At Audiology Associates of Prestonsburg, you can live your life the way you want and find the freedom of better hearing. You'll experience patient care that is specific to you with exceptional follow-up care that ensures your hearing and balance needs are being met. Audiology Associates at 1428 Northlake Drive in Prestonsburg. The healing program will be hosting their 21st Annual Behavioral Health Conference April 1st at the Mountain Arts Center in Prestonsburg, Kentucky. The event will feature workshops on various topics and offer continuing education credits. Stand up for a broader tomorrow benefits professionals, parents and others interested in increasing their knowledge about sexual assault and or interpersonal violence. Some of our workshop agendas will be Marcy's Law, Human Trafficking and the ACES Study. The conference originally began in 1999 but has been postponed for the last two years due to COVID restrictions. April is Sexual Assault Awareness Month and we got lucky enough to get hours on April 1st and with the kickoff to start awareness. The healing program's mission is to serve survivors of interpersonal violence and help educate the community about violence prevention. The healing program represents one of the 13 rape crosses centers in the state of Kentucky and we are encompassed with Mountain Comm, which is a behavioral health. Our services have been going on for 26 years. It was started back in 1996 and we've continued it on and of course our conference started. This is our 21st conference. If you have been a victim of interpersonal violence, call the healing program's 24-hour helpline at 1-800-422-1060. To learn more about the healing program, visit the healing program on Facebook. For Mountain Top News, I'm Breanna Robinson.


Ahoy! My name is Karina Holden. On the 4th of March at midday I'm going to be doing a lecture with Prague College about the ecosystem of an idea, which is something that I love to explore through my filmmaking. So as a filmmaker with about 24 years of experience of working in the industry, I'm hoping that there'll be some interesting things that I can share with you all. Bye for now from Sydney.


Hey everyone, this is Kenny and today I'd like to do an honest comparison between the St. James EL34 and the 6L6 in the Clean channel. So basically what I'm going to do is I'm running these two heads into the 212 cab and I'm going to set the mic placement in the same place and setting the EQ everything at noon and just have the same exact setting and have a quick comparison between two guitars and playing generically the same exact thing and just hear how they sound. So I hope you guys liked this comparison, I honestly heard a little bit more of the low end on the 6L6, I really do like that, I really do enjoy that especially on a single coil but I do sure like the EL34 being a little bit of a classic side of things a little bit more even but through each of your own I honestly want both so I'm sure you too. But anyways, hope you liked the comparison, for more information please visit blackstaramps.com thanks. Bye.


Okay bingo, it's about science and likable science and when you want to do a show about likable science You want to have a likable scientist? Okay, that's Ethan Allen. I'm Jay Fidel. He's the host guest, and I'm the guest host Okay, I'm gonna talk about nuclear fusion today because you know why not There was an article in one of the science journals that we saw involving this kid named Jackson Oswald Oswald with a T at the end In in the state of the state of Tennessee Which is near where Oak Ridge might have been or still is you know doing nuclear things And the story about this kid was that he's 13 years old or not quite 13 when it happened And he designed a nuclear fusion device in his home Um with a very loose supervision of his parents Who are only concerned that you know there might be nuclear radiation Well, and you know he's working a super high voltage Things too right right on that. Yeah, so I mean it's remarkable. It's because it's in the it's in one of the red states if you will It's in a state where you don't expect the you know science education to be that good And yet this kid goes out and I guess he reads up and he finds out how to do it and he does this and And there was some question about scientists who had to certify That it actually worked as nuclear fusion But ultimately they did find a scientist who said that it was right a legitimate Fusion device that there's an open source fusion research Consortium that apparently is sort of certifies Whether or not you've achieved fusion and at least one of their one of their verifiers Looked at his data and basically said yes, so you really is Okay, so so we thought he is the youngest person now to have ever done this Yeah, I mean it's like you know Ripley's believe it or not. Yeah Well, it is amazing after I saw this story. I Googled I was reading up on fusion reactors and the fuselor, which is what he built the chamber that you You do and sort of an approach And you can just google directions for building a fuselor and pops right up as you know, it's a do-it-yourself project Here's the materials you need here's how to do it, you know Da da da da. Why do I feel if you know the science? The science fair is coming up. I think in april or maybe april. Yeah at the convention center Where 700 kids are selected from around the state present their projects, you know Why do I feel if some kid brought a Nuclear fusion device out of the science fair, there would be kind of an issue somewhere about somebody Complaining there would be yeah one of them You know because you are using a little tiny bit of very mildly radioactive stuff in it That's enough to scare the pants In a state where you can't have nuclear power without a specific Vogue of I think in three quarters of the members of the ledge That's not not nuclear power. I mean he created nuclear fusion His his device and all of these fuselors take use much more energy than they ever give out They're terribly inefficient in that sense. Okay, so that opens the whole door to our discussion Okay, our likable science who sees an alan the host of likable science on fridays Is going to tell us a little bit about what this is what this means how you do this And and you can take notes and try to do it yourself But don't bring that project to the science fair Okay, I will be very surprised if it does come to the science fair So what is nuclear fusion? So in simple terms nuclear fusion is the combining of two atomic nuclei together into one And that process If you do it with the right nuclei Releases a huge amount of energy You are familiar with nuclear fission That is which is a splitting of big atomic nuclei and that releases a lot of energy more That was a whole bunch of energy fusion is far far greater fusion releases Much more per unit weight. Yes. Oh, okay. Now. We're all getting really interested in a little concern Yeah, this is this is why the fusion bombs the h bombs are bigger than the a bombs basically Because you can get a lot more bang for your buck as it were as it were Well, you know this conversation is Particularly relevant because mr. Putin has said that you know, he's re-arming because Mr. Trump pulled out of the arms treaty for intermediate missiles So Putin is going ahead with his project And you know where we seem to be closer to a cold war and a war maybe a hot war Then we've been since the 50s And you really wonder about about the president you wonder about Putin, of course And the strange relationship between them, but then that's mr. Mueller's concern We'll find out soon what that relationship is anyway So in a world where nuclear power and nuclear bombs are still relevant Any experiment in Tennessee or otherwise involving nuclear fusion, which could be the process by which a bomb would function Um is very interesting to us. Right, right now There's there's two things there's uncontrolled nuclear fusion as in a bomb and as in really what happens in the center of the sun Basically what powers the sun is fusion. It's it's cramming a bunch of hydrogen together and smacking it into making helium Every second In the center of the sun about 600 trillion tons of hydrogen are converted into a slightly less mass of helium Uh, it's 626 trillion tons of hydrogen being 606 trillion tons of helium per second And those that extra 20 trillion tons basically is all comes out as energy This I can do in my bedroom No, you can't But uh, we did we figured out how to do something sort of like that in making the H bombs hydrogen bombs which which basically In essence, you're taking a a light material like lithium or Utterium and putting it in the center of an atomic bomb. So your atomic bomb goes off and As it explodes It pushes inwards on this light stuff and crushes it down and forces these light atoms Or light nuclei that want to repel each other together And then they combine they fuse and their explosion overwhelms the a bomb part of that You say lithium. Yes, like the like the like the compound or rather the the element in a battery Yes, exactly. Lithium is one of the good things if you under the fusion You you probably end up using some lithium or beryllium or helium or hydrogen. You want small light Elements for fusion you you confuse big heavy ones, but you get no energy out or you actually you lose energy in the process because of Pretty all the complex. So let me see if I understand. How do you detonate this bomb with the with the lithium or the beryllium in the middle? That's why you you put it in the middle of literally in the middle of a uranium bomb a fission bomb very carefully geometrically packed so that your Uranium or plutonium goes off all at once and it's perfect in a perfect sphere or a perfect rod Surrounding it and just crushes the the material All sides uranium crushes the lithium in the center of them You know the the power of that explosion you see you've seen what an a-bomb explosion looks like right? So imagine in a little space this close to it. You're just crunching that down to nothing, right? Right and that that Power of that crushing power is what actually forces the nuclei of the light material so close together that they they will fuse And so it's that that actually detonates the explosion right then that that fusion itself releases tremendous energy much more than the shell of plutonium exploding around it This is you know, this is why these bombs are really big bombs big in terms of kilotons and all that Yeah, yeah, I have huge huge massive yield. Um again, it's a it's a so it's it's To get in the in the nuts and bolts of it, right? So atoms are the smallest component of matter right to have Properties atoms have electrons on the outside, but they have the nucleus which has protons and neutrons Protons of a positive charge neutrons are neutral They are stuck together by what's called the strong nuclear force But protons being positively charged will repel other protons now In a in an atom that has several protons in it the nuclear force strong nuclear force That holds the things together, but trying to drive Another proton into that nucleus is very very hard right the protons really repel each other You have to get them very very very close together Where that strong nuclear force will take over a lot of force a lot of force to drive them right and that's the point With the lithium there's a lot of force driving The atoms in the lithium together right that the force of the atomic explosion just