Thank you very much Mr. Speaker. Good afternoon to colleagues and persons who are glued to the television sets and whatever other devices that they may be using watching the proceedings across the diaspora. Mr. Speaker, it is with a feeling of utmost confidence, one of fulfillment of total accomplishment that I stand in this honourable house to make my contribution to this discourse on the estimates of 2024-2025. It is an emotion which has every ounce of support I can probably muster, Mr. Speaker, and the estimates which prove beyond any doubt that this good country of ours is being managed far better than what obtained between 2016 and 2021. Within that period, Mr. Speaker, I dare say we were on a path of financial destruction, but before delving into what the business of the day is, Mr. Speaker, I am confronted with the compunction to take a cursory glance at some peripheral issues that from time immemorial have guided the proceedings of this August chamber within the confines of which ought to be the emphatic supposition that this chamber contains honourable men and women. Please permit me to do so, Mr. Speaker, as your indulgence is craved in that regard. We were here on Tuesday, Mr. Speaker, Tuesday morning to be exact, and the Standing Finance Committee met to review the estimates. The evening that ensued, the Prime Minister delivered his address, an address which in a nutshell was an extraction from the estimates with which we were provided at least eight credits before. I will go further to say, Mr. Speaker, that there was absolutely nothing said by the Prime Minister that could not have been found in the estimates. So the question as to why you need the Prime Minister's speech to rebut a book that you had in your possession for eight days just cannot seem to find justification in my mind. But you know, Mr. Speaker, when we expect honourable men to follow a custom, like the leader of the opposition responding immediately after the Prime Minister, when that is breached, anything can be breached. In fact, we've grown accustomed, Mr. Speaker, of things no longer being accustomed inside of this house. For five years, this house operated without a deputy speaker, Mr. Speaker. When this house first convened after the general election of 2016, the question was asked to the then Prime Minister, why was this blatant transgression of the constitution, which mandates that parliament is convened within 30 days after the holding of a general election. A certain degree of sarcasm, he responded that the constitution led no sanctions. And this is the environment, Mr. Speaker, in which we operate. But all of a sudden, Mr. Speaker, all of a sudden, certain persons have become constitutional experts. They have become constitutional experts because it suits the narrative so to do. But this is hypocrisy of the highest order. Mr. Speaker, there is a Latin term that goes named that non-quad habit. It basically means that one cannot give and for purposes of the estimates, one cannot spend what he or she does not have. And as we navigate the figures contained in the estimates, Mr. Speaker, and others prior, because you see it is necessary to juxtapose the estimates of today to the estimates of yesterday, because yesterday's behavior is what determines what happens today. And so, Mr. Speaker, as we navigate the estimates of this year and other financial years prior, a very and extremely promising picture is painted for the future of this great country of ours. Mr. Speaker, if we take a look at our recurrent expenditure for a number of years and compare with our recurrent revenue for those years, you will see a very gloomy picture painted between 2016 and 2021. And from there on, when the driver of this economic truck was changed or economic car was changed, you will see a closure in the gap and a much, much better performance. Mr. Speaker, as the estimates will show and I will point you to, this country is undoubtedly on the path of recovery. The country is beginning to breathe a sigh of relief, relief that was very much needed and to illustrate, Mr. Speaker, the estimates of this upcoming financial year, we will look at it and juxtapose, like I said, Mr. Speaker, to have a better or full understanding of the mismanagement that occurred between 2016 and 2021. And the path of recovery on which the country found itself when there was this glorious day on our calendar labeled July 26, 2021. Mr. Speaker, I can go as far back as the financial year 2016-2017.  Financial year 2017-2018, our recurrent revenue, Mr. Speaker, was $1.073 billion, while our recurrent expenditure increased to $1.15 billion. Again, a shortfall of $78 million of recurrent expenditure over recurrent revenue. Mr. Speaker, we go to the financial year of 2018-2019. The country generated $1.69 billion in revenue. But again, for that very year, there was an increase in recurrent expenditure to $1.268 billion, further widening the deficit gap between revenue and expenditure. That gap, Mr. Speaker, by 2018-2019, a mere two years after the last government assumed office had almost increased by $100 million. Yes, Mr. Speaker, that was what they were doing. They were spending much more than they were making. And I remember they were saying, Mr. Speaker, don't talk to so-and-so because he spends money like a child that has never seen toys. I wouldn't quote the author, neither would I quote whoever that statement was targeted at. But Mr. Speaker, let us go to 2019-2020. The country, and this is very, very instructive, because for too many times I have heard persons hide under the guise of COVID. I have heard all sorts of excuses being preferred because of the bad economic performance. No one dared to challenge the mismanagement of the then prime minister. Everybody took homage to shelter. COVID was basically the shield from mismanagement of this country. Mr. Speaker, the year 2019-2020 is instructive in that regard. In 2019-2020, the country made even more money than it made in 2018-2019. Okay. Gouvernor Fepli Lajan. At 2019-2020, lande yoka di Latin COVID-La. If Fepli Lajan passing any other. But guess what, Mr. Speaker? The country made 1.15 billion dollars. However, under the last minister of finance, expenses grew every year. And so our current expenditure had risen from 1.268 billion from the previous year to 1.344 billion. Leaving us, Mr. Speaker, with a shortfall of 190 million dollars. My ladies and gentlemen. My ladies and gentlemen. We are talking about Pumye Katlania. That Mam Mikusov. It was Pumye Minis. Ladies and gentlemen, our lande yoka di Pasepli. We are talking about Pumye Katlania. We are talking about Pumye Katlania. We are talking about Pumye Katlania. This country made even more money than it made in 2019-2020. It made even more money than 200 million dollars. Mr. Speaker. Let me pause here because they'll tell you 2019-2020 was when COVID hit. Mr. Speaker, nothing can be further from the truth in terms of performance of 2019-2020. You have a gap of $200 million but COVID Mr. Speaker, we must not forget our financial year runs from the first of April to March 31st. So 2019-2020 run from April 1st 2019 to March 31st 2020. In that year we generated the most revenue. COVID hit yuan China in December of 2019 and we had no introduction to COVID not almost at the close of the 2019-2020 financial year. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $200 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $200 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $200 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $200 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $200 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $200 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $200 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $200 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. Living a gap of almost $500 million. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. So the question is Mr. Speaker, what accounted for that $190 million before COVID? I need to know. That's what we need to know. How can you fix an economy when you pay a man $40,000 to cut one tree? How can you fix an economy Mr. Speaker, when you pay a man in March at $12,500 to hang a door? $12,500 to put up a door? $40,000 to cut a tree at the comprehensive school? You know, earlier on Mr. Speaker, he called on us to make sacrifices. But that is the same man who was spending $2,000 a night. $2,000 a night as a matter of fact. I said let me show it Mr. Speaker if you don't mind. Show me the $2,000 a night bill. Not the bills please. Yes, the bills. Let's go to it. Okay, that's the total bill. Show them the total bill. Okay, the total, you can zoom in please. Total bill, $13,000. Show them the nights. I will make it a document now. Show them the nights. Can you zoom that out? Look at them. One, two nights each night, $2,154. Show the back page. Look at the three nights each night, $2,150. And show the last page again to see whose name is on the bill again, the $30,000. Right. Show them the name at the top for me please. Please zoom out. Show them the score. Right. Whose name you see there? Not mine. That's not my name. That's the same man asking us to make sacrifices Mr. Speaker, $2,154. The tax, the total is $13,000 for six nights at the time the point was $5, $65,000 for six nights. You know, you could take it down Brenda. And you are now asking us to make sacrifices. $2,000. And you know the worst thing, when the prime minister indicated that earlier, he said you just say things without evidence. You know, say things without evidence. $2,154 a night. The county is not a panacea. It costs $65,000 for six nights. You know, I don't want to save money. You don't want to save money, but you should pay the tax.   ఇరికిచోటికాటెరంా కిర్తికి. నిరహ్ంనునికికొవక్. పిబిగాఝవవనండిండిపిసూపిమనికటియంకసా.  sabor アクタ  salon  Rivers  mas  track ンダキ engage  Tan you know mr speaker when you live in a glass house you don't throw stones that was the man who was prime minister in his cabinet his entire cabinet took a decision to sell to a member of cabinet government land at 69 cents a square foot he is the same prime minister who's chairman of nsc got land in marigord less than two dollars a square foot he is the same prime minister who permitted the then member for castry south is to put land on his sister's name at vg i'm not asking i'm telling you mr speaker and i can show the deeds and make them documents of the house you don't play with fire you don't play with fire and then has the audacity to say that the diamond was a good move because we're getting rent for four dollars a square foot you know we had our mall mr speaker we spent the mall was bought when the member from for castry's north was prime minister we spent 52 million dollars on the mall at the time the mall was valued at 60 million you sold it for less than a quarter of the value try the government hands for 16 and a half years at over a million dollars a month with a cumulative rent payment of over 200 million dollars and then turn around and tell the people of sinusha you give them a good deal you give them a good deal i want to buy gables wood bought the same way gable woods mall i want to buy it you know and that is the audacity of this gentleman mr speaker that is the audacity of this gentleman car bought what land the dollar and acre a solution bought land two point something acres for 2.7 million dollars the audacity of this man mr speaker but mr speaker let me let me go on i can see mr speaker without fair of contradiction that for every year the member for miku south who seemingly pointificates on the altar of knowledge a financial guru under his watch every single year our recurrent revenue was far less than our recurrent expenditure which increased every year the expenditure increased every year under his watch and the gap widened when he left it almost 500 million dollars difference mr speaker and he has the audacity to see mr speaker that he did he did well he did well and you know mr speaker a lot of the things