review and give an opinion on in this way or give some kind of assurance in what type of standard should a review be based on? So generally established by groups of experts. So when we think about the standards, when we think about if we're taking a look at something, for example, the financial statements, then we of course need to compare that to something. We need to say, okay, how is this thing going to relate? How do we know how can we give assurance? Well, usually we're going to find some standard standards that we're going to take a look at. Standards usually being created by experts. If we're talking about financial statement audits, standards set by financial reporting framework. So if we're talking about financial statements, audits, usually the thing we look at when we're looking at audits, we're looking at some kind of framework, the financial reporting framework to go by normally, that's generally accepted accounting principles gap. So normally in a normal audit, we would say, Hey, here's the financial statements, we're going to dig down on them and see if they are in accordance with the rules to generally accepted accounting principles, do they adhere to the generally accepted accounting principles? Now note, if we could have other standards, though, financial reporting frameworks that we're looking at. So for example, if you're getting a loan from the bank and the bank is willing to accept a cash basis, or willing to accept financial statements that are in accordance with the tax code, then that might be good enough, we might be saying, okay, now we're reviewing this in relation to the financial reporting framework of the IRS tax code or a cash basis. So how is financial reporting framework used? So CPA firm performs an audit in order to gather evidence to issue an opinion on whether financial statements follow the financial reporting framework. So when we think about, if we're thinking about gap as the financial reporting framework, then of course what we're going to do is say, okay, how can we prove that the financial statements are in accordance with gap? Well, we're going to go and we're going to try to gather evidence, we're going to basically make a case for it. And then we're going to give an opinion as to whether they do conform or they don't conform based on the evidence that we're going to draw. So what type of a test engagements are there? There's going to be examinations, there's reviews, there's agreed upon procedures. These are going to be the most common items. What's an examination? Usually that's an audit, an audit when involving historical financial statements. So when we think about examinations, we're generally thinking the audit and that's the highest assurance CPA can offer. So that's when we think about an audit, that's the highest assurance. Now note, we're not talking about IRS audits, tax audits usually. When we talk about financial statements, we're talking about the assurance of the CPA assurance of the financial statements generally. That's going to be the context of the audits in this case. So what's in a review then? It's much less in scope of procedure than an examination. So an audit is going to be the highest examination that we can have. A review is going to be much less. So we're going to do a lot more digging. We may not go out to the company's site as much. It's going to probably involve a lot more testings that are in-house ratio analysis things we can do in the office and therefore it provides only limited assurance. So sometimes that might be all you need. If you're talking to the bank and you're looking for a loan or what not a company needs a loan, maybe they don't need an audit. Maybe they just need an assurance. Maybe they don't need us digging into a full audit. That would cost a lot more money. If the bank only wants reasonable assurance with a review, then that may be appropriate in those cases. Of course, a publicly traded company is required to have audits and non-publicly traded companies may have many types of situations where review would be a good way to go. Let's take a look at a chart here. So if we had an examination, we're saying the assurance level is high. So we're going to say we're given high assurance that the financial statements that we're talking about in audits are correct. That means that the risk of a material misstatement is low. So if we look at the financial statements and you say, what are the odds that there's a big misstatement on the financial statements? Well, if it's been audited, the risk of a material misstatement, a misstatement that would be relevant to decision-making, is low. It doesn't mean there's not in-material misstatements, but if it's in-material, it shouldn't affect decision-making. So assurance report, we're going to issue a report for these things. And usually if we're talking about an audit somewhere in the standard report that we'll take a look at later, it's going to say in our opinion. So that's going to be, it's going to be in our opinion. It's going to be part of the report. Procedures, we're going to choose from all available procedures in any combination that can limit risk to a low level. So we're going to do a lot more procedures in the audit. We're going to do the analytical procedures. We're also going to pick from procedures that we think can lower the risk. And that could include going out to the actual site and digging through things like invoices and whatnot, and actually observing things and whatnot. And then we have the review. And remember that a review is a lot less. So we're going to have the assurance level is only moderate. It's not as high a level of assurance if we're doing a review as opposed to an audit. Therefore, the risk of material misstatement is moderate. So if we're looking at the financial statement, what's the risk that there's a material misstatement? Well, it's moderate. There's a higher risk than if we did a full audit and examination. If we do a report, our report would say something like, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made. So you can see that that's a lot more kind of lawyer-y and not giving a full assurance there in that. So we're giving a reviewed opinion there. And notice we're never going to say in the report that we guarantee anything because that's legally not a smart thing to do because it could expose to liability. So in this case, we're saying we are not aware of any material modifications. All right. So often limited to inquiry and analytical procedures. So what are we going to do in a review? Usually it's going to be more of the stuff we can do in the office. We're going to do, you know, ratio analysis, probably, and compare the numbers from last year to this year. We're going to do some ratio analysis in there and see if there's unusual circumstances, unusual information. We're probably going to do a lot less of going out to the company and digging through and doing more observations and that type of thing in the review process as compared to the office.


Welcome back. Today we're going to talk about cybersecurity, just very basically how cybersecurity works and some main concepts in cybersecurity. I really recommend, I guess after this course or during this course, looking up more about cybersecurity and how cybersecurity works. I'm just going to give the basics now to get us started, but it's a whole field by itself and very very interesting, very related to digital forensic investigation. So cybersecurity attempts to protect networks, computer programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access. Basically, cybersecurity is trying to protect the information that you need to be protected, that you want to be protected. This is extremely difficult to do, as we talked about in the first lecture. Cyber criminals are very active and there's a lot of cyber crimes going on. And cybersecurity also usually involves thinking about security first, and most people and most organizations don't really think about security first. They think about profits or quickness or access, all of these things. And cybersecurity makes things more difficult for them and for the attacker. So cybersecurity is normally kind of an afterthought, which is why we have so many cybersecurity issues or cyber crimes happening now. So cybersecurity is very difficult to do. We want full easy access on demand. So think about if you come home and you get on your computer, you don't really want to type in a password. You don't really want to take time to load up a website. You just want everything now. So whatever you want, you want it immediately. The problem is if you can access it immediately, criminals can probably also access it immediately. So if you don't have proper security in place or any type of restrictions, then criminals or whoever is trying to use your data will also not be restricted, probably not be restricted. We don't want others to have full easy access on demand. So we want easy. We want other people to not have it easy. But trying to do both of those things is very difficult. A balance must be found between openness and the level of risk that we're willing to take. So on your home computer, you might have pictures of your family.  But the information to you maybe is not so valuable, and to a criminal is also not very valuable. So the risk to you is relatively low. Now, if we think about an organization who has all of their intellectual property on a hard drive, if they lose that intellectual property or it's somehow leaked out, maybe their business goes bankrupt, right? So their intellectual property or protecting their intellectual property is very high risk because it could make criminals a lot of money and it could result in the business going out of business. So we need to think about security in a little bit different ways in both of them, but we need to think about security in both of them at least a little bit. And right now, most people aren't thinking about security. So think about your phones, for example. How many people have actually put any type of security programs on your phones or even passwords on your phones more than just a quick kind of scrolling lock or something like that. How much do you think about updating your phone software, updating the apps on your phone, keeping them up to date, not installing random applications that you don't know where they came from? So most people are not really thinking about security very much because they think nothing will happen to them. But we know that cyber crime happens all the time to a lot of people in a lot of different ways. So cyber crime is actually pretty likely. One of we're talking about cybersecurity. We can talk, there's a relatively easy cybersecurity model you can think of. It's called the CIA model. It's a model used to guide information security policies within an organization. So there's a lot of different models and some are, I think, better than the CIA model, but I'm just saying it now because it's very easy to get your head around so you can start to think about security. So first off is confidentiality. The C in CIA is confidentiality. And confidentiality means only those who should have access can access sensitive information. So only those who should have access can access the information. Again, think about your phone. Is there anyone who maybe shouldn't be able to access everything on your phone that could if they wanted to? Or your computer. Is there anyone who could definitely access all of the files on your computer even though you probably don't want them to access everything? Or cloud storage, emails, chats, anything like that? Most likely there's somebody who knows how to get into your system or knows how to get information from your system that you might not want them to get everything, right? So maybe you're lacking confidentiality, some confidentiality. Now, this is a big problem in organizations because confidentiality means we have to restrict people from accessing different things, but people want access to everything very easily. So again, we have to strike this balance. Next is integrity in the CIA model, maintaining the consistency, accuracy, and trustworthiness of data over its life cycle. So how do we know that the data has not been modified? How do we know it hasn't been tampered with or changed in some way? For example, your bank account. How do you know that somebody has not gone in and modified the amount of money that's in your bank account illegally or taken some money out? Or if you send an email to somebody, how do you know that somebody didn't stop the email in the middle whenever it was being transferred and then change something and then send it? All of these things are possible, but we have more or less some ways to check the integrity of the data that we're sending to make sure that data is not modified whenever it's not modified whenever it shouldn't be