space the water's coming up and there's crop Or alligators in there with them. Oh, no It was terrible, but great Lord that touches on both like claustrophobia as well as like fear Things underwater and oh all that exactly All right, so this is the cuba gooding jr. And tom bairinger a murder of crows Yeah, what a strange combo 1998 it looks like yeah Strange don't know it at all No clue about that one. That's so funny A murder of crows What well, so you've got a um a lawyer So i'm wondering if it's kind of like a john grisham kind of thing although It probably is right Yeah One man struggles with his responsibilities as a lawyer and with his appetite of his ego New york new orleans attorney loson russell cuba good jr puts his name on a bestseller. He didn't write Over the now he stole was a factual account of a series of murders Interesting, I mean cuba good jr junior is awesome and tom bairinger Like I can just think of the platoon as how amazing it was after that. I don't really know what he did that I would be interested in Let's see it Spirit of the eagle That's awesome What in the world grizzly adam star dan hagrity blazes a trail into breathtaking wilderness adventure in this thrilling frontyl tale for the entire family That's like probably a good family movie, you know kind of prayer little house meets, you know the last of the prairie meets grizzly man In his tunic voodoo don James russell Interesting I and you know who else is it that patricia archette. Is that right? And that's michael madson The rosanna archette Rosanna archette and michael madson.  I don't know it might be great, but I guess I don't know Yeah, you know, it's like new orleans. It's the voodoo stuff and everything there That voodoo that you do Who do do what? Uh, let's hear it farlap farlap. Yeah, I That's what I love about this hall. I have no idea It's just like a sea biscuit It's a Feared by some loved by one in 1932 courage had a name its name was farlap farlap Excellent stuff Oh The land unknown look at this one.  Uh-huh. Yeah Navy expedition led by commander how roberts is sent to explore mysterious warm water region I'll try and repair the helicopter and forage for food. They discovered they're not alone The only female among them is journalist margaret hathaway Captured as sole survivor of the previous expedition Yeah Land unknown. I think it's probably a 70s beam movie Yeah Oh, even earlier, dude 1957 Your rights Look at that Yeah, universal Next up we've got candy man farewell to the flesh That's awesome. That that series is amazing. The original is great as is the sequel in many ways But that's just yeah, that's gorgeous That's a classic And the premise of the original is so brilliant. It's like basically this ethnologist is studying a A tenement house in chicago And there's this whole mythos about this candy man this figure that everyone in The project is afraid of turns out he's real demon ghost And uh, it's powerful It's super good because it deals with like the structural inequalities and the whole like idea the project Projects, but then also this whole different mythos It's really Loved it. It was like a new kind of horror movie. You know what I mean? Right. It was great. I loved it We're starting to make some headway here. We're reaching the bottom of it. Let's see. So next up we've got scarred city Yeah Stephen Baldwin tia carrera Child's pulmonary all looking for a paycheck, which I respect. I mean you're an actor you gotta act But I wonder if it's any good From the writer of the replacement killers Yeah Stephen Baldwin had an interesting career after you know ripping up new york city hotel rooms so my wife was actually watching a Uh Remake this is uh more recently come back out, but this is a nancy drew film and I guess Nancy new drew now has been remade on I guess it's netflix or one of those streaming services hulu. Maybe whatever the case may be But this is one of the older ones. This is 1977 Give you how long that franchise has been around Yeah I mean the nancy drew books were definitely given out to us In uh elementary school. So that makes total sense Yeah, there's some real gems in this loving it Slam dance an erotic thriller. It's not about dancing and they underline not about I've watched this actually when the last time I was back in reclaim video And it stars the guy who was mozart in amadeus Okay, you know what his name is um and then virginia mads tom holchie or Yeah, tom holchie or hokey and He was great in amadeus, but his what he did in amadeus doesn't translate well No, um, but yet this is a film about like, you know wrong person so 80s though I mean it's such an 80s film and he's kind of a down and out. He's like degenerate He's mixed up with the mob And it's just but he doesn't play that role like i'm not convinced by him at all Whereas in amadeus it was one of the best performances ever So it's such a weird thing to see an actor like be so amazing And then in one of his later pieces not that much later just miss the mark entirely Right didn't know what to do with it. Yeah, I wonder if it was writing or if it was something else Yeah, he was like the wrong person for the role. I don't know right. Yeah Uh, this one definitely don't recognize a matter of principle Yeah, with alan arkin Yeah, alan arkin who is loved and respected, but I don't know that one either His wife isn't it too barbara dana Interesting stars flag and ate a party in this christmas story about a poor virginia couple with 11 children interesting Huh arkin I've got to read it Flag runs his life and family on strict principles. He does not believe in west virginia In letting his daughters leave home or in christmas That's pretty good though if he doesn't believe in west virginia. He doesn't believe in west virginia Letting his daughters leave home or christmas Uh, next up we got anthony parkins in psycho three Yeah, because one and two was not enough You know when you start gold why not just keep digging And it was weird because you know psycho obviously Created a whole new different kind of horror movie in some ways like with the way in which he dealt with the Psychological but also the very visceral looking at the killing and being the killer But then like everything sat for 70s and whatever but then in the 80s They kind of like re-brought it like 20 30 years later. It's so interesting that they It took that long, but then they kind of restarted it and then they did a psycho shot for shot remake Which I thought was so weird. Yeah But whatever Next up redemption kickboxer five payback can be deadly Redemption You know, I feel about redemption. Although I know nothing about mark da cascask May yeah The cascos the cascos I guess that's how I would pronounce it. But what do I know? I guess kickboxer five suggests that kickboxer one through four were reason enough to make five you know I guess why not? I'm telling you. He's he he was digging deep for us Dan, thank you for digging deep If you catch covid you might be a supercarrier Richard jackal and robert hooks Yeah, again, that's uh, that's that probably won't be at the top of the list of this film It's like the B-movie version of a top gun kind of For a for a yeah, I guess a a jet airplane carrier, right?  