In this lecture, we will learn about atomic bonding. Before we learn about a structure of a material, it is very important that we learn what is happening at the atomistic scale, because atomic structure will affect the property and the behavior in which engineering material can be applied for any particular application. So, it is nothing but the bonding which holds the materials together and interaction of this electronic charges can occur by either via primary bonding or secondary bonding. In primary bonding, we have very strong interaction of either ions or atoms and secondary bonding we have very lighter or very feeble interaction between all those electronic charges. So, once we learn about atomic bonding to define the structure of a material, the structure of a material it becomes essential to know the length scale at which we are talking about the structure of a material. If you are talking about atomic scale, then atomic interactions become highly critical. So, we are looking something more at the angstrom scale. If we are more worried about molecular structure, then it becomes very essential to see what is happening at the molecular scale. And in this case, we are talking about regime of around couple of nanometers, then if you are seeing what is happening at much more bulk level say at microstructure of a material. So, in this case we are looking at around micrometers and then obviously, the bulk scale it can go from couple of centimeters. So, in that case we can see the overall bulk properties, they are dictated by what is happening at the microstructure. The microstructure will be dictated by what is happening at the molecular level and then obviously, at the atomic level. So, the structure the context of structure is very important in terms of at what length scale we are talking about this structure. And obviously, for nanostructure we are more worried about how this atomic entities come together in terms of forming nano grains, nano entities or even molecules at this particular level. So, that becomes very essential that we learn what is happening at the atomistic scale and that is eventually leading to the generation of certain properties for its particular application. Again the type the types of chemical bonding they can come under primary or these are also called chemical bonds. They can be ionic, covalent or metallic in nature we learn about all these three entities as we go along. And that involves the valence electrons to participate and that is either by sharing of electrons or by transfer of electrons or by forming a cloud of electrons. And that involves valence electrons and the core electrons or the field electrons they become part of the ion core. And then there can be secondary bonding in which we have only very weak interaction and by this somehow influence the physical properties such as surface energy that generate out of this particular bonding or even the brittle less of a particular material. And one thing to understand in the atomic bonding is that the atomic structure once we have atomic structure it forms a building block. So, that goes on constructing itself at much higher level. So, that is the reason in which that brings the criticality of understanding the atomic bonding. Because, how this building blocks are arranged it can eventually give rise to either crystalline materials. And if there is no order it can also form amorphous materials and this class of semi crystalline or quasi crystalline material as well. But, I have mainly it the way in which the bonding the atoms are come somehow arranged to form a structure it can either form a crystalline or it can form an amorphous material. So, in this case we have long range on right in this case we only have short range ordering. And the importance of this goes to may be forming certain application engineering application such as in nanotechnology of how to arrange or to how to sense properties around and make use of these structures in terms of sensing and reverting back as a switch or as a response to the input stimuli it can also it as a sensor. It can also influence mechanical properties physical properties chemical properties also it can give rise to a different combination of how the metals are formed how the ceramics are formed and how polymers eventually lead to it is own properties. So, that is how we will see in terms of how that what are the types of chemical bonding what is primary bonding and what is secondary bonding. In primary bonding we have mainly the three categories one is metallic bonding second one is ion ionic bonding and third one is a covalent bonding. So, in metallic bonding what is happening generally the metals which are electro generally they have tendency to give out electrons. So, metals will have the all the metals in the first column of the periodic table and second and third column of periodic table they have tendency to give out electrons too. So, that they can stabilize their outer most electronic shell configuration. So, like for lithium we have 1 S 2 2 S 1. So, it will try to give out its outer most shell to become lithium positive and similarly with say sodium magnesium aluminum and so on. So, there are couple of metals which will tend to give out electrons. So, these are nothing but valence electrons and these electrons now come out and they can form a kind of cloud of electrons. So, they can form a something called C of electrons around that particular atom and then. So, sodium gives become sodium plus and it gives out gives out an electron and so around all these ions we have cloud of electrons which have which are not limited to only this particular sodium atom, but to other sodium ions as well and now they are free to move throughout the entire material. So, we can see we have charges of plus this which can be sodium and then we have cloud of electrons which is roaming here without any restriction. So, we can see this is a cloud of electrons which is basically the electrons are free to move along any of these region and they are not limited. So, all the electrons can go along everywhere. Apparently, this also has to be observed that these positive ions are held because of the electrostatic interaction between this negative charges. So, it is more like a negative cloud in which you have all the positive ions which are staying there because of the electrostatic interaction between these negative ions. So, that gives rise to a stable structure. So, this negative ion is being held because of the all the positive ions which are nearby. So, in this case we are forming an electron cloud and these non-valence electrons which are still with the sodium ion they will form ion core. So, only the valence electron is free to move and other electrons they become part of the atomic nuclei surrounding it and it forms something called ion core. So, in this case what we can see there is a balance of positive and negative charges. All these negative charges are roaming around and this positive ion it is staying stationary and the interaction between this positive and negative ions causes a balance between the charges. So, this is the interaction between ions and electrons. So, it is more like electrons which act as a glue and hold the positive ions. So, interaction between this positive ion, negative ion and again positive ion and negative ion it creates a balance that holds both ions and electrons in place. That is nothing but metallic morning. So, we can see metallic morning we inherently have a metal which is a tendency to give out electrons and become an ion and all these extra or valence electrons they are now free to move around anywhere and that negative charge and the positive charge of the ion it creates an interaction and that holds everything together. Apparently the ion it has certain non valence electrons as well those and the nucleus they form the ion core and the balance between this particular ion core which is again some positive charge because electron has gone out of it and the negative charge of the electron together they interact and they render a stable structure and that interaction holds ions and electrons as single entity and that is the metallic bonding which we call. Now, on the coming to certain characteristics or properties of this metallic morning first of all these valence electrons they are free to move because they form something called electron cloud or sea of electrons and apparently these valence electrons which are free to move they get associated with multiple number of this atom or ion cores. So, first of all these valence electrons they are free to move. So, they are not limited by only one ion they are not limited by one ion they are free to move throughout and they get associated with multiple number of ion cores and these positive charge of ion core and the negative charge of the of electron it now holds everything together provides a mutual interaction and this mutual interaction is very very strong and that results a strong metallic bond. Apparently since electrons are free to move anywhere else they show very good electrical conductivity even at lower temperatures say around 300 Kelvin because the valence electrons are not fixed at certain location and they are free to move because electrons are free to move. Apparently this negative and positive charge they are they are very very strong metallic bond. So, our Young's modulus or E is very high also since the bonds are not directional because electrons are free to move anywhere else there is no directionality. So, there is no directionality and that is very good ductility, but owing to the fact that there are so many electrons which are roaming around and the nature of particular metal is electro positive it can easily donate electrons. So, once it comes in contact with oxygen or something or some oxidizing entity it becomes easily corrodeable. So, it can easily undergo oxidation or corrosion and also this serve as very good conductors of. So, we can see that valence