modified. And availability. Those who should have access can access data whenever they want. So this, I think the most common way or a well known way that availability is manipulated is through denial of service attacks. So if you think about a government website or just a website, if you want to stop people from accessing the website who should be able to, you do a denial of service attack and then they can't access the information on that website. So it brings the website down. So confidentiality, integrity, availability, if you can, basically information security is trying to maintain all three of those things. Now, all three of those also require some type of balance. You can't necessarily have all of them at the same time, but you should be thinking about all of them whenever you're trying to think about securing data. So now what is data? Data, CIA applies to data and information that's in storage or in transit. So if something is in storage, it's on your hard drive, it's on your computer or your phone, and it's not going anywhere. It's not being sent anywhere. We have to think about protection of data on a storage device a little bit differently than protection of data that we're sending. So for example, if you write a letter and you put it in a desk drawer, somebody could come in, open the desk and take the letter out and read it. But if you send the letter, you put it in an envelope and you send it through the mail, then there's different risks. Somebody could intercept the letter and then open it up and then read it. So the idea is that the information in the letter has different risks depending on what you're doing with it. If it's just in the desk drawer, it's probably more secure than if it's being sent unless people can get into your house. So for example, storage would be hard drive, tape backup. In transit would be anytime you send data over a network, over the internet, to a cloud storage device, anything like that. The lifecycle of the data describes its use for the time it was created and the time it was deleted. So data has a lifetime, basically. Data and information. Information, so for example, information that we know today. Yesterday it would have been very valuable, but today maybe everyone knows it, so there's no value in that information anymore. Information and data have a lifetime and usually the older the information gets, the less valuable it becomes, depending on what the information is. So this includes how data is stored, analyzed and transmitted. The value of data. Data has a value in the form of information it provides. So whoever controls data really controls the information and they control a lot of things if they can control the data. The value of data is usually limited in time, like I said. Cyber crimes attack each area of the CIA model. So for example, stealing credit card numbers or other personal information for sale could affect the confidentiality of the credit card number. So if we're attacking confidentiality, we might be stealing personal information and then selling it, so then that way it's not confidential anymore. Stealing trade secrets for sale or blackmail, stealing passwords to access resources or social engineering, which we'll talk about more in another lecture. Integrity changing the contract payment accounts electronically. So if I can access contracts that you have where you say that you'll pay me a million dollars, maybe I can access that contract and change the bank account so you send the million dollars to somebody else. So that's attacking the integrity of these accounts and cyber criminals do this all the time. They intercept the transaction or they intercept the contract, change information and then send it on. Using a virus to modify data of a competitor or just trying to manipulate the competitor's data in some way. Availability, like I said, DDoS attacks make the competitor lose money or reputation, face, things like that. CryptoLocker blocking access to data on hard drives. So right now crypto lockers are fairly common where you get a virus and it encrypts all of your data and then it asks for money to decrypt the data. We'll talk a little bit more about them but basically don't pay those.  So you're unlikely to get your data back even if you do pay. CryptoLocker blocking access is an attack on availability so you want to access your files but you can't. The best way around that is just keep a backup of all of your data that's important to you. Confidentiality relies on the identification of an object or person that we need to keep confidential. We need to, we can keep it confidential through something called access control lists. We restrict who's accessing the information. We can keep it confidential through data encryption. So if we encrypt the data other people can't access it unless they have the key. IDs and passwords and biometrics. So again in confidentiality all of those methods have their own weaknesses but it's what we can do now at least to try to keep things a little bit more confidential. Think about have you actively used encryption on your files to keep them confidential? Probably not. They're probably unencrypted and anyone who gets access to your computer can probably get access to your sensitive data. Integrity usually relies on change detection and backups so we just try to monitor and see when files or when data is being changed or modified in some way and how. We use something called check sums which we'll talk a lot more about later. Data backups things like that to ensure that if something is modified we can still recover it. Integrity should be maintained while data is stored which is not very difficult and while in transit while we're sending it which is pretty difficult because once we send it away from our network we don't really have control of it anymore. So integrity is a very big challenge in transit. Availability usually maintained through hardware duplicates and updated software. So making sure that you have some sort of redundancy in place that way if the information that you're looking for is somehow compromised or the computer breaks or whatever there's another computer that can take over for it. So big companies have a lot of different servers and if one server hard drive fails then all of the other servers take over for this hard drive so they have basically full-time availability. Ensure the hardware is in working order update all system software. Software that's not updated is more vulnerable to different viruses or exploits which means that I could potentially take over the computer and take it down or compromise confidentiality or integrity or availability. Configure redundancy so again other computers that can take over if one computer fails or backups in case some data is lost or modified in some way and consider disaster recovery. Disaster recovery and information security is a big field so for example if a neighbor if there was a earthquake and neighbor in in Chunchon kind of fell into the earth and their servers stopped they probably have some sort of backup recovery in another town maybe not even in Korea that could take over for all of the services that they're providing. Consider software-based solutions like denial of service prevention and firewalls we'll talk more about that in a little bit. Cyber security attempts to make it difficult for the majority of attackers so you're not going to be able to prevent all different types of attacks but you can make it difficult for the majority of attackers there's lots of people that are trying to compromise systems for a lot of different reasons and our job basically is to not be the easiest target and right now it's very easy to take over a lot of different systems because people don't update they use bad security practices or don't think about security at all so attackers can can compromise their systems pretty easily. Computers on the internet are being attacked all the time usually by viruses or botnets so automated programs designs to take over systems or compromise systems in some way computers are being attacked all the time. Whenever I put a computer online within the first five to ten minutes people are already scanning me and trying to attack it's just automated systems learning about computers that are online. Attackers focus on easy insecure systems so if you have not thought about security at all your system is probably easy and insecure okay many systems have almost no security configured basic security practices can prevent the majority of attacks so if you just do basic basic security things like keeping your system up to date then a lot of security attacks will be stopped immediately. Attackers also focus on high profile systems where they can potentially gain a lot of money and potentially a lot of fame so if somebody can gain money or fame they're more likely to do those types of attacks than just taking over some random person that's generating no value for them. Basic level cybersecurity again the biggest thing is update all of your software keep everything up to date. Windows 7 for example is now out of service so Microsoft no longer supports Windows 7 so I've seen people who are still running Windows XP which hasn't had any security updates for I think a couple of years now so if you're running Windows XP you are completely vulnerable and your systems probably already taken over. If you're running Windows 7 now it receives no security updates so you should be updating basically to Windows 10. You need to be at Windows 10 right now and keep Windows 10 up to date if you're using Windows but that's the same for OS X Mac or Linux any system that you have keep it up to date otherwise you're more likely to be compromised in some way especially if you're using it to browse the internet and things like that. All software on the computer can become a vulnerability if it's not updated regularly so keep software up to date not just the operating system even programs Microsoft Office hand go word processor whatever you're using update it access controls restricted accounts so another big problem is that computers let users do basically anything they want on the system so restrict the accounts so you can't do everything right that means that if somebody tries to take over your system they can't do everything either like install more viruses or whatever they want to do reduce access rights for your accounts and require passwords for the administrator account to get privileges to be able to install software that should be restricted does the device need direct access to the internet most likely no very few I think in only very special cases do you need to be directly connected to the internet so instead you can use some sort of firewall or maybe a wireless router with a firewall configured as a first layer and then it becomes much more difficult to connect to your computer and take over your computer directly so very rarely do we need direct connections to the internet we can use some sort of firewall or intermediary basically yeah and then for I guess businesses more than more than normal users check your logs very often so if you're running a server check your logs and figure out what are people trying to do whenever they connect to you is anyone attacking you what types of attacks are they can you prevent them any strange logins any strange connections or errors antivirus antivirus is very questionable you should use antivirus and you should keep it up to date but at the same time it's not a cure-all like new types of viruses have found ways very good ways around antiviruses so you should have them but you shouldn't keep all of your trust in them using antivirus plus good security practices I would prefer good security practices over an antivirus actually but you still should have it if you can make sure it's up to date here I said you use regional and global antivirus for better protection so for example there's v3 in Korea it's a Korean antivirus company and for Korean or Asia I guess base attacks it's pretty good but it will miss a lot of global stuff so I recommend if you're going to use an antivirus try to pick a local one and try to pick a global one and run both of them at the same time and keep them up to date again good security practices restricting access to your system will probably work better than antiviruses and it's cheaper don't use secure systems to visit unknown or unrelated websites so I've seen some for example cafes or restaurants where they have a point of sale system running windows and they will use that to visit a music streaming website okay but their point of sale system is where they do all of the credit card transactions so if they visit a website that has a virus on it their computer gets a virus and now whoever owns that virus can get all of the credit cards from that computer so just think about what do you do with your computer and is there any information on here that is high value or high risk if it is don't go to unknown websites online with it yeah many current attacks focus on compromise of the browser the browser is the main way to connect to the internet now so a lot of viruses use the browser vulnerabilities to try to get into your system always use the newest updated browser if anyone is using internet explorer anymore it has been irrelevant for a very very long time and very insecure at least use microsoft edge which is the new kind of like new internet explorer do not use internet explorer it's no longer basically even supported what's what i've seen in terms of security google chrome seems to be one of the most security conscious with probably firefox second and then i think edge is starting to come up and opera so i would go with probably google chrome and firefox make sure you keep them up to date google chrome updates itself automatically you don't have to do anything you just have to start it so make sure that you have automatic updates you're using the latest software and especially the latest browser if you're using internet explorer still you're very insecure and it's very likely that you're going to be taken over so i know that's a lot of different things to talk about with cyber security but like i said cyber security is a very big field there's no one way necessarily to do it right it really depends on the risk you have so what do you want to protect yeah so i really recommend looking more into information security how to protect yourself that will help you whenever you're doing an investigation to figure out why was this victim compromised how were they compromised things like that so yeah information security very big very interesting area we just kind of scratch the surface so please look up some more about it thank you very much


