what's up guys we're back with another epic collection video it's been a while since we've had a collection and this one was a $10,000 collection so it's gonna be pretty good but before that i have a couple announcements and an epic giveaway so for this giveaway i'm giving away three sets of the egyptian god card decks these were sent to me by yugio black market you can check them out in the link in the description you can use code ruxen34 for 5% off if you guys want to buy on their site all you have to do to enter the giveaway though is like this video be subscribed and let me know what you think about the collection and you guys have a chance to win not just one but both an obelisk and a slifer deck so you get one of each i have three sets so they will be three different winners in this video also in regards to giveaway winners i just sent out the last round of giveaways which was a while back i know it's been a while i'm gonna announce the next one soon and then after that i'm gonna try and keep up with it weekly because i've been getting behind it it gets like to be a lot if i wait for like two months or whatever it's a big task to like actually do everything so i'm gonna try and do it weekly so that way i can stay caught up you guys can know the winners like more reasonably and that way i can ship them out more easily because it's a smaller amount of people and finally our next box break i have announced this and we have sold over half the packs so far but we have a first edition metal raiders booster box we actually have two of these because these were sent in as a commission sale i've been doing a few of those on my website ruxen34.com so one of my friends sent me two of his boxes we broke one of them which is this one we've sold 13 packs there's 11 left so if you guys want to get in on this check it out they are pretty expensive that's why i kind of gave it a two week notice we're not having one this week if we do sell out i will do this one this weekend so it'll be a little bit shorter than two weeks first edition metal raiders it's going to be crazy when we actually do it we could potentially pull the gate guardie and all that great stuff so if you guys are interested check out ruxen34.com and finally in regards to breaks i won't be doing one on the youtube channel this week because we're still selling the metal raiders box but i will be doing a live stream on what not selling some singles tonight so if you guys are interested in checking that out it's an auction platform so if you guys go follow me the link in the description just click it follow me on what not you just download the app i'm gonna sell some singles like possibly some first edition cards some near-mid stuff it's gonna be pretty cool and then this weekend we're gonna be doing an auction as well so we might have two box breaks this weekend one for metal raiders first edition and one for legend of blue eyes unlimited it's gonna be pretty cool so check me out there let's get into the collection opening all right so we have this box right here i'm gonna go ahead and open this thing up i uh the guy who sold me this he held this for a long time for me so i appreciate him doing that because it was pretty expensive and i had a lot of other things i had to get for like the channel and stuff so it took me a while to pay him off so i finally paid for this thing so for that reason i don't really remember what's in here like i remember a general idea but you know i don't remember every single card so it's gonna be some cool stuff in here i'm cutting this a little awkwardly because i'm trying not to hit my mic or anything it's a little bit of an odd angle okay there we go there we all that that's a loud noise okay i did that all on camera just so i could pull it off camera yeah i know it's weird it's weird guys all right guys i feel like five minutes of unpackaging the stuff it was crazy like so much tape so many like bubble wrap and like these like different plastic containers it was well packed but it just took a long time to get out we have some cool stuff i'm pretty sure i didn't buy these i think he just sent these as extras and these are awesome so there's still some tape down there but i'm not removing it we've got some prismatic japanese cars check out that cd that's amazing and the barrel dragon from the what's vb5 wait what is this oh asian english that's why i've never heard of it i was like uh is this like something i've never heard of okay that's extremely cool we also have we have oh look at this so we have another one of these the magic magic magician girl i think is what it's called and then the uh anniversary dark magician and this one's still sealed that's insane so both of those are actually that is so cool next we have some stacks of cards so this is gonna be a little bit of a spoiler to what we got so we have first edition ferro servant cards what this is let's try and get a nice um little view of these this is a full first edition ferro servant near mitt set so these are just the commons and the rares and stuff these are all in like mini sleeves which is really nice of them to like do that for the commons and rares too um radius so we got the grouchin kowagata kisitai i mean so you guys know what's in ferro servants think about some epic cards buster blader we're gonna pull it from this collection for ambition that's an expensive one look at that centering that's wild no woman of an extermination i mean just look at all these epic cards there's good memories from all this stuff ferro servant one of my favorite sets of course morphing jar number two wing weaver with the dna surgery mats for bees the cold way that's an epic card there's really really cool stuff out of this ferro servant set so i just wanted to show you all the cards just in case you know you want to see some of the classic commons and rares before we get into the hollows so i'm not going to get into the hollows yet because they're mixed up with something else i'm going to show you what the next thing is it's another complete set just take a second magicians force first edition complete set check this out guys a complete first edition mfc set yes and the hollows are included now you're thinking oh my good yeah there's the magical scientist oh my goodness dark magician girl dark palin and breaker the magical warrior yes all that stuff we're about to see it so i'm just going to go through show you guys some cool comments you don't see mfc comments too often because it's just not open very much anymore so let's just enjoy the stuff the ante before we get on to the uh the epicness wave motion can that's an expensive common uh they did reprint it and stuff so it went out it was like 15 bucks at one point it might be even be that still the the pineapple blast i mean you got to love that it's classic the neck of man king i think it's a pretty decent card giant orc that's classic helping river for combat dimension jar i mean there's one of the jars that you never think of dimension jar i mean how often do you think of that card desk koala we got the united resistance okay there's all the comments the not as exciting part now let's get into the foil so this is a big stack of card savers so i'm not gonna completely spoil it we're gonna go through them a couple at a time like take up a mini stack oh first we have the legendary thousand eyes restrict and these are all like near mint summer mint so this is really cool thousand eyes restrict first edition let's enjoy that magical hats you see what's coming up guys first edition genzo and it's a little bit faded as well you guys see that it is not quite as saturated as usual which you don't see a lot of genzos that are like faded so it's pretty cool beast of tower that's cool legendary fisherman that one's a little faded as well goblin attack force that one's a little faded if you guys are wondering what faded is it's just wind it like the magenta color i guess is what they say i can't remember exactly what the story is but basically it looks a little bit faded and it's not sun fading because if you sun fade the whole card all the colors fade but only a specific one of the colors fades in like the legitimate printed faded cards they were not intentional that i knew of nobody knows for sure but they're probably not intentional there's an imperial order the other secret we've got a chain destruction i pulled this in my very first box of pharaoh's servant so that was an interesting one premature burial check that out very horrible centering hilarious okay we're still going through pharaoh's servant we've got a little bit a little bit of fade on this set which is really cool the grave robber there he is the buster blader the that is horrible centering but still really cool the buster blader we can never pull this guy one day we will i'm just saying one day we will parasite parasite that's a cool one fairy meteor crush noblemen of crossout the fiend mega cyber i mean these are all these are all first editions so cool and the mirror wall gotta love this one just beautiful our work on that one it's very simple but very nice okay let's uh let's finish out pharaoh's servant so left we have backup soldier cool call of the haunted call of the haunted as bones would say and the ceasefire check that out we're getting into the big stuff guys so there's pharaoh's servant that's some pretty epic holos right there now we have a full set of magicians force so first edition dark paladin or paladin of white dragon one of my talking about xz dragon cannon to be to be seen the dark paladin skilled white magician that's actually pretty centered um magicians force has those issues you guys know we open the box you guys can check that video out but like off centered backscuffing stuff like that so a centered skill skill white magicians nice uh spell shield you get the y dragon head tribe infecting virus that's a good one i pulled this out of both mfc boxes i've opened one was unlimited one was first in skilled dark magician nice diffusion wave motion first edition yz tank dragon xz tank dragon xyz dragon cannon x head cannon some good stuff in here but we haven't got to the big boys yet or girls so there's here's one of the girls amazonas sports woman chaos command magician is super cool that's a really cool one amazonas archers the z metal tank double spell spell cancelor look at that centering guys the top is absolutely tiny come rid of that that is massive luster dragon we got breaker the magical warrior this is a nice one this is a really really nice one guys first edition breaker very very expensive card oh i forgot this was in here injection fairy lily faded okay we got we got to take a second check this one out faded injection i totally