electrons are free to move because it forms a cloud of electrons and because of that they can conduct electricity even at very low temperatures and since they are not the bonds are not directional it means the one electron is not associated with only one ion they are now free to move and that can render much more ductility to the material. Also the bonding is very very strong that gives rise to very high Young's modulus and since all these ions or metals they are the metals are electro positive in nature it means that they can easily donate an electron that creates them poor oxidation resistance. So, they can easily get corroded or oxidized by the environment at the same time they are very good conductors of heat. So, those are the characteristics of properties of metallic bonding. Now, coming to the next category of covalent bonding here we can see that in this covalent bonding we have nothing but shearing of electrons and those shearing of electrons it means now that electron is now bound to two atoms and this covalent bonding is shown when both the materials both the atoms they show similar electro negativity it means there is no tendency for any one atom to donate an electron to the other and to satisfy their outermost shell they want to shear the electron because no one wants to donate the electron they want to shear the electron. So, that they can fill out they can complete the outermost shell and then that makes it much bond much more covalent covalent in nature and that also gives rise to directionality it means that specific atoms they are limited by direction from one to another because in order to shear the electron the two atoms have to be in a certain location. So, that they can shear the electron let us take an example of silicon. So, we know the silicon has four electrons in the outermost shell and to complete the electronic structure it needs to shear electrons with the other silicon at the four ends it needs to shear four electron with the other silicon atoms. We can see there are two electrons here one electron here one electron here one electron here. So, I have silicon here silicon here. So, now the outermost shell of this particular atom is now satisfied because it is shearing electrons with the four nearby silicon and similarly this also has to go on like this in order to satisfy their outermost shell. So, for this particular silicon we can see their total number of eight electrons and now for it to form the bond say with silicon one silicon one has to be at a certain location so that it can shear the outermost electron. So, that provides a directionality to the bond. So, in this case we can see there is a directionality associated and it can form a tetrahedron with the angle of around 109.5. Otherwise this bonding may not be possible and electrons have to be at certain along certain direction. So, that it can go uninterruptedly from this one silicon center silicon to the number one silicon or from number two to main silicon and silicon to number three and silicon to number four. So, this some sort of a directionality and each atom has now four neighboring atoms and now these each electron is now restricted to only two of the silicon atoms because it has to be sheared between those two atoms. So, it creates a certain fixed directionality or a relationship. So, in this case it is resulting a tetrahedron with an angle of 109.5 and certain other examples can be silicon carbide boron nitride silicon nitride many other. We can see in this case in the covalent bonding we have shearing of electrons and because of the electrons are being sheared. So, because of the directionality of the electrons because the electrons are being sheared the two atoms have to be positioned in a particular manner that they are conducive to each other and they can shear the electrons and then because of that electrons now have a certain relationship in which only they can be unrestricted and then they have certain direction associated along these two particular atoms. So, in this particular case it is forming a tetrahedron and now owing to that since the shearing is occurring and it creates a very strong bond and there is a certain directionality and that restricts the movement of all these atoms or ions all these atoms which are shearing the electron. So, it also makes the material very very hard and since the bonding is also very very good it has a very high melting point high melting point it should be mentioned that the covalent bond is strong and extends to long range, but in case of small molecules like methane the bond may be strong, but the secondary bonds that are mind whether the material is solid or liquid at a given temperature. So, it should be clear that covalent solids are hard and not the covalent molecules. So, again the pros and cons of these materials go hand in hand that these are very good for high temperature applications. So, then this creates a need of developing new processing techniques of utilizing their melting in air and then forming some useful shapes out of it. So, it has both challenges as well as advantages opportunities because of their high temperature application, but also opportunities in processing them and generally the since because of the directionality they are also very hard at the same time they have very low ductility, because of the directionality which is associated with these particular materials. And apparently they also have very poor electrical conductivity since the electrons are somehow locked. So, we find very very very poor electrical conductivity since electrons are locked into certain positions in bonding. So, we can see the covalent bonding they are very very strong very very hard, but they have very poor ductility and because of their very stiff nature and very strong bonding they have very high melting point. And since electrons are also locked they also show very poor electrical conductivity, but one thing has to be noted that the strength of material depends on the structure of material at atomic or micro or macro scale. So, these bonding they cannot really predict whether material will be brittle or ductile or will have high strength or low strength that totally depends on how the structure of material the structure of material is developed both at nanometer scale and micro scale and as well as bulk scale. So, it is a design or the structure in which material is developing finally. So, though we say the ionic bonding or the metallic bonding or the covalent bonding is predominant in a particular material that will just tell how the bond will behave once a force is applied or how when the temperature is applied what will be their nature, but the overall properties or mechanical properties such as brittleness or ductility or even the strength of a material is highly dependent on how the structure has evolved in a particular material not really the bonding. Bonding just forms the short range order of a material and then how that short range extends to long range that is much more critical in designing a particular material. That basically tells how the properties will evolve in a particular material. So, in this case you can see for the covalent bonding that all these properties are predominant they have poor electrical conductivity, low ductility very very hard high melting point and very strong bonding, but this bonding generally is does not currently predict what will be the nature of a material in terms of its mechanical properties, whether material is brittle ductile it has low strength or high strength that is more dictated by the structure of material that will basically develop. Now, coming to the third part after metallic bonding covalent bonding now this is again one more type of primary bonding it is called ionic bonding and in this case we can see in this case we have more than one type of atom and they have difference in their electro negativity. Generally the way we can see is one atom will be from the left most side of the product table other element will be from the right side of the product table. So, because of that they will have very high difference in electro negativity. So, those metals which have a tendency to donate electrons such as metals they become cations or positively charge they donate the electrons and non metals which are on the right hand side of the product table they have a tendency to accept the electrons and they become anions. So, in one case if I have Na NaCl Na has tendency to give out electrons. So, it becomes positive plus electron and then this chlorine it accepts the electrons it becomes negatively charge it takes away it takes that particular electron. So, we have electron plus chlorine it becomes chloride ion and in turn what we get is Na plus Cl minus gives NaCl that is what we can see here and in this case we can see that our sodium sodium atom it has one extra electron in the shell whereas chlorine has 7 electrons in the shell. So, to satisfy itself this electron will be transferred here and then we get Na plus which is now 8 electrons in the outer most shell and then we have chloride which is around now 8 electrons in the outer most shell we can. So, we can see that Na has become plus and chlorine has become chloride ion. So, we have sodium ion and chloride ion to give right to NaCl. This is arising because now this has a positive charge and this chloride ion has a negative charge. So, these positive and negative charges because of electrostatic interaction they tend to attract each other. So, this has become now cation.  