Welcome to our all-day movie workshop. I'm Peter. I'm going to be your host today. And for those of you who are new here, I'll let you know how the day will flow. So we're going to start with a movie from David. And then afterwards, we're going to have some breakout rooms to share what came up for us during the movie. And then later in the day, there will be a closing session to get in touch with all the themes that came up. So to start with, I'm going to pass it over to you, David. Thank you, Peter. Welcome, everyone. Beautiful to see you. Glad you can join in with us and take the ride today. We are going to have a beautiful healing day. I can just feel it. Very strong healing moving through. And the tip-off for me was for some of you that are doing the Course in Miracles lessons along with the calendar. Today is day number 121. So we have such a beautiful Course in Miracles lesson to launch us into this day of healing. And the workbook lesson is, forgiveness is the key to happiness. So I thought I would just read the very beginning of that lesson because it's what a beautiful way to launch us all into the day with these beautiful words from Jesus. Here is the answer to your search for peace. Here is the key to meaning in a world that seems to make no sense. Here is the way to safety in apparent dangers that appear to threaten you at every turn and bring you bring uncertainty to all your hopes of ever finding quietness and peace. Here are all questions answered. Here the end of all uncertainty ensured at last. So what a beautiful way to begin our day of healing. And our movie poll this week gave us some excellent themes to dive into the healing. And the combined poll of both Spanish and English, the top theme was unworthiness versus embracing the power of the mind. And then in second place facing abandonment and rejection. And then in third place letting myself fall apart. Are you ready to join me in that today? Letting myself fall apart. If your friends or neighbors said what did you do on Saturday? I was just watching a movie and letting myself fall apart. And then finally letting go of the belief in sacrifice. So that's a big one. That's a big one for healing. So the movie that we have that is going to allow us to go through and into the depth of healing with those themes is the original What the Bleep movie. I believe it was from like 2004. And I like a movie that that has character transformation. It has a bit of a plot, which is healing and spiritual awakening. And it also has a lot of beautiful teachings on quantum physics, which I think is a modern day term for forgiveness. Back in the time of Jesus, there was no quantum physics as we know it today. That's more of a 1900s and 2000s philosophy and science that has come along. But some of you have heard about my book, Quantum Forgiveness, Physics Meet Jesus. I had a friend in Europe who was not too happy with that title. She called me and she said, why does physics need to meet Jesus? And she was going to translate my book. And so I said, well, it doesn't have to. But I think it would be a fun meeting. And then she actually did quite a few chapters, but then the file got lost or corrupt. I think corrupted. So there was some resistance, which is which is not unusual in Europe, considering the Crusades and what was it, the Spanish Inquisition. And there was a lot of things that happened in Europe that were kind of like, no, that we don't like that, that brand of God or Jesus. Science. So quantum physics. But I feel like, in one sense, that the quantum field that is pointed to by quantum physics is the same as the happy dream or the forgiven world. And Jesus is the representation, is that experience. So it's kind of just a joke of physics meet Jesus. It's kind of catchy though, you have to admit, but they've already met. In fact, they've never been apart. Any of you who know physics and have gone deeply into physics know that it points to the nature of the connectedness, that it's all energy and it's all connected. And it's all one. It's all unified. And of course, that's what Jesus points to and all profound spiritual pathways and philosophies all point to the same place. So we don't have to worry about them meeting. They've never been apart. They're the same one. And this movie is good because it starts to give you a flavor of some of these beautiful quantum teachings in the context of relationship and healing. So I think a lot of times people think of science and spirituality as somehow being kind of divorced, or they're just different categories that talk about different aspects of our experience. But I found that deeper I went, everything was connected. And I was quite delighted by the teachings of quantum physics. There was a physicist, quantum physicist from Australia, who his name was Paul Davies. I remember reading something that he was writing. And basically he came out with the words in his book, there is no world. And I was like, ah, yes, identical to a course in miracles lesson 132 word for word from a quantum physicist and from Jesus in a course in miracles. And I said, of course, they're talking about the same thing that that what seems to be a physical world isn't really physical. It's just a projection of images. And it seems to in distorted perception, it seems to take on a solidity. And that's where we have an interesting word called matter. And basically quantum physicists are saying matter isn't what it seems to be. It's not really a thing. It's like a potentiality. And it's basically, in course, in miracle terms, it's a perception. And perception is not reality. Images are not the light that is beyond the images. And matter actually doesn't matter. I was thinking about that the other day. That matter doesn't matter because it isn't the unified spirit. And that is what matters, so to speak. That's what's important is the light that we are, not what we appear to be in this distorted world. So I like a movie that has shows healing going on. The actress Marlee Matlin is playing our main character in the movie. And she's going to go through a transformation. And one of the things I really like about this movie is that as we watch the movie progress, we can see that her partner committed an act of infidelity. And she walked in on it. And so she has this horrific memory of, she's interpreting abandonment and rejection. That is in her mind and it's clouding her life. She's not able to go forward. Even her boss at one point says you hate men. And that memory of that act of infidelity has clouded and filters through in her perception of the world. And it's shown very directly in this movie. And so it's interesting that a movie would use the context of quantum physics of beginning to question what you believe is true. And ultimately was what I experienced and what I perceived, was it the truth or was it just a misperception that I can let go of? And so this is a really core idea because when you look at the world, you can be tempted to perceive the world through the lens of the ego, which is unfairness, abuse, mistreatment. You can tell if you look at the world through the ego's lens, you will seem to get angry and frustrated.  You will feel pain and suffering. And you will feel unworthy if you are looking through the ego's faulty filter. It's what the Bible talks about in Corinthians. Looking through a glass darkly is what it says in the Bible. And that's what I'm talking about. And now we're starting to realize that all of the physics that most of us grew up with when we studied it in high school was Newtonian physics. And basically it was based on empiricism and it was based on an external world. And back in the day of Isaac Newton, he was trying to find answers to how the world works. And he came up with a whole system. The only problem was that in that system, in that equation of what we call Newtonian physics, there was no mention of consciousness. And it really was no mention of the mind. And it's difficult to come up with something when you don't include the very mechanism, the very foundation of the perception. So, you know, we have very famous laws and physics that came from Isaac Newton. For every action, there's a reaction. And we have studied things like gravity and different fields and vectors and different aspects that have been very helpful in things like building buildings and building bridges and making something out of matter. I was going to say making a mess, but I reminded Jesus, well, it's much to do about nothing. Nothing from nothing leaves nothing. You got to have something if you want to be with me. You know, Jesus is always like, don't forget, there is nothing to matter with matter. The matter is not the problem. Matter is not the heart of the matter. Spirit is the heart of everything. Light is reality. Light is unconditional love. Light is wisdom. So this movie gives us all a chance to kind of dive down the rabbit hole. As Fred Allen Wolf says, he invites us to jump into the rabbit hole with him and find out for ourselves. So we're on a journey with Jesus today to find out for ourselves our innocence. We find out that whenever we perceived was done to us, whatever we thought was like, you done me wrong, we were mistaken because we really haven't been done wrong ever. And that is a wonderful thing to experience that nothing has ever gone wrong. That we simply misperceived the world because we believed in the ego. And the ego is the error. Some people say, well, is the ego Satan? Is the ego the devil? Well, it's an error that has already been corrected. So for us, the question is only, will I accept the correction or will I deny the correction and try to continue to live in hell, the illusion of hell? Really happiness is our birthright and that's our workbook lesson today. Forgiveness is the key to happiness. But forgiveness, as Jesus teaches us, is seeing that what we perceived happened to us has in truth never occurred. It was a distortion of belief that has no reality whatsoever. In the quantum field, everything's connected. And what we're realizing is that the projected world is of separate images and separate time and separate space and linearity. All of that is the distortion. So we don't have to buy into that distortion anymore. But in order to see our true light and our true worth, we have to let it go. We truly have to let it go. So this movie is a very good eye-opener in terms of letting go of our faulty perceptions. This movie will still use metaphors from the world. For example, the brain. The brain is talked about a bit in this movie. Neurotransmitters are talked about peptides in the body. The chemistry of the body, so to speak, is talked about. From a course in Miracle's perspective, I want you all to remember that those are also projections. The brain, the gray matter of the brain, is a projection of the wrong mind. The neuropeptides that Joe Dispenza talks about and Ramtha and so on and so forth. These are scientists in the movie. Some of them are medical doctors. Some of them are scientists. Some of them are quantum physicists. But they are giving us reflections and symbols as if there's still something in matter that matters. It's still an attempt to understand using the material universe. And Jesus has told us quite clearly you will never understand this world. In fact, his first lesson is nothing I see means anything. So you know he's going in a different direction than peptides and neurotransmitters. But I think the quantum physicists are just so cute. They remind me of like the hummingbirds at my house. They're just so cute. They're buzzing around and they're all excited and they get so enthusiastic. And I like Fred Allen Wolf with his hair.  