Wow A western blue. Yeah to escape his past. He had to destroy it Ah, it's one of those start again in the west videos. That's right They're always good the american tradition Change your identity Gatsby Classic 90s film Exactly 1994 Yeah, it's funny too because that whole the remember there was the one with um This is the sequel in fact this is return to tombstone Yeah, exactly because tombstone was the first one with like val kelmer and Kurt Russell, I think and some of all those and Yeah, that was such a weird like, you know the idea of returning to the western I guess unforgiven was one two that like started it but that was amazing, but I thought tombstone was kind of like Yeah, yeah, like really that's all you got I didn't really grow up on the western channel at all I really appreciated it when I went and started watching films in los angeles And everyone kept talking about the western and I was like, ah, I don't really give a shit about the western Then I started watching some of them and people talking about them and I was like, wow like the searchers You know high noon and there's this long history real bravo And you're like, oh wait now I get the sense that there's something going on in this genre that I didn't realize so that was helpful Westworld is more my style Which is a great one, right? Yeah Uh, based on an untrue story. I believe is the actual title of this one Morgan's real life Real life stories and events from popular television movies are spoofed in this outrageous comedy That might be fun Yeah That's it's kind of like an old school like 1993 version of like scary movie You know one two and three, you know, like they're taking popular pop culture references and turning them into a comedy Yeah, and like the groove tube used to do that and like What was it the kentucky fried movie? So that's a cool tradition Yeah, robber kool-a Diane cannon ricky lake. Wow Yeah, it's interesting ricky lake is a name. I haven't heard and look at that empty box We did it Sure did That wraps up the collection For january that was fun, man. I appreciate you doing that for january you say with A certain amount of chigrin you know Now we've got a system, you know, I've got my situation here We can make it happen a little bit easier, but this is a lot of fun a lot of stuff that I didn't know I mean Yeah, wait, I probably only knew five or six of these films. So Yeah But I I think the next thing now is to just come up with a way which they can be archived pretty seamlessly Wow And then we can have so that's awesome tim. I appreciate you taking the time to go through these and absolutely It's a very very cool. Yeah, absolutely any time All right, buddy Later folks. Bye. Bye


Welcome to this lecture on aspects of western philosophy module 24 and also lecture number 24. This lecture is going to be on the philosophy of one of the very important thinkers of western philosophy Hegel. And we would focus on the following topics in this lecture. We will first of all see the concept of Geist or spirit, mind, it is translated in various ways. Then we will concentrate on this method of dialectics or rather we would conclude this lecture with that in between we will discuss the concepts of being, non-being and becoming. They are all interconnected notions in Hegelian philosophy. Well, when we talk about the importance of a philosopher in the history of philosophy normally we consider two criteria. Number one the contributions he or she had made to the history of philosophy and number two the contemporary relevance of these thinkers. So in that sense we can see that you know many of these traditional or even ancient philosophers like Plato and Aristotle are still very important because even today their thoughts inspire us inspire philosophers. But when you try to understand when you try to evaluate Hegel in the light of these criteria I would rather say that both of them I mean if you consider both the aspects like the contributions to the history of philosophy, history of thought and history of human intellectual history we can put it in that way. The entire human intellectual history owe a lot to Hegelian philosophy. Hegel has inspired thinkers from all aspects all intellectual disciplines and of course the contemporary relevance of Hegel. There are many philosophers in the contemporary world go back to Hegel's thought notable philosopher Charles Taylor and many others and as far as Indian philosophical tradition is concerned there is a tendency among some Indian philosophers to compare the Hegelian system of absolute idealism with Vedanta. So in that sense Hegel is a very important thinker for us and we will start with concept of gist or absolute or spirit. But before that let us see some basic details about Hegel. He was born on August 27th 1770 and his association with Frederick Halderin a very important poet German poet and Schelling led him to read and spend more time on the critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant. So this association with these two great thinkers played a very important role in Hegel's philosophy and in Hegel's intellectual development. Then he published his first major philosophical work the phenomenology of spirit in 1807. There are many other works he published during his lifetime I am not going to mention about all of them. But the attempt is to understand how a philosopher such a great thinker like Hegel has actually started his philosophical career and probably in the next lecture we will concentrate on this whole idea of phenomenology of spirit. When we talk about the philosophical sources of Hegel the French rationalism of course is played a very important role and then comes the British empirism like all thinkers of modern enlightenment philosophy or post enlightenment thought. Hegel was also influenced by the two great traditions of rationalism and empiricism and also Kant's transcendental philosophy. Kant being a German it was quite natural that Kant would have influenced Hegelian philosophy Hegel's intellectual growth in a significant manner. But another very interesting influence on Hegelian philosophy is Romanticism which is a little contentious but at the same time we can see that you know Hegel's attempt to totalize everything or to develop a philosophy a totalizing theoretical framework owes a lot to Romantic approach or Romanticism. And another important contribution probably or influence of Romanticism is visible in Hegel's attempt to spiritualize philosophy which is little against the kind of prevailing systems or prevailing approaches to philosophy in the enlightenment age. Because enlightenment always try to see nature as material but we can see that Hegel was trying to spiritualize it. So we can see in Hegel's philosophy all these trends the rationalism, empiricism, transcendentalism or critical philosophy of Emmanuel Kant then Romanticism all these you know intellectual developments converge in a unique manner in Hegelian system of thought. Now when we talk about Hegel's task as a philosopher he was trying to formulate a philosophical theory that will reach to infinity. This again a very interesting aspect because when you talk about infinity particularly in the backdrop of enlightenment philosophy the critical philosophy of Emmanuel Kant. We have already examined in detail that when Kant discussed the critic of pure reason he drew a very clear line he said that it is impossible to think this side of the line. You can be here but never try to stretch it and try to apply the categories of human thinking or rational categories to your understanding of God or infinite reality or anything. So in that sense enlightenment philosophy drew a very clear line between finite and infinity something which is finite something which human beings with their finite minds can understand