to talk about how to monetize your WordPress website without spamming it with ads. Ads like, click here, subscribe now, subscribe, click, like, shop, all of these ads, they just pop out at you and they're very annoying, we're going to talk about why. So hello everybody, I am Mary Beth, I work for Nexus and I am an affiliate program manager there. I manage all the managed WordPress and manage WooCommerce accounts. You can find me on Twitter and you can email me at marybeth.smith at liquidweb.com. You could also visit my website, I have it on here but it's marybeth.smith. So what we are going to learn today is very important, it is WordPress can make you guys money and that's what everyone wants to do, right? I mean that's what you want to do with your WordPress site.  The first is display ads. Display ads are like posters for the internet, they're pictures and they're videos that people put on to promote their products and services. One that's not as known are like info links, info links are like in-text advertising that people will put in their, in their, I can't talk today, sorry, but in their stuff to pay with paid cash or displaying mildly relevant ads. And the other one is selling backlinks. So selling backlinks is like one site paying another site to link to their page. These are all bad ways to make money on your website and I want to tell you why. So pop-up ads, they are evil. There's so many reasons not to do that.  So they're not even in the senior display ads and then what's the point really? To earn $100,000 with Google AdSense, you need to have approximately 20,000 daily visitors. Plus you have to have an extra 25% more to make up for all those people with ad blockers. So that's a lot. Most, if not all, people have really mixed feelings about pop-up ads. According to BioDesign, 91% of people find today's ads more intrusive than two to three years ago and they're finding it a little obnoxious and let's all, I mean we can all agree, they're a bit creepy. I mean, so info links. They're so 2000s. Back in the day, there was this in-text advertising network that would pay cash for you to put links in their site. They were really popular in the early 2000s but now like when people see the click here, most people don't click. No one wants to know what's going to happen next. Selling back links. I get emails on a daily basis. Do follow me. You don't want to do that. There's a really big reason why you don't want to sell back links, guys. And that's it. It's against the Google Webmaster's guidelines.   So you guys are probably asking, Mary Beth, how do we make money with our website? Well, let me tell you guys. Introducing affiliate marketing. Has anybody heard of affiliate marketing before? Awesome, awesome. Well, I want to tell you a little bit about it. I want to ask some questions so you, I want to know how much you guys know about affiliate marketing. How much do you think was spent on affiliate marketing in 2022? Billions? How many billions? 10. All right. Anybody else? No one? 11. 11.  That's a lot. This is even more. How much is the global affiliate marketing industry worth in 2023? So think 8.2 billion was spent on it. How much do you think it's worth? Anyone? What do you think? 53.23. That is a great number. Great number. You're close. 17 billion. So that's a lot of money being spent on affiliate marketing. And this is a great question here. In this top revenue source for what percentage of publishers? So they're talking about every website out there. How many publishers do you think are using affiliate marketing today? How much? One. Yeah? One. Not quite. So 31% of all publishers are using affiliate marketing today. Now here's my favorite part. You guys, meet Fezzy Wigg. Fezzy Wigg is the cutest puppy that ever walked this earth. I got him this December. I love him to death. And everything is about my puppies. So we're going to make our presentation about my puppy too. And Fezzy Wigg has a question, you guys. Affiliate marketing. Because you guys are probably all asking that too. Well, let's put it in puppy's perspective. First, we've got the boring definition here. Billion marketing is a type of online marketing where business rewards its affiliates. The people who promote its products and services for each customer or sale they bring in. What does that mean to Fezzy Wigg? He doesn't care about that? Well, say Fezzy Wigg has a toy, favorite toy. He tells all his puppy friends about this toy. And those puppy friends buy the toy. Well, Fezzy Wigg is going to get a cut back from the toy company. Fezzy Wigg is going to be rolling in cash because he played with his favorite toy.  I'm going to Fezzy Wigg, I'm going to tell him. Basically, Fezzy Wigg, this is similar to how your human may recommend a product or service to their friends and receive a referral bonus for doing so. So, it's a way for companies to increase their sales and their affiliates earn some extra money by sharing their favorite products and services. Now, don't forget Fezzy Wigg because he's going to come back later. So, you're probably saying, Marybeth, how can affiliate marketing benefit me? Well, first, let's talk about how to get started. And then we'll talk about the benefits. There are many affiliate marketing can be very beneficial. I'll name some of the disadvantages and disadvantages. And then we'll walk through how to get started in affiliate marketing. So, let's start with how to get started. First, rule of affiliate marketing is to create killer organic content. And I want to put a big emphasis on organic content. You don't want your content to be chat GBT or copied from another website. You want it to be your own just unique content. The program that's right for you, depending on what your product is and what you want to sell or what you want to promote, you'll find that program. Then you join the affiliate program. It's that simple. So, using your WordPress site, you can create killer content, awesome content that and I want to point out that what you want to do is you want to inform your readers of something. Informing them is going to get them hooked. So, first, you find a problem to solve. Then you ask a question. The next thing you do is you answer that question. So, by finding that problem, asking that question and solving that question, you're teaching your readers something and giving them really good information. I've got an example. Everybody remember Fezziwig? Everybody remembers Fezziwig. Well, Fezziwig is a master escape artist. Fezziwig can escape his crate into ours flat, make a huge mess in my living room, and everything is a disaster. So, you guys, I need to figure out a way to keep him safe when we leave the house. So, the question, what's the best crate for a dog with the world's worst anxiety?  So, there I have my big question, guys. What is the best dog crate for a dog with high anxiety? Simple question, but people are probably asking it. I know I am. So, then you're going to have to do a little bit of research. I mean, everything takes a little bit of work, and I did some great research on dog crates. Sounds silly, right?  