that caused that design finance construct giving the asses all over the place principal payments to be made every three months interest every month every month sorry doubling our rental expense which is a recurrent expenditure he got it at 30 million dollars dropped it at almost 70 million a year including five of his is from his father mr speaker and has the audacity to say he was fixing the economy and we need to make sacrifices mr speaker but that was what st lucer was going through under his watch and had we remained along that trajectory mr speaker by now st lucer would have been sold to the devil if we had remained that way st lucy they haven't by them and mind you mr speaker whilst you know look at this you know mr speaker the month to consultants paying them 15 million or so a year to teach him how to widen the deficit gap you mean you need a consultant to tell you you should have taken a housewife to help you prepare a budget every housewife in this country knows that when you have five hundred dollars you know a bag of sugar is this and this is that lucy like is this that is that and they can budget mr speaker within the limitation of the monies that they have you needed one of the single murders that he called he called whatever he called them he needed one of them to give him a lesson in economics mr speaker that's what you need that's what you need now mr speaker the right honorable prime minister member for castries east took over the navigational economic car or apparatus or fair helen on july 26 this financial year is the only financial year crafted and presented by the prime minister in other words when we came in the budget of 2021 2022 had been prepared we inherited a budget it was not that of the member for castries east his first budget crafted by himself with the use of civil servants who know applied who are bond solutions whose tenacity i admire wanted to stand by the prime minister and to show some resolve that what we were not permitted to do you have now given us the latitude to do it let us help you prepare budget mr speaker you will not believe if we look at the numbers of 2023 2024 what they are mr speaker the estimates of 2023 2024 which the current prime minister had full control over the recurrent revenue his first the first estimates the first budget budget crafted by this prime minister the recurrent revenue mr speaker was 1.25 billion dollars while there was a significant reduction in recurrent expenses to 1.24 billion dollars in his first budget he was able to his revenue surpass his expenses i believe this prime minister deserves a round of applause yes mr speaker you know come in yes mr speaker that is what it is and the books are there so when a man tells you that he is a guru economical otherwise let the numbers tell a tale and so mr speaker in the first budget of this honorable prime minister there was a savings there was a savings of about four billion dollars something that the former prime minister never achieved and then mr speaker 2023 2024 expenditure 1.3 billion revenue 1.375 billion in his second year this prime minister not only close the gap and surpassed it by he surpassed it by some 75 million dollars that could have gone into capital expenditure mr speaker that is how you judge the management skill of one who has the levers of authority mr speaker and that is how you manage an economy and you know the figures don't lie the figures don't lie mr speaker the figures don't lie you know mr speaker this country was like a car driven by a madman at a high speed towards a precipice of economic disaster and you know the good lord lent a hand mr speaker and caused a change of driver a new driver a more capable driver a more experienced driver and upon being placed in that driver seat he immediately pressed the brake pedal mr speaker stop the dive of this country into economic turmoil turn the car around and now we are driving on a road with utmost stability on the highway of recovery bound for eternal prosperity that's what we are doing now mr speaker under this evil hand mr speaker sen lucha will get there sen lucha will get there mr speaker so when you see the hacks want to debate they will not debate facts they will just go out of the way give me the estimates let's look at the estimates of revenue and expenditure show me your five years i'll show you my five years who manage the economy better that is what we need to know and then they'll tell you kovid you had a deficit from the one by the time kovid came you had a gap of about 200 million dollars in that financial year kovid when kovid came mr speaker it is you take off for avid kovid korl fought by the law you know and the facts are there i'm not making them up am not making them up mr speaker i'm not making them up mr speaker i cannot none of us can take how much time i've left mr speaker 45 minutes 28 ever that's 45 okay very good yeah okay mr Mr. Speaker, I cannot and none of us can take our various allocations as per the estimates and expound on all of them. We can't. Time does not permit that. But I will select some of the allocations worthy of mention Mr. Speaker. Some of them I want to deal with Mr. Speaker. And they are the allocation to proud, the allocation for cemetery expansion, the allocation for the rehabilitation of human resources, and the allocation of the housing assistance program among others. Mr. Speaker, when this government assumed office, I was inundated with calls from contractors Mr. Speaker, who we had not contracted, who basically I knew absolutely nothing about them with Mr. Speaker. But having assumed the portfolio, they want to believe that I am the one who is responsible for payment that would due to them under the proud program, the rehabilitation of unplanned development. And so Mr. Speaker, the calls kept coming. My intervention was being sought. At certain points I felt that I was the one holding back the payments of those persons that I want to make it clear. They had completed their work under the former administration. They were employed and contracted by the former administration. But Mr. Speaker, because I know of the phenomenon that there is continence in governance, I placed the plates on the doorstep of the Honorable Prime Minister. I felt sorry for them. And so I indicated to the Prime Minister who agreed and placed in the budget on the head 0052 three million dollars necessary to pay those contractors who had worked under Flambeau and Flambeau never paid them. So I can tell Mr. Jameson, I can tell Dean Nicholas, I can tell all of those who had been literally humbugging me for payment that I took your case to the Honorable Prime Minister and indicated when I said to him, boss, the guys have outstanding bills total in three million dollars. He said to me, Minister, we must pay the fellows. And he made provision to pay them. So I'm hoping you hand me Jameson, I'm hoping you hand me Dean Nicholas and all the others that were underproud that your money was due since before I was Minister.  элект melod 笄 malfunction ᵃ ᵃ ᵃ ᵃ ᶁ ᵃ ᵃ ᵃ ᵃ is ᵃ ᵃ ᵃ  ᵃ ᵃᵃ ᵃ �媺  Wade   ᵃ ᵃitch  ᵃ ch  � upload   ᵃ ᵃ but guess what the labor party under this honorable prime minister say no we have to pay them and talking about proud mr speaker since we came into office we have empowered over 200 percent lutions by giving them deeds giving them titles to property on which they live giving them a sense of empowerment that they never had in their lives before empowerment that can cause generational changes mr speaker only two weeks ago we handed 19 deeds 19 deeds to persons from various localities mr speaker from across the length and breadth of this island and one of them was very touching mr speaker one of the ladies i handed a deed to was a sanitation worker from view for lord who had given the government and people of st lusia over 30 years in the sanitation department today mr speaker she has a first slice of st lusia she has titled to a piece of land that she can call her own mr speaker mr speaker ironically this lady is from the same jurisdiction the same jurisdiction where at the stroke of a pen a foreigner was given a thousand acres at a dollar and acre for 99 years and i see this mr speaker as a semblance of poetic justice mr speaker i look to my right not immediate right second right and i notice my my colleague from sufre mr speaker when we assumed office and when i say i can say without self contradiction that the member for sufre will beg for her constituency until her needs are met mr speaker on behalf of her people mr speaker that is the admiration i have for my colleague sister and you know she came to cabinet and she said minister i can tell you the government forgave almost a million dollars to forgive the credit union who ended up forgiving the lenders and today people of sufre have landed title to their property as a result of this government through intervention by the rent what more you need what more you need isn't that empowerment mr speaker isn't that empowerment you know mr speaker as i speak and i don't want to be adopting the tomb from the member for view for south for fair that the people have already gone home yes and it's going to five but i can tell you we have over a thousand lots mr speaker in in in labry uge and view for north view for in the in that general over a thousand the over a thousand lots awaiting mutation and eventual transfer to send lutions not too foreign as mr speaker we have an allocation of two points one six million dollars on the head zero three six six on the continuation of the housing repair now you know mr speaker this program is yet another innovative program of this government mr speaker never before had it existed it is a brainchild of this government and when the minister of finance allocate those funds mr speaker you know given the humanitarian bone that seemingly occupy his entire body in bocetan he has to ensure that the allocations are spread across the length and breadth of st lusha in every constituency i think it is a round of a problem because you know the benevolence of the member for castries east is not one you would find in the average man and i'm not sure mr speaker even with my religious virtues and all my principles of forgiveness that i may have exercised such benevolence but again he is a godly character mr speaker and mr speaker mr speaker he has not done like the former prime minister who for the five years between 2016 and 2021 thought the resources of this country were his he thought the resources of the country were his mr speaker and he did not spend one cent and i don't exaggerate if i say one cent not one cent in the other six constituencies that did not support him in fact mr speaker 15 minutes left in fact mr speaker i remember that he was in opposition and it was right here i was watching the proceedings mr speaker and in this chamber the member for castries east lamented why are you only giving us nothing why and the then extremely verbose our minister of economic development at the time the member for castries south is he said for that you're crying you're just that crying i remember that because the member for castries east was saying why are you doing that to our people mr speaker that is the response he got mr speaker you know but today this minister of finance this one with a good heart is not treating the opposition that way mr speaker today we are helping thousands and thousands of solution but guess what mr speaker the member for miku north he takes the house in our location let me show you what he did if it i mean i give you the money to help build houses move less simply see a wakisa mom miku south laugh at the end of miku gadeila but they oblige badly how can you tell me you building that wall a constituent of yours in miku south the allocation of the member for miku south say say baby woman in may or that was a limit that is wickedness mr speaker you might as well give the person a warrant to kill themselves if i mr speaker man like me when i blow i blow her that is down you know and if you compare that