And he's saying, don't take my word for it. Try it for yourself. Find out for yourself. Don't you love somebody that says find out for yourself instead of somebody that's trying to pontificate and tell you some point of view that you have to believe in. I think these quantum physicists are beautifully open and curious in their attempt to discover the truth. I adore these quantum physicists. And of course this is just the beginning of their journey. So we need to remember that these are beautiful symbols of the beginning of a scientist's journey to know the creator. And that's a beautiful thing. We should be celebrating that. I did see a documentary a few years ago where a group of they invited people from all over the world, you know, scientists and doctors and philosophers to go on a trip to India and to meet the Dalai Lama and have a conference with the Dalai Lama. So all these amazing professionals took a trip to India and of course they had to take long train rides. It was hot. They were all sweaty. By the time they made it to where the Dalai Lama lives, they were pretty much rung out, you know, like they're used to probably hotels and air conditioning and limousines or cars. But India is a whole new beast when you've lived in the Western world and you take a trip to India. Oh my God. So I saw there, there was a couple of, there was a number of scientists from this movie that were all there. Fred Allen Wolf was there and some of the other ones. And they started getting into arguments. They were pushed way out of their comfort zone. And this is, I could see Jesus was laughing like, okay, now we'll show you how deep the rabbit hole actually goes beyond the theories. See how you do in India with your quantum theories, you know, let's see how you do in India. And Dalai Lama met them and they had beautiful open discussions. I love that kind of stuff. I think, it reminds me of the ancient Greeks, you know, Socrates and Plato and all the Socratic dialogues where people would come together and have a sense of openness and curiosity. And they would say, what do you think? And then they would each listen to each other and try to go find the truth based on openness, based on a sense of let's join together to find something that shows we're connected. I think I feel the same spirit of that in this movie. And some of you know, it wasn't too long ago where I showed the sequel to this movie called Down the Rabbit Hole. And so we're going to watch the original now, which has a little more of a plot to it. I think Marlee Matlin, we get to really get a sense of her, the character she plays in this movie. And she's searching. She has insecurities. She has self-worth issues. She has betrayal, abandonment, rejection issues going on under the surface. She's a bit angry at the world and angry at men and she's not happy. And so the movie will take us on a journey where she gets to come and contact on a subway system with Dr. Emoto's water. I guess there were photographs of molecules after they'd been blessed and showing the power of consciousness and the power of the mind even reflected in photographs of distilled water. And there's many other quantum experiments that are talked about in here by various teachers of quantum physics. Of course, this has a lot of the great quantum physics teachings on superposition. For people who first study that, they're like, what is this superposition? And it's like, there's a little boy who has a basketball and they use that basketball to teach the concept of superposition. The basketball is potentially in any number of positions, potentially. And then when the mind decides based on its conclusion or based on its decision of its beliefs, then the basketball appears to be in one place. But we hear in this movie that atoms are not what we have believed they are. We used to think that atoms were things. They were very tiny things. They were the building blocks of matter. And this movie starts to show us that atoms are just potentials. And what we perceive as people and places and things and objects in a material world are just projections of our mind. And our consciousness has seemingly put them in places and locations based on a conclusion that we make in our mind. It's not based on reality at all. What does that teach us that no two people see the same world? Ultimately, because there's no two people. But let's roll it back a little bit there. Because people say, wait, oh, David, you lost me there. Okay, there aren't different perspectives of this world. There really is only one mind and there's only one world. And in fact, in A Course in Miracles, in the Manual for Teachers, Jesus is asked, how many teachers of God will it take to save the world? That's a really good question. And his answer is interesting. One. That would be like saying how many angels fit on the head of a pin. And now how many teachers of God will it take to heal the world, to save the world? And then Jesus says, but that one is not a body or in a body. So there goes our personal savior, you know, that Christianity always said, Jesus is the personal savior. No, that one that saves the world is not a body or in a body. That one is spirit. And of course, that has to be the saving grace. Just our remembrance of our spiritual nature saves the world. You don't have to worry about who's the avatar, who's the messiah, who's the savior.  But he's not talking about your personality self. So don't go to the street corner and say, I am the messiah. Unless you're totally identified with spirit and it's true, then by all means, go to the street corner and say, I am the messiah. You see, Jesus actually meant it when he said, I and the Father are one. Jesus actually meant it when he said before Abraham was I am. That was the Holy Spirit speaking. That was an actual fact. So he wasn't boasting. In fact, spirit doesn't even know what boasting is. Boasting, what's a boast? Spirit just is what it is. So this movie is a treat because we're going to go on a healing journey with the backdrop of beautiful quantum physics. And then I'll come in from time to time as I am inspired when I start to burst in happiness, I'll have to break into the movie. And it's relatively long movie. So to make sure that you actually have dinner tonight, I will try to refrain myself from too many insertions into the movies. Otherwise it'll be like, what the hell? I missed lunch and dinner with David today. And now he's got me being a yogi. He's got me on some kind of a yogi diet. But I hope you'll be as enthralled as I am with this movie. And I hope your heart will burst open when you watch this movie. So enjoy the movie.


Hello and welcome to the session that is discussed the following question. It says solve for x and y So let's now move on to the solution given equations are 4 upon x plus 5 y is equal to 7 and 3 upon x plus 4 y is equal to 5 now we'll solve the system of equations by equating the coefficient of x or y here we'll equate the coefficient of y so to equate the coefficient of y multiply Equation 1 by 4 and 2 by 5 and subtract equation 2 from 1 so now we'll multiply equation 1 by 4 and 2 by 5 so we'll have 4 by x into 4 is 16 by x plus 4 y 5 y into 4 is 20 y is equal to 7 then 3 by x into 5 is 15 by x plus 4 y into 5 is 20 y is equal to 5 into 5 is 25 and here also 7 into 4 is 28 So we need to write 28 now we have to subtract equation 2 from equation 1 After multiplying equation 1 by 4 and 2 by 5 So as we know that whenever we subtract sign changes now 16 by x minus 15 by x is 1 by x Taking LCM we'll have 16 by 16 minus 15 upon x so it is 1 by x plus 20 y gets cancelled with minus 20 y and 28 minus 25 is 3 So this implies 1 by x is equal to 3 So this implies x is equal to 1 by 3 right now we'll put x is equal to 1 by 3 in any one of the two equations equation 1 or equation 2 So we'll put it in equation 1 To get the value of y now equation 1 was 4 upon x so it is 4 upon x x is 1 by 3 plus 5 y is Equal to 7 Now again this implies 4 upon 1 upon 3 is 4 into 3 by 1 Plus 5 y is equal to 7 and this is equal to 12 plus 5 y is equal to 7 This implies 5 y is equal to 7 minus 12 So this implies 5 y is equal to minus 5 Dividing both sides by 5 we have Y is equal to minus 1 so we have x is equal to 1 by 3 and Y is equal to minus 1 the solution of the given system of equations Do take care of all your calculation while solving the question well for now take care. Have a good day


Iran successfully test-launched a ballistic missile with a potential 2,000 km range on May 25, state media said, two days after the chief of Israel's armed forces raised the prospect of action against Tehran over its nuclear program. Iran, which has one of the biggest missile programs in the Middle East, says its weapons are capable of reaching the bases of Archfos Israel and the United States in the region. State TV broadcast a few seconds of footage of what it said was the launch of an upgraded version of Iran's Karamshar for ballistic missile with a range of 2,000 km and able to carry a 1,500 kg warhead. Despite U.S. and European opposition, the Islamic Republic has said it will further develop its defensive missile program. The state news agency Ernest said the liquid-fuel missile had been named the Kaibar, a reference to a Jewish castle overrun by Muslim warriors in the early days of Islam.


