Hello, and welcome to Mina, Marco, and me. I am your guest host, Raya Salter. I'm an energy attorney and the principal attorney of Imagine Power LLC. We've got Beaming in via Marco. Do we have you on Skype? Or are you both on the phone? Okay, we've got you guys both on the telephone. No, I'm just going to be on the telephone. Whole-fashioned telephone. Okay, so on the telephone, of course, as you guys know, this is the regular slot. Mina, Marco, and me. So it is her Mina Merida, a long-time player in the energy scene here in Hawaii, former chairwoman of the Hawaii Public Utility Commission, and also Marco Mengelsdorf, who is the president of ProVision Solar. So today, on Friday, ThinkTech went to Kauai to take a look at, among other things, the new Tesla battery plus storage project that the Kauai, KIUC, the utility on Kauai has been working with with Tesla. So this project is fascinating. I think we've got a couple of pictures of it that we can show. It has more than 50 megawatt hours of storage from 272 Tesla power packs, and it has 13 megawatt hours of PV. That is more than on several acres of land. So we've got a big project, the largest of its kind. And also, in this instance, which is also a unique situation for a project of this size, Tesla is owning and operating this project, which is Tesla Power Pack, and it was Solar City PV. And so Tesla is, in fact, now the generator, and that is going to be selling this power to KIUC at a price that, according to the utility, is cheaper than the price they had before for conventional generation. So an interesting project. And I just want to dig into this, what it means for Kauai, what it means for other islands, with our experts on the line. So hello, hello, Hermina, and hello, Margo. Hi, Raya. Greetings, salutations, and solidarity from the wonderful People's Republic of Santa Cruz here on the beautiful California Central Coast. Fantastic. It's amazing how we can have both of you guys on via telephone. So let's just go ahead and get started. I'd like to ask both of you. This project is considered to be groundbreaking. It's gotten a tremendous amount of attention, international attention, when we were on Kauai talking with Beth Tokioka, the communications director for KIUC, she said that she'd had CNN out, that there's been a tremendous amount of attention for this project and what it can mean for Kauai and its goals for renewable energy, which they now feel they can reach 100% by 2020. So I'd like to ask both of you, what are your thoughts in general about this project for Kauai Island? And perhaps go ahead, Hermina, please go first. Well, I think the listeners know that I do live on Kauai and I am a member of the Kauai Island Utility Cooperative. So I'm really proud of the accomplishments of the cooperative and how aggressively they've moved to come to this point. And it certainly is an exciting project with KIUC in the spotlight right now. And so I think the next step is really looking at the performance of the dispatchable solar agreement, power purchase agreement, and really focusing on how the system will perform, and the ability of the PTA to meet its terms. So that's next step. Super important. How about you, Marco? What are your thoughts? Well, first, I mean, I think KIUC President David Bissell, Mike Yamane, Beth Tokioca, Brett Rockwell, and the whole crew there at KIUC deserve a tremendous amount of kudos for how far and how fast they've been able to bring, not just renewables online, but more cost effective renewables. And I kind of look what they did in this recent project with TV and Tesla power packs on kind of two levels. One is what I'll call the bling level. I mean, Elon Musk, who is the head of Tesla and now head of Solar City, SpaceX, and other interesting projects. I mean, the guy brings a certain star power to kind of whatever he does. And one can argue about how sustainable financially the model is, or whether it's made much money of profit, which it hasn't. But the fact that Tesla worked first with this scrappy little co-op on Kauai to, as Mina mentioned, to bring on board dispatchable utility scale storage. And what's meant by dispatchable is that the solar energy, which is produced during daylight hours, midday, especially when the sun is high in the sky, the debt power is made available hours later during peak demand. And that is a new thing in terms of utilities, just starting down the path of having dispatchable power. So again, on the bling level, the fact that Tesla and KUC came to the dance first, I think, is not worthy. And then second, that KUC is one of the first in the utility world to put together utility scale storage with utility scale dispatchable power. And that is a wave of the future. I mean, I'm seeing more and more here in California, if I'm taking a deeper dive into colorful energy issues and topics, that having surplus PV power during the day is not just limited to Kauai or Molokai or other parts of the island chain, but in other parts of the country as well. So I think it's a major achievement on multiple levels. Yeah, that's really exciting. And that's something that we definitely focused on when we were there. This is really Hawaii and Kauai taking real leadership on the integration of clean and renewable power. I think it's interesting that you mentioned that bling factor. I think that's kind of a big deal. What do you think it means? And Meena says about, well, now what really matters is how this is going to perform. And as a member of KUC, I'm sure she's going to be, as she would for any project in Hawaii, very interested to see if the bang for the buck in the performance is going to be as expected. What do you think about just the fact Tesla as a company relying on generation in this way from a, well, Tesla as a company, but yes, in that it's, will this bling company be in it for the long haul? I think there are a lot of questions about the company, its valuation, is it overvalued? Is this type of thing a consideration that a utility or any island should be thinking about when they're engaging a company on these projects? I'll ask you, Meena, first. Yeah, well, I think, you know, definitely the management of KUC went in this with their eyes wide open. You know, we've seen how Tesla, their marketing is pretty amazing.  But I think, you know, they're dealing with a cooperative that's very cautious, very savvy, and they know how to negotiate. So I think the advantage for the cooperative is that they have little, little risk moving forward in this project. You know, if it works, we've got a great PPA. If it doesn't work, right now, they can fall back on their generators. So yeah, so, you know, people have their fingers crossed. And I think we have to face the reality to that. You know, while we do have some sunshine, we also have a lot of cloud covered rainy days, too. And so, you know, what is the performance of the dispatchable solar during those periods? And how will it affect the system? Those are important considerations. It's all not fine and deadly right now. But again, I go back to performance to see what happens when they fully start serving the utility. What are your thoughts, Marco, on this topic? Well, I mean, it's 100% correct in that the risk to KUC is minimal, whereas the risk to the owners of the system for city Tesla and whoever ponied up money to finance the project because KUC is not purchasing the generating assets, neither the PV array, nor the battery storage. So it's completely incumbent upon the owners of the system who have entered into this long term purchase agreement to provide a given amount of kilowatt hours in order for them to be financially viable. And there's no reason to believe that that's not going to happen after probably some burning period and some tweaking of the system. Again, I go back to the idea that this is really breaking new ground and for any utility across the United States as far as utility scale, solar with a dispatchable battery storage of many, many megawatt hours. And it's just going to be the beginning. I have no doubt, no doubt about that. In terms of the finances of Tesla, well, the reality is, and you talk about overvaluation, perhaps, Raya, I mean, the big news last week is that Tesla, the market capitalization total number of shares times the share price on the New York Stock Exchange surpassed Ford Motor Company as the second largest auto company in the United States. And they're they're nipping at the heels, I think, of General Motors. And you look at the the volume that Tesla has, which is an infinitely small percentage in terms of selling electric cars compared to GM or Ford. I mean, it just boggles the mind. So I mean, the reality, whether it's fantasy or not, which is perhaps contradiction in terms of the reality is that the marketplace, the investor class, the capital funds believe that Tesla and Elon Musk are a good gamble. And Elon has proved so many people wrong time and time and time again. And I think, you know, the big solar is kind of iffy because for maybe reason we can get into another show, but storage, I'm absolutely more convinced now than ever that you practice storage, not both on the residential scale, which Tesla is doing and on the utility scale, which Tesla, Samsung, Panasonic and others are doing both American, Chinese, Japanese, European companies that storage, storage is kind of the Holy Grail right now. You crack storage and you can do it effectively, cost effectively and reliably. I mean and it kind of, you know, the risk hyperbole guides the limit. Yep. No, I think that's right. I think that's interesting what you brought up.  So not to say that Tesla is in any way frothy, but it is remarkable that a company with that type of market share could be rivaling a Ford and that you mention, you know, yes, Tesla, Samsung, many different battery companies, many different battery companies operating here in Hawaii, you know, Blue Planet Energy, different technologies, lithium ion, some considered better than others, some having better guarantees than others. What does this groundbreaking project like this mean for other islands like potentially Lanai or Molokai or Oahu, but are looking to do this type of project? And how can they be evaluating these technologies? Me now throw that to you first. Well, I, I, again, yes, Hawaii is a really, really good showcase. And we shouldn't overlook the fact that there are multi electric is using batteries in a limited way on Molokai. And there has been long ongoing evaluation on various battery technology by the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute. So I think one of the concerns that I have regarding batteries is, you know, we, we don't have that much data, especially on longevity of batteries, of the, you know, major types of investment.  As we move forward, as, as there's very little information on chemical batteries. You know, I think there's some discussion going on about pump storage and the possibility of pump storage on Oahu, within several reservoirs. And that's always a possibility and foremost on the mind of, of the TIUC management.  