to the others built by my colleagues you can show them in the meantime but that is wickedness that is pure wickedness that's denry denry north mr speaker just go ahead with them you know and and and look at the difference mr speaker look at the difference look at the difference mr speaker who really cares about who who cares about who you know who cares about who mr speaker you telling me you have the audacity to give somebody that was a limit and a and a was a limit and these are so kind of the body so so crave chair mr speaker so so crave chair but you know what mr speaker they will not institute any program like that mr speaker you could take it out they will not and they did not and they accuse us of wasting money mr speaker mr speaker when you hear a man talk about we waste money but you know what mr speaker he keeps his when he was prime minister his vehicle was on 24 7 from the time it leaves his house until he returns until he returns and when they ask him why he said he has a problem with his skin show those two pictures for me he has a problem with his skin mr speaker look at what he used to obtain he could not even walk in the sun he needed a police officer to have an umbrella over his head not even walk he could walk in the sun look at that let him take a mashe so let him have a napreel lapani lapni if the police say no power solar let death leave what you say show them what is doing now for me please gasa man who had his vehicle on attack spares explains mr speaker 24 7 that's the same man who could not take the heat because he has a skin condition but today mr speaker he want to show he's like us he wants to show he's like the citizens who foolishly otherwise made him prime minister the same citizens who made him prime minister guess what he barricaded them for five years for five years he didn't want to see them they could not come around parliament and it had to take a man like you mr speaker to say that those barricades don't work with me he had to take a man like you those barricades don't work with me but the people voted for him tomorrow today and tomorrow he don't want to be surrounded by them mr speaker he has an obsession with 15 mr speaker came into office fr 15 yesterday behind a van pb 15 go on the media i want to speak number 15 what did he not see the lever party would give him 15 he had an obsession with 15 mr speaker 15 you know and that is what that that is what we have in this country we have somebody who's parading mr speaker to really do better for this country but parading as though he really truly cares about this country but has wasted our resources wasted our resources asking him about our national dish south and cucumber our national dish mr speaker you know that is south and cucumber you know that is the kind of thing we had mr speaker and mr speaker let me quickly go into and what we saw there behind the van thank you mr speaker i'll wrap up what we saw there there is spousal abuse drug abuse but to have a police officer in a black shoot in a tie behind the van in the hot sun is police abuse that is police abuse and i'm sure he knows that anybody who rides to the back of the vehicle is uninsured but that is his style he pays country god to the lord jumping behind a police motorbike with total impunity mr speaker that is the behavior of this man to do what attract attention mr speaker and mr speaker i want to say we are working hard on the cemeteries hard on the cemeteries started the cemetery in view fort and that cemetery in mon ripo has a story it has a story mr speaker miku north had never voted for the labor party the cemetery in mon ripo went out of commission in 2016 the exact year that the united workers party won the elections mr speaker for five years between 2016 and 2021 not even an iota of intention in terms of preparation was made to have another cemetery commission i can tell you mr speaker the new mb from miku north dragged myself dragged my permanent secretary dragged the commission of crown lands into a meeting and the long and short of it mr speaker is that the mon ripo cemetery is well underway and this financial year we have five million dollars there we are completing phase one of the mon ripo cemetery it will be ready for burial mr that is how you represent people mr speaker for five years no government we got this year approval we got designs approved and the cemetery is has started work is progressing with alakrity you know and then you tell me you care about people you don't care about people you see them as instruments or occupation of a powerful position that's all it is human resource centers mr speaker i have 1.65 million dollars for human resource centers mr speaker mr speaker not even a shit of galvanize he changed right now the building has no roof no windows no doors he got wind mr speaker that the government intends to do something with it two weeks ago he badges into a meeting a council meeting and will tell them that he has 150 000 allocation from cdp and he will use it to repair the digger community center i had to say to them to tell him in terms of policy he cannot dictate to the government of this country which policy direction we go we will listen we may hear but if we decide to extend the community center if we decide to place it elsewhere if we decide to convert this whole derelict building to another institution another to be used for something else you cannot tell us what to do so don't walk into a meeting and say already is operating on the good conscience of the prime minister he has an allocation of a team out here he has an allocation he has an allocation and he will use it to repair remember your five minutes left thank you very much mr speaker so mr speaker those are the kind of things you encounter i will tell him again that the policy direction of this country is not determined by him he was the same one who told this current government that you have lost the right to speak he was the same one who told civil servants don't tell us what to do but today he wanted to dictate policy to us i want to let the member know that he does not know what our intentions are and anybody that goes and intervened government's property without permission they will be arrested in charge for damage to property we need to ensure that things are done in a manner that is in keeping with the protocol of the government of seclusion that is what it is so mr speaker all right i i have loads but you know mr speaker i just want to stay here that my constituency i just love gastro central i have knocked on the doors four times and they have opened the doors one said to me for the upcoming elections the doors are already ajar all you have to do just give it a little nerd and it will be open because i know i am confident they are satisfied with my performance mr speaker mr speaker what the last government did i just want to mention this they wanted to efface my name from the political arena totally obliterate me and they took the renamed serenity park which is my brain child mr speaker took the plaques threw them away because they carried my name and placed the serenity park in the name of george mallet who never represented same who never represented san susi and who never conceptualized serenity park they didn't know how i named the park mr speaker it was named on a competitive basis by all schools participating and a panel of judges choosing a name and they just come see a richard federal advisor but they didn't know that the good lord wanted me back here mr speaker and under the community tourism project i know i will get an allocation for a construction of an amphitheater at serenity park for the people of country central and others but especially the good people of san susi whose roads i am tackling at this time mr speaker with that said obviously i have to cut myself short i want to end with two quotes mr speaker it was michel steele who said we should all be on the side of good governance and protection of taxpayers money and nicolas budgerim said the biggest determinant in lives is culture where you were born and what the environment looked like but the second determinant is probably governance good governance or a certain kind of governance makes a huge difference in the lives of synductions and i'm sure mr speaker it is quite conspicuous that the lives of every synductions are changing and they have changed drastically ever since this labor party government assume office mr speaker mr speaker i will finally see here george onlam a man who my admired comes to mind and he said mr speaker we know of his renown phrase this country is now on a trajectory of forward ever backward never and that is why it's an average person around this on the side of the government have no choice but to protect the victory for the people of this good country of ours i thank you mr


Welcome back to NPTEL, the National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning. We are in a series of lectures under the larger rubric of English language and literature. We are as you know in module 1 of 5 modules that are there in our course and we have already dealt with a few lectures on various you know talked about the scope of English studies for instance and today's lecture is entitled international English and before you know as always before we move on to what you want to talk about that is international English. Let us look at what we did in our last lecture. Now, by way of recap we look at the idea of alchemy if you remember the last lecture was on the alchemy of English and we understand alchemy as transmutation. It was an attempt as you know by earlier you know people who sort of dabbled with if I may use the word in alchemy with a view with a goal which never came about that was of turning base metals to gold. Alchemy also means by extension wisdom it is also called the search for the philosopher's stone that is ultimate wisdom and the secret to longevity and he found that Braj Kachru in his work entitled alchemy the alchemy of English he likens English to alchemy at least as English has alchemic alchemic properties of being able to change things in a good way. So, there are ways in which English is talked about you know the spread of English is talked about in a derogatory sense as overshadowing vernacular languages, but Kachru we saw pointed to the transformative if you will qualities of English particularly with you know in relation to you know issues of caste for instance. So, we do not have words differentiating you know people on the basis of social or class structures whereas, in Indian languages these markers this verbal markers of caste may be very very pronounced. So, we also found that English is manipulable and it is manipulated also the other side of the picture it is manipulated as a medium of power it is a medium of control authority and you know suppose cohesion of society. Now, again quickly reading from what we saw last time the English language has acquired important roles both internationally and internationally these roles are in the hands of a small section of the total population, but this part oppresses the lot if this part is wielded now this is important this is the caveat we get from, but from Braj Kachru in his lecture. So, it may be that only a few you know compared to the entire population say in India that English is a tool that is in the hands of a very few or a very small percentage of the population compared to the rest of India. And he gives us this warning that if it is not if this tool is not used with sense of sensitivity with responsibility and understanding then as I said it will become not something that is alchemic or you know has great transformative positive transformative power, but is something that becomes a tool of oppression. Then it says the alchemy of English then does not only provide social status it also gives access to attitudinally and materially desirable material desirable domains of power and knowledge because this is what we found in the last lecture. It provides a powerful linguistic tool for manipulation