All right. Could one of us please lead in prayer? Anybody who is able to? Father, we thank you for this time. Lord, we submit all of us into your mighty presence. Lord, we pray as we learn from your word today. Lord, you speak to us, Lord God. Help us to know you. Help us to know you better.  God, we pray for us, Nancy. We pray that you would enable her to reveal your word to us for God. Thank you, Lord. In Jesus' name, we pray. Amen. Amen, amen. Praise God. So just a follow-up to what we studied in the last two weeks, which is about our deliverance model. One is a one-step model, and the other one is the process model, the 10 steps of Pablo Botari. We've seen how we must speak to the individual, take the spirit, bring the spirit under subjection so that it does not manifest and disrupt the deliverance process, and then, of course, close all open doors. And finally, when we have done that, we evict the demon spirit out of the person. But I just want to take a few moments to continue talking about the post-ministry care after deliverance. So I am sure all of you will agree. It's really important for us to look at the person as a person. So once deliverance is through, it's not like, oh, yeah, you're free now.  But we've seen in Matthew 12 how the demon spirits, they go, they find seven spirits more wicked than they come back to occupy the same place, which would be the person, the individual that they just left. So please make sure that whenever we have deliverance going on, you think about the person even after praying for them. If at all we have a team that we can connect the person to, maybe you're a busy pastor, you're just praying over people, and then you're done. You're done with that. But in a church setting, it's always possible for us to follow up with that individual. So if we can have some teams, if we can train them up, maybe the extent to which they minister is just to say, OK, have you received the Lord Jesus? Can we pray for you? And once a person receives the Lord Jesus, minister the baptism in the Holy Spirit to that person, maybe that's the level to which the team can help. But that would be really helpful to ensure that this individual is now followed up post-ministry care. We call it that. And ensure that they are born again. That is if they want to accept Christ, we cannot force anybody. So once they accept Christ, filled with the Holy Spirit, then guide them on being connected to a good Bible believing church, also develop personal practices where they study God's word, pray, and all of that. So that way, what happens? They will continue to grow strong. The place is swept clean. Remember, that's what the verse says. So the place is swept clean, but it's also now occupied by the Holy Spirit. And the person is becoming stronger and stronger in their spirit, so the demon spirits cannot come back. So that's the best way in which they can continue to live free from those oppressing demonic spirits. So very, very important, post-ministry care. Deliverance, when we think of deliverance, always think of post-ministry care. So you cannot separate the two. We have to look into post-ministry care in settings like the church setting where it is possible to minister to individuals. So never forget that. Now in some situations, the person may require a greater psychological support or counseling support or maybe in certain situations, there is sinful, addictive behavior on the part of the person. So these are a little more complicated. You know, all believers, your normal believers who are helping you to pray for somebody's salvation and praying for baptism in the Holy Spirit, they may not be able to help in these sort of issues. So it would be helpful either yourself, if you are trained and you know, you can handle something like this, addictive behavior, counseling people with addictive behavior and all, then you step into it. But if you feel like you don't have the capacity to do it, then don't take it on. The best is to refer them to a Christian counselor. Here in APC, we also have a wing called as Chrysalis Life, which is our counseling wing. They help us, they're all trained professional counselors and the plus point is they are believers. They also believe in the work of the Holy Spirit. So it becomes a lot easier because they take time. It might take a couple of sessions or many sessions to minister to a person with addictive behavior and things like that. So deliverance is we must never think of it as I cast out the spirit one step, it's over. And that's not how it works. If we really care for the person to continue living free, then it's going to take extra effort on the part of the person ministering. Either you do all the post ministry care. If you feel that you lack the capacity, because you need technical or experiential sort of capacity, then you send the person to somebody who can help, but ensure that these things are done. Only then it makes sense having cast out the demon spirits. So let me just pause and give you a few moments if there's anything you want to share or ask. So once that is done, the next few sections are fairly easy for us. I'll probably just go over it quickly and who knows, we might just finish our classes today itself. So yeah, anything about casting out demons, ministering deliverance? Okay, if you're here, well and good. Let's move on to the next chapter here, which is chapter 14. This is about exercising authority over territories and legions. So as part of spiritual warfare, we talked about ground level warfare till now. And I told us it's more to do with individuals and at a personal level. Now we're talking about spiritual warfare for territories and regions. So again, whatever we have learned about authority, right? It applies at any extent because the Lord Jesus has won over Satan on the cross once for all. And that gives us dominion, authority, power, which we can use against the enemy no matter which level he is coming against us. So we are already victorious. Even if it is a spiritual warfare for territories, we are up for it. And we have been sent by the Lord Jesus to take the gospel into all the world and to make disciples. So as his body, we walk with the authority of who, the head. So if my head has authority, obviously my body has authority