forgot see i told you guys i can't remember what i bought it's been a long time so thanks again for holding them in check this out and it is in pretty nice shape really nice shape actually that is crazy good and uh speaking of injection fairy lily lily if you didn't see the video with leonhardt check that one out insane best pulls i've ever had injection fairy lily faded then we have a first edition guy of the dragon champion from legend blue eyes that's pretty big red eyes from sdj that's cool sinister serpent sdd nice card valkyrie and that's actually really nice i haven't had one of these in a while and an acid trap hole from dds too bad it's not the blue eyes that'd be pretty cool and finally and finally we have two more cards guys we have the legendary dark paladin from magicians force we actually have this one in ps8 10 but who cares this is still epic even if it's not ps8 10 this is so cool i don't know if it is or not we'd have to get it out of the card saver which we're not gonna do right now i'll inspect these on my own to see if we're gonna grade any of them pretty awesome and the final card the one we've all been waiting for the one that we opened a 15 000 box searching for this card and it was not found we have the dark magician girl first edition magician's force yeah i don't think it's like ps8 10 quality or anything but i think it's pretty nice so we're gonna check it out because obviously it's the one only dark magician girl the surface looks pretty clean i think maybe at the top we got a little bit of a slight um like not even quite a ding but a little bit of something there which i kind of knew about the back has the classic mfc scuffing but overall this is a pretty pretty nice card really really nice card okay we'll sleeve this up the final card the dark magician girl hope you guys enjoyed this video epic collection purchase i love sharing these with you guys if i get any more crazy collections i will share them in video make sure to check out the whatnot links so you guys can be at the auction tonight maybe some of these will be on the auction i'm not sure yet i'm gonna look tonight like which is the day before i'm gonna see what i'm an auction you guys can potentially get it there like live which is really cool also metal raiders check that out if you guys want to be in that that's going to be an insane break i'm super excited for it and that's it for this video i'll see you guys later peace


What's going on guys? Tom Davis here, America's Canon Educator. Here's Hawk, Hawk's our shop dog. We get a lot of questions on Hawk. He lives here, he protects this place and he chews on bones and we love him. But anyway, I put this video together guys because it's a question I get all the time and this is a quick segment with one of my out-of-state clients recently. And I just wanted to put content out there for you guys. It's something different, it's not a before and after but it is a question we get all the time about dog parks. Should you go, should you not go, et cetera. So this is some information on dog parks. I hope you guys like it. Let's get into the video. Do you believe in dog parks or dog parks? Dog parks, good question. Dog parks are, I love the idea. What a fantastic idea of a government agency or a state or local agency saying, hey, this is an area for dogs to be able to run and do what they wanna do. But the unfortunate part with dog parks is it's insanely irregulated. It's not regulated at all. And so there's two things, there's a running joke that we always say is there's two things you never find in a dog park, a veterinarian and a dog trainer. Just because for us as dog trainers, we collect data, that's our job. We collect data, we give out information and we take it all in. We're trying to figure out what's going on out there outside these training room doors and all of the people who have had incidences with dog parks, it's just so traumatic for dogs.  That's a good place, right? It sounds good, right?  I mean, there's so many different underlying things that again, you're going to an area where you don't really, you may know one or two people out of 20, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100 people and a lot of times it becomes very fearful for dogs, they sit in the corner and they get harassed and they get bullied by other dogs and- No, he didn't get bullied, he was bullied. Right, so it becomes, so I love the idea of dog parks. It's not a matter of if, it's a matter of when something happens. I can almost promise you that.  It's like if you have to, okay, cool, cool down but you know that there's gonna be all sorts of different things going on in there that you probably aren't comfortable with. So, and again, I also have clients that live all over the world and they tell me, hey, in Australia we have this 400 acre dog park, we don't see anybody, good, go to a dog park, I don't care. It's just my opinion and my opinion isn't like the say all of everything, it's just as a professional my job is to tell my clients, here's my opinion, here's the information I've collected over the years and for the most part dog parks create more bad behaviors and it's only a matter of when, not if. They do something or they get something done to them or it's a mess. So there's a lot that we could talk about about dog parks guys but that was a quick segment on talking to a client about dog parks and what they can do and what they can't do and it's really important for people to read between the lines. Any content that really anybody puts out, you have to just take what makes sense to you and apply what makes sense to you.  I also have clients that live in Australia, Oregon where they have 120 fenced in acres and they never see dogs. So you just have to realize that some of the information may not be applicable or even be relevant to what the dog parks are in your area but like I said in this video and like I always say is there's just so much unregulation going on at dog parks. People just not paying attention.  They don't know the dog at all. They don't know their history and everyone just thinks because it does make sense that they should just bring their dog to a dog park because that's what they do, they can go and play and have fun and chase each other around and relinquish all their exercise and it'll be great but what if a dog doesn't do well with a dog park? What if they get aggressive? What if they have a traumatic experience that then which is what we see a lot which then makes them very uncomfortable with other dogs in the future and they have PTSD and because they've been rushed by 20, 30, 40, 50 dogs at once or whatever it is or even two and it makes that bad experience because they don't know that dogs and the introduction process was not ideal and not beneficial for them. So there's just so much but one thing that I have found that if your dog goes to dog park, goes to a dog park and has a lot of fun and gets a lot of exercise and runs and plays and has just a magical time, one thing that I have found is if all of those things apply and it's great, the problem is, is what about the other dog that comes in that is not friendly and the owners didn't know or they're traveling through and they see a dog park and they pull in and they let their dog go and they don't know and then they attack your dog or your dog gets hurt or beat up or in a fight or ganged up on. So it's not necessarily just if your dog doesn't like other dogs don't go or if your dog's unsure don't go.  It's the other people that you don't know. It's the dogs you don't know. It's the people passing through. It's the people who are sending emails and their dog is just a product of somebody really busy that doesn't have time to train them or understand their needs and desires. It's the dog sitting in the corner getting completely bullied and because they're not attacking or being aggressive then their owners continue to bring them hopefully and hoping that they open up one day and it's really just traumatic and they really don't wanna be there. So I do a lot of, in our facility here guys which here at the upstate, would you just, I'm trying to talk to my people. This is Sunday, it's our off day so he gets to hang around and he just loves attention so that's what he's doing. But anyway, we have a daycare in the back. We have anywhere from 30 to 40 dogs. It's completely fenced in, all turfed, it's beautiful. It's something that we wanted to offer our community. We're a dog training facility but we do have the daycare and surprisingly I would say 50% of the dogs who come in for daycare evaluation which is similar to, I guess a dog park, don't do well. So a lot of them, I'd say 50% of them actually fail. They don't do well. And one thing that always surprises me is dog owners become very discouraged or if it's their first day and we call and we say, hey, you should come pick up your dog or just so you know, we always alert people pretty much immediately when we make a decision to either pull them from daycare or it's not a good fit for them. I find surprisingly dog owners get very surprised and taken back by that. Don't feel discouraged that your dog doesn't do well in a daycare setting or your dog doesn't do well at a dog park or whatever but I wanted to just throw this video together just for you guys because it's a little bit of content in between some of my other videos. If you guys like this and you like these little one-off segments on my opinions, on frequently asked questions like dog parks and other things, I'll do more of these. Just leave a comment in the comments below. Like this video. Of course, subscribe to my channel. I put videos out every single week. Some of them are like this and most of them are actually tutorials with actual dogs and their clients. So anyway, I hope everyone has a wonderful day. I appreciate you guys watching and Hawk. You guys wanna see Hawk for a second? Everyone, we get a lot of requests. Let me show you Hawk. He is a Belgian Malinois and he just absolutely, come here Hawk. He loves attention. He just loves people so much and he's a lot of fun but you know, Malinois, they're also a lot of work but come here Hawk, out.


Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky arrived in the Japanese city of Hiroshima on May 20 to meet leaders of the world's richest democracies and drum up support for the defense against Russia's invasion of his country. Zelensky's presence at the Group of Seven summit comes as the bloc's members face immense challenges posed by the Russia-Ukraine war intentions with China, notably over Taiwan. Zelensky arrived in a French government aircraft and moved quickly to a waiting car before making his way to the summit venue and hotel.