and control in addition this alchemy of English has left a deep mark on the languages and literature of the non-western world. English has thus caused transmutation of languages equipping them in the process of new societal scientific and technological demands. So, this is really the endless phase or the double phase of English and its transmutative powers that we saw in our last lecture. Then there was you know we looked at what attitudinality and neutral the attitudinal neutrality and power meant for instance we found that in code when you use code mixing when we use two languages bilingual code mixing in our conversation it helps to neutralize identities in native language that are there in native languages and dialects. And we also found that this neutralization can be used really as a linguistic strategy. This part of alchemy of English is related to from here we move on to international English. You remember that he has professor Kratchou made this very why not it is a very famous is a standard way of looking at you know the spread of English and the use of English in different parts of the world. It is not that it is that it has not been contested by other scholars and linguists. However, at this elementary level it is however at this elementary level this is what we can stay with. So, he says that there is an inner circle of English of the English speaking population and this circle is norm providing it provides the norm normative ways in which English has to be spoken in which English has to be was have to be pronounced in which the grammar has to be to be used. And within this inner circle is obviously the United Kingdom from where we had the language Ireland the United States New Zealand South Africa and Canada these form the core. So, this is as you saw the first circle or the inner core circle of English using nations. Then he talks about the outer circle which is called not normative, but norm developing. These are countries like India, Pakistan and the Philippines. Now he says these are countries where English has had a historical importance. For example, these are the erstwhile colonies of the British Empire. So, here we find that these countries are ones that develop the norm that have been set up may not be that today, but in the times in colonial times these were the countries where the norms were also being developed. The outermost ring we have the expanding circle which is norm dependent. So, they are China for instance, Russia, Egypt, Japan and Europe. So, this forms the forms the expanding circle and as more and more countries begin to have a considerable number of speakers in the English language this expanding circle will accommodate those countries. Then the other important markers of the power of English as Kachu has said and for which also leads us to the question of international English is its sheer demographic distribution over the world. It is used in important world for its native and non-native users across different cultures and of course, it is considerably rich literary tradition that many are you know many are acquainted with. Consider the number of English language and literature departments that are there in countries other sorry other than England and you will be able to get a get a grasp of how the rich literary tradition of England is something that is studied in so many different countries. So, when we come to international English we can look at it as an as somebody said an attempt and establishing an international standard this is very important. It is an attempt at establishing an international excuse me standard for the use of the English language. One of the most important reasons is that many speakers of the language today are from countries this is important are from countries and regions where English is not the native language. This is something which we discuss also in our introductory lecture and yet English is increasingly becoming the lingua franca or the world language. The lingua franca or the common means of communication of the world especially in which categories in business communication internet communication and academics. Now, this itself is enough for us to enough for those rally for international English to make their point that English is used in you know in world business for a sorry in academics consider the very many conferences to which there are people from all over the world presenting their findings their papers. So, there has to be a certain standard standardized form of English which they want to call international English also for internet communication. So, this has made it almost an imperative and there has been you know there has been a number of attempts at formulating international and international standard for the use of the English language. Now, let us look at the definition this definition I have taken from the handbook of world Englishes edited by Braj Kachru in which Robert D. King describes English language in the following way. Now, he says that this because this language is subtle economic subtle instrument of communication. So, communication of you know to do with commerce you know to do with literature and that has become de facto and in many institution institutions in context the de jure language or the lingua franca of the world. So, there are many scholars in fact, who who have reiterated the importance of English from its point of view of usage and it is from you know as an it is used in economics in you know in economy sorry economic transactions in use is the saw in the internet as an instrument of communication all over the world and it is not that this is a de facto you know de facto instrument in many countries it has become de jure or de jure which means that it is actually by law that this language is to be used. Therefore, English as an international language has an acronym and the acronym is EIL and as we know an international standard is sought to be set as a global means of communication. This essentially is what differentiates international English from world Englishes. In world Englishes you will find that there is a celebration of the varieties of English. There is an insistence so to speak there is a recognition of you know there is a recognition of the resistance to a standardized use of English. There are questions of culture, there are questions of ideology inherent in world world Englishes. However, by contrast we find the others more for you know pragmatic you know sort of what should I say transactory if I may use the word transactory concerns that the need for in a standard international English is sought. Now, having said that the picture is not really a happy one it is not that we do really you understand have do really have an international English as yet, but there have been a number of attempts that have been there in that have been made in trying to make you know an international variant of English. So, what are the other ways in which scholars have you know in which scholars have tried to name this endeavor right there is not that is known only as international English. We also have a term ELF that is English as a lingua franca another term for it going by the commonality issue is common English then continental English basic English and global English. So, these are the various terminologies that is given to international English and if you go by these terms you also understand where the particular thrust lies for instance basic English. In many institutions in India you will find that there is a course on basic English. So, to understand you know what is the course going to do that course is not going to talk about the variations of English is going to give you as far as possible the normative way in which you have to learn English. For instance in IITs in engineering colleges you often find such a course. This is to enable you know the people who are going to be engineers and scientists to be able to use the language in such a way that they can make themselves intelligible to a world audience do you understand. So, these are some of the various terms English ELF English as a lingua franca common English basic English global English continental English these are the terms with their specific. So, to speak a specific agendas in trying to carve out carve out a standard sort of English. Now, I will what I will do in the rest of the essay is see by now you know is very simple you know that English international English is an attempt made by several scholars and linguists to devise a particular kind of English. Now, I will like to bring to you what some scholars have said in the rest of the essay about international English and the very nuances and problematics of international English. Now, let us look at an essay I think was published in the journal English today if I am not mistaken by Elizabeth Erling and the title of the essay is the many names of English. Let us read what she says EIL or English as an international language has been used in a range of ways. Now, she points to a well-known linguist named Wiedersen. Wiedersen for example, employs it to describe the specific use of English for international, professional and academic purposes which is mostly carried out in the written language. Let us look at this specific use of English for international, professional and academic purposes which is mostly carried out in the written language. He argues that English as an international language should be treated as a register of English that is what register is a particular repertoire of words. So, it should be considered a register of English as most of the people learning it only need access to certain, this certain occupational or functional domain. This is something that I had mentioned ago the functionalist approach of the pragmatic approach of international English. So, this is only so that they can have access to you know on occupational fronts, on functional fronts and do not use it as a community or national language. So, it also implies that well you may speak your English, your world English, your variant of world English, but at the same time as Wiedersen says you need to be competent as a person who will be talking at an international level, you need to be competent at a certain standardized way of speaking English. However, basic and however geared towards occupational interests and goals, it is not that there is obviously that there is no politics involved here, but what Wiedersen says is that a certain level of competence is necessary for instance if you are an engineer or even academician or a policy maker. So, that you can make yourself intelligible, this is the standard way of looking at international English. Then Erling points out that Wiedersen further argues that English as an international language is a composite lingua franca which is this is important free of any specific elegance to any primary variety of the English of English sorry of the language. So, it need not be the Anglo-American variety. So, it may be quite a discreet you know collection of norms which have been devised for people in you know in various occupations to be able to present themselves in the language in an international set up. Now, one of the most well known scholars if I may point to her in this domain is Barbara Seidhofer. So, Barbara Seidhofer has made several contributions to this issue of you know international English and I point to her work a concept of international English and related issues. This is particular to do with the European context, but let us look at what she has to say about the issues of international English. Obviously, the various additions to English in all of the above terms serve to indicate that is above terms are the different terms that we saw a while ago. Obviously, the various additions to English in all of the above terms serve to indicate that something is in operation here that requires what she says the signaling of a difference. The signaling of a difference from the default conception of a language namely the code and conventions employed by its