So, we have sodium chloride sodium. So, we have NaCl Na NaCl is positively charged negative positive is negative positive negative positive negative positive. So, we can see there is a cloud of positive and negative ions. So, this cations and anions they somehow hold themselves to each other they hold on to each other because of the difference in the charges and that is again non-directional in nature because now sodium also is satisfied chloride ion is also satisfied. So, it creates a overall neutral electrical charge and there is no directionality involved in out here and that is nothing but a ionic bond. So, we can see there is a wide difference in the electronegativity sodium has a tendency to give out electrons chlorine has a tendency to accept electrons. So, sodium becomes cation chlorine chlorine becomes anion and then because of the electrostatic interaction between them they acquire stability and these charges finally give out stability by and they are again non-directional in nature. Coming to the characteristics of properties first of all they are non-directional in nature. One more thing to note is that all the positive ions they have nearest neighbors of negatively charged ions and vice versa. It means all the positively charged ions have neighbors nearest neighbors which are negatively charged and all the negatively charged ions they have neighbors which are positively charged and that creates the overall electrostatic interaction and because of that the bonding energy is generally very very high and because of that again they have high melting points and again they are pretty hard and brittle in nature and again since everything is not satisfied and there is no directionality involved and again the electrons are not really free to move along they are generally electrically and thermally insulator because there are no free electrons which are available. So, and there are no electrons which can move around the entire space freely they make very poor electrical or thermal conductors. So, that part we can see from here that there are the bonds are non-directional the binding energy is pretty high very very high because of the interaction between them and all the positive charges they have nearest neighbors of which are negatively charged and all the negatively charged ions will have positively charged neighbors and these particular materials are very hard and brittle they have high melting point and they form electrically or thermal insulators. So, we do see the contrast between the properties of the ionic bond the covalent bond and the metallic bond. So, that that part we can see in this particular case and these all are primary bonds it means the bonding between the atoms or the ions is very very strong. Now, let us come to the second part which is nothing but the secondary bonding. So, in the secondary bonding there is attraction between true charges there is no bonding there is no shearing of electrons or interaction of no shearing of electrons or donation of electrons, but in this case there is attraction between two charges which are which are separated by a distance by a distance. So, we charge of plus q and minus q that forms a dipole which is being separated by a distance d that forms a dipole of q into d and again we can see that neutral atom will not have any dipole moment and because what is happening here is we have an atom it has some positive charge and again it has some negative charge around it and the center of each and everything is the same and again the overall charges are also the same. So, what is happening there is the distance of the centers is 0. So, apparently q into d also becomes 0. So, there is no charge or dipole which is happening in the particular neutral atom, but when some external field is applied then if I apply external field the negative charges will tend to go towards this side and positive charges will try to come to this side. So, in this case we can create a dipole by externally applying a field. Apparently some atoms or molecules they have a permanent dipole like in case of carbon dioxide it is a neutral atom it does not have any dipole, but in case of H 2 O we have oxygen. So, in this case we have a permanent dipole which is in this particular direction. So, we do have dipole moment which is because of two lone pairs of electrons in oxygen atom. So, how this charges which either through when we are applying an external field or once they have permanent dipole. So, these charges somehow can interact with each other and that interaction is very very feeble it is not as strong as the primary bonding it is very very feeble interaction between those two because of the opposite charges which are separated by a distance and that forms a secondary bonding. So, that part we can see and these interactions can be defined into three categories. First one is the London charges second one is the Debye third one is the Casems also known as hydrogen bonding. So, in London forces what is happening is we have interaction between two dipoles these are not permanent dipoles, but induced dipoles. So, we have plus minus plus minus. So, interaction between these two and similarly it will go on. So, there will be some interaction at these locations. So, we have we can see interaction between two dipoles and that is called London interaction. This interaction can also happen between the induced dipole. So, we have plus and minus and between a permanent dipole. So, we can have a permanent dipole which anyway has plus and minus along certain region. So, now we have a permanent dipole and this is induced and now these two entities can interact and that is called a Debye interaction. Example can be H 2 O and carbon this carbon tetrachloride. So, we can see the interaction this is a permanent dipole and that can interact with the once we can induce a dipole in C C L 4 and that can interact and that that that will result something called Debye interaction. Then there is third type of interaction which is called K Sums interaction K Sum interaction also called hydrogen bonding. In this case we already have two permanent dipoles such as H 2 O and H 2 O. So, we can see we have oxygen and then hydrogen H again will have positive charge this will have negative charge it can again interact with oxygen which is a negative and again which is a positive charge. So, this interaction is called hydrogen bond apparently what can happen these secondary bondings are very very feeble like if we heat this particular material to 100 degree centigrade the water will convert to steam. So, we have liquid to gas transition at 100 degree centigrade. So, we have water which was liquid it has now gone to gaseous state it is just breaking the bond. So, that there is a phase transition, but at this temperature the bonding between hydrogen and oxygen is not breaking off and that is the primary bond the bond between oxygen and hydrogen is the primary bond and the secondary bonding or the hydrogen bonding is much more feeble in nature because at 100 degree centigrade that bond is particularly breaking. So, the water is converting to steam, but much higher temperature might be required to break the bond between oxygen and hydrogen which is forming the entity H 2 O. So, that part we have to keep in mind. So, apparently this secondary forces that determine the surface tension or surface energy of a material they also dictate the boiling point of liquid and again this also must be kept in mind that once we have those secondary interactions. So, in polymers what can happen it can create some secondary linking of wind of all bonding and that will limit the manner in which a polymer can deform. So, once we have those secondary linking available then that makes the polymer very hard to slip along certain directions and that makes the polymer very very brittle. So, what we can see the secondary bonding are very they may not be good once we want to deform a polymeric material and also they are also helpful in once we want to disperse an entity. So, we can take a material and it has a tendency to acclomerate then we can release those release them we can disperse them and we can reduce the surface energy by dispersing them into certain liquid media or some organic media. So, those are also required for dispersing a particular material. We can see that how those secondary bonds are very necessary in terms of using them for certain applications such as changing the surface tension or evaluating the evaluating point of a material or defining the brittleness of a particular polymer or even dispersing a particular material. That brings to now the concept of whether we can have mixed type of bonding that can occur in a particular material like in one case we can have mixture of metallic and ionic bonding. So, once we have mixture of metallic and ionic bonding. So, like in this case we need to see that we have aluminum and lithium and both both have tendency to give out electrons. So, they will give rise to metallic bond at the same time our aluminum has 3 plus whereas, our lithium has 1 plus. So, again there will be some sort of a ionic interaction between them because there are difference in the electronegativity which is 1.5 for aluminum and 1 for lithium. So, in this case they are primarily metallic as well as ionic in nature. When we once we go go with only metallic bonding like we have case of aluminum air 3 v they both have electronegativity of 1.5 and they both are now bonded by metallic bond and mixture of metallic and covalent can be a case of iron because iron it has again metallic nature. At the same time it is bonded covalently with other iron atoms and that is one more reason that it is metallic at the same time it is covalent. And because of covalent nature it has to be placed at certain location only it can be free to move around any other place or. So, the direction it between the between the iron ions or atoms has to be specific and that gives rise to very inefficient packing which is nothing but b c c for iron at the room temperature that body centered cubic at room temperature and that is very inefficient packing because of the covalent nature of the ion. So, we can see that all we can also have mixed sort of bonding it is metallic plus ionic. So, we in this case we have aluminum lithium. So, they will have both characters of metallic as well as ionic and that that part we can see with similar electronegativity we can have mostly