and there is an infinite reality which we can never probably comprehend. So this line is something which Hegel was trying to cross. Then again formulated totalizing philosophy that comprehends all reality when you talk about all reality I mean it includes all aspects of reality all phases of reality not just one. For instance for enlightenment reality is constitutive of the material domain rather ultimate real is something which is unknowable according to Kantian philosophy and the phenomenal reality is something which is confined to the domains of percepts and concepts. So it is basically talks about scientific understanding but for Hegel history is equally important like physics. So in one sense we can say that Hegel is historicizing philosophy or rather is a historian of philosophy is definitely not the first historian of philosophy or first philosopher of history but Hegel's contributions in this domain this area is phenomenal. So in that sense we have to understand this particular standpoint that trying to develop formulate a totalizing philosophy that comprehends all reality the historical psychological creative philosophical scientific physical all aspects of reality into one system. A philosophy that accounts for all human experience the totalizing philosophy that incorporates all knowledge and wisdom present in science history religion politics art and literature are all synthesized in the unique manner in Hegelian system. So in that sense there are some philosophers them historians of philosophy would say that Hegel was the most perfect philosopher because everything converges into Hegelian system and the influence of romanticism is quite visible as far as this aspect is concerned. We will have a brief look at what romanticism is to understand to appreciate Hegelian philosophy in a more comprehensive manner. It is a new moment in the realms of literature philosophy and arts there are romantic poet, semantic artist who adopted a kind of very unique and very different approach to nature the relationship between man and nature the importance they have given to experiencing nature the importance they have given to emotions say for example people like Wordsworth the importance given to emotions passions the passionate and experiential way in which you relate yourself with nature. All these things were emphasized by the romantic thinkers and artist they advocated by artist and intellectuals who rejected the enlightenment philosophy dominated by reason logic and mathematics as we have already seen enlightenment philosophy was dominated by these aspects reason logic. For instance we have seen it in Immanuel Kant used literature to express the inner world of human feeling. So that is what I meant the world of feelings emotions and passions were highlighted by these thinkers. They protest against the domination of science in culture highlighted the inability of science in exhausting the complexities of human experience. For instance how do you experience a flower the beauty of a flower it is more than just having a perception concepts as Kant has mentioned about it. There is something more than that you know you experience is that part of an environment or being part of that experience all these things are emphasized by this romantic thinkers. It misses the totality of experiences and the feelings associated with it and to understand the world not science but experience as it is lived. So there is a concept of lived experiences which is emphasized by them and naturally their conception of reality is also drastically different from the enlightenment conception where reality is material as I already mentioned reality is spiritual nature is spiritualized by the romandist which you can see a trend in Hegel also. And nature is not like Newton's mechanical world but it is a living spirit which we will find in the conception of Geist or spirit in Hegel. The will is important and not reason because for the enlightenment reason was the major tool for understanding the world but for these romandist it is the will which plays an important role which does justice to the non-rational aspects of human life. The idea of polarity human thought and feeling are characterized by a polarity there is a two sidedness which again figures in Hegelian philosophy in the form of dialectics in the form of contradictions we will see it later. And again in the pursuit of the infinite never get confined to one more of thought which is again Hegelian. Hegel absorbs these insights because for Hegel also the whole alone is true. Truth is the whole not one particular concept is only a partial truth it can never represent the whole of truth. The whole of truth cannot be represented by one concept of one more of thinking. So, this is again Hegelian and never be static. With this understanding in the background let us come to examine some of the important features of Hegelian philosophy. An observation by Bertrand Russell says that Hegel's philosophy is very difficult he is I should say the hardest to understand of all great philosophers probably that is true to some extent to a philosopher like Bertrand Russell who subscribes to the analytic tradition of philosophy. The he is more Kantian in that way is more mathematical in that. For example, Russell we would see later in the course of this lecture series that would be appreciating more a mathematical scientific approach to philosophy which Hegel is not subscribing to. Hegel's central thought is as I already mentioned only the hall is real a totalizing approach this is visible in the concept of the gist or spirit being the central concept which unifies everything. So, Hegel was trying to formulate a concept which could successfully comprehend all aspects of reality and unifies everything that can be understood and that concept is the concept of gist or spirit. All partial facts are abstractions they have to be brought into connection with the hall in order to gain validity. So, this is again a very important Hegelian notion that taking things in isolation is to abstract them isolate them from the picture of reality reality is constituted of the hall. Reality is hall the self-subsistence of finite things is an illusion nothing can exist in isolation everything is necessarily connected with the rest. So, this is the essence of Hegelian philosophy in one sense and here Russell says once again Hegel seeks to demonstrate nothing exists independently of relationships against separateness influence of mysticism is visible in this context this is according to Bertrand Russell he interestingly says that here as far as this aspect of Hegelian philosophy is concerned he is influenced by his early mystic affiliations because Hegel started his career with I mean he joined a monastery and from there he learned theology and philosophy. So, this early affiliation with mysticism would have prompted him to conceive things in this way this is Russell's opinion. Now, let us come to Hegel's concept of reality as I mentioned here the stresses on the hall the complex system comparable to an organism against Spinoza for whom substance is a simple or reality is a simple substance. So, here on the one hand we can see that Hegel was also emphasizing like Spinoza did for Spinoza also there is only one substance one reality that is the substance and for Hegel also there is a kind of I mean he two points to a notion of reality a notion of absolute spirit or mind which is universal, but the difference is that here the reference is to a complex