So again welcome everybody. I'd like to thank and congratulate Yocobo for organizing this day and I think it's important because as cardiac anesthetists we often don't have a chance to A. interact with each other and B. get some expertise and some experts together who can help you better understand both the workflow the nobology and how to improve your practice and really that's what today is all about. It should be relatively stress-less for you and more stressful for us. So I was tasked with talking about the mitral valve and what we're going to do over the next 20 minutes or so is look at the 3D mitral valve data sets. We aren't going to spend a lot of time on acquisition because I think acquisition is basically a hands-on exercise that you will have the opportunity to indulge in in the next little while. We are going to talk briefly about optimization and manipulation but the reality is I'd like to sort of take you through some of the options in what you can use your 3D data sets for and in particular perhaps some of the measurements. The only disclosure I have is that I do receive book royalties and as you can see Wayne Gretzky is not going to get me very far. In terms of 3D mitral valve analysis we're going to look at different ways to manipulate your 3D data set so we're going to look at things like angled views, 3D live views, layout views, a bit about cropping, multi-planar reformatting, ice slice, and mitral valve models. So what's it good for? What do people do with their 3D data sets? For some of my colleagues it's just the ability to obtain a 3D data set and that's sort of the pinnacle of the day. For others it's what can we use it for and we can use it for a few different things. We can look at the 3D data sets in terms of understanding mechanisms so why the patient has a particular pathology. It's designed specifically to help diagnose various pathologies and those includes prolapse, clefts, the location of mitral regurgitation and the severity of mitral regurgitation. A bit about quantification so we can use it to obtain more accurate linear measurements, mitral valve area for instance and mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation being a contracted area, and models. And what do models give us? Models gives us numbers, numbers, numbers and are those numbers relevant? Well it really depends on your practice and importantly it helps guide procedural, provides procedural guidance as well. There's several good papers out there that look at the benefit of 3D and there's no question that it does provide some benefit. There's literature to support that, mostly in the location of pathology and the diagnosis of pathology. So what do we need to manipulate with our 3D data set? Well there's two groups that you can divide them into. One is using no special software and the other is using specialized software. Amongst the no special software group you can look at your 3D data set in terms of how you acquire your 3D data set, how you optimize your 3D data set. The on fast view which is sort of the described view to display your 3D data set. You can look at something called angle views and cropping. With specialized software you can look at multi-planar reformatting or reconstruction, ice slice and mitral valve models. And we're going to spend some time looking at all of these. There are several papers out there that also look at ways that you can use your 3D data set. And this is one older paper from 2009 that looks at a framework for describing how to manipulate your mitral valve models. So as we've already heard the acquisition of 3D data sets is really a trade-off between spatial, temporal and temporal resolution and size. So these are three mitral valve data sets and I think by now most people here will recognize them as being 3D data sets of the mitral valve. They're acquired from the same patient. How do you think they differ or do they differ or did I just clone all the data sets? Anybody? Any thoughts? Okay so this is, so no one likes this one. How about the other two? Any thoughts about the other two? So if you have the choice would you take data set one two or three? Two, okay. So what's the difference? Well the difference is this. This was a live acquisition of a complete valve, okay, and I did this with just the the 3D live button and it gave me a 10 Hertz frame rate. This is a zoom, okay, 13 Hertz and the last one is a full volume, okay. So again you can have a very different display depending on what your acquisition was, okay. If you want to see the actual data set I sort of cropped away a few things here but these are the real numbers that you will see. So what can you change on your data set? So we've already heard a little bit about gain, brightness, smoothing, compression, vision and chroma and these are the things and the buttons that you need to learn about on your machine. Buttons are made to be pushed, okay, seriously. When you get to your machine, understand your nombology, all right, and use it in a stressless setting. Take a 3D data set of the mitral valve and someone who has a normal mitral valve and play with that data set. See what you can do with that data set because no one's going to ask you where's the prolapse. The patient doesn't have prolapse, okay, and that's how you learn. All of us learned the experts in the room at least by exploration and it's a voyage of discovery and it really is a journey of discovery. You have to push all the buttons and say that's what that does, that's what that does, that's what that does. The clinical experts in the room are important today because they will help you with that voyage of discovery and maybe eliminate a few steps along the way, okay. But essentially you can have different changes in gain which is the top. You can have brightness which is the center or smoothing, all right, and all of those will display things slightly differently.  And you can eliminate all that by just using a different chroma map and this happens to be chroma green, okay. So there's different maps and different display versions that you can use and you have to sort of decide in your own practice what's going to be best for you. What about display? Well, Wendy was part of a paper that actually, with Roberta Lang, that actually told us this is how we should be displaying the mitral valve, okay. And we display what we call an on-fast view. And what's remarkable about this picture is that it doesn't just include the mitral valve, but it includes other structures. And those other structures are important for helping orientate a 3D volume in space, all right. So you've got the left atrial appendage here, the aortic valve here, this is a Phillips version, this is a G version, okay, different patients. But bottom line is you get the anterior leaflet, the posterior leaflet segmented. And this is the seductive nature of 3D echo. This is why we do 3D echo because we don't have much valves. And contrary to Dr. Ender, I do believe it is about making pretty pictures, okay. You could also reverse this, and we've heard a little bit about this. So this is the ability to display the mitral valve both in the on-fast view here and from the left ventricle. And this is a single button technology on a lot of the machines now. And it's important, though, to recognize that when you start rotating things, you need to know which place you're rotating. Are you doing a horizontal rotation? Are you doing a vertical rotation? Are you free rotating? So understanding how that volume is moving by the trackball is important. And this actually is a horizontal rotation, and you can see P1, P2, P3. This is P1, P2, P3 now, okay. So we've rotated around horizontal axis, and not necessarily a vertical axis. So what about angled use? And this is a paper from one of the cardiology fellows that we were involved with here at Toronto General. And what he basically said is, you know, we have the on-fast view, but what else can we do with that on-fast view? Well, if you rotate it around the Z axis, which is like the face of the clock, and we give fancy names to all of them, we can put a paper out that people actually will read and look at different pathologies. So what's the pathology in this picture? So the red arrow gives you a hint. It's pointing directly at a segment there, and that segment happens to be a P2. And if I play this, you'll see this P2 appear much more dramatically, right? So suddenly you've got P2 and you can see this is that famous cobra heads that they described for the P2 in a 2D image, right? So this looks like a cobra head. And this is looking at it. What do you notice about the cobra head? What's that little flippy thing? It's a cord, right? So this is flail, right? So this is a flail P2. And just by Z rotating around the axis, you can actually display the pathology and understand the pathology a little bit more precisely. So the other thing you can do is just look at 3D live views. I don't want to press any buttons, but 3D live on my machine, fine, okay, you can get away with that. So this is the full volume, not a full volume, but this is the entire mental valve in 3D live. And what you can do is you can use your elevational width, as happens on the epic machine, and G will have a similar product, where you can just scroll back and scroll forward. So now I've scrolled back, so I'm at A3P3. And this is this portion here, A3P3. Now I'm going to scroll forward, A2P2. And finally, the most forward, A1P1. All right, and all I've done is just slice through the mental valve by using 3D live. And if I'm looking for prolapse, I can actually tilt this so that I'm looking at it not from the left atrial point of view, but through true sagittal section. So very simply, you can look at a mental valve without using any specialized software. So we talked a little bit about the layout views. And what a voice? I'm a ventriloquist now. Okay, so this is Max's discussion about the epic. Okay, so again, you can use no specialized software and still manage to scroll through the mental valve. And, you know, if you're fortunate enough, you can hear Max's voice describing everything as you move along here. GE also has similar software. Again, you can look at sort of two orthogonal planes here through the mitral valve. And you can also, on the website, be shown how to look through the mitral valve by using these planes. So cropping. So once you have a full data set, fortunately, for the mitral valve, we usually just take the mitral valve. But it's important to understand that you do have a full data set that if you press auto crop, you get 50% of that data set more applicable perhaps to the LV volumes than the art to the mitral volumes. You can use box crop. And if you haven't done this before, it's important to learn the concept on a machine that it is a cube and you can move the faces of the cube independently and trim out the excess that you don't want. And if you're unhappy with the cube being aligned with your data set and you want a free crop, you can use something called plane crop. And that just removes a different portion of the data set. You can use iCrop, which is an adjustable box that happens to be on the Phillips machine. And again, you can adjust its boxes, rotate the box and basically display it in a 3D rendering of whatever volume you want. And again, you should play with these tools so that you can understand how to use them when they become important in describing topology. The same thing exists for GE, as we mentioned, their descriptions are view crop, parallel crop, two click crop and crop tools. And if you use GE machines, again, you should