because it is attached to the head. So the same way, the Lord Jesus, he says before he says, okay, go into all the world, make disciples in Matthew 28. He says, all authority on heaven and earth, it has been given to me. So if all authority has been given to Jesus, has it been given to the body of Christ? Has it been given to you and me who are part of the body of Christ? Very much so. And so we can exercise this authority over territories. So when it comes to spiritual warfare, when it comes to taking over territories, what are some of the ways in which, practical ways in which we can impact regions. Now, when I say regions, it could mean a certain region that involves a couple of countries or it could mean a country by itself. It could also mean a state or cities, villages, a group of villages. So any region, take any region for that matter, we can impact it for the gospel sake. So always, one of the things that we have to remember is, when we talk about, we'll start using the term transformation, transformation of the region. It is more of a spiritual matter than a physical matter. Now, we must not confuse this with invading regions and making them Christian. That's not at all what we're talking about. What we're talking about is, in a spiritual sense, as the Lord Jesus said, we need to pray that kingdom come. So which kingdom are we talking about? We are talking about the kingdom of heaven coming into the kingdom of the earth. So in nations, for example, when the kingdom of heaven comes in, the standards of the kingdom of this world will change. So let's say in a given nation, there is corruption, there is disorder, there are crimes, there are, you know, there's a lot of disrespect towards the weaker sections of the society. What happens when the kingdom of God comes? There is transformation into the standards of the kingdom of God, which are what? Justice, righteousness, peace, you know? So that is the transformation that we are talking about. So, you know, it's very clear-cut. We're talking about the spiritual transformation and for such a transformation to take place at the level of large populations. Now, how do we impart such a transformation in individuals? Preach the gospel, disciple people, okay? How do we disciple people? We disciple them according to the word, according to the work of the spirit and as that is going on, you know, here are lives of individuals that are transforming into what God wants them to do. So they start living a transformed life. Now, if this has to be done for an entire nation, what is it going to take? How can you have, you know, millions of people in a particular, and even billions, right? India, 1.2 billion people, how can there be a spiritual transformation of this sort, you know, that takes place? So for a spiritual transformation, we always begin with prayer. You always begin with that spiritual warfare, okay? So that's how it starts off. Now, we're gonna look at, let's come down a little bit to the city level and, you know, begin to talk from there and maybe that can be taken up even at the state level, national level, or whichever level. Okay, so let's start from the city level and see what are some practical things. Now, we've understood that it's a spiritual matter above all, no matter what else we do in practical ways, what activities we do in the city. Mainly it is a spiritual matter, okay? So we will have to engage in prayer and a spiritual warfare. So coming to city transformation now, how can we see the lives of many people in the city transform in a given period of time? How can that happen? For that, the first thing is that for city transformation to take place, we have to have every believer in the city transformed. Now, you tell me, how can we have the church? I'm just using the term the church. I know there are many local churches, but the term church I'm using as the representative, you know, the representation of all the body of Christ in that city or let's say the city-wide church, the city-wide church, if believers are weak, they themselves are not transformed by God's word. How can we see city transformation? So the first step is the transformation of every believer. So for the transformation of every believer, what is required? Each believer needs to be equipped, empowered, God's word reaching the believers. So you see, that's why if you look at APC and even our website, you can go and have a nice look at it. There are lots of resources and these resources are not just for people who are part of APC as a local church. Anybody can use it because we are all the body of Christ. Those who believe in the Lord Jesus, those who are saved, you are citizens of the kingdom of God, then yes, you know, you're the body of Christ and whatever resources we have, let that be used to equip, let that be used to empower every believer and when believers are empowered, what tends to happen, they become stronger, right? In the things of God, they become stronger in the work of the spirit and that's where the transformation will start. So without a strong local body, without a strong city-wide church, without individual strong believers, it's very hard to think of taking over a city in the spiritual sense. So that is the first thing that we need to focus on. The second one, the city transformation, it is going to be a strategic, it's going to be a combined effort of strategic movement that is planned and executed with divine wisdom and the leading of the spirit. So you see, sometimes what happens is we pray and then we say, okay, now that we have been praying, God will do it, you know, it is going to be a sovereign move of God. I don't know if you all have heard that term, sovereign move of God. By that, it is like one of those revivals, like the Welsh revival, we've talked about it. So there was Evan Roberts who was praying and then the spirit of God fell upon the people and you know, hundreds and thousands of people started gathering in meetings and they started repenting of their sins. So something sovereign, like a move of the spirit took place in those times. Can that happen today? Yes, it can happen. So we look forward for a sovereign work of God. However, we can also be strategic and have plans for city transformation. So by that, we mean, you know, how