Hello students, let's work out the following problem. It says construct a triangle ABC in which BC is 7 centimeter angle A is 60 degrees Altitude AD is 5 centimeter write the steps of construction also So let's now move on to the solution. We have to construct a triangle in which BC is said 7 centimeter so we first write the steps of construction the first step is draw a line segment BC equal to 7 centimeter So this is the line segment BC which has length 7 centimeter now the second step is draw angle CBX equal to 60 degrees So you make an angle of 60 degrees CBX using the protractor the third step is draw the angle YBX Which is of 90 degrees So this is the angle YBX which is of 90 degrees That is an angle which is perpendicular to the line BX now the fourth step is draw the perpendicular bisector mn of line segment BC such that it intersects BY at a point O and let D be the point of bisection on BC So mn is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment BC and it intersects mn It intersects BY at the point O and D is the point of bisection of BC Now the fifth step is with OS center and OB as radius draw a circle So we have drawn a circle with center O and OB as radius Now the sixth step is from D Mark a point on mn which is at a distance 5 centimeter Since we need to have altitude as 5 centimeter So this is a point P on mn which is at a distance 5 centimeter from D so This distance is 5 centimeter Now the seventh step is draw a dash through P a dash is parallel to BC where a and a dash at the point of intersection with the circle So we have a we have drawn a line a a dash through P which is parallel to BC Now the last step is join a b a dash b a dash So we have joined a b ac a dash b and a dash c So the required triangles in which BC is 7 centimeter And the altitude is 5 centimeter and angle a is 60 degrees Or a triangle abc and triangle a dash bc Therefore required triangle triangles are triangle abc and Triangle a dash bc So these are the two required Triangles that this completes the question and the session Must write all the steps of constructions So bye for now. Take care. Have a good day


Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Samasa in Paninian Grammar 2. As is our practice, we begin our lecture with the recitation of the Mangala Charana. Vishvesham sacchidanandam vandeham yo khyalan jagat, charikarthi baribharti sanjari harthi li laya. In this course, we are focused on the three types of samasas namely avyayibhava, bahuvrihi and dvandva. We have so far studied the theoretical background required for the process of compounding. We also studied parts of the process of derivation of the samasas step by step where each step is generated as an output by this application of the sutras of panini. Then we started studying the avyayibhava samasa and we are studying 2.1.6 in detail. Avyayibhava samasa is an important type of samasa in Sanskrit. It can be represented with the help of this particular equation where we have x and y as two different independent units in the form of word form as well as meaning. These two separate independent units are semantically interrelated. So the speaker decides to merge these units into one unit. So x and y, so x plus y and then the output generated is xy. This is one unit. In xy, x is shown with the bold characters. It has got a purpose. X in bold characters indicates that in this particular unit, x acts as the head of the unit in terms of the word form as well as the meaning. So x is going to be an avyayibhava samasa and in the avyayibhava samasa, x that is an avyayibhava acts as the head formally as well as semantically. Then it's not a surprise then that the avyayibhava samasa behaves like its head, namely the avyayibhava occupying the first position. Of course we know that an avyayibhava samasa is also an avyayibhava. So the word avyayibhava expresses this delicate situation quite explicitly. An avyayim avyayim bhavati. So in xy, only x is an avyayir, y is not an avyayir, but the output xy becomes an avyayir. So an avyayir, something that is not an avyayir, avyayim bhavati becomes an avyayir, that is avyayibhava. We say that in the ashtadhyayi, the avyayibhava samasa vidhayaka sutras are stated from 215 up to 2121. Avyayibhava is 215 and anyapadharthecha saudnyayam is 2121 and 2122 incidentally is takpurushaha. The samasanta prateja vidhayaka sutras related to the avyayibhava samasa are stated in a small bunch of sutras namely 5.4.107 up to 5.4.112. These are the suffixes which are added at the end of the compound. And then we have svara vidhayaka sutras prescribing the accent of the avyayibhava compound namely 62121 etc. Then we started studying 2.1.6 and the sutra is avyayim vibhakti samipa samraddhi vriddhi artha bhava atyayya asamprati shabtapradrbhava pashchat yatha anupurvya yogapatya sadrishya sampatti sakallya antha vachaneshu. This particular sutra as we have already said consists of 2 padhas. First one is avyayim which is 1 slash 1 and therefore it becomes upasarjanam by the sutra prathama nirdishtam samasa upasarjanam and then it occupies the initial position of the samasa by upasarjanam purvam. And then the second padha in this particular sutra ends in 7th case 7 slash 3 which indicates the semantic conditions. And we listed down all the semantic conditions one by one and the meaning of this sutra also namely vyibhaktiyadishu arthaishu viddamanam avyayam subantam samarthena subantena sahasamasyate avyayibha Suite samasobhavati vibhaktiyadishu arthaishu viddamanam avyayam subantam samarthena subantena sahasamasyate avyayibha café samasobhavati is that any indeclinable subanta denoting the sense of vibhakti, etc. is compounded with any other semantically related subanta and the resultant compound is called a vyayi bhava, I repeat. These are the four semantic conditions that we are studying currently. We have already studied vibhakti in the previous lecture. Now, in this particular lecture, we shall study samipa, samraddhi and vriddhi as the semantic conditions, where samipa means near or close, samraddhi means prosperity and welfare, and vriddhi means failure or loss or want of prosperity. Let us study them one by one. First, let us study the semantic condition samipa. Samipa means near or close. This condition requires interrelation between two padhas unlike the previous condition vibhakti which required only one padha. Thus, the basic concept of samartha is fulfilled. The proximity is denoted by the indeclinables upa, etc. along with the sixth triplet that is shashthi added after the nominal root pratipadhika whose meaning is near. Now, let us take an example. When we say near the jar, the laukika vigraha is kumbhasya samipam, kumbhasya is shashthi. Now upa represents samipa because in this particular sutra 216, avyayam is mentioned in prathama, the indeclinable or avyayam occupies the initial position of the compound. So, we have upa plus su plus kumbha plus nas. This we have already seen is called the laukika vigraha of the samas transforming the laukika vigraha in the technical terms. We also said that it is this stage where the process of compounding is considered to have actually begun. At this particular stage upasarjanam poorvam has already applied. So, upa plus su has taken the initial position. Then 2471 applies and so it we have upa plus zero plus kumbha plus zero. And then when we join both words together, we get the form upa kumbha as the finally derived compound output which means the same thing as kumbhasya samipam near the jar, upa kumbha. After which we input the word upa kumbha for a sentence and so we have upa kumbha plus su which is a supratyaya 11. And then because upa kumbha is an avyayi bhava samasa which ends in short a after bhava. So the sutra now avyayi bhava atom tuva panchamyaha applies and substitutes su by am. So we have upa kumbha plus am as the next derived step. And finally after the application of the sandhi rules we get the form upa kumbha. This is the prathama ekavachana. When we derive the tritya and saptami ekavachana we would get upa kumbha as well as upa kumbha. Upa kumbha as well as upa kumbha by the application of the sutra tritya, saptami and bhava. We shall use the samasa upa kumbha in the sentence in the following manner. Bhojanam upa kumbham vartate. Food is near the jar. Bhojanam upa kumbham vartate. Similarly we can say bhaktaha upa krishnaam sandhi. The devotees are close to krishna. This is how in the semantic condition samipa the avyayi bhava samasa takes place. Let us proceed to the next semantic condition which is samraddhi. Samraddhi is raddhe hai adhikyam. That is excessive prosperity or excessive welfare. Now this meaning is the qualified element. When whose prosperity element becomes the qualified. Then gatithat purusha takes place. This is an important fact about this particular semantic condition. So we have madranaam samraddhir vartate as a statement. Madranaam adhikyena raddhir vartate. This is what samraddhi means. Madranaam adhikyena raddhir vartate. There is excessive prosperity of madras. So now we have su as an indeclinable which denotes samraddhi. It occupies the initial position of the samasa because in the sutra 216 the word avyaya is mentioned in the prathama-vibhakti. Su is an avyaya therefore it will occupy the initial position in the samasa. First it will become upasarjana-saudhnyaka by the sutra prathama-dhirdishtham samasa upasarjanam. And then it will occupy the initial position by the sutra upasarjanam uvurvam. So now we have su plus su. The first su is an avyaya. The second su is the vibhakti prathaya. Plus madra plus arm. Then 2471 applies and we delete both the su prathaya namely su and arm.  When we join them together we get sumadr as the finally derived compound output. Now the compound output sumadr ends in short r. Now when we use sumadr in the sentence we add the su prathaya after it. Here we add su which is the prathama ek vachana prathaya. Now this su will be substituted by am on account of the sutra. And so we have sumadr plus arm and then we apply the sandhirul.  