Well, there's a few dog crates, and each of them are great in their own way. You have the pro-select empire. It's a great crate. Look how strong it looks, right? The dog's never going to break out of it. Well, here's my problem. This crate's got bars, and I've got to cover the crate at night, and my dog, when he wakes up in the morning, loves to pull that blanket in through each of those bars that I've got to fix in the morning. So, I don't know if that crate is right for me. I got the impact crate. Impact crate looks scary, but that impact crate is meant for a dog with high anxiety. It can't chew through the bars. It can't bring the blanket in. It is safe as safe can be. And then lastly, you got the gunner crate. Well, the gunner crate is great. You know, probably never get out, but it's really meant for traveling and putting it in a bed of a truck. So, maybe not the crate that I'm looking for. Okay, so I have these three crates now. What do I do with them? Well, the next thing I'm going to do is I'm going to make a list on my website. I'm going to list all the pros and cons of each of them. I'm going to list which one I choose, which is the first, and then I'm going to put it on my website. It's very simple. And then the next thing you want to do is you want to include your affiliate link. And you guys are probably saying these are dog crates. Like, there are affiliate links for dog crates, really? Guess what, guys? ProSelect Empire is on Amazon Associates. You can get an affiliate link for that. Has their own program, Avant Link. You sign up to it, and there you got a link for your impact crate. And then gunner crates, they're so, like, into affiliate marketing, they have their own affiliate marketing system through gunner crates. So no matter which crate you guys are putting on there, it's going to have an affiliate link. You could do the same thing with anything. Cat toys, dog toys. I mean, fashion, toys, retail, it's all on there. What happens next? What happens next is wonderful. First, you insert your link into your post and your page. Then people read your stuff and you make a sale. And that's great because what happens when you make a sale, guys? That's right. You collect money from each of those sales. And you do it without annoying your readers. You're just putting a simple link in there and you're giving them something to read about. And that's what's really important is you're informing them of something they're interested in. I've got all the sources right at the end. There are different articles. They have a lot of this information on it. So here's some examples of some affiliate programs.  You get their average sales about $50 and you get maybe one to 10% depending on what the product is. So maybe you're not earning a lot unless you're selling a lot on there. But you guys with Gunner crates, you get 5% of the sales price. And their crates run $800 to $1,000. So 5% of $1,000 is a lot of money. My program at Nexus, go ahead. I knew before they had a certain like minimal amount of traffic in order to become an associate. Is that still the case? You know, I don't know. That's a great question. I don't know. But I can find it out and email you in that and tell you about that. So with Nexus, we have a minimum of $150 up to 150%. Now our average sales price is like $99, but we have products that are like $1,000 a month and you're getting 150% of that $1,000 when you make that sale. So really, you can make a lot of money from a little bit to a lot depending on what you're selling, what you are promoting. So there are some warning signs of bad affiliate programs because not all affiliate programs are made equal. There are a lot of different things that you should watch out for. The first one, what? That's definitely a good thing to watch out for. One of them, though, is like an unresponsive affiliate manager. If you have an affiliate manager, like what I do and I'm not responding to you and I'm ignoring your meeting requests, you don't want to work with me. You want to work with another program. You'll get a threat of removal from it and saying you didn't make any sales or enough sales, so we're going to remove you from the program. That's not a program you probably want to be a part of. There should never be a minimum amount of sales that you have to make to stay a part of the program. There's also commission reductions.  That is not a program you want to be a part of. So you're probably asking who can do affiliate marketing. I think I've answered that, but let me give you some facts here. 15% of affiliate programs were in the fashion industry, so you've got clothes, you've got shoes, you've got makeup, all these things that you can promote. There's 109% growth in the toy industry in affiliate marketing last year. 43% of affiliate revenue was generated by the retail sector. So guys, I bet you can guess who can do affiliate marketing. Anyone have a guess? Anyone can do affiliate marketing. So all of you can add affiliate marketing to your websites. So now you asked, what's in it for me? So let me tell you some advantages guys. First, there's low to no startup costs for every affiliate program. Basically, you sign up for the programs, you get your links and you don't pay anything to do it. You just promote their product so it's basically free for you. The next thing is really important because once you make that really good killer organic content, you're going to increase your SEO and increase your traffic and increase your rankings on Google, which is going to bring more people in, which means you're going to make more conversions, which makes this really high ROI. There's little no startup costs, so basically your return on investment is really high because you're making way more than you're spending. So if you have a domain and you're doing real well with parking ads and you're probably going to turn it into a parking service. I'm sorry, I didn't catch it. If you have a domain and you're doing real well with parking ads, you're probably going to turn it into a parking service. You could do that, definitely. I think that's a good idea. I think it depends on the domain name and it really depends on the products that you are promoting. So there are advantages, but I mean everyone knows there's also disadvantages and I don't want to leave you in the dark. There are some things to watch out for when you're doing it. One is that affiliate marketing is commission-based. So basically, you don't get paid unless you make a sale. So it's really important to have that really good SEO, have that really good content because unless you have those things in your ranking on Google, you're not going to make any money. So I want you guys to make sure you have really good content. But there's one thing that you have to know also is that affiliate marketing, since anyone can do it, can be really competitive. I mean, when I work in the hosting space, you know, you have to watch out because a lot of the big players have ranked first and get a lot of those sales. So it's really important that that content ranks well on Google. And then the hardest part is guys, it takes time. You don't get organic content to rank overnight. It takes time to do that. It takes time to write the content.  