Let's open our bibles to John's gospel chapter 20 We're gonna look at verses 11 through 18 this morning John chapter 20 verses 11 through 18 Obviously this passage picks up After the resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ beginning at verse 11 reading to verse 18 John writes But Mary stood outside by the tomb weeping and as she wept she stooped down and looked into the tomb and She saw two angels in white sitting one at the head and the other at the feet where the body of Jesus had lain Then they said to her woman. Why are you weeping? She said to them because they have taken away my Lord and I do not know where they have laid him Now when she had said that she turned around and saw Jesus standing there and did not know that it was Jesus Jesus said to her woman.  She's supposing him to be the gardener said to him sir if you have carried him away Tell me where you have laid him and I will take him away Jesus said to her Mary she turned and said to him Ramoni, which is to say teacher Jesus said her do not cling to me for I have not yet ascended to my father But go to my brethren and say to them I'm ascending to my father and your father and to my God and to your God Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples that she had seen the Lord and that he had spoken these things To her now. Let me lay a foundation Before we get into this there's some obvious things that we could be referring to but I Would begin by reminding you of something that occurs later on something that occurs in the book of Acts And it's recorded in chapters 3 and 4 of the book of Acts in that particular portion of scripture We have an event that takes place where Peter and John had gone to the temple at the hour of prayer And as they were about to enter into the temple There was a beggar who was there who was asking for Financial support from those who would enter in to that temple and as they were about to enter in this beggar Asked Peter and John for some money and the Bible tells us that Peter and John stopped and That Peter looked down at this man and he said to the man look upon us or look at us The scripture says that the man gave them his attention expecting to receive something from them But at that point Peter gave him something far better than money Peter gave him something that was much better than the finances that he wanted Peter looked at him and he said to him this he said silver and gold have I none But such as I have give I thee in the name of Jesus Christ of Nathreth. I sent you rise up and walk He gave him something he didn't ask for what he wanted was money But what he needed was the ability to walk God has a way of doing that by the way He has a way of giving us not necessarily what we're asking for but he gives us what we need and in the case of this man What he needed to do is he needed to rise up and he needed to walk And so God performs a miracle and this man is instantly healed the Bible says that he That Peter reaches down takes him by the hand begins to lift him up and that strength came into the man's feet Into his ankles into his calves his thighs. He had complete equilibrium. He was able to stand began to walk He began to leap he began to praise God and as this occurs There is an electric kind of charge that goes to this to this crowd that sees this take place This is a man who had been crippled from birth. He was over 40 years of age. They were filled with wonder They were filled with amazement at what had happened Now as they gather around to see this Peter was given an opportunity to preach about Jesus Christ And so as he's speaking to them he begins by saying why are you looking so intently at us as as if by our own power or godliness? We made this man to walk and he went on to preach He began to preach to them the Lord Jesus Christ now that he was crucified. He died. He was buried But that he was alive Well, that caused a real problem Because many came to faith in Jesus because of that and the Jewish Religious Council was assembled and and and they were interrogated and As they were being interrogated Peter boldly proclaimed to them that Jesus who was crucified had been raised from the dead And he said to them the stone that you have rejected has become the chief cornerstone And there's salvation in only one name and that is the name of Jesus Christ Now they saw their their boldness and it upset them deeply and they regarded them as uneducated Untrained but this healed man was standing there with them and they they could say nothing against it there was nothing they could do and So they said how are we going to solve this problem? So their solution was They commanded Peter and John to never preach in the name of Jesus again We read in Acts 4 19 and 20, but Peter and John answered and said to them Whether it is right in the sight of God to listen to you more than to God a you judge For we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard We cannot help but speak the things that we have seen and heard the United States we have Surveys polls taken Where over 80% of the respondents will declare themselves to be Christians Over 80% It's something that has remained Pretty firm in terms of the percentage for many years now over 80% of those are polled will say that they are a Christian and What I've discovered over time is that many of those refer to themselves as Christians? Simply do so because at one time or another they went to church or perhaps as a child or young adult or whatever They received water baptism, and so they had been to church. They've been baptized whatever They they have followed the rules of their particular religious faith and all in and so when asked what are you they will say I'm a Christian and so when I see them at as those who are able to say I can speak to you concerning those things that I've heard Because I received catechism or because I received Bible studies in Sunday school or because I had a praying grandmother Or my mom used to read the Bible to me at night or I've been to church services I've heard the gospel. I can speak to you concerning Jesus Christ I can say to you certain things that are are salient as it relates to him I can tell you that he's the second person of the most holy trinity that he was crucified died buried that he rose The third day I can give you this information So I can speak to you concerning the things that I've heard and there are many people who can do that We can speak in that way Before I got saved if you approached me and began to speak to me about Jesus Christ and asked me questions about him And I realized I come from a different time I came from a time when people actually read the Bible and spoke concerning Christ more openly and So if you'd have approached me and said to me Do you know anything about Jesus because I had gone to catechism because I had received certain ordinances of my church I was able to speak to you and say to you. Oh, yes, I know who he is. I could speak to you concerning his virgin birth I could say to you that he died on a cross That he was buried the third day He rose again from the dead that he ascended into heaven that he sits at the right hand of the father That he's going to come to judge the living and the dead that he sent the Holy Spirit to reside in those who would receive I could tell you those things because I learned those things and the apostolic reeds and the various things that I was taught to memorize I Could speak to you concerning the things that I had heard But I could not speak to you concerning the things that I'd seen and There are a lot of people today who can speak concerning the things that they have heard So they can go to a church service and maybe even go regularly But they cannot speak from a personal experience. They do not know the risen Christ. They only know of him And the Bible teaches us that we need to have more than just head or said knowledge We need to have heart knowledge a knowledge of God from the inside and many people are missing heaven by 18 inches the distance from their head to their heart and What we want is we want to celebrate the reality of a faith that is that is rooted in an actual event the resurrection of Jesus Christ Because it's this faith that we embraced that has transformed our life It isn't that we have just chosen to believe something we have seen and we have heard we know that God transforms lives We know that he can transform our life because he has Transformed our life through our faith in Jesus Christ And that's what we're looking at here as we look at a story Concerning a woman by the name of Mary as she sees her risen savior Now as we look at this I want you to see that Mary Magdalene here has been undergoing incredible emotional trauma When we think about it, we need to remember the events of her week just one week before she had seen Jesus enter into Jerusalem and Jesus had come in on and to a tremendous reception and As he had come in that Palm Sunday The people had lined the streets and and had been crying out as they were waving these palm branches And they were saying Hosanna to him save now save now and there was this exhilaration There was this excitement that had taken place there Jesus and his followers as we know I'd come to celebrate the Passover The Passover is a celebration of of joy and and it's festive because it's a reminder on a yearly basis of how God Delivered the children of Israel out of Egypt's bondage We Christians recognize that it is a celebration of how God can actually save us from the bondage of sin and Jesus had come in to celebrate this wonderful celebration because he indeed is a Passover lamb who was slain So the celebration was intense But things didn't go as she thought they would because after celebrating the Passover meal Jesus had been arrested. He had been tried. He'd been beaten and he had been killed on Friday Mary had stood by the cross by Jesus's mother Mary Magdalene had watched as her beloved Savior had died By now it's only three days since that event had taken place The shock the pain are still fresh within her Two men one named Joseph of Arimathea another by the name of Nicodemus Had given Jesus a hasty burial and when they took Jesus from the tomb Mary and some friends followed to see where he was buried It's now early Sunday and Mary has returned to the tomb in order to complete his burial Now John only mentions Mary, but Luke tells us that there were others because in Luke 24 1 It says on the first day of the week very early in the morning They and certain other women with them came to the tomb bringing the spices which they had prepared But they found the stone rolled away from the tomb Well here in John chapter 20 we we see why we see what had happened and She has now seen that this stone has been taken away and what does she do? She she ran and she came to Simon Peter and the other disciple whom Jesus loved and said to them They've taken away the Lord out of the tomb and we don't know where they have laid him And and that causes them to be greatly agitated and they run to the tomb Verse 4 tells us they both ran together and the other disciple out ran Peter came to the tomb first And he's stooping down and looking in saw the linen cloths lying there yet. He did not go in Simon Peter came following him and went into the tomb and he saw the linen cloths lying there in the handkerchief It had been around his head not lying with the linen cloths, but folded together in a place by itself Then the other disciple who came to the tomb first went in also and he saw and Believed and so we see the events that are taking place They both view this tomb, but they have different reactions Peter only sees an empty tomb But John saw and he believed that Jesus had risen from the dead and after viewing that tomb They had returned to the other disciples who had remained home But Mary as we see in verse 11 stood outside by the tomb and noticed She's weeping and as she wept she stooped down and looked into the tomb Can you imagine for a moment what she was going through? Bible tells us very clearly that she was weeping that word weeping is a strong word in the original language in the Greek language It means strong crying. It speaks of mourning It speaks of pain and it speaks of grief She's crying as if her heart is broken She's mourning and weeping was such great and intense sorrow Because Jesus's body is not there She doesn't realize that her sorrow will soon be turned into joy The Bible tells us in Psalm 30 verse 5 weeping may endure for a night But joy comes in the morning Sometimes before the Lord breaks into your life you go through a time of pain and sorrow that you think is unbearable You think you'll never get through it and without him you never would Part of the work of the conviction of the Holy Spirit is when he awakens you to your condition He awakens you to your lostness. He awakens you to your pain.   