What is going on guys, it's your boy DPJ here today with another Destiny video and in today's Destiny video I'm going to be attempting to solo this week's weekly nightfall and this week is full, got that big fat Ogre motherfucker, we have Solar, we have Void, we have Juggler with Nightfall and Epic, let's just get straight into the sheet and I will show you guys my Kaka Kaka class set up. Let me just move my camera up a little bit so you can see my face, there you go.  Something dark stirs in the depths of it. I'll show you guys my class set up now. Okay, so I'm using my Sculler, which is a Void by the way, I'm using a Priless Adventure which I probably won't even pull out because I'm just going to stick with this. And my Gally Gally Gally Gally Gally Gally Gally Horning, oh yeah, that's my 14 shakes. We need a drink man. But this is the second time of me running Nightfall this week, the first time I've got the Norland beyond.  I started to enjoy using. I don't need two of the fuckers, I really don't need two of the fuckers. No I don't. If you guys have already run the Nightfall this week, let me know down below in that comment section what you got, let me know what you got. No I don't even know what I'm fighting these two so I can just run through these bitches. Run through every one of them, I don't know what I want. I wouldn't mind a few five jobs. That's what I want on my Warlock. But there's still the bones of E80 on my Hunter that I need as well. I've got the Peregrine Greaves because I saw them last week. There's a sexy octopus face motherfucker's. Now here I'm just going to take these enemies out. There's no point in running that in because when I'm getting out of the room down there I might need to escape by running back up into this room. Woo! And I don't want to be running up into a room full of pots that look like hive. I'm not going to replay this now. I'm just going to take this bitch out.  That's sore, that was a ninja. What do you guys like to see me play? Oh fuck's sake. I know a lot of you guys like to see me play live. I've posted a live PvP video, my first in such a while which I used only the No Land Beyond. And I'll link it in the video description if you guys want to go check. I actually did better than I thought I was going to do. I told you guys you can name the class you guys want to see me use. And literally about 80% of everybody used the joke promise only. I tried it out yesterday and I'm not kidding now. I can't hit 10 deaths before very quick before without even getting a kill. 10 motherfucking deaths, that's not bad it was. 10 deaths. I couldn't, the weapon is so bad. I don't know what those are thinking. I honestly don't know what they're thinking. What kind of a weapon is it?  It is terrible. I can't get that one but I'm not gonna do it.    So I'm talking about motherfucking.  But yeah I tried out the jokes promise yesterday. It was horrible. It was horrible. I do plan on going back into PvP and we recording it. I'll probably do it after I've recorded this. I'll try to open that gate. I'm not looking forward to it. I'm not looking forward to that. Shit at all.  It was horrible. It was horrible. It really was.  F-Lug only, the network has them only. The regulator Mark 12, which is a blue hand cannon I believe. I'm gonna see me use that only. Which I don't mind. I don't mind. I mean at the end of the day I am playing PvP for Yellow Guards Entertainment.  You guys just gonna see me suffer. You guys just gonna see me suffer. Thanks motherfucking fuckers! Am I here? I'm gonna put on that fucking... Hear myself speak.  Glad he's saying, ah, I'm telling you that.  I think that shit's all over the world right now. I've got myself first anyway. I've got one chance. Fire. Beach house night. I'm gonna wait. Wow, didn't that not kill anyone? I need an art weapon to take off their shield. I don't think I have any on me. I'm gonna art secondary. Okay, we'll use that. Just take off their shield. Just so I can drew it easier. My dog wants to come in, but he can stay outside for a bit. Oh, that legendary!  Oh, it's like a legendary leg armor. Wow. That's happy. That's the first one I've had dropping about three weeks now.   I was waiting as well.   That's not going in. Put nothing into a room at night. Let's get a little meat.   And that's for you. Where'd you go? Where'd you up above me? Three and two, go back heavy. And run! You're joking around. See, it might be.  My stretch hop is linked in the video description.  Really would. And this is where the wizards come from. I know he's.   I think it wouldn't be the ammo for this minute. I had to be seeing that crown for that heavy boot. I can take you out, my darling. My darling, darling, darling.   There are the bitches. There are the bitches. I've got the one for you, sir. It destroys them. It destroys them. Wow, there's loads of them there. You too?  Where you going?  Ooh, he escapes. He escapes. Oh, he jumped down. He's trying to flank me.  The gate's opening.  I am going to run. Is there any ammo around here? Don't think there is. Nope, none to it. No, so it should take too long for me to be honest. What was that? Should not take too long for me to be honest at all. That's basically the hardest part, because I have a bit of my protein shake. I'll go over there, shoot, fucking. Nice, nice, nice, nice, nice. It's like we're getting closer.   And I think I'm going to go and play some PvP. Dreg's promise only for you guys.  That just isn't the way it's going to go. Honestly, I thought that Dreg's promise was going to be okay in PvP. Not amazing. I thought it was going to be okay. I mean, at least as good as the Vestian Dynasty, because that's actually quite good. It isn't that bad. Oh, it's bad. It's so bad.  That's the main thing to be honest. That dog's a patch.   I'm just going to try and run through it.  I'm going to dive in south-west. What's about that? What could you order?   And I mean, hot. Wetty hot.  Give me one gallon of wine to win. Probably get him out of the chains. Re-sync for my galley.  So I've got something getting close to the door, but close to the door.  And I'll sweep his void as well. I've seen what he's showing me. Sit here, we'll have some of my protein. Shake. Step back a little bit. I'm going to just wreck me.  Back to my verdicts.  I want to see them twos.  Check it out. I want to see them twos.   Facebook still. Oh, damn. Sit here and just strain it. It's as simple as that. This tactic. I'm surprised it's the plain tactic.   I thought I remember the last time I did four guff in a night ballergy. I mean, it's just so easy. This red smoke I'm rolling through and fighting. Especially in a week when it's void, destroyer. You might as well stay here. It's half way through the last time.  Oh, that one got me. Another one got me. One of my boots didn't even know.  It was almost 12 when we just shot. You say? It's just so easy.  Like I said, guys, if you guys had them the night before this week, let me know down below in the comments section what you got. If you guys get anything you need or want, let me know. Anyone to get the Galaphor? Well, at least it's chained up. Well, at least it's chained up. Finally, the abomination has been destroyed. The vanguard will be grateful. I'm not looking like that. A creation of the dark has been slain. And our world spared another atrocity. But how many more high-end abominations are still up? Ooh! Hadouken! Hadouken! Hadouken! Hadouken! Hadouken!  What can I say? What can I say? I've got a lesson to do.  I'll open the one I got from there as well. Why not? Why, motherfucking net? Why, motherfucking net? I might as well. I don't know if you guys can hear my fan here, which is my little fan I got. She's connected to my PC, which tells the time.  Let's go back to the tower. Go back to the quick talk. I'm not sure what you're... There you go. My fan. My little PC fan. Connects via USB. And it tells the time. Even though it's the wrong time, I haven't set it.  Turn it back on.  It's actually quite good. You wouldn't think a PC fan would give you out so much pair.   It's a bit bent. Wouldn't know if it's a bit crooked. But yeah, I think I bought that from The Gadget Show. For a while now. Probably about two years. Probably a bit longer. Had it since.  You need a fan, man. I'm telling you. Especially the heat. It is here in the UK at the minute. The past couple of days. Fuck, it's been hot. Fuck, it's been hot.  Okay, that's what I'm going to get from this legendary. What am I going to get from this motherfucking legendary? Okay, I'm going to start with a leg arm and then when I've got to drop. Oh, I've got blues as well. I got imminent war legs. Okay, let's go on to the primary. Got a red hand again. I've got a red hand. I'm getting. Fuck! Looking at the chain back. Oh, oh, I'm about to run out. Nice. Explosive rounds and looking. Oh, yeah, I can't complain about that, to be honest. I can't complain about that. I haven't never used the one I've already got. I mean, I've got one I've never used it. I was going to re-roll it, but it's just been sitting in my vote. I think I've got three now. I think I've also got another one in my vote. I've got one in my vote. I think I've got one of my postmasters. I've got three of these bad boys. Yes. Yeah, we have one there. Ha, ha. Well, yeah, guys. That is it for another live nightfall gameplay video. If you guys do enjoy these and want to see more once a week, let me know down below in the comment section. I know you guys want to see live PVP, which I plan to do in about half an hour. So I hope you guys enjoyed the video. Do drop a like. I do appreciate the... Don't forget, if you guys want a sexy DPJ t-shirt, walking at sexiness, the link is in the video description also. Thanks for stopping by as always and peace out until next time. Peace.