outside of them driving them all into the same spot And this is but it would be an atomic explosion even if there were no lithium right right, yeah, but it wouldn't be as big right Exactly this sort of enhances the explosion right if it boosts it. Yeah But this is actually it's a nice sort of segue because the the fusor that that Jackson Oswald built basically Is a sphere With two electric with two grids inside of it two spherical metal grids one on the outside and then one very close to the center And then Jackson essentially evacuated the sphere made it completely a vacuum Put a positive charge ran a little tiny bit of tritium gas or deuterium gas into Put a very big Positive charge on the outermost grid and the negative charge on innermost grid Electricity electrical charge huge voltage difference between these things. Yeah, so the atoms then were literally ripped apart With the the protons it from this deuterium hydrogen protons that you're heading towards the negative Electroelectrical point on the inside right on the inside and as they're all whipping down towards that some of them run into each other and Fuse they run into each other in the center or in the x the outside periphery. No, it's in the center and that's why And then there are a few extra neutrons released in this process and they count those neutrons That's how they know fusion happened because the neutrons wouldn't wouldn't be released unless that was a certification talking about to make sure that That was a neutron counter and it was working well and yeah, okay, so this is not we're not using nuclear material in the outside the outside no just a little a little bit of gas which Tritium is hydrogen with a couple extra neutrons on in order deuterium which is hydrogen with a one extra per water Yeah, yeah, exactly. Deuterium and and that's what's used in the H-bomb too, right? That's where they say H It's heavy water hydrogen. Yeah, it's either deuterium or tritium which are both essentially hydrogen but with an extra Uh, neutron or two extra neutrons. So this 12 year old kid, you know gets gets this. He had to learn all this stuff Yeah, I mean, yeah, he he admits that a couple years before he was just Normal kid playing video games and then realized like he wanted to do something different That's spent a year or two really learning all these different components that he had to and then he had learned skills like welding and Uh, you know a bunch of different strokes from different Okay, so the outside sphere is going to contain this water I'm sorry hydrogen with a funny a funny part to the atom and the hydrogen atoms Well, the outside sphere is just a shell to hold everything together So you can get a vacuum so that you can get a vacuum between the outside of the inside sphere Right and in that vacuum you put some hydrogen Gas exactly with with funny atoms on it. Right. How do you create that? How did he create that? Um, I'm not sure whether he had to create it himself or whether he could probably buy tritium Uh, I'm surprised anyone sell it as a gas so a 12 year old, but uh You know, well you can't buy cigarettes or you buy nuclear material But tritium again, it's it's a weak beta emitter. So it's it's uh, it wouldn't hurt you In general it can't get even through your skin.  Well, no, there's only the outer sphere is is a shell there It's the gas is now loose in in this other otherwise vacuum Yes, an electrical charge comes on with a very very high voltage difference with a negative A negative hole in the center and a positive charge in the outside not a lot of wattage though Uh, just presumably But but big big voltage many thousands of and you can with a transformer you can get that right out of the plug In your house exactly the 120 plug I suspect he maybe had to do a little extra. Yeah, I mean I'm not suggesting that you guys should do this But at least you should understand what what was his name Jackson Oswald Oswald? Okay, oh wait, we're gonna take a break. Okay. We're gonna take a break so that it all settles down. You can finish writing your notes We'll come back. We'll continue to quit Just 10 questions multiple choice. We'll be right back Aloha and Mabuhay. My name is Emmy or tega Anderson Inviting you to join us every Tuesday here on Pinoy power Hawaii with think tech Hawaii We come to your home at 12 noon every Tuesday. We invite you to uh, listen watch For our mission of empowerment. We aim to enrich and lighten educate entertain and we hope to empower again Maraming salamat po Mabuhay and aloha Aloha, i'm Dave Stevens host of the cyber underground This is where we discuss everything that relates to computers that's just kind of scare you out of your mind So come join us every week here on think tech Hawaii calm 1 p.m On friday afternoons, and then you can go see all our episodes on youtube Just look up the cyber underground on youtube all our shows will show up and please follow us We're always giving you current relevant information to protect you keeping you safe. Aloha What a kid 12 years old, you know, what did you do for your science project Jackson? I'm sure that it's not not that he's the first one, but he's probably the only one who ever did that So let's go further. So you have the you have this a shell of uh Hydrogen Trillium gas Okay, and and now you're gonna aggravate that Activate it with high voltage Electricity that you can get from the 120 120 plug in your bedroom If you crank up your Transformer to get that that high. How high do you know? I forget it's measured in the thousands of electron volts. I mean it's way up really high. Yeah. Yeah, okay Now the the gas is activated. What happens, right? So literally because it The gas small gas atoms are bouncing around and they feel this huge electrical field The electrons all head off one way to the positive charge and the protons all head off the other way to the negative charge It's just a smaller right in the center sphere, right? It's a it's a it's a point roughly ideally you have a zero Dimensional point in the center ideally. Yeah, because it has to be perfectly round And then you can achieve the point. Yeah, you should you should have it roughly spherical. Yeah, um And so literally the electrons are stripped away from the nucleus And you have what the atom has been ionized and you have what is called a plasma Then it's the fourth state of matter that it's all liquid gas and plasma Which is what is that like gas? It's like a gas, but it's a highly energized gas where where the It's all ions. It's no longer a whole atoms. And what is in the center again? What is what just it's a Negative charge negative electrical point So all the all the protons are now hurtling down towards that point. There's no there's no actual material Well, I mean there's got got to have some piece of metal as an electrode to have that charge But you're not filling it up with any particular element off the tape the table of periodic And as these protons all converge on this point now moving at a high rate of speed They have some of them a few of them have enough energy. They knock into one another And fuse And produce a new heavier element probably helium to create a new atom When they fuse they've created a new atom with my healing a new alignment of Atomic material in the middle right and and usually in that process it kicks out a neutron And that's actually how they what they sort of they have detectors that count neutrons And when they see neutrons being emitted They know that you you know Like calculating correctly, you know that you had some fusion occurring. Okay, it's highly Energy inefficient. I mean it pumps a tremendous amount of energy in this to get Literally a handful of uh fusion events. It's not it's not efficient. No, no You know, I'll tell you the truth. We had a we had a professor from ua. This goes back in the early days of Think time professor ua. So I'm not sure he was really elderly actually very emeritus kind And uh, he spoke of fusion and he spoke of fusion as potentially a source of energy So how does that work if it's inefficient? Well fusion Having fusion as an energy source Has always been 25 years in the future. It was 25 years in the future back in 1930 when they first sort of thought about it It's been 25 years in the future ever since then some things never change There are a couple of experiments now running the iter and a couple of these big things They believe they're getting they're making progress that they're being able to get plasmas now Hold plasmas in confinement better Get get them dense. They make these plasmas and they Set up strong magnetic fields to compress them into into very tight Uh rings and then run them around very fast and slam these beams together and get more and more collisions happening And if you do that correctly You can begin to get significant amounts of energy out, but they have not yet achieved what's called break even where You build this thing and you pump tons of energy into it They're getting close to break even now they're getting some that they're putting out a good deal So the ratio is changing the efficiency is right. So someday the 25 years may be less than 25 years in theory I think in 2029 they're supposed to have uh, they're supposed to hit that At that point or something this is better than nuclear energy itself Such as we have in what accident is a different form of nuclear energy. It's fusions out of vision So is it better than the kind we're using in the nuclear reactor? Yeah, it's certainly better in the sense that you're not dealing with a lot of things like uranium plutonium The these really toxic long-lived heavy Very highly radioactive things you're dealing with stuff like trudium and deuterium Which it has some mild radioactive stuff and you sure it has life right and you're creating relatively and you're creating By bombarding things with neutrons you're creating things and reinvent neutrons as radiation, which is not a really grand thing but again, so relatively they are much less risky than Typical atomic plants. Yeah, you don't worry at them overheating indeed the problem is get everything stable enough to make it work And that's been the huge technological challenge. Yeah. Yeah, but if they could do it and maybe someday they will With the help of kids like this, right? Um, then maybe we could find a nuclear energy we would trust yes That wouldn't blow up right. So what's the worst case analysis if I do it wrong? And you know, I put that high charge into the hydrogen trillium thing And it hits the point and it goes haywire. What can happen?   