She's recorded in the gospel of Luke in chapter 7 a woman Who had come into a dinner party that Jesus had been invited to this woman had come in and stood there at the door And she began to look around that room till she could find where the dignitaries would be seated and She saw where the chief place was the place of honor and she knew that that was where Jesus the Messiah would be The Bible tells her tells us that she came and she approached and as she came to that table where Jesus was in his He's laying on his left side and he's reaching to the table with his right hand and his feet are stretched out That she came and she began to weep as she approached him and as she began to weep She was weeping so severely that the tears began to drip from her eyes and began to trail down her chin and drip off of her chin onto his dusty feet and As she saw that she became very aware of what was happening and she undid her hair She knelt down and began to dry His feet with her hair and as she did that as she held the feet of Jesus She she kissed him in adoration and thankfulness and and the man who had invited Jesus to that dinner was a man by the name of Simon he was a Pharisee The word Pharisee speaks of a religious individual the word actually means a separated one And he was an individual who took pride in not having to do anything to do with sinful people He wouldn't come into contact with them So he thinks within himself if this man truly were a prophet He would know who and what matter of woman this is who's touching him for she is a sinner This was a woman who is notorious for her sin She wasn't simply like the rest of us in the sense that we are all sinners because the Bible says all have sin And fall short of the glory of God But when she says this woman is a sinner he's saying this is a prostitute This woman is a woman that even a blind man literally could see she is she is a prostitute She is a sinner and he is allowing this woman this sinful woman to touch him if he were really a prophet he would know Jesus looking at Simon says Simon I have something to say to you and Simon says him will say on What do you have to say? He says I want to tell you something. He says there were two men Who owed another man some money One owed him a little some the other owed him a great some But the one who has owed the money Completely forgave both of them. I want to ask you a question Simon Which one of those two are going to love him the most? Simon says well, I suppose the one who owed the most and That's when Jesus responded and said indeed, you know Simon to be honest with you You didn't give me the basic customary welcomes or forms of welcome that every Jewish Gast should have received you didn't wash my feet.  He just saw her as a sinful person He says you see this woman She's been kissing my feet. She's anointed me She's washed my feet with the tears I want to tell you something Simon Though her sins are great yet, they've been forgiven and He says because the one who has been forgiven much Well, that same person loves much You know what I've discovered in the years that I followed the Lord is sometimes we can forget where we came from After a few years of walking with the Lord We might begin to think ourselves to be a little bit better than the average person Not above the average person maybe even a little bit above the average Christian And I believe that God would have us come back to the place that we first met him and remember what we were When we got saved that brings humility into our life and an ability to communicate to those who are still in that place We got rescued from God would have us to have humility and understanding and the bottom line is if you've been forgiven much Then you ought to love much because look at Jesus Christ has done for you Look at how he has forgiven you of your sins how he has cleansed you how he's given you a brand new life Look at all the blessings that he has given to you and it's not because we are so good It's because he is so good and because he has loved us so much. What a savior we worship What a God that we have who has loved us and given himself for us And so as we look at this she's there weeping and she is she is so upset and so Tearful because she thinks that the body of Christ has been moved and she doesn't know where it is and so Mary was one who loved Jesus She was devoted to him. She was a genuine Christian disciple Now as other disciples could not be found But she wasn't afraid of being associated with him She knew that faith in him resulted in a brand new life. So she wasn't ashamed She wasn't ashamed to be identified with him She was not ashamed to to let people know even though his his men even though his men were hiding for fear of the Jewish authorities She wasn't ashamed to be known as one who followed after Jesus Christ Paul would say it like this I'm not ashamed of the gospel because it's the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes for the Jew first and then for the Gentile. I really believe by the way that it's time for the church to stand up and be counted I really believe it's time for us to stand up and say I believe in Jesus Christ. I'm not ashamed of the gospel I'm not ashamed of him. He transforms lives. There are too many men and women today who are quiet We need to open our mouths We need to open our mouths. I mean you look around right now.  You see so much antagonism for Jesus Christ We have university professors who are saying to their students This just happened last week write the name of Jesus put it on the ground stand up and stomp on his name and You have people getting upset over that. Why are they getting away with that? Why didn't they put the name Buddha there and say jump on Buddha? Why didn't they say step on Muhammad? They said step on Jesus white because his is the name above all names That's why because the enemy hates the name of Jesus, but we celebrate it Because he's alive That's why it isn't just because we're in the United States in its fair game You know what? I believe I believe that Christian leaders need to stand up and there's a proper time for outrage And we ought to be outraged at how they're treating Jesus Christ We need to stand up and speak don't be ashamed of the gospel Don't be trying to be the most popular person in the classroom.   I like me anyway, but I don't care. I Never did you know what? I was a hippie when I got saved They didn't like hippies. So what do I care? You didn't like me as a hippie. You don't like me as a Christian What does that matter to me? There's only one person I care about who really likes me and that's Jesus Christ and for whatever reason He's chosen not only to like me He loves me and if I can live in his love I can put up with anything else and that's a whole bottom line Isn't it don't be ashamed of the gospel of Jesus Christ It is the power of God unto salvation to anyone who believes Don't be ashamed of it is a message message of life and it's a message that Satan wants to quench He doesn't want people to speak of Jesus. He doesn't want us to live for Jesus, but I've made up my mind I'm gonna follow him and if I have to go by myself I will go by myself, but I'm gonna follow him and I don't care what the world says I care what he says why because he's alive and I follow a risen savior That's how it works and that's how it ought to be Now she's looking into this tomb and she sees two angels who are there ones at the feet the others at the head and and they begin To speak to her and they say woman. Why are you weeping? In other words your tears are unnecessary. You should be rejoicing He's alive. He's risen, but she doesn't see that yet. So she answers. They've taken away my lord I don't know where they've laid him Somebody's removed his body. I don't know where they've taken it And as this is going on verse 14 when when she said this she turned around and saw Jesus standing there and and did not know That it was Jesus. Jesus said to her woman. Why are you weeping? Who are you seeking? She's opposing him to be the gardener said to him sir if you've carried him away Tell me where you have laid him and I will take him away Well, she turns and sees Jesus, but doesn't recognize him. Why well, it's early in the morning. She's emotionally distressed She's blinded by her tears. She didn't expect to see him alive. Therefore. She's confused But the question comes why are you weeping and whom are you seeking? Now as understandable as her emotion is at that moment Well, her reaction really is wrong. She'd forgotten what Jesus had taught his disciples in John 1428 he had said you heard me say to you I'm going away I'm coming back to you if you loved me you would rejoice Because I said I'm going to the father for my father is greater than I She should have been rejoicing that his body was gone Because he had told him his body would be gone. She was aware of his teaching But it was something beyond her ability to grasp at that moment And so what does she do? Well, she says in verse 15 if you've carried him away. Tell me where you've laid him Now we'll take him away That's a great picture of the burden of religion a small woman carrying around a dead body Religions invented by men basically have disciples who are burdened by their dead teacher and This dead teacher cannot personally help Cannot personally comfort cannot communicate cannot do anything but burden In our world many attempt to make themselves acceptable to God they turn to self-help and self-discovery books they go to seminars They have an inner sense that they need something else go about trying to find the answer Problem within them is sin sin that makes a separation between them and their God sin has a way of breaking communion and The sin that they have has caused them to have no relationship with the living and holy God You see Christians do not carry around the body of a dead master We have a living Lord We have one who loves us who carries us and one who