be very familiar with how these work. So what about specialized software? There's a few specialized, a bit of specialized software, you can either use 3DQ or Mitchell Valve on the Phillips machines. And what you do is get deconstruction of your 3D volume into multi-planar reformatting or reconstruction. So here it's an end systolic frame that we're using. And we're trying to again scroll through that valve to look for leaflet motion and relationship to the annulus. And again, you'll be shown how to do that if you so choose by one of the experts in the room. The blue plane represents a short axis through the valve, the red plane is often the commissure of you and the green plane represents the sagittal cut through the Mitchell valve. So again, you're looking for pathology here. And these tools help you understand pathology and the location of pathology. You can use I slice. And this is I slice. So much like you can I slice through the left ventricle and so short axis is up the left ventricle, you can also set the machine up to I slice through the Mitchell valve. And with this, you get cuts through the Mitchell valve displayed all on one screen now. Okay, and you can look at the relative pathologies here. Anybody see any pathology? A lot of pathology, right? Everything's pathological in this patient. But you can do that on a single screen now. You can also do it looking just to see where your location is on your 3d data set there. You can use specialized software with 3d models. And this is an advanced skill, I would have to say, it's sometimes not easy, but you can develop dynamics or static models and use them for quantification. So how many people use 3d Mitchell valve modeling in their practice? Okay. So you didn't raise your hand. Yeah, there's a few experts in the room that do use it. Okay, so why bother with this? And I'm hoping that you will have the time and spend the time to learn a bit about whether it's Mitchell valve and which is the Phillips product or 4d Mitchell, maybe renamed to something else now, which is the GE product, because it does give us important information. So what it has helped us learn is a bit of a Mitchell annular sort of movements and how the Mitchell valve actually works.  But now we can see it quite nicely. This is the dynamic model from the Siemens product, static models, parametric models from the Phillips product. But what we're able to show in disputably is that the Mitchell valve is saddle shaped, that it does have high and low points, that there is the concept of annular height, and that the Mitchell valve is specifically designed to reduce leaflet stress. Okay, and that's the whole design of the Mitchell valve. So to break down the models, there's actually four motions to the Mitchell annulus. We don't see that in QD. We don't see that 3D on fast. But if you, if you look at a model, there's actually this up and down motion, which if you focus here, you can see the valve moving up and down. Sure, it's moving with the ventricle and not independently like that, but it does move up and down. It also has a circumferential motion. It moves in. Okay. It moves counterclockwise, because guess what? That's how the ventricle moves and the ventricle is attached to the ventricle, the left ventricle. So it's going to move counterclockwise. And it has this concept called folding. And folding again is important because it reduces the annular stress and the leaflet stress. Okay, and this is all apparent when you start looking at models. So the bottom line is the Mitchell valve is specifically designed to be wide and short during diastole, because guess what? It wants to be open and wants to fill the ventricle and tall and narrow because it wants to be smaller during systole. So there's better leaflet acquisition and there's less regurgitation. So what can we use NPR for? Well, we can look at annular and area measurements. So this is Mitchell stenosis, seen from the left atrium, seen from the left ventricle. You can take this to NPR software and you can actually look through the narrows portion of the valve and accurately trace the valve area. Similarly, you can do this with 2DQ. You can take it to software and you can look at specifically annular measurements. Is it wrong to measure the valve area in 3D? The answer is you can do it as an estimate. Bottom line is you have to remember that it's somewhat spatially distorted so that your measurements may not be as accurate as if you took it to NPR software. There's linear measurements that you can make volume measurements that you can make in annular measurements. And all of these things are regurgitated through valve models. These are not measurements that you can specifically make all the time in 2D, though you can sometimes. So you can look at diameters and these happen to be normalized values. There aren't a lot of normalized values for 3D models out there, but you can look at diameters and leaflet lengths. You can look at things like annular height and angles, okay, such as the ordomitral angle or non-planinar angle. You can look at areas and lengths, and these are all regurgitated. The question is why bother?  And this is a paper by Lee from 2013, and they looked at pathological mitral valves here. And what they were able to show again is that you can determine the difference between, say, billowing, flail, and barlows, depending on ratios of annular height to commissure width and the billowing volumes. And you can see as the valve gets more pathological, it actually gets flatter. Okay? So again, an understanding better appreciation of pathology. It helps you predict valve repair success if your surgeons do valve repairs in terms of looking at various quantitative factors like leaflet areas, annular circumference, angles, height and volumes. And this is going to penetrate the literature more in clinical practice more as our surgeons start as a neurosurgeon start to look at this and say, look, I work at a reference center. This is what I need to know. Same thing with secondary MR. More importantly, it will predict failure. So these are the ones you shouldn't start to repair. And what we're trying to do is create not just the art of mitral valve repair, but now the science of mitral valve repair. Okay? And your surgeons may start asking for these numbers. And they may start using these numbers to guide post to whether things are going to happen or not. And I'm just going to close with 3D color. So you can use it. And it's important to use it to look for MR localization. You can take it to 3DQ software or any type of software that has multi planar reconstruction and actually trace out the year away. And you can see that year away is not circular. We calculate a physiological year away based on the number of different parameters. But now you're looking at more of an anatomical one. And it's important to be able to say this is at 16 hertz frame rate. So the better the frame rate, the more likely you have more images that you can actually use. So in summary, mitral valve 3D data sets are easy to obtain and optimize. You can use different analysis options to look at the data sets. Don't just look at the on fast view. And if you model, you can get some quantification that better defined pathology and guide treatment. And I'll close by this little vignette here and I would use this today as building block blocks for your practice. Okay, use it to say today I want to learn about whatever I already know about the mitral valve. Okay, I don't want to learn about the mitral valve. I want to learn about LB or a order whatever it is so that you can take something away. That's very concrete today. Thank you very much.


There's one thing all geeks have in common is that we love gadget bags So I'm in the case logic booth talking to Kristen Gallagher about the case logic boot bags Yeah, absolutely. It's definitely something that all gadget geeks need. We need solutions to keep our gear organized and protected and Not just need want like how many of us have 14 bags for the same problem, right? Exactly. Yeah, but definitely looking at the bags that you have and figuring out one-stop solutions So you can organize everything from your camera gear to your tablets laptops iPads things like that So finding those one-stop solutions I was telling Kristen I like case logic because the prices are good, but the products are interesting. They're not bland So they're not cheap, but they're not your you know Louis Vuitton prices or anything like that Yeah, absolutely. And what's really fun, too Is we have internal designers who have been working on new and fun color palettes and patterns for the bags So we're always looking at what's those fashion forward colors? What's going to be happening in the you know years ahead and and what are going to be those you know colors that again? Really pop for those urban commuters and people who want to have the fun tech bags and keep their gear organized I do really like that. I mean ever I looked around one day and everything I had was black And I mean I like black, but I saw some lime green here that I really liked Why don't you show us a few the products here? Yeah, absolutely Well, one of the ones I'd love to show you is this is part of the contrast series and these are the action cam Cases for the contrast series super rugged and durable. What's great about these is on the bottom of them They actually have an EVA Durabase mold. So this keeps it safe and protected from water. It's water resistant So if you're out shooting, you know different shots with your GoPro cam You can keep it safe and protected and keep the water out of your bag throw it on the ground and you're not worried about it Totally. Yep. So you can set it on the ground. It keeps it stable and sturdy Again super rugged and durable. You open this baby up and inside that pop of lime green You can easily find your gear. They have adjustable walls inside. So it's Velcro You can adjust it based on your gear and what you need It stores up to two GoPro cameras in here as well as all your accessories So the mesh pouch keeps your accessories and cords all organized Top pockets again for different lenses that you might be using or different chargers or solutions that you want to keep in The lid so no Kristen also Kristen also suggested that this might be a better solution than my eye-shaving kit for my My mirrorless camera, right? Yeah, exactly We took a look at the shaving kit bag and we decided that maybe it was time to upgrade It might it might be time But I've been just holding off till I found the right bag and this looks like a really nice contender Yeah, no, absolutely. Definitely durable and a better solution than a shaving kit bag So I see these get bigger. You've got a giant bag up there. What's that one? Yeah, absolutely. So if you're an avid photographer and you need some storage for your DSLR camera as well as your different lenses There's a lot of different solutions for that in the contrast collection as well This is the contrast collection with the lime green. We've got we've got entire back. Yeah entire backpacks down there Wow, yeah, this is definitely the bag for all of your gear if you're an avid photographer Stores a lot of different lenses again easy access from the top One of the innovative features in the contrast series collection is a hammock sling So your DSLR camera actually never touches the sides or bottom of the case Oh, nice suspended in there and keeps it safe and protected from the top right out of the top Exactly from the top you can also store two of your favorite lenses You can store different accessories and filters in the top and then throughout the bag, too You have all additional lens storage as well Wow, this stuff is really pretty and I like I think I can definitely tell a lot of engineering design thought has gone into it Yeah, no, absolutely and testing these bags to taking them out into the field talking with photographers What do you need? What types of carrying solutions? Do you want and that helps us to the problems you have with what you have now exactly and that helps us create solutions like this Where you're like, yeah, I'm carrying around my gear. It's super heavy. I need extra padding in the back This is mesh padding that is actually breathable So, you know as you're on the go and and this also sets it off your back. So you don't get all sweaty. Absolutely Well, unfortunately, we're running out of time here, but there are a million different things just in this booth here How can people find out more about case logic case logic comm great? Thank you very much