But no no Again sort of as soon as you break The conditions that again if they do that in vacuum and they do it with the magnetic fields Everything just sort of falls apart because your magnetic fields break down your vacuum is ruined You got a little bit of treatment to cure them gas leaking out You know and again some surfaces that might maybe are emitting some neutrons Being where they shouldn't but you know It's a relatively minor compared to the potentials of nuclear power power plan or vision vision plans So it was what's interesting. I mean, you know one of the thoughts that I get on this is that we haven't really taken nuclear power down You know a peaceful mode. This is still what we're using now nuclear reactors is still the technology That they use in nuclear bombs. It's still the same thing um, I mean They're they're fission they're a fusion. Yeah, and those are the same. Yeah, the same It seems to me that if we're that if we're I mean just this opens the possibility that we can play with a nuclear material in a way that's not so dangerous We can play with nuclear material where we can get an efficient Um energy result a long term Right, you know cheap energy result and maybe solve a lot of energy problems without risking anything Right, so they're working on another type of fusion experiment where you take a little tiny bit of Tritium gas and you put it in a very thin shell of gold a little thin gold bubble almost You set that position very carefully on a little stand and around you have a bunch of high powered lasers all pointing right to that little gold shell And then you blast out with all these lasers. They blast in it and literally the Causes again laser powers pushes that tritium together And the tritium goes bang basically it releases a bunch of energy if you could harvest that energy It's a whole different design Which has the potential if it works to be very good because you could just then Bop in another little gold bead and bang do it again But bop another gold bang do it again You've got the power for the lasers, but if you're you're breaking even point might be a lot lower Yeah, so efficiency right and again a few years ago. Well now quite a few years ago the ponds inflation and had May recall the cold fusion For debacle they thought they had a desktop tabletop kind of thing that would would produce Fusion energy would produce the neutrons showing fusion energy with Really sort of simple lab benchtop equipment And but that was never Replicated sufficiently Any people that was it was a tremendous stigma, you know on nuclear energy and look what happened, you know and In japan a few years ago And the bombs of course scare you scare our whole society forever It's beyond deterrence. It's it's real Because we've seen it happen And so and it does incredible damage for an incredibly long period of time and it ruins the the earth's the environment And if we ever have a nuclear war any kind of nuclear war, we'll we'll see that in space. We'll see that far greater Far greater scope scale. You remember what albert einstein said at one point very famously. He said I don't know what weapons are going to be used in world war three But I can tell you that world war four will be fought with sticks and stones. All right But So getting weapons if we can right do some more creative research atoms for peace Yeah, atoms for peace we can do energy and that affects climate change, doesn't it? Yes It also it also helps an economy of a given state Which is doing it because an estate which has cheap energy Is is a better economy. Everybody knows so this kid, you know raises those questions This kid with his with his home kit Raises those questions So you were telling me before the show that you can find all the stuff out on the internet Scary which you can find on the internet and that's what the kid did at the age of 12 But I mean literally just just google directions for fusion reactor Things will pop right up sort of giving you step-by-step instructions on how to do it what you need how to put it together And he went to the Hardware store in ebay and he found the necessary things he had to do some adjustment some modifications And he had to do some some iron work, right? So now welding and electrical wiring and things like that But yeah, and he did it on himself. Yeah, and his father only said keep that nuclear material away from me Yeah, his father wanted wanted not to get sick or hurt or contaminate household I think most dads would say that In fact, most dads wouldn't let this happen at all Right. No, he's got to have supportive parents for sure. So, um, you know, this really goes somewhere You know, uh, I'm thinking That we are doing atomic research um, maybe in, uh Oak Ridge, I don't know if it's still going on there Uh, we we did it under under the bleachers in Chicago the Manhattan project. We did it in, uh, Los Alamos, Los Alamos, which I think is still there. My wife and I visited we had a tour Los Alamos a few years ago. It was really interesting and I have a tingle in my skin. I'm not kidding Of course, we did some of our testing out in the marsh lilons Oh, yeah And we talked at all If you really read Simon Winchester's book called Pacific Yeah, there's a couple of chapters there Dedicated to what happens to a given environment when you start blowing up nuclear material And those places were damaged forever. Oh, yeah Yeah, some of the some of the bombs were sort of duds Instead of a good fission reaction based all your fuel gets vaporized And you don't really leave too much bad stuff around but in a bad one You know big chunks of your material are sort of Half vaporized and half melted and strewn about that's what happened there with a number. Yeah, yeah, they're terrible And they've scraped all that together into they call runit dome And covered it with concrete basically and that's now leaking Into the water. Yeah, the water that flows in our direction and there and there are people living about 15 miles away from it On the other side of the moon. They must be affected Well, you know, to me, I think we maybe we don't spend enough time thinking about nuclear for peace And nuclear for energy. I think it was Hitachi That was engaged in making small nuclear reactors that would be put in the ground and very small the size of a Volkswagen And you and Fred Hemmings in the state senate at the time was advocating for that for hawaii Especially, you know in island an island state to have these things one of those things the size of a Volkswagen could run a whole A whole island, right? But we didn't do that and I don't think Hitachi is doing it anymore We have other fish to fry. We have solar. We have wind and so forth But maybe they'll become until it be time When we'll take a closer look at that I guess the first order of business though is to stop global war. That's the first order of business So, um, I I hope I hope this kid has the opportunity to study and learn more I hope more people see what he's doing and maybe get somehow, um, you know interested in a better Science around nuclear energy. Exactly. That'll be that'll be good. Great. And that's and that's the takeaway from our show Better science from nuclear energy. Thank you.  Thank you, Jay


Hey, hello and welcome to the show it is time for show and tell it's me John Park And I'm filling in for Lady Aida and Mr. Lady Aida and oh, I've got an echo in my in my earphone Let me turn that off so I can see much better with these. Did you know that's how that works? Thanks for stopping by I see there's some people hanging out over in the live broadcast chat on discord So hello to you and some people over in YouTube. We're getting some questions in over in the chat So that's fantastic. We're gonna spend the next 29 minutes 30 seconds together Until five o'clock Pacific time eight o'clock Eastern time at which point there's gonna be an Ask an engineer show with Lady Aida and Mr. Lady Aida So I'll say hey to Melissa and Johnny Bergdahl Janiescu seven. Okay, you're on Steve Todd bot. Hello. Hello, and over in YouTube land Eliza, hello. Welcome Mark. Nice to see you. Mark asks am I the April Fool is April Fool's Day in Wherever you are. It's not yet here in in California. So We'll find out. We'll see I have a show tomorrow, too And I'm not quite sure but maybe maybe I'll do something foolish probably so the first Thing I wanted to get to actually show and tell a lot of you know our friend Bill Binko from these show and Tells and Bill is also very involved with AT makers runs AT makers, which is an assistive technology Group that helps a lot of people with a lot of great technology. He often comes on and shows devices assistive technology devices Bill wanted us to share with you that he contracted COVID and has a form of COVID pneumonia And he's been in the hospital. He's he's gotten pretty sick. He actually was able to He's feeling a little bit better today and was able to share a video with us And I wanted to just play a couple of minutes of that. So let me run this first. So here's Bill Hi folks It's Bill. I Probably will not be talking much Because I probably have 50 or 60 words, but I wanted to thank everybody for everybody who reached out on praying for me on wishing me well and Hoping things go well Going forward. I will tell you It has been a very good day. It has been the first good day at the hospital Really? Yeah, it's been the first good day at the hospital I am I'm still short of breath obviously I have probably I don't have 10% of my lung capacity but I am Today is the first day where I haven't had enough energy and control and mental capacity and lack of anxiety To be working on my own path before now All those things added up to I Was not making progress and Today we made a ton. I'm eye up. I have a green shirt on this is fabulous. Okay The oxygen is down a little bit Not as much as we would like My saturations are still good. I am Feeling Better No, I put a percentage just better than I have been and really I think It's probably safe to say that The likelihood of me having a long recovery on oxygen at home is really high because they still have No, we're near enough energy being made so, you know Walk down the hallway but I do have enough to talk I have enough to be on FaceTime or Here on Facebook For a few minutes, which is huge compared to where I was So obviously we're all wishing Bill fast and thorough Recovery it might not be a fast one from what he's saying But he's also said that he's gonna share a lot of information about the process and the things he's gone through he's The the commensurate engineer that he is or Exemplary engineer that he is he's gonna he's gonna share a lot of info with us Okay, so moving forward. I want to bring on our first shower and teller. We actually have Kevin from Digi key. Hey Kevin First off Want to let Bill know that everybody myself and everybody at Digi key was just in the best and Thank you. Take it easy and we're all rooting for you, Bill So on to other news this is my daughter Lydia She has a nice project that she recently did so I'd like to just share a quick little video last week Lamar gave us some advice on it. Thanks by the way. Uh-huh. Oh cool Um, so the only problem with this is the size proportions are very off given that the earth can fit in the sun eight million times and Yeah That's really cool. So you've Can you tell us a little bit about how you've got this movie because it's it's a really a beautiful build with No real visible wires or anything. Are things kind of wrapped around that stick there and kind of hidden away? Um, yes there are a few motors a few wires going to the smaller motor under the earth and moon and bigger motor is in the sun and The Moore's advice last week was to put the motor and the battery in the sun So there's no what is wrapping around you get a prototype the the servo was on the black board and We flipped it upside down and put a battery back in the sun. So now there's no wires. That's terrific Also, it looks like from that shadow that gets cast You and from your diagram there you could probably do some cool eclipse type of stuff with flashlights and see where Shadows hit at different times a day and and so on. Yeah, and this is being powered with A feather RP 2040 which there's not a lot of them out there right now, but I was lucky enough to get my hands on one And he did some circuit python just simple servo coding with circuit python Oh, that's