delivers us Jesus said in John 10 11. I am the good shepherd and the good shepherd gives his life for the sheep So we have a living master who lay down his life for us only to take it up again. I Heard the story of an African Muslim who became a Christian some of his friends asked him Why have you become a Christian? And he answered well It's like this Suppose you were going down the road and suddenly the road divided in two directions And you didn't know which way to go and There at the fork in the road were two men one dead One alive Which one would you ask which way to go? See we don't go to a dead man We go to the living Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. That's what Easter is all about. Isn't it that he's alive Well as this has taken place and she's saying that she will carry his body for 16 Jesus said to her Mary She turned and said to him Roboni, which is to say teacher Mary There's just something about the way that Jesus spoke her name that cost her to instantly recognize Who this was that tenderness That personal touch That recognition how many times had she heard him speak her name and All it took was just him mentioning her name just saying the name Mary and she understood This is my savior. I Don't know how many people we have in this room who when you were in school perhaps you're still in school and maybe true of you right now, but For those of us who went through school and high school especially and and survived those four years I Wonder how many in this room were were the big men or big woman on campus? You know how many star athletes we have here? Whenever you walked into the campus or pulled up and the people will say oh there's so-and-so or Whenever you walked by people would say oh hi. How are you and people wanted to get to know you? That wasn't me. I'm just wondering how many of you actually experienced that Because I was not that I Was the guy who was you know, I had two friends Jim and Bill and I was the guy that the girls would say It's nice meeting you Jim. It's nice meeting you Bill and what's your name? I was what's your name? True story and so For me. I mean when I was 14 my mom bought me a pair of glasses I was going to grow into and There were there was a cartoon character called superfly and so my glasses were like half the side size of my head And so and then I had pants that I was going to grow into So I was quite the specimen. I was not the big man on campus ever And so what do you do when you're not the big person on campus or whatever the best known? Well, there are things within you that can happen and one of those things for me Was that I I would just begin to hope and wish that somebody would know who I am So I could I went in the direction of just doing things for people's attention. I did crazy things I did criminal things in order that somebody would say oh you shouldn't do that or David They'd say my name and I know it's a lot deeper than what I'm explaining it be But there was this inner need within me to be known by somebody cannot somebody please know who I am Please and I didn't have anybody that in my life. I felt really at that point cared So I tried to find my fulfillment in Relationships and discovered that there was no girl on campus or any girl that I ever met who would ever be able to Give to me the love and attention I needed. It just wasn't humanly possible And so that's why I didn't have successful dating relationships. It just didn't work Didn't work until one day. I heard a message called the gospel and The message told me something that's amazing the message told me something I'd never really heard before the message told me that there is a God in this universe the most powerful majestic holy God He knows your name and he loves you and When I discovered like Jesus said Mary when I discovered that Jesus also says David I Love you That changed my life Because I came into connection with the most powerful wonderful compassionate loving Person in the universe God and he said to me in his gospel I love you so much That I sent my son Jesus Christ To pay a price that you yourself cannot in your own effort ever paid You see God's standard being perfection and me being imperfect all have sin and fall short of the glory of God No matter how hard I could try I could never be good enough and I knew that Didn't take a whole lot of preaching to convince me. I was a sinner. I knew I was a sinner But I didn't know that I could have a savior who would actually accept me forgive me and change me I didn't really know that until I heard the gospel and Then out of eternity God's voice spoke Whatever your name may be as a Christian. He called your name And he said your name and So that changed me Because I was now forgiven. I was being transformed and I stopped looking to people To give to me the attention and cause me to have a sense of value Because if God loves me That's all I really need And when I discovered that I Actually became comfortable in my own skin When I became comfortable in my own skin I was able to be a real person and God ultimately brought a young woman into my life Who could accept me as a real person and not a caricature of what I thought she wanted and As a result of that I could be David Loved by God and loved by Marie God does that and so when Mary hears Jesus say Mary She knows immediately it's my dear master and she goes and she clings to him and he says don't cling to me The work has not been completed. I have yet to ascend Don't try and retain me here because I need to move to be with my father And as a result of that she told the disciples that she had seen the Lord and that he had spoken these things to her Which is what we're called to do too To tell others that we've encountered the Lord and that he has commanded us to share the good news of this gospel Jesus Christ is the Savior that God sent into the world We were separated from God through our sin, but Jesus took human flesh upon himself and he dealt with it Our responsibility in the salvation matter is to confess our sins repent and by faith to receive his offer of life To embrace him by faith and pursue him and as we yield ourself to him The Bible says we can become the temple of the Spirit of God and the Spirit of God himself will dwell in us He'll produce his fruit within us the fruit of love and the other things that are so necessary He'll empower us by his spirit to live for him He gives to us his word to direct our footsteps and he also writes his word on the tablets of our heart And he causes us to desire those above anything else and our lives very slowly, but very surely are changed Because we have a living master living within us directing us because he has saved us He's alive and we follow him and he has given to us life. How did we receive it? By confessing God Forgive me.  I believe that you died. I believe that you were buried But I believe you rose the third day and I believe that you can live within me And that's called being born again. And that's how we got saved. No other way By faith through the grace of God We received the living savior Jesus christ and he has transformed our lives


Okay, so today is March 23rd. By the way, this is not a cold sore. I have not kissed anyone at all. Don't think I have. You're funny if you think I have a boyfriend at all. This is called eating too many salty snacks and you have a sensitive mouth. But I was just playing games with my friends and he suddenly says, Frederick, have you heard back from UNC yet? Mind you, I applied to six colleges. These are all of them. And the majority of them said I'd either hear back April 1st, but apparently they're all March 28th now. And also, apparently UNC gives back earlier and doesn't email you, but you can check. So, my parents are downstairs right now. I'm not going to have them next to me because if I get rejected from the school, it'll be embarrassing because this is supposed to be an easier school to get into. But I have my school laptop here with me and I'm going to see if we got in or not. Ooh, status update. Alright, let's go. And I did not get in. Yeet. One, I'm not going to cry because I don't really care about the school that much. Still kind of bummed that the first college I look at didn't get into. Hopefully, I get into my dream college where it's NYU and it's not too much financial aid. We'll wait five days more until I get every college back all in one go at the same time. Alright, so we're in a parking lot right now. And, alright Fred, what are you about to do? My friend just told me NYU admissions are out. She got wait listed and I don't know if I'll get in. Alright, are you ready? Yeah. NYU was founded in 1831. It feels like I came out again. When I first came out, I felt like so much pressure went off my chest and this is the same feeling.   I'm ready to get rejected from U-Pen and Columbia. Anyone you'd like to, okay. Alright, time for me to get rejected. We gotta record your rejection. It's okay, I have my... Oh my god. It's okay. We have a camera too. I don't even care. Three, two, one. Okay. Yeah, rejection. I don't care. Alright, let's keep going. Yeah, I mean I got into NYU so that's all I need. Here we go. Columbia. This is it. Rejection. Oh my god. This is super hard. I need to lose weight. I got accepted into one college. So I have to go to that one college. Hey guys, so that's about all of the decisions for now. Temple has yet to give me one. I don't know why. It's fun though. If you couldn't catch what happened or if you skipped to the video. I went to one college, my dream college, NYU. So yeah, congrats for me. But I checked my financial aid package. And let's just say there was a lack of one because I received zero dollars. Which means I'll be paying $72,506 for the first year. And that will increase to around $80,000 for the fourth year. And I know most of these videos are like, Ah, I got in. Oh my god, I'm so excited. I mean, this is the honest truth. Like I submitted my CSS profile late. And for those of you who don't understand what I'm talking about. In the United States, there are several ways you can get money for your college. So FAFSA is one that the federal government can give you. CSS is one that College Board gives you. College Board manages the school education system. Most colleges don't require the CSS. It's mainly the upper ones. So like IVs and all of that. If you don't know what IVs are, just look it up. But NYU says that they require the CSS and the FAFSA to be submitted at a certain due date. I submitted the FAFSA on time. I didn't know CSS existed at the time. So I submitted that late by two weeks. And I guess that just meant I'm not eligible for any institutional or in state scholarships just because I couldn't submit it on time. And I'm like kicked off the roster for any scholarships. I'm gonna call them tomorrow. And I scheduled an appointment with my guidance counselor to see if there's any way to get any aid so it can be a little bit less than $72,000.  Like it was supposed to be a really happy day for me. And now it's just really sad because like everyone's congratulating me about getting into NYU and they're all like, you deserve this.  And yeah I am very happy for getting into NYU. Obviously like I know that it's so hard to get into it and a lot of people would die from the opportunity just to even get accepted. It doesn't matter getting accepted if I can't even go. But I have to go to sleep so yeah.