And so while the chemical batteries may have some sexiness to it, I think when you really look at the technology, you know, the reliance is on the proven technologies like, like pump storage. Thank you. Marco, we need to take a break. But when we come back to Meena Marco and me, Marco, I look forward to you digging in on that question of how islands grapple with tech this new storage technology back in a moment. If you are a long time listener, a viewer of Think Tech Hawaii, you would know that we are on every day, five to six hours a day, basically streaming stuff that's happening here in Hawaii that matters to everybody worldwide, basically. There's a lot of stuff that we got going on and we're excited about many of them. 2017 is going to be really cool. Right now, I can tell you that we are on iTunes where you can listen to all of this stuff now. We're really excited about how that's going. And we have just started a on the street feature where we take a camera out to the street and stream live to you guys out there and getting what people in the local community out what they want or are thinking about and sharing that with you. And we're really excited about all that stuff. We're really excited about you guys watching and following us on all the social media sort of things Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, all that good stuff. Look for us. Think Tech H.I. Watch us on Olalo. Thank you so much. Everybody here appreciates it. Hello, it's welcome back to Mina, Marco and me. I am Raya Salter, energy attorney and guest host for today. We've got both Mina and Marco on the phone. Hello. And when we stopped at the break, I had just asked Mina about her thoughts on this new, you know, we've got this great new, a really innovative new Tesla battery storage project on Kauai and just sort of asking with all the different battery technologies out there now, how should other islands that are looking to perhaps do this type of project be it on a Wahoo, Molokai and I be looking at this technology and making some of these decisions. And I had asked Mina and now I would like to pose that same question to Marco. Well, and it occurred to me over the break, Raya, that I should probably and I will mention the full disclosure that my company Provision Solar is in fact a Tesla dealer. We're one of a number of Tesla dealers in the state of Hawaii. We're not selling the fantastic Tesla EVs, but we are selling Tesla energy storage. So I just wanted to get that out there. Thank you. And to go to your question, it is important to note that while Hawaiian Electric, the Hawaiian Electric company Fico Helco Miko, have yet to go down the path of dispatchable utility scale solar. It's not as if they've been sitting on their hands either. They have utility scale storage in the form of lithium titanate technology from a company on the mainland called Alter Nano. They have about a two megawatt, if I'm not mistaken, battery that has been in place on the friendly Isle of Molokai since mid year, which I had a chance to check out myself, middle of last year, super, super impressive to see this 40 foot container just jam packed with all these batteries and all the technology small electronics. And the Helco as well has at least one of these at or around the HRD, Hawaii Renewable Development, their 11 or some megawatt wind farm. So while these battery storage units are not for dispatchable power, fundamentally, they're more for kind of ride through an anomalous conditions on the grid. In fact, on Molokai, they have been able, the Miko operators have been able to get some dispatchable power from this lithium titanate battery, in other words, store energy from excess or surplus solar during the day and have it be available at some time later in the day. So I'm happy to see that Hawaii Electric is doing that. But that's if you look at the the projections of their the near term plan for under the power supply improvement plan, which is submitted to the commission last December, they note that utility scale storage, perhaps may be possible in the Hiko territories as of 2019. And they're deaf, they're certainly using it in the conditional, not it shall be deployed by 2019, but maybe, or perhaps I forget the exact word is not in front of me. So again, it's kind of striking.  And then we're hearing these numbers 2020 out of Kauai 2019 out of in the 2019 you mentioned about the PSIP. And then sort of going back to sort of gosh, yes, you're talking about these, you know, these various technologies, things that have been deployed.  But what should you know, how should regulators and utilities and islands be looking at what types of investment, what types of technology can be the best? Is it, is it chemistry that they should be looking at? Is it, is it bling? Is it the prior experience of doing a project at the scale which Tesla now has? Is it cost? Mina, if you could speak to, if you could speak to that question, please. Yeah, I think right now is it's a cost issue. And, you know, is it better to move forward with a no regret strategy? And finding ways of optimizing our investment. Now, as we wait for the technology to sort itself out, to become cheaper. And if we jump in at the early stage, it may be very expensive, and more costly for the rate here, or for the customer. So, you know, what are our best options right now, as these technologies are being developed? And, and I think, you know, listeners should understand that there are two functions of the battery. One is to deal with the frequency, voltage issues of the system, which is a real high cost, high value function of batteries. And then the other function of battery is for storage and to dispatch when necessary. And while it's something that would be nice to have but not necessary to have, unless it's cheaper again, we're going to hear generators, which you can see has done. So, you know, not all batteries have the same function. And the value of the battery has different cost values to it. Got it. And I and it's helpful because they're they're different, different things that at stake in those in those sort of two functions that you mentioned. Yeah. Marco, we're going to explain it better than I can. Please, Marco, go ahead and share your thoughts. Well, I mean, if I were advising Alan Oshima or David Bessel, Alan being president of Hawaii Electric and the subsidiaries of Elko and Niko, I mean, it seems to me to be a no brainer that if there are other companies, other entities that wish to deploy, install and deploy storage, dispatchable storage at their cost and enter into power purchase agreements or energy providing providing power agreements to the utility company at their cost. I mean, that seems to make much more sense to me than having ratepayers pay for it or have it be above the line in terms of the fine electric companies paying for it themselves out of their pocket. And it just doesn't seem to be and it's not as if I'm living the financing of utility scale storage. But from what I can tell, there doesn't seem to be any shortage of investor capital out there and the willingness of these these providers to take on that risk. And again, if you the contract is structure structured so that you're only the utility company is only paying for the power provided, then that seems to me to be minimal risk and maximum reward. And that seems to be the direction that obviously KUC went and they're not just standing on their laurels in terms of the project they completed with Tesla and Fuller City, but they you know, publicly announced to deal with AES as well, the owner of the which is at H-Power, I think on Onowahu to install, you know, their next utility scale storage or next utility scale PV with storage at an even lower cost than the deal with with Tesla and Fuller City. Well, this, thank you for mentioning that I think in both you and me and I mentioned the issue of risk of negotiation of skin in the game when it comes to the developer and the investors. We've only got about a minute and a half left. But let me ask, what do you think are some of the regulatory considerations that islands and developers may want to consider as they go forward with wanting to do more of these projects? Me now I'll ask you first. Well, definitely, you know, when issues we have to look at opportunity cost and effective regulation on and opportunity cost, you know, if you look at these PPAs that coming forward that are far cheaper than what existed, you know, several years ago, you know, how can we get it to the regulatory system faster, so as not to be affected by opportunity cost? Given the time Marco? Yeah, go ahead. We've got about a minute left, Marco, if you could share your perspectives, please. Oh, just simply, I think, kind of a conclusion that it's really kind of the Wild Wild West in the sense of being on this new, this new energy frontier. And there's still certainly question marks in terms of how these buggers are really going to work in the field and there's going to be hiccups, there's no doubt in my mind. And there will be tweaks along the way. But I think it's just a really exciting time where we've got some major institutional players, again, whether American, Korean, Japanese, Chinese, European, who are jumping into the space. And I just think it's very exciting. And you know, we were talking mostly about utility scale. But there's also going to be a huge market and an necessity, I would say, necessity for Yeah, Marco, I don't mean to interrupt, but I think that's about the end of our show. I can't tell you how I'm excited, exciting it's been to sit in for Jay and getting to talk to our state's top experts on the Wild Wild West, that is the new frontier of energy, solar and PV in Hawaii. Thank you so much, Mina. Thank you so much, Marco, signing off for Mina, Marco and me on Think Tech Hawaii. Thank you. Thank you very much.


Hi, I'm Matthew Coast, head dating coach and founder at CommitmentConnection.com and in today's video we're going to talk about five signs that show that he's starting to fall in love with you. If this is your first time to our channel make sure you go and hit the subscribe button on the bottom right hand side of this video and let's get started. So is the man in your life starting to fall in love with you? Here are five signs to show that he is. Sign number one he actually listens to you and pays attention to what you're saying. Now I hate to state the obvious here but most men they don't really listen to a lot of what women say and so one of the signs that you know that he's starting to fall for you is he'll start to pay attention to what it is that you say to him so that shows that he's got some kind of emotional attraction towards you that is kind of starting to get deeper because he's like oh you know it's like he's he's starting to register the things that you're saying to him. Sign number two goes from him not really caring about what's going on to you to actually wondering if you're okay or not. So one of the signs that a guy's starting to fall in love is that he starts to he starts to feel protective he starts to feel like he wants to take care of you and he wants to make sure that you're okay. So one of the ways that you might end up seeing this happen is through his through his text message communication you know he might he might start contacting you first he might when you're in person with him he might try to you know make sure that everything's going well with you so if he takes you out on a date if you're hanging out he'll want to make sure that you're feeling good he'll want to make sure that you're okay he'll want to make sure that that everything is going on that that everything with your emotions is going well so that's a great sign. So sign number three is that he'll want to he'll want to show you off to his friends and family and so if he's if he's starting to fall in love he'll he'll want to start showing it's it's almost like an expression of his love to other people and showing them that he's in love is is he'll want you to meet his friends and family so that you know you can be so that they can be a part of what he's experiencing with him. So sign number four is that you'll you'll start to see him shift in his mindset where he'll a lot of times so you know one of the things that a lot of women come to me and tell me is that guys are like afraid of all these conversations you know conversations about getting married conversations about having children conversations about you know commitment things like that and the truth is that guys are only weird about that if there's either a really strong reason why they don't want it or if they're not really in love yet and so if a guy is is starting to fall in love he'll he'll be a lot more open to having those conversations and he might even start showing an interest in some of them specifically in the whole children or or maybe even a pet type of conversation with you and sharing that with you and having that with you and having you a part of that in his life.