metallic bonding and once you difference in the electronegativity it can be both ionic and metallic. And once you have a nature of metallic plus covalent like in case of iron it generally yields to a leads to a inefficient packing apparently the fraction of covalent can also be calculated. So, we can see the fraction of covalent bond that can be calculated by exponential of multiplied by delta e square delta e is the difference in the electronegativity of a particular material. And like for silicon oxide if we can take an example silicon as a electronegativity of 1.8 for oxygen it is 3.5. So, in this particular case the fraction covalent. So, once we have fraction of in case because generally the bonding will have both the characteristics ionic as well as covalent or even metallic the fraction covalent bonding can be calculated by the difference in the electronegativity. So, we can find the fraction covalent is equal to exponential of minus 0.25 multiplied by delta e square delta e is the difference in the electronegativity. So, we can see that if we have silicon Si O 2 then our silicon has a electronegativity of 1.8 whereas, for oxygen it is around 3.5. So, we can see the fraction covalent can be exponential of minus 0.25 multiplied by 3.5 minus 1.8 square and that becomes exponential of minus 0.25 multiplied by 1.7 square and that comes out to be around 0.486. So, for silicon oxide the fraction covalent is around 48.6 percent. So, we can easily see the fraction covalent bonding how much it is arising in a particular material. And now it becomes essential to learn what is the binding energy? Binding energy is nothing but energy required to make or break a bond and apparently that dictates what is the spacing that is that will arise as a equilibrium distance and which is being balanced by your repulsive and the attractive forces. So, let us see what is the overall interaction once we increase or decrease the distance and how are the forces act on a particular material. So, distance curve can be given like this that we have as we go near the near the nuclei what can happen we can express very strong repulsive forces. So, we can have we have very strong repulsive forces as we go and then we also will have some attractive forces which will predominate at higher. So, in overall we can see the overall curve will generate like this. This is a repulsive force, this is attractive force, this is our force, this is distance. These repulsive forces arise because of the interaction of two ions or nuclei. So, the the core ion core will have generate the they have the ions positive charge ions are there because of that we experience very strong repulsive force. When we reach the very nearby of the atom these attractive forces arise because of the interaction between or positive or the core and the electron cloud. So, we can see the attractive forces they vary along very long long long distances whereas the repulsive forces are predominant mostly in the nearby region of the of the of the atom. And apparently we can see the net charge which is arising in the net force it is dominated by repulsive forces in the near in the near region in the near atomic nuclei whereas it confirms to the attractive forces at certain distance later on. So, at a certain point when we have a zero force acting on a on the two nearby entities or the two nearby atoms isolated atoms. And that is becomes a stability point because below this distance we have mainly repulsive and above this one we have mainly attractive forces apparently that converts to energy. So, in this particular case when we have the minimum or zero force that gives rise to minimum energy. So, we can see our energy cause looks more like this. So, here when we see apparently when we draw it will see that the force here will be zero and that is the minimum energy that is nothing but the binding energy of a material and up and this distance energy.  So, we can see at this particular level when we have exactly the lowest energy in that case we have zero force acting on the material. So, if you increase the distance or if you decrease the distance of your decrease in the distance or increase in the distance we can see an increase in the energy value that may not be very stable.  So, we can see the combination of forces we had repulsive force and we had attractive forces that gives rise to the overall energy. So, net energy is a sum of repulsive forces and the attractive forces along the distance and that gives rise to energy of which is repulsive energy plus the attractive energy and apparently the steepness of this curve is also very critical of how deep this particular curve goes what is the ratio of this particular force to the slope of this particular force by distance curve. So, we can see if our slope is pretty high and our slope is pretty low. So, we have force and distance and then we have energy very steep. So, in this case we can see over d f by d r it is very very steep. It means we require very high force if we want to bring a change in the distance or in other words the bond is very very strong in this case and we require very high energy if we want to separate the materials or we want to bring them much closer. So, we have to spend very high energy and in this case we have very weak bond and if we see out here in this case we have very steeper or very very deeper trough. So, in this case our binding energy will be very very high had we had a shallow it means our binding energy is very very low. So, generally when the binding energy is very very high it means we generally have very high melting points and apparently the overall stiffness of the material is also very very high when we have a steeper and since we have to spend very high energy in order to make them go apart in order to in order for atoms to go apart or come closer they also have very low coefficient of thermal expansion. So, when we have very steeper steeper curves like in this case we have this one is like that. So, they will have very high force is required to change the distance they will have very high stiffness they will low coefficient of thermal expansion and generally they have very high melting points. So, we can see that that is how is basically occurring in the material. So, we can see the comparison of properties between them the coefficient of thermal expansion it is dependent on how much force or how much energy is required in order in order that atoms can go further and further. So, that is dictated by the overall steepness of the slope of the curve in the force distance. So, as the force distance curve is very very steep we will have lower and lower coefficient of thermal expansion and that will again will have very high stiffness very high modulus of elasticity similar to the rate of stiffness and again melting point is dictated by the kind of binding energy and that is that has to be much more steeper in order to have a very high melting point. So, the typical bonding energies of metallic materials it range ranges between around 150 to 370 if we take kilo calories per mole it can again be kilo joules per mole. So, for metallic it is around 600 to 1000 kilo joules per mole for ionic it is for the ionic. So, we can see the energies of the binding energies or the bonding energies of metallic materials it ranges between 25 to 200 kilo calories per mole or from 300 to 850 kilo joules per mole for ions ionic it might range from 150 to 370 kilo calories per mole that converts to around 600 to 1000 kilo joules per mole for covalent it can be 125 to 300 again that is approximately 450 to 700 kilo joules per mole and secondary bonding it is very very feeble in nature. So, it can range up from 10 to around 45 kilo joules per mole. So, that part we can see the how the bonding energies are very very high for the primary bonds whereas, for secondary bonding it is very very feeble around 10 times less than that of a other type of a primary bond. So, in summary we can we have learnt how the primary bonds are generated in terms of metallic covalent or ionic and how each and everyone has a different characteristic in itself. And again coming to secondary bonding we have Debye interaction London interaction and Kassum interactions and how these values are much more feeble there were 10 times lesser than that of a primary bond. And again the characteristic of metallic bond is very very different in this case we see a C of C of electrons and ionic bonding we see a donation of electron and acceptance of an electron in covalent there is a shearing of an electron. Apparently then the force distance of force energy energy distance curve also play a very strong part in terms of defining what will the stiffness of the stiffness of the material what will the coefficient of thermal expansion and again what is the what is the modulus of elasticity what is the melting point. So, all these things are very very important in very very important in dictating them design of a material and those are being defined by the force distance or energy distance curves. So, we can see those dependences out here. So, the depending on how the force distance curve and energy distance curve behave at more fundamental level and they dictate the overall performance of the material. So, with this particular summary I will end my lecture here.


It's unboxing time. Any day when I receive a new book is a good day. Today the nice folk at Jessica Kingsley Publishing have sent me something rather special. It's my unique ADHD world by Joanne Steer and Claire Berry with a foreword by 11-year-old Oliver Steer which I think is a great touch. This is an interactive picture book that explores ADHD strengths as well as the challenges and I've been really looking forward to getting my mits on it. It looks good. I can't wait to take a proper look. The illustrations are fun, accessible and diverse and the whole thing feels like a lot of fun and a great springboard to some pretty important conversations. Full review to follow.