about parental decision-making and this is a little bit about how parents make decisions and it's a little bit about how the government makes decisions and a little bit about how money plays a role and how a format plays a role. So I don't have any monetary conflicts of interest but in full disclosure I am one I'm currently on the PDRT advisory committee of the FDA and this topic came from a case that we reviewed. So we're going to talk about the challenges of research in orphan diseases and you've just heard from other cases across the world from England and from Italy how desperate parents will go and how far they will go to find a diagnosis and to find a treatment. So we're going to review some specifics about Duchenne's muscular dystrophy some of the components involved in the challenges with these trials and then talk about some of the different ethical principles at play when trying to come up with novel treatments for these diseases. So people in general are aware of what orphan diseases are. So it's less than 200,000 people nationwide but not everybody knows that the FDA has a specific division dedicated just to orphan product development and the whole purpose of this is to expedite things that are potentially promising for these orphan diseases for these families that are so desperate. There's a whole branch of the FDA that's out there just to see how can you fast-track these things to market. So what do we know about Duchenne's muscular dystrophy? People are pretty familiar with it. It's the most common genetic condition. They present between three and five years of age and they often die in their 20s. It's caused by a specific mutation on the dystrophin gene and you need dystrophin to have your cell walls work. So this is a picture take us all back to medical school of the dystrophin gene and then you can see, you can see on here, but the red one is the dystrophin gene. So you've heard a lot about how people are willing to try everything for molecular genetics. So there is millions and millions of dollars looking at that dystrophin gene and how you can fix that exon skipping problem which is the molecular problem that causes to shift. So this is how the children present. Often they start with weakness. It's a clinical diagnosis, but then the parents all want to know what's their gene. Did they skip this exon or that exon? Because if they can quantify what exon was skipped, then they can rebuild the dystrophin and then they can walk and that's the hope of all of the parents. When children have Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, about a third of them also have cognitive impairment which goes into issues of a sentin, unconsent in terms of what their understanding is of what they're signing up for and then their life expectancies even today is in the early 20s and this is just some pictures of what it looks like over time. So what do we have for treatments? We know that steroids slow the progression of disease. We know that there's even more specific steroids that are developed just for this purpose and then it was a Tuplerson that was the first one that was all about the excitement of the exon skipping and so what they found in this trial and it was approved in 2016 and it was approved against the advice of the FDA committees and what it found was that it helps them make a better gene, but it doesn't help them walk. So it makes a better gene, but it doesn't change anything with their function. So when people looked at that, they said why was this approved? So the FDA initially said they were not going to improve it because they said yes, there's an increase in the dystrophin G. So when you look molecularly, there is an improvement, but when you look at the child, there's no difference. There's no change in how far they can walk. So the FDA mandated that there was a random months trial, the FDA expert committee reviewed against it. Big Pharma said to the FDA, no I promise you it's really going to work. Like this is the one that's going to do it so it got approved. And so as you can see, this is troublesome for people. So they say this drug was a worrisome model for the next generation of molecularly targeted therapies because there's a slight difference in the laboratory test. Then you have the community, the patient community is activated, you win approval of your drug, you charge really high prices and it's a win, right? If you're the CEO of SREPTA, you're golden. All you need is one drug. It doesn't matter if you've changed child's life, you can make a ton of money proving that you increased the number of dystrophin genes. So what are people going to do? So they're trying to do bigger studies, looking at a functional outcome. So how far can they walk? So this is a double blind placebo controlled trial of exon skipping treatment. And it's a phase three trial that's an open label and it has to do with which genes the boys have and in terms of whether or not they're eligible for this medication.  But it's important to realize when you look at this, for 96 weeks, which is a long time, they're getting weekly infusions of placebo. So they're going through a lot of harm in terms of needle sticks, in terms of procedures, in terms of all different things. There's also multiple if you look at this slide, muscle biopsies. So they're giving them a placebo, they're taking pieces of their muscle. And it's unclear if this is really making a difference. But what are the families thing? This is like, super exciting. Everybody wants in this trial, people fly all over the country to get to the center that has a trial. People are really, really excited about this drug. Keep in mind, there's no evidence it works. Zero. But everybody wants it. What have the families found? The families who are traveling all of these big distances are finding that our kids are getting stuck with needles again and again and again, because they have to get infusions. And so people are upset because they want this drug, they're getting placebo, but the kids are getting stuck with needles. So families actually brought this and they complained to the UCLA IRB. And then the UCLA IRB brought it to the FDA and said, we want to place central lines for a placebo. And this was specifically because earlier the FDA had said that you were not allowed to use a port in the United States because you cannot place a central line for the purposes of a placebo. In all the European trials, the kids just got central lines. So in March of 2017, that's when they had the complaint. And then it was brought to the FDA with a specific question. Can you place a central line solely for a placebo? And this just shows you that in their other trials that were done, the majority of the children did end up having a port place, which is an implantable central line. And these are just the different types of central lines. People have seen those before. So when the FDA brought everyone together, they said, is it okay? Is it acceptable to place an indwelling venous catheter knowing that for 96 weeks, which is two years, they're going to get a placebo for something that may or may not make a difference? And so that was a specific question for the panel. How much risk can you put a child through? And what are the limits of what people can decide? So central lines, does it matter if you put a central line in? Well, it does. There's up to 25% mortality if you get a central bloodstream infection. Again, this is for a placebo. And then there's also clot risks. And these are kids who have descents muscular dystrophy. So for the lot of the time, they're in wheelchairs part of the time. So they already have higher clot risk because they're not as active as other children. So it's not a benign intervention, again, for the purposes of a placebo. The FDA likes the word ought. So they always use the word ought in all of their questions. And the specific question was if it's ought to be allowed, how do you quantify it? Is it if the child's been stuck three times? Is it 30 times? How do you decide? Is it if the child feels that they're a difficult stick? Is it if the best nurse feels they're a difficult stick? How do you quantify these things? We've heard from everybody today that our first job is premium nono cherry first do no harm. So can you place a central line to give someone a placebo knowing that they could get clots, they could get infections and they could potentially die from sepsis. Or is it worse if they're getting the emotional harm because they're developing PTSD from all of the needle sticks. So beneficence is what we say prevails in pediatrics. I think the hard thing for the committee was to know what's really in their best interest. The children themselves, they all want a port. They want a port, they want a central line. They do not want needles. They are unified in that. So for the children that have a scent, they want a lot and the families aren't sure. And a lot of it has to do with how convinced are you that this molecular treatment in the 96 weeks that they get it is going to make a difference. So all of the children enrolled in the study, it goes on for four years, get two years of placebo, then they get two years of active drug or vice versa. But everyone is exposed to active drug over the four year process, which is why people were so motivated to get in the study. So we talk about autonomy. We talk about the children's autonomy. Living with Duchens muscular dystrophy does give these children more maturity than other children in terms of understanding about their body. And they do have extraordinary needle phobia. So what are the limits to this? We've heard a little bit about