So with these advantages and disadvantages, I want to give you guys some tips and tricks that we have learned over the years. So there's some ways to increase your conversions. You guys are all using WordPress. You can also use WordPress plugins that are meant for affiliate marketing. You can use them that create and manage your affiliate links in the dashboard. You have some plugins that will share all of your links to social media. And then there are some that create auto links just for certain keywords, so the auto link your keyword right there for you. So I mean, these plugins, they make it easier for you to do your job. Another way is to track your results. You can use analytic tools such as Google Analytics or the analytics for the affiliate program that you're in. And you can track your conversions from your affiliate links, which is really important because if you're not tracking your metrics, you don't know what needs to be changed. And you don't know what you can improve upon. All these affiliate plugins that I found on this wpforms.com, these are just some of the plugins guys. And if you want to, if you don't want to make a list of them right now, these are on my website, you can see the whole presentation. But I mean, there's just countless plugins you can use. I think it's a great idea to make sure that you do some research and get the best plugins for yourself. And then I talked about tracking your metrics. Here are six key metrics to track. One is clicks. You want to know how many people are clicking on the links you've got on your website. The next is very important. From those clicks, how many people are making sales? Then the conversion. For how many clicks, how many sales are you making? What is the conversion rate that you're getting on your website? There are things like return on ad spend, incremental revenue, and cost per click and cost per sale. Those are all very important. And I really suggest you keep track of all of those things when you're doing affiliate marketing. Can you explain, I'm sorry, can you explain what incremental revenue is? Incremental revenue is when you're getting, say, sometimes you're getting like 10 percent, sometimes you're getting 15 percent. It's how it grows. So you're probably saying Mary Beth, sales prices and product, they change all the time. How are you going to keep up with that? Because, you know, people have sales. They change their prices. I mean, we just did a huge logo revamp and people had to update the logo for us for all of their things. So you want to know, how do you keep up with all that? There's something you can do. They're called data feed tools. And the data feed tools will scour the internet and they will tell you when there is an update. So I found three that are really good. One is Avant Link, which Avant Link is an affiliate program. So that's a great one to start with. Another one is products up. And there's also feed enomics. So with these data feed tools, you can really keep up to date with what you are putting on your website. And then there's less work for you, which is also the same with the plugins. The more you put into it, like the less work that there's going to be. So you guys, let's get started. You can do this. You can do affiliate marketing. Candice, you got this. Questions? Regarding the content, that's the most important thing. Yes. And I would ask that you either would want to affiliate with something that's connected to whatever your website has to do with or find a way to tie it in. But what page do you post the content on? So you can make a page or I would suggest doing it as a blog post or an article on your website. So take for instance, like web hosting, you can do like the 10 best web hosts or you can do a review of a web hosting company. Like you can do that for all those. Like I could have four articles out of these crates. I could have a top three crates. I could have a review for each of those crates. And there's like four sets of content that you can use to bring SEO to your website. You can do a couple different things with video. Like you can, if you have a YouTube channel, you can use YouTube on that. And then you can include your affiliate links in the description of the YouTube video or you can put a video in your article. You can just embed it in your article and then put the affiliate links below in the description. Does that answer the question? Okay. Run Google ads on website with link then. But it also runs into some, I forget, I haven't looked over this full extent of their policy in a while. It just limits some of what advertising you can actually post on there. So, and that makes, that's what the kind of the difference is. Because like with pop-up ads and stuff, and those are like Google ads usually and stuff, within affiliate marketing, all you're doing is placing a link in your article and in your content. So they don't, like, they don't like alert Google that you've got this ad there. It's a little more organic, if that makes sense. I think I had attempted to do a return on this to kind of over 10,000 users. Yeah, you can definitely do that with affiliate marketing. I think Amazon associates specifically said that you're not supposed to use it in emails. So it definitely can vary depending on an affiliate program. Each affiliate program has their own rules, their own like set of what you can and can't do. Like say with ours, like some people will just use our affiliate links and put them into ads and try to like bid on our keywords, which that's kind of a no-no. Like you can't bid on like trademark keywords. So there's, there's different ways that you can do that. But I don't suggest that as much as actually making content for it. Yeah. Yeah, exactly. So a lot of people will have like on the bottom of their website, they will have an affiliate disclosure. And you can put the affiliate disclosure in your YouTube like, like most people will like put their affiliate links. And then at the very bottom, like these are affiliate links. I do earn income from them. You can do that per video or you can have it on your site just generally so people know. Do you have any advice on recruiting affiliates or re-engaging them to do more stuff? Are you talking about from an affiliate program manager's side or from like an actual affiliate marketer who's writing the content and... So I have a product. Okay. And I have a lot of affiliates, but I like more. Okay. Also the ones that are doing well to do more. So there's, there's some things that I do. As a program manager, I do a lot of Google scraping. I do a lot of searching for people who are looking for our product, like the top 10 web hosting companies, or the top 10 WordPress web hosting companies. But then I use a tool called SEMrush and you can actually do research on keywords and find like more links through that. So like if you've got a company say that is, they're, they're, I can't think of my word. I'm so sorry. They're trying to promote the gunner crate. Well, they're trying to promote the gunner crate. Chances are they're going to want to promote that impact crate too. So if they're promoting someone else's, like a competitor's product, they will probably likely promote your product as well. Does that make sense? Yeah. A call to action. You might write like you said a review or something like that specifically for the affiliate, but articles that relate to your dog, you could put in a call to action if you're just taking this article. Here's the article on crates for this kind of dog. Yeah. So a lot, a lot of our affiliates do use call to action on their pages. A lot of them, like if they do a review it, you know, right at the end, there's a button, you know, purchase now or something like that. So that's really a great idea. Really great point. Instead of having like a static link, is there anything you can recommend or what you would do if you want to like pay the call and play a program, you want to put a phone number in there? No, there's not that I know of. Most of things work through the actual affiliate link. There's, you've got to use that link because it caches the cookie. And that cookie is what tells people that they purchased it from your link and not from like the actual website. I mean, you can do that, but still you're going to have to use that. Well, you know, there are other ways because you can actually use coupon codes. A lot of people will track through coupon codes. So that's always a possibility as well. So if you wanted to do that call, you could give them a coupon code over the phone. And that would be your specific code. Any other questions? I really appreciate all of you. Thank you so much for coming.