What do you see when you imagine the future? When we picture what's to come, we often think of innovations that take us to new heights. Some of them are already here, and every day, thousands more make the jump from our imagination into reality. Nowhere is this more evident than here in Japan. Earth industrial revolution technologies are fundamentally transforming the way we do things. All this is happening so fast, and we must do more than just keep up. These emerging technologies open up boundless possibilities of what our future could look like. Technology is not a simple solution to our problems. It poses questions that we need to answer and guidelines we need to write together. That's why we're all here, a global event hosted by Japan that brings together the world's leading voices across disciplines and geographies. How technology will shape our tomorrow depends on the choices we make today, and that starts now. Good afternoon and good morning to those joining us from Asia. It's my great pleasure to welcome you to the World Economic Forum's inaugural Global Technology Governance Summit hosted by Japan. To start off our summit, we'll turn to a special address from Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide. I am Suga Yoshihide, the Prime Minister of Japan. Executive Chairman Swabh, distinguished attendees, I offer my wholehearted congratulations on this occasion of this Global Technology Governance Summit of the World Economic Forum today. I understand that government and business leaders from around the world are all coming together in this summit, which will serve as a venue for discussion leading to the societal implementation of digital technologies focused firmly on the post-COVID-19 era. I consider this to be a very timely forum indeed. The world over, the battle against COVID-19 is still raging. Yet, what has accelerated all in one stroke during this time is digital transformation. At the same time, our recent experiences have highlighted various challenges, including sluggishness in digital transformation in both administrative service and the private sector. I have redoubled my belief that it is only through a boldly pressing forward with digital transformation that we can succeed in reshaping Japan. Being able to take care of wide-range procedures without setting foot in government office, being able to have a same kind of job and lifestyle in the countryside as you can live in a city. That is the kind of society we are aiming for as to accelerate our reform all at once, aiming to create the world's most advanced digital society where everyone can enjoy utmost benefit of digital transformation. I believe that as we work to make this a reality, there are three roles that governments should play in the digital age. The first of these is for the government itself to take a bold step forward by making digital investment. In September this year, we will establish an agency in charge of digital transformation as a symbol of and a control tower for reform. This agency will overcome bureaucratic sectionalism and take the lead in the digital transformation of the entire country as a powerful organization with strong overall coordinating function. In a budget of 300 billion yen in its inaugural fiscal year over the next five years, we will also unify and standardize the system used by local governments. Furthermore, we will maintain company-related information and other basic data, a so-called base registry and advance the sharing, utilization and application of data. At the same time, the viewpoint of leave no one behind is essential for reforms brought about through digital technology and we will be sure to give consideration to accommodate those who are averse to the digital world. In Japan, a country which is also at the very forefront of dealing with the issue of a declining birth rate in aging population in order to create a society that leaves no one behind, we intend to make the greatest possible use of the power of technology. The second role of government is to prepare a sound competitive environment. Working in cooperation with other countries, we will advance our domestic legal structure and promote bold investment in innovation by industry. The third role of government is to contribute to shaping the international order. While internationally we do see data protectionism, what lies in the background to that is a lack of trust. In order for all countries to reap the benefits of the digital economy equally, I believe now is the time to create the rules that will bring concrete shape to the data-free flow with trust that Japan has been advocating. We will also contribute to the preparation of guidelines on smart cities, discussions on basic principles regarding the use of robotic automation and other matters. Coupled with this digitalization, another driving force putting Japan's economy back onto a growth trajectory post-COVID-19 will be green initiatives. Last year, I declared that by 2050, Japan will realize a carbon-neutral society. Working towards this, we will mobilize truly all possible measures as we promote bold investment and innovation by private companies, engendering a changeover in our industrial structure and vigorous growth. In addition, Japan will announce an ambitious 2030 target by COP26, through joint research developing international standards, infrastructure cooperation and other endeavors, we will deepen our collaboration with other countries and promote global decarbonization. In closing, I wish to express my high hopes that through the discussions held at this summit, social demonstrations of new technologies will make progress leading to the resolution of social issues. Thank you very much for your kind attention. Thank you, Prime Minister, for your inspiring remarks and for spotlighting the importance of data in the Forthness Revolution. Now technology in the 4IR is no longer something distinct from the human experience. In contrast, our interactions with technology shape the entire fabric of society, sometimes overtly, but often in ways that are so subtle that they're almost invisible. The very concept of what it means to be a human is mediated by our increasingly fluid engagement with technology, and in some cases, the separation between who we are online and who we are in real life is so blurry it's almost meaningless. At the same time, for the 3.4 billion people in the world with no access to the internet, technology can still feel distant and there remains untapped potential for solving real world problems, so it makes sense that the use and governance of technology is something we should be paying very close attention to. Now, of course, we must consider the pandemic. The pandemic has accelerated technological change and the world is a different place than it was even a year ago. We have a chance to reinvent the way we operate in this new context, everything from government services, education and health care to the way business interacts with and provides value to its customers. The roles of the private sector, public sector, civil society, media, academia in shaping this landscape have never been more critical or more undefined. Technology governance refers to the systems and processes that underline the creation, deployment and use of technology. How do we ensure that governance models are accelerating benefit and mitigating risk? How do we move away from siloed thinking to an intersectional approach that considers technology across industry verticals and across geographies? And how do we ensure that our regulations and policies both spur creative and beneficial innovation while ensuring that we don't exacerbate existing social inequalities or, even worse, exploit vulnerable populations? Technology governance needs to take into account all of these considerations and many more. To help us explore these exciting but complicated topics, we're joined today by a panel of distinguished guests. The Honorable Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister in charge of the Smart Nation Initiative of Singapore. Susan Wojcicki, the Chief Executive Officer of YouTube. Executive Chairman of Petachi, Mr. Nakanishi, who is also a member of the Forum's International Business Council. And of course, the panel would not be complete without Mark Benioff, Chair and CEO of Salesforce and a member of the Board of Trustees of the Forum. Welcome to you all and thank you for joining us. To kick us off, I wanted to acknowledge that there's a lot of criticism these days about technology, much of which is fair. But also, there have been huge advances in the past year alone. So I thought we'd start on a positive note and I'll turn it to you, Mark, first. What are you most optimistic about when it comes to the technology landscape? Well, thank you, Sheila, and also, thank you so much to our Prime Minister, Sudassan, because we are just at an incredible moment today that I think that we can deeply embrace. And I'll tell you, I had an inflection point myself, which really occurred in Davos 2020 and really got accelerated by digital Davos this year. And it's around the environment. We've been working on the fourth industrial revolution now for quite a few years. We built this network through the World Economic Forum of these amazing fourth industrial revolution centers all over the world. And we've seen phenomenal progress and advancement in accelerating technology around so many key areas. One area that has really grabbed me is climate change. It's really become my number one priority. And let me tell you, you saw that in that Davos 2020, I created and found it something called 1T.org that we launched at the conference that has been embraced by the World Economic Forum. That's the 1 trillion tree initiative that we're going to plant. 