resources when we heard about how governments make choices for vaccines. And we heard about jockey McMath and how people moved to New Jersey because you can get it paid for in New Jersey. So who's going to pay for the subsist related admission for the central line that was placed for a placebo? When otherwise, the child has no other indication for a line. So I think there's big picture questions in terms of who's going to pay for this, or should surrept the people who are going to make a billion dollars when this gets approved? Should they pay all the hospital costs associated with the study? And how do you determine what's a cost related to a study? And what's a cost related to a complication of a line that was placed for the sole purposes of administration of a placebo? And then if you're going to say this is okay, should the families know? Look, if you get admitted for a blood clot, you're going to have to pay for that admission and your insurance costs could go up. Or if you're in the hospital for a long time with subsist, you're going to have higher co-pays. I think families, I think in medicine we often never want to talk about the pay or piece of it, but it has big implications for families in terms of if they end up having to pay portions of all of these admissions. So what are the rules of government? We already know from our tepsilon that that was fast tracked against the advice of the FDA committee. Should the FDA legislate what kind of central line was indicated? And what are the limits of governmental involvement? We certainly heard this morning about oftentimes that all the governments across the world making very bad choices. We've heard about judges making bad decisions. Who really should be making this decision? So at the end of the day, when we had to vote, I did vote yes, that they could place a central line, that it was permissible. I think one of the things we can talk about, because I was hoping we could have some conversation about this, is really talk about what you think you would have done, and what you think the right way is to approach orphan diseases, where there's no way to get a real outcome of a functional study without subjecting the children to some risk first. So at the end of the day, there are select circumstances where it may be appropriate to have a child undergo risky procedures for research purposes. And how do we move forward with this expedited process for promising treatments, while simultaneously prioritizing patient safety and minimizing the therapeutic misconception? And I've left lots of time for discussion, so we can talk. It was approved at the FDA level that they could place a central line for placebo administration. The reason it was justified was that over the span of the four years, for two of the years they'll get the central line, and for two of the years they'll get placebo, and for two of the years they won't. But for the purposes of the study, based really on the motivation of the family and the people, so it was the family members of the children with Duchenne's who brought it to the UCLA IRB, and it was the UCLA IRB who brought it to the FDA, and it was very much driven by the families of the children with Duchenne's who wanted central lines, and they did not think it was fair that all of the international studies in Europe, the children had central lines, and their children were being stuck 18 times, and all these families came with videos, and all the audio, and how many times they were stuck, and these really extraordinary, you know, this sense from the family that they were participating for the greater good of every child with Duchenne's, but in the interim their child was being tortured by all these needle sticks, so it was very much a family-driven initiative, but it was approved that they could do it, and they are getting ports. Do you have a question with the children knowing they were possibly disabled? Yes. Informed consent. Yes. Controversial. Yes, Dr. Massal. The current state of care is to have all these children on steroids, too, which is non-trivial in a setting of doing these lines, and the data historically for children who like had shortcuts and had lines for four years is everybody's having complications of those lines, not a one percent or a five percent, and those complications are awesome. By that I mean there's stroke, there's clots to kidney. How did the parents treat this as oh, it's just a central line, and I go how were they really informed of what the bad possibilities are? I think that's a great question, and I think people were really swayed by this concept of PTSD, and what are you subjecting the child to? Certainly as an ICU physician, I'm acutely aware of when sepsis goes wrong, when clots go wrong.  The focus of the conversation really was around the trauma of the needle sticks, and people felt as though the line infection and the risks of sepsis were a lesser concern, but clearly I think it's a huge issue. But there are ways to manage the pain of frequent needle sticks better than doing central lines. That's what's crazy. I agree with you a thousand percent, and that's why at our own hospital there's all sorts of different protocols out there about the freezy spray and the fuzzy, and all these different things you can do, both for guided imagery for needle sticks and for decreasing the pain of needle sticks. Really it became more a fact that it was so repeated, and they were running out of IVE sites because they had to have so many different IVs for placebo, but I think it's very controversial. So they do have a dating safety monitoring board, and they did to say that it was okay. It's complicated, right? Because the FDA told them to do this study. They said we're tired of your head-to-head comparisons, we're tired of your gene thing. The only way you're going to know if this makes a functional difference is to do a placebo control over time. Oh I agree. No argument from the ICU. Okay, well just gives you food for thought, so things to think about. We're going to move on from the topic.


Hello viewers, we are going to talk about strategies for nurturing self-concept. It is very useful to understand the nature of self-concept and then be to adopt different strategies for its development specifically in adults. It is very necessary that we to spend some time with them.  We to listen them and we to appreciate them if they are going to do good things. Or if they are sharing, if they are using good words, if they are sharing good ideas, then we have to admit them and we have to admire them and accept them.  You are very important for us and you are very competent because of your own abilities and your own potential. Or we have to spend some fun time with them. Or we give them opportunity to enjoy. Let them shout, let them play, let them to activate themselves. And in these mayors, in these activities, we to avoid sort of criticism. So we have to be patient and patient. And it is possible to make mistakes. But at that time, it is not so useful to use different types of harsh words. And avoid to deliver lecture, long story. Or repeat 10 times a day. Not necessary. Simple. If we want to convey message, that can be conveyed only in a single word sometime. Or 1 time a day, that will be enough. That is the quality time of the children for the development of their potential and ability. And let them do. And this quality time should be encouraged and it should be expanded. And it should be used for their nourishment. In this, their interest, let them to do activities according to their own interest. And sometimes we try to give them direction according to our own interest. Which is not useful for them. And in that, if they are interested, let them be master in their skills. Or make their skills better. Execute their skills, exercise them, feel them and develop them. Or ultimately maintain them. In this, there are some such rules and regulations. From time management, self management, food drinking, etc. We do follow sort of rules. If we want to eat, then we have to do some responsibility. Meaning, while eating, we have to eat with full focus. For example, I am telling you. And when you have to be in the game, then you have to be comfortable in it. You have to wear the same clothes that are available in the game. Similarly, small things should be done according to a custom. Meaning, after evening, it is not appropriate for the child to be out of the house. It is not appropriate. It is a custom. You should follow it. And you should tell this to the child. The child should follow it himself. And we should check it with confidence. And in this, there is a mistake. There is a mistake. We have time. And it is a part of life. It is a part of activity. But it is that we do not make it so crucial and very harmful and very reflecting that we are standing on it and to get rid of it, first fix it and then move forward. So, we should give a chance to move forward. And there is a mistake. When we give attention to it, then it is the first and the most important thing to resolve it. And we should understand it that we are stepped towards resolving that challenge or that problem. And in this way, there are many emotions that we help our children in managing them. And ultimately, it helps them to control and manage emotions in their self-concept that they develop themselves in this way. When it comes to the expression of emotions, it is also a leading role in their self-concept that they can understand their own expression of emotions. That will be helpful for the maintenance of their emotions and also development of the self-concept. Thank you very much for being with us.