Alright guys, I'm hanging out with DJ Kata Bariyako. Poa sana mambo vipi. Niko poa? Niko poa pia. Mefuri sana kutokezea People's Choice Awards. Nachi kipia wa gateo ale mokuni pati ya chans. Kata, which category were you nominated? Actually I was nominated as a radio host of the year. Ya, it's just been one year since I joined the breakfast show at gateo radio. It's a nice response kwa sababu inonesha inere. Kuna kiturumu kwa tiki fa anyapale. So na shikuru sana. Kwa wali awadzui? Kwa mbie which gangaton group were you managing? Neli kwa na managing, rada kwa managing, but I was playing roles over DJ, stage management, and also music direction in terms of studio, but the group is none other than Ethic Entertainment. Una jwa gangaton nili anza uko 2019, we were in 2023, but kuna sundumu mpi mekams, jika mume umei cheki ya ni gangaton, but a bit more than. Uru, iyo ineza survive? I guess ni kama tseme ribath ya gangaton, since piya gangaton nili kwa ribath from gangae, but now you see, si sinu wale wa kwanza, to ki jaribuku fight so that the industry, gangaton nili ganda commercial. So I think this one, awa mekuja na lessons land, I guess wata fanya beta, I hope ya ni wata fanya beta, kwa saba boto wali zushasana about vulgarness, but nili kwa nasema kitu moja. Mta toa meza liwa pali geto, ame groa kiyona mama ya ke maybe na survive na changan diyo, I'm so meshe. Budda maybe na join to crime crime, mangwai manini diwa survive. So I expect mtu kwa ya kitu kwa kwenyumba other than crime at Imbanini studio. So ni industry li kwa na fatuku grumiwa, with the time, but still we are supporting. So I know they will come up very well ya. So according to you, you were working first hand now what you are gangaton. What can you say to pay two reasons that contributed to its downfall? Wan maja wana niye mene kagalawama. Neza sema the commercial industry, ani wale they get keepers, awa kwa welcome vizuri. No jokul kwa na yo basha wana kuja wame giamini, but every child ane the guidance. So yo guidance do li. So meneza sema the commercial industry of kuski FCB wala kwa na letramamba every time tunatoa song. Neza pia blame wale old producers na wasami wale feel tumuakazia bieshara. Ion do mi wukweli yango. And then, so ingini li kwa tuni tu rekebishi. Uptaku rekebishi amtumuwe ke comfortable first. Na uneza sema when gangaton was coming up ya, kuli kwa na wale legendary DJs, wale receiver je ama kuna mtu li feel ali kwa ni kama taki gangaton ni endale. E kuna lua li receive power and we appreciate kuna some of the DJs, kama av DJ Jones ali fanya power mei promote. I was also promoting it on radio. Mi ni mecheza sana. Ngili kwa na show geto radio, so it was typically gangaton. Baka otu wala kwa na tichongwa, but kuna DJs wengina wala kwa na feel to commercial, they felt the sound is too local, waka enda pwa kwi support. Bati li fika point waka force kwi join na elewa. So ili kwa twizoke li laser social media that it's a valga, kuna valga content na ni ni they were hiding behind that, but truly ali kwa talented kids wali kwa na need help. So sad nili skiawing ino ali rudi back to their worst situation before but for ethic kwa wana come up wana rudi na bidi. So sayi have you cut ties with ethic kama badom na fanya bieshara pamoja? Tu kwa pamoja chiniamaji. Nili muvona radios na sana, that's why I am here, but miu advise mara moja mbilipale kwa simu, we still in touch. Sayi na skiawa kwa swat, zila na seska, I encourage them wendele, big shout out, reckless aigesa li yamu apia na zenda peke ake. So let's see how it turns out. Their new song inye me come, it's so good, I love it, kwa sbabupia ni positive. Na otu wende waw yone, otu wali pigake lele, so let's support them. So swat me fanyangomana bahati and bahati for the longest time since he joined the industry. Akujawa ikuwana, ngomaya, someone featuring bahati, he has never ever ever been featured in a song. So it's always bahati featuring someone, but wame toa ngomana swat, uneza sema, is that the positive direction? Ne positive, kwa sbabu, kwa zaniki, tupawa, coincidentali moliza yoswali na ngekumbuka back in 2014 to 2015, mepia nili kwa personal DJ wa bahati, nili kwa namfanya stage management, times a groove award, so bahati pia nemahad working sana, na yopenda kusapot. So inge na neza support, kitum twa shanga eni strange. So for both bahati and swat wakia wa both artists ne me waknao before in levels of music, it's a very, very good collaboration and I should say, bahati for always supporting young youths na swat pia meka bidi sana, sayini family man, aiziche zacha zana kazi sayi. So I just wish them all the best na enele kuskuma, if it was a good move from Bahati. All right, thank you so much atutakuki papa, because we want you to get into the event and hopefully scoop the award. Thank you so much for talking to us guys, I was talking to DJ Kata, my name is Liz Jackson, see you on the next one.


لأن في هذا الوقت أخي أنت تحاول أن تفعل العتكاف المسجد العتكاف هو أنك مدينة وأنك أنت أنت تفعل العتكاف إذا كنت تفعل مع الناس يوضع لأن العتكاف يعني الكثير من المسجد الكثير من المسجد الكثير من المسجد المسجد يصبح كثيرا من المدينة أنت تفعل العتكاف في ذلك أنت تفعل إذا كنت تفعل في ذلك المسجد يوجد أقل أفضل العتكاف من المكان where you know the people who are going to be they are going to distract you نحن now نحن now نحن now نحن now نحن now نحن نشاهد to the eighth point which is موانعه what are the things that you are not allow to do while you are in its take off the first one is الجماعة you can't have sexual intercourse while you are doing an attack and this is of course based on the اية ولاتُ باشروهن وانتُ معاكِفونا في المساجد ولاتُ باشروهن أصبح to the مفصرين like أمام الشوكاني عبدالله عباس لا تجامعوا حرية. لا توجد أي حرية سلسلة مع حرية. ثم ما يجب أن يتجاه هو حرية سلسلة. لكن يا بخير, إنه يتجاه حرية، فهي مقروه. إذا يتجاه حرية، فهي ملحق. لكنه لا يتحرق، لا يتنالف هذا العتكاف. لأن الآية ولا تباشه رغنة. مباشرة here means حرية سلسلة.    عبد الله بن عباس he says إذا جامع المعتكف if the one who's doing it اعتكاف has sexual intercourse with his wife بطلة اعتكافه your اعتكاف is nullified and it's gone. there's no اعتكاف for you again. and some of the scholars they brought اجمع in that particular issue. the second one is الخروج من المسجد you're not allowed to leave the masjid but we say without a حاجة there's no need for it. you see there's a difference between حاجة ضرورة حاجة ضرورة different. it doesn't have to reach ضرورة even if it's a حاجة you shouldn't also still leave them unless it reaches a حاجة you shouldn't leave. حاجة for instance means going out for food that is حاجة because a person a lot of the times in the masjid they can find what they want to eat but if you're 5 or 10 people all of you shouldn't all go out for food if you have all 10 brothers send one of you give the money all to one person and let him go on your behalf all of you give a list of the food that you want if there's a need for him to have to get the food outside for you write it down for him and everyone gives the required food and he goes and he gets it for them so the خروج of the masjid shouldn't take place like a person can go if they want to go to the toilet for example if the toilet is outside the masjid you're allowed to the masjid the toilets were outside ابن القيام رحمه الله mentions the person can leave for two reasons لحاجة الإنسان or ضرورة كالي اختصال in أصابة و جنابة for example تدو غسل if major impurity happens to you أو بول أو غائط call of nature you're allowed to leave for all of that the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم his wife صافية she came and she visited him while he was a mu'atekif عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم and when she came and she visited him he صلى الله عليه وسلم got ready and he took her outside the masjid he left with her عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم and when he took her far he came back and he came to the masjid so this is permissible if your spouse visits you happens to visit you okay then you're allowed to take them as far away from the masjid ابن حزم رحمه الله he brings it اجمع that if there's no need for a person to leave the itikaf that the itikaf is null and void he says لغير حاجة ولا ضرورة ولا بر أمر به فإن اعتكاف قد بطل if a person leaves the masjid he said there's no need for it there's no necessity for it then that individual's itikaf becomes null and void now we're going to move on to the ninth point شاء الله مباحاته what are the things that are allowed for you to do number one is it is permissible for you to leave لحاجة if there's a need for it that's مباح you're allowed to leave also you're allowed to leave if you need to go to call of nature if you need to and so on these are things that are allowed and the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم he did وليه الدين