Hi, Professor George Friedman, Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. And we're here today to talk about industrial districts and economies of agglomeration.  And this starts with the empirical regularity. And empirical regularity, then, you know, on the face of it seems odd. Why do businesses cluster? Why do so many of the businesses doing the same things locate in the same place? Often in very, very expensive places. Do you know what it costs to rent space on Wall Street and Broad? Why are all these financial services businesses there? Why don't they move to Jersey where it's cheaper? And you get cheaper workers because if you're going to be in Wall Street and Broad, you have to pay people something so that they'll be willing to take the train to that area and be really crowded. The video industry in the United States, movies, television, porn, Southern California, some of the most expensive real estate in the country occupied by businesses that you think could locate wherever they want. Why are they all there? It's not like, you know, a Las Vegas hotel that has to be in Las Vegas. You could have the headquarters for your film company in New York and Vancouver and wherever you want, but they're all down in Southern California. You can go on down the list, high tech, Bangalore, India, Haifa, Israel, clustered, why? This is an old question. Alfred Marshall, the great English economist of the late 19th, early 20th centuries, argued there are three reasons. Labor market pooling. You want to go where the workers are and skilled workers like to be where there are a lot of businesses. Why are pooling? You want to go where you can get inputs easily, you know, which includes workers. And third, knowledge spill overs. The idea that if you locate where other people doing the same type of work are, ideas are in the air and you'll pick up better technologies and new ways of doing things. Now the first two don't really make all that much sense. You know, they may be true of small businesses to some extent, but, you know, the workers, you know, it's nice to be where there are a lot of workers that you're interested in, but it also means there's more competition for those workers because there are other businesses there. This supplies, it's even worse because, you know, a lot of that stuff, shipping's pretty cheap. You get it on UPS, shows up the next day, no problem. The knowledge spill overs may be the most important. You want to be where the ideas are being generated so you can pick them up. But note, this is the one that Marshall really has nothing to say about. It's the most important reason for clustering in industrial districts, but it's the reason that he can't explain because a capitalist firm doesn't want knowledge spill overs. You want to keep your knowledge, the knowledge you generate. You generate these ideas, you produce these concepts, you want to keep them to yourself. To the extent that you have an effective capitalist economy, you don't have knowledge spill overs. The existence of clusters in industrial districts built around knowledge spill overs is a contradiction for capitalism. Think about it, the largest high-tech company in the United States in 1995, Microsoft. People are worried Microsoft's going to take over the world. What did Microsoft do? It picked up and it left Silicon Valley and it went to Washington state because it wanted to keep its ideas to itself. It didn't want the knowledge spill overs. In down in Silicon Valley, your workers leave work, they go to a bar and they tell everybody what they're doing. Microsoft didn't want that. Its workers go to a bar, only Microsoft people are there. What's happened to Microsoft in the last 15 years? How many new ideas has it come up with? How many successful products? The Xbox? Period. I mean, have they come up with anything else? I mean, yeah, I mean, Windows 7 is better, you know, it's like it's almost as good as, actually, you know, I use Microsoft stuff and I think they have gotten better in a very incremental way and actually I think Windows 7, whatever, looks to me to be about as good as a Mac. You can hit me over the head afterwards. But Microsoft isolated up in Washington has been a failure. Google, Apple, they stay in Silicon Valley. They get the knowledge spill overs. Acting in a non-capitalist, cooperative way, firms that benefit, firms that stay in these industrial districts, firms that take part in industrial districts, are actually acting a little bit like worker co-ops. Worker co-ops, because they're small, they depend on a network of other firms and people. They depend on suppliers. They depend on firms to buy their product. They work together, cooperation is built into the DNA of a worker co-op, so they go and they talk to their suppliers about what is it that they need, what is it that you need. They try to work with other cooperatives. They try to create an industrial district because they need to because they're small. Capitalist firms like Microsoft think they can do it all on their own. In fact, they can't, which is kind of interesting. The only way capitalist firms can continue to be successful is by picking up some of the cooperative habits and ways of doing things that are characteristic of worker cooperatives. By empowering their workers, by letting their workers talk about their ideas, by sharing ideas in a cooperative fashion, by being open-minded, capitalist firms can be more successful. But this requires that they stop acting so much like capitalists and start acting like cooperatives. So maybe next time we'll come up with some other paradoxes of the world. Until then, thank you and have a nice day. Bye-bye.


The following is a presentation of TFNN Trading Hour with your host David White call now toll free at 1-877-927-6648 internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER> now David White and welcome all to another exciting edition of the power trading hour with me your humble lovable and squeezable soft host as always at this time we'd like to come to you the following takes place between 2pm and 3pm they kind of try to push it down kind of pushed it up at the morning everybody decided to get all nasty and bearish and of course push it down now we're still up about six points on the S&P cash but man do people hate a slightly higher market in the morning and for the most part and we'll see what happens today but as we start the show the volume is extremely low we're only doing about 3.7 billion shares on the on the tape on the complete CBOE tape had some questions so we'll talk about that right now the way that volumes actually put together is three tapes tape A tape B and tape C now tape A is the New York Stock Exchange tape B is the American Stock Exchange to tape C's the NASDAQ but the way the volume is almost always universally reported it's tape A and tape B because most of the ETFs are on the AMEX and so the volume that comes into that is on the top of the stock and you can kind of separate let me put it that way anyway 1.75 billion shares on the NYSE as we talked but 780 billion shares on the AMEX so about half of the volume is ETFs from the NYSE now we get to the NASDAQ is doing about 1.2 billion shares so far on the day but yeah those all up you know which is what I normally talk about all day and that is 3.7 so the question is why are all these tapes going on and the stock market is and all the technology for it is built upon on buildings that have built that have burnt down before and when you really look at it this tape A B and C goes back to about 1870 in the ticker tape so I don't think anybody really knows exactly how a lot of these things get done they just are and they it's always one band-aid on top of another for the stock market because they don't want to stop everything and they can't leave it alone so they'll stick a little band-aid on it and that's it anyway that's a little corner there of that so when we look at the markets we're up about six points on the SP cash 28 11 let me update this just to make sure I've got everything up 47 on the Dow NASDAQ's up 17 Russell 2000 up almost 10 on at least a little hint of better trade numbers and I continue well we've got pricing for Lyft after the bell to night they keep running around saying that it's going to price out at about 80 dollars a share we'll see they always say that by the way so you never really know until it actually hits the fan or gets withdrawn before become a horrible embarrassment but yeah NASDAQ's up 18 probably the big deal is the dollar out here I think dollars to donuts everybody thought that the dollar was coming back lower well it surprised you it's a 46 cents today and that put a hurt in the get along which I always love that saying don't know exactly what it means but the hurt in the get along on gold down 21 1.6 percent silver off 2 percent under 15 bucks at 1498 platinum almost down 2 1.8 percent actually 846 15 copper actually up a little bit and again industrial part of the market probably really going to get going as soon as we see copper back above three bucks been hovering just down there but it's a 6 tenths of percent on a day where everything else is what can I say that won't thrown off the air I'll just you I'm going to put some quotes and say insert your scatological humor here that's what I'll do okay so what else is going on out here well as you said a little bit of news I guess and actually a statement from the Chinese that they are giving up a little bit more on trade talks that kind of pop the market then everybody decided it was the end of the world we got a sell got back down to 2800 we've actually let's take a look at this just so I don't tell you wrong because every day is brand new so what was the low today yeah we got below it 2798.77 was the low so so that puts us about 13 points off the lows on the S&P cash but the rest kind of all quiet on the rest in front technology continues to be sold to raise cash to get into some