Now, there is strategy number two. It is about to promote norms, values, and community mechanisms. First of all, it identify and promote positive norms such as respect, inclusivity, and collaboration. This can be done through communication, education, and reinforcement of desired norms in various settings. On the one hand, they talked about the principles of identifying them. Now, they are saying that you should identify those norms as well. Tell us in your policies what should have happened in reality. What are the things that we need? Among them, we understand that there is a culture of respect, inclusivity, and all kinds of children should be included. On the basis of color, race, class, and wealth, their discriminations should be mitigated. Then we understand that there should be good communication in our leaders, and they should be taught. Now, in what communication? In parents, in teachers, in government policy makers, communication should be done in the work of all of them. And then, our desired norms. What do we actually want? What kind of community do we want to promote? What kind of children do we want? What kind of education do we want for our children? We have to make all that decision and include it in our policies. And we have to include it as reinforcement that what we are doing is good. We have to appreciate it, give it applause, and then try to move forward in different settings. Then clarify and promote core values that help to establish a sense of purpose and direction in life. Now, we have to decide on the core values as well. See, we have different cultures. For example, European cultures, Asian cultures, our Pakistani culture, then on the basis of religion, we have our culture, Muslim culture, Jewish culture, Christian culture. So, we have to decide about our values. What kind of people we are, what is our religion, what is our area, what is our culture, what should be our values, and then we have to give our children better education according to their values. And then we have to choose our purpose and direction that we have to go in the same direction and do our best for these goals. So, foster community mechanisms. Now, Janisif thinks that no one can do anything alone. I want to give my children better education.  People are supporting each other, but all the children are getting support, such as forums, committees, social groups, to provide a platform for interaction, collaboration and problems. Wherever there is a problem, there is no one to solve it. Make a forum and committees of the society together so that the synergies come forward. All the abilities of each person should be spent in this. All of us should try together and move towards a better solution. So, led by example, leaders play a crucial role in promoting norms, values and community mechanisms. That is, your leaders themselves are the role models in this system. They also tell our leaders that if you become a role model yourself, you will take part in saving the children from violence, you will contribute, in making policies, in making committees, in taking action, then the whole community would be there to help you. They would also support you. And individuals are very late. So, they say that you need to work together. Then finally, provide resources such as training, education and infrastructure. So, they say that to do all this, wherever you need resources, that you have to give training to people, to build their capacity, to give equipment to the leaders, or to give awareness to the parents, to involve the media, or to spread awareness among people in some other way. So, whatever needs to be provided to the government, to make committees for it, to gather resources, and this needs to be done, so that we can be conscious of our children and be able to save them from violence.


This is a song that we did for pirate day and it just gets the kids kind of moving But it also means they have to listen to know when to do the motions. There's also a number component to it I did want to point out. I do not play the guitar I cheat when I play the guitar and you can do this too. I just tune the guitar to a major chord So then all I have to do is block off the fret to get one four five To get the other chords Yeah, if you pulled it down right you get a better sound Unless you can actually play the guitar but Kids can play it this way too. So this song goes like this When I was one I had some fun on the day I went to sea I hopped aboard a pirate ship and the captain said to me we go this way that way forward backward over the deep blue sea When I was two I tied my shoe on the day I went to sea I hopped aboard a pirate ship and the captain said to me We go this way that way forward backward over the deep blue sea When I was four I swapped the floor on the day I went to sea I hopped aboard a pirate ship and the captain said to me we go this way that way forward backward over the deep blue sea and At this point I can continue with the words When I was five I took a dive Usually I just go up to five or I can ask the students for other rhyming words and then we can incorporate those in or we could even change the lyrics Don't need doesn't even have to be a pirate ship. You can make up whatever you want It's just the important thing is that they're moving and they're hopping and then they're singing along with you and then They've got the number component as well


The last part, presenting a project that is completely the opposite end of the spectrum to that, to which my colleagues here have presented. But before I start, can I just ask people, because I'm not familiar with you guys, who here has heard of Europeana, if you can? Excellent. So who here is a content provider, who provides metadata to Europeana? Not bad! I know there's at least two of you. Who are project partners in Europeana Cloud? One. Okay. The other one must not be here today. Okay. We have one. Just Danny, he's the guy you go to when you have a question after I've gone. Okay. So you guys know who Europeana are. That makes my job a lot easier. I'm going to talk to you today about Europeana Cloud, which is one project, one of two big projects that Europeana are running over the next couple of years. And Europeana Cloud is about developing a sustainable infrastructure that delivers efficiencies in publishing metadata and also making access to that metadata better for our users. What we've done is we've run a series of workshops. We're nine months into a three-year project and we've run a series of workshops to identify what our requirements are. And there's loads of stuff we don't know. So what we did is we had an illustrator come into our final workshop and draw some pictures about how far we have come. So the things that we know and what we still need to explore. So the things that we don't know. And what I'm going to do is just talk to you, talk you through these pictures. So the first thing is, as you all know, back in 2008, Europeana was an aggregator. We focused on aggregating content, bringing in metadata, making it available through 2010. Moving on to 2012, we made our metadata available under a CC0 licence. So nice and open, reusable, no restrictions. And I think, does that mean there's no database rights? I wasn't entirely clear. Lucy's not here. We waived our database rights. So excellent. We don't have some of those issues. So that takes you all the way through to where we are today. We currently publish 29.6 million metadata, sorry, digital objects that can be found through metadata. So we're nearly at that 30 million mark, which is actually our target for 2015. So we're way ahead of ourselves and we're really pleased about that. But for us, there's a lot more that we need to try and achieve. So when we start looking forward to 2015, which is the next step in our corporate strategy, we're looking at providing a digital infrastructure service. The European Commission calls it a core service platform. And so what we have to do is try and think about what does that look like? Does that mean that Europeana just puts itself into the cloud and becomes a platform? That sounds nice in general, but there's obviously a lot more to it than that. We need to identify what the challenges are that we're facing. And one of the things that we do understand is that our users, the people who access the metadata, say that they need better and more direct access to the metadata and the content, and that they'd like a better overall user experience. I don't know how many of you have gone to the main portal, europeana.eu and looked for a digital object, searching through the