العراقي in his كتاب طرح التثريب he mentions that the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم for instance he would the hadith ربي الله عنها that the prophet will bring out his head into the house so his wife عائشة could comb it this is something that is permissible that if a person the masjid is stuck to his house and they go and they put part of their body into the house such as the head the prophet says we'll put it in عائشة will come for him whilst he's in the masjid صلى الله عليه وسلم this is permissible also the same as if a person gives you a haircut there's no problem with that تقليم الأغافر cutting your nails while you're in the masjid you're allowed to it's permissible all of these are what is allowed that 10th point إن شاء الله there is موضعه where is the place that you do اعتكاف where can we do اعتكاف can we do اعتكاف in our living room or is there a particular place to do اعتكاف the ayah mentioned وَلَاتُ بَاشِرُهُنَّ وَأَنْتُمْ عَاكِفُونَ في المساجد مساجد so the اعتكاف has to be done in a what it has to be done in a it has to be done in a masjid لكن the scholars أهل العلم اختلفوا they differed some of them they said it is المسجد الجامع it has to be back at those times there were masjids which were small, small, small small masajids and there was when Friday came all of those small masjids would be closed and they would go to the big masjid this is the big جامع big masjid are we all together so this masjid the only one that you can do اعتكاف that's one call the second one call is that you can the one that gets closed on Friday you can still do it اعتكاف in that one are we all together your local masjid you're allowed to do it and the third view is you're allowed to to do it inside any place other than the masjid any way you want you can do it اعتكاف and of course what we have to say is brothers pay attention is that the آية and I want you to ponder here with me the آية says اعتكاف في المساجد المساجد المساجد here has a ألف اللام in it and the ألف اللام here in the Arabic language is استغراقية are we all together which means every masjid it's not an exception it's any masjid so anyone who says this particular masjid has to bring what has to provide us with what they have to provide us with evidence anyone who says مسجد جامع مسجد بيته or any masjid that you restrict us to then you would have to bring evidence because the آية says وَلَاتُ بَاشِرُهُنَّ وَأَنْتُمْ عَكِيفُونَ في المساجد اي المساجد are we all together meaning any masjid and Arabic language when the word ألف اللام is كل sorry it's استغراقية you could put in that place the word so in other words you can say وَلَاتُ بَاشِرُهُنَّ وَانتُمْ عَكِيفُونَ في كل المساجد are we all together every masjid there's no restriction that you can do اي مسجد that you want that's what the آية clearly says so is there any exception from this general ruling in terms of the masjid مسجد being جامع or not there's no exception but there is an exception in the hadith of حديث رضي الله تعالى عنه حديث رضي الله تعالى عنه he narrated that the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم he said لا اعتكاف that there is no اعتكاف except three مساجد the only اعتكاف that a person can do is in what it's in three مسجد the first that he mentioned is the masjid of the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم which is the third one is مسجد الحرام so now we have an ayah which is general which is ولا تباشيرهن وانت معاكفون في المساجد المساجد is general and we have the hadith حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث حديث some scholar they said this hadith is opposing an ayah which is clear Come which is restricting it. حديث حريفة تبنوليامان is weak. why is it weak? they said because حريفة تبنوليامان this has been transmitted from him رفعاً ووقفاً رفعاً ووقفاً what does that mean? one time it's been attributed to the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم. and one time it only been attributed to حريفة meaning is his statement. are we all together brothers? لذا them they said it's hadith it's sometimes being narrated as though the prophet said it in some of the and some of the mention that is the statement of here and they say there's a benefit for it to be different because if it's the statement of here it can't go against an I will take the I over here but if it's the prophet statement then what that of course the process and the can restrict. نحن نحفظ نحو شخصي. امام المسكولات ان ينضم الحديث ونرى المسكولات أن ينضم الحديث وحديث الحديث وحديث الحديث وحديث الحديث. نحن نحفظ نحو شخصي. There are some scholars who took their opinion that it's weak. And there are some scholars who strengthened the haith of Huday for Tubol Uriamat وهو الراجح. That is the strongest. Are we all together brothers? And Sheikh Mohamed Nasir al-Din al-Bani in Silsila. حديث الصحيحة. The sixth volume. أعتقد أنه سيكون 660 ميلاً. يتحدث عن صفحات. وشيقل الباني رحمه الله يكفي أنه كبيراً من الطريق. كبيراً من الأجياء. كبيراً من مرفوع. لا يحدث أي منهم. سنجد أخي. شيقل الباني رحمه الله يكفي. ليس فقط ذلك. لذا بعض الأسفل يتواجدون إلى حليث. الحمد لله. لا يجب أن نأخذ حليث. لا يوجد شيء مثل حليث. يقول لا. لا أعتكاف إلا أن في المساجد الثلاث. أخر أجياء الأسفل يقول أن حليث هو صحيح. حليث هو أثنت. لكن طريقاً أن يتواجد حليث مع الآية هو أن لا أعتكاف لا يوجد أعتكاف إلا أن يوجد 3 مساجد. They said it means are we all together brothers? it means that the Allah here is enough you'll come out that it's negating the completeness of itikaf but it's not negating the essence of itikaf. It's saying that your itikaf will not be complete. Are we all together brothers? And this is the طريقة شك محمد المصالح عثمين تقرحمه الله و تعالى. And that is also another weak statement. Why? Because the ussal of the Kalam is to take it على ظاهره at its apparent. And to divert it from its ظاهر it requires a kareena. It requires an external evidence within it. How have you chosen شك محمد المصالح عثمين? How has he chosen to say لا that the لا نافية it means كمال. When the ussal it means النفي الصحة. The essence and the ussal of this is not accepted. That requires an evidence on his side. Are we all together brothers? And as المراقظ the author عبد الله عبد الله حاج الشنقيطي عبد الله من حاج الشنقيطي in his كتاب مراقص صعود. He mentions وَالجَمْعُ وَاجِبٌ مَتَا مَا أَمْكَنَا That when we're able to do جمع of a حديث and an آية we should try to do that. Before we jump to the قضية of what أترجيح. وَالجَمْعُ وَاجِبٌ مَتَا مَا أَمْكَنَا We should try to reconcile between the حديث and the آية. How should we reconcile between it? What we say is the آية is general. آية is what brothers? It's a general statement which is وَلَا تُبَاشِرُهُنَّ وَأَنْتُمْ عَاكِفُونَ فِي المساجد. المساجد here is general and the حديث is specific and the قاعدة which is that a specific is given presidents over the general. Are we all together? You can't oppose it. The process of statement is specific. And the آية is general. The specific takes presidents over the what? The general. Are we all together? Some scholars even said وَأَنْتُمْ عَاكِفُونَ فِي المساجد. They said ألي فلام here it's not even استغراقية. It doesn't show it doesn't mean all of the مساجد. Rather it means آهدية. It means the مساجد. The ones. Which ones? The three ones. Are we all together brothers? Some scholars they said ألي فلام here is what? It's not استغراقية. It's آهدية. It's مساجد. The three mentioned one by the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام. Are we all together? And then the قول which is صحيخ to me and that means seems strong is that the place where it should be done is in the three مساجد only. مسجد الحرام بيت المقدس and the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم صلى الله عليه وسلم مسجد مسجد النبوي. Because of the حديث of حديثة. But this مسألة as I said is a Khilaf amongst the scholars. It's not a حديث. So if you take the other side of the argument then no one should force their opinion down your throat. لا ينبغي للفقي أن يحمل الناس على مدهبي. And if somebody takes the other opinion which is what? If somebody takes the other opinion and they say to you yeah? And he says to you that I don't believe it. Itikaf is done. You should also force your opinion on him. But there's also a there's always a healthy discussion that could happen. People can discuss these issues regarding it. So what did we say? The place in which it's done is in those three messages. That's how to discuss this issue. But it's more than this but we will. Now إن شاء الله تعالى we're going to jump to the خاتمة the conclusion which is the final point of our discussion. And that is we took معنى الإعتكاف. We took the meaning of إعتكاف. We took مشروعية. The evidence that point towards the legislation of what? إعتكاف. We spoke about that. We spoke about its حكم, its ruling. We spoke about حكمة with the wisdom behind إعتكاف. We spoke about the time in which إعتكاف can be done. We spoke about the prerequisites the short that are required. We spoke about أداب with the manners that a person needs to observe. We spoke about معنى with the things that you need to stay away from if you're doing إعتكاف. We spoke about the place which you do إعتكاف in. And here we are on our final point which is إن شاء الله إتعالى if you guys have any questions that you can ask بإدن الله الكريم regarding all of those points إن شاء الله إتعالى but if I had said anything wrong or incorrect or I did a mistake while speaking it's for me إن شاء الله his messenger are free from it. سبحانك اللهم بحمدك إن شاء الله إلا الله أستغفر