of these newer IPOs and that's why we continue to see I think the NASDAQ a little bit weaker than you would think Dow's kind of in line but you know you had to kind of have all that money in this morning to wire transfer this afternoon to get in on the IPO so probably didn't have much other than the people that were really last minute going after it that may be sold but here are two four and after you can't blame any of the selling here on the IPO because that money had to be in I continue to think that they will hold this market up at least until about 11 o'clock tomorrow and of course then you go right into fund buying and again it's problematic to be short this market until probably at least Wednesday next week so maybe things change but right now given the conditions I don't think that there's a lot of money to be made in being short of the market right now not going to deny that the volume's been weak all the way back up just you know sometimes even an horrible winter you get that one day of sun you get to go out there and have some fun look at the ice smell and then of course the weather's going to go right back to crappy next week but I think we've got a week of sunshiney weather in the middle of winter at a minimum now maybe the wet weather turns better we get an early spring but I think it's going to take a handful of days to come out I suspect that we do hit 2850 probably even maybe spike it by tomorrow and we're always in the three to four days where we could run right back up to the highs on any kind of trade deal I don't think it would be beyond the scope of reason anyway when we come back we're going to be doing a little bit of hystwa and then we'll go right into charts give me call 877-97-664-8 email me at fnn.com the Taz profile scanner is the most revolutionary piece of trading software that you will ever try wouldn't you like to approach the markets with confidence as you begin your trading day it's likely that you'll be faced with lots of decisions in order to make the best decision the first thing you'll need is a strategy that will help you minimize your risks whether we're in a bull or bear market a good strategy is to have the tools needed to help you scan and analyze the markets before you trade the Taz profile scanner instantly scans and filters over 2,500 global financial markets such as stocks ETFs commodity futures and forex headed by Steve doll president of Taz market profile the Taz profile scanner understands that in today's technological world the use of top flight software applications automated trading algorithms and technical analysis expertise is essential to successful trading in today's market whether you're 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1-877-927-6648 internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER> and my engineer which I called and put me on hold do you have the slack app up I've been typing at you and no response no response so I have a feeling that maybe he's hidden under something else and hasn't been looking but hopefully Alan or one of the other guys is actually there and we'll answer my my instant message anyway what else do we have going on to to um oh got an email asking me about IPOs uh and where to find out information on IPOs and that's uh okay and well I have a feeling you're in the wrong channel again because uh I'm going to you and you're there anyway uh back to Renaissance capital um they've got probably the best uh calendar on what's upcoming and gave you a little idea we had two IPOs today probably never heard of them there are a couple of startups in the biotech field we had a lot of them this year but they're all you know 50 million 100 million that kind of stuff uh and yep well IPO scoop two another one out there well he just keeps putting it in the den I like this one Renaissance capital they've got a little bit more sometimes than some of the others but certainly a good calendar um but uh what you will see is the deal size here is basically about 2.2 billion dollars and that's what from time to time I know we have new listeners I call a sliver deal which is you have a company that's valued at 40 billion dollars uh but you're only putting out stock worth 2.2 billion dollars and what's the reason for that well um you want to get the price up on the available stock in the retail market and as uh that gets out there and the price gets established you'll just continue to put more shares and more shares out there that's generally a very bad thing uh for long-term investors in the fact that you know that well if we've got 2 billion or 2.2 billion out of the 40 billion out there you got 37.8 billion left to come at you uh now they won't do it all in one uh hitch but those shares are printed they're sitting up there on the shelf anytime they want the cash they'll just push out the other hundred thousand five hundred thousand shares million shares whatever they need uh for their thing and again this is where you really have to look and worry about stocks uh that have a lot of extra shares sitting on the shelf i don't have no idea the books are probably incomprehensible at this time on Lyft uh everybody loves the company but the company is not the stock and um if you want a there used to be a website that i loved called the red herring that was all about ipos the thing was maybe 20 years no yeah 20 years ago it kind of started about 98 and it had all the dirty little secrets in there it's no longer around but it was a great website for that there's a thing called the red herring in ipo i'm gonna have to take a sip of there's a thing called a red herring which is when you're doing an ipo you kind of uh put uh kind of a pie in the sky view of what's going on and you kind of hand that around and see how many people salute and it gave you a lot of indication of what was going on early on and how it changed if you started off trying to sell 10 billion dollars for the shares and then you just come in a two billion well that's one thing uh but generally the idea is when you're putting out such a small amount compared to the overall market cap it generally means a couple of things one the upside limitations on the stock are probably going to be there for a great deal of time because again you've got so many shares that haven't got a seat yet and it is kind of a musical chair business but watch for the limited upside on lift and any of these uh stocks uh there are companies that come out in ipo where they have such a small percentage of their shares up front it's almost always a huge red flag and there's a couple of reasons why people would go ahead and do it in a market that is a little weaker and that is that they have more to come when we get into next week looking ahead there's a handful of other ones they're all kind of small but a few more weeks maybe another three weeks we've got more and bigger ones to come the idea is probably to get this one out juice it a bit make it all look good even though there's only a handful of shares out there maybe even run it up to a hundred bucks make everybody think that everything's beautiful everything is beautiful in its own way i haven't heard that song in about 30 years and i think i know why uh anyway they'll run it up to get a lot of people not to sell it get the price up and then it's chum for what's going to happen next maybe they'll throw one out there with 10 billion uh dollars or everything or maybe even more uh in the coming months but there are a bunch of them out there coming so just be warned yeah yeah we all did so anyway uh okay uh oh we got a little bit of history and then we'll go on on this day in 1939 in Spain the republican defenders of Madrid raised the white flag over the city bringing an end to the bloody three-year civil spanish civil war a predecessor to world war two 1931 spanish king alfonso the 13th approved elections to decide the government of spain and voters overwhelmingly chose to abolish the monarchy and famous in favor of a liberal republic communists invaded the country and mostly from uh stallings boys uh and of course uh hitler was more than happy to give a dress rehearsal for what he was going to do in about 1939 and probably the best book about politics ever was written about this time uh george orwell who would write 1984 also wrote a book called animal farm he was a when he went there a died in the wool communist thought that's exactly what everything it needed went to spain only to find out that uh all the people cried about all the problems in spain did nothing more than do the exact same when they rose to power and that's why communism almost no almost no communists have a 100 record of failure whether it's uh cuba or venezuela or the soviet union or everywhere else eventually run out of other people's money and everything crumbles there's only one thing that communism is good at that's the universal distribution of misery copy capitalism so much better but not perfect many people think communism is good because uh capitalism is not perfect be back in a minute path of least resistance is david white's daily trading newsletter and if you're looking for active trading ideas then now's a perfect time for a 30 day free trial to this powerful daily trading advisory service david uses his years of trading experience to offer his subscribers his trading ideas each morning in his path of lease resistance newsletter using a combination of equity trades along with options david keeps his subscribers up to date with all pertinent market information with intraday afternoon updates when warranted don't miss out on this great chance to get a 30 day free trial to david's daily newsletter the path of lease resistance with no obligation to pay anything david has been delivering solid recommendations for his subscribers recently and if you'd like to see the type of newsletter he delivers every morning then visit the front page of tfnn and you'll find the path of lease resistance under trading newsletters