So the sentence would be sumadram bhartate. There is excessive prosperity of madras. Similarly sumadham bhartate. There is excessive prosperity of magadhas. Note that in this case sumadra and sumadr is actually acting as a noun. In these output compounds the meaning of the indeclinable is the head. Namely samradhi which is the meaning of su. It is the qualified. And the meaning of madras and magadhas is the qualification. When madras and magadhas are intended to be the heads. Then gatitat purusha takes place and will get the forms sumadraha as well as sumadraha. But that we have already dealt with in the first course on samasana. So in case of avyai bhava we will get the forms sumadram and sumadham. And this will also act as the karta of the sentence. Now let us look at the next semantic condition which is called vryadhi. Vryadhi is v plus radhi. Radhi is prosperity. V means viruddha, vigata, etc. So vryadhi means failure or loss or want of prosperity. The tradition interprets this word vryadhi as ruddhe hai abhavaha, absence of prosperity. Since the word abhava is also mentioned here. There is a doubt that arises in the mind of somebody which is recorded in the tradition. How is this different than the artha bhava as a semantic condition stated in the same sutra? And the explanation is the following. Artha bhava means absence of an entity. Here absence of the entity is not intended, the entity exists. But absence of the prosperity of that entity is what is intended. This is the difference between ruddhe hai abhavaha and the artha bhava. So when the meaning is loss or want of prosperity of yavanas, yavananam vryadhi, that is the laukika vigraha. So what it means is yavananam ruddhi vigamaha. Yavanas were prosperous at some point in time. But now that time has passed and now there is loss or want of prosperity of yavanas. So now this meaning vryadhi will be represented by the nipata or the avyayur dur. So we have dur plus su plus yavanan plus am as the laukika vigraha avakya. Then we apply supodhatup pratibdika yoho because of which su and am are deleted. So we have dur plus zero plus yavanan plus zero. And then finally we get the compound output dur yavanan. This compound, avyayibhava compound ends in short r and therefore when we proceed to use this samasa in the sentence, we add the suffix su after it. So we have dur yavana plus su and this su is substituted by am on account of the sutra navyayibhavad atom tvapanchamyaha, 2483. Since this dur yavana is an avyayibhava samasa which ends in short r, so su is substituted by am and then we have the sandhi taking place and so we get the form dur yavanan as the padha. When we use it in the sentence, we will say dur yavanan vartate. There is absence of prosperity of the yavana. Now in this case as well dur yavana acts as the karta of the sentence. Similarly dushakam vartate. There is absence of prosperity of the shakas. There is absence of prosperity of gavadika and the sentence is dur gavadikam vartate. Here the absence of yavana or the shakas or the gavadika is not intended. naccha iha yavananam abhavaha kintu tadiyayaha raddherabhavaha yavaniyavriddhi abhavasyaiva pratitehe because we have the experience of the absence of prosperity of the yavana and not that of yavanas themselves. Therefore this condition is different than artha bhava. Note that the output compound in this as well as the previous semantic condition behaves like a noun. dur yavanan vartate, sumadram vartate, sumagadham vartate and so on and acts as the agent of the action. This is another function played by an indeclinable artha avyaya in the form of avyayi bhava samasa. So in this lecture we studied three semantic conditions samip samraddhi and vriddhi and how these conditions are the basis for forming an avyayi bhava samasa. All the examples taken here they end in short a therefore the sutra now avyayi bhava atantva vanchanmyaha applies and substitutes am in place of the respective pratyayas except of course the panjami pratyayas. Next we shall study how the processing of the avyayi bhava samasa happens with remaining semantic conditions and how that processing progresses to derive the final output in the form of a nominal root or prasipatika and how that output behaves in the sentence. This we shall study next. These are the texts referred to. Thank you very much.


All right, so it's Christian the work from anywhere guy back today today We're talking about four ways that you can create your passive income sources this year And what I'm talking about specifically is how to find that idea because we talked about before how digital assets Or what will give you passive income? So in the real world, we have real estate and we can rent that real estate out and we get paid rent checks every single month Now that requires building a house or buying a house and that requires lots of money But if we take that to the internet that concept of creating what's called an asset Which is something we own that throws off cash flow then we can do it for so much cheaper So today no matter where you're starting whether you're already middle of your career. We're just getting started Here's four ways you can find your passive income idea this year idea number one is solving a problem you already have so Back around 2012 or 2013. I looked in my wallet and I had about 27 different credit cards Insurance cards IDs passport all these things now I hate having bulky stuff in my pockets and so I thought to myself what if there's a way to have this all on my phone So I didn't have to leave home without it But I could take it with me and not have stuff in my pockets And I couldn't lose it and it's backed up and if I travel to another country and all my stuff gets stolen I can just log in on my computer and see everything I need to see Now at the time nothing really existed out there to provide the solution for me So I thought what if I created an asset that took care of this problem and I went out there and I paid somebody $1,800 in India to code this app for me called wallet plus We released that on the iPhone store and soon after that it was in the top 10 finance apps in the app store Wallet plus that was my first case of digital assets And I learned that if I just solve problems in my own life and create a solution for that Then probably other people want that solution too So while I created the solution for myself, I can just license that out to people over and over again So the first way to find out your passive income idea for this year is think of what problems you have in your life That you'd like solved take out a piece of paper and a pen Write down what you're annoyed by what bothers you what processes are tedious And try to think if you could create a passive income solution to that something you create once You can give it out over and over again to people and they'll pay you money So number one what problems do you have in your life? the number two way to create passive income is Think about what you do in your free time so the screenshot right here that is 700 something dollars from a course that I sell on snowboarding you can see that's in one day It's a normal day. We didn't do a launch or anything. Here's another one over 700 again So snowboarding is something I like to do as a hobby in my free time. I'm not a certified instructor I didn't go to school for this nothing like that. I just said, you know what I like to do this I've learned some things along the way. I've been doing it in a while. Why don't I help other people do that too? Now when I first started selling my snowboard course I thought people would want to learn advanced techniques and so I spent months and months creating these instructional videos on advanced Tricks on a snowboard how to hit jumps how to hit rails things like that What I found out is that 80 or 90 percent of the market needs to learn Snowboarding from day one so we went out there and we created a big beginner product It took us one day to create We taught people, you know, this is a snowboard. This is how you strap in. This is what the base of the ski area looks like Here's how you ride the lift Here's how you go down the mountain for the first time and that actually sold better than the advanced product so if you're thinking yeah, I have hobbies, but I'm not like a pro at them or anything You have to remember that most of the market is beginners And so you can sell a solution to absolute beginners just by being an intermediate at whatever you do in your free time So idea number two is create a digital asset It could be a coaching program or it could be a course around something you do in your free time and just help Beginners get started remember that we're gonna focus on beginners that way You don't have to be a pro and we can create the simplest possible solution to their problem So instead of spending months like I did creating the advanced solution you can spend one day creating the beginner solution The number three way to figure out How to create your passive income your digital asset this year so you can become what I call a digital landlord is Whatever you do at work So I was in getting my haircut the other day as you can see I got a fresh cut and I was talking to my hairdresser About work and income and she owns this hair salon this business and she has to deal with employees and rent and all this stuff And I said have you ever just thought about teaching people how to start their own hair salon Because she's been through the ringer on the business side of things She knows how to find the right building how to do the marketing how to bring in other Stylus and rent space from her she knows how to do all of this And so she just turns that into a blueprint basically a clone her operating manual And she just sells that blueprint over and over again. She can scale that to the moon. That's unlimited income So that's the asset she creates she rents it out could be a coaching program or a course and She's just cloning what she already does at work. So no matter what you do at work Chances are you could help somebody either get started in that career So I've seen developers and coders sell courses on not how to code But how to get a job in coding or I have a friend who has a very successful company Teaching people how to get a job in management consulting So you don't actually have to teach them the thing that they're going to do You can just teach them how to get started doing what you do So pretty much no matter what job you have if it's desirable in any way You could start a course create a digital asset teaching people either the skills you need for that job or more importantly The strategy to get into that field So that's number three what you do at work number three way to create your digital asset and make passive income this year Is just clone yourself. Whatever you do at work every single day teach people how to do the same thing And the number four way to create your digital asset this year If you don't think you have any special skills You don't have any problems in your life that you unsolved You know, you don't have any hobbies that you do in your free time Even though I think all of us have one of those three then you can actually make money just referring Tools that you already use in your life And so I'm a business owner. I don't know if you are yet But if you look at your business you probably use software and tools and things like that maybe even courses And we can use what's called an affiliate program where we get paid half the commission to just refer that tool out So this is going to have an upside and a downside the upside is you don't have to create your own asset here Somebody has already created the asset The downside is you're gonna make a little less right? You might make 50% But think about it this way in real life with assets a leasing agent on a property You know a property manager might make 10% if it's short-term rentals They might make 30% right so that's taking somebody else's asset running it out and getting paid for it Now on the internet not only do you not have to manage tenants and the property and everything? But you can take somebody else's asset and you can rent that out for 50% or 40% So go find the tools the software that you're using and if you just start referring that out You can start getting a cut just like a leasing agent gets a cut or a property manager gets a cut in the real world for renting out assets So one of my favorites is quick funnels if you want to check that out. There's a link below here That's 40 or 50% and again this requires publishing So usually if you already have an audience or you want to create one where you post on Instagram or YouTube all the time This is a great way to have digital assets and become a digital landlord without actually creating that asset yourself So those are the four ways to become a digital landlord and create passive income for yourself this year I think you know no matter who you are and what your life situation is you can do one of those four Now something I like to do is a little exercise to figure out, okay How can you replace your income with passive income so that you can quit your job forever? Now all you have to do here is take your required monthly income Which in the United States is about 5k a month for somebody with a bachelor's degree is what they make if you have a master's The average is around 8 or 9k a month Just take that amount and divide it by the value of that asset that you're gonna be selling So in in number one. I was selling iPhone app So I sold that for $1.99 so it have to divide 5k month by $1.99 and I have to figure out Okay, I need about 2,500 customers a month to be free So that's gonna be my target for passive income from that asset and with that asset to create 2,500 Customers a month not me by working Number two the snowboarding thing we sell that for you know anywhere between 