system which is comparable to an organism as far as Hegelian system is concerned. Separate things are not an illusion according to Hegel each has a greater or lesser degree of reality which is not the case with Spinoza and many others those who are modest, but for Hegel the separate things the individual things are not illusions and again the reality of separate things consist in them being an aspect of the hall. So, at the same time Hegel emphasizes on the importance of the hall. So, the individual gains its meaning and its significance only in connection with its being a meaningful part of the hall. The hall is the absolute. So, there are concepts these are some of the concepts very important concepts which Hegel introduces in his philosophy the concept of absolute mind, spirit, geist and there are several terms which Hegel uses in this context and again this reality for Hegel again it is very interesting to note this difference the difference between the conceptions of reality advocated by Hegel and how he has formulated it as opposed to the enlightenment conception. In enlightenment conception for example, the Kantian view of reality the phenomenal world is a world of cause and effect though this is something which the mind attributes to the world that is true we are the law givers according to Kant, but at the same time it is governed by a cause effect relationship the phenomenal world is governed by a cause effect relationship which to some extent Hegel also except, but he makes a major deviation here he says that it is governed by the principle of teleological causality. So, here is very close to Aristotle. Aristotle also has a conception of teleology that everything has a purpose a higher purpose to be realized and there are two principles which are relevant in Aristotelian philosophy at potentiality and actuality and in the process of change according to Aristotle every change is evolution we have already seen it in one of our previous lectures. Since, every change is an evolution in the process of evolution what happens is that an object realizes materializes its potentialities or actualizes the potentialities. So, here again something like that we can see that everything progresses towards what the absolute according to Hegel. So, governed by the principle of teleological causality and not just mechanical efficient causality the meaning of each stage is realized in the hall which is the rational and again a revision of the conception of rationality which is advocated by the modern philosophers by enlarge and particularly the enlightenment thinkers like Kant to overcome Kantian separation of Nomina and Phenomena because if you approach reality with the Kantian model then it is impossible to know the Nomina there is a clear separation as I already mentioned a line is drawn between Nomina and Phenomena something which you can know and the reality which you can never know that is because Kant and enlightenment philosophers advocated a very peculiar conception of rationality by means of which reality is comprehended. This rationality has two aspects I have already mentioned it in my previous lectures the percepts and concepts with the interaction of these two reality the phenomenal world is revealed, but something which lies beyond that the nominal reality can never be known, but Hegel was consciously making an attempt to overcome this dichotomy to know Nomina and that is why the principle of teleological causality is important in Hegelian system its identification spirit as activity. So, reality it is being identified as a spiritual phenomena as an activity not as a static thing, but as an activity which comprehends everything even the comprehending mind even the mind which understands it is also part of that. So, it encompasses everything the conception of reality and then again there we can see Aristotle's influence where identification of the fully substantial being with spirit which is in essence is activity. So, here also we can see that reality or the absolute or the spirit the absolute mind is conceived as an activity as a process which progressively takes us to the reason to the infinity. Again things have meaning the process is rational there is a rational order. So, this is another important feature of Hegelian thought that he says that this process by means of which reality exists reality itself is a process not a static entity, but it is a process a dynamic process, but this process has a meaning its teleological and also it is a rational process it is a process of rational unfolding we can mention in that way. The hall is like an organism that is rational purposeive and with full meaning. Again the Kantian approach is not suitable to know it because the Kantian approach will never accept this comprehensive perspective for Kant there is always a separation the subject and object are different for Kant for Hegel the subject and object can never be different both are comprehended or both are encompassed by the single reality called the absolute. Then again Kantian rationality is insufficient in knowing this process because Kantian rationality employs the twelve categories of understanding which limits everything to a certain structure which is provided by the mind transcendental a perception which is not acceptable for Hegel. Now, let us come to the Kantian problem because we have been discussing about Kant and Kantian model of rationality a lot. Let us see what happens here the ego the mind because we have already seen that Kant was I mean it is being stated that Kant is initiating a kind of Copernican revolution in philosophy and this Copernican revolution consists in placing the subject the mind the ego at the center of the knowing activity. As I have already mentioned in this lecture sometime back that we are the low givers of the universe this is the Kantian position. Now, what is this ego the low giver the ego or mind according to Kant is the condition of the possibility of things appearing to the subject. So, this is the Kantian position it is a precondition that is why it is called transcendental critical philosophy because it talks about the condition of the possibility of things appearing to the subject and again ego is an abstract account of the forms of thought or categories of understanding. So, Kantian ego can be understood in terms of this an abstract account of the forms of thought or categories of understanding there are twelve categories of understanding according to Kant. So, Kantian ego can be equated with that the empirical ego can be equated with that and again reason for in that framework is a faculty of the soul or ego constituted of a combination of principles forms or rules according to which we think. So, these qualities quantity modality and relations these twelve categories would enable us to think in a particular way. So, the world as such can never be known, but we understand it by attributing certain principles and laws from our side to it that is the Kantian peculiarity and mind is separated from the world. As I mentioned mind is the low giver of the world. So, it is not only epistemologically different from the world, but is also ontologically different from the world. Forms of thought from what they are forms of thought mind from what they are forms of the world. So, Kantian philosophy introduces several such categories there is the mind the domain of the ego the low giver the forms of thought then there is a world the phenomenal world what we know and there is a nominal domain