native speakers. This is what we discussed a while ago. These terms as the different terms used for international English variously emphasize what are perceived as relative aspects of the use of English in different contexts for different purposes, but what they this is important what they have in common is that they signal some sort of recognition. This is the word some sort of recognition that in the use of English as an international language conditions hold which are different from situations when a language is clearly associated with its native speakers and its place of origin. This is a very important point here that all these different terminologies may be there like common English for instance of basic English, but there is she says there is all what these have in common is there is an you know an acceptance of the fact or a recognition of the fact and says uses of a recognition here that in the use of in the specific use of English as an international language. There are certain conditions which are different as she says which are different from the situations when a language is clearly associated with the native speakers and its place of origin. Whether it is spoken by those native speakers or by people who have learnt it as a foreign language different attitudes and expectations as she said should prevail and different different norms should apply. So, this is again both a recognition of the fact that there is a commonality being sought, but at the same time is also implied here that there are differences, there are different norms and expectations that always will be there. So, these are some of the issues in international English. The slide here shows again which we mentioned a while ago that while world English focuses on the variety insists on the variety of English and uses the word English is international English is an attempt at what we call a non localized English and attempt at bringing you know a kind of English which will be adopted by everyone particularly as we saw a while ago in matters of wall fora of you know of occupational occupational issues. So, when it comes to international English from pedagogical point of view. So, that is another aspect that has been dealt with by many which is a teaching of international English. So, the teaching of international English may be in general or in a broad way described as the linguistic tools that we will build or we are people have sought to build for as we as we found international or even intercultural communication. So, what kinds of linguistic language tools as far as English is concerned are you going to build for international communication. Now, again side hofer says in the same work English is used by plurilingual and monolingual people alike, but obviously, due to the numerical predominance of non native speakers the plurilingual outnumber the monolinguals and she finds that it is the non native speakers of English she points to the future you know it says it is a non native speakers of English who will be the main agents in the ways English is used is maintained and changes and who will shape the ideologies and beliefs associated with it. So, it is not you know it is not that we should be alarm that there is again you know hegemonic sort of you know hegemonic sort of orientation in trying to build international English she says on the other hand it points to as she mentions here the plurilingual and monolingual people she says that it is in future the non natives who are going to devise this sort of an international English and will decide we will decide the ideologies and beliefs that are associated with that kind of language sorry that kind of English. So, it is left to us to look at the brighter side of it as not really another you know another colonialist or a new colonialist imposition of the English language it is the non native speaker who is going to perhaps contribute more to devising that language. Now, let us look at S meke again we are talking about the teaching of English as an international national language and even in the case of Barbara Seidhofer as he found a while ago even in the teaching of English as an international language the non native the non native plurilingual teacher is also going to be an important component in devising such a language. So, S meke says international English is used by native speakers of English and bilingual users of English for cross cultural communication. International English can be used she mentions here both in a local sense between speakers of diverse cultures and languages within one community and in a global sense between speakers from different countries. Now, here we find another angle to it all this while we have been saying that international English is going is you know is an attempt to formulate device and English which is going to be used in international fora for international global communication. But meke says here that need not be the case right here that international or basic or common English will also be used as a sense here can be used also in a local sense between speakers of diverse cultures and languages within a country take a country like India for instance with so many hundreds of languages and you know how English is spoken pronounced how it is written in different parts of the country. So, it is not that you know meke enlarges the concept of international English in saying that it is also English use intra not internationally, but intra nationally within a country where there are diverse cultures and languages. So, there also we have a basic English or an international English that will be the lingua franca of that particular country and English that is you know which has its own norms and which has its own repertoire of words and its own grammatical rules fine. Then we find another in another essay entitled English in the future by D. Griddell and let us let us read from here. The widespread use of English as a language of wider communication will continue to exert pressure towards and says this is the word uses global uniformity as well as give rise to anxieties about declining standards language change and the loss of dual linguistic diversity. This is something that is anyway going to be there and this is a point highlighted in this essay by Griddell that is on the one hand you know they are these contrary contradictory pulls on the one hand because of the increasing use of English as a language of wider communication across nations then always be this pressure as he says pressure for global uniformity in the use of the language. But attendant as it happens in many cases in cultural phenomena so also in language there are attendant opposite problems here as that they as it says it is going to be the rise in anxieties about declining standards language change and most importantly to celebrated in world English is the loss of dual linguistic diversity. So, it is almost like you know losing languages so here we have world English is and variety as the moment we come into a global uniformed or sorry standardized way of doing English it will almost so to speak may result in a sort of language that a variety of English in a country is a language. So, it result in as he says very aptly here the loss of dual linguistic diversity then he goes on to say, but as English shifts from foreign language to second language status for an increasing number of people we can also expect to see English develop a larger number of local varieties. This is the point that will take up further in the lecture on world Englishes. Now we know that that Gradle has raised his question of contradiction the contradictory pulls he further goes on to say these contradictory tensions arise because English has two main functions in the world this is very important. Why should we have these contradictory pulls the he says that English has two main functions in this world it provides a vehicular language or carrying language. It provides a vehicular language is a I think it is a phrase you found also in alchemy of you know in alchemy of English in the last lecture. So, it provides using the same term here a vehicular language for international communication and it forms a basic basis for interestingly also constructing cultural identities. These are the two it is the paradox of English it is you know supposed to be a lingua franca it is supposed to be a vehicle for you know for you know furthering of once socio economic status in many situations it is a tool for international communication, but also it forms the basis for constructing and expressing and manifesting our cultural identities. The former function requires what it requires mutual intelligibility this is what is mutual that you understand one another in a language and certain common standards obviously. Now the latter which is the construction of cultural identities the latter encourages the development of what of local forms and hybrid varieties and this is bound to happen when particularly in you know a very strongly in countries with a long colonial history you know of British domination right and also as it says even in the expanding circles it is not only in you know the outer circle of you know mentioned by Braj Kastru that is going to happen, but also in expanding circles in countries where you know that were not necessarily dominated at some point of in the historical time by a colonial you know past involving the British. So the latter encourages that is of cultural identity encourages the development of local forms and varieties of English and hybrid varieties of English for instance English you know may have come across the term English that is a mixture of Hindi and English. English is many think is going to take over English as we know it in India and since some parts of India that now you have papers and books written on English. So these are hybrid that is a hybrid variety that Gradol is talking about. So as English plays an ever more important role in the first of these functions it simultaneously look at the simultaneously finds itself acting as a language of identity for larger numbers of people around the world and really in the end there is no paradox here as you know cries for linguistic difference are articulated you know one side of the stories are articulated in the English language do you understand. So this is you cannot do without that language the language that brings uniformity and togetherness also helps you also helps you realize also helps you you know to insist on resistance and that is the part and also as we found in the last lecture this last lecture is really also related to this lecture the alchemy of English is that it is both with has its vehicular load and at the same time it also encourages hybrid forms. We look at you know the need for all this value we talk about that there is a need for you know for various purposes particularly in you know in academia involved for for instance now let us look at what Tom MacArthur is a well known name in the set you know in the field of international English and he has in the Oxford guide to world English he refers to these particular you know areas where this kind international English is sought to be devised. So he says though world English is varied certain varieties and registers are fairly tightly controlled ok. So you cannot make you cannot be creative there right you cannot you know use you they are very tightly constrained ok the way tightly constrained you know as far as the use of words is concerned without which they also could be dangerous situations right for instance airpose for instance look at this term refers to airports now you cannot get creative in a situation which is so tightly circumscribed by rules, by schedules, by terminologies ok. So there are certain you know niches or certain areas where you have to abide by a certain standardised English. So the world English is varied certain varieties and registers are fairly tightly controlled often through standardised this is important patterns of use. So international English is not just