Good morning to CMC Espresso. Oil prices jumped yesterday after the news agency Reuters published the headline under which there could be renewed OPEC conversations about freezing global oil production at current levels. As a viewer of this CMC Espresso video, you already knew of this possibility before it was affecting the price. As I mentioned, Iran will have finally returned to its pre-sanctioned oil output levels in June, so this month. And so they will be very willing, theoretically, at least I thought, to talk about joining any effort to freeze production. The OPEC news will be out today on around midday, so there is no specific time. Sometimes it's a little earlier, sometimes it's a little later, but it will be around noon, so today oil traders praise for any spikes in volatility, please. Spikes in volatility also have been witnessed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, where there has been a trade that dropped in a large sell order causing the Shanghai Composite to drop by 10%. That was Tuesday on Wednesday. Trading was halted after this and quickly resumed. Another flash crash occurred just weeks ago in Hong Kong, where there has also been light trading volume after, and there was a large selling order pushing prices down, meaning fully. The reason for this is Beijing. They reigned into fight speculators trying their luck on stock trading. Now everybody is scared to trade stocks in China, so volumes have dropped accordingly. So even relatively moderate order sizes are able to cause sudden volatility spikes in China. While occupied with trying to prevent future flash crash from happening, again the government in Beijing has been more active recently in trying to calm Yuan trading. Beijing apparently isn't very happy about the Federal Reserve preparing for a summer rate hike, which could increase the value of the US Dollar and by this also push up the value of the Yuan or Renminbi as it is called. What China could every time easily do is to go full independent and to just drop the dollar pack of the Yuan, but then there would be a massive panic and outflows of billions of dollars out of billions of Yuan, you might say, out of China. This could cause mass bankruptcies in the Chinese banking sector, so dropping the dollar pack is no real alternative. So Beijing must live with the fact that a rising dollar also means a rising Yuan, even though this is hurting Chinese exports. So traders do not forget about China risk, even though everybody is watching the upcoming Brexit vote now. Placrog, the big investment fund, partial hedge fund, meanwhile sees no golden imminent future for European and US stocks, whatever the outcome of the Brexit referendum might be. They downgraded US and Euro stocks to neutral. The upcoming summer rate hike by the Fed would make stocks which are already not cheap anymore unattractive. JP Morgan and Goldman Sachs had been saying the same thing before.


social capital of Pakistan. In combating against poverty, social capital plays an important role, especially in countries where high degree of socioeconomic inequalities exist. Pakistan is also included in the list of such type of countries where social capital, weak social capital is being observed. In strengthening social capital, there is much work to do. Because in the case of Pakistan, here the list of inequalities is very long due to the economic situation. There are many class systems in Pakistan on the basis of income, on the basis of economic stratification. Because there are some people who have resources that are either landlords or industrialists. They also have resources and they have finance. But along with that, there is a very large number of people who are job-oriented, who do their work, who represent the normal middle class, who have small businesses. But there is a very large majority, that number, who are spending their lives on social capital. So in this case, in a country like Pakistan, it is very important that social capital should be worked on and a collective environment should be created where people should work with each other and opportunities can be created for each other. Now there are many dimensions to this and very important dimension, which is mainly ignored in the case of Pakistan, that is the socio-cultural dimension. What I want to say, actually in the name of socio-cultural dimensions, that if there is a place, where there is a village, then the benefit of the collective is that it is more important to work on such a place, where transport or communication resources are lesser. There is a need that the basic skills of the people there, by working on the skills of the people living in the same area, can be converted into the useful part of the economy. So we can say that there is a great need of welfare improvement in the whole procedure. Such social programs, such economic programs and such models are needed. At this time, there are some people in Pakistan who have developed their own organizations for people's betterment, for people's improvement, who provide loans and are also involving youth in the community, but still there is much to do, specifically regarding the promotion of social norms, values, beliefs and the situations and the institutions specifically. So there is another important element, that is the improvement and that is the promotion of the local culture. We know that there are many areas in Pakistan where their local culture, where their local products are very important and have a lot of influence and beauty in them. But since there is no promotion of local culture yet, through a mechanism that those people, especially women who have the skills of the institution, those people who are sitting in their areas, in the Tharm, in Vlodistan, in KPMH, in Savad, those people who create their own local products, are made a market for them and, in accordance with government rules, the facilities of these people are used to make them part of the national economy. What will the difference be with that? What will the change be? The change will be that in Pakistan, if the government cannot give everyone a job, then the people who have skills, who can work and who want to work, if they are part of the market, then the link with their culture, with their culture will also be strengthened and on the basis of that culture, the image of Pakistan, the soft image will also be communicated in the world and ultimately a lot of the long-term benefits can also be achieved. And in this, we must talk about the volunteers. Those are playing a very important role in building social capital, especially for the poor people by devoting a significant portion of their time and definitely resources. So, there are a lot of such volunteer organizations or a lot of volunteer individuals. We should not ignore their efforts because it is a collective effort of Pakistan's social capital, the utilization of these benefits, specifically, there are a lot of ethnic and religious differences in Pakistan's society. If the theory of social capital, the philosophy of social capital is spread throughout the society, then a lot of such issues can not only be solved, but its ultimate long-term benefit is that our youth, especially if our government and our organizations link our youth with this philosophy, that because of them, the country can benefit in the long-term or in the long-term changes in the economic field, especially in the social cohesiveness and the participatory culture design in the society, in Pakistan, there are a lot of such social fabric rifts. They will not only be successful in overcoming them, but ultimately, gradually, with the passage of time, the solution of these issues, which seems to be a political issue and actually their relationship is within the society. So, the society itself will try and make a collective effort and today's youth, especially those elements which are considered useless, ultimately, will be converted into social capital, through which the future of Pakistan will be able to convert it in a better way. In fact, this element in our economy will be successful in playing a very important role.