great. Yeah, really nicely done. Thank you, Lydia Thanks for bringing that on very cool Nice to see the the advanced version your your revision on this and Have you have you shared this with the the class for school? This was a school project or I had to leave early the day that we present. We showed everybody this So I haven't shown my class, but it is in my classroom, which is why we don't have it here Yeah, I get it that hence the movie. Yeah, very cool Well, thank you. We loved seeing it and loved seeing you Work through some different stages of it. Very cool project. Thank you All right, thanks a lot JP All right, uh next up we have got our good friend Brent Who I believe we wanted to Have come on next. Hey Brent. Hi John. Um to bill. Good luck. Um feel better. I had COVID last year and it's really horrible I'm still dealing with some long-term effects of it and I hope that you get better soon It takes a while, but it does get progressively better So I want to show off. Let me share my screen So I'm going to share my OBS session because virtual camera is having a day So I showed off whippersnapper a few weeks ago. Um as we make progress on and I'm going to show it more and more so JP before this actually asked me my elevator pitch for it So whippersnapper is a way to connect your devices that are internet connected To the internet without ever programming and to set them up and to Configure its components and to send data to the internet. So if you've used for moda before It's very similar to that so On the screen. I have some devices that I've previously connected So I have Whoops I have um a metro m4 airlift. So if I connect it And then this time we finally have a status led. So it connects to Wi-Fi and then it connects to MQTT, which is Adafruit IO And then it also sends information about what type of board it is to Adafruit IO And it pops up. That's a metro and for airlift and we can name show and tell Yeah And then we're on its own device page And then from here you can like click To go to the product page or read our documentation. So it will go to a learn guide And if you click new component, we finally started getting this a little bit more specced out. Um last time I showed an led But this time I'm going to show a push button So if you add a push button, you can either select one of the pins So depending on what hardware you connect So if you connect the pi portal it will only give you the pi portals available pins Uh, so I'll select d0 because it's connected over here And then you can send a component information on change. So like whenever the state changes Or periodically So I'll just show you this because it's a little bit nicer So when I tap the push button The slider moves But also Um the way this integrates at Adafruit IO, which I didn't show last time Is every component you make from this new component selector is a feed So You can start like seeing how it integrates at Adafruit IO and really seeing like what this looks like so eventually what we're going to bring in analog components next so analog input for Reading voltages reading potentiometers Um reading analog temperature sensors, which is like the main thing people want to do with iot And then we'll do analog output as well and then start bringing in sensors So people can send data to Adafruit IO without ever programming That's really cool the uh integration of adding a component and a it just Added it this sort of programmatically, but also that it becomes its own feed immediately is uh Crazy fast. Yeah, like if you want to make a quick way to set things up If you want to make an led like here's your d13 led And you can just toggle it on it. Oh, it's not visible. You can just toggle it on and off That's really tremendous. And then you also have your push button And the led So that's a short demo of what's to come Wild really great. Thank you for that. I love the visuals along with the the elevator pitch version Because now i'm starting to wrap my head around it and head blown emoji Awesome. I'm glad Very cool. Thanks so much. We'll see you All right, uh, let's see next up. We have melissa coming on Hey melissa. Hello, so I have this apple computer here and This is the same one I showed last week. It's the 2c, but I actually have it so it's functioning now excellent and so kind of it's kind of hard to see with the Camera Here So I just I don't have very many much in the way of software, but this is just a system disc here Oh, you know what? I think I can adjust the brightness There we go Oh, that's really great. That looks nice and also makes me miss the days when there were knobs on the back of monitors for Greatness exactly, uh, so I just has um a disc on here right now and Uh, what was happening was when I got it. It was just going couldn't load produce and it turns out it was a combination of trying to clean the floppy drive inside and The disc that I had was also not good and so we've got another disc and now it's working So that was original media that you were trying to spin up in there? Yeah, okay. Yeah That's cool. Uh I told you after I saw it last week that i'm super jealous because I have had my eye on those beautiful little, uh What are they 10 inch monochrome? green screen monitors Or nine in case maybe it's nine inch. Let's check with this ditch of key rule. Oh nice. Yeah Nine inch nine inch those are so cool like Almost the ideal size for doing any kind of cool little cyber deck kind of thing I mean, I mean look at it there. It is Love it beautiful. So congratulations on getting uh past the next challenge on this thing. What's up? What's next for you with it? We have any uh, I was actually borrowing this from my mom and so I'm gonna be giving it back to her But uh, huh? Excellent. Good. I hope she puts it to good use. Yeah Nicely done. Thanks for sharing that. No, thanks. I'm very jealous but All right, uh next up we've got our good friend paint your dragon phil b It's me. I'm up. Okay. Hi Um, those those mom. I hope I can find one of those little monitors. I have a 2c plus Oh, you do. Okay. No monitor, you know, not one of the cutesy monitors for I've seen them in waves on ebay over the last Year or so I was looking maybe two years ago. You'd see a couple, but they weren't cheap So my hope is always to find them in a like a flea market or something. That's where I want to find it Yeah, not not on ebay for $300 Yeah, also sending good vibes to bill. I hope you're feeling a little stronger each day Thank you so much for that. I'm sure So I've been let me switch cameras. I have a project in mind that I want to do Um, it's a wearable project and so but I want to do a guide so it's shareable and it's There's always this juggling act like cheap or small cheap small cheap small, you know, you Can't always have have both Um, so that's the rp 2040 is is super cheap and something like itsy bitsy is super small um But I noticed something on the on the pico board Uh, I have a big a big picture of it from my hack space Uh down at this end of the board, none of these traces nothing comes around the crystal and doubles back All these traces are only going that way and it's a it's a two-layer board um, and I Occurred to me, you know, you could just cut the end off the board and have something about the same length as an done And it works it like it did not destroy the board. It's running circuit python. I tested, you know, the remaining 16 gpio's all work Um, so if you need something cheap and small Uh, that that's kind of a weird option is just yeah hack hack the end of the pico board It's a great hack a great option and it's still a really respectable number of gpio pins available after it Not a horrible compromise and now it was a wearable Cosplay project I want to do but I want to keep it inexpensive for folks and so that might be a Solution if people don't mind chopping up their board, right? You know what? I was just realizing it You scrape away some uh solder mask. You could probably use some of those pins on the ends too Yeah, you're careful. I I don't know how necessary it is. But yeah, if you got in there with the 30 gauge and Yeah, uh, and so uh, one thing to mention probably is, um Uh Evil dust when you're cutting something like oh, yeah, yeah, cuz the fiberglass dust. Yeah, fortunately, I think All of us now have a supply of masks and masks put on put on a n95 at least Yeah, but yeah, I I did that on on the uh the Big disc sander and then I came in wet sand at the edge. Yeah, it's a nice clean edge on there. No, that's really cool That's a great hack. Thank you. Thanks for bringing that hack on. I was excited to see that On line too. Um, and it was a really, uh, clever Realization you had looking at that board and going wait, this is just no man's land down here Yep All right, thanks and and uh, hopefully we'll get to see uh, see you put this into into use on your cosplay project at some point We're we're at some point. Yeah, we'll see terrific. Okay. Thanks. Phil. We'll see you All right next up. We've got lizz.  Nice to see you. How's it going? Good ct. Um, I started working on a new, uh, kind of robotic instrument thing Um, so I wanted to try doing robotic, uh woodwind Uh, so if you share my other screen, um, I've got a recorder here and an air pump Uh, and some 3d printed mouse. So when I press this button It makes a sound and then um, I don't have sorry. That's loud for folks. Um, no, no, no Set up yet for the solenoid, but I'm thinking solenoids with, um, let me grab a little piece here. Um With this flexible filament kind of gasket thing So push onto the holes and so I have what hooked up right now. Um, so I can manually press it So it's early days right now, but I think that's impressive though. Yeah, it's making sound and it's controllable. That's really cool Yeah, so I'm hoping it'll be midi controllable where you press a note and then like the correct solenoids will press down to Sure. Yeah, cover the the home the holes Yeah, that's excellent. So, uh, what are you using as far as driving the pump?  