portal. It's great if you're looking for something specific, but if you're looking to download a large amount of metadata or access a range of digital objects, it has its limitations. And so we need to do more work on that. And the Europeana Cloud project gives us the mechanism in which to do that. We also have to look at the supply side of the equation and look at the aggregators and the data providers who provide us with the metadata. At the moment, they're still trying to decide what their role is in the future in Europeana, in Europeana Cloud, and what they want and how this all works, which makes writing requirements quite challenging because if you don't know what your problems are, you can't really solve them. So to try and meet all of these challenges, Europeana Cloud was born. We're nine months into the project. We've run the workshops, which have got these wonderful figures we like imagery. We find it very difficult within the office to try and understand these abstract concepts without having an image like this. So in the middle you see the two-sided funnel. This is Europeana. On the left-hand side, on the far side, you have all the data providers and the aggregators who are feeding the funnel. And then on this side, you have all the users. So whether you're a researcher, a scientific community, or in English what we call Joblogs, just wanting to find a nice picture that they can use for free, then you're on the right-hand side over here. Okay, so as I said, we're still in the process of defining exactly what Europeana Cloud is. We've gotten as far as it's a cloud-based infrastructure. We know that we're going to use it to aggregate and to store metadata. We're still discussing whether that should store content as well or even offer storage facilities for content. We know that we will publish an open platform to allow people to build tools and services on top of the infrastructure to provide the users with this better access points that they've all been describing that they want. We've also gotten as far as describing eight what we call high-level principles, which determine the very early shape of Europeana Cloud. I'm not sure if you can read that. The first one is that Europeana Cloud will be open, and this is a good thing, that it's really there to serve the needs of cultural heritage institutions to publish their metadata to make their digital objects more findable, more searchable, more usable. We want the service to be cheaper. We want it to be better than existing services, and we want it to be faster. Sometimes Europeana portal is quite slow. We also want to make it sustainable. This is quite an important aspect of the project because obviously Europeana are based on at the moment a collection of project fundings from the European Commission. We are in the process of applying for central European funds, and that is an ongoing conversation with the commission. We are lobbying very hard to raise awareness of the benefits of making and supporting the publication of cultural heritage online. If you see the hashtag ALECULTURE anywhere, that is us. If you ever tweet things, please bun ALECULTURE on the end because it does great things for our metrics, and it helps us to go to the commission and say, look at all these people that support the exchange and sharing the publication of cultural heritage items. Moving down to the fifth point, one of the important aspects for us about Europeana Cloud, and in fact Europeana is that we are a community. We are a network organisation, so for us we should be governed by a community-led governance structure. Over the past few years, we have worked on developing a set of principles, common-based principles, which we believe that Europeana should be led by, and those will form bases of our governance structure. That's about it for now. I've covered storage and access for metadata and content. We also want to try and use standardised existing protocols where we can, and make sure that we have a simple and legal framework within which everyone can operate. So these share some of the values of Europeana as they currently stand. However, of course, there's so much stuff we don't know at the moment, it's crazy. We've actually got these six big questions, these are things that after these workshops, we had loads of people come along, read the descriptions of work, read the principles, talk about what they wanted as stakeholders in the Europeana Cloud project, and they came out, we came out of the workshops with these really big questions that we still needed to understand the answers better. So we wanted to understand what the value proposition would be. What does this actually mean for me? What problem does this solve? We need to look at the sustainability. How do we pay for this? Now, in reality, we'd like the commission to fund the core infrastructure, but all the additional services on top, we're looking at other models for. So as a user, you might pay to access some of the tools and services, and that will contribute towards the sustainability of providing those tools and services. I like the idea that was mentioned earlier about, at a certain point of funding, you then have access to participating in the government structure. I think that would certainly encourage, well, hopefully be able to encourage a lot of people to contribute to this. Thirdly, what are we storing and how does it get there? This is our biggest and most urgent question, which I'll go on to explain a little bit more, but we have a question about, do we store just metadata, or do we store content, or do we stand somewhere in the middle and include full text items in there? We're having some good conversations with the European Library about what they need from this. Fourthly, looking at the government structure, who decides what and who is responsible for what. Because we don't really have this service model and an idea of exactly what the product delivers, it's very difficult for us to put more detail to the government structures and models that we need to develop to run this. We also need to look at how we organise the interface, how we provide access to this metadata that's currently available through Europeana.eu, and then also what you can do with it. So on what terms you can access things that are stored and made available via the cloud. For example, one of the key features of Europeana Cloud is to address, as a pilot that comes out of the project, is to address the research community with a platform called Europeana Research Platform. It is poorly defined as what I have just been explaining to you here, but the idea is that it will allow better access to the research community because via the Europeana portal we will be able to ingest more metadata that is available specifically for research purposes, but not to other people. So you will have open access for research purposes, but if you just want to post it on Facebook or put it on a mug, then they say no thanks. So these are the issues that I have just described, the storage issues, the platform issues, the framework issues. Then we have the question, the final question that is our burning question at the moment, which is, well we've got this cloud infrastructure, where does Europeana fit in this? So we have four scenarios that we need to work through. This is the first one. This one says that metadata is provided through Europeana, as it normally is, content stays with the institutions. Secondly, metadata through Europeana, content stored with an aggregator. Then a slight change on that is that metadata is provided via aggregators to the cloud and that the content is provided directly to the cloud by the institutions. Then there is a bad numbering on this, I am afraid. Metadata and content is put straight into the cloud and the idea would be that Europeana would just be a user of that. This four massive scenario is that we need to consider as kind of a burning question. The next stages after that are really just looking at Europeana research, what that looks like, what community that really serves. So I really hope that some of you will come forward, maybe speak to Rob later or to me, I am around for the rest of the day, and talk to us about what you need. There are opportunities for all of you to participate and to give your examples of what you need from Europeana Cloud, and we would be really, really happy to listen to you. I have given you an overview of a project which is nine months in but still quite early days. It is a challenging project, we are really enjoying working on it and we really appreciate some input from this community here.