CHAPTER XVI PART II OF TWENTY YEARS OF THE REPUBLIC, 1885-1905, by Harry Thurston Peck. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. President Roosevelt's first administration was likewise marked by instances of personal government. He was, in fact, by temperament no less than by the accumulated precedents of a century bound to magnify the prerogatives of his office. Under him the executive function assumed almost the form of a frank paternalism. His interference in the coal strike, his personal direction to the Attorney General to prosecute the trusts, and his hasty action in recognizing the Republic of Panama were no more indicative of this fact than was his share in almost every other matter of public concern from what he called race-suicide to college football, and behind him stood the people, not only consenting to his exercise of authority but eagerly applauding it. They liked his way of seeking tangible results, and their endorsement of him at the election of 1904 set the seal of their approval upon executive supremacy. A member of the New York Bar, after analyzing both the expressed and implied powers of the President under the Constitution, and after tracing the course of then recent historical events, concluded his study with the following words. He, the President, had claimed practically all their executive and magisterial soventies and unlimited discretion to exercise them, and 7,600,000 electors representing 46 million citizens voted that he was right and peremptorily commanded him to use them. That is my conception of the election of 1904. After 118 years it made the President in fact, as in theory, the head of the nation and the dominating force in the Republic. It was a remarkable popular interpretation of the Constitution. Thus my ideal of the President coincides with the ideal of the people. A majestic constitutional figure, uncontrolled by Congress, unrestrained by the courts, vested with plenary constitutional power and absolute constitutional discretion. A sovereign over 80 million people, and the servant of 80 million sovereigns, whose sole inspiring purpose is to serve his fellow citizens, guard their liberties, and make this nation the freest, most enlightened, and most powerful sovereignty ever organized among men. Note 16, page 741. Without going so far as this interpreter, one may nevertheless reasonably hold that in the 20 years intervening between 1885 and 1905, the President of the United States did become in essence a sovereign upon whose acts there existed no effectual restraint save that which lay in the right of Congress to impeach him and depose him. Yet the case of President Johnson shows that the successful impeachment of a President is practically impossible. If his partisans in the Senate should number only one more than a third of that body, the impeachment would fail, and it would be wholly impossible if he were supported by a majority in the House. Even the power of the purse would not avail to hamper him, since most appropriations made by Congress are not annual but continuing and extend over a term of years. It may be said, therefore, that at the beginning of the 20th century, the United States had evolved an elective monarchy resembling very closely the ideal of Napoleon III. Precisely as in the French system, so in the American, the ruler was in great crises, absolute, the more truly so because he derived his powers directly from the people through a plebiscite. The American presidency differed from its Napoleonic prototype mainly in the single fact that the sovereign's term was limited to a brief period and that another plebiscite was necessary at the end of each four years. Here, then, was established a union of two definite principles, the principle of popular selection and the principle of an independent and practically uncontrolled executive. The growth of socialism in the United States had important developments other than those which have already been described. It gave a distinct impetus to the agitation for women's suffrage and full political rights. This agitation began historically in America in colonial days when Margaret Brent, as the Executrix of Lord Baltimore, demanded the right to sit in the Assembly of Maryland. When the federal constitution was under consideration, Abigail Adams and Mary Warren asked for a recognition of women in the National Charter. In 1845 and immediately thereafter, Lucy Stone and Abby Kelly kept the discussion alive and the anti-slavery movement of which the women of the North were strong partisans had been favorable to the cause. Two leading abolitionists, William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, gave it their energetic support. In 1848, the first women's suffrage convention was held at Seneca Falls, New York, under the direction of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Martha C. Wright. From this time, in spite of strong opposition and every form of ridicule and obliquy, many women labored persistently to secure the franchise, forming associations all over the country until in 1869, there were organized in New York, the National Women's Suffrage Association, headed by Susan B. Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, and in Ohio, the American Women's Suffrage Association directed by Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and George F. Hoare. In 1892, the two associations were merged into the American Women's Suffrage Association, of which the first two presidents were Miss Anthony and Mrs. Cary Chapman-Cat. The great political parties looked to scans at this movement without however directly antagonizing it. At the Republican National Convention in 1876, the delegates listened to an address from a woman, and at the Democratic conventions of 1876 and 1880, women were among the speakers. At the Democratic Convention of 1900, a woman delegate from Utah seconded the nomination of Mr. Bryan, yet even the populace declined to give their official approval to the doctrine of women's suffrage. On the other hand, the prohibition party, the greenback, labor and socialist parties, favored the right of women to vote, and the various labor organizations, especially the Knights of Labor, admitted women to membership. In some of the newer states, women succeeded in obtaining the franchise. Thus, prior to 1905, the full suffrage was given them in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Idaho, while in many states they obtained the right of municipal suffrage, school suffrage, and suffrage upon questions of taxation. In the older states, their efforts were unsuccessful, for there their petitions were met by counterpetitions signed by women who believed the grant of suffrage to their sex to be politically and socially inexpedient. Note 17, page 743. Far more important in its ultimate results than any attempt to secure political equality was a very widespread and persistent propaganda intended vaguely to give women an exceptional prominence in the national life. The most concrete evidence of this was found in the formation in the states and territories of women's clubs, not established with any one particular object, or at least with no objects specifically defined, but all tending to push women to the front and to lay stress upon the potentialities of the sex. Many of these clubs were literary in character. Others were interested in education, still others in local improvements, and a few in politics and legislation. The club movement, as one woman wrote, represents a tendency to associated effort. The club is the postgraduate school for the individual woman. One of the first of these organizations was Saurosis, established in 1868 by Miss Kate Field, Mrs. Bahta, and others. By the end of 1905, these clubs and federations had become so numerous and so influential as to constitute a distinct and very striking social phenomenon. Note 18, page 744. The agitation for suffrage and the attempted participation by women in every sphere of effort was but another remarkable sign of the social unrest which permeated the United States toward the end of the 19th century. It assumed various forms, but it meant in the end a profoundly important change in the relation of American women to the American social system. It represented an emancipation less from political restraint than from the social conventions which had prevailed for centuries. Like all far-reaching changes, it was fraught with both good and evil. The underlying tendencies of the woman movement were perhaps best set forth by one of its leaders, Mrs. Charlotte Stetson Gilman. Note 19, page 745. Mrs. Gilman's thesis was so interesting as to deserve serious attention, and it explains many important facts in the social history of the United States from 1885 to 1905. Two sentences of hers may be cited as representing her viewpoint and that of her followers. We have kept half humanity tied to the starting post while the other half ran. We have trained and bred one kind of qualities into one half of the species and another kind into the other half. In other words, according to Mrs. Gilman, everything in the past had been done to make men brave and socially important and also strong and intellectually creative. On the other hand, women were held by her to have been trained to become moral cowards and to develop in themselves only the minor virtues of personal usefulness. The sex relation had been exaggerated and the place of woman in society had been based entirely upon it, thus restricting her physical activities and dwarfing her power to think and to judge for herself. Throughout the centuries she had never had that moral freedom which would come to her from being mistress of her own actions and from learning what was right and what was wrong through the observation of consequences. Hence, woman, either as daughter or as wife, had been kept in a state of dependence upon man while her power of choosing the man most fitted for her had been limited by convention. Freedom of association such as men enjoyed had been restricted. Sentiment and emotion had been abnormally developed in her. The whole existence of woman had been made to center around those functions which had to do either directly or collaterally with the sex relation, so that at the best she was a plaything and at the worst, a drudge. Mrs. Gilman therefore advocated and it must be said with remarkable ability what she called economic independence for women, teaching that woman should be so trained as to subordinate the sex instinct to acquire the courage to stand alone against the world, to face life as men have always faced it, and to reject all thought of turning to another for comfort and protection. Should she marry, she should do so from practical considerations and in order to perpetuate the race. In marriage, her affair should be independent of her husband's and her partnership with him should be governed by considerations having no reference to sentiment. Without pausing to consider the soundness of these views, it may be said that they represented a feeling which more and more began to sway the minds and actions of American women. A desire for economic independence and an impatience of conventional restraint led to fundamental changes in the position of the women of the United States. Such stereotype phrases as, we must live our own lives, became common. Young women from remote parts of the country left the farm and village home where before they had been well cared for and contented and flocked to the cities with a curious willingness to regard the excitements of urban life as a compensation for hardships for affronts and for the diminished respect with which they were now regarded. Many of them unhappily cherished ambitions far beyond the range of their abilities and these after bitter disappointments dropped into the ranks of humble workers or were forced to lead a life of shame. Those who followed whether consciously or unconsciously the teachings of Mrs. Gilman received the nicknames of New Women and Bachelor Girls. The great majority of them entered occupations in which they were obliged to compete with men and because of their physical inferiority they were forced to do so for a smaller compensation than men received. In spite of all discouragement however there was a steady influx of women workers in almost every occupation including even the professions. The census of 1900 showed that 5,329,807 women were in that year engaged in self-supporting pursuits. Note 20, page 747. The ultimate effect upon the community of this revolutionary change in the position of women could not of course be fitly estimated at the end of a short period of time. Opinions therefore were divided. Many observers held that on the whole women themselves and society at large had gained because of the moral training imparted by self-support