20 bucks a month all the way up to a lifetime play in at $200 So again, I'll just divide it and you can see I mean much fewer customers With that to hit my target income to make passive income and quit my job Number three I sell what I do at work Usually you can sell what you do at work for a lot more than what you do for a hobby And so the price point and that's gonna be much higher So I'm gonna need much fewer customers selling what I do at work Then my hobby to hit that target income and then the last one is the affiliate Revenue the cool thing about this is it can be recurring every single month But again, that's gonna be usually a lower price point depending on what you're selling We're just gonna take our target income divide it by the cost of that product or cut and that's gonna give us Our target customers per month now if we can hit that target customer per month, we're free We're done with the job. Okay, we have our assets producing for us And we spend our time actually building more assets. That is the digital landlord way Create the assets the assets bring in the money you spend your time building more assets So over time you have more and more assets that create more and more money. So it's not that you're not working We just call that passive income because you've already done the work You've already created the asset and you spend your time building more assets And that's how you get a really really high income over time. Now if you're wondering how do you become a millionaire? How do you make a million dollars? Just take the million dollars and divide it by what you sell that asset for right? So if you sell your asset for a thousand dollars Then we're gonna need about a thousand customers to make a million dollars So do the digital asset math right there figure out What do you need to do to replace your income? And what do you need to do to make a million dollars figure out which of those four ideas? You're gonna use to create your passive income this year and in the next video We're gonna talk about how to grow out go out there and actually get your customers to pay for building that asset So if you think about buying a house, how could you get the tenants to actually pay for that house? So you don't have to spend any of your own cash on it We're gonna do that but for digital assets So don't miss that next video in order to do that go ahead subscribe to the channel You'll get notified hit notifications until then it's Christian they work from anywhere guy throw in the comments One through four which one of these ideas are you gonna use this year? I'd love to hear it I'll read all the comments respond to you. See you on the next one


Today, I'm going to create an entire backroom's level in under an hour, and the timer starts right now. So the rules are simple. I need to create an environment, a theme, a classification, a story, and I need images to help with the world building of it all. I also need a level name and kind of just a general ambience of the entire place. Most levels in the backrooms are created over days or weeks, but I'm going to try to do this in under an hour with a full fledged story and lore and all that. If you enjoy it, leave a like, I've never done anything like this, I hope you're watching it, I know it's different than my normal stuff. So first, I'll make the rough level outline, and then the second half of the video will be me explaining the level in the usual Brookly style and format, that way you kind of get what the level is all about. So now, let's make the rough outline. So off the bat for sure, I want this level to be safe and like nostalgic and liminal for sure. And I kind of have the vibe I'm going for. I saw a picture on the Liminal Spaces Twitter the other day that really piqued my interest and it kind of had me getting this world building and I'll make the lore after this. But this is the picture I found right here. I'm going to base the entire level off of just this picture and we're going to get, you know, tons of world building, tons of other stuff like that. But this right here is the base picture of the level and let's go from here. So yeah, I'll use this as the main picture and then I kind of want to have like a flooded house as the main ambience and vibe with the level. So let's just look up like liminal flooded, flooded house. So yeah, something like this would fit perfectly. This is also from the Liminal Space Twitter, even something like this, you know, just something, something like this too would be would be cool with that too. Yeah, this is going to be awesome. I'm getting so many ideas right now. Like my creative juices are flowing out of my ears right now. You see that? So I want the ambience to be definitely like, I want it to be like soft rolling water and then I want it to have like dripping sound effects. Loneliness and maybe maybe some like echoes. Just right now I'm just jotting down these quick notes just to have an idea of what to write. But before I do more pictures and more world building and that kind of thing, I need to come up with a name for the level. This is the picture right here. I want to keep it simple. I don't want to go too crazy. Sometimes I feel like levels get a little too crazy with the names. Let's call it House of the Water. Let's actually do English to Latin. Let's see what this translates to. Domus Aquae. That's the level name. That is cool. I like that a lot actually. Wow. So we'll do Domus Aquae as like the full level name. That's kind of more out there kind of crazy kind of weird. It's better than House of the Water, I think. So yeah, that's perfect. Domus Aquae or Domus Aquae, that's so much better. And like I said, I want it to be safe like a class zero. So if we can get like a back room's class zero difficulty. See, I will use this. So there we go. Now we have the environment, the safe nostalgic liminal and then like the ambience of the soft rolling water, different sound effects, you know, loneliness, echoes, nostalgia, that kind of thing. We also have the theme and the name, which is like House of the Water. And then Domus Aquae as the full name. So now I just need to come up with a way to flesh out the story or like the tale on how to get here. I'm definitely thinking you enter like via the pool rooms, maybe like level seven or level 4000, the last phobia. It's definitely going to be entered from a water level. I'm actually leaning towards the pool rooms. Yeah, we'll enter from the pool rooms and we'll just say an unknown way for now, I might come up with it when I start riding the level or I might just leave it as unknown. That way it's more mysterious and more rare to get sent here because I do want this level to be kind of like rare. And for the story, I definitely want to hit notes of like nostalgia, relaxing, like sanity goes up. Feels like it feels familiar to be, we've never seen it before. That kind of thing. It feels familiar, but otherworldly at the same time. That's what I'm kind of going for here. And because of that, it's very comforting. So we'll do that. So comforting. And then that seems like all the stuff I need to write the level. So now I'm going to take it over to the writing board and I'm going to create an entire level in under an hour. That only took us about 10 minutes. So with the basic stuff out of the way, now I'm going to get into actually creating the level and making all the lore and that kind of stuff and producing it in a way which you're used to. Without further ado, let's get to the explanation, shall we? So Balcrum's level of Domus Aqua or the House of the Water is classified as a class zero difficulty and it is safe and secure with absolutely no hazards at all. Unless you hate water or something like that. The level was discovered by a wanderer in the early 2000s and there's only a handful of people that have even been here. The level itself takes the appearance of a single house that's partially submerged under water and is surrounded by an ocean of shallow water. The boundaries of this entire level are not infinite because it seems after a mile or so, there's kind of like an invisible border or wall that stops you from walking further out. But it does look like water goes past that barrier. So it could be infinite. We don't know. The house in the middle of the level is a two-story white house with windows on all sides. The house itself seems very familiar, but also very foreign to the people who have been here. When you go through the door, it's said that you get a sense of relaxation and calmness that rushes over you when you walk in this house. As I said earlier, the entire house and the level is partially flooded, so you're going to have to walk through a couple of feet of water to explore any of it. And some of the rooms are deeper than the others. For example, the main floor and the basements are flooded more and have deeper water than the upstairs area. The actual water itself in this level is not almond water, which is weird because the pool room, which is the level before this one, has almond water as its main thing. But this just seems to be regular old water from real life. The water itself stays at a warm temperature throughout the entirety of the level, and it actually gets warmer the deeper you go. The upstairs of the level has less light that comes through because there's not as big of windows up there, and it is also flooded, just slightly less water. There are two bedrooms and a den area up in the upstairs. And these rooms, once again, feel very familiar. There's not really any furniture to speak of in the rooms. They're just rooms and it's all flooded partially. The house also has a basement or downstairs floor, which can only be accessed through the pantry door in the kitchen of the main floor of the house. The main floor of the house itself just looks like a regular old house. There's a living room, a kitchen, a dining room, and a few closets. Once again, all of them are flooded. But once you open that pantry door to go downstairs, you'll see this long winding staircase that leads into a big body of water. This body of water looks like a giant pool. The water is the warmest on the entire level in this downstairs area. Almost as warm as like a hot tub or something like that. The basement has this anomalous effect that makes it way bigger than it should physically be allowed to be because the house looks normal sized on the outside. But in this basement area, it spans out for miles.  This area is very reminiscent of like an indoor water park type area from the early 2000s. And it's the only part of the entire level that has floor that's not covered in water. It's also the exit to the level, which I will talk about in a minute in the exit portion. But for now, I'll explain the entire downstairs. This play place area gives wanderers that same feeling of familiarity and loneliness and comfort that the upstairs does, but with more feelings of nostalgia and happiness. You just feel like you've been here before when you get here. The ambience is a calm sound of flowing and dripping water with a soft buzz of lights from the ceiling above and this feeling of nothing bad could possibly happen as of right now. The outside, the main floor, the upstairs and the basement are the only parts of the level that have been found, but there could be more hidden entrances under the water in other places. We don't know yet because not all the level has been explored to enter this level. You have to be in the pool rooms somewhere and then you randomly get sent here. It's not known how a person is chosen or why they're chosen to get sent here, but it's a very rare thing to happen.  And no one that's been sent here has been able to find a way back. So you might want to take your time with exploring it. Also, there could be other exits to different sub levels of this one. We just don't know yet because there's so little information on it. There are no entities, no outposts and no dangers at all here. Just the calm, warm, relaxing world of water and nostalgia for you to explore. That's it for this level and this video. I hope you enjoy this style. I've really never done anything like this for a video. So if you want to see more, let me know by leaving a like and commenting. I don't expect many people to watch this video because it's not my usual type of video. But if you are watching, I appreciate you and it was really fun to make. I would love to make more. Let me know if you want more. Also, while you're down there in the comments, check out my vlog channel because if you want to see more of my personal life and that kind of thing, that's where you'll see it. I have a big video coming out there soon about my life story. And if you want to check that out, be the first to see it. Turn the post on. I appreciate that. Thank you so much for everything you do for me and I will see you in the next video. Peace.