Yeah, I'm actually using the, um, the, uh, driver motor, uh, feather wing Okay, yep So just plugs right in there and then right now I just have a button that I'm pressing that will basically turn it on or off And I think and how many, uh, notes will how many solenoids you have on there like eight or? It's going to be eight. Yeah So you can probably drive that off of like us a, uh Gosh, do we have anything with a lot of, uh Yeah, it's, um, exactly the same driver I used for the robot xylophone at the mcp 2308 I want to say Um, but yeah, so I'm planning on using that. Um, and then that's kind of what the mount looks like I'm using the screws here for solenoid to sit. Um, and then they can screw into the the bottom plate here That's terrific and that That really seems like the crux of a project like this is your design and 3d print Like it all falls apart if you don't have a way to make things stay where you want them and You don't want to do this with a bunch of tape, right? So what was your process? Did you just take a lot of measurements? Did you model your recorder in 3ds? Um, a lot of measurements, um What's really driving this is the distance, uh between the holes and the width of the holes So I kind of have this sketch going that's like a chain of like circles and lines And that's how I'm lining stuff up and also getting the right size for the the flex filament too So and eternally grateful to nai and his uh layer by layer tutorials because this is some yeah, you're getting to some Good parametric stuff for for your model, right? Yeah And then you've also got a cool, uh Sort of mount here for the pump and the and the recorder read or I guess it's not a read What what's what's that about what are you changing the distance there as needed? Oh, yeah, um at first I was going to use, um gasket like a This was pretty flexible meant to hold them together But I found that that was actually like not allowing the air to go through So this is uh just mounted to the pump is hitting the center Of the recorders like um mouthpiece and so I kind of measured to make sure they were at the right Height so they were centered Yeah, oh, that's really cool. Can you can you play it again a little bit for us before? Yeah Excellent, and now I think I'm seeing there's not a direct connection, right? You're you're pushing air from The pump through the air. It's not right coupled. Is it okay? So there's no it's not it's just open air So just kind of hitting it dead on yeah, that works surprisingly well I didn't I would have thought there'd be some sort of like, you know latex tubing involved or something Right, that's why I had originally tried these out. Um, but necessary No Yeah, cool. Good. Oh awesome. Thanks for sharing that project We're looking forward to seeing this as well as a duet with the xylophone someday. Thank you. Yeah, that that is a plan Awesome. Thanks so much. We'll see this. Oh good night All right, uh, let's see next up. We've got our very good friend Todd bot who I see in the green room Just took a drink of water. So I'll let him okay. He's ready. He's giving me the Hey, Todd. Sorry.  Um, Many of which that use in this case a trinket. Um, but I'm a big fan of the cutie pie So one of the things I've been working on lately has been let me see if I can switch my camera here Aha, here we go. Um This is a little this is a cutie. Paul is actually a a seed to me now Um, but it's the same thing for the most part And it's going to an op amp and I'm what I'm trying to do is I'm trying to turn the PWM outputs into usable Voltages for your rack. And so this is a little PWM filter and a little amplifier that amplifies to like the negative 12 plus 12 volts And uh, this little scope that shows that I'm actually outputting reasonable stepped voltages that stay at their value and um It seems to be working for a certain up to a certain rate like you can't do Because this is this is also done in circuit python as well. So it's a it it's up to like maybe 50 hertz or 60 hertz of rate. You can't do audio type stuff with it, but um But that's uh, that's kind of be able to do like different modulation types of things Off of it for exactly. Yeah So so so one of the things and in your rack is you're often You know You got these knobs you turn and they make you make this down go Wow, wow, wow And you want to have a way of kind of automating these knob turns And so you have a bunch of other modules that essentially create Premodulations that are virtual knob turns and so I'm trying to Make a little virtual knob tuner that uses a cutie pie But the cutie pie only has one analog out. So what do you do? Well, my trick is to see if I can use the pwms to that And um, so that's that's the main thing and and I already got the board laid out This is a paper prototype. Um, hopefully I'll be sending this fab in a few days and um The other thing I want to show off was this this went uh went around on twitter a couple a couple days ago But it's a pcb vice you can 3d print Which if you ever have to hold stuff while you're soldering You know, it's it's a real pain in the butt and those little Helping hands metal clips always dig into the board or a real pain So this is a 3d printed thing that just screws together and um Princess two pieces And if you want you can do what I did and fill some sort of ballast I filled mine with BBs and uh And then you can start holding things like oh that could even hold a cutie pie with headers in this little vice If I would just solder it's around to it for season Oh, that's cool. Yeah That's great. Yeah, and I've never used that type of vice. I've seen uh, like commercial aluminum looking ones around in the past Oh, yeah, yeah, if you buy the the real expensive Like um, they're great. Uh, they have a magnetic base and they hold your things down very subtly But you know, that's expensive. It's like 200 bucks. This is what twice in so 3d printed Yep, yeah, of course. Yeah Oh, I like it. Well, thanks for showing us those and uh, we'd love to see as you continue to build that module Maybe when you get your boards in and put together and and give us some examples. That would be great to hear Uh, we're looking forward to that. Thanks Todd. Take care. See you All right. Well, let's bring on Tim on because I know he is uh calling from I'm guessing Germany where it's quite late. Yes. Uh, hello. Yeah, it's about 2 a.m. Thank you I figured so. Sorry. I didn't notice that earlier. I would have gotten you on. It's fine. That's I'm an idol That's totally okay. Okay. If I'm tired, that's for other reasons So I have two things to show today. Um, and I think I will start with this one. All right Um That is a lights a bit Sorry, this is a pocket chip inspired, um handheld, um powered by a compute module 4 And this is actually something I got contracted to do by Adafruit And yeah, this is a prototype. Um It has a screen and um, I just got the the keyboard working today Which was a little bit of a pain because I had to fiddle with the wistry stuff, but I'm not sure if I can do this backwards and forwards, but um Yeah, if you type in a url holding it backwards like that, it'd be really impressive I can show that it's like the keyboard is working, but like I'm my brain does not work that way But uh, yeah, so that uses um the keyboard uses a tca I think 8 4 1 8 Which is like a iSquad C keyboard matrix chip That's terrific. I love it. Yeah, it reminds me for sure of the chip, uh, but What a huge great-looking screen on there. You've got two Yeah, it's it's a surprisingly big thing Like I never had like an actual pocket chip in my hand when I got these pcbs. I was really surprised like, oh, okay This is this quite substantial, but it's nice. Like it's very very very unlikely hands Wow, so, uh, that's also I have to say I have not seen that many compute module-based projects Is this one that would be uh, kind of bring your own Compute modules So you have a choice of which one you want to throw in and then people will be able to add it I mean like it's the morse idea. So I'm not sure where she's heading where it's headed. Okay I'm sure that's the cool thing about the cn4 is like you can It's like in pi, but you know, you can upgrade between models. So you have like this Yeah, carry a board and then you know, you want something very cool and you need a gigahertz of ram and you just pop that in there Is there a connector? I don't know how it interfaces with something like your pcb there. Does it have some I can log it Largest connector. You can just yeah pop that out And then you can see here The focus is You got these high density connectors They a bit fiddly it's solder, but um, yeah That's what it connects to and they they hold very firmly like you don't need to screw this in there or something This is a very strong connection. You can see I Made a little mistake with the pcb one bot here, but Other than that, it's working fine Um battery is still missing, but yeah, I think it's still to come. I think this is mostly like Figuring out the form factor and like yeah the look and feel of the device and are those uh like little Cupped membrane type of switches like that Let me let you know Yeah, I think I think they're intended to like have like something on top of them, but like they are very very flat Okay, so those are individual buttons. Yeah, those are great. Okay.  It's like it's it's a tactile switch. It was very very flat. That's nice. Yeah Wow exciting Yeah, and the the other thing I have to show is um, I think I've showed this before on show and tell um Is uh a little yeah board that I made this is called the payonara and It just remember I think that was actually so the idea for this thing. This is uh our uniform factor raspberry pi essentially and um I got the idea after I think it was a show until um scott said that Somebody just should put the compute module four on something like an Arduino from factor That's literally what I did because I thought it was a cool idea and sort of like yeah, that doesn't take much time and Yeah four months later. I made this in the whole product and um You can actually now get this on on crowd supply too And um, yeah, so this is like yeah compute module four you have hdmi on here um usb and What I think is to make the cool part about this. I think why scott was interested in this is um The usb c you can also have data on there. So this can act as a usb device And what I started to work on is have this act The same way as normal circuit python boards act like you put them on your computer Like the circuit python drive comes up you have code on there and you have your terminal And you can do the same thing with a pi so you can plug this instead of like putting in the power supply You can plug this into your laptop It takes a couple seconds to boot sure, but you know, then You don't have to like find out an ip address suck it into wi-fi or something that or hook on the screen like it Just that's really cool. Yeah, so you're just power and data over the one usb c and now you can Talk to the it's much more low power. That's why it works. So like any usb 3 or higher will work And if people want to go find that you said it is on uh on crowd supply crowd supply And the name of the product is or the payonara should be signed on the front page. Hopefully. Yeah, and it looks like someone has posted a link on our Uh, has someone posted a link. Yes, someone's posted a link. Todd posted one up on the discord So people looking for that head on over there. Uh, and if anyone wants to find that and put it into the youtube That would be cool too Uh, awesome stuff. You uh, you never cease to amaze. These are really beautiful and uh, you're you're in the zone with the compute module now. Do you have any Anything new in the works that you can talk about or are you right? I'm not sure. Um, I do have a couple ideas. Um But I think there's some like the community has really embraced like this this form factor Like the previous compute modules were quite but I didn't see much any at all actually but now it's like tons of little boards popping up and Exciting. Yeah Yeah, like I mean Yeah, I can't talk about this just yet because I have to secure some Some things yet before I can talk about that before I overpromise, but I have some cool stuff for your next visit. Good. Let us know We're excited to see it. Thank you so much. We appreciate it and uh, we will see you again sometime soon For sure. Bye All right, let's see next up we have Daniel waiting in the wings here and bring you on Hey, Daniel. Hello. Hello again. Um, nice to see you. So I I upgraded well, I didn't upgrade but I Started a more complex project from the last one, which was the one button foot pedal thing and I made one that uses seven now this This uses the feather um rf 52 840 And because it's bluetooth, um, let me just share this screen Screen one I think So I essentially built off of one of your guides john on the uh bluetooth Keyboard using pretty much the same board And what I ended up doing was I hooked it