a matter only of world fora also in very you know in very pragmatic situations for instance says thus there is a marked uniformity there has to be a marked uniformity particularly say in the following areas airports in the broadcast media ok communication cannot be garbled here communication cannot be vague here in the broadcast media ok. In newspapers and periodicals and in computer use email and the internet way now so you see that in MacArthur here is again enlarging the scope of using uniform a uniform an English with uniformity or language with uniformity and some of the areas as we found are airports newspapers and periodicals in the broadcast media and in computer use email and the internet web ok which strengthens again you know this call for a uniform English. Now I will point to another essay which is by Marco Modiano another well known name international English in the global village. Now let us see what Modiano has to say about international English as English takes on the responsibilities of a lingua franca non native speakers are taking a more active role in the development of indigenous was a point that was made a while ago I think by one of the scholars that we you know we talked about ok. So, as English takes on the responsibilities of a common world language the non native speaker is also taking a more active role in the development of the language excuse me not only in respect to the manner in which they develop educational models for the teaching of local varieties, but this is important also in their understanding of how the language is used in cross cultural communication. And there is more communication in the world among peoples ok there has to be an alertness in how you device a language for inter cultural communication understandably when observing the language as it is used internationally they experience a great deal of multiplicity not only in pronunciation and vocabulary, but also in other respects this indicates as I see it that in the teaching of English as an international language in emphasis should be placed on a descriptive as opposed to a prescriptive model we find another now again another aspect or another side of the problem if you may call it been brought about by Modiano all this while we looked at scholars who you know have said that yes there is there should be an almost prescriptive you know international English because they cannot be you cannot have variations in say in international fora in as mentions here in the computer the digital world or in airports etcetera in public places how can you have you know different varieties of English. Modiano here in fact says that the moment the non native speaker takes on an important role in not just as he says in not just developing educational models for teaching English in their non native English speaking communities, but also in you know a putting in their part in the cross cultural communication of English. So, this is an important point I think that Modiano makes here is that you cannot as far as long as a non native speaker is involved and will be involved in the creation of the English language you can no longer go by the prescriptive model. So, you have to enlarge the scope you have to have a descriptive model perhaps even you cannot have like you have world English is today perhaps you cannot have international English you got to have international English is just my way of you know talking about it you perhaps need to have international English is you perhaps need to understand that this says that there are there will be there will be a descriptive model that is far more important than one you know one standard form of international English. So, like in world English is variety is also another important aspect that is coming in into the international English. International English has had you know several they have been several attempts at international at an international and international English. Why has it have those attempts failed perhaps as Modiano tells us that we have always you know gone by the prescriptive model or the linear model we have not looked at the fact that you have to have a descriptive model and perhaps at different kinds may sound paradoxical but at different kinds and varieties of international English. I will refer to again Nigel Ross and what he has to say in essay signs of international English. Now, Ross says that international English may simply refer to the varieties of English spoken in different parts of the world alternatively international English may designate a form of English which though not actually spoken by anyone provides what he calls to common core. First what does Ross say Ross says is international English in the same way as we saw ago. International English may refer to the varieties of English spoken in different parts of the world but also it may refer to a common core a common core to all the world varieties of English. More usually however the expression indicates the kind of English used by native and or non native speakers of English as a lingua franca for communicating basic information. Now, this is a point that is important here conveying not all kinds of information. Now, probably you can say that for those kinds of information you may have a descriptive model or you may have you know you may be acquainted with you know English that is colored so to speak has different hues given by non native speakers but he says that this common core going again going by the you know more traditionalist mode of looking at international English. This common core is to do what is to give basic information in a simple manner. So, a lingua franca for communicating basic information in a simple manner often in the business environment but also in international airports popular tourist resorts and so on. Though hardly so simple he agrees that this is not so simple as it may look like. However, international English can also describe the English used by groups of people again such as the scientific community at an international level. So, we find that why Nigel Ross tells us about you know about the fact that international English may refer to different varieties of English. He on as a scholar prefers to go by the traditionalist model of English for basic you know with a basic vocabulary and a basic to convey basic information and in a simple manner fine. So, let us look you know let us do a recap by way of discussion and for instance what are the questions that we may get in you know in a paper on international English on in the very elementary level. So, one of the questions you may get is how do you define international English. So, you may use quotations from any of the scholars given here as a basic definition you may also talk define international English as a kind of English which has as its goal which has as its goal you know the communication of English in an international set up. And then you may go on to say that this is used usually in world fora of business, academics, policy making etcetera right. Another question that you may get is how what is the difference between world English and international English. So, world English you say that world English and international English differs in a very important way which is that whereas, world English or world English is talks about and insist sometimes on the varieties of English spoken develop and spoken in different parts of the world including the non native you know English speaking world. International English is an attempt at devising a core English which can be used by people all over the world without their non native specificities in order for a smooth basic as I said basic information of transfer at the international or world level. Then you another question you may get is international English is known by several different names and what are those names you say that these are ELF or English as a lingua franca common English sorry continental English basic English global English etcetera. Then what finally, you may get the question like what are the you know what are the complexities or what are the what are the in hand difficulties in devising international English or for what are the subtleties in talking about international English. So, one of the things that you may say is the increasing role of the non native speaker the increasing role as somebody has pointed out here Barbara Seidhofer I think the increasing role of the non native speaker means two things at the same time means a that the non native speaker is going to take an important increasingly important part in developing English has or in developing international English, but at the same time the local varieties of English of the non native speaker may also be incorporated. So, we have this as I said the this Yanis face or two sided problem on the one hand you there is there is clearly a goal of developing a language which is a lingua franca and on the other hand you also have the English language almost paradoxically helping in the manifestation of cultural identities. Therefore, one scholar has said that you will always remain with this problem the earlier traditionalist way of looking at English language and attempts at at devising international English as an international language have followed the prescriptive models of the followed these you know the single you know core Anglo-American usage of words which will then form a repertoire a collection of words be used in various international situations, but we need to look more at a descriptive we have to adopt a more descriptive orientation not follow the prescriptive ones. So, giving again bringing full circle we began by talking about world Englishes as different than international English as being you know as relinquishing difference. So, it seems like now you have to follow a middle path sort of where international English is also probably going to as international English is not perhaps in the world English is manner, but where non native elements are also to be incorporated. So, where the model becomes a descriptive one and not a prescriptive one. I think at this point of time as we speak a lot is you know going to happen in the future as far as EIL is concerned and in looking at the literature here which is this essay was concerned more at several others I do not have to have time to talk about now. In this lecture we looked at various you know inputs by scholars of international English and what they had to say. So, we found that it may go the world English way world English is way of having several international English is or English is for international as used as an international language a one has to adopt oneself and learn the different international English is for different parts of the world. So, this is just one way where it may go or if you like it may also another important I think diagnosis here may be that like for instance having when there was this attempt at Esperanto or the world language for everyone which died down probably in English for as an international language may also see that there are that the attempts at formulating an English variant for international language may even sees if it goes the way of Esperanto or a world language it may indeed fail, but it is important for us in our you know in a greater understanding of the English language to take into consideration also this attempt that has been made and as I said we do not know where this I mean they go both ways they may completely give up relinquish the idea of an international English and get to learn varieties of English or depending on you know depending on the world economic scenario most important importantly the increasing use of the internet where also might which also might help again in the resurfacing of an attempt to make international English or English as an international language. So let me stop here and leave you with this really is open end one of the most open end that I think we do not have a conclusion here we do not have a solution here all that remains is for us to watch and see thank you.