Electrons inside any conductor, like a wire, are continuously moving at extremely high velocity, randomly moving, but because they continuously keep bumping into atoms, they don't go anywhere. And as a result, without a battery, we don't get any current. But when you do hook it up to a battery, an electric field gets set up, and now the electrons start getting accelerated in the opposite direction, due to which they start drifting in the opposite direction of the electric field with a constant velocity, which we call the drift velocity. So the goal of this video is to actually show that this velocity is a constant, and to figure out what is the expression for this drift velocity. So before we begin, I want to start by defining a new term called relaxation time. You may be wondering, why am I starting abruptly by defining something new? Well, the reason I'm doing that is because this term will be important later on, and I don't want to introduce this in the middle of a derivation and distract ourselves. So that's why I'm doing that. So what exactly is this relaxation time? Funny word. So electrons are constantly bumping into these atoms. Now the time between the collisions is where we like to think that the electrons are relaxing. They're relaxing and nicely drifting in the electric field. So relaxation time then becomes the average time between two successive collisions. So if this number was say one minute, as an example, if this number was say one minute, then what it means is that in some collisions last for say three minutes or four minutes, some collisions will last for say half a minute or maybe few seconds. But if you average that out, then that number will be one minute. That's the meaning of relaxation time and the symbol we use for this is tau. So with that out of the way, let's now go ahead and define our drift velocity. So derive our drift velocity. That's what I meant. How do we calculate this? Well, what is our definition of drift velocity? It's the average velocity with which the electron is drifting forward. Just to be clear, we are averaging velocity of a single electron over time. I am not averaging velocities of all the electrons. That's how I'm doing a single electron over time. So let's say I consider this as my start time and let's say this collision after this collision. And let's say from here to here. Imagine there are a million collisions happening in between. So drift then would be you calculate velocity at every single point, every single point, add them all up and divided by n. Does that make sense? That would be the drift velocity. So let me write that down. Mathematically, I can say drift velocity will be summation of velocities at every single point. v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, all the points. I'm just going to represent it by a single number, v here, divided by n. So this means v is velocity at any point. You take any point that is what your v is going to be. So velocity v is velocity at any point. All right. Now, how do I go ahead? How do I calculate that? Well, here's my trick. Now, not a trick. Here's what I'm going to use. I know between collisions, electrons are going with a constant acceleration. Because between collisions, the only force on them is due to the electric field. That's a constant. And so the force is a constant. The acceleration will be a constant. And that means it's a uniformly accelerated motion. And I know that in a uniformly accelerated motion, velocity at any point will be just the initial velocity u plus at. So if I wanted to know what the velocity at this point was, I'm just going to draw a couple of points. At this point was, I would just have to know what the velocity was just after the collision. Let's call that velocity as u. And then I need to know how much time has elapsed since then. Let's call that as t. And if I do v equal to u plus at, I will get the velocity at this point. If I want velocity at this point, it will be u plus a into t. Time will be now from here to there. If I want velocity at this point, now I will not consider this. I will now consider this as my initial velocity just after collision here. What my initial velocity is, this u and this u will be obviously different. And again, how much time has elapsed since then, different t. And now if I do v equal to u plus at, I'll get a velocity at this point. So in general, all I have to do is do a summation of u plus at, u plus at, divide by n. And again, we need to be very careful. What is u here? u is the velocity just after the previous collision. This is just after previous collision. And what is t? t is the time since the previous collision, right? Hopefully it's making sense. Time since previous collision. All right. So what will that equal? So if I now calculate the drift velocity, that's going to be, I can distribute this summation. So I'll get a sigma u divided by n plus a times sigma t. I'm just going to use pick here, divide by n. Let's see if you can simplify it even further. Let's start with this one. What happens when you add up all the initial velocities? Well, remember in this model, just after the collision, the velocity is random, right? That's the whole idea behind this random motion of the electrons, isn't it? So u has a completely random value, random direction. And so what happens if you add up all randomly oriented, million randomly oriented vectors? Well, you'll get zero, isn't it? Or something which is very close to zero. And how does that work out? You may ask, well, think of it this way. If there are million collisions, sometimes after a collision, an electron might go to the right with some speed. But similarly, after some other collision, an electron might go to the left with some speed because it's happening randomly. They're both equally probable and they will cancel out. Similarly, after some collisions, you know, the electron will go up with some speed. And similarly, after some collisions, the same electron will go down with that same speed. And again, when I'm doing adding them up, they will cancel out. And that's why there's a very good chance that most of these velocities will just cancel out. Now you may ask, well, yeah, but how do you know it's going to be zero? That's a good question. How do we know after a million, they will just cancel out perfectly? Well, they don't have to cancel out perfectly. You see, if this number becomes very small, way smaller compared to this number, that's enough for us. Then we can just assume it to be zero. And I'll tell you another way in which, you know, we can convince ourselves that this number has to be close to zero. If there was no electric field, let's say, if we did not put any electric field, then there will be no acceleration. This term would be zero, right? And without acceleration, without electric field, we know electrons don't move anywhere. We know that there is no current, right? On an average. And so that means if a is zero, drift velocity has to be zero. And so that means this number has to be zero. Does that make sense? Hopefully that, hopefully that made sense. Okay, so we know that this number, this number has to be zero. All right, let's look at this one. What about the acceleration? Can you figure that out? Well, yes we can. I know the electric field is E from that I can figure out what the force is. And then I can use Newton's second law and calculate what the acceleration is. It'll be a great idea to pause the video and see if you can do that part yourself first. All right, let's do it. So acceleration is force per mass, right? And what is the force equal to? Well, don't say mass times acceleration. Well, the force is due to the electric force, right? And electric force is Q times E.  And so we'll write this as Q times E. This is the force divided by M. So we got that. Final question is, what is this? Well, remember, this is just the average value of T and what was T? T is the time since the previous collision. So this number, this number is the average time since the previous collision. And just to clarify, if this number, say, was, I don't know, two minutes as an example, let's say, if this number was two minutes, then what that means is if you were to take an electron at different, different, different times and ask it, hey, electron, how long has it been since your last collision? That average answer that it gives, that number will be two minutes. In some cases, it would have gone for four minutes without a collision. In some cases, it would have gone three minutes without a collision. Some cases might have gone 10 minutes without a collision, rare cases. But if you add up all of that, then that will be your average time since the previous collision. And now here comes the trickiest part of the derivation. It turns out that this value, average time since previous collision is exactly the same as the relaxation time. All right, it turns out to be exactly the same.  But unfortunately, it's not as simple, you know, there's no simple way to actually see how this is true. The best way would be to do, you know, doing rigorous mathematics, which I definitely don't want to do in this video. But we can spend some more time, you know, trying to understand why this is true in a future video. All right, exactly why these two times are exactly equal to each other and what does it mean and everything? You know, in a separate video altogether. But as of now, you know, just accept that this value will also turn out to be the same as tau. And if that is true, we now have found our drift velocity expression. The drift velocity becomes, what is it, what do we get? We know a is e into e divided by m times this number we are accepting that it is tau. All right, so here's the expression for drift velocity and let's note a couple of important things. The first thing you see is that this number is independent of time. All right, relaxation time is a constant for a given material and a temperature. And so the drift velocity truly is a constant doesn't change with time. And it's for that reason, we always assume that electrons are flowing with a steady speed when we have an electric field. So that makes sense. The second thing to note is that the drift velocity, this average constant velocity depends on the strength of the field. The stronger the electric field, the electrons will drift faster, which kind of makes sense, right? More the electric field would expect more current. So that makes sense. And the third thing to note is that the drift velocity also depends on the relaxation time. How does that make any sense? Well, if the relaxation time were to increase, that basically means that there is more time between successive collisions on an average. And that basically means electrons can now spend more time getting accelerated and gaining more speed. So the average now starts increasing. So it makes perfect sense that, you know, drift velocity should increase with relaxation time.