of reality which will never know. So, these are all various aspects of Kantian philosophical systems and again the problem is that there is a gap between mind and the world. There is a gap between the mind and the world here which can be better articulated by separating the phenomena with the nominal. The nominal reality is constitutive of higher realities which can never be known and the phenomenal reality is something which is spatially temporarily given to us which we experience. So, this gap between nominal and phenomena is actually the gap between mind and the world and the problem of the nominal or things in themselves which can never be known. Things in themselves can never be known again problem of antinomies which we have already discussed when we try to apply these categories of understanding to the nominal world or entities in the nominal world reality as such say for example, when we try to understand the solve about which we do not have percepts, but we try to categorize it without having percepts we are ultimately bound to end up with antinomies where you have certain contradictory statements which apparently both of them seem to be equally valid. And now Hegel's phenomenology of spirit attempts to give an alternate account of this relationship and show how that this gap can be overcome. So, this is what ultimately tries to say phenomenology of the mind or phenomenology of spirit which basically talks about the evolution of the human mind from through several stages to the ultimate stage where it reaches the absolute or which where it realizes in the absolute. So, this process we will examine in detail in the next lecture. So, it is here with this work Hegel tries to overcome the distinction between nominal and phenomenal realities. And when we talk about Kantian philosophy Vizavi Hegelian thought Kant we had seen already that was influenced by the physical sciences and thinking is confined to the scientific level that is why he has this model of thinking which is constitutive of percepts and concepts. Then again contradictions in thinking are inevitable at this level because you have you are limited to the percepts and concepts and when you are trying to apply this to a world which is apparently not limited or not confined to any of these constraints then you are bound to end up in contradictions. Hegel on the other hand adopts the approach of a historian this is what I mentioned earlier that there is an approach of a historian historical approach in philosophy thinking as an activity of spirit or reason and not confined to the scientific level and he rises above contradictions to their synthesis. So, that we will see in the later part of this lecture the concept of synthesis which is the culmination of the dialectical process. Now, Hegel's view of reason we can see that reason is the law according to which being is produced constituted and unfolding. He has a very an extremely comprehensive concept of rationality or reason where it is a law according to which being is produced the entire reality is not different from reason. So, rational and real are one and the same. So, later on Hegel would proclaim real is rational and rational is real. It is constituted and unfolded in reason and both subjective faculty and objective reality are constitutive of this reason. See this is again a very important deviation from the enlightenment conception in the enlightenment conception we have seen that there is a subject and the object they are different from each other and their constitutive of different realities ontologically different epistemologically different. But in Hegelian system both the subjective and the objective faculties are constituted by reason. See reason according to Hegel is a subjective faculty as the essence and norm of our thinking or our thought the way in which we think what our thinking itself is and on the other side it is an objective reality as the essence and law of the evolution of things. We have seen this whole notion of categories of thinking when we have discussed tension philosophy and Hegel also was interested in this idea of categories the categories of human thinking. But the major difference is that for Hegel these categories of thinking are not just subjective elements of thinking as Kant conceived it is it is not just subjective elements, but this categories of thinking are according to him the categories of reason itself and reason according to him as I already mentioned encompasses comprehens everything it involves everything. So, in that sense they are the basic law of the universe of reality as such are also modes of being of the things themselves. So, they are the categories of thinking are not only the subjective elements which we possess, but are also the modes of being. So, he is ontologizing them in one sense we can say not empty frames the categories are not just empty frames which receive their concerns sorry which receive their contents from without, but are substantial forms that give themselves their own content. See for instance in Kant these categories are empty frames and Kant himself says that percepts without concepts are blind and concepts without percepts are empty. So, these categories remain empty if they are not provided with percepts from without, but for Hegel they are not so without by their substantial forms the categories of thinking are substantial forms that give themselves their own content. Both the forms which mold my thought and the stages of eternal creation the categories and here we can see that there are certain very clear objections raised against Kant's idea of pure concepts. In limiting the number of concepts Kant has said that it is 12 and Hegel opposes this conception in limiting them to the use of sensory experience Kant would say that sorry Hegel would say that the categories of thinking should be employed in order to know the hall of reality. And then again in limiting the knowledge gained by the categories to the status of appearance the division can maintains between phenomena and nomena. Phenomenal reality is the only reality which we can know with the help of these categories and according to Kant these categories these phenomenal reality the phenomenal reality is a mere appearance reality as such can never be known. So, in that sense Kant has confined limited what we experience to the domain of mere appearances and he opposes the deduction of categories in terms of empirical enumeration of pure categories. So, here again we can see categories of thinking there is a distinction are not separate from, but are intimately connected with each other even in Kant and he attempted an a priori deduction of the categories and empirical enumeration of pure concepts which Hegel opposes. For Hegel these categories of thinking are transformation of one and the same fundamental category the idea of being. Because for Hegelian philosophy in the true sense of the term there is only one reality which encompasses everything that is the idea of being and not just empirical enumerations, but a real deduction which Hegel aims it and in order to deduce them in the real sense Hegel wants us to just leave them just allow them to unfold and observe what is happening. This point onwards we can try to understand what constitutes Hegel's method. Number one Hegel was trying to build upon Kant he retains Kant's idea of the primacy concepts have our sense impressions. Concepts are important in Kant for Hegel also concepts retain their primacy of our sense