You'll be a one-term president because you've already served, so you can only serve for one term, although they say you'll never leave office. I assume that you'll never leave. They'll never be in another election again. They say, don't do it, he'll never leave. He's never going, oh, these people, they are. So for that reason. Well, you heard it straight from the horse's mouth, folks. Trump is not going to try to become a dictator or abuse power, and of course, he's gonna leave office after his term ends.  You'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength. Might have forgot about that, though. But that moment from Trump's Fox News Town Hall occurred during a conversation about who is potentially going to be his running mate. And we're gonna talk about that, but much like the Sean Handy Town Hall, Laura Ingram kept trying to get him to reassure voters that he's not gonna abuse power or become a dictator, but as you're going to see, getting Trump to stay on topic is like trying to herd cats. It's near impossible. Well, let me show you what I mean by that. I know you have suffered endless attacks, no doubt, but how can you assure independent and undecided voters that your focus as president will be on improving the state of our country and not settling those old scores? That's an interesting question, I'm gonna say. Look, I did it before. We had a great four years, especially before that very last part where COVID came in, and we did a great job there. We've been given great marks on the economy and on the military and on foreign. And Trump then rambles on for more than a minute after that about the amazing job that he did, and meanders endlessly until Laura Ingram finally tried to get him back on track and addressed the actual question that that lady asked. We're doing better than any Republican. But the question about scores settling, a lot of women, a lot of women voters, they don't like the name calling, they don't like the score settling. They just, they love your policies, and they just want Trump's policies, maybe not so much of the other stuff. So I think that's what the question, if you don't mind my asking, I think that's what she's getting at. But also you wanna say how do you get together? We're gonna get together through success. When this country, the country was at a level that we've never, we had the best employment numbers in history, everything was good, and this country was coming together. Then we got hit with COVID. But this country came together. I don't care about the revenge thing. I know they usually use the word revenge. Will there be revenge? My revenge will be success. Well, I'll be damned. He actually answered the question. It is possible. Now, if he didn't whine so much about his own persecution and didn't already promise to pursue revenge in his second term, I'd say that's a pretty reasonable way to address the question of how a president can bring Americans together. Economic success is a great unifier, but let's be real. Presidents don't have as much control over the economy as Americans think they do, and Trump wasn't concerned about helping ordinary Americans. In fact, he was vehemently against labor rights, and he had no interest in raising them in wage and doing anything to alleviate people with student loan debt and not to mention his signature policy achievement was tax cuts for him and his rich friends. So all of this chatter about how wonderful the economy was under Trump was a narrative created specifically by economic elites in the media who also benefited from his tax cuts. But for most people, things didn't actually feel much better, and the reason why it felt that way is because it was that way. Maybe some Americans felt more optimistic because of the stock market doing better, which is great for 401ks if you have one, but a lot of people don't have one.  Americans continued to live paycheck to paycheck while Republicans and pundits talked at us about how great the economy was doing when we didn't feel it. And to be fair, all politicians do this. Trump isn't alone here, Biden does the same thing as well, even though now a lot of people are struggling after the COVID era stimulus policies have expired. But if a president really did want to unify this country, Trump is correct that the collective economic success of everyone would be one way to do it, but let's not pretend that he's interested in doing that at all. Trump is a petty bitch, and of course he's going to seek vengeance rather than lifting all of us up during a second term. But I want to go back to the VP talk because one of the potential names being discussed here is Tim Scott who was at this town hall, and even though Trump is trying to compliment him, I think, this was one of the most degrading things I've ever seen. He's been so great, he's been such a great advocate. I have to say, this is in a very positive way, Tim Scott, he has been much better for me than he was for himself. I watched his campaign and he doesn't like talking about himself, but boy does he talk about Trump.  So someone who can step into the role.  But I mean, Tim Scott, is this really what you want to be doing right now? Pathetically groveling at the feet of a fascist by degrading yourself for a chance at power? You really want to do this? I mean, I just find this so humiliating. No amount of money or power could get me to do that.  It's just embarrassing. And look, I hate to say it, but I kind of felt bad for Tim Scott just in the sense that like I felt secondhand embarrassment for him, but I really shouldn't feel bad because I mean, when somebody subjects themself to that, we really shouldn't have sympathy because this is what he wants. This is all worthwhile if he gets power. It's just shameful. But I do want to move on to other portions of the town hall and nothing that I'm about to show you is particularly shocking or ominous, but these clips I think best encapsulate the stupidity of Trump and how utterly exhausting it is. For example, when he was talking about Navalny, he threw in a random comment that is genuinely idiotic and it's not like he hasn't said this before, but for some reason him saying it this time triggered me, but let me show you and I'll tell you what I mean. It's happening in our country too. We are turning into a communist country in many ways and if you look at it, I'm the leading candidate. I get indicted, I never heard of being indicted before. I was gonna, I got indicted four times. I have eight or nine trials all because of the fact that I'm, and you know this, all because of the fact that I'm in politics. Oh, that's why you're indicted because you're in politics, right? It's not because you tried to illegally overturn the results of a democratic election or anything. No, it's because he's in politics. Well, by that logic, if you're like Navalny and Democrats are like Putin and they're needlessly prosecuting their political opponents, why wouldn't they also prosecute other political opponents? Republicans like Greg Abbott and Miranda Santis. Why just you? It's because Trump has the worst case of main character syndrome that I've ever seen and it doesn't matter what the circumstance or scenario is. He's always the victim in that predicament, okay? So even though in this anecdote here, Putin, Navalny, he would be Putin, he's comparing himself to Navalny because, well, his actions actually led to him seeing consequences for the first time. Maybe, I mean, we don't even know if he's gonna be convicted. He's indicted, 91 counts, but he's an elite. He could get away with it, right? But even the prospect of accountability for him, it's something that he can't stand. Even before he was indicted, while he was president, literally the most powerful person on the planet, he still pretended to be the victim. So this isn't necessarily anything new for Trump and the self-pity isn't even the part that bothered me the most about that clip. The part that bothered me the most is when he claimed that we're becoming a communist country in many ways. Now, yes, I understand that Trump does not know what communism means, obviously, and he is using communism as a synonym for authoritarianism. But when you say we're becoming a communist country, the opposite is true. We are a late-stage capitalist country and we're probably going to see flying cars before we see communism in this country. That is, of course, assuming we don't go extinct due to climate change. But I mean, we're not communist. But Trump has made this a trend in the United States where you say the opposite of what's true. And if everybody just says it, then I guess at some point enough, people start to believe it. I hate that. But regardless, let's move on. So on the subject of climate change, Trump is going to complain about the efforts to transition to more sustainable technology and just watch. I believe they push to control gas stoves, how far you can drive by forcing people into electric vehicles. All the new edicts that they really want to push out. What's really behind that? Do you believe there's a bigger agenda to kind of control movement, control people's freedom of movement? Well, a lot of people say that I'm not sure. I just think they maybe are just mixed up or confused. They come out with faucets where no water comes out.  Have you considered trying to turn the faucet all the way on? Maybe you're only turning it on a little bit. Nevertheless, continue. But they want that. They want the dishwasher to be changed. All of that is part of the agenda. So in Ohio, you have a great company that came to me, the dishwasher company, one of the biggest and finest companies, but they were going out of business. They said, we're not allowed to use water. Well, the Democrats banned us from using water, so I guess it's time to close up shop guys. We're gonna go home because we can't use water anymore. Damn, it's gonna be really unfortunate when we want to drink water, but we can't use it, Democrats said so.  Mentally, physically, I just can't take it. And people will respond saying, well, Mike, you're being uncharitable because he's obviously referring to regulatory changes when it comes to water and the limitation of use. But no, no, I don't actually believe that. I think that he literally believes that the dishwasher company is not allowed to use water and they had to go out of business as a result of Democrats saying, no more water.  We're dealing with a potential dementia patient who suffers from delusions of grandeur that thinks he won the last election. So of course, when a dishwashing company complains to him potentially if this even happened, about the limitation of water usage or perhaps prices increasing, of course, he's going to take that as, oh, Democrats said no more water, period, full stop. Because it's Trump we're dealing with here. Now I've got one last clip to show you. So he makes up a lie about mail-in voting and is immediately contradicted by Laura Ingram, but he just keeps going and pretends like he doesn't hear her. Forget the past. What are you going to do to make sure we don't have problems going forward? If you have mail-in voting, you automatically have fraud. If you have... Okay, well, there's mail-in voting in Florida and you won huge. That's right, that's right. If you have it, you're going to have fraud because you don't have any. Now, before you give Laura Ingram too much credit, she was also conspiracy mongering and concern trolling about election fraud as well. But she did point out the fact that Trump was still able to win in states with mail-in voting. Despite his claims of fraud, which kind of throws a whole wrench in his argument that mail-in voting leads to fraud, unless we assume that he himself is committing fraud in states with mail-in voting. But that's not the case.  But I mean, that's all that I really have to say about this town hall. There's a lot more that I could talk about, but I'm going to cut it off right here because any more will lead to more brain rot. But I mean, it's February and I've already hit peak Trump fatigue. And I actually kind of regret talking about this town hall now that we're at the end of the video because I feel brain rot. Like I feel like I lost multiple IQ points in the process of preparing for this video and then talking about this video and listening to Trump. I think it's just genuinely bad for my mental health. And I regret doing it. So I guess you're welcome, viewers. You made me do this.