Machine learning technology can be combined with other data technologies and one area where this is being developed is in the realm of cyber security. At Cardiff University, a research team led by Professor Pete Bernab is combining machine learning and cyber security to develop detection and prediction models which can identify different categories of cyber attack and automatically block them. The focus of our research is the use of machine learning to keep people safe in a digital world. We're all using digital technology in our everyday lives, iPhones, iPads, computers, and they're all interconnected and humans can't possibly monitor these 24-7. It's just not possible. So if you imagine you had an AI or machine learning sidekick that was working with you and was able to advise you on when bad things were happening and what you should do about it that would really, really help us manage the situation. So take ransomware for example. This is something you can get onto your computer and encrypt your files very, very quickly meaning you don't have access to them. So machine learning can actually spot this in real time and act against it to block the ransomware and protect your files meaning less get encrypted. Now this happens 24-7. There's always attacks happening on digital networks so machine learning can work all around the clock, doesn't eat, doesn't sleep, never gets sick. So it's a really useful aid. The team's research has many applications. Cybersecurity is going to affect every person in everyday life. This is because more and more digital technology is used in transportation systems, in banking, in hospitals and healthcare. There's no getting away from it. So to think you're immune for a cyber attack, that's just not likely. So it's really, really important that everybody considers this. A major issue would be if a cyber attack happened on a hospital. So cybersecurity in hospitals, cars and future connected vehicles, these are all areas where we need to think about the cybersecurity of the technology before we roll it out. We're currently developing AI assistants, if you like, in the lab to work on detection and responding to cyber attacks and advising people on how they might like to respond. There's a massive commercial market for this and this is where we see it going in the next five years. The translation of research from the lab into practice, monitoring people's digital networks and advising them on how to respond in real time. In our research labs at Cardiff University, we're building representative models of real world systems. So from smart cities, connected vehicles, manufacturing systems, we're trying to make representative systems that ultimately we can come and learn on. We can launch an attack on that smart city. So lights will go off, transportation systems will start moving, driverless vehicles will actually start swerving across the road. We can see the impact of these real attacks in real time and then understand how to develop solutions to make them more secure. Another example is our connected vehicle. So this is a driving simulator game, computer game, but behind the scenes is a real world operating system that would be used in a connected vehicle. We can manipulate that, we can attack it and actually see the impact of it in the game in real time. And then again, we can learn how to secure it so that we can deploy connected vehicles of the future with security built in. What skills and qualifications do you need to get into the field of cybersecurity? Cybersecurity careers are changing all the time and that's in response to the changing digital environment that we're working. So if you go back 10 years ago, we all worked on laptops or computers within protected networks. Now we've moved to online social media, mobile phones and laptops that we take with us everywhere we go. So the cybersecurity careers have moved to respond to securing those types of environment. Now actually, what we're talking about next is connected roads and connected health and everywhere you go there's something that's monitoring you and trying to understand your behavior and how to better engage with society. And that again, changes the needs and the skills for cybersecurity. Particularly, it's going to mean a lot more interdisciplinary requirements. So people from sociology, psychology as well as the economics and the engineering and the computer science elements of cybersecurity is going to become much more of a focus on different skill sets contributing to new cybersecurity demand. We're really looking for people who just have an interest in the topic of how things work. If you think about it, cybersecurity is protecting a digital world. A digital world is made up of data and devices, computers, mobile phones, laptops and ultimately understanding how they work means you can understand how they can be attacked. If you understand how they can be attacked, you can understand how they can be secured. So really, there's no particular skill set. There's genuine interest in cybersecurity and technology. If we can have that, that would be brilliant for us going forward to future roles. There are different career pathways for you to progress through. So for example, you might follow a technical route and understand how to secure the technology side. I would say computer science is a core topic. If you can understand computer science, the code, the technology, how things work, this is a really important baseline. Maths is a nice addition as well. But it's also a route through that understands how people use technology. So people from sociology and psychology backgrounds, if you're really interested in how people work, there's a route for you to. There's lots of different ways into cybersecurity because it's such a practical and vocational subject. What really matters is you have a passion for it. Can you explain in more detail what a cyber attack on an autonomous vehicle would look like? I can, yes. So autonomous vehicles, as you can imagine, they're full of digital sensors. They get data. They receive data. They make decisions based on those. Now what that means is that because they connect to the internet, people can send in incorrect data, confuse the sensors. Then, we're often seeing, is attacks on the vehicles, robberies, etc. So that's a huge problem. Another thing that everyone's, I suppose, more versed in is GPS. So you can attack GPS systems, send a vehicle in a completely wrong direction. So a cyber attack could be just open the doors, unlock the vehicle, for example? Absolutely. I think a few people have said recently that crime has moved online, which has effectively similar crimes but now digitally enabled and effectively cybersecurity is just trying to prevent that. And then I suppose you talked about autonomous vehicles and all the sensors, but we all have those sensors in our houses. We have the temperature sensors, but the alarm systems, cameras. So do you think that that threat of cyber attack will put people off automating their homes? Well, as you say, we have a lot already in our homes. We've got Alexa's. We've got digital cameras. We've got phones and laptops, et cetera, which are all connected to the Internet. And I think the one thing that we need to get across in cybersecurity is to be aware of the threats that that poses. Yes, it's awesome. It's great. We can see our doorstep. We can see all around our house. We can get things all automated by digital assistance. Amazing stuff. However, we've got to think of it in terms of, you know, if you saw a dark alley, you wouldn't naturally just walk down that alley. You'd think, hang on a minute, where's the risk? Where's it coming from? What am I exposed to? And you'd act accordingly. And cybersecurity is really just making people aware of those threats in that digital environment. So it's the main problem you see, not that people are worried about cyber attack, but actually they don't think about it at all in the context of cars or their homes. I think that's exactly the problem. It's a classic technology problem that we're now seeing again with, for example, AI. Technology evolves. People adopt it and they use it because it helps them. They get value from it. But technology is always advancing quicker than cybersecurity. And it's always an afterthought. And so this is where we really need to get to that point now where we think, hang on a minute, what are the risks of using it as well as the opportunities and ensure that it's secured as we go? Well, thank you very much, Pete. You're welcome. Thanks, having us.