Let's close your eyes and picture an x-ray image. You have likely pictured something like this, whichever part of the body you've pictured, it was an image with your bones. This is possible because x-rays cannot pass through your bones. This property is known as radio opacity. It is possible to get an x-ray image of your gastrointestinal tract, primarily your stomach and intestines, but we must somehow block x-rays from passing through the soft muscle and tissues. In this had to take an x-ray of your gastrointestinal tract, you would have had to ingest a barium meal. It appears to be a white chocolatey liquid, but is in fact a suspension of barium sulfate, which is an insoluble white solid. A suspension is a mixture of an insoluble solid and a liquid. Since the two components are not in the same phase, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. Think about it as sand in water. Sand is obviously insoluble in water. If we let the stand, the sand particles settle at the bottom. If you've ever taken medication where the instructions say shake before using, it was likely a suspension. The same scenario occurs. The medication, which is an insoluble solid, settles at the bottom of the container. Shaking ensures that all the solids are interspersed evenly throughout the liquid before consumption. The same must be done for a barium meal. Most barium compounds are highly toxic. However, the ingested barium meal can safely pass through your body without being absorbed. The barium meal is a bit like a worm crawling through the soil. The worm, like the barium meal, is not absorbed by the soil and passes through intact. When it comes out of the soil, the worm is still a worm. Since the barium sulfate is highly insoluble, it is not absorbed by your body. If you've ever had to consume it, you will find that it has a very chalky taste and it's very thick and dense. Sometimes, flavoring agents are added to mask this chalky taste. As it passes through your gastrointestinal tract, it mimics the density of your bones. Since x-rays cannot pass through, an image can be produced. Therefore, this barium sulfate compound is radio opaque because it prevents x-rays from passing through them. In medical terms, it is a contrast agent because it improves the visibility of certain parts of your body. In this case, your gastrointestinal tract. Another contrast agent used is an iodine-based dye injected through blood vessels to obtain an angiogram. An angiogram is an image of your blood vessels at certain parts of your body. So to recap, it is possible to obtain an x-ray image of your gastrointestinal tract by consuming a barium meal, which is a suspension of barium sulfate in water. It lines your gastrointestinal tract and prevents x-rays from passing through. Since barium sulfate is highly insoluble, it passes through your system safely.


There are currently over 13,800 firefighters on the front lines of twelve large wildfires across California. On Friday, firefighters gained full containment on the Cranston fire and quickly stopped progress on several new smaller fires. Here are the latest numbers on six of the largest fires. Containment on the Holy Fire in Orange County more than tripled overnight, thanks in part to limited spread to the west. The Holy Fire will continue to impact subdivisions along the foothills of Riverside County, but as of Saturday, repopulation is beginning to take place. Containment up to nearly 30%. Forward progress on the Ferguson fire in Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County has been stopped. Containment on the Ferguson now at 82%. The Donnell fire in Tuolumne County continues to have just 5% containment. Yesterday, air support dropped 42,000 gallons of retardant along the Highway 108 corridor. The Donnell fire now over 23,000 acres. The Mendocino Complex fire, which this past week became the largest wildfire in California history, burned another nearly 18,000 acres overnight. It is now over 500 square miles larger than California's largest city of Los Angeles. Containment up though by 7%, now at 67%, over 250 structures destroyed. Shasta County has two large fires currently burning. Today is day 20 on the Car Fire, which has now burned over 186,000 acres. Firefighters worked through the night to build and improve containment lines. Containment now at 55%. And the Hat Fire in Shasta County. Just over 2,000 acres, firefighters continued working in steep rugged terrain to increase and strengthen containment lines, containment at 25%. A red flag warning remains in effect in many parts of Northern California, including portions of the Car Fire, Mendocino Complex and Hat Fire through this evening. For the latest on any of the wildfires currently burning in California, you can go to the Incident page on the Cal Fire website, that's fire.ca.gov.


Tom is head of the Energy and Environment Division at the International Energy Agency, and the title of his talk is CCUS in the Clean Energy Transition. Over to you, Tom. Great, thank you. Thank you very much, Sara, and hello, everyone. Good morning to you. Thank you for joining so early US time. Here at the IEA, we review all aspects of the energy sector, and produce lots of data and reports and publications on the policy side, the technology side. And I might start off with one of our most recent and well publicized reports, which is our net zero report, which came out just a few weeks ago. Here, the IEA made it clear that there can be feasible pathways to net to achieving global net zero emissions by 2050. That was the headline. And it's one pathway, and obviously there are an infinite number of pathways depending on countries, circumstances, wealth, resources, and so on. And so that's a caveat with our scenario, but really the point is that it's feasible. And we can start now implementing a range of different policies to deliver on it. We start off with a story of what the different what the trend might look like in terms of the different pathways over the decades. And here we see first the breakdown in terms of the fuel pathways going decade by decade up to 2050. And we see clearly the expected reduction in fossil fuel consumption over the over those decades completed with the growth of CC us in that pathway. So clearly on the electricity side, we spit out the electricity side because a major element and a near no regrets element of all decarbonization scenarios is growing electrification of the energy sector. So looking at how that sector changes within the different decades here as well. We see not only the growth, but the changing composition away from the today's where we have a vast bulk of unabated fossil fuels to the growth. A huge growth clearly of solar and wind, and other renewables, but also the growth of CC us in the power sector so power sector, it started off being talked of just in power. The talk in recent years has also stretched into industry and other sectors, and it will be in our scenario it's a component of all three sectors, not least because as you'll see here. In 2050 there's quite a significant hydrogen consumption in our scenario, and that's partly delivered through what people call green hydrogen so produced through electrolyzers using renewably sourced electricity. And there's also the blue hydrogen and then the hydrogen that's produced with fossil fuels or synthetic fuels combined with CC us. It's CC us is relevant in in every part of that chain is here. We see how significant incident begin to this by today's standards, compared to where it got to grow to in 2050 so in terms of the story of the scale. So here we get some some very big numbers and some very strong growth rates. And here again, you see the different breakdown of where in our scenario, we would expect to see the growth of this CCS. Of course, they're clearly a lot in the electricity sector but as I was saying, it's in electricity, it's in industry, it's in fuel supply that I mentioned hydrogen, but it's also in the biofuels side, where it can lead to negative emissions of course when we combine that with with bioenergy and carbon capture. And then there's tax as well to if you like the cherry on the top is that there is tax in this as well. That's, again, a detailed breakthrough look through the pathway, the scale and where we're expecting CCS to grow. And given that it's a hot topic we thought it's it's worth touching base with with other scenarios around the world. In particular, given the climate discussions focus on all of this, how things stand of comparing our scenario compared to other scenarios. So here, we just flag up what our scenario looks like compared to the the vast range of other comparable scenarios from the IPCC report, and to pick up CCC to capture in particular you'll see that we are very much airing on the conservative side. We do so also when it comes to CO2 removal and with bioenergy supply. So it's higher than most scenarios when it comes to hydrogen supply so that's, it's an interesting witness test of where we stand compared to everybody else. But then if we go back to the question of scale. If this is what we're putting in our scenario, then, and that's conservative. That means that the numbers when you look beyond the energy sector grow even larger. That's something to bear in mind friends that this scenario is is focusing on the energy sector and achieving zero in the energy sector in 2015. When one takes global scenarios of global emissions. It's as often as not, there are scenarios which require more to be done in the energy sector to compensate for the great difficulties in delivering carbon reductions in other sectors. And that can lead to requiring more negative emissions in the energy sector, and therefore more CCUS. So that's one reason why we're being conservative. But again, the scale is pretty pretty great the rates of growth are pretty great, all things considered. So those are the projections. And let's have a look at where we've gone in in recent recent years. And here the growth rates are not quite the same. So you'll see, starting from relatively low base in 1980 putting our data. Most of the development most of the projects have been associated with natural gas processing. And then more latterly, very recently in fact, we've had projects that have been developed in other sectors in fertilizer in fuel power generation so on. So it's very much at the demonstration phase but these are projects I guess a lot of you are familiar with, and it's necessary to have given the diversity of the applications of this technology. It's, there's, there's fresh learning curves in practically every sector so we need to start off with the demonstrations to just be before there's any, any hope of repetition of this project in in the same sectors. That's the starting point. And clearly we see 2020 has been a big jump. And that's one of the interesting policy messages that comes out I guess that with with the global talks, growing more serious around 26 and global commitments to net zero and I think there are now 57 commitments around the world to net zero emissions by 2050. And that kind of strong credible policy message is is building confidence in the sector. And so we're getting greater numbers of project proposals and announcements, funding announcements, and support as well. Scaling up. I have some experience of it I showed the graph there are trends over the last 40 years or so. And here, there is some of the classic lessons you'd expect to come out of an embryonic industry there's learning by doing questions of the different players are learning so to site layout and to modularization to break it down, not treating CCS all as as one indigestible whole, but breaking down into its component parts makes everything much more comprehensible and and more easily scaled up bit by bit. So the research element that goes into it. This is clearly one of the technologies which still requires major research investments and innovations. In fact, we've said for our net zero scenario that almost half the emissions reductions that we need to deliver on the net zero scenario are coming from technologies which are immature, not yet commercial and need need major innovation and R&D investment