for all the details and to start your 30 day free trial today log on to tfnn.com now hi folks tom obrien here if you'd like to get my daily newsletter market insights then now is a great time to sign up for a 30 day free trial every morning by 9 30 i send out my morning letter to subscribers with market commentary on a variety of markets currencies and commodities to keep investors up to date on the day's trading action included in market insights are specific buy and sell recommendations for stocks etfs and even options which stops and price targets included for every trade in my newsletter if you'd like to try my newsletter risk free for 30 days then head over to the front page of tfnn and you'll find market insights under trading newsletters i use my years of trading experience to bisect and dissect the market every morning and give my subscribers the most important information they need to know for the day ahead i even issue afternoon updates for my subscribers whenever warranted with important market action i'm always scouring the market for the next great trading opportunity sign up for your 30 day free trial to my daily newsletter market insights stay by visiting the front page of tfnn.com well go get them folks tfnn is excited about our new software charting program the art of timing the trade charts in collaboration with tom o'brien and using his bestselling book the art of timing the trade your ultimate trading mastery system david white has programmed an outstanding piece of software that will complement any traders methodology using this first of its kind program the art of timing the trade charts allows you to scan thousands of stocks for fibonacci formation setups including garthly's abc's butterflies and much more the art of timing the trade charts is designed to help you when scouring the markets for stocks just beginning to form the trading patterns that many investors spend days weeks or even months searching to find and right now we're offering licenses available at only seventy nine dollars a month we are so confident that you're going to love this new charting software that will even give you a 30 day unconditional money back guarantee don't miss out on this incredible new piece of software get your copy of the art of timing the trade charts today by visiting tfnn.com this segment is brought to you by think or swim for more information just click the think or swim banner on the front page of tfnn.com and oh gotta get my charts back up here got a couple people asking to start looking at the thing first question from Paul is can we take another look at Roku again I'm not exactly sure why he wants to do that as long as it stays below the nine day moving average this thing's on a sell and I always thought this looked more like GoPro than any other recent IPO but I don't know if there's anything else anyway you're up on fray light volume today 6.5 million shares you were down on 9.7 so see how the end of the day comes in but you basically just bouncing off the 13th of March that had that huge down day of 38 39 million shares you're just basing up on it but as long as it stays below nine day moving average this thing's probably coming back down to 52 bucks now it's got a massive I wouldn't be shorted this is going to be like a lot of other stocks you're gonna have to sit on it for a year or two to find out that it's a house of cards are okay you but yeah I mean you had 40 short interest on this for two days ago yesterday 36 percent so this thing's always massively shorted you got 11 it's actually come down which is one of the reasons why it's probably having some weakness I mean on the what was that on the 31st of January for the bi-monthly data he had 21 percent short interest on it that's gotten down in the last reporting period to 11 about 11.6 and when you see the short interest drop in about half almost always a good signal the the shorts have quit shorting and what does that mean it means without the shorts to hold it up it's probably coming back down and you can see that in a variety of stocks the big fall off in Tesla where it went from about 40 percent down to about 18 percent short interest off about that 330 340 level but when you see these massively over shorted stocks the same thing and generally the big runs like Apple we talked about it having a you know going from one day to four days to cover in a big stock like that tells you about everything you're ready to know and that is they're about ready to run all the shorts as soon as everybody gets shorts now the stocks that come down the most are the ones where the shorts were too afraid to get in then the stock starts moving down and then they hope that it bounces they get short again it never bounces that much and it just continues to deteriorate normally when everybody hops on board it's almost a bottom and you can see that routinely in the way this works for those new to the show when you're looking at the charts a little black candle things that look like a matchstick down here actually a reverse matchstick would be black for the thing and and red anyway the little black parts of those candles show how much it's been shorted in the big days back here when this thing actually bounced on the 7th of January he had monster short sell numbers in Roku let's go back that R-O-K-U so what is that that's a first couple of days of January let me go back and see exactly what those numbers look like uh okay yeah on the 7th of January 40 percent that's uh that means four out of every 10 shares that day were shorted uh and those guys just continue to short every time it goes higher you have a big amount of shorting didn't go it now um basically everybody kind of gives up and it comes back down but again uh Roku one of the more dangerous stocks uh now that it's kind of come off this high and uh short interest is still there but once everybody kind of gives up look for it to come back at least to support which is going to be around 53 dollars on that okay what else do we have go to our email short squeeze uh did uh what about 30 squeeze last for about three days okay uh in Bev reports earnings if news is good what would be the short squeeze look like so let's take a look at that real quick uh in Bev don't know why this does not have any fix that uh what we've got was uh of the last three days 35 percent short on the 25th 32 percent on the 26th yesterday 24 percent so it did kind of come off a little bit for the monthly you got four days to cover that this means that uh at the average volume which is about uh Anna and I'm going to say about five million shares a day it would take four days if only the shorts decided to buy at that same five million shares a day to get them out so generally of course uh the longs if you do get a short squeeze started are not going to let you out easily they're going to they're going to get you out there what I did think was till ray actually look fairly good uh and certainly new age beverages out here also uh I'm not a big fan of the genre uh but I have to say just looking at the charts out here doesn't look bad and yes if you have some kind of surprise or announcement or buy back in this a five dollar stock and could it be seven bucks in the morning uh with this biggest short interest I don't think there's any problem with it doing that uh but uh again if you wanted to be short you had your opportunity but it's sure it should have been till ray uh not a fan of shorting stocks below 30 dollars uh to to to okay no one's going to take me up on my offer someone asked me to fix something I said I'd fix it for 50 bucks seems cheap to me uh to to what else do we have uh to to to okay so we're still up five points on the s&p cash and let's update this just to make sure that I haven't lost anything uh nasdaq's up 13 dow's up 48 russell's up nine and again got that russell running away uh with the market uh issue let's take a look at this okay okay just wanted to check on a few things if you've got any questions give me a call at eight seven seven nine two seven six six four eight I think I answered all those questions yes uh in bev on big uh selling all right on a good earnings call you probably want to hang on to it three days until all those shorts have given up and uh that's generally on the first pot you get about three days we'll be back in a minute if you're in the cd market and looking for a secure investment the tiger first mortgage program may work for you the security for these first mortgages are building lots in the tax opportunity zone in st petersburg florida the tax act of 2018 set up tax free zones across the country where you 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summary prospectus call<PHONE_NUMBER> or visit directioninvestments.com a fund's prospectus and summary prospectus should be read carefully before investing an investment in the funds is subject to risk including the possible loss of principal the funds are designed to be utilized only by sophisticated investors such as traders and active investors distributor for side fund services LLC don't forget you can listen to tfnn live on your mobile device 24 hours per day go to tfnn.com then hit watch tiger tv that's tfnn.com then hit watch tiger tv for the latest market information and let's see hang on just a second let me email somebody something and that's it took 15 seconds to look it up really okay what else do we have and this kind of a quiet day continue to take a look at volume let me get this i'm going to move a few things around here to to to okay still very quiet for a billion shares on the consolidated tape you know we did a couple of days a couple of fridays we got really close into the 10 billion share days not much going on just very very quiet uh gold off 20 bucks if you didn't see it earlier uh crude still holding about 59 let's take a look at the oh i h real quick as we said this is the strongest uh well there's two times a year that are the strongest for crude