And the plot thickens! Luffy is looking for a crocodile! The tomb is collapsing! Nico Robin's dead! They're still searching for the bomber! Ladies and gentlemen, welcome back to the channel. My name is Jack the Buster. I, Shinobi, do the episodes 124 and 125 are one piece. Watch through today. Again, it's been an absolutely absurd last couple of episodes. We're going to hop right into it without wasting any time. If you knew the channel, drop a sub and hit that big white bell. And let's get started. God dang, dude. That's way further underground than I anticipated. I don't know why. He's just running in there. Not afraid of a God dang thing. That's my captain, baby. Oh! I haven't heard this OST in a minute! I swear, the last time we heard this was like Captain Kuro. Am I wrong? I'm vibing. Sorry, guys. I know everything's about to blow up. I'm vibing. Wait. Wait! Don't tell me I'm correct. Please don't tell me I'm correct and it's in the clock.  Please tell me it's not in the clock. Also, if it is, why did she not realize it? She just flashed back to him and be like, wow, look at this big open space inside the clock. Zoro. Zoro. How did you get that? No. Usam's greatest power yet. Nails on a chalkboard.  He's so brave. Damn. There's the hat. RIP. Ribbozo. Smoking on that Miss All Sunday pack. As the clock went out, Luffy's about to run in, but I don't know his plan. Oh, yep. There it goes. Oh, there's Luffy. I just don't understand how he expects to defeat Crocodile without water, bro. It's kind of set that juxtaposition though of like, he needs water and like the expectation. Oh, Crocodile's scared. I guess because he thought Luffy was dead again for the second time and my man just keeps coming back. This hole looks Gator-ish. Even Cobra's like, Yeah, I don't get it too, man. She is moving. Brother Croc. How do you stab people do the heart and fail?   I haven't returned it yet. Oh, it's raining. Actually, yeah, rain too. I want you to return it to me. No matter how good it is. Oh, that's right. It is everything basically. I'm going to be with you. I'm going to be with you. I'm going to be with you. Dude, it feels like it's even been a long time since we just got to Al-Basta, let alone finding out about everything that was happening.  I miss Ace. It is remind me a lot about Nami, about how broken Nami was and how upset that made him. That's what I'm saying. Oh, how did that work? How is it just because he's simply angry? Is there an explanation? Or is it literally just willpower? He didn't explain anything. Just hit him again. Giga Chad. I don't get it either, man. How is he doing this? Using blood. Oh, my God. That is mental, dude. He laughs. I wonder what he means like reward you like by letting me. What? Is that like poison gas? He's been hiding this Ace for a long time. It is poison. Oh, my gosh. If you get swung on that, but like one singular time. Yeah, pirates just that's kind of their whole thing. I don't think Luffy really plays dirty though. I'm gonna be honest. Oh, there's his Ace in the hole. Like I said, I knew he was hiding at least one thing like that. Aside from just being stronger. He can't get hit a single time. That is so bad. I say he's using blood. I didn't think about that, man. I did not even think about that. Oh, it's a little awkward. Why less than three seconds?  Why are they leading him? Yeah, what is happening? We knew you weren't good with directions, but this is absurd. They might as well just look at the camera. Well, well, well. Papa shows up. Oh, wait. Mama shows up. Ed. I saw the blade. She has a new sort of drive to her. I'm glad Smoker left. This gave her a big like chance to like, she's gonna be different after this. Assuming she lives. He did give her that pass. That's right. She's changing things based on how she's seeing things. I like it, dude. My God, the more time goes on, the more sure I am that it's in the goddamn clock tower. It only makes sense. It's in plain sight. She's going towards it. Either that or like I said, underground. There's no other options at this point. Yeah, she can't stop anything now. There's Nami and Chopper. Hard to find each other through all this dust. Dude, it is the clock. No, no way. Oh, no. Oh, no. I was right. I don't want to sound like a genius. There were only so many options. Oh, no. I'm going to have to go back on that video. There's going to be so many comments. What can I say? I'm something of a profit. If Pel knew he could fly right there right now. He's a little bit lost though. No. Ribbit. Ribbit got what? Who was that? No one's going to find him either. Again, one singular person changes the course of everything. He actually got him. I think maybe not. Watch your blind spot. I didn't even look like it hit him. Okay, I knew it was poisonous. That's straight up like corrosive. Oh, he actually did get a hit him. This is so hype, dude.  Collapses second by second. Where's Cobra? Both fighting with such passion and aggression. Nice.  Yup. Luffy just builds a little bit different, baby. That's that he's not fighting in the straw hat. He left it back in the palace. They're not as single. Oh, did he get him? They could say the same to you, Luffy. What's a goddamn frog gun? And why are they just chilling behind a door? Oh, what? Wait, she actually left a message? Is that him? Oh my God. Oh my God. Oh my God. Good intentions, though. How do you get it? Do you have to go in like... Oh, stairs in the... Oh my God. How many stairs is that?  Oh, I get what explode. Oh, if they just destroyed the clock tower, the cannonball would fall and just explode. Dude, poor pal. Oh, it's whoever's behind the clock tower that shot it. That was the giant door. Mr. Seven? What? Mr. Seven and his partner were put behind this insanely important... Oh my God. They look exceptionally annoying. Ms. Father's Day? These are the two behind one of the most important parts of Crocodile's plan.  If you run it back, episode 125, let's get it. Have giant Baroque works, logos and stuff on them. Did his shirts say I Heart Miss Valentine or something? What was his jacket? Was it like merch for Baroque works? This is what I like to see. I ain't taking no prisoners. God, Dana is a gigantic cannon. Oh, these two are already insufferable. It almost makes me miss Mrs. Christmas. That is an absurdly large cannon. Like it's almost ridiculous. I cannot stand his laugh. It is almost worse than waffles. Somebody has to make it up there. And I feel like anyone can handle them. They do not look that powerful. I mean, they're Mr. Seven and Ms. Father's Day. They can't be that powerful. I mean, if his world can take down Mr. One, they should be a breeze. He's not giving him a single answer. God dang, dude, the momentum.  Keep going. I like how serious he is. It feels good. Dude, these shots of crocs, these are so good. He's on the brink. Oh, nope. It is actually affecting him. Okay, I'm going to see. There's no way he's just straight up immune to poison. 15 seconds. What can they do? Ribbit, ribbit. I cannot stand these two. Oh, wait. Oh, wait. She can use it to send something up there. She's maybe on top of Chopper? Can't do something. Like a chemical reaction or something. Oh, let's go Nami. But she could get something up there. Wait, what does she mean make for the clock tower? Wait, what? Chopper's face, bro. Just keep jumping. It is an absurd plan. They just keep using the momentum. Yeah. Oh, my. Come on, Usam's like dead from it. Throw them. You're going to throw them with the momentum. Oh, because he learned also. I guess not to not to not cut. Yeah. He did use the back of the blade. I was going to say something way deeper like I was going to say like he learned to not like to cut without cutting. But no, just get them up there in time. Ober is getting his entire perspective too. Tell him, Lucy, tell him, baby. It's a perspective that I can't really understand. Just get up there in time. You're just going to have to dodge. He said it's all up to you, Chopper. It is literally down to the wire. Are they like heat seeking? Oh, they're explosive. Dude, Zoro is taking like a billion hits. I think he took it knowing that he would have to. I like that it's up to VV, though, to stop this for her country. Four seconds. Chopper, no. She's up above them. It's important that it's up to her. There's three. I like the style. This is cool. There is no way that they were like, yeah, intercut here. Perfect. At least either let it explode or let her stop them first.  Sorry, I'll be nice. And then we got away. Says you. You've been brought to this point, crocodile. Oh, now we're back. Okay. She has to stop the fuse first off. She wasn't aiming for you guys. Hopefully she was aiming for the fuse. Also, how is Chopper going to land? Just whip it or something. It's all come down to this. These seconds. These seconds are everything. Everything's been leading to this. Oh, no. Oh, no. Why is it flashbacking? Chaka and Pell, Loki, like surprise breakouts of this. They knew where the secret base was all along.  The time passed. It didn't fire. She had to have. Let's go. Don't talk about me. That is what I'm talking about. Kind of unsettling how it doesn't even feel like rejoiceful. You're just going to let him land.  What happened? Oh, no. There's a backup plan. Oh, no. Just in case the fuse isn't set. I think the only plan is like to aim it somewhere else.  But still, I mean, crocodile has been very meticulous up until now. I guess there's no way he leaves everything up to Mr. Seven and Miss Father's Day to detonate it a few dozen seconds. I give it a minute. That was the taking she heard was just the timer going off. There's no way she can straight up just move the cannon though. He's saying it's all all an inevitability still. Oh my gosh. Can't do anything. What can you do? There's always a way. He almost did it knowing they would try to stop it like that. And then there was still no way to have to feel so powerless knowing you can't do anything. Crocodile is such a monster. Is that Pell? Is he okay? Oh my God. He's alive. Why does it sound like he has a plan? He sounds so calm. He always just wanted to protect her. Where is he by the way? They showed that Igodam was alive and then it's just like, yeah. Anyways, back to our regularly scheduled schedule program. He always just cared so much for her. Just anyone that he needed to protect her. Yeah, he didn't see it as fighting. No. What an absolute legend.  I almost realized it as soon as I saw him land. I was like, what could he possibly do? And then I realized they intentionally made the bomb that way to where he could get like his talons in it. I was like, oh my God, they're actually going to have him do this.  Two that have just completely defined giving their own selves for not just the king and his family, but for the country itself. I think it's like a very direct comparison. But I'm reminded me of the Dark Knight Rises. Like him flying away with the bomb at the end. I mean, of course, this came first. What an absolute legend. I'm still a little bit confused on the whole thing with Poison and Luffy. I don't know if it's hinting towards something bigger like Luffy is maybe immune to poison to an extent. I don't know. But my goodness, this, this climax of this arc has delivered on every front thus far. The rematch between Luffy and Crocodile. The sacrifice is needed to be made for the kingdom. People are still fighting amongst themselves because they still don't even know what's happening. The character development for just random characters, it's spiked to like 10 volt. Even through just like the random fights like Zoro and Mister One. Not to say that was just like a small skirmish, but it changed his character forever already. Guys, this has been it for episodes 124 and 125 of our One Piece Watch. Do drop us up on the channel. If you are new and I catch you guys in the next one. Peace, peace.