up to My sister's ipad and she uses procreate and so now it's acting as a macro board for a lot of the drawing presets Yeah, and you're getting a lot of density of switches in that one little area So you get a ton of a ton of uh macros Yeah, and it's complex enough of a project where I can work on You know trying to make my own circuit board on like making it like a remote size thing or Making it like I have a pack of green keyboard switches Like gatter on greens So like it'll also it can also transform into like my first Custom keyboard project. That's great. Oh, yeah Yeah, nrf 52 840 is a cool chip for these kinds of projects Because you can do the the hid the bluetooth hid It's perfect for pairing up with things like ipads computers and so on nicely done really cool So do you have uh, you said you might do a circuit board. Have you started playing around with that designing? PCBs I haven't yet. Um, I'm Trying to get my head around Using for thing to like just sketch things up and so that's where I am now It's just figuring out how to import eight or four parts Excellent. Good. Yeah, it's a whole journey. But once once you get Your head around it and familiar with it. It's a lot of fun to build things in there. So We look forward to seeing your your iterations on this. Thanks, daniel Yeah, thanks for thanks for having me Take care All right, uh, and let's see I think last up we have mark Hey mark. Hello. Nice to see you. Thanks a lot. Uh, I will just bring up my camera um, so same project I've been showing for a while, but It's now all glued together and hooked into adafruit.io Uh, this is why I really like seeing Brent's project earlier because this would have I mean, it's quick to use adafruit.io, but this would have made it even quicker Uh, so now just a single click And the lights can go on I added in the color picker really quickly And yeah, this took just over an hour to hook up data fruit.io and that included a lot of time just Trying to figure out how to get it working on the feather s2 And I make sure I updated all the libraries, which I hadn't which led to most of my problems That's looking great Yeah, it's so responsive too Yeah, I'm actually blown away how quickly I click in Like a second later Uh, it travels around the earth over satellites and then comes back down here Yeah, so it's great. I still want to hook up a light sensor. I think so it turns on automatically at night but at this point it's uh almost ready just to Refine the code a little bit put in a weatherproof box and screw it down to the house. That's great Yeah, so this is going to be your address sign. Uh, your your home home address.  Uh, and uh, the models, is that something you built? 3d models to print expressly for this those are i'm assuming those are 3d models Yeah, they're 3d printed. I just quickly did them in fusion. It's easy enough to uh, just do the textings extrude them I used uh clear filament for the top I actually picked up on one of the tricks. Um that was shown uh, I think by no way and was on um The two layer colors so the The back is black and then after a few layers it switches to white where I want it Some of the light to reflect from the sides and then the top was clear Uh, the top was glued on later so I could hot glue in or a bunch of neopixels Great stuff. Yeah, well things work better than I imagined it would so I can't wait to actually see it on my house Fantastic. Well, thanks for sharing it and uh, maybe send us some photos or Or a little video once it's out in the in the field. Yeah, once it's up. I'll be sure to show that off Good. All right. Thank you mark. Take care Uh, all right, I think that's everyone. So thank you all so much for stopping by for this jam packed show and tell Um, I'm sorry. I was not looking at the time. So we are we are running over and that means ask an engineer is happening Well, it started nine minutes ago. Sorry about that fill in the more. All right. Take care everyone. Bye. Bye


forward from where we left last time and since there is a mid-same break, so I will not be taking up anything new, we will be just finishing analysis when T select is 0 and we will just understand that. So, basically today we will be devoting our time for identifying transition matrices, rest all methods actually remain the same and you will now also basically appreciate the difference between the two mechanisms and of course, it is possible to analyze the mid-way mechanisms for example, when T select is 50 percent and T, T pass is also 50 percent of T delay, that kind of analysis is also possible. So, I think again we require those 14 sets, so can I should I write it maybe for the people who are recording, we will be actually viewing the later on, so this need to be done, so these are those 14 states. So, now when T select, I have already given an example whereby if you do a cascading for example of a switch, earlier case if all of them for example, have this packet and this is the last stage or whatever it is, they will just be deciding in the whole T delay slot, which will be happening parallely for all the three that where the packet has to go, once that is done this packet will be read out almost instantaneously and within the same instant this packet will also be read out, this packet will also be read out, but once it has come here again it has to decide way on which port it has to go, that is why it cannot jump, but all three packets can jump together. So, usually that is why the T select there were actually three phases, one is the packet going out then packet jumping and then packet coming in were actually were kept separately for a one particular switch, because things were happening simultaneously when the packets are being transitioning continuously, so that you can do that computation. Now for our case now when T select is going to be 0 and T pass is finite, so remember packet can move even if the outgoing buffer is busy, it is occupied then also packet can move subject to condition that is also moving out, so that is why you are first of all finding out whether this will move out or not and based on that whether this will come here or not, if this comes here then some other packet commit higher or not, so there were three steps involved and those are being iterated in one time slot in the backward direction, so all three transactions can happen, but now the case which we are looking is if this is a situation they will immediately select where it has to go, now this packet cannot move here unless this buffer is empty, because this whole writing itself take T delay and this packet cannot go instantaneously out this also will require same amount of delay and unless this is free this cannot start, so first time slot this will move and you will get a packet not here after one time slot delay you will be having you will be in this situation next time slot only this packet will move here and this packet will be read out this will be happening parallely, so there is a gap hole which gets created between the two and this packet cannot read because this buffer is not empty, so after some time when this packet will be here this packet will be read out this packet, so in next time slot third time slot then this will be transferred here and this will be transferred here, so that is the difference which comes when T select is 0 and T passes nothing but T delay, so we expect the performance to be poorer in case when T select is 0, now important thing I do not require those three steps 1 2 3 and 3 will become 0 for the next time step that is not required I can only do with one single step, so that is what we are going to do actually here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the same time slot in some other memory, then you switch over the memory. That option is not implemented here. If you can implement that option, then of course, scenario will be very different. That is technically what, when I am saying t is pass is 0, that is what we are indicating actually. We are having a dual buffer system technically. So, once we have decided, I have within t select period or t delay period where the packet has to go after that, it does not matter. So, writing out of the packet to the outgoing buffer will not interfere with the writing in of the packet and that can happen with dual buffer system. But, notionally there is only S 1 single buffer at par out input port with this condition. So, now the changes which will happen is you will have p j which will be defined as it is, p j tilde will be as it is, p j bar will be as it is. p j tilde was the packet will go out of your outgoing port, p j is the packet is present at a port and p j bar is packet is going to come into your incoming port, incoming buffer. So, these definitions remain intact. In fact, even those whatever we had the states, we had defined the state probabilities, those will also remain the same. Now, only thing which will happen is this will be the only thing which will be available. We will be only working with this because p 1 will not be there, there is no step 1. Step 1 actually technically gets merged. So, only problem which is there that p 1 calculation which you had sorry p j, there is no p 1. So, p j tilde p j bar and p j, these there are 3 calculations and they required probabilities after step 1. Probabilities after step 1 actually, remember p 1 we were always writing. So, what will be the state probability of either j minus first stage or j plus first stage or j th stage, there were 3 actually configurations. In that case all p 1's will be simply replaced by p 0 because there is no conflict. So, I am not actually having 3 steps. So, probability that after step after a time slot t, my packet will be going out will be decided by p j tilde where the probabilities here, those expressions will still remain exactly same, they would not change. They will come from there. So, if you wish I can reiterate or you can just simply replace both way actually it is fine. So, may be for p j tilde we can do this. So, p j tilde that probability that packet will go out n time slot tau k which starts from t k to t k plus 1. So, at t k this is a probability that conditional probability that packet will go out. So, denominator you have to put all those states where you will have packet at the input. So, there will not be one anymore it is p is 0 which will be coming. So, when the packet is there at the input port or the outgoing port sorry. So, it is half of p 0 that is the only change which will happen p 2 j that is the variation which will come. I think earlier case it was no I think everything will remain is still the same except I have to look at j plus first stage. I have to look at all the states where the packet is there at the input j plus first and then I have that those all those states will put in denominator. In the numerator I will put all those states where the packet will actually move out from here to here. So, that will give the conditional probability of packet going out from here. Only thing it will become p 0 instead of p 1 which was there earlier not 2 it will be actually 4 first. So, I am just putting a bracket for all halves I will just add here 5 this will be 6, 7 and then remaining ones actually will come p 0 8 j plus 1 p 0 9. So, this is what will be the denominator. Now, this identifies the probability that a packet will go out. So, I think because time slots have to be clearly specified this is at this particular time step just before this is you are in probability of in this state