1 trillion trees to sequester over 200 gigatons of carbon. And I've been so impressed with how so many companies and countries have embraced it. In fact, just a couple of weeks ago, Canada announced that they're going to plant 2 billion trees. So thank you, Canada. But the other thing that occurred besides 1T.org at Davos 2020 was uplink. We created a platform and a partnership between Salesforce and Deloitte and the World Economic Forum to provide a kind of a digital convening capability for the world's ecopreneurs. Ecopreneurs are entrepreneurs who are dedicated to improving the environment. And over 10,000 ecopreneurs have now come into uplink. And as I've been able to spend time in uplink and look at what's happening, I've never seen such exciting innovation. They're taking the fourth IR, the four IR, the fourth less revolution. And they're creating the five IR, which is they're changing and improving the state of the world. It's incredible. And I think we can now ask ourselves this question, how do we create global carbon markets and therefore sequester even additional 100 gigatons of carbon with these million ecopreneurs who are ending up in uplink? That's what I'd like to see over the next decade. How do we accelerate our march towards reducing the impact of climate change? You've heard it in the Prime Minister's remarks. The Prime Minister, Prime Minister Suga has been deeply committed and amazing. Because he is really in the job now only a few weeks. But one of the very first things Prime Minister Suga did, he said, we're going to net zero faster in Japan than ever before. So thank you to him and thank you to the Japanese people for this incredible commitment. When we think about climate change, we think about it on four elements. Emission reduction, how do we just admit less? Two, how do we sequester? That is, how do we grab the carbon that's already out in the environment? And there's about only a couple hundred gigatons since the first industrial revolution and bring it back down. And three, how do we educate people on lifestyle practices to reduce climate change? And four, how do we create new innovation and move things forward? This is really talking about addressing the four types of carbons in the world, the green carbons, the blue carbons, the brown carbons and the green carbons. The trees, the oceans, the soils, and of course, just being able to grab that carbon and solidify it like we see by companies like Climarchs, which is an amazing company in Singapore, very close to Ushua, who is now doing this amazing work grabbing the carbon. We look at amazing company like Silvia Terra. They're actually using biometricians and satellites and AI to quantify biodiversity and preserve it. You see amazing companies in the 4IR like Planet Labs, who has created these low hanging satellites that can quantify carbon and methane from satellite. We've just never had that capability before or Heliogen, who's using solar technology to create green hydrogen. All of these things just kind of accelerate this idea that we can use technology to improve the state of the world, that we can be carbonized. We can address overfishing. We can look at reforestation. We can really use biometricians to understand our world in a new way using these new technologies. And all of these things give me this hope and optimism that we can use technology to improve the state of the world. So I especially want to thank Klaus Schwab for really addressing this and also accelerating our work to thinking about this real multi-stakeholder dialogue, because when we think about what Prime Minister Suga just said in regards to accelerating our path to net zero. When we think about this idea of how do we use the fourth industrial revolution to accelerate our progress forward. But we have to think about CO2 is the number one issue on the planet today. How do we address climate change? Thank you, Shaya. Thanks so much, Mark. I really appreciate that. And the reminder that ESG, we talk about these metrics sometimes. And that's really a critical underpinning of the 4IR and the opportunity for us to harness data and these technologies in ways that can make the world more sustainable. So Minister, I'd love to turn to you now and get your thoughts on what's giving you energy and keeping you optimistic. Well, thanks, Sheila. I think COVID-19 has been a tragedy. But also in the midst of this tragedy, I see some green, green shoots. And let me just give you a couple of reasons why I'm optimistic. First, on the political front, I think we are at an inflection point when all over the world, politicians will now have to roll out a program for a greener world, as what Mark has just evangelized. A fairer world and a smarter world. And if you think of it in those terms, COVID-19 did not invent or create new technology. In fact, many of those technological technologies, rather, were already available. But what it's done is to really turbo-charge the innovation and the use of that technology. And I can just give you some examples from Singapore perspective. Today, 95% of all government transactions in Singapore are conducted online, which means there's no paper, there's no signature, and it's cashless. Now, in the past, we would have to have to push a string to get to this kind of figures. Today, that's pulled. Another example, because of this need for information and accurate information, we launched a government.sg1SAP channel, and now it's gone over a million subscribers. Every day, messages go out and it reaches effectively to the entire population who's interested and who wants to read it. Not because we push it, but because they need it. Another example in Singapore, because of the need for contact tracing, we were able very quickly to spin out a blow-toed proximity-detecting system for contact tracing. And today, it has shortened our contact tracing time from what used to take a four-day process. Today is a one-and-a-half-day process. So it's made a difference, a real difference. So we just look at it this way. There's always a silver lining to a cloud. And COVID-19 has been a catalyst, has been a stress test of our competence, capability, technology, and social capital. And it has also, as Mark has alluded to earlier, been a reminder that we do need a more resilient, a more sustainable, and a better world. So there are green shoots of hope. Thank you so much, minister. It's so important and challenging in a time of this tragedy to remember that as we pull out, as the world starts to move ahead, there are a lot of lessons that we need to take forward. And some of those you highlighted so well. Thank you so much. Susan, I'd love to turn to you now and get a read from you on what you find most exciting about the technology landscape. Sure. Well, first of all, thank you so much, Sheila. And thank you so much to Prime Minister Suga for hosting the Global Technology Governance Summit. And as was mentioned beforehand, COVID-19 has definitely changed our lives in so many different ways. And we certainly saw an acceleration of a lot of trends that we had beforehand, but that, due to the online lives that we all are living now, really accelerated those. And two of them that I'm most optimistic about, and I believe will really have important long-term impacts for the world are education, learning. I see you two playing a real role there. And the other one is job creation. And then I'll also just say, I don't see this directly with my work, but I also believe that there will be huge innovation in medical and the way that we do early detection as well as drug discovery and other core areas. So with regard to learning, I'll just start there. So I think about YouTube as being a global public video library, which is accessible to anyone who has an internet connection and any kind of device. And if you think about YouTube, what we have is the ability to learn pretty much anything you wanted to learn, whether it's a language, a musical instrument, hear a talk from a university on a topic, get trained for a skill. And whenever I meet people and they learn that I'm the CEO of YouTube, they almost always tell me some personal story about how they learned something or how they were able to fix something in their house if they didn't think they could do. And so I really see that as we roll out more devices and continue to grow this library, the ability for people all over the world to have access to information that they never would have had beforehand and be able to enrich their lives in new and different ways. And we certainly have seen that during the pandemic. So there was this episode study that said that over 75% of people used YouTube during the past year to learn something new. And unfortunately due to the pandemic, we all had a lot of new things to learn. So I see, I am very optimistic that we will continue to be able to further and grow human capital as a result. I think the other thing that I see from running YouTube is just the opportunity to offer new and different points of views that we wouldn't have heard from before and tell stories that just would not have been told. So I remember when I was a kid and I was growing up, there were just a couple of channels on TV. I don't wanna say how many, but it was small. They fit on a dial and you would just turn that dial and maybe the largest channel I ever went to was like a double digit number like 44. And now we look at YouTube and we have millions and millions of channels. And so what that means is that people can explore so many new topics. But also you can see a large variety of different points of view that you never would have heard beforehand. So there are a lot of underrepresented groups. You get to have the global perspective. We have seniors who are creating channels. We have like pasta grannies from Italy. We have Korea grandma who started her career at 70. I actually think we have a creator who started her career at almost over a hundred with her granddaughter. So it's just amazing to see the points of view and it's a large diversity of content that otherwise never would have been available. And I really hope going forward we'll continue to see that to grow. So we also pay out the majority of revenue to our creators and what paid out over $30 billion over the last three years to artists, creators and media companies. And so every creator is a next generation media company. That's what I call them. They have a global audience. They have a brand. A lot of times they have other product. And so really continuing to grow the next generation of media companies to make them successful. And also so many people who benefit from those points of view of hearing from people that are not like them. Like I just did an event with Molly Burke. She's a blind fashion YouTube creator and she talks about being blind but she also has so much great fashion and lifestyle information. And so this is an example of someone that we probably would not have seen with traditional media. And then lastly, I just say medical. I'm super excited just personally of the opportunities. I can't wait to see all the drug discovery and early detection and work that comes out of applying technologies, AI, better drug discovery or detection that I think will make a huge difference and help people to be able to live longer healthier lives. So thank you. I'm looking forward to the discussion. Yeah, there's so much happening. I feel inspired just hearing about all the different opportunities. Nakanishi-san, I'm really eager to explore your reactions to the previous comments and to really understand if you think things are different in Japan given the context there and what your views are. Yes, that's I clearly remember the five years ago that is 2016. At that times the same type of the discussion we had. The so many that people get together that some of them come from the technology companies. The other is the human rights politicians and the others comes from the very severe analysis of the digital technology for the military use or those kind of things get together. And the final goal of the post-industrial revolution is that's the very complicated discussions. The sum of them is that please remind that some of the no human beings can be controlled by the digital world. But now at that times the Japan decided to set up the technology and science basic plan for five years that was already devised this year. But at that time the Japan proposed the society 5.0 all