hardware based speculation. We have discussed various techniques to improve the instruction level parallelism and we have seen that dynamic instruction scheduling can boost pipeline performance particularly it effectively takes care of data hazards. Then we have discussed different types of the various control hazards for higher performance and particularly for higher performance it is very important to overcome control hazards that we have seen. And we have introduced the concept of branch prediction to overcome control hazards and by using I mean suitable technique of branch prediction we have seen how the performance can be improved. And in the last lecture we have discussed dynamic instruction scheduling along with efficient branch prediction and we have seen how it can significantly improve performance. Now hardware based speculation represents a subtle, so it represents a subtle but very important extension of the idea of hardware based instruction scheduling with branch prediction. So it is a extension of the previous technique that we have discussed in the last lecture this is an extension of our branch prediction with dynamic scheduling. What it does it follows the predicted flow of data values to choose when to execute instruction. In other words it is a kind of data flow execution and operations execute as soon as their operands are available. So it is not that way much different from the technique that I discussed in the last lecture that is dynamic instruction scheduling along with efficient branch prediction but there will be some important differences and we shall see what are the differences and how this dynamic instruction scheduling along with I mean hardware based speculation is introduced. The need for hardware based speculation is coming from particularly from wide issue processors. So we have seen the superscalar processor which are considered as wide issue processor that means you are issuing more than one instruction per cycle. So in such cases we will find that depending on the application the branch frequency that is present in the program you may for in each cycle one will encounter the branch instruction that means a wide issue processor may need to execute a branch in every cycle to maintain performance and just predicting branch may not be enough to get the desired amount of instruction level parallelism. That means the instruction level parallelism that can be achieved simply by branch prediction is not enough will not be able to keep various processing elements or functional units that is present in a superscalar processor. And we have seen in a superscalar processor you have got multiple functional units it is essential to keep them busy to get higher throughput. So the solution is speculating the outcome of branches and executing the program as if cases were correct. Earlier you know the execution were not performed at the boundaries of control dependencies particularly until the control dependencies were not resolved subsequent instructions were not executed. But here we are going a step further so execution will continue in the speculated direction and it will perform I mean it will assume that the speculation is correct and it will perform fetch, issue and execute as if branch prediction was always correct. So you are going ahead with execution of instructions assuming that your speculation is correct. However, whenever you do that you have to provide mechanism to handle situation when the speculation is not is wrong. That means speculation is a kind of guess may turn out to be correct it may turn out to be wrong. So, whenever it turns out to be wrong you have to take appropriate step such that you do not get incorrect result. That means you have to undo the execution that has been performed and how that can be done we shall discuss in detail. You may recollect Tomasulo's approach which we have discussed earlier. So, until the controlling branches have executed instructions only allowed to be fetched and issued but not actually executed. That means the controlling branches must be executed only then the instruction can be executed. But before that fetch it can be fetched it can be issued multiple issue can take place but execution will not take place. And as I mentioned speculation takes this approach a step further. It will actually execute an instruction based on branch prediction. So, here we are also doing branch prediction but in the direction of branch prediction earlier executions were not continued but here we are continuing. And essentially this hardware based speculation combines three ideas. The three ideas are number one is profile based dynamic branch prediction to choose which instruction to execute. So, you will be using some profile based prediction technique may be that correlating predictor or tournament predictor some sophisticated prediction technique to choose which instructions to execute. Then speculation to allow instructions to execute even before control dependencies are resolved. So, earlier I mean dynamic scheduling with branch prediction we were not allowing this but now we are allowing to execute before control dependencies are resolved. So, earlier the instructions were not execute until the control dependencies were resolved. But this is the step we are doing in case of hardware based speculation. Now obviously in such a situation as I have told this can be done with the ability to undo the effects of incorrectly speculated sequence. Earlier what was the meaning of execution? By execution what we were doing we are performing with the execution writing the result in the memory or register. But if you do that you cannot undo it. So, permanent irrevocable change is taking place. So, that has to be somehow stopped. And dynamic scheduling to deal with scheduling of different combination of basic blocks. So, it is doing branch prediction speculation along with dynamic scheduling to do with scheduling of different combination of basic blocks. So, at the branch point you will be going through different directions and you will encounter different basic blocks. So, it will in the predicted direction it will continue to execute the basic blocks. And this particular approach have been used in almost all modern processors like for PC, Pentium, Alpha, AMD, Athlan, etc. Almost all processors modern processors. Now what we shall try to do? We have already discussed in this in details the Tomasulo scheme. But Tomasulo scheme cannot be exactly followed we have to make some modification. So, what kind of modification can be done? We can extend the Tomasulo's algorithm to support speculation by doing two things. Number one is separate the bypassing of results among instructions from actual completion of instruction. So, early what we can do? We can execute an instruction produce result, but those results will not be written in the memory or in registers. But they will continue to pass values to other instructions as and when they need. And another step you have to follow allow an instruction to execute and to bypass its results to other instructions as I have told without allowing the instruction to do any updates that cannot be undone. That cannot be undone means if you perform writing into a register or in a member location that cannot be undone that is a permanent change. So, that will be allowed instructions with speculator results become a speculative. That means it remains speculative until writing is done when it is being done when an instruction is no longer speculative. That means the outcome of branches is already decided then it is no longer speculative. Now, we know that these instructions were supposed to be executed. So, only then when an instruction is no longer speculative allow it to update the register file or memory. So, we have to reach that point when an instruction is no longer speculative it is actually known that instruction will be I mean the control those control instructions. That means the condition has been evaluated the target address is known only when these two are known we know whether an instruction is speculative or not speculative. So, when these two are known then an instruction is no longer speculative only then you can make the permanent changes and this additional step is called instruction commit. That means what we are doing we are we are making we are breaking up the execution into two parts. We are performing the execution we are doing the computation in a shadow, but permanent change is taking place in the commit stage we are adding an additional stage known as commit stage. So, the key idea is allow instructions to execute out of order, but to force them to commit in order. So, this is a very important statement that means we are allowing the instructions to execute out of order, but we are we are enforcing the instructions to commit in order as it happens as it is present in your program order such as updating state or taking an exception. These are done only when this will prevent any irrevocable action until an instruction commits. So, this is the basic idea behind this hardware best speculation when it is implemented on top of the basic Thomas approach. So, you have to separate the process of completing execution from instruction commit. So, completion of an instruction means an instruction have been executed it has produced result and commit means although results have been produced the results have not been written into the registers or in memory locations that is performed in the commit stage. So, obviously this will require additional set of buffers to hold results of instructions that have finished execution, but have not committed. That means you will obviously without any additional buffer you cannot do it. You have to keep the results value generated by instructions to be passed on to other instructions unless you store it in some buffer you cannot do it. So, you will require additional buffer and from those buffers it will pass on to other instructions and that particular buffer is known as reorder buffer a source of operands for instructions. So, reorder buffers will will be source of operands for instructions supplied operands it will supply operands in the interval between the completion of instruction execution and instruction commit. That means even before the memory or register update take place from the reorder buffer it will provide the operands for different instructions and for this duration that between the completion of instruction execution and instruction commit reorder buffer will be the source of operands. Of course, you have to take into account exceptions and interrupts as well speculation means it will guess and check important for branch prediction need to take our best sort at predicting branch directions. So, this is a very important thing first of all your performance will heavily dependent on the correctness of your prediction. So, you have to use sophisticated branch prediction technique and if we speculate and are wrong need to back up and restart execution at the point at which we predicted incorrectly and this is exactly the same as precise exceptions. That means, if we can do that then this will overcome the precise exceptions. So, precise exceptions essentially wants this and if something is wrong we have to back up and restart execution to point to the point at which we predicted incorrectly. So, this is how the precise exceptions are overcome and techniques for both precise exceptions and interrupts and exceptions and speculation is same essentially by using this approach in order commit we are able to overcome the precise interrupts and exceptions and exceptions are handled by not recognizing the exception until instruction that caused it is ready to commit in ROB. So, that means, whenever an exception is detected and it is kept fending until it reaches the commit stage in the ROB. So, whenever before committing is done and if a particular instructions need to be discarded then the exception operations to perform is also discarded. So, both are discarded not only the instruction, but the exception conditions. So, if a speculated instruction raises an exception the exception is recorded in the ROB and that is why that means, the ROB keeps information about the exception and if it needs to be undone then whenever I mean we can keep that information until we commit and only when it is committed then that exception is allowed to happen. So, that is why reorder buffer is present in all new processors. So, whenever we go for reorder buffers there are two basic changes two major changes compared to Tomasulo scheme number is you will require reorder buffers that is an addition and elimination of the store buffer. Earlier we were having you may recall that in our Tomasulo's basic approach we had store buffer and load buffer separate, but now the store buffers are no longer required the reason for that is the store buffer function is taken care of why the buffers present in the reorder buffer. So, this leads to elimination of the store buffer whose functions are integrated in the reorder buffers. So, you require additional set of registers called reorder buffers store results of instructions in shadow that have completed, but not yet committed. Why we are calling them reorder buffer? There is a name assigned to it the reason for that is even though instructions may complete in any order they are reordered in the reorder buffer. So, that they can commit in order that means instructions are executed their results are stored, but the order in which commit is changed with the help of this reorder buffer and that is why the name calling it reorder buffer. So, it puts instruction back to order instructions enter R O B out of order instructions leave R O B in order by in order or out of order mean with respect to the program order in the program the sequence in which they appear with respect to that the results of an instruction becomes visible externally when it leaves R O B. So, until an instruction leaves R O B it does not become visible to the outside world outside world means to the programmer who is executing its program. For example, if