just before this particular step starts this particular time slot starts this after step 0 in k minus 1 I think that is the only variation which will come. And then you find out all the states where the packet will be moving out in this time slot where the packet will be moving out in this time slot. So, at this is nothing but p j tilde is a probability that at the end of this time slot packet will go out conditioned on if the packet is present at this point. So, I think this is the only thing which we have to define clearly because earlier case this was not the issue because all packets all 3 packets can jump together here they cannot. So, there is a minor variation in the definition here this is not explicitly stated. So, this will basically depend on this is the probability that packet will be going out of your outgoing port or outgoing output buffer conditioned on the packet was available at the beginning of the time slot. And packet will be going out after the time slot or it will be actually moved out by the time it will not be there. So, this p j tilde is that probability. So, this is a conditioned on that packet is present here and packet will be moving moved out by this time. So, what is the probability that packet would have moved out by the end of the slot conditional packet was there in the beginning of the slot. So, this gives the probability that packet was there in the beginning of the time slot and I am now choosing the numerator only those states for which in this time slot packet will actually move out look at only those conditions. So, those will correspond to for example, 4 yes packet will actually move out surely. So, you can put p 0 4 j plus 1 k 5 it will not be moving out 6 it will be moving out 8 will be moving out similarly. Moving out from the which port sir moving out from input port. Output port of j th stage and input port of j plus first stage I am talking about j plus first stage here. This corresponds to input port of j plus. See because your probability your probability that the packet from your output is going out will depend on the. Yes sir this is the input port of j plus 1. Input port of j plus 1 right. So, this is the j and I am trying to estimate p j tilde. This will be exactly same expression I think because in principle we had followed the same thing then p 12 will be coming that is it. And for 11 I think I have missed out something 11 also right. Both will go in 9. So, I am writing 9, but this is only a which is which is with half actually the full ones now we will write is the same expression. So, full only happens for 9 I think nothing else rest all over half it must be same expression. So, in principle it is also true for p j bar and p j same way p j will give you the probability that packet is there at your outgoing port. So, look at j th stage find out in j th stage the switch will be in which particular state and sum up all those probabilities these are absolute probabilities I am coming to that. You have to understand p j p n minus 2 tilde is 1.0 in the earlier case. Now, p j n minus 2 tilde is not 1.0 it is going to be less than that and that will cause the impact because now doing backward propagation ultimately that probability what gives you the throughput throughput will be lower in this case intuitively. Now, the condition here is not this will be 1.0 it is not p n minus to its p n minus 1 tilde there at the output packet was instantaneously taken out n minus 1 stage. So, at n minus 2 output if there were 2 packets both of them will also be taken out immediately because there was an instantaneous readout, but here it is not instantaneous. So, reason for this will be now even if this is the last stage you have a packet here pushed out this will not be readout immediately takes one full slot to readout earlier it was instantaneous. So, only if the packet is there it will be readout. So, if there are 2 packets sitting here for example, in earlier case both of them will be even if they are going to the same port they will be taken out and read out instantaneously. We kept this thing as p of n minus 2 tilde as 1. Now, it is not possible when this will go out it will become empty only one of them will go other one will still be hooked up here earlier case the even this was going out. So, this has had an impact. So, intuitively yes the performance has to be lower than the earlier case. So, now coming to the state transition table we will not be having state transition table after step 1, step 2 or step 3 those are not there. We have only step 0 only one step every time slot. So, in that step only all transitions can happen. Now, only change which will have we will still have 3 transition tables one for the input stage input stage first stage of the switch one for the output stage because input stage p j bar is going to be a p 0 bar is always 1.0 the way it was there in the even the earlier switch and the output stage p n minus 2 p n minus 1 tilde was is going to be 1 in between your state transition depends on the incoming rate and outgoing rates both because then it is not broken into 3 steps. So, we have to use the compound formation basically transition will be simpler matrix will be simpler in this case not complicated. So, I think in same way we can build up for p j bar and p j. So, I need not probably do that and that can be done by you I can if you wish I can write down the expression directly or earlier expressions which we had just simply replace all p 1s by p 0 all 1s will be replaced by 0 that is it there is everything is same. So, first state transition matrix because so we had already 3 transition matrix done earlier. So, this will be identified as superscript 4, but this is for t select is equal to 0 is for this case. So, you now you have the states and then now we can build up with this and you have to remember that your p 0 bar is 1. So, look at your state 1 in a state 1 what will happen where you will go p 0 bar is 1 remember. So, packets have to arrive if both packets will arrive they will be going where you will either come to a state 8 or 9 there is no other possibility and no 8 or 9 not say I am looking at a transition from this time slot to this time slot what happens at after this time slot. I am not looking to 0 1 2 3 steps I am looking at after the complete step. So, at this point suppose you are in the state 0 state 1 both packet will arrive. So, both packet out of these t select is 0 immediately a decision will be made whether the where the packets have to go if both of them are directed to the one outgoing port. So, one will be at the input and one will be at the output. So, that state will be your 5 state if there is no conflict between them both of them will be on the outgoing port that state will be 3 they cannot move to the output of the next stage because it is not possible one time slot only one readout is possible again there is a buffer. So, next readout will take another time slot that will happen in the next one. So, this actually means you will have half here and half here. Now, look at the state 2 if your input switch is in state 2 both packets will come they will select immediately selection will be done where they have to go they both might would like to go to the same port where the packet is already there at the output they both may like to go to the free one or they can do a crisscross. So, based on that you will find that and you have to also look at what will happen in after this step 0 whether this packet will go out or not go out see outgoing packet also has to go out this particular packet which is there in this state important thing now even if it is being read out by the next one you cannot write any one of these 2 packets in this slot read and write cannot happen simultaneously. So, if these 2 packets cannot move here this is not possible this can be read out or may not be read out both are viable. So, with probability your p 0 tilde this will be going out and with q 0 tilde this will not be going out. Now, these 2 packets if you look they just come they can be directed with equal probability to any one of these ports. So, now I have to look at iterate on the cases actually. So, let me write all cases one by one enumerate them and then estimate the probability. So, first case is when the packet actually moves goes out. So, I have p is 0 tilde with this this will be happening. So, I will not be having any packet here. So, one possibility is both of them directs to the above side and they cannot move. So, I will end up in this state after time slot if both of them are directed to the bottom side I will end up in this state if both of them are going to be in parallel I will end up in this state if they are crisscross technically these 2 states are same they are not different if the packet does not go out I will still get the same scenario again these 2 states are same all of them are happening with equal probability this will be happening with 1 by 4 p 0 tilde this is happening 1 by 4 q 0 tilde for all 4 of them. So, let us identify this one is which particular state 8 this one is 5 this one will be 6 both of them. Sir, can you explain how the 6 state 6 when both packets come in the parallel. What. In case 1 when packet move out how do you reach the state 5 after it first case first case. First case this one after that packet move out from output port 2 packet arrives and then. 2 packet arrives they cannot be written into this buffer they both are directed to this. So, after that see this is the time which is starting you started at this point 2 packet arrives in the incoming port now at this point the packet is being read out from the outgoing port at the end of this time slot what will happen this packet is no more there in this buffer, but these 2 packets cannot be moved because they both were directed to that particular thing. So, this decision was done instantaneously it is selected 0. So, both of them have to remain here and they are still directed towards that direction. So, this scenario look from that table is stated. Next 5 this one. So, if the packet is again going out. So, next one is when both of them are directed towards downward actually when both of them are directed towards this case comes when both of them are directed towards downward state. So, this was the situation at t at this point by this time you reach here this one packet will be pushed here. See this is before at this time at this time what will happen this packet will go out and this packet will move from here to here you will end up in this situation. Maybe I can write it in a slide I will use a different color and show what is the situation at this time and this is the situation at this time actually. So, just before the start of slot I am drawing with the different color. So, just before the start of the slot this is the situation just before the start of the slot in this case. So, if the packet does not go out you will end up here packet goes out you will end up here output port packet. In this scenario this is at the beginning of the slot which is happening if the packet goes out packet is no more here one of these packets will be coming on this side one of these packets will be coming on this side actually because this output buffer is empty this readout can happen in this slot. So, if the packet is not going out you are otherwise you are here the initial thing in this scenario will be this or this with the packet moves out you come here this packet goes out this remains there this one will move