impressions, but in a very significantly different way. Again to build upon the romantics extend the use of rational concepts to understand the vast variety of experience and knowledge in psychology, religion, history, culture, literature and art. So, here we can see a merging of Kantianism with romanticism the Kantian categories which are rational and the romantic approach of reality as a hall to which incorporates all aspects of reality, psychology, religion, history, culture, literature and art. And again to construct a new theory of reality a new metaphysics. So, in this context we can examine the metaphysical task of Hegel it is to bring the vast reaches of the human spirit into unification in one theory. So, everything that human spirit endeavors to or everything that the human spirit covers and compasses to bring them into one theory to bring together the totality of concepts used in the vast stretches of all knowledge all the arts and sciences, religion, political thought and history which have already seen the totalizing tendency in Hegelian philosophy. All these aspects of reality are brought under the concept of absolute spirit the Geist which is rational. So, in that sense the concept of Geist or spirit or we can even translate it as mind because the German word Geist means spirit mind or soul and for both spirit and mind Germans use the word Geist and for Hegel it is both rational and rationally comprehensible. We can also understand it for Kant there is an important difference here for Kant it belongs to the domain of ideas which we can never understand, but here it is both rational and rationally comprehensible in logical structure in natural science and in historical process. So, it is the Geist is manifested in all the aspects of life in logical structures in natural sciences and also in the process of history the same spirit the same Geist is manifested. To show that thought and the matter of thought are not separate the separation was made by all epistemologists subject and object the epistemological traditions both rationalism and empiricism emphasize on this distinction, but Hegel was trying to sort of overcome this to show that thought and the matter of thought are not separate forms of thought arise historically through the interaction of subject and object. So, again this interactive aspect is emphasized by Hegel because he is approaching philosophy from the perspective of a historian. Reality as a hall including nature humanity history is shaped by and is a manifestation of Geist mind or spirit.  It exhibits self-consciousness or self-articulation and the manifestation of the self-consciousness of Geist in psychology history religion drama art and philosophy. So, everything every human endeavor the manifestation of this spirit is visible according to Hegel and in this context he proclaims that the real is rational and the rational is real. The absolute spirit or God is the ultimate reality. Reality is a complex totality of rational concepts constituting absolute spirit or God. Again the real is the rational and the rational is real. The totality of thought is absolute and infinite unlike the finite minds of human beings Geist is the objective mind. So, here he makes a distinction between the objective mind and the finite subjective minds of the human beings. Our minds are finite which tries to understand the infinite mind and this understanding is possible because our finite the so called finite mind is nothing but a manifestation of that universal mind. We are now going to discuss that aspect in the next lecture when we discuss the phenomenology of spirit. But the point here to be noted is that reality is a complex totality of rational concepts constituting absolute spirit of or God. So, there is nothing else but only this rational structures and here there is a very interesting court from Alfred Weber's book he says I quote according to Hegel the common source of the ego and of nature does not transcend reality. So, in one sense he advocates a kind of immanence which is Aristotelian. It is imminent in it mind and nature are not aspects of the absolute or a kind of screen behind which an indifferent and lifeless God lies concealed, but it is successive modes. The absolute is not immovable, but active. It is not the principle of nature and of mind, but is itself successively nature and mind the succession this process this perpetual generation of things is the absolute itself. So, everything is included under the notion of absolute. So, let us discuss Hegel's absolute idealism in this context reality according to Hegel is rational conceptual totality and then integrated and total structure of conceptual truths. So, it is the totality of the conceptual truth reveals itself in all areas of human experience and knowledge which I have already mentioned any aspect of human life you take any aspect any sphere any domain of human life in all such aspects you know you can see the manifestation of this absolute. Reality is rational the vast structure of rational concepts that include all areas and again the real is rational, but not different one what is existent. Naturally there could we can ask the question all that exist in front of us the events historical events the material things how can you say that they are all rational what he says is what Hegel says is that when you say real is rational and rational is real the real is rational, but not different from what is existent. He only says that the rational is the existent object more deeply understood the rational structures need to be understood for that you have to really go to the depth. So, a deeper understanding of reality reveals the rational structures of it again the deeper understanding of the vast realms of physical and organic nature and of society of history of psychology of everything reveals the rational structures. Rational concepts are not independent or transcendental apart from the concrete world like Plato for example for Plato the rational ideas are independent of it, but for him it is not so.  Reality is knowable its rational structures are knowable since human reason and reality share the same rational structure our finite man can know the infinite reality this is against the Kantian idea the Kantian separation between phenomena and phenomena the absolute mind incorporates all differences. So, in that sense the absolute mind is a unity in diversity because it includes everything even contradictions are part of it the absolute reality manifest itself to us in ordinary experience in logic and natural sciences in psychology politics and history in painting poetry and architecture and in religion and philosophy all aspects of life everywhere what is revealed what is manifested is the absolute reality the one and the same absolute reality and its rational structures its rational structures are revealed to us because we also possess that rational structure our mind has that ability to think this actually takes us to the problem of dialectical method. The absolute being and logic the absolute being is the common root of the categories of pure concepts it is the emptiest and at the same time the most comprehensive reality it is emptiest because it is not anything for example, quote and quote it is not quote and quote something or quote and quote some specific entity which can be determined which can be limited. So, in that sense it is empty but at the same time it is most comprehensive reality because it is everything something which is everything cannot be something that is a actually the contradiction which later on Hegel resolves with the concept of synthesis the most abstract and the most real the most elementary and the most exalted notion all our concepts express modes of being and our transformation of the idea of being.  