to so many thousands who had hitherto occupied a position of dependence. It was asserted that women also as a sex profited by an extension of social in place of personal relations and by the development of special abilities and technical skill. On the other hand there were many who regarded the change as both economically and morally detrimental. It was economically detrimental because a woman owing to the expectation of marriage was as a rule inadequately equipped for self-support and by reason of her loss of time through illness her competition with men was carried under inevitable disadvantages. Hence she must usually receive a lower rate of compensation. In most occupations the labor of women was but another form of cheap labor and its introduction involved a lowering of the scale of wages for the man as well as for the woman. As was said the female competitor brings the earnings down to a point where the man is too poor to marry her. Students of social phenomena declared that in consequence of this fact marriage was growing more infrequent and that the decline of marriage necessarily meant the spread of immorality. Again the circumstance that women now worked with men and as in shops and factories incomplete subordination to men was a cause of incessant temptation and a menace to chastity. Note 21, page 748 Another and a less tangible ground of objection was noted in the sphere of education. In the primary schools the teaching was given more and more into the hands of women and even in the high schools they formed a large majority of the teaching staff. The result was said to be a gradual feminization of American mental training which was enhanced by the entrance of women into the sphere of the higher education. An acute investigator of German nationality who had spent many years in the United States wrote the following suggestive words with regard to this phase of the woman movement in America. If we keep up an artificial equality through the higher development of the present day American intellectual work will be kept down by the women and will never become a world power. How differently when compared with that of men of the same class the female mind works we see daily around us when we turn our eyes from the educated level down toward the half educated multitude. Here we are confronted with the woman who antagonizes serious medicine through her belief in patent medicines and quackery the woman who undermines moral philosophy through her rushing into spiritualism and every superstition of the day the woman who injures the progress of thought and reform by running with hysterical zeal after every new fad and fashion introduced with a catchy phrase. A lack of respect for really strenuous thought characterizes women in general. Dilatantism is the key note. The half educated man is much more inclined to show an instinctive respect for trained thought and to abstain from opinions where he is ignorant. But the half educated woman cannot discriminate between the superficial and the profound and without the slightest hesitation she effuses like a bit of gossip. Her views on Greek art or on Darwinism or on the human soul between two spoonfuls of ice cream. Even that is almost refreshing as a softening supplement to the manly work of civilization. But it would be a misfortune if such a spirit were to gain the controlling influence. Note 22 page 749. In the period under discussion, the United States exhibited a remarkable advance in the development of education. Americans had always shown a high regard for mental training. Both the individual states and the national government had been extremely generous to educational institutions of every grade making large gifts of public lands and grants of public money to maintain them on a liberal scale. The diffusion of wealth led many private citizens to supplement these grants by the most lavish benefactions and endowments. Hence on the material side from 1885 to 1905 the cause of education was markedly advanced. For the first time the United States came to possess great universities which in the magnificence of their buildings and in the completeness of their equipment were comparable to the historic universities of Europe. The unstinted generosity which supplied their needs was indeed the marvel and despair of foreign visitors. The Stanford University founded in California by Senator Stanford and his wife in 1885 was endowed with the enormous sum of 30 million dollars. Mr. John D. Rockefeller made gifts to the University of Chicago amounting to more than 12 million dollars while to Yale University he presented a million dollars in a single gift. A stream of benefactions from individuals made possible a steady growth of the other universities such as Harvard, Princeton, Columbia and Cornell. Many of the state universities notably the University of Michigan, the University of California, the University of Illinois and the University of Wisconsin were enabled to develop their activities so rapidly as to take rank with the oldest of their sister institutions. The colleges also were not forgotten. It was natural given the practical characteristics of the American people and the materializing influences of this period that the higher education while making an immense advance should still have been retarded into some extent injured by the conditions of the time that it should often have subordinated to mere size and numbers and display the fine idealism of earlier years. Great stress was laid upon the more utilitarian branches of study while those of a humanistic character were for a while at least less highly valued. There was a disposition to lessen the culture and to devise shortcuts by which the ambitious student could earlier begin preparing directly for a professional career. This tendency was most noticeable in the greater universities where not unnaturally the work of the graduate schools was stimulated at the expense of the undergraduate life. The prosecution of original research was fostered and encouraged in every possible way and American specialists began to win deserved distinction some of them being called to chairs in foreign universities. A very significant proof of a growing appreciation of highly scientific work was seen in the noble gift by Mr. Andrew Carnegie for the foundation of the Carnegie institution in Washington which he endowed with the sum of ten million dollars for the encouragement of original investigation in any and every department of science. It seemed likely however that the dissemination of liberal culture must more and more become the peculiar mission of the smaller institutions which wisely refrained from styling themselves universities and which still preserve the old traditions of broad culture and intellectual discipline as an end entirely apart from an intense specialization. Note 23, page 751. In the sphere of secondary and technical education the United States displayed an extraordinary development surpassing that of its whole previous history. Not merely was the number of common schools multiplied, not merely did high schools and normal schools and colleges for the training of teachers spring up on every hand but great attention was paid to educational methods and to the application of psychology to teaching. Manual training took its place in the educational scheme and a large number of technical schools were established. University extension courses were carried on in every part of the country. Many of the great universities opened their laboratories and lecture rooms during the summer months. Nowhere in the world was so full and so free an opportunity given to the young for instruction ranging from the most elementary subjects to those which involve the most advanced and scientific methods of research. Note 24, page 752. If we turn to the field of American literature during the period under consideration its most significant feature will be found in the fact that it exhibits very strikingly the nationalizing tendency. Until the year 1880 while the United States had certainly produced many writers of great merit and of real distinction and while their themes had often been American, still their spirit and especially their technique reflected unmistakably the influence of Europe and above all of England. Only a very few of them, notably Mr. Clemens, Mark Twain and Brett Hart, had exhibited a wholly new and national inspiration. But after the year that has been mentioned, American literature, using the word in its broadest sense, became truly and undeniably American. One finds this exemplified first of all in the growing interest which was then shown in the study of American history and of American historical, political and social problems. History had always been a subject to attract the attention of native authors and investigators. Yet many of these had followed old world models and, like Prescott and Motley, had found their subjects in the field of European history. Now, however, material was drawn from sources less remote. Contemporaneous events, or those that were nearly contemporaneous, were seized upon with enthusiasm, while the phenomena of American life itself were regarded as worthy of the most painstaking study. In 1883 there appeared the first volume of Professor John Bach, McMaster's history of the people of the United States, intended by its author to cover the period beginning with 1783 and to end with the outbreak of the Civil War. Professor McMaster, in his treatment of his theme, derived from Lord Macaulay through John Richard Green, and his style possessed many of the defects and not a few of the merits of both those widely read historians. His work is a mine of information drawn from sources not easily accessible and exhibiting every evidence of elaborate investigation. Still more remarkable was the great history of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to 1877 by Mr. James Ford Rhodes, the most important and interesting analytical narrative yet written of the events of that momentous period. The first two volumes appeared in 1898, and the fifth, which reached the period of reconstruction in 1904. No treatise on American history had ever been so richly documented, as none was ever so temperate and impartial in its treatment of events regarding which contemporary feeling was still stirred by prejudice and political passion. In the exposition of constitutional history, chiefly that of the United States, Professor John W. Burgess published treatises which became classics in the lifetime of their author. Note 25, page 753. Other names which made this period memorable in the annals of historical and political research are those of Hart, Fisk, Schuller, Henry Adams, Dunning, Foster, and Mayhem. Nor would any enumeration be complete which failed to mention Professor William Milligan Sloan, who won for his country the honor of having produced the definitive life of Napoleon, an enduring monument of profound research and a philosophical analysis. Note 26, page 754. Political economy was enriched during the same period by many notable contributions. Popular attention had been fixed upon economic questions so eagerly as to make this inevitable. Therefore, the work of such man as F. A. Walker, W. G. Sumner, and Horace White of the older generation was ably supplemented by that of others who dealt with still newer problems, Clark and Eli, for instance, with a trust, Tosig with the tariff, Seligman with taxation, Wright and Mayo Smith with statistics, Laughlin with finance, and Bemis with municipal ownership. In literature of a less serious character there appears the same unmistakable preoccupation with subjects distinctly national. In fiction, after the year 1890, American books delineating American life banished from popular favor the novel of English manners. Historical romances relating to the colonial period enjoyed a remarkable vogue, but of more significance were the works of those authors who depicted with artistic fidelity the peculiar conditions of contemporary America. Thus, just as Bret Hart had drawn the California of 1849, so with a far more realistic pen, did Mr. Hamlin Garland reveal the life of the Northwest, while Miss Mary Wilkins etched with exquisite art the New England Hamlets. Mr. Harold Frederick's novels were studies in the village life of Central New York. Mr. Cable told sympathetically of Creole, Louisiana. Mr. Robert Grant wrote one book, Unleavened Bread, which is a masterpiece in drawing to the very life of peculiarly American type of woman, hard, crude, and ignorantly pretentious. Cowboy Life in the West, already vanishing before the march of civilization, was caught and fixed in the pages of Owen Wister. The rough and lawless existence of the Gold Hunters of Alaska was described in a no less rough and lawless style by Mr. London. The