to support them to get through the valleys of death and to start the scale up and to bring down costs. So here we've got some experience and as I mentioned, a big jump in 2020 to have more than 30 new project announcements and over 8 billion US dollars committed to projects and their development. And with some of these projects we are seeing major major cost reductions, some depending on what we compare with what we've seen reductions of 20%, 35% in some cases, new projects doing what was done only a few years ago have achieved a 70% reduction. So these can still be very much case specific. And so we can't hope for ongoing 70% cost reductions annually for years. So in our scenario we actually assumed minus 35% cost learning learning, learning factor and cost reduction over the years. So we didn't come from scaling up. The other aspect to mention in terms of scaling up and learning is the impact on operating costs as opposed to capital costs. So here again, optimizing of maintenance strategies, resource use can play a great role in reducing costs, whether it's, I won't go into the risk going into the dangers of technicalities here of increased comprehension efficiency and digitalization and so on but these are the types of things that are being developed as new projects are being planned and announced and set up. And all of these can have significant impact on costs. So the scaling up will help in terms of learning it helps in terms of capital cost reduction, and it helps in terms of operating costs. The other aspect to flag up in terms of scale and cost reduction is the improvement in business models that comes with learning. Again, breaking it down into the separate components of capture transport and storage really allows us to zoom in on the different elements of the different parts of the value chain. For instance, shared transport and storage infrastructure cost is one element which has had a lot of news recently the, the European to created for instance a port hydrogen hub which was bringing together industrial hubs with a range of different expertise and skills and existing infrastructure and getting thinking all of that through to work together as a hub for for new hydrogen sources, combined with CCS and storage and transport option. So bringing together different players to have that kind of hub thinking is another factor that can be bringing bringing costs down in the scaling up. So those are few of the factors that we we highlight in in our report the report we produced last year was a zoom in on on everything you wanted to know about CCS around the world. So this report is the different cost aspects and the policy story, looking at where we, where we expect the, the, the accelerated CCS to happen. This is just a look at a different improvement by 2030. And here we see the growth factors up by by a factor of 20. In the mix, there's still, as I mentioned, quite a lot in the power sector so significant retrofitting of existing power, but also of industrial plants one of the, one of the questions that the world faces as we decarbonize is what to do with existing infrastructure. There's a lot of existing new infrastructure and particularly in Asia there's a lot of existing pretty new infrastructure, which has to be retrofitted or repurposed or converted for it to be. For not to end up being a rate major risk and stranded asset, and yet being part of a decarbonization strategy, then there's the question of how does all of this happen. And given it's it's a, the state of play, there's multiple elements that a government can bring to making this happen it's government combined with cooperation with industry of course. And here, given the timing that people are now talking or given the focus on on net zero by 2050. And that's, that's global. So that requires that some countries will be faster some were slower, and the faster country that means delivering net zero, or even negative emissions well before 2050. So that means there's plenty of room for CCS to play a role in different pathways of different countries around the world, even before 2050. But for that to happen, and we need urgent action in terms of setting up the right frameworks, they're creating the right commission conditions for investment, and that includes putting a value on emissions reductions, using carbon pricing or sell some other form of giving a value on that on those reductions, providing funding and whether that's support tax tax breaks contract for different regimes, other forms of subsidies, this is still necessary for demonstration plants get moving forward. So there's a needs to be a good discussion about the legal and regulatory frameworks around all of this. Some of the issues, and we've, we've thought through in in other fields in the oil and the mining industries for instance, some of these areas of these areas of the US, but this needs adaptation to the, to the world of CC us so there needs to be an exploration of the different aspects of the legal and regulatory regimes, social with a geology or the particular areas we're talking about. And associated with that is the question of, of judging the risk, calculating the risk and allocating the risks, some of these risks are things that can be monetized and born through insurance and the private sector. Others may be for the government to bear. So, all of these issues need need thinking through. And then there's the question of targeting the development of industrial hubs I mentioned the example in the EU of ports and hydrogen and storage and transportation being grouped together. So it's a matter of identifying those kinds of opportunities and deploying CCS in cooperation with industry, discovering those regions, and also building up the business model to do to allow that they can be developed as part of, of capture. Separately they can be development of storage. But at the same time we need to ensure that there are the transport or the transport infrastructure. There to ensure that these, these different parts of the market are able to interact and we do actually create a market with the right infrastructure. So I think I list here again the questions of storage, looking at the geological aspects. Again, there's a lot of experience in, in, in mining or gas industry, which can be transposed into this. So that's another aspect we talk about in terms of the scaling up is the fact that there's a lot of job job repurposing in the industry to help deal with these issues. And then there's just a question of boosting innovation again the, the, the need to support through ongoing R&D of the development of new technologies. And to accelerate the different sub, sub components, the key applications of different technologies again, whether that's in the capture aspect storage, transport, and so on. So that's a quick run through the scale, the overall big picture that we're talking of the comparison with historical developments to look at how that can change and how that indeed is already changing. And then a look at both where that's going to happen and the policy measures that we need to support that scaling up. I think I'll leave it there happy to take questions. Thank you very much. So the first question you had a chart earlier in your presentation that showed most of the CCS that's been done to date has been in the area of gas processing. Yet most of the CO2 that's being emitted is actually from combustion flu gas. So in terms of their learning by doing how much does the learning that's been accomplished in gas processing help us do combustion of flu gas CO2 capture. I didn't put a number on it. It's in broad terms, when there's there's learning from from from the oil and gas sectors today. But how replicable that is, how much thinking and adaptation that needs given the different geological circumstances or the changes that's, it's, I guess the point is that we're not starting at zero. So there's, there's not complete learning to be done. But yes, there is an adaptation of thinking or adaptation to the local circumstances. You mentioned also that half of CC us gains are going to come from technologies that are not fully mature. So who do you see will enable the de-risking of these technologies as it will entail significant funding. Well, there's a there's a wealth of policy instruments to talk about there in terms of sharing that risk. And it can can come partly through through non-monetary measures through improving the regulatory environment, improving the policy environment. I mean already the jump we've had in 2020 comes really from a sense that pure in pure political terms, the world are taking this much more seriously than hitherto. So that that already is providing a reassurance to the industry that this is not an extravagant folly that this is this is a clear direction of travel. And in fact it's a direction of travel which is unchangeable and getting faster. And that's just from, from policy from political messaging. So that can be done with that policy messaging, then there's a regulatory framework, and the more we can create a regulatory framework that answers a lot of industries questions whether that's in terms of liability, or the other aspects of the regulatory regime. That as well will have a direct impact on project costs on on project risk assessment and lower the capital costs of the development. And then there's just there is the money. And that that comes from the wealth of different instruments we have in some places, we've got good clear carbon prices which are providing a signal. But in most, most places everywhere in fact for these types of technologies, that kind of carbon pricing signal must be combined with other forms of support. You've got a good, a good regime in in the US in terms of tax breaks support with the California scheme or the federal scheme these these are good initiatives, which have monetized that that support and made it a broadly successful instrument. And then there's pure research funding that, again, the US is putting billions into to drive forward more of the primary research. And basically, I think, whether we're talking CCS or other novel technologies. It's really a matter of every type of instrument being necessary. And there are good practices around the world of different instruments that work. So there's really not a shortage of different instruments to apply. And it depends all of them, whether they're political policy, long term vision, regulatory, legal or financial, all of them need application storage is something that's not been discussed much in the seminar so far so I'm talking geologic storage here. How do you see public concerns about storage, you know, sort of nimby leakage issues things like that being addressed when we have a whole lot of opposition to even things like enhanced electrical grids and offshore wind. Those kinds of infrastructure which are sort of considered climate friendly are getting a lot of opposition so you know where does geologic storage fit in and how are we going to deal with public perception issues there. Well, in that sense it's it's it's a bit like your your other example it's it's a very well known issue and barrier to any kind of change and innovation. We have some degree of learning about how to deal with these issues. In terms of trying to explain trying to develop local policies that bring in local communities to make sure that there's a dialogue with all relevant stakeholders that we can put as much information out there as you possibly can to try to to to educate and inform. So, this is the case. It's the case with with with all technologies. It's growing as as awareness and as the sense of scale of CCS grows, then it is a growing issue in terms of storage here, but the messages that the concerns, if you like, are the same and the tools of addressing them are the same. The engagement requires putting the information out there. It requires demonstration to show that the risks that are reportedly out there are not there or not as great or manageable. And that we can have the reassuringly robust regulatory or legal or financial liability relationships there that can address them. Thank you very much Tom and thank you very much for your talk.