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So hello guys and as was said I will be talking about automation of rebasing of RPM packages with rebase helper. So just a question of curiosity who here maintains a package an RPM package? Okay it's nice to see a lot of you.  It can take a long time there are many steps that you have to do and it can often fail which results in you having to do these tasks and steps again. So the goal of rebase helper is to automate these tasks as much as possible and if these tasks cannot be automated the goal is to provide information and provide assistance to the maintainer so we can do the rebase correctly. Rebase helper operates on a directory with a spec file. The directory can also contain patches and sources so this would typically be or clone this repository. And as I said it can do automatically many things which I will show you in the demo. It has many command line options so you can basically influence the whole rebase process so you can change for example the build tool that is used to create RPM or source RPM. I will show more of this later. And also rebase helper is package in Fedora so you can easily install it and it can also be run in a container for those container enthusiasts. And well because I think that examples are better than plain words and instead of just talking about what rebase helper can actually do I am going to try to show you what it can actually do and if anyone was interested there is a list of packages that I'm going to show you the basis of so you can later try it out. Just a quick note before I start some of these rebases take a long time because there are long builds so I'm going to show the most important steps and then just skip the build and show you the result. Okay so as the first package I've prepared a simple one which is called lip pipeline and basically it is just a simple package we can have a look at the spec file there is just a simple preamble and the build process is quite simple so rebasing of the package should be quite a simple task it should be just a matter of bumping the version and then adding a change lock entry. So there are no patches as you could have seen and this gripo is very simple. So let's just run the base helper now and see what happens. Because I run the base helper without any argument it automatically tries to oh I'm not going to the Wi-Fi so I have to log in. Oh nice. It's too short so I'm going to log in that's going to be faster. So I'm going to restart it and because I didn't provide any arguments. Okay it's running so I didn't provide any argument so either in the version here to determine the latest obscene version which it is going to rebase to. So in this case you determine the latest obscene version to be 152. There are many more tools aside from Anita so it can also fetch the latest obscene version from PyPy or NPM and as you can see then it runs spec hooks. Those are special tools that modify the spec file so that the build can pass. For example we can see replace old version which basically aims to replace hardcoded parts of the old version to the new version or replace it with a version macro so the builds can pass because without replacing it for example in the source it obviously wouldn't work correctly. Then sources are downloaded so you can see it started downloading sources. This is the old source so it is downloaded from Lucasitecache and then the new source is downloaded from the source URL. Then license check is run to check for license changes. You can obviously disable this check and there are many more checks I will talk about them a bit later. So this is going to take some time I think it will be in a second finished so just give it a moment. Okay and now as you can see Gidribase operation started because there weren't any patches so there was basically nothing to do. In the process the sources are extracted so first old version sources are extracted then new version sources are extracted and the patches are applied to the old sources. Then Gidribase is used to rebase the commits on to the new version and as you could see in the spec file there were no patches so basically there is nothing that could go wrong with the rebase. Then source RPMs are built first the old one then the new one and the same goes for new RPMs. By default rebase helper builds the packages using mock so this is what I'm using here but as I said you could also use RPM build or you could use some of the remote build tools such as Koji or Copper. This is going to finish in a bit so let's just give it a moment. While we are waiting I'm going to there is a question. So the question was is it built in locally in the repository or what did you mean? Okay so it creates a workspace directory in which it builds the packages. As you could see it fetched the sources and then it just used mock to build the packages. Okay so then the build finished successfully so it could go to checks so with an ABI package diff, package diff, RPN diff and so on. Then there is a short summary of the whole rebase where you can find information about where you can find basically more information about the rebase. So let's have a look at what rebase helper produced. So we can see that the sources were downloaded. We can see two tables and then there is the rebase helper results directory which contains all the results. So let's have a look at it and there is the report TXT. The report contains the whole summary what happened so we can see if there were ABI changes it would be listed here. If there were any patches it would also be here and there are also lists of files created etc. You could also create the report as JSON so that you could further process it. Then there is the changes of patch which contains the patch of the report that you can apply. So we can see that in this case as I said it was just a case of simply bumping the version, changing the res and adding a new change log entry. In other cases there could be some more modifications to the spec file or to the patches but in this case there were no patches so we're nothing to worry about. Then there is the rebase sources repository which as the name suggests contains rebase sources. So this is basically the copy of the disk repository and modifications are done here so the patch is then generated between the original disk repository and this rebase sources repository. Then there are the old build and new build directories which contain the build data so there are the created RPMs, source RPMs and also the locks. And then there are checkers so as I said as I showed a suite of checks is ran which aim to help you determine whether the rebase went correctly and whether there are any errors in the packages. So we can have a look for example at package diff. There is the full output of the package different package different time so we can have a look at for example the report so there is a list of the changes. Okay so this was it for the initial rebase where I just showed you what rebase output produces and how it works so let's now get to a more difficult rebase so this is going to be rebase of flipjpeg turbo. Let's have a look at the spec file as you can see there are already some patches so in the spec file they are also listed and let's have a look at prep we can see that they are applied normally without auto setup. So let's run the base over here this time I'm going to specify the version so I can just put it in as the argument this is going to be 202 and it's going to be based to this version. You could also provide a tar ball for the version so okay the Wi-Fi is quite slow so it may take some time. I just hope it finishes quite quickly or perhaps to speed things up I've already prepared the resources so I can have a look at that so let's go here and I will run it once again when the sources are already present rebase over doesn't redownload them because they would be pointless and also this time I'm going to disable some of the checks to make it a bit quicker so I'm going to just run package diff okay so as you can see when diff came up because there was a merge conflict during the git rebase operation so rebase oper used git merge tool to bring up the merge tool this is quite a simple conflict so let's have a look there is just one problem so I'm going to fix it and it should be all yes that's all so let's close it and let's look at the output so we can see that all the patches were applied to the old sources in the order that they were given and then rebase helper used git rebase to rebase the commits and as you can see it failed to auto merge the patch and a merge conflict occurred and we can see that rebase oper also we want to continue if there were any unedited hunks that were still left to solve it would also warn us so we could continue with fixing the merge conflict so let's continue for now and rebase oper is going to