Now, what is the nature of being how does being which is everything becomes anything else this is the problem which I just mentioned something which is everything the guy is the spirit includes everything it involves everything it encompasses everything something which is everything cannot be something how can it be something then and virtue of what principle or inner force is it modified into something. So, that we can determine what it is how does being which is complete and static initiate movements so that it can become something see in order to become something there should be a movement and movement presupposes what a space to move but the concept of being includes everything and there is no space left even that is also part of it. So, how can you conceive of a movement which would make the absolute something being is the most universal notion and hence the poorest and the emptiest since it is the most universal it cannot be anything specific it cannot be anything determinate it becomes totally indeterminate because it is everything something which is everything cannot be something to be something it needs to be determined as a thing but being is by definition indeterminate if you define it or determine it as one thing then it is not everything but being without any determination is non-being. So, that is the paradox here on the one hand since being is the most universal and the most complete it is also for the same reason it is the poorest and the emptiest in order to become something it has to limit itself which means that it has to cease to be being since it is being it cannot be something but being without any determination is what non-being being pure and simple is equivalent to non-being it is both being and not being both itself and its opposite which is under normal circumstances philosophers consider this as a paradox this as a contradiction which cannot be entertained because philosophers or logicians are again such contradictions but Hegel says that wait hold on this is not the time to say that you know contradictions are to be opposed because contradictions constitute the very core of reality according to Hegel. So, here he introduces the concept of becoming it is both an immovable and barren thing and for that reason nothing or not being because it is both it becomes something and the contradiction contained in being is resolved in the notion of becoming or development. So, there is being and non-being and this contradiction between being and non-being because this being is at the same time being and non-being a contradiction and this contradiction involves a tension this tension initiates a movement and as a result the contradiction contained in being is resolved in the notion of becoming or development becoming is both being and non-being both are contained and reconciled in notion of becoming. So, as a result what happens something else evolves it becomes something and when it becomes something again the problem is that a new contradiction results which is resolved by a new synthesis and so on until we reach the absolute idea. So, here we can see notion of dialectics. So, Hegel was interestingly proposing that we should reach the absolute through contradictions, contradictions are not something which we should be afraid of or we should completely refrain ourselves from, but contradictions are the very core of reality, contradictions are the very core of human thinking. Once you approach human thinking, once you approach rationality, human rationality and once you approach reality historically this thing would be very clear. Each contradiction is reconciled in a unity as synthesis, this is what Hegel says and this is contradicted further and then synthesized is another unity, contradictions and unities go on disappearing and reappearing in the process of development until resolved in the final unity of the absolute idea. So, it is something like you have a contradiction between two opposing ideas and as a result there is a third idea which is the result of a synthesis of these two opposing ideas and this synthesis itself forms an idea it assert something and automatically generates its contradiction. So, the thesis then becomes or the thesis automatically generates its antithesis. So, you have thesis and antithesis which would generate a synthesis and once the synthesis is generated the synthesis itself becomes a thesis asserts itself as a position which generates its own antithesis owing to its limitations and finite nature, anything finite is incomplete. So, any finite thesis is bound to generate its opposition or its antithesis and then which would ultimately result in a creative conflict of these two a contradiction which will generate a synthesis which would again become a thesis synthesis antithesis synthesis. So, it goes on and on and finally reaches the infinity or absolute idea. Now, contradictions exist not only in thought, but also in the things themselves this is what Hegel says it is not just confined to human thinking or thought, but objects the world itself the reality itself is composed of or its constitutive of such contradictions. Antinomies pointed out by Kant are natural they lie in reason and in reality contradictions lie in the nature of reason and since reality itself is reason or rational reality is also bound to be constitutive of contradictions. Condition found in the idea of being is resolved in the notion of becoming. So, you have concepts of being non-being and becoming thesis antithesis and synthesis. In the process of becoming being determines itself explains the process of historical development and the development of human thinking as well the dialectical element in thought and reality. The dialectic is manifest in every phenomena natural organic political and historical. So, in all aspects of life in all spheres of life reality can be seen as a manifestation of this dialectic. It constitutes the moving soul of scientific progress. We can see that a scientist or a scientific theory is being advanced. Since it is a definite finite scientific conceptualization it is bound to generates its antithesis its opposition and in that creative conflict between this thesis and antithesis the opposition the conflict a synthesis a better a mature theory evolves and in that way science progresses. So, human thinking progresses through dialectical process. Conditions are the motive force of all reality the principle of all movement and of all activity we find in reality and they are not unthinkable according to Hegel because thinking itself constitute the very core structure of thinking itself. And contradiction is the root of all life and movement because without contradiction everything would become static everything tends to change or pass into its opposites without contradictions everything would be that existence static externality nothing would be happening but everything would be static without that. And again it suggests that no single concept represents the whole truth truth is the whole the position which we began with this lecture that the whole alone is true all concepts are partial truths. And when we talk about contradictions and their overcoming truth like rational reality is a living process constituted