Bullying. Responsibility of the parent and the school. Bullying is the use of force, coercion, harmful teasing, threats, and abuse that is always dominated on the individual. There are many warning signs that are indicated that someone is affected by bullying, either being bullied or bullies themselves. Recognizing the warning signs is an important first step in taking action against bullying. Not all children who are bullied or who are being bullied ask for help. A child has a right to be educated in a clean, safe environment without any obstacles that are going to be obstructive to learning. The school has a duty of care to provide it and the parents have a duty of care to pay for the services that the school is actually rendering. First, let's examine what makes bullying such a trend? Why are children indulging in it? Most students that actually enjoy bullying are actually a product of a bullying environment. It is important to understand that your environment makes 90 percent of your character and when you're subjected to bullying in that environment the tendency is that you continue in another environment. Those are just statistics, it doesn't mean it actually applies in all cases. There are certain things that parents don't consider as bullying and they consider it as their child standing up for their rights. So we have to look at critically what do we understand by bullying in each and every in each and every environment as well as in each culture. What is the way forward? It should be no tolerance, no tolerance, zero tolerance, no child should be subjected to bullying and we really do need to stand up and make sure that that is the case. Where is the research that there's been bullying, especially in Nigerian schools? We hardly have many cases because most parents or most children don't come out and say they're being bullied because they're still in the target environment. What does the constitution have? What does the constitution say? And it is clear that the constitution says that a child has the right to be educated and that education should be quality education. But however our public schools and federal schools have let us down. We are seeking respite in private schools. The act of collective school fees, acceptance fees and all ridiculous penalties have driven the issue of no accountability of private schools to the government. We can't do it alone definitely but we can do it together and we don't have to wait for another child to die and we don't have to wait to know that these children have the rights under our constitution. In my opinion we have let these children down as citizens of Nigeria but more so the government has also let them down. We can look at the notable case of the Chibok girls. What's happened we don't know but Sylvester now has come and this is a situation we find ourselves. Most schools have not been monitored since inception and in every state there is a department of quality and assurance who are supposed to monitor schools but most of them have not had that inspection since they had inaugurated their schools years ago. What are we saying now the monitoring in the ministry they've all become elephants in the room. I think very interesting comments I mean by Helen but I really think that one of the things I was going on here is a case of when you know you build high walls and fences to protect yourself against intruders and that you don't care about what is the actual cost and eventually your walls get climbed upon by those people outside you. I remember many years ago while doing a lot of advocacy around issues in Lagos state and I went to the office of the then attorney general and he said one thing said that he's very very worried. This was almost about the what's going to happen in Lagos over the next couple of years and because those things are so what is happening here which is what Helen is pointing out we have had all those schools we've all left the public school system because we felt they were not good enough but they did it many times I mean Carol cries from different angles for all of us to actually put an eye and ask questions as to what exactly is going on in there who's advocating for teaching training who's pushing for standards and so now the private schools that we all ran to and paid through our nostrils and felt that they were good and now letting us down so maybe really you know as Helen's advocates to say responsibility of parents and schools be your parents who have children in schools responsibility of adults to say we want the education system to actually be looked into we want to call on the ministry of education across all the states what are the standards what are the monitoring boards and like when Helen said about qm evaluation monitoring evaluation I think that I mean I may have a slight I don't know because I have worked in the education space for a bit and interestingly yes it does go all after well but they do come to the schools and one of the challenges that school owners have is that of course when they finally come there's a lot of their other requests that come into play and so you literally can't do the Nigerian and go and get away with some things exactly which which is which is what I was going to say corrupt again yeah that someone needs to monitor the monitor that's unfortunately the monitor the monitor because if you think you don't think it can cause direct debt but indirectly because somebody is going to actually think you are right the truth is like I said there are laws in place there are rules if you look at the system there's actually a system in place there who is enforcing it and then who is making sure that the enforcer is enforcing it so it's levels and levels of irresponsibility and in discipline and corruption that is just we need to enforce the enforcer to enforce the yeah absolutely yeah so so what what is what is our solution we know we have to regulate we know we have to monitor how like on me I'm ready with placard to start I don't know how much that is going to do no you see I start holding accountable so we need first of all there's need to there's the need for research what is supposed to obtain whose responsibility for what then there's not need to ask a where does the box stop and then when you now start going okay say one look you know that in any system in a society you have the three tiers of government you have the media you have civil society and the realities are those last two arms the informal arms of government the media and civil society are fairly society because at the end of the day you need galvanized organized movement if they're going to have chaos they're going to have riots and then the government comes back again to say we're keeping the peace so you're going to have to say okay so this is where it is what are the things that they're supposed to enforce and how do we ensure that this goes on because it has to happen we have to start making demands we've said that we have to start demanding for accountability right I believe in process as well one is yours I mean so that's how it starts it starts as an echo if you know it is a resounding you know explosion that they can't stop but be accountable so I kind of see it three ways and I think Helen you you kind of touched on these things one is the actual physical movement right two is that you actually have to come up with sincere regulation yes something that actually works and I was on a podcast with our fellow advocate Kunle and Helen a couple of days ago and Kunle made a great point in that there are laws that exist but they're so vague you know to uphold the rights of a child what does that mean what are the human rights of it it's so vague that it's just left to a wide amount of interpretation so we also need the the lawmakers to go back and actually make laws that are enforceable before you can even enforce very clear yes Helen would you want to give a last word before yeah um my thoughts really is the fact that um how do I put this that it doesn't sound funny we really at this point really need to have a physical action you know we've been having actions against government this government didn't do that nobody has really come out and stood the ground for education we need to come out at least maybe go to the governor in a group and let him know that we are tired of our children when I was in school if you were in a private school that means that you are so dull that you could not pass any federal school that was where we were now private schools whether you pass or you don't you're in there we need to go back we really need to go back and I my personal opinion is that let us for the first time ever come together march for education government office or minister of education if not for anything for the children who have died for the children who have died and go there and let them know our hearts and then we leave it like that and then we continue on the corner and pushing like we're doing at it is now absolutely absolutely a good way forward so we have Elijah up and it's a very very interesting topic so please stay with us after the break