a programmer does single stepping execute instruction one after the other. So, in such a case you know until that register operation or memory operation is performed it will not be visible to the programmer. So, that is why results of an instruction become visible externally when it leaves R O B and that means registers updated and memory updated. So, in case of Tomasulo's algorithm once an instruction writes its result any subsequently issued instructions will find the result in the register file with speculation the register file is not updated until the instruction commits I have repeated it several times and we know definitely that instruction should execute. Thus the R O B supplies operands in the interval between the completion of instruction execution and instruction commit. So, R O B is the source of operands for instruction just as reservation stations earlier we were using reservation stations to provide the operands to the functional units you may call that. But now we are using reorder buffers from where the operands are available. Now essentially what it is doing R O B extends the architecture registers like reservation stations. So, as I mentioned earlier reservation stations are performing the role of additional registers which is not present in a processor. Similarly, reorder buffers are also essentially extending the register set registers not available in the processor architecture is now may be I mean is virtually available in the reorder buffers. So, we may consider it extends architecture registers like reservation station. So, this is the schematic diagram how the this shows how the Tomasulo's algorithm I mean have been extended you may recall that we had one store buffer here, but that store buffer has been removed in place of that we have put reorder buffers at the top. And from the you can see reorder buffer is connected to the common data bus. That means whenever any in the functional units memory unit or adder unit or multiplier unit when they produce any result they straight away go to the reorder buffer. So, they are not going earlier they were going to different you know different buffers present in the reservation stations they were going to the other buffers, but now you can see that interconnection has been removed. It goes only to the reorder buffer and from the reorder buffer they are they can be stored they can be they will go to the registers they will go to different reservation stations. It will go to the reservation stations it will also go to the memory unit I mean in case of I have to write it I mean in the if it has to be written into the memory in case of store I mean it will come from reorder buffer then it will be stored that is why the store buffer is not present here. It will come from the reorder buffer however load buffers are necessary because they will provide the load addresses they will compute the addresses it will be present here load buffers will be present here it will come from the address unit. And the data may be available from here and which will be written in the I mean in case of load you know the address will come and then it will go to the reorder buffer and from where it will go to the register. So, this is how load operation will be performed. You cannot really get rid of the reservation stations although we have reorder buffers the reservation stations cannot be removed because they will provide the operands into the multiplier. However, you have earlier you were keeping track of from which functional unit the output will come to the reservation stations. But here you have to keep track you have to keep it kind of tag from which reorder buffer it will come I mean there is a reorder buffer number reorder buffer 1 2 3 and so on. And it is entered in the in the form of a first in first out FIFO and the reorder number the reorder buffer number will be will be will be tagged here. And so from the corresponding reorder buffer number it will operands will come and then it will be stored in the reservation stations. And from the reservation stations it will go to the different functional units. So, that part is not changed and that is the reason why we cannot get rid of the reservation stations. Although partially the functions earlier performed by reservation stations are being performed by reorder buffers, but not fully. So, with this basic structure in mind let us see what are the different entries that is present in the reorder buffer. So, each entry in the reorder buffer contains four fields. There will be four fields in the reorder buffer number one field is instruction type the instructions can be broadly divided into three categories as you can see number one is branch branch has no destination result. Second is a store has a memory address destination that means you have to store in a memory location and branch means simply it will jump to a particular address. So, there is no destination result and register operation which are related to ALU operation or load. So, ALU operation on load is performing in the same way as we have seen in this diagram whenever you perform ALU operation it will be data will go to the registers in the same way data will go to the memory unit it will come from the reorder buffer. So, ALU operation on load is somewhat similar it is different from store. So, because they have the register destinations. So, these are the three different instruction types and that you have to that is kept in one of the fields of the reorder buffer. The second field is the destination the register number for loads and ALU operations or memory address for stores where the instruction result should be written. So, there is a destination field which keeps information about the register number in case of register operation and memory address in case of store where the instruction result should be written. Then the third field is the value of instruction result until the instruction commits. So, as I mentioned repeatedly the from the common data bus the values will come to the reorder buffer as the functional units does some computation and the computation result those values are stored in the reorder buffer and this is the field where the value will be stored. Then you have got another field which is ready. So, it indicates that instruction has completed execution and the value is ready. So, whenever an instruction is issued it gets an entry in the reorder buffer and as it goes through different stages like execution write means write on the common data bus and until it commits it remains in that particular reorder buffer and that is the reason why you have to keep track of it. So, indicates that instruction is completed execution and value is ready means it has to be written either in the register or in the memory location that is to be written in the destination. So, destination is known and when it is ready it will go to the destination and the value is also known. So, the value is known and when the ready flag bits becomes one then that value has to be written in the destination register or memory location. So, this is the this is in a nutshell the information or the data structure that is being maintained inside the reorder buffer in the four fields it is being done. Now, let us see. So, the whole instructions in FIFO order as I told first in first out order exactly at issued that means the way the instructions have been issued in the same order it is kept in the reorder buffer in the form of first in first out. I mean that is your data structure first in first out data structure with when instruction is complete results placed into ROB that means supplies operands to other instructions between instruction execution complete and commit as I have already told. So, you will require more registers like reservation station that means the number of registers that is present in the reorder buffers will be much more that is present in the architecture registers present in the processor and tag results with ROB buffer number instead of reservation station. So, that means ROB buffer number that means you have to keep track where the data will be available. So, that is done by keeping tag results with ROB buffer number instead of reservation station and instruction commit when values at the head of ROB is placed in the registers and as a result it is easy to undo speculated instruction on means predicted branches or exceptions we shall discuss it in little more detail later. Now, let us look at the 4 different steps that is being performed whenever you go for speculated execution or hardware based speculations. So, it is also called as speculated execution. So, first step is issue. So, issue an instruction if there is an empty reservation station and an empty slot of ROB. So, here you see structural hazard will result if either there is no empty reservation station or there is no slot in the ROB. So, both has to be available for issuing an instruction and instruction cannot be issued until both the things are available. So, send operands and reorder buffer number for destination this stage is sometimes called dispatch. So, you may have heard of this term dispatch. So, this issue is essentially dispatch which sends operands and reorder buffer number for destination. Then second step is execute. So, whenever an instruction is issued it can perform execution when both operands are ready then it can be executed. If one or more operands not yet available then what has to be done? We have seen whenever an operand is not available it will be obviously be produced by some functional unit and that functional unit will write it on the common data bus. So, you have to keep on monitoring the common data bus. So, monitor common data bus and wait for the register to be computed. That means it avoids read after write type of hazard and this particular step is sometimes called issue. Then executing an instruction may take multiple cycles as I have already mentioned depending on the instruction type. If it is multiply it will take more number of cycles than addition. If it is division then it will take still more number of cycles than multiply. So, that whenever execution takes place it may take multiple cycles depending on the instruction type. Then comes the write result. Here whenever we say write result earlier write result was essentially writing into the memory location or register, but here it is not. So, writing means writing on the common data bus. So, whenever execution is complete the result can be written on the common data bus and it is received at waiting reservation stations and ROB. So, the data goes to the waiting reservation stations and ROB. Obviously, it goes to through ROB and for store it is written in the value field of the ROB. So, when if it is a store instruction we have seen that store buffer is no longer present. So, since store buffer is no longer present it is written into the value field of the ROB and subsequently in the commit step that writing into the memory will take place. It will store the data in the corresponding memory after the address is known. Then comes the last step that is the commit step. So, commit can be broadly divided in three different types. Normal commit, when instruction at head of the reorder buffer and result is present. That means, it will reach it is a first in first out it will reach the head of the reorder buffer at some point of time as the clocks are progressing and at that point if the results are present it will update register with result or store to memory and remove the instruction from the reorder buffer. So, you see so as soon as an instruction is you know in the first step in that instruction is entered into the reorder buffer and at the commit state after the commit at the end of the commit step it is removed from the reorder buffer after performing permanent change in the processor that means writing into the register or in the memory location. And store is done is somewhat similar to normal commit except that memory is updated rather than registers. So, in the previous cases we have seen that in the normal commit essentially registers are updated, but here you are updating the memory then branch with incorrect prediction. So, this is now you have to take necessary step so that a branch which was executed computation was performed, but it has now turned out to be incorrect. So, ROB is fast execution is started at correct successor of the branch and this is sometimes called graduation. So, commit step is sometimes called graduation. So, once an instruction commits its entry into the ROB is acclaimed and registers memory destination is updated as I have told this is performed in the commit step. So, this is a simple I mean this shows how it takes place in different cycles. So, first instruction load instruction has been entered in the ROB reorder buffer number one and accordingly destination registers in the reservation stations sorry update is performed. You see here it is mentioned ROB number one earlier it was mentioned that execution unit that will produce result, but here it is not so it is tagged with the ROB.  