This last lecture is on ectopic pregnancy, meeting the challenge, and what I'm going to try to do is, you know, focus on the perhaps the less common aspect of ectopic pregnancy, the less common location. So I hope you find it interesting. So we all know that it has increased significance of ectopic pregnancy, it has increased significantly over the past several years. Probably for two reasons. First of all, there is a dramatic improvement in detection of ectopic pregnancy, thanks to endovatural ultrasound and combination of endovatural ultrasound and conundated cell and beta-ACG. And also there is an incidence of contributing with factors such as pelvic inflammatory disease, treatment for infertility, smoking, etc. The good news is that with endovatural ultrasound, we have been able to achieve early diagnosis which decrease not only mortality, but also morbidity, as well as allow less invasive treatment with better preservation of future fertility. We'll go one by one through these challenges. So first of all, just in any woman of reproductive age, think about the possibility of ectopic pregnancy, no matter what her presentation is. Because a classic trial of abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and capital ednexal mass is actually not that common. So this is a good example. This is a patient who came in here, so she said, oh, the patient, check for IUP, the patient's pregnant, and just write up a part of the pain, check for acute colostitis. For God's sake, that was normal. But she had some fluid, I should say. It's not a psilitis actually. In a young woman, always think about the possibility of ectopic pregnancy. So we looked in the pelvis, and of course she did not have an IUP, but she had an ectopic pregnancy with blood in the pelvis, as well as blood in the moist and spout, and that was what brought her to the emergency room was, her vital compartment pain. So always think about the possibility of ectopic pregnancy in a young woman. If a pelvic ultrasound is not a water, just look for it. Now, is trans-abdominal ultrasound still necessary? You know, again, we want to do things as quickly as possible, and often times, at least in the US, they just order transvaginal ultrasound. I really think in patients with ectopic pregnancy, it is absolutely necessary to do a trans-abdominal ultrasound. But overall, it allows you to very, do a very quick survey of the abdomen. So this patient who had here no IUP, large amount of clot, and probably the ectopic right here in the pelvis, we could quickly move the transducer up to the upper abdomen. She did send a primoperatinium and basically sent her to the OR. This other thing is, I think that trans-abdominal ultrasound is really, really helpful in clarifying ectopic pregnancies in unusual locations. Now, the other thing that is important is to distinguish early IUP from its mimic, because now one of the treatment for early ectopic pregnancy is intramuscular methotrexate, or for medical abortion or failed IUPs or misoprostos. So we do not want to give methotrexate to somebody who could have an early IUP, right? So, and now we're doing really many of these early topics with the treatment with our laparoscopy. So it's really important, in my opinion, to make sure that you know that there is no viable IUP. And actually, there have been lawsuits that in the U.S. for patients only being given methotrexate, when we weren't sure whether it wasn't made clear that that could be a viable IUP, you know, if the report is vague. So it's really, really important. Okay, so responsibility of our response is to make sure that we don't terminate a potential abnormal IUP. And because most women are human that may be stable, we're really, if you're not sure, we have opportunity to do follow-up either with serum or ACG or follow-up ultrasound. So when I have questions on ectopic pregnancy, the first thing I do is look at the universe, because it's easy to diagnose even for even pregnancy, right? So 90% of patients will refer to a real ectopic actually have an IUP. And heterotopic pregnancy or the presence of an IUP with an ectopic pregnancy is actually uncommon. So if you have a pregnant patient and you've located the pregnancy in the universe, you pretty much can breathe a lot easier, unless there are exceptional circumstances such as patients who are treated for infertility. So let's look at the first challenge. It's known to recognize very, very early IUP and differentiate it from its mimic. So here, this is an example of very early brain pregnancy. This is an intra-dissiduous sac and very small gestational sac. But the reason I think it's a gestational sac, it's just underneath the endometrium and it has this subtle ecogenic border, right? So this I would say that if I reported this case, I would say it's very likely that it's a very early brain pregnancy. However, of course, I don't see a young sac, I don't see fetal pose, I cannot comment on the viability of the pregnancy, but I think it's more likely that this patient will have an early IUP and just follow the data in CG. But in this case, this is very different. There is fluid in the endometrium, the endometrium will slip. This is inside the endometrium. So this is not a gestational sac. This is a pseudo-gestational sac in a patient that had an ectopic pregnancy. So just learn how to recognize a very, very early sign of a very small intra-uran gestational sac or early intra-uran pregnancy. So that this patient, you can be very clear that I think this could be an IUP and don't get this patient methotricent. So with ectopic pregnancy, what are the endometrial findings? Because the endometrium will undergo the decidural reaction from the hormone changes of the pregnancy. So you may have one more endometrium or you can have a thick endometrium just as we see in this case and this patient had a small ectopic pregnancy right there. Or you can have this decidural cyst, which are these eccentric cysts. Now why is this a decidural cyst and not an interstitial cyst? It can be a little tricky, but this one doesn't have as well defined ectogenic border. I have to admit this is a little tough, right? And we always look very carefully at the index sign this patient had an enoxal mass. And so she did have an ectopic pregnancy. In this old paper, Ryan's from Winnipeg thought that they had the 80% positive predictive value for early ectopic pregnancy if you saw this decidural cyst. I have to admit it's very, very uncommon to see that. So I'm not sure I buy what they said, but I just want to put it out there because it was published. So if you have cystic structure in the uterus, it could be just fluid or it could be early gestational sacs. This one, we don't see anything in there. This one, we see a little yolk sac. However, you have to be careful because what about this case? So this one kind of looks like a gestational sac, but it has internal echoes. And again, we always look very carefully at the index. So this patient happened to have also an ectopic pregnancy. And what we thought was that this was a pseudo-gestational sac. What happens is sometimes there is hemorrhage within the decidural reaction of the annumetrium, and it can look like a pseudo-gestational sac. This patient was treated with metrotrexate, failed, and underwent a sub-injective. So the other thing is we need to, if we see an annex on mass, we want to see is that in the ovary, because if it's in the ovary, it's much more likely to be a corpuscedum, or is it separate from the ovary in the fallopian tube, and that is much more likely to be an ectopic pregnancy. The vast majority of ectopic pregnancy are in the empyrean portion of the fallopian tube. So the ultrasound findings are pretty simple. No IUP and an annex on mass separate from the uterus. And this has a very high specificity and sensitivity in this really old study, but they still hold still today. So the direct sign of ectopic pregnancy is the annex on mass separate from the ovary. So sometimes if you're not sure whether a mass is in separate from the ovary or not, and here it's pretty clear this is a corpuscedum and this is ectopic pregnancy, you can kind of push on the ovary, do a bimanual, push on the ovary, or the mass with a vaginal probe and push on the belly with the other hand, and you'll see that these two moves kind of separately. And so you know that this is an annex on mass separate from the ovary. In this case you could see a yolk sac and pita pole as well. So that's pretty clear that this is an ectopic pregnancy. Now it's very uncommon to actually see a life fetus. That's a least common presentation. A more common presentation is in a gestational sac. Again, why is it calling an annex on wing? Because it has a cystic area with a nicotinic border. Now this one has a yolk sac, so it's clearly a small ectopic pregnancy and this was treated with mesotrexate with very good response. Or sometimes you will just see an annex on wing. In this case, the important thing here is that the patient was pregnant, has no IVP and has a mass which is separate from the ovary. She was treated with left septum justinum. This is another example. Again, variamorphous mass. Again, you have to make sure that you can separate this from the adjacent ovary because most ectopic pregnancies are in the fallopian tube. And sometimes all you'll see, and I saw a case recently, all you'll see is just basically hematosapines. You have a tubular structure filled with this amorphous material. But if you look very, very carefully in the hematosapines, sometimes you'll see the ectopic pregnancy. And this is a pregnancy that was bleeding inside the fallopian tube. Now, she had a very high CG. She was very symptomatic, so they did this up in justinum and was able to take the ectopic out. She also had hematosapines and they repair the fallopian tube. Now, again, just to show you how you differentiate a mass, is this mass in the ovary, or is it adjacent to the ovary? The ovary has a big copper student. This patient also was pregnant, had complex bleeding in the coliseum. Every time you have ectogenic fluid in the colostar, in a patient who is pregnant, they have to be concerned that this is an ectopic pregnancy, right? And again, you press, you do a bimaneral with the vaginal probe on one hand, the hand on the top of the woman's belly on the other hand, and you'll see that this moves separately from the ovary.