be building I hope just that it's going to finish quite quickly in the meantime I can show something else and get back to this a bit later I hope so let's jump out and I'm going to show you another result because this is just one rebase of the package and let's have a look at the other one I did two of them this this one was from version 203 to 204 and something interesting other than a merge conflict occurred so it was an auto merge let's have a look at the result and changes specifically so we can see that there is there are some changes in the patches because the source is changed and the lines have to be altered as well because well it would otherwise the patch wouldn't correspond correctly this is just this is just a advantage of using it for this I just hope oh it hasn't finished yet the problem here is that I had to prepare the results but I overloaded because I used the downloaded due to the I use the downloaded sources due to the slow Wi-Fi and my rebase of results directory that I had prepared had to been overridden by you new one so I think this is this is going to finish in a few minutes so I'm going to just let it run and show the results a bit later but for now I'm going to show another example which I've prepared and there is rebasing of example package no this is not the one okay so this is the example package as you can see the build went correctly we can see that the new RPMs finished successfully and the checks were ran and the rebaser wants us that there are some name changes because there is obviously a problem for a new backing for a base if some entries occur the maintainer should be warned so let's have a look at a more detailed output to see what's happening we can have a look at the report to get a better idea and we can see that in the package example same change from lip example SO3 to lip example SO8 so the maintainer could act on this report and he's aware so there is a good thing we could also have a look at the output of checkers here so ABI package dip was ran if you were interested we could have a look at the report of ABI but there are obviously no ABI changes so nothing nothing really wrong except for the SO name change and this isn't finished yet but the new build is already on the way so it should be very soon and let's jump into another example okay it's running package diff so I will just finish one more example and then get back to the rebase with merge conflict okay so in this example you can see that the new build failed but we implemented build log analyzers that aim to try to fix trivial problems and change the spec file so that the build passes so in this case it was an error of file section so there were some files missing and rebase help determine this and edit the files so we can see that a lot of files were added obviously in this case the maintainer would probably probably have to modify it because you can see that the pass could be somehow made easier using wild cards so there are a lot of paths edit but in the end you can see that I restarted the build and it built the RPMs again and then the build passed so let's have a look at the diff and if you look at the page a lot of files were added to the spec file which obviously the maintainer would many will have to check whether that is correct but the build passed and that's a good thing obviously so let's now get back to the rebase with merge conflict as you can see rebase open inform us here that there is a page modified and also that that some patches were deleted we can have a look at the results it is also mentioned in the report so there is a short legend and we can see two patches were deleted one page was modified if we now have a look at changes there are two deleted patches this is the first one this is the second one and then there are the changes in the spec file this is the modified one and then there is the spec file so we can see again version bump or erase update and these two patches were removed and they were also removed from the from the back section and changed look and trade it okay so now let's have a look at some of the some other options so the package maintainers here in the audience have probably seen bugs us like these where it tells you that there is a new upstream release of a package so I just picked a random one that is quite recent and you would obviously if you don't have the disk it cloned already you would have to clone it yourself so we decided to implement the feature so you can just copy the ID and now let's jump a bit up and we can launch a base helper with the option bugzill ID and just use the ID from the bugzill it is going to automatically determine what is the package and it's going to clone the repository and then it's going to determine the latest version from the comments so if we jump down we can see the latest sub-symmetry of 376 so it's going to read it from here and it's going to rebase to the version the building will take a long time so I'm just going to cancel it for now and well as I said there are a lot more options to a base helper so I'm just going to show you the help and explain some of the basic options so for example we can see that you can specify which checks you want to run or you can change the output so that you can have your JSON output and further process it if you wanted to create a wrapper script out in the base helper and you could also specify the version here which you want to use or maybe another interesting one are the build tools so that you can use yes you can see that there are four to support it and to source RPM build to support it another interesting option is non-interactive so that basically means that there are going to be no dialogues with the user so it is just going to run and do its thing obviously it is not 100% reliable because there are just some tasks that the maintainer has to do so for example marriage conflicts can easily be resolved so for example with marriage conflicts you can specify marriage strategy that can help possibly but it can add some drawbacks so it may not work perfectly and well I think that's almost all for now for me so now we have I think five minutes for the questions so the question was whether there is a way to skip downloading the sources right yes there is a way if you have already the sources in your this good repository if you have already for example from from previous builds then we basically won't download them okay so the question was whether you can build in a container which I've already mentioned it is described in the documentation you can run a base up in a container and you can also specify the federal version so it should be quite usable for the case you mentioned okay so the question is when we will start running as a service and well it is planned obviously but we first want to make sure that the base approach correctly in when is used offline because some of the maintainers who for example saw the talk three years ago about the base helper so it was already deployed to upstream is monitoring service and it didn't it wasn't very reliable so it made a lot of mess so we'd rather avoid it and make it a bit more stable but it is it's coming soon I hope okay okay so the question was whether it was accessible in centers and I don't think so there is a package in Apple but I don't think I don't know I'm not very positive what the version is and but it you should be able to build it or maybe download the latest sources it should work without the problem so the question was whether it is going to be tied to Fed package we'll see not very not very sure I think is quite a new project or it has been running for a long time but we first want to optimize it so it is very good could you please repeat it so the question was whether we are planning to implement RPM inspect instead of RPM Dave the thing is with these checks it can be quite easily extended they are implemented as plugins so even the user can program his own plug-in so it can run for example the RPM inspect so we can implement it if for example you can create an issue on github and we will be happy to implement it and at RPM spec so here is the QR code of our github repo if you are interested and you can add an issue and we will look into it I don't okay so the question was whether there is a way to merge upstream and downstream specs and I don't think there is a reliable way or at least not implemented in base helper well that yes that should be possible okay so the question was whether there is a way to skip downloading all sources spec file drama patches and I don't think it's going to support it but there is a good point and we will try to implement it because I think that that could be nice if the source gets big I don't think there is a point in them only two of the sources any other questions so thank you guys for attention and if you have any more questions you can reach us these ways