on the outgoing side packet does not move out this still goes to the outgoing port comes here this will remain blocked and this will remain as it is intact there are two situations same here and then this clarifies. So, this is at t k and this situation as t k plus 1 and then of course, whatever are the stages which you arrive after in time slot talk a I just give them the numbers and based on that I will fill up the matrix. So, this one is 6 this one is 5 8 this is 10 7 this is also 7 and this is also 7. So, 7th I can write here 3 by 4 q 0 tilde 10 I can write 1 by 4 q 0 tilde 8 I can write 1 by 4 p 0 tilde 5 is also 1 by 4 p 0 tilde 6 I can write as half of p 0 tilde 7 comes 3 times 3 by 4 q 0 tilde this row happens with probability p 0 tilde packet goes out q 0 tilde packet does not go p 0 q 0 tilde as depend on the next states of the next state. So, only thing important is packets are coming immediately into the port the moment those are free. So, I am assuming there are infinite buffer here packet is always there present. So, it is not that when you read out this packet. So, no other packet can be written in the same time slot it will be instantaneously written in the input port well that is the only variation which you have to be careful about. Single buffer input. Why you will take infinite buffer not only single buffer. Where? Input port. We all switches have input single buffer single buffer per input port I am talking about the complete switch at the input of the zeroth stage. So, there I say if the packet goes out in the next time slot instantaneously another packet is available. See what happens is your you have a packet here it takes hold one slot for this to be read out what happens the next one you cannot write the packet instantaneously in this buffer you should remain vacant for the next one no that is not the case I am always assuming that p 0 bar is always 1. So, zeroth stage the packet will be always there in every stage. So, even if the packet is read out takes hold time next slot the packet will be immediately available. So, that is the maximum loading condition. Now, staggering of the packets or they are being stopped because you they cannot be read out is happening inside the switch I am not looking at the input. So, input technically if there is a large switch with multiple stages 0 1 2 2 sum whatever it is n minus 1 at this input I am assuming it is like a large number of packets are there. So, at least 2 3 buffers must be there at least always and they are always present while this does not happen inside. So, you that is the reason why you could not have when this packet was going out you cannot move a packet here because there was only one single buffer here, but at the input of the whole switch packet is always available which actually means there is not single buffer there is going to be more than one buffer present there that is a thing. Otherwise I cannot take this case and that is the condition for maximum loading and we are trying to compare. So, there has to be equal testing ground for the both kind of models. So, remaining once I am just writing it down by looking from the paper for this particular matrix we do not have much time. So, this p j tilde square p j tilde square maybe you can actually look into the paper and get the whole table I need not write it down important thing is that how to get the table now you can even drive on your own also. So, let me just quickly go through the middle stage what happens there is now arrival and departure probabilities both are there. This will become 0, j is equal to 0 they actually have given it in general form. Again you will have the equation I think this I can now remove this is for a state I how you will compute time step k plus 1 this will be nothing but your transition matrix which will be there m is equal to 1 to 14 p 0 m 0th stage whatever was in k. So, this will be happening for all i's. So, I goes from 1 to 14 in all k's. So, this will be transition matrix can be very similar thing what we did earlier. Now, let me define this thing as t 0 t j 5 we call it not t 0 and we have t n minus 1 6. So, this for j th stage in general not for 0 th stage 0 th stage case is different because the input a probability is this, but now there is a input probability p j bar and p j tilde both are have to take part. So, first one you take for example, you are in a state 1 I am only looking at this. So, what will happen only packets can arrive packets cannot go. So, packet will arrive with probability p j bar if both the packets will come it is a p j bar square which will happen and then you will end up in a state of 8 and 9 8 and 9 that is what will happen. So, you will have half p j bar square half p j bar square here if none of the packets come you end up in same state sorry upper line also need to be removed this should have been here q j bar square and of course, only if only one packet will come then you will be in a state 4 p j bar q j bar. Next one if you want to build similarly what will happen if you are in a step. So, now you have to look at the arrival as well as departure both probabilities together. So, you are in the beginning of time beginning of talk you are in a step this particular step no packets there is only one packet this is the state to begin with. Now, you can actually have your initial state basically what will happen after your you started at this time at this time what will happen packets can arrive, but they are not instantaneous arrival the way it was happening in the first stage first stage was or the zeroth stage here packets can come or packets be not come and this can go out independently only if packet is already available it will move here if that slot is available, but when packet is being pushed in this will take this much time and packet will be available only at this point at the input in the input buffer. So, they cannot be moved to the outgoing port. So, with this now the possibilities are this is remember with q j tilde you will have no packet here with p j tilde from a state 2. So, I have written those two and depending on the situation this will be now correspond to q j bar square you can have a packet p j bar q j bar directed to this half probability remember this only one packet coming in can happen with 2 p j bar q j bar actually half of it will be directed here half of the time it can be directed here these two are different cases. So, only one packet arriving and this can be directed to any one of them with equal probability. So, will remaining half will come here. So, I have to multiply this by this actually to write in the matrix and next possibility that 2 packets will come this is still remains the 2 packet will come this is p j bar square. Now, with they can be directed here. So, this probability is 1 by 4 they both are directed to the bottom side this is 1 by 4 and then of course, there is a case. So, this can be crisscross also it will be 1 by half actually p j square bar. So, equivalent things you have to write with p j tilde this with q j tilde. So, you can then identify the states and then build up the row. So, I can just quickly write what you will get is q j tilde no packet p j square bar part I will always write first no packet arrives q j square p j tilde. There are two different things which I am multiplying I will remain in the same state I will end up in this state no packet arriving. You can similarly build up only one arriving going to an free port p j bar q j bar p j tilde first state will be first state first state is p j square p j bar tilde square q j bar square sorry sorry this will be q j same thing will come sorry this same expressions will come here except the outgoing packet will not be there that is the only difference. So, you will be in state 2 with let me just identify those states which I am doing that is a state 4 this also I need to include these two are technically same states here they are not same states there they are same states actually when the packet is going out. So, I have to multiply it by 2. So, this is fourth state it will be 2 p j bar q j bar p j tilde. So, this is an example. So, I think you can build up in this fashion for this particular row. So, again you can look into the paper important thing that you appreciate the method that now both incoming probabilities and outgoing probabilities have to be considered while building up the transition matrix it is not like the earlier cases. So, I am actually stopping here the last one is for the outgoing port or the what is called n minus first stage outgoing ports based on that. So, remember the packet will certainly be going out your p n minus 1 tilde is always 1 only the arrival probabilities will be participating remember when I did for the input stage or the first zeroth stage there was only outgoing probabilities which are participating. In intermediate stages both of these will be participating on the outgoing on the last one n minus first stage only incoming probabilities will be participating outgoing will is 1.0 defined there. So, in the very same fashion actually we can do that and we will define that thing by 6 n stages n minus 1. So, same fashion actually you can build see for example, you take a state 2 because there is a packet on the outgoing side I am taking only that example this packet will certainly go out you cannot stop it it is 1.0. So, once it is 1.0 so only the packet which can come at the input that is important. So, no packet comes it is q j square q n minus 1 bar square. So, you will come here as q n minus 1 bar square you will remain in the same state outgoing port will go. If you are in a state 3 for example, both packets at the output port will certainly go out you will come to state 1 from 3 if no packet comes in same fashion. If for example, both packets will come then 2 will turn into either 10 or 9 for example, if both packets will come you will either become 10 or you will become 9 1 of the 2 depending on how the packets are being directed. So, you have to have half for p n minus 1 bar square both packets are arriving. So, this arrival happens with p n minus 1 bar square probability outgoing packets does not matter they will anyway will be removed that probability is 1. So, in that case if you go to 8 noses. So, if both of them are here they both can go to the same port or they both can be directed to separate ports. So, if they go to the separate ports is 9 sorry 8 and 9 8 and 9 you are right this has to be written at 9 that was not visible from here. In fact, if you are carefully observant enough you can just simply put in that E j is 5 case your outgoing probability equal to 1 and you will get the same matrix actually. So, the middle one or T is j 5 is what is important from that you can actually get the first one as well as the last one only thing you need to know the boundary conditions. So, if you just apply the boundary conditions you will get even this particular matrix. Now, remaining procedure remains the same 13, 14 these packets will go out that is it it will remain here. So, 13 to you will come to it there is no other option if you are in n minus first stage this both will be read out these packet cannot move here. So, you will come up with 8 if you are 14 you will come to 9. So, I think that gives more or less the idea of that how even this analysis is done when T select is 0. So, after the mid-sem break again we will continue with and I will start with some fresh topic. So, this buffer delta finishes off at this point.