and oil and that's because most of the rigs are shut down as they uh overhaul especially the refriners go for the winter and summer change in the gasoline mixture although i don't think it actually makes a hill of beans worth the difference most scientists don't think it does either uh and you know you got just kind of up here hanging in the highs but of course as soon as you get a lot of these wells turned back on that will be turned back on here in about seven to ten days uh you get a flood back into the market of crude and uh so you got about another week or so natural gas of course um probably not going to do much until the dog days of august and that means about august 15th seasonally you're done for in natural gas unless something drastically changed which i do not think it's going to happen okay uh to do what else do we have i wanted to look at a handful of other ones let's go ahead and start this we've got plenty of time left today yeah uh someone wanted me to look at cars cars dot com i i don't think any of these things are going to be doing uh well and this one's probably coming back to 20 and 14 cents so i don't think there's a lot in that uh to to to what else did we have this fbio i was looking at it a while ago uh actually uh i had a nice gap higher on the 31st of january about 9.6 million shares got into it with 417 000 shares and now back at support with about 155 uh 156 000 shares today this is fortress bio biotech i don't know a lot about it but certainly it did have a nice bounce and if you're looking to play the pennies in the biotechs uh yep get looking for a lottery ticket uh doesn't look like there are many better than that got a quick call in here to take a look at the gdx and you know you didn't have a lot of juice on the way back up you got back into the previous high that had 30 excuse me 62 million shares and it wasn't all that bad you had 58 million shares uh back on the 25th so you got into high it was just a little light i mean not that bad uh and then gave it all up today uh but again and gold is like that isn't it it's the treasure of the seadra madre it's just there to break your heart harmony hmy you know helio and matheson it's just it's still in business i am surprised hsy the hershey company uh it's broken out but without a sign of strength looks fairly weak i don't see anything going on in that one see what out here uh lth m which is live in okay see if there's anything else out here the spot take a look at spotify of course uh yeah spotify i still don't um see much in the way of uh this stock but again i think this thing's just going to be held up for a while and sold into um again i bizarre ipo the way it came out uh it has a little bit of that smell uh who that smell is that who sings that lennard skinner who that smell that smell that gets around you uh what about cocaine wouldn't it i think that's what it was about uh usg let's take a quick look at that one um that's just not gonna change much here let's go back to some of the other big names real quick and uh we'll take a look at that okay now still holding up five points on the s and p cash amazon and not much happening except very light volume yesterday he did 4.3 million shares just 2.3 million shares so a very light volume day we'll see if we get the same in many of the others of the big leadership of the fang brothers microsoft yesterday at 25 22.7 million shares today just 12.5 so far so again we did push down a little bit didn't get quite into that low uh of yesterday but certainly the volume isn't there taking a look at some other ones ad b e dobby's been hanging up at these highs i had a big gap down on earnings finally got back up to uh the uh level it was pre earnings on the 20 what was that the 20 uh no the 14th uh gap down didn't get down that far came back up yesterday on that one you had 2.5 million shares just 1.2 million shares now so again just very tough to see any of these uh doing much let's take a look at some of the ETFs bounce over to those real quick uh semi conductors actually could be looking fairly bullish today you only have 5.6 million shares going into an 8.4 million share gap up on the 15th so at least in the short term you've got this pulling back with wider volume and into the gap if you were willing to uh take a flyer on this um you just want to probably look at today's low as a stop which is 103.99 we've been watching the biotechs so many of them look like they had something that they may be showing um just light volume down on that too so don't see anything there yesterday you were down on 3.3 million shares today so far 1.5 million shares so certainly if you were looking for a lot of volume to come in the market you're not getting it today stamps.com got destroyed I don't know if there's anything in it other than what they've done before uh certainly uh down on 13.6 million shares on the 22nd of February uh today just 448,000 shares so uh doesn't matter good bad in the ugly all have one thing in common today that's light volume we'll be back in a minute. I'm certain you are or strive to be one of the best of the best at everything you do in life it's the most common trait that we tigers and tigers share if you're looking to become the best of the best when it comes to managing your money let me teach you to do what most wealth managers tell you can't be done which is how to time the markets I'm Steve Rhodes author of mastering probability and for the last 12 months timer digest has been tracking my newsletter signals which have earned me the ranking as their number one market timer in the nation for the s and p 500 for the last 12, 6 and 3 months timer digest also ranks me as the number one market timer for gold as well the fact is markets can be timed and I'll teach you the exact set of tools that I use that has transformed me into one of the best at what I do sign up for mastering probability today by clicking on the newsletter tab on the homepage of tfnn.com and get immediate access to workshops where I take you step by step how to use an extraordinary set of tools as well as provide great market calls to sign up today David White's newsletter the technology insider is focused like a laser on finding the next big things in technology if you would invest in only $10,000 in Microsoft in 1986 you'd have been a millionaire by 2000 disruptive technology like Microsoft's is the key to these massive long-term profits and the tech insider is the vehicle from tfnn to capitalize on these opportunities this is the go-to newsletter that identifies monitors and profits on mostly little known cutting-edge companies with great long-term prospects David's experience is as an inventor of Emmy-winning animation products for TV and Hollywood that propelled a company public match that with 14 years as a full-time trader and he's uniquely qualified to guide you through the light speed world of ever-evolving high-tech if you're ready to ride the next big technology bull market for less than $40 per month log on to tfnn.com and get your two-week free trial to the technology insider get in on the ground floor of the next big thing today since 1984 Basil Chapman has been using the Chapman wave methodology to advise traders of his expert market opinion while originally hand-drawing charts from the late 1970s into the 1980s Basil noticed that prices under most circumstances virtually always had a certain number of legs to the upside before declining sharply later Basil found that computer software which included the standard market technical indicators enhanced the degree of accuracy and calling price turns as well as market trend calls thus was born the Chapman wave sequence using the Chapman wave methodology along with other indicators Basil Chapman advises his subscribers of his expert market opinion each market day with his opening call newsletter right now you can get a two-week free trial to the opening call Basil's daily trading newsletter by visiting the front page of tfnn.com cancel it anytime during that trial and pay absolutely nothing get your two-week free trial to Basil's newsletter the opening call today by visiting tfnn.com catch Tom O'Brien professional trader and educator founder of TFNN also a special guest on CNBC Tom will bisect and dissect the markets the Tom O'Brien show next on TFNN well the brains of the organization has decided to come and break in to the the studio today this is Mr. L Diablo and for some every reason he's all upset about something but I can't tell what it is but uh yep there's the brains of the organization but uh pretty nice little pup now go play what else do we have going on out here today well Twitter pretty light going on um volume and the question on this one uh that I got from who is this John John uh is uh what you know you get down uh on the 7th of February you got back into this I tell you what this continues to have more and more bad news surrounding it and its long-term viability I really dislike the CEO um not from a financial standpoint but from a decision making standpoint he continues to take what probably should be a free speech platform and destroy it um word out that he went after people who didn't have hate speech or all the other easy things um Elon Musk posted something about um his driver driverless cars and how proud he was one guy put a spreadsheet up of all the people that died in the car uh in a tweet and they ran they basically revoked his account so we we have something that probably is broken uh but not broken on the consumer side broken on the management side and that is that they've risen to a level where they can't help but unless free speech anywhere they think that someone is doing something they don't quite like and that is always a problem um very tough on Twitter um just from a management they're gonna have to come up with some way of calling balls and strikes is it we gotta be back tomorrow same back channel same back time tell when you can't help when you have