can we go about transforming, let's say the lives of youth? Maybe youth are engaged in addictive behavior. They lack purpose in their lives. They have experienced different pleasures and they feel that there's no hope, even though the world offers you all these pleasures, there's no substances in it. So they're going through all this crisis, identity crisis and also a sense of discouragement by looking at the condition around them. So how can we touch the lives of young people? For us who are looking for city transformation, we'll have to be strategic. So there can be certain things that we do to impact the lives of young people. I'm just saying randomly, I'm just giving you some examples, maybe. But we can have a program that speaks of the purpose for life. And we take this program to schools and colleges, no matter whichever school, college is open, great. We can actually take this to schools and colleges. So what's happening? We are there to tell the children or the students there that God has created you for a purpose. But don't be discouraged. God has a plan for your life. There is a hope. You can work hard. And we could also impart many principles of God's word which will help them, things like integrity, hard work, good habits, health, taking care of your health. So many things that we can actually teach the young people what is happening. Yes, can God move? Can a revival come? Very much. But we are also doing our part to transform the lives of young people for the better through our planned strategic efforts. So it's just a small example. Now there can be many such strategic things that the body of Christ involves in that can actually address the problem issues in a given city. Maybe there is an issue of corruption. Now what if the whole city-wide church stands firm in leading a life of integrity? Okay, so the city will be thrilled to see, oh wow, anyone who says they are a believer in Jesus is not taking a bribe. They are paying their taxes. They are doing things right. Their accounts are clean. What's going on? So by being very strategic, right? And what we do, we can impact the city-wide church. So mainly strategic applies more to programs and things like that. More than just having the right lifestyle. So you could think of things like that where certain programs are implemented and that begins to affect people's lives. So one I said is we want the city to be transformed. Then believers' lives have to be transformed. Second is we need to have some strategic plans. Then those plans implemented with divine wisdom. See one thing is to have a plan. It's a totally different thing to do that plan. We can have a beautiful plan. We can sit on the shelf and make no difference. But we need both. We need a plan and that needs to be worked out as well. So this way we can impact our city. Third one is that we need to leverage our spiritual resources because it's a spiritual effort. So we want to leverage our spiritual resources. By that we simply mean learning God's word and applying it. So things about spiritual warfare. As we learn different things, okay, we must pray. How, what if the city comes together, everyone comes together and you have times of prayer. I know that in the last prayer and intercession course we had discussed about places in South America where they've had a great move of God taking place when the city-wide church gathered together and they had all night prayers in stadiums. They saw the condition changing. There was a lot of corruption, drug trafficking, murders, things like that. But all that came down once the church started praying together. They started making the spiritual effort, as you call it, in impacting the city. So we really need to leverage our spiritual resources and also implement whatever we learn through that. So coming to strategies, I told you, more about planning and doing something. So how do we strategize and make an impact in the city? Now, why are we, first of all, why are we talking about transforming the city? See, if going back to Genesis one, if God created us, he created us for what? To have dominion, to have authority, subdued, right?  That is God's desire for every human being who has been created to bring his rule and reign. We are representatives of God. And that is why, while we live in the world and we know that the world is tainted by sin, it is our responsibility to bring the spiritual kingdom of God in our midst. And we are here to demonstrate the dominion of this kingdom. And that is why we have a mandate for city transformation. We can't just say that, okay, at a personal level, I'm binding every demon that is affecting me. I'm binding every demon that is affecting my family. We are happy. We are prosperous. We go to church. We have our spiritual activities. Happy life, okay? That's it. Let the city around what we are called to, we are called to be that seed where God has planted us that we have to bring transformation to the world around us. That's why salt and light. Yes, you may be just, what do you say? A trace of salt or just a little bit of a light somewhere, but then through you, God is bringing that change in the world around you. And so we have to live a life that is going to transform the world around us. So coming to strategy, strategy for city transformation. So how do we do this? Let's see what we can pick up from the Bible. You know, the Bible teaches us to represent the kingdom. As I told us just now, Matthew 5 verses 13 through 16, if you read that, we are told you are the salt of the earth. You are the light of the world. So we are representatives of the kingdom of God in this world, okay? So we must never forget that. We might think that I will just live my life however I want, but it is not benefiting the kingdom of God in any way. And it is not impacting, touching the lives of the people around us. We all have the great commission where we have to bring people to the kingdom of light. So how are we gonna do that if we ourselves don't live out this life that the Bible talks about? So all of us are salt and light and we are supposed to live the gospel. When we study about the kingdom of God, Jesus used parables to describe the kingdom. He mentioned the kingdom is initially a very small thing. So in Matthew 13 verse 33, he