So, destination is to F 0 and here you can see the it will be required in the second instruction and here that address it will be it will be loading into the that destination address is 10 plus R 2 that is the address from where loading will take place. So, that is from memory it have to read it from the memory. So, it will go to the memory then the third instruction division here accordingly the updating is done in the reorder buffers and also the that store buffer and corresponding modifications are done the for the it is from memory and it will go to the from memory means the it will in this will read from this. So, that is being mentioned and the floating point adders this addition is performed by this floating point adders and the corresponding entry into the reservation station is performed and in the reservation station corresponding to this division is performed here. So, three two these are all mentioned here that means, where the result will go and which from which reorder buffer it will get operand these are all mentioned here in the reservation station. So, you can see we are using reservation station buffers and also we are using reorder buffers and in this way other instructions are entering the reorder buffers and the computation is performed and you can see how the values are being stored here this is the value field where values are stored and after a performing addition that value is also stored. So, you can see this is how the computation is done. Now, what about memory hazards because we have to overcome memory hazards and let us see how the memory hazards are avoided. W-A-W and W-A hazards through memory are eliminated with speculation because actual updating of memory occurs in order when a store is at head of ROB and hence no earlier loads of store can still be pending. So, you can see that in the reorder buffer since it is here the entry takes place in order in the same program order and since the commit operation is performed with the help of the ROB. So, these two hazards W-A-W and W-A-R type of hazards through memory are completely eliminated and read after write hazard through memory are eliminated by two restrictions. What are the two restrictions by not allowing a load to initiate the second step of its execution if an active ROB entry occupied by the store has a destination field that matches the value of the A field of the load. So, this is how read after write hazard is eliminated another is maintaining the program order for the computation of an effective address of a load with respect to an earlier stores. So, the read after write hazards are also overcome in this way. So, these restrictions ensure that any load that accesses a memory location written by written to or by an earlier store cannot perform the memory access until the store has written the data. So, this is how by committing in order you are able to overcome all the different types of hazards that may occur while you execute programs. So, let us take up few examples. So, this is a simple example this is a straight line code two load followed by multiple followed by then it is followed by subtraction and division and in addition. Let us see this is the in this particular case as you can see only the first two instructions load instruction first two load instruction has completed and it has performed commit. So, it has performed commit and the results have been written into the registers f 6 and f 2. So, the value that was obtained is given here 34 plus the content of register r 2 that was added to get the address. So, this and from there the value is obtained value was obtained and that is being written into the register f 6. Similarly, the value was obtained from the memory location by adding the content of r 3 with 45 and then after getting that value it was written into the register. And although the other instructions are I mean they are the execution has started the although several other sub completed execution the multiplication is at the head of the ROB and the two. So, these two have completed now this one is at the head of the ROB at the head of the ROB and this will take some time to get to complete. So, the subtraction d this particular instruction fourth instruction and the instruction six these two they will take smaller time. So, they have already completed their execution. So, but they are not allowed to commit due to the latency of multiply d that particular because it will committing is done in order. Since, this is at the head of the ROB unless this performs commit the other two although they have produced result it has they have completed execution, but they will not perform the commit step. The value column indicates the value being held. So, here you can see the this particular the value being held is here and the value for this instruction is also held here. So, the values are available which can be passed on to other instructions if other instructions need them, but they will not be committed into the registers until this multiplication d is performed which is at the head of the ROB at this point at this point. So, the value column indicates the values, but as shown in the inform we do not show the entries for the load store queue, but the entries are kept in order. So, this is this is a snapshot of the of a particular step when we have seen these two instructions multiple multiplication and division these two instructions have not yet completed executions. Others have already completed execution and and the state of the reorder buffer is shown here and the status of the floating point registers are also shown in this particular diagram. Now, let us consider another example involving a loop. So, this particular instruction is involving a loop and we have seen we can I mean beyond the loop boundary by in the predicted direction and this is the reorder buffer and these are the FV register status. We can see that the these two instructions have committed load and multiple d has committed means they have performed writing into the registers F0 and F4 and however the other instructions have although all the other instructions have already completed executions and hence no reservation stations are busy busy and none are shown reservation stations are not shown here the remaining instructions will be committed as fast as possible. So, these instructions execution have been completed, but they have not yet been committed. So, they will be committing as soon as that as possible and the first two reorder buffers are empty, but are shown for completeness that means these two reorder buffers are empty, but it is shown here they are no longer busy you can see reorder buffers. So, you can fill two more instruction here and they can be pushed out. So, these two are now instruction three is at the head of the buffer.  So, gradually one after the other the commit operations will perform. So, this is a third instruction third example here we shall explain with the help of superscalar that means issuing two instruction and we shall show how issuing can be done without speculation and with speculation. So, this is the multiple issue without speculation. So, you can see we are issuing two instruction at a time across the loop. So, first two instructions are issued then the second two instructions are issued then third instruction is issued. Unfortunately, I mean the third cycle this BNE instruction is issued, but unfortunately in the third cycle you cannot issue this instruction because there is a loop dependent you know that I mean this instruction is dependent on that. So, the LD following BNE cannot start execution because it must wait until the branch outcome is determined. So, this type of program with data dependent branches. So, you can see data produced by one loop is being used by another loop that because of this dependency you can see in the third cycle you cannot issue this instruction and later on we shall see in the speculation step when we shall. So, multiple issue with speculation there how this can be overcome. So, it will proceed in this way in the different clock cycles various operations will be performed and it will write the common DB at the clock cycle here this is without speculation. So, reorder buffer is not present. So, you are performing everything with the help of reservation stations and it is writing into the common data bus. So, then it is performing it in the fifth clock cycle it gets the operand and in the sixth clock cycle it will perform the execution and these two are dependent on that. So, the results will be passed on to these two instruction and in the seventh cycle they will perform the execution memory and in this way you can see it will proceed and however as you can see here it has to wait for one cycle because of this data dependent branches. So, one cycle will be wasted here and later on we shall see whenever we do it with speculation then this cycle will not be wasted because it did not wait for this particular instruction this control dependencies are overcome. So, this will proceed only when control dependencies are overcome and that is the reason why you require this particular this additional cycle. So, it cannot be issued load instruction cannot be issued unless the control dependencies are resolved. So, in this way it will proceed 10 cycle 12 cycle it will it will complete this then it will it will it will provide data to store data and BNE which is dependent on that. So, it will get the corresponding data then here again it has to wait till this control dependencies is resolved. So, in this way it will continue in the 16 cycle 14 cycle this load will initiate it will require 2 cycles to complete and then it will it will provide data to this particular instruction and in the then in the 18 cycles this will complete execution and data will go to that and in this way you can see the multiple issue without speculation is performing and it is requiring 19 cycles to perform the execution of these instructions. That means, 3 loops are getting executed in 19 cycles now let us see how long it takes whenever you perform multiple issue with speculation. So, here different cycles are shown when an instruction is executed and when the read access is performed and when commit is being performed. So, first part is identical, but here you can see this load this load instruction has already been issued it did not wait for this control dependence to be resolved because if we are doing it with speculation. So, although this is this is execution is completed in 7 cycle, but it has been issued in the 5th cycle execution here it is done in the 4th cycle issued is 4th cycle, but execution has taken place in the 5th cycle. So, you can see the advantage of speculation is demonstrated here. So, in this way it will proceed and you can see in 14 cycles it will perform computation compared to earlier we have seen it required 19 cycles. So, you are gaining 5 cycles to complete execution of 3 loops by using speculation. Now, very quickly let us look at the advantages of speculation the processor with ROB can dynamically execute code while maintaining a precise interrupt order and flushing any fending instructions in the ROB. So, it maintains precise interrupt order early recovery from branch misprediction. So, if there is a misprediction the processor can easily undo speculated actions when a branch is found to be mispredicted. How it is does by clearing all the ROB of all the entries that appear after the mispredicted branch. That means, after the mispredicted branch all the other instructions are flushed out, but all the instructions before that mispredicted branch are retained. So, by allowing those that are before the branch in the ROB to continue. So, this flushing is done and as a consequence it can recover early from branch misprediction and particularly the performance is heavily dependent on the branch prediction technique that I have already discussed. Then load and store hazards are eliminated I have already discussed in detail a store updates memory only when it reaches the head of ROB, WAW and WR type hazards are eliminated with speculation and actual updating of memory occurs in order as I have told and RAW hazards through memory are maintained and by how it is maintained not allowing a load to initiate the second step of its execution and check if any store has a destination field that matches the value of the load as it is shown with the help of this instruction. So, you can see the destination address is same this is for this load and store. So, this checking is performed that effective address calculation is done. An exception processing is performed if a speculated instruction raises an exception the exception is recorded in the ROB as I told earlier and not recognizing the exception until it is ready to commit. So, until it reaches the head of the ROB it does not perform the commit. So, the exception is fast along with the instruction when the ROB is cleared and if an instruction reaches the head of ROB it is no longer speculated. However, all these things whenever you include it adds significant complexity to the complexity to the complexity to the complexity to the control that means the control unit of the processor becomes very complex and as a result it will lead to larger chip area and higher power dissipation. As it is evident from this particular table we can see this Pentium processors which are based on superscalar architecture they are requiring the significantly larger chip area 130 millimeter square 180 millimeter square 106 millimeter square in spite of the reduced dimensions used I mean as the device size is reducing. So, this is the area on the other hand for the processors which are not superscalar which are VLIW I have already mentioned about them they require significantly larger chip area. So, chip area is more and particularly we will see because of larger chip area the power dissipation is also more. So, head is comparison of head dissipation is shown here this is corresponding to Pentium 3 processor playing a dividiat and the temperature profile is shown which is 105 degree centigrade and the other hand in case of Crusoe processor which is based on VLIW architecture not a superscalar architecture same program is running but temperature core temperature is reaching only 48 degree centigrade. So, we have discussed in detail various techniques which are used in implementing superscalar processors in spite of the fact they consume larger chip area and high power dissipation they are very popular but we are gradually reaching a point of diminishing return or we are reaching a point where beyond which we cannot proceed because power dissipation is reaching very high level. So, what is the other alternative available you will see the other alternative is not increasing the number of 5 line stages not increasing the frequency but to go for multi-code which I shall discuss in my subsequent lectures but before that in my next lecture we shall start with memory hierarchy because performance of a processor is not only dependent on the processor it also depends on the memory. So, that we shall start our discussion in the next lecture. Thank you.