the digital technology is to be the great potential base for the improving of the social issues. That is quite unique for that. The digitization cannot be stopped by anybody and they're going forward every day. But now how to utilize those kinds of the technology to solve the real social issues. That is a very key point for the futures. So the meanings of the GTGS Tokyo is also that this we would like to emphasize those kinds of discussion based on such a digital transformations or so anyway. That's my basic standing point. I myself background is computer designers and also system designs. Those kinds of very enjoyable jobs I had. But now that those kind of technological outlook is to go through more in a clear purpose for the society. How can solve the old humankind issues? I'm in that point. I'm very much optimistic for the future that's the background of this GTGS. I believe so. Thank you. Thank you so much Nakanishi-san. We've heard about everything from climate, the oceans, learning, media, fashion, the creator economy, government services. It seems very clear that if we want to achieve the greener fair or smarter world that you mentioned, Minister Balakrishnan we are gonna have to work together. But I'm curious to understand and maybe I'll turn to you first minister. How do you think about technology governance? What does that mean to you as a leader when it comes to thinking about how we might move some of these concepts forward and move kind of the benefit, accelerate the benefit and mitigate risk around the use of technology? What does governance mean to you? Well, I think you look behind the technology. The key political and social issue is trust. Do people understand it? Do people believe that it is being used for their good? Do people appreciate or have confidence that the data which is really what we are all contributing is used appropriately, is not abused? So there's a whole key question about trust that needs to be answered. The second dimension is about utility, meaning does this system or does the technology behind the system actually work and actually deliver? And again, as I said earlier, COVID-19 has been a stress test of this. And that brings us in turn to the need for governance, for an ethical framework that access the foundation for the policies, the programs, the projects and the legislation that government pass. So I would just highlight a few of these dimensions. What do others think? Certainly there's a focus on ethics, removal of bias, making sure that there are not just trusted systems but trust worthy systems. I'd be curious to hear from others about your thoughts on why governance matters and how it can help affect some of these goals. Anyone who wants to jump in? Well, I think one of the areas that you can get very excited about is the work of the World Economic Forum, IBC and the SDGs and the SDG reporting that's happening. Some of the world's largest companies have now committed to being fully transparent in their reporting of some of the most important sustainable development goals, not just their carbon reporting, but even equal pay. Other critical aspects of running companies to fit in terms of the kind of the worldview that you just started articulated or as Nakanishi has talked about, society 5.0. But the idea that CEOs are now willing to commit to this transparent reporting, I think that's a very exciting progress. All right, Susan? Yeah, no, I definitely agree with that too, Mark. And I mean, I think there's been a lot of discussion about technology and governance and a lot of times media has been part of that so I can give some of my perspectives, which is that we work very closely with governments all around the world and I believe it's critical that we continue to do so. We've certainly seen as technology has played a more important role, a significant rise in the interest of governments and a significant rise in the number of bills and there already are very significant number of governance that we exist and I believe there'll be a lot more going forward. But there are also a lot of challenges. So first of all, I see a lot of issues around speech and what should or should not be allowed on platforms, for example. And that's a really tough area. Now, certainly countries pass certain laws and we comply with all the laws that the different countries pass, but a lot of times there's content that is legal but could be seen as harmful and it's hard for governments to necessarily find the right way to regulate it. It also is content that can change very quickly. Like we just saw that with COVID-19 with a number of different types of misinformation. It would be hard for governments all around the world to all pass different regulations about that and have compliance. It's really quick too at the same time. So there's this category of content that I would say is content that is technically legal but could be harmful. And that's where we've put a lot of time to try to make sure we put the right policies in place. It is challenging when governments all pass different rules and we have a patchwork of different products. Like I think it'd be strange if YouTube operated differently in every country depending upon the different policies there. But what we have seen that has been really effective is first of all, continuing to work with governments but also different organizations when they come together. So one of them, an example would be GIFCT for example, which is an organization that works to fight violent extremism that's funded by governments. It has a lot of experts. That's an example of where you really can get a good coalition to be able to come up with how do we handle this tough topic but do so globally and do it in a consistent way. We've also seen that with technology coalition with regard to children, the right policies there. And so I'm very supportive of coming up with organizations that can be global, that can span industry as well as governments have experts and come up with the ways for us to be able to better manage some of these tough questions. And so I'm looking forward to more collaboration in the future and hopefully setting up more organizations like these that can help us address some of the toughest issues that we face. You know, I think there's, you make such a great point about the patchwork. Sometimes there are regulations that companies do have to navigate as they look around the world and nowhere is that more true than really in the data kind of space. And part of that is rooted in different cultural notions of concepts like privacy, for example. There are different understandings of what privacy is and different expectations of that around the world. Some of which eventually become codified in regulation. When we're talking about the magnitude of the kinds of problems that we are trying to solve, right? As technologists, climate change, learning access, new financial systems, the unbanked, like all these big, huge kind of societal problems. How do we look to create a global understanding about some of these concepts? So how do we encourage partnerships that can really move forward with that concept that these are all, these are problems that we face around the world while we may have a different lens on them, ultimately, we do need to be cooperating in order to really see movement. Thoughts on that? Mark, I'd love to hear from you on the contest. Oh, please, Nakanishi-san, first. Then Mark, over to you to talk about maybe the oceans and how we think about this context. Anyway, that digitalization is a great thing, a tool for analyzing or recognizing of what is happening in the world. And the share of the view pointed out so many issues to be solved, but those kinds of issues is so integrated and not independent items. So the other, you know, that those two facts is a very clear evidence of the technology progress is one of the future of humankind. That's the starting point of this, but simultaneously, the minister already pointed out that trust is one of the key word to setting up the how to utilize of those kinds of data and how to make a clear path to utilize of the data to recognize of the world is happening and then how to build up the trust. The trust is a very wide range of the world, not only the digital world, but of course, the digitalization is a very powerful so it's a very important concept for the futures. So the other, you know, GTGS is very important, the how to govern of the trust buildings, that from the viewpoint of the business activities, the building trust is one of the starting point of the to setting up the business environment. But now those kinds of the past is not so clear yet. That's how we have to discuss how to setting up the next past to building up the trust. There is a very simple communication channels and how to making a more secure and safer the major benefits of those kinds of things is the very important to the discussion target. That's the GTGS, the major issues. The recently that the Japanese government, the staffs that are part of the Center for Horses of the Industrial Revolution in Japan is to build to propose of the white paper to build up those kinds of the trust building approach. Those kinds of discussion will be the very much the important target setting for this GTGS. That's, I believe so. Those kinds of discussions are very much welcome to do it. Thank you. Thank you. Mark, did you want to comment? Well, I think when you like to bring it down to some like a specific example, and I think that everyone on this panel agrees we need to take better care of our oceans. And I know we're all very worried about the extinction motion with whales and dolphins. We want to stop killing whales. We want to stop killing dolphins. And we especially want to stop it through inadvertent ship strikes. That is ships have never moved faster or more efficiently. And as they go through high traffic areas you're much more likely to have a strike of a whale than ever before. Now by using technology developed by the University of California, Santa Barbara and you can actually see this today. It's a great example of the four IR it's whalesafe.com. It's a project between UCSB, the World Economic Forum and our own ocean initiative. And by using artificial intelligence combined with audio technology combined with drone technology we're able to identify where the whales are and where the ships are and notify ship captains before those strikes occur. And it's a very exciting development. It's already been deployed in Santa Barbara. You can try it yourself. But it's really the example of how technology can improve very significant problems that we have in the world. And I think as we look to make everything go further we can just kind of start to take what are those pieces of the four IR that we like and apply them to these very complex problems. And it's these ecopreneurs like for example Doug McCauley at the University of California, Santa Barbara who's created this amazing whalesafe.com system. This is a tremendous advancement. And I think that we can encourage this. It's one of the reasons I'm so excited about Uplink. Thank you. And we talk a lot of the form about systems thinking. And I think we have a new understanding in the post pandemic world of the global public comments. And Mark I think the work you cited about oceans is an example of how we've always somewhat thought about the oceans as a public comments that legally in terms of maritime law is actually legally how the oceans are governed. The jurisdiction there flows quite fluidly. But we're now thinking I think about other things like access