Hello, and welcome to this GitOps working group update. If you don't know what the GitOps working group is, don't worry, by the end of this session you will. My name is Cornelia Davis. I'm the CTO at Weaverx, and I'm joined by my colleague. Hi, I'm Chris Sanders, and I'm a program manager working on Azure Arc. Excellent. And Chris and I have been working together on both the formation of the GitOps working group and the GitOps working group itself. So we'll tell you more about that. So, before we jump into the details of the GitOps working group, I thought it would be a good idea for us to just talk about what is GitOps. And with that, for those of you who know me, I'm always drawing animations. So what I want to talk about here is you can imagine with a word like GitOps, there's an operational element. So what we're talking about here is we're talking about operating something in some runtime environment. So that's what I've depicted here on the slide as Kubernetes. Now you'll notice there, there's the remark that said Kubernetes is just one example of a runtime environment. GitOps is not restricted to only Kubernetes. You can GitOps things that are in your infrastructure, so you could be doing a variety of different infrastructure things on Azure, for example, or you could be doing GitOpsing from your LDAP system or something like that. There could be a number of different runtime environments. But we're using Kubernetes here just as an exemplar. Now the next element is that we've got a number of individuals who are operating that runtime environment. They're operating the infrastructure, the applications running on that, the roles and the roles, role-based access control, all of those types of things. And what we're talking about with GitOps gets to how do they do that? How do they operate those things in the runtime environment? And as you can imagine, because there's some white space there, there's something coming. Well, this is where the Git part comes in. Now, Git is not the only thing that you use for this part of the equation, but it is the most prevalent thing that we do in GitOps. And what we're doing there is with GitOps, those individuals who are responsible for running those applications and running the infrastructure in that runtime environment, they do so by recording the desired state of that infrastructure in a system like Git. And we'll talk a little bit more about what the characteristics are of that system like Git. And they're using an interface to that system, to that Git system, has the interface for operations. It's not that they're doing operations elsewhere and then coming back to Git to record things. It's that they are using that interface into Git, has the interface for operations. So that is really, really critical. Now, when they do commit things into Git, using PRs or whatever the case may be and then approvals, there is some automation that has to happen to make that so in the runtime environment. And the second really important element of GitOps is that that automation needs to be special. It needs to be convergent. And now you can see why it started with Kubernetes, because Kubernetes is by its very nature a convergent system. So we're kind of capitalizing on that. So GitOps is using an interface into a version of the mutable store like Git and then using convergent automation to make it so in the runtime environment. Now there's one final element which is these days modern operations is all about feedback loops. If there is any reason that something has changed in the runtime environment, we also want to automate that loop back in to the versioned mutable store that has the desired state. So if we had to do some kind of pick fix in the runtime environment, we want to automate that feedback back into the Git repository as well. So that's kind of a quick overview of GitOps. With that, I'd like to hand it over to my colleague Chris to tell you more about the GitOps working group, history, what we're doing and those types of things. So Chris, take it away. I'll flip slides for you. Cool. Thanks, Cornelia. So yeah, Cornelia, you give you a nice quick overview to what GitOps is and some of the importance of it and she's going to talk some more about it later on too. But what I'd like to talk about now is the GitOps working group. This working group was formed last November and it was announced. There was several companies who are initiators here including Codefresh and Amazon and GitHub and Weaveworks and Microsoft who initiated this working group. But as you'll find out, this is a working group that is open to all. The goal of this working group is to provide companies and individuals, you folks who are watching, with the knowledge, the skills, and the competency to be able to implement GitOps using tooling and methodologies with simplify your operation and management of the infrastructure and cloud native applications. So you can see here that one of the core reasons for the working group is to help educate you, educate companies, educate individuals on the principles of GitOps, how do you effectively use GitOps and also if you're making tooling or you're using tooling, how to create a GitOps ecosystem where interoperability is a given. Next. Yep, and I'll just really quickly before I advance the slide, re-emphasize two words on the screen here. I already said it, Chris is going to say it repeatedly, which is GitOps doesn't just apply to infrastructure, it doesn't just apply to applications, it applies to everything. Anything that you need to operate in a runtime environment, you can apply GitOps to. Cool, so where does this new working group live? Well, an obvious place for it to live is the cloud native computing foundation. And that foundation has a mission to make cloud native computing ubiquitous. So this is where the working group lives. And in the next slide, you'll see the next step down of where it lives, which is in the app delivery special interest group within the CNCF. The application delivery SIG focuses on delivering cloud native applications, which involve multiple phases, including building, deploying, managing and operating. So a GitOps working group really fits well into this special interest group. Next. So you can see this great icon we have for the GitOps working group. And the focus of the GitOps working group is again to clearly define a vendor neutral and principle-led meaning of GitOps, so that it's a very open type of process that we're using, open tooling system. And the GitOps working group will help them define and establish a foundation for the interoperability again between tooling from various vendors, conformance of systems with GitOps, and also certification of practitioners of GitOps as well. We've met several times over the past several months. And out of that, several co-chairs were elected, the initial co-chairs, and they include Dan Garfield of CodeFresh, Leo Murillo of Cloud Native Architects, and Scott Rigby of WeaveWorks. So what is this working group doing right now? Well, so far, as you're going to see, as you're watching this on Thursday of KubeCon, in the zero day, there was a GitOps con that some of you may have gone to, an all-day event where we focused on GitOps. A second area is that we're really working hard right now to establish the principles of GitOps and to make a statement there. Folks are reviewing the initial statement of principles. We're having discussions on that, and you're welcome to join into the discussion as well as we come up with a sort of a living document of what GitOps principles are, hopefully to define and set the baseline for understanding GitOps. Eventually, there will be a very rich website that will include things like samples. And you can see an example here of Podtato Head for cloud-native application delivery in various forms. The goal here is to have a site where you can go and you can see various reference implementations of how you would do GitOps in various situations. So it's a very pluggable, playable system. In the future, we're going to be looking at things like GitOps landscape, and I'm going to let you talk about this Cornelia because you stuck this in here and I don't know exactly what you mean, and also certifications for GitOps, but go ahead. Yes, so what we have in mind with the GitOps landscape is that there are several elements, even in the intro that I gave at the beginning of the presentation, you saw that there were several elements. There were elements around this versioned immutable store that I was talking about. There's also this element around automation and this element around targets. And then there's even within the automation category, there's a number of different ways that you might categorize its automation that is specifically for infrastructure, specifically for Kubernetes. And so if you think about operation, cloud native operations, you really can think of GitOps as cloud native operations. So when we talk about a GitOps landscape, we're talking about, well, there's so many things that are involved in cloud native operations. How do we start to break that down and categorize it so that we can then take things like tools and put them in categories? So if you think of the CMCF landscape as this really broad landscape, now you can think of something like cloud native operations as a smaller landscape, but within that there's still some complexity. So it kind of introduces a taxonomy. Okay, next. So out of the cloud native working group, there's going out of the GitOps working group, there's going to come some permanent artifacts that are going to be things like programs and documents and code that are going to live for you to access. And so in order to help find a place for those to live, we've created the open GitOps project within CMCF. It's currently a CMCF sandbox project. And this will be a place where the artifacts will be stored. Next. So in summary, we have the GitOps working group. And you'll hear a call for action soon that you all should join up for this. And that GitOps working group, out of the discussions that happened there, it will create and care for this open GitOps project. And I think it's back to you. Excellent. All right. Super. Thank you. And so one of the things, the very first thing we talked about it, we referred to it as GitOps principles or GitOps definition. The principles are actually only part of the definition. It's in a PR. And so when Chris was mentioning that, we invite you to participate with us on the definition of what GitOps is and the expression of these principles. And I'm going to go over those principles in just a moment. Right now, those exist in the PR. So I'll come back to that slide at the end that shows you the Git repository where the GitOps working group is doing its work. And right now, there's a PR against that repository that captures that GitOps definition. We're capturing it in three different places. One, there's a glossary. And that glossary talks about things like the desired state, the state store reconciliation. So those are terms that you already heard us use throughout this presentation. We also have a document that talks about the rationale. So what is good at GitOps good for? You hear us sometimes talking about, well, it's great for auditability. So those are the types of things that we're expressing in the rationale. And then the most significant piece in that definition is the principles are the principles themselves. And so today, as we record this, just a couple of weeks before KubeCon and right around the time that KubeCon runs, these principles, I think, are going to be pretty stable in that time. But they are still under development. So let me present to you what the principles are looking like right now in the discussion in that GitOps working group. It starts out with principle number one. And principle number one says that we, it's the principle of declarative state. So this, if you will, for those of you who are familiar with Kubernetes, oh, it's funny that I should say that, right? This is KubeCon, most of you probably are. Is that the way that you configure your Kubernetes systems?  