by the entire system of concepts nature does not stop at contradictions but over comes it. So, what Hegel was trying to argue is that there are contradictions in nature in human thinking there are contradictions in reality nature or reality does not stop with contradictions. There is always a tendency to overcome each event of contradiction to a higher form synthesis then again it encounters a contradiction over there which is again synthesized or which is again overcome and the process take us to absolute infinity. The process encounters contradictions and overcome them and resolve all of them in the absolute reason can capture this moving reality with the application of the method of dialectic. So, the dialectical method which is a method suggested by Hegel to understand this process dialectical method basically suggests that reason is not a static faculty of the human mind. It is a product of our social heritage the historical development of our social group. So, this is where you know the historian in Hegel is relevant in understanding his philosophical concept. So, he says that reason is the product of our social heritage the historical development of our social group and reason encounters contradictions and proceed by synthesizing them in that process. And dialectical thinking is a process that seeks to do justice to moving living organic existence. So, this is something which Hegel talks about reality it is not a static entity it is a living dynamic moving reality. What is dialectic? Dialectic is a very old philosophical concept which is present in ancient Greek tradition the pre-socatic thinkers themselves have discussed about it or the element of dialectic is visible in their thinking as well. Say for example, when ancient Greek thought talked about the theory of four elements earth, water, fire and air where reality is composed of earth and air which are sort of contradictory fire and water which are also in opposition. But these apparently contradicting or opposing elements when they come together they constitute a reality. So, this conception of dialectic is present even in the thinking of the ancient Greek philosophers and the history of dialectic Socrates plays a very important role and also play to because Socrates uses dialectic is employs it the use of argument in order to make the opponent contradict himself. We have already examined this in the process of Socrates dialogues what happens is Socrates persistently raises certain questions and in that process make his opponent contradict. So, the contradictions are exposed in that process. So, you make your own or rather the concepts which you hold as true to contradict themselves and then realize that there is some problem in it in the whole process of thinking. But Hegel's concept of dialectic is it is different it is rather richer than any of the other concepts because he conceives it as a synthesis of opposites. Every concept we have has limitations and hence will pass over into its opposite a negation of itself. So, in one sense the contradictions according to Hegel we have already seen is a very principle the very core of reality. So, in that sense the scope of contradictions of the scope of dialectic is rather infinite in Hegel's philosophy. But when it comes to reason he understands it in this way every concept or every proposition which we assert has its limitations and hence will pass over into its opposite a negation of itself. It is a process which consists of three stages or moments thesis, antithesis and synthesis which I have already explained. The three moments of dialectic is the dialectical process move from a first stage by proposing a thesis. Say for example, the entire universe revolved around earth which is a geocentric view of Ptolemy. So, here a thesis is proposed advocated, but since any and every position every concept or every thinking concept is bound to be partial and incomplete. The thesis which is advocated that the entire universe revolves around earth Ptolemy is bound to generate its own antithesis which says that this is not true. It is not true that the entire universe revolves around earth owing to the finite nature and finite feature of any single proposition or any single concept. Now, there is a thesis and an antithesis. So, the dialectical process moves from a first stage by proposing a thesis. This moves to a second stage which negates opposes or contradicts the first and thus initiates an antithesis. It is not the case and now we have in the history of astronomy Copernicus who proposes a heliocentric view which is much advanced view, a mature view than the geocentric view of Ptolemy. This opposition is overcome by a third stage in which the opposing stages are synthesized. The opposing stages of Ptolemy's view and not Ptolemy. Ptolemy and not Ptolemy is synthesized in Copernicus. So, in one sense we can say that Copernican view the synthesis presupposes both thesis and antithesis. Antithesis presupposes the thesis. So, all these things are interconnected in that way. So, if you concentrate or if you focus on only one of them you seem to think that this is a contradiction this needs to be avoided, but Hegel would say that this is possible because of that. So, there is an interconnectedness between these things. In synthesis a new concept emerges as a higher truth which transcends the theses and the antithesis. So, the three functions of the synthesis number one to cancel the conflict between theses and antithesis because between Ptolemy and not Ptolemy the conflict between these two needs to be cancelled by Copernican view which is much superior. To preserve or retain the element of truth within the theses and antithesis and then the third one is to transcend the opposition by sublimating the conflict into a higher truth. So, the higher truth is the Copernican truth which is which asserts a heliocentric view. And let us conclude here our discussion on this. If you examine this process we can see that this process of dialectic of encountering contradictions and overcoming them of having theses, antithesis and synthesis involves the process of negation, preservation and elevation. So, what happens a theses that is initiated is negated example Ptolemy's geocentric view is negated it is not Ptolemy we can put it in this way symbolically Ptolemy and not Ptolemy by the Ptolemy's view by virtue of being a finite assertion a partial assertion generates its own antithesis automatically generates its own antithesis. Now, the synthesis preserves both the theses and antithesis in Copernican view Ptolemy's preserved in terms of being what made the former possible Copernican view was possible or rather Copernicus even conceived of such a problem because of Ptolemy and not Ptolemy because of the theses and the antithesis which was initially initiated the synthesis was made possible because of the theses and antithesis. So, in that sense it is not only negated, but also preserved and then there is another stage the synthesis also elevates as the new account is superior to both the theses and the antithesis. So, in that sense the dialectical process involves these three stages negation preservation and elevation. We will discuss these aspects and some of the other details relating to these aspects and some of the other important dimensions of this dialectical method in the next lecture where we will also be examining the concept of spirit the phenomenology of spirit in a different way. So, we will wind up this lecture here. Thank you.