subjects which stirred the interest of the American people at this time were turned to the purposes of fiction by a hundred writers who found material in the trusts, in municipal corruption, in the new wealth, and in the slum life of American cities. The ciberitic luxury of the new American aristocracy, its manners and its morals, were drawn with delicate art and a sophisticated psychology by Mrs. Edith Wharton, whose style attained a preciosity unlike that of any other American writer. American literature found a singularly acute and discriminating historian in Professor Barrett Wendell of Harvard University. Note 27, page 755. The one representative of Belletre, whose importance was more than literary, was Mr. William Dean Howells, by far the most eminent of American novelists at that time. As an essayist and poet, his writings were characterized by a too intense individualism, but as a portrayer of the American life of his generation and of contemporary types, he had so far been unequaled. With a keen eye for what was striking in individuals or in life, with a wonderful photographic instinct for detail, with a shrewd insight into human motives, with a pervasive sense of humor and a subtle gift of language, he possessed an experience so broad as to be national rather than sectional, with the advantages of an international point of view. He gave, to American literature, a series of books which constitute what may be called a national portrait gallery, thus providing for future generations a clue to American civilization while in a state of flux. The social conditions which he depicted were those which to a foreigner were quite inexplicable and which will ultimately present almost equal difficulties to Americans of the future. In this way his novels have a distinct historical value and taken together may be not unreasonably compared with Balzac's Comedie Humaine. It was in 1885 that he published The Rise of Silas Lapham, which embodies a piece of portraiture attaining to the proportions of a broadly national type. The self-made man who works his way up to material prosperity was never more convincingly depicted and the portrait is one that is true of the Native American everywhere in the East as well as in the West. Rooted in the soil of the farm, this homely figure with its heaviness and gentleness, its simplicity and shrewdness, its rugged honesty and worldly wisdom, its uncouthness and native humor, its quaint conceit and innocent pride tempered always with a hesitating self-depreciation, its eye to the main chance, and its haunting and unpitying conscientiousness, one finds them all in this amusing yet profoundly touching creation, which is as vital as anything that human art has ever limbed. This book, together with a modern instance, The Lady of Aristotle, April Hopes, and the Kentons, contains invaluable human documents over which the student of American conditions will hear after linger with delight and gratitude. During this period the United States produced nothing of lasting importance in other departments of literature. Many Americans had acquired a facile technique, and the level of literary excellence was a high one. Nevertheless, there arose no poet of real distinction, no great essayist, and no constructive philosopher. Stimulated, however, by the demands of education, an immense deal of interesting experimentation was carried on in psychological laboratories, and at least one psychologist, Professor William James of Harvard, left a mark upon the records of that science. A survey of literature would be incomplete without some notice of American journalism, since even when regarded in a narrow way, journalism and literature are intimately associated. The influence of the press in the United States had always been extremely great. Toward the close of the nineteenth century, however, that influence may be said to have declined to some extent owing to the changes wrought in the conditions under which journalism was carried on. Until about 1885, the great newspaper had been the mouthpiece of some single dominant personality, well-known instances of which are to be found in the New York Tribune under Greeley, the New York Times under Raymond, the New York Sun under Dana, and the New York Evening Post under Gotkin. Right or wrong, these men lent each a powerful individuality to the newspapers whose politics they swayed, and each of them practically compelled the adhesion of his readers to the causes which he advocated. Presently, however, many newspapers became great properties purchased by wealthy men and used by them to further their own interests, political, financial, or social. The editorial page then represented not a single personality but a syndicate, the members of which were unknown to the public and were simply employees who wrote as they were directed to write, and who came and went at the pleasure of the owner. In this way, the newspaper staff lost its esprit de cal, and so far as the editorial page was concerned, its influence. Note 28, page 758. In 1905, there remained only one editor of national renown to continue for a time the old traditions of personality and journalism, Mr. Henry Watterson of the Louisville Courier Journal. In place, however, of the kind of journalism which he typified and side by side with a somewhat colorless journalism of the syndicate, there arose a third class of newspapers which succeeded to much of the power that had been wielded by the great journalists of former years. In 1883, Mr. Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian by birth but long resident in the United States, purchased the New York world, a paper which had for years been dwindling in circulation. Mr. Pulitzer and his conduct of the world introduced methods and policies which were not altogether new, since they had been foreshadowed long before by the Bennets, but which were now carried out upon so startling a scale as to command general attention. Sensational journalism was not a new thing. Mr. Pulitzer's development of it was. In his hands, the newspaper not merely sought to procure news, but to create it. A reporter would be instructed to feign insanity in order to gain access to an asylum and then secure material for vivid exploitation in the columns of the paper. A young woman was sent off at an hour's notice to make a circuit of the world, with instructions to accomplish it in less than the 80 days required by Jules Verne's hero. Every stage of her journey across the continent was made in a special train decorated with banners and received at various points with music and the cheers of the multitude. Anything and everything that could startle and cause talk was eagerly caught at by what presently came to be known as yellow journalism. Note 29, page 759. The example set by Mr. Pulitzer was followed with even greater energy and unrestraint by Mr. W. R. Hurst who in 1895 bought the New York Journal for Mr. Albert Pulitzer and soon after issued an evening edition of the same paper. The methods of Mr. Hurst were mainly those of Mr. Pulitzer, but they were exemplified upon a still larger and more striking scale. Mr. Hurst, however, added the force of personality to that of the spectacular when he secured as his principal editorial writer, Mr. Arthur Brisbane. Mr. Brisbane possessed a style of wonderful effectiveness. Short, pithy sentences and a strong Saxon vocabulary won him readers everywhere. Mr. Hurst founded other newspapers in various parts of the country and in all of them the Brisbane editorials appeared. Finally, Mr. Hart's six organs came to be read every day in the year by more than a million voters, most of whom read no other papers. It became impossible to ignore the power which was thus exerted, especially as Mr. Hurst and Mr. Brisbane advocated the socialistic doctrines that were everywhere permeating the masses of the people. So marked became this influence that many persons actually believed the Spanish war to have been brought on by the so called yellow press. On this point the nation said our cheap press today speaks in tones never before heard outside of Paris. It urges upon ignorant people schemes more savage disregard of either policy or justice or experience more complete than the modern world has witnessed since the French Revolution. It is true it addresses the multitude mainly or only. The wise and learned and the pious and industrious do not read it but it is the multitude and not the wise and learned and industrious who now set fleets and armies in motion who impose silence and acquiescence on all as soon as the word war is mentioned and insist successfully that this shall not be interfered with by either voice or vote until they have had their fill of fighting. They have already established a regime in which a boy with several millions of dollars at his disposal has more influence on the use a great nation may make of its credit of its army and navy of its name and traditions then all the statesmen and philosophers and professors in the country note 30 page 760 These words are savage and bitter but they concede so much in the way of fact as to constitute a reluctant tribute to undoubted power. Summing up the underlying tendencies of these 20 years of the nation's life it seems plain that the exhibited a change through which the civilization of the United States was becoming rapidly assimilated to the civilization of Europe in place of an agglomeration of heterogeneous communities having but few interests in common and moved by no single dominant idea there was emerging a compact and highly complex state with all the characteristics of the old world monarchies political power was centralized social distinctions were accentuated the lines between class and class were every year more rigorously drawn luxury and all the refinements that great wealth could give were seen on every side as were also at the other extreme the squalors and the suffering of pauperism the american republic was in fact responding to the play of those powerful forces which have shaped the destinies and the character of all great nations it was yielding to the inexorable law of evolution those who looked with a myopic eye upon the evils which accompanied this process recoiled and prophesied a future full of woe corruption defiance or evasion of the law social selfishness and a denial of the fundamental rights of man were everywhere to be detected yet far more significant than all these things was the fact made clear by a thousand evidences that the heart of the nation at its core was sound that there still existed the capacity for strong indignation which springs from righteousness that every evil raised up swift avengers and that all the blots upon the escutcheon of the republic failed utterly to dim its brightness the hope of the future lay in the racial characteristics of the American himself in his sense of justice in his courage his humor his capacity for high achievement and his invincible love of country such therefore as were not blighted and blinded by a quarrelous pessimism could still make their own the noble words of Lincoln and could say with him why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate justice of the people is there any better or any equal hope in the whole world end of chapter 16 end of 20 years of the republic 1885 to 1905 by Harry Thurston Peck recorded by Céline Majore


Okay. The appointed hour of six o'clock having been reached, I call this meeting of the Amherstoning Board of Appeals to order. My name is Steve Judge. As ZBA chair, I wanna welcome everyone to this meeting. Pursuant to chapter 20 of the Acts of 2021, this meeting will be conducted via remote means. Members of the public who wish to attend to access this meeting may do so via Zoom or by telephone. No in-person attendance of members of the public will be permitted, but every effort will be made to ensure that the public can adequately access the proceedings in real time via technological means. Additionally, the meetings will be recorded and may be viewed on the town of Amherst's YouTube channel and ZBA website. In accordance with provisions of MGL, Massachusetts General Laws, chapter 40A, and article 10, special permit granting authority of the Amherst zoning bylaw, this public meeting has been duly advertised and notice thereof has been posted and mailed to parties at interest. Because of unanticipated events that preclude a full attendance and a quorum at this meeting, we will have to reschedule this meeting and the items on the agenda for Thursday, September 30th at 7 p.m. That will follow a ZBA administrative meeting beginning at 6 p.m. And with that, we move to close this meeting and reschedule it for 7 p.m. Thursday, September 30th. Okay. Okay, well, thank you. So I guess we're done. All right, we'll see you next time. Bye. All right, bye-bye.