So that desired state is expressed declaratively. So that's principle number one. Principle number two is that that desired state that's declaratively expressed is stored in a way that supports versioning immutable, immutability of those versions, and retains that version history. So I hinted earlier that it didn't have to be Git, but there are certain semantics that we depend on for GitOps. So for example, that last part that says retains a complete version history, well, it's that version history that enables you to have an audit trail of who did what and what changes happened in your runtime environment based on what actions happened and were captured in the Git system. Immutability, that's really important because one of the benefits of GitOps that we talk about is that you can roll back, that you can easily recover the state of a system.  Now we need to pull back, we want to roll back to the previous version or I've had some kind of a disaster and I need to quickly stand up my system in a different region, for example. Being able to do that, we have to have that immutability and that complete version history. So you can see that these principles are very specifically crafted to support some of these benefits that we realize from GitOps. Principle number three gets to that automation piece that I showed you in the earlier slide which it says, well when you have stored this desired state, which you've expressed declaratively and you've stored it appropriately in the right kind of store and there's going to be software agents that respond to that. Now you could imagine that we're just sending out web hooks and running some bash script somewhere. That's not GitOps. What we are saying here is in order to take advantage of that declarative state, we're saying that the automation has to be that convergent system, that reconciliation-based system that I talked about earlier. So those are those software agents. Now I've put a couple of icons up here to show you that those software agents fall into a couple of different categories. You see, for example, there's a Flux logo, that's the far left one and then there's the Argo CD logo which is a little octopus there. Those are both reconcilers that deal with delivering things from the Git repository over into the Kubernetes environment. Those are all reconciliation-based. Then Kubernetes itself has all sorts of reconcilers like your deployment controller and your replica set controller and then the little stacked turtle there if you're not familiar with those, that's the logo for cluster API. So cluster API is a reconciliation-based way of managing your Kubernetes clusters themselves. So that means you can declare your desired cluster state, not workload, but cluster state and you can have something like Flux or Argo deliver that and then you've got these reconcilers that will make it so and stand up and take care of the Kubernetes clusters that you want. So that's principle number three is this special nature of these software agents. And then finally, principle four says this is the only way that you're going to operate your system. You are not going to go in through the back door. Now, there are of course exceptions. You sometimes are going to have to go through the back door and you saw the feedback loop that said, well, if you go in through the back door, if you essentially SSH and do a kubectl apply, that will record that back into the Git system. But the normal mode of operation is for operations to happen via these mechanisms and then the software agents make it so. So those are the four principles that you can find currently in that pull request. If you want to participate in that, we very, very much welcome your opinions and your feedback in that pull request. So please come there. And so really the whole point here is that it's really about this convergent system and there's continuous delivery and continuous operations. So we sometimes like to say GitOps does not equal CD. It equals CD plus CO. So that's what this picture is showing. So finally, I want to reiterate Chris's invitation from earlier. Please join us. I've mentioned that the GitOps principles is a PR there. The repository, I've put it there in a larger font as well. So the repo there is in GitHub. It's gitOps-working-group. And that's the organization. And then we've got a number of repositories under there. The kind of home for the working group is there. We also meet synchronously the second Thursday of every month at 1,800 hours GMT. That occasionally moves. So keep an eye on the CNCF calendar when it does move because of holidays or those types of things. We do update the CNCF calendar. You can find all of the details. Really the only URL that you need to remember is that GitOps-working-group. And you can find everything else there. It'll take you to documents and press releases and all of that kind of stuff. So with that, Chris and I thank you for your attention.  And we hope to see you soon in the GitOps-working-group. Thanks so much.


Okay, so we are out of time. So I'll wrap it up. I told you that our goal for this entire project was to deploy these relatively complicated pipelines in a way that anybody can run. Now, we've chosen this DNN-XS platform. Many of you in this session have asked how you can run the code on your own cluster. And I've given you a link to our GitHub repository here where all of the code that actually runs behind these pipelines is available for download. And I wanted to tell you that tonight at the poster session, Ben and I both have posters. Ben has a poster on the RNA pipeline. I have a poster on the chip pipeline. And we would be very happy to talk to you more about big picture questions or small picture questions, anything that you want to talk about. Come to the poster session. And you can get to us after the session through encode help at lists.stanford.edu. So that will go to our group and we all see those messages. So if you have any additional questions about the pipeline or how to run them or you would like to talk to us about them, then contact us through encode help or get one of our cards or emails and contact us directly. Because one of the goals of our project is to make this so that you can run it. So if you need more help, please contact us. We don't have time for additional questions, but I will follow up with you. But I do want to acknowledge some of the people that contributed to the development of these pipelines. One of the software engineers who wrote most of the RNA-seq is not here today. His name is Tim Draiser and I wanted to make sure that his name was mentioned. Because we've been running his code all day long. You know Mike and Yuri because Mike introduced us and Yuri has been here as well. Other members of the data coordinating center are listed here. These pipelines have all been defined by members of the encode consortium outside of the data coordinating center as part of the working groups that focus on the particular assay. So there's an RNA-seq working group that defined the RNA-seq pipeline and so forth, their names are listed here. And this has been sort of a, if you want, we talk about private public partnerships. This has been a collaboration with D&A Nexus and a number of their senior engineers have been with us throughout this process. So their names are listed here and particularly thanks to Joe and George for coming all the way from California to help today. So that's all we've got and thanks for coming to the workshop. So I'd like to thank Ben and Seth for doing all this today. They've been working hard for the past couple of weeks. But I want to congratulate you. I mean, you may not realize it, but you're the first sort of public group to actually run these pipelines, which is very significant because you couldn't ever run encode pipelines before yourself unless you had access to some nice expensive cluster and maybe some bioinformatics people to run them. So congratulations to you. I think there were many, many hands that went up that you actually were successful. I hope you can use it again and you've got this free account for $100 and play as much as you want. Certainly, we're around to ask and answer questions, but George and Joe are back there still. They'll be around for a couple hours. So certainly find them during the break. But thank you a lot for putting up with this demo and we've learned a lot. And I hope you have too. Thank you.


Quiz and choice improvements in Moodle 3.5 Improvements to quiz and choice make them more accessible to teachers and students. Quiz In the essay question, as with assignments and workshop activities, teachers can now specify the types of files students can upload. When creating the essay question type, the teacher sees a browse button, he can select the file types he wants, and they will display for students when they upload their essays. Also, with the essay question, teachers can now include files when grading manually. Here, our teacher includes an illustrative graphic and attaches audio feedback to a student's essay submission. Choice Students can be made aware of whether and how their selected choices in Moodle course will be displayed. In this course, the student is about to make a selection and is informed that anonymous results will be published after the activity is closed. To summarise, teachers may specify file types for uploaded quiz essay questions and they may upload files when grading manually and students are informed of how choice results will display.