to medicine, vaccines, these kinds of things the internet itself as also having elements of the global public comments. And I think that leads the way or the path forward to a really new way of approaching technology governance. I'm thinking about this in a more systemic way as opposed to each technology being governed independently within its own silo within its own sector. And so I'm curious if there are thoughts on global public comments or digital public infrastructure these concepts that are coming in at more and more and how you think they intersect with technology governance and move the world to a more cooperative model. Perhaps minister I'll turn to you. I have suspected you when it's... Yes. You know it struck me when you mentioned global public comments. And if you think about sustainability the term that comes to mind is the tragedy of the comments. Right. And the point there is that this idea that there's this inexhaustible source of goodness out there just waiting to be tapped and harvested at will really isn't fit for purpose. Now I'm going to be a slightly provocative because I'm hoping to actually insight to Mark and Susan to come back at me. If you... We are now at a point in which the digital world is merging with the real world. And in the real world you would not accept the concept that anything goes or trust us we know what we're doing or that there's no regulations and that there are no limits whether it's limits fishing or limits to the type of speech or the purpose behind which sometimes even hate speech or divisive speech is useful. So if we accept the hypothesis that we're now merging the digital world with the real world then the question arises whether many of those foundational myths which the internet as we know it was created actually needs a reset and a reboot. And by that I'm really referring to the politics of it, the policy, the legislation and how we come to terms with this new technology. I mean the key thing as Susan has said is if you look at YouTube, the volume, the sheer scale of material being generated, the speed, the fact that it's distributed at the speed of light and the diversity of it all. I don't think in the real world we've actually adapted ourselves for something on this scale. So we have a scale problem which we need to deal with. And I just want to leave it there and see how Mark and Susan would come back at me on that. Mark or Susan? I mean, I would say that I agree certainly that we've seen how the internet has matured and grown. And I mean, I've been working in the internet for 23 years now. And so if I look at what it was like when I first started versus what it is today, of course it's vastly different. Like I wouldn't have been here 23 years ago. Nobody would have wanted it. No one at Weft probably would have, it wouldn't have necessarily been relevant. But today it is. And but I also want to just push back on this idea that anything goes or there's no limits. I 100% agree with you that there are limits and not everything goes. So I'm agreeing with you, but I'm disagreeing that we would have a policy or philosophically say that that would be okay. And if I look at the number of policies that we've had to put in place over the last, I don't know, I'm just gonna say the last four years and the work that we've done there is tremendous. And the reason that we can operate at scale and that we can operate at the level that we can have a global video library is because of technology. Ironically, like this technology is enabled because of AI. So we use AI to be able to manage and make sure that all the uploads that we have are meeting in our compliant with all the different policies that we have put in place. And we're actually able to remove and identify on all those videos very, very quickly because we have that technology. So, but what happens is there'll be a lot of content that governments and us will all agree. Of course, this is content that shouldn't be allowed. Anything that a government passes and says is illegal, we will not have on its platform. But I do believe there are a lot more conversations that need to happen about how we work together in some of these more gray areas where content is legal but is potentially harmful. And there what we try to do is we try to work with experts to be able to try to understand what are the philosophies or what are the approaches that we can come up with. And I mean, I would love it if there was a global group that came up with a number of different maybe philosophies or processes in terms of where they think some of those limits are and we could work to try to interpret them and what that would actually mean for our platform. But right now, we work with governments individually that's and sometimes there's a lot of differences. So we do our best to both explain the technology, work with them to show how we are either in compliance or working to be so. And we care deeply about our communities, about the users, the impact that we have. And a lot of times I find that these questions are complicated, they're more complicated. The more you dig into them, the more complicated they turn out to be. And they have all these unintended consequences. And so I just think there needs to be a lot more discussion between companies and platforms and technology and government. So they understand and we can make the best decisions together to keep our community safe. I was just in Singapore twice over the last six months and it's an amazing country. It's handled the pandemic incredibly well. The government should be incredibly proud of how they have been able to keep the virus at bay there and using aggressive information technology like contact tracing, like we heard is probably one of the most advanced contact tracing systems in the world today. One of the probably greatest challenges for Singapore today is really becoming that zero. And what we're really looking for is, I don't know the exact numbers, but I think that Singapore emits about 50 million tons of CO2 a year. So when I was there, I had an opportunity to speak to the government. And one thought that was in my mind is how can Singapore create a carbon bank maybe with Australia or maybe with another country that has scaled ecosystems to preserve the amount of biodiversity needed to really sequester those 50 million tons. Today, you don't really think about that when you're in Singapore. It's very much, you're encapsulated in the country, but I think the way to think about carbon emissions and sequestration, emission reduction, education and innovation, like I said, those four key elements of reducing those 50 million tons is to think about a relationship with biodiversity and that Singapore can come in and preserve and conserve and help to innovate around creating a carbon bank where it can store that carbon and say we are in that zero country and here is the evidence. And I think we can do that today. I think that with the power of biometricians, the people who are actually able to quantify these levels of biodiversity and have a clear addressable issue like how do we reduce Singapore's emissions? This can be addressed. So when we think about scale, I think that this is an area where we have to think aggressively about scale because I'm sure the minister, and I know the prime minister as well, wanna get to net zero as fast as possible, just like we just heard from Prime Minister Suga. So this is, I think, the right way to think about it. How are we gonna do that? Yeah, well, I'll give you one minute, minister, to respond and then I'm gonna have to unfortunately wrap us up from this fascinating conversation. Minister, please. Well, thanks Mark, I mean, you know us well. You know how tiny we are. We are a city-state, imagine Manhattan being independent. But yet in this tiny rock, one third of it is covered in trees. There's more biodiversity in Singapore than the entire continental United States. And because we are low-lying, we are extremely vulnerable to climate change. So this is something we take seriously. It's not a debating point. The key point which you have raised is that Singapore has to be part of a global planetary ecosystem. And that's why, you know, we've introduced things like the carbon tax, we're looking for the development of carbon markets globally. We're looking to deploy the latest and the best technology to make this place a greener, fairer, and smarter place. So this is an exciting moment driven both out of need as well as opportunity. So there's a lot more that I need to take up with you, Mark, on your next breakdown. And Susan, I think I wanted to affirm your point on the critical need to have this conversation and to do it in a transparent way which generates public confidence. Thank you. Thank you so much, Minister. And thank you to all of our panelists for joining us today. The Global Technology Governance Summit continues and you will be hearing more of the need and articulated concepts around cooperation, whether that's globally, whether it's how we think across our silos, the places where we've all landed, whether that's an industry vertical, whether it's a particular cultural point of view, it's so important now more than ever that we're working together. So thank you so much to everyone for attending and we look forward to seeing you over the course of the next few days.


I'm Lucy and in this second part video I'm going to show you a hand trick to find those exact trig values that you need to know. So the angles from part one were 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90. We're going to use those same angles but a different trick this time rather than that table of values.  To make this work you just need to remember to square root the number of fingers and divide by 2.  So sine 30 is square root 1 divided by 2 because there's only one finger underneath which simplifies to a half. If we wanted sine 90 degrees you'd bend down your 90 degree thumb and so you have four fingers underneath. So sine 90 is square root of 4 divided by 2 which simplifies to 1. What would sine 60 be? Work out the answer and click here when you're ready to check. Did you get square root 3 divided by 2? For cos we just count the fingers above instead of the ones below. So for cos 60 bend down your 60 finger and count the fingers above 1 so cos 60 is square root 1 divided by 2 which simplifies to a half. What would cos 90 be? Work out the answer and click here when you're ready to check. Did you get 0 degrees? Bend down your 90 degree thumb and there are no fingers above so root 0 divided by 2 is 0. Finally tan. For tan we still count fingers but there is just one extra little twist. The same as for sine and cos bend down the angle finger so let's find tan 60. Let's bend down our 60 degree finger and we've got one cosine finger above and three sine fingers below. For tan we flip our hand over and we have three sine fingers above and the one cosine below so tan is square root fingers over square root fingers so square root 3 over square root 1 which simplifies to root 3. What would tan 30 be? Work out the answer and click here when you're ready to check. Did you get square root 1 divided by square root 3 which would simplify to 1 over root 3? You have a really easy way of remembering those exact values. We use our hand with a special angle 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 and just remember the sine and cos it's root fingers divided by 2. Sine is root fingers below the bent finger and cos is root finger above the bent finger and for tan you just flip it over and it's root fingers divided by root fingers.