Quickly, you're hearing a lot about the war in Sudan yesterday, the United States did a special operation to get American personnel out of the embassy in Khartoum in the capital, Sudan. We talked about it a little bit on Friday. I think the biggest story here is Africa more generally. Right now in Africa, there is a real battle going on between the three superpowers or the three countries that would like to think of themselves as superpowers in the world today. And each one is using a different tactic in order to win. And it's going to be very interesting to see which one actually wins the game of influence in Africa. Unfortunately, Africa is ruled today by force. It is ruled most of Africa. Most of sub-Saharan Africa and most of Saharan Africa is ruled today by authoritarians, by gangs, riddled with civil wars, and is in real distress. Now, there are exceptions. There are countries that are exceptions. But a big chunk of Africa is basically ruled by force. And the United States, Russia, and China are all vying for influence in Africa, vying for influence for a couple of reasons. One is natural resources. There are significant and substantial amounts of natural resources anywhere from lithium to gold. There's gold in Sudan to other rare materials in the center of the Congo. And Africa is a natural resource of rich continent that hasn't been exploited anywhere near, let's say, some of the other parts of the world. Africa is also an upcoming continent. It's a continent that has not yet industrialized. It is a content that has not yet become wealthy. Influence is still yet to be determined where the Africa, a more wealthy Africa of the future, will be more aligned with the United States or more aligned with China, more aligned with Russia. And so there's something to gain. And there are some signs in some parts of Africa, Rwanda, Botswana, and others of some wealth creation, of some industrialization, of some growth. And it shows kind of the potential that could happen in all of Africa, which I think has enormous potential. If the world aid treated it right by opening up trade with them, and second by stopping to create monsters in Africa, which the rest of the world constantly does. So three different tactics in order to gain support in Africa. Russia uses the brute force method. It is basically putting troops on the ground all over Africa, not Russian troops officially. But what you have is the Wagner Group, the Wagner Group, which is a paramilitary, private contractor, think of American, bigger, much more independent, run out of Moscow. It is the main fighting force that has been fighting to the side of the Russian army in places like Bakhmut in Ukraine. Well, the second largest concentration of Russian fighters as part of this is in Africa. They have large numbers of troops all over Africa, including in Sudan, where they have contacts with both warring parties, but where they have a lot of interest in securing the gold mines in Sudan. In Central Africa, they are responsible to large extent for the Black Diamonds. But for other natural resources, they try to use force to occupy them. They ally themselves with local gangs, local insurgents, local terrorist groups, and they work with them to secure natural resources. They provide these local groups with weapons, training, money, and the local groups provide them with the natural resources that make some of the oligarchs in Moscow very, very rich. And of course, Russia has a lot of contacts in Africa from the days of the Cold War, when the Soviet Union was dabbling in Africa, organizing coups, overthrowing regimes, and trying to establish socialist communist regimes all over Africa. Part of the reason Africa is still poor is because of everything that the Soviets did in Africa during those years. So that's Russia's approach, brute force, typical of the Russians, go in there with brute force. China's approach is different. China's approach is ingratiate these African countries to you, but also make them indebted to you. And here, China has built ports and established means of transportation and built infrastructure all over Africa. Much of that, funded with loans provided by the Chinese, loans that at least sometimes these governments default on. Now, I don't think China intends them to be defaulted on because China's lost a lot of money on these defaulted loans. But even when the loans default, it buys the Chinese influence. So China is very influenced through mercantilism, through empire building in the style of, I'd say, 18th century empires, economic influence, economic debt, building of infrastructure, ingratiating the population to the Chinese by those mechanisms. And that's been very successful. You see a lot of Chinese companies all over Africa. For Variety, for example, Huawei, Huawei, the telecom company and the other one, Zee something, they dominate all telecommunications in Africa. Of course, they also, that provides the Chinese with spying ability on all of Africa. They get all the communications from Africa that they want. Basically, every one of those Huawei, Huawei routers is sending information to Beijing, sending every night sends everything. ZTE, thank you, ZTE is the other Chinese company. China owns strategic ports in Africa, China owns natural resources in the more peaceful places. China is not putting troops in the ground, it's not funding insurgencies, it's not doing, it's not playing the Russian game, right? This is, it's doing it, it's doing it through dollars, through a mercantilist methodology. Finally, there's the United States. Not sure what the United States is doing. The United States is, is, has a big presence in Africa. It tries to compete on infrastructure with the Chinese. But most countries will tell you that Americans actually have more strings attached than the Chinese do. Human rights, minimum wages, all kinds of things like that. The Chinese just want money, just want a good deal.  You know, the Americans are just not providing that much. They're not playing the military game, although special forces are in many African countries, but they're usually very focused on one target, usually Islamists, usually trying to clean up Islamic cells in different places, Kenya, Uganda, even Tanzania. I remember the US Embassy was blown up in Tanzania, I think, and in other places. So US special forces on the ground there, which we can talk about doesn't make any sense, but they're there. But those are the three powers, I think, of the weakest of those is probably the United States in terms of its commitment. But certainly China and Russia are committed to trying to see and trying to access the natural resources in Africa by different means. Anyway, I thought you'd find that interesting. A lot of talk with Sudan about Africa, the Sudan conflict is going to affect a lot of Africa, and Russia is deeply embedded there. China is embedded as well. The United States less so really only focused on the battle against El Shabab in Somalia and the various Islamist groups out there. Thank you for listening or watching the Iran book show. If you'd like to support the show, we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening, you get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to Iranbookshow.com slash support by going to Patreon, subscribe star locals, and just making a appropriate contribution on any one of those, any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see the Iran book show grow, please consider sharing our content. And of course, subscribe, press that little bell button right down there on YouTube, so that you get an announcement when we go live. And for those of you who are already subscribers and those of you who are already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.


Bella Thorne came onto the scene as a child actor in projects like Entourage, DOC, and more. She worked with actors like Taylor Lautner, Matt Daveman, before ending up on Disney's Shake It Up. From there it was upwards and onwards for The Bunny Star. It's no surprise that Bella's style from her pre-teen years to now has grown. Today we'll talk about how Bella took her look from Disney girl to captivating temptress over the course of her career. What's going on guys? My name is Paloma Lopez here on another episode of Before and After Transformation. Bella was destined for Disney, named after Belle on Beauty and the Beast. Her birth name is actually Annabelle Avery Thorne, which she shortened soon after she started acting. But her very first gig in the show business, believe it or not, was a model at the age of six weeks old for Parents Magazine. In a recently released Vogue documentary, Bella says, One thing I can thank my mom for, ever since I was literally six weeks old, when I started modeling all the way to now, I have literally worked every single day of my life. I don't know about you, but I think that's pretty impressive. From her earliest appearances in Disney movies and shows, Bella has been transforming both her personality and style. Back in 2008, Bella Thorne showed up on the red carpet for the premiere of My Own Worst Enemy, rocking a Belle sleep jacket over a black and pink tutu and slick cowboy boots. At only 10 years old, it was clear that Bella was not afraid to express her attitude through fashion. Just one year later, she showed up again at the premiere of the Jonas Brothers 3D concert experience, looking wild with a head full of crimped hair and a metallic mini skirt around her waist. Once again, she walked the red carpet in a pair of tall boots, which seemed to be the shoe of choice for her preteen years. In fact, this era of Bella's fashion life is littered with these unique tutu-centric outfits that tell you she has plenty of personality to bring to Hollywood. From here, Bella started to transform her look, dropping the preteen rock star wardrobe in favor of a more modern look. Not only did her fashion sense mature, but her face did too, losing some of that childhood roundness and taking on a sharper, sleeker profile. Here she is in 2010 posing for the cameras when she was still only 13 years old. The crazy color and texture combinations are completely gone and replaced with clean contrasts between black and white. This, in combination with her new and elegant looks, makes it hard to believe that it's the same Bella from just a year before. Seriously. Then, the young Bella had a revelation that would propel her forward on her fashion journey. Dresses and hair strainers. Her wardrobe transformed from multi-piece extravaganzas to simpler, more holistic outfits. When asked in 2012 about her red carpet fashion choices, she had this to say, since there are many people and you never know what the color of the carpet is, it's hard to plan an outfit. If the carpet is blue and my legs are showing, then it reflects the blue on my legs because I'm so pale. I usually just go with things that are very simple, clean. I really like bright colors right now. I like clean cut, very proper, very elegant looks. In that same interview, she described her personal style in three words. Different, stylish, and fun. But even after transitioning to cleaner, more simple outfits, she still made sure to remind us of who she is at heart by showing up in pieces such as this hard leather dress with polka dots leaves. This mature, elegant style stuck with her through her teens and even as her career in fame grew. But it didn't stay that way forever. Fast forward to today, past a few controversies here and there, and Bella is a different girl. In a short documentary in collaboration with Vogue, Bella describes her childhood as rigid and controlled. She felt that growing up in the limelight meant that she was not free to do what she wanted. In her own words, you have to dress this way, you have to talk like this, they hold me to this unfair standard, she said. Upon turning 18 in 2015, she realized that she was no longer under any obligation to act according to anyone else's rules. She describes the revelation in her documentary.  If I want to wear these shorts, I'll wear them because I feel like it. But all of this of course gets me backlash.   Still, none of this backlash ever stopped her from expressing who she was for the world to see. In recent years, Bella has come out with outfits that range from sexy to elegant to even edgy. Whether it be through her music career, her acting choices, or her fashion style, Bella has made a departure from the Disney girl that the world first saw. After growing through the clean, mature fashion of her adolescence, Bella has found herself returning to the more expressive, the punkier, and the more glittery side of her fashion sense. Oh, and she's back to wearing boots again. This has been Bella Thorin's celebrity transformation. Thanks so much for watching. If you like this video, please don't forget to click subscribe. And if there's anyone else you'd like me to document next, be sure to write it down in the comment section down below. Until next time.