talks about the leaven, a little bit of leaven, what does leaven do? Leaven is like the, it is the yeast which we use in bread making. When you put a little bit of yeast, then you'll have the dough rise and then it is perfect to be baked. For us Indians here, we are more familiar with things like dosa. So you put something that goes into the baking soda and things like that. You put it into the batch and what happens? It works through the batch and makes it, it's perfect version. So the yeast initially when you put it, how much do we use? We use very little of it. But finally when you are cooking that bread up, it has worked through the entire batch. Now the same thing is applicable for a child of God or the kingdom of God. The kingdom of God and the principles of the kingdom may seem small. They may seem, the culture of the kingdom might seem very insignificant. However, when we apply it, you can actually see the impact of that culture everywhere. I still remember, I mean, there are many examples I can give you, but I'm just, suddenly that came to my mind. So I'll just share that there was a campaign which was, I heard of this through a friend of mine. They started a campaign in a church, okay? And this was started for women and it's called dark is beautiful because apparently some women in that church, they recognized that there was a lot of discrimination that was taking place because of the skin tone of women. And so culturally some of the women were oppressed in their minds thinking, oh, I don't have a fair skin tone. So I'm not beautiful and things like that. So one church and some women in the church, they started this whole campaign called as dark is beautiful. And I remember at one point, people heard of that campaign and it just picked up, it just picked up to a point where schools and colleges were calling these people to come and do sessions about what is the real meaning of beauty? Is it, that beauty is not skin deep. It's way more than that. So yeah, so then that happened. And at one point, this thing about dark is beautiful, it was on the news. So I heard the person from that particular church answering news anchors on why this was started and how this is making an impact in the lives of young girls in schools who are now taught that it's not about your skin color but it's more about the person that you are. So it's a small example, small example of a biblical truth because what do we learn in scripture? We are all made in the image of God and our beauty comes from that. It's not necessarily the external but you see when there is a principle from God's word, this is about identity. But it could be as I've been saying about financial integrity. It could be about a truth. We have a lot of research that goes on, scientific papers that are written. Hopefully everything is being done with integrity. So the principles of God's word bring forth righteousness and we as God's people, wherever we are, not just inside the church but outside the church, we can impact culture. I might be that one leaven in my culture, in my college but what happens is through me, it begins to affect the entire culture. If I walk with holiness, maybe in my college, everyone's doing their own thing but as believers, maybe there are two or three believers, they are standing up for the right things. They don't engage in unholy activities. So what happens? The culture starts getting affected. You're not saying anything but you're literally opposing the culture. So it's like Daniels rising up, daring to be different and that leaven begins to impact. So see the point is as believers, we are talking so much about city transformation but unless I live the gospel and that can affect a change in my community, my society or wherever, where I am, how can I expect what I am living to affect a city or a nation? So living the gospel out for every believer imagine every believer is simply being salt and light where God told them to be. What an impact it'll have because the kingdom of God, you start small, it's leaven but it works through the entire batch and it will affect. So we have to live the gospel where ever God has positioned us. I can just go on about this but I'm trying not to. How about music? There's so much in the field of music. All kinds of lyrics is being sung. What if people start writing in the secular world? Good lyrics, lyrics that will build up the identity of young people. Release songs like that, it's gonna affect culture. So we live out the gospel. We begin to affect culture in this way and the Bible very clearly it says that we are supposed to be the good seeds. The children of God are the good seeds that have been planted in the world. There are tears, the enemy comes and he plants his people and there will be persecution from the opposers of the kingdom of God and all of that. But then if we continue to be the good seed and the representatives of the kingdom surely it will bring about a transformation in the city. And every believer being like this, it'll just be all the small lights. Have you seen those concerts where they hold up mobile phones with the small light on their phone? But when all of them do it, there's so much of light because all the light comes together to make this whole bright impacting light and the same is true about the lives of believers. It could be different areas we are addressing, different things that we are contending towards but we are making an impact. So we have to live that gospel. The Bible calls us as the people who have the armor of light. So we have to put it on the armor of light, armor of righteousness and shine the gospel for the kingdom. And again, there's so many things you can just go back to history and look at times where social reformation has come as a result of believing in the gospel. It was one individual, a group of individuals believing in the gospel who spoke up against slavery, believing in the gospel who spoke up against some sort of an injustice. So it'll make a difference. As long as we are living the gospel, it will make a difference. Then the next thing for city transformation, you know what is a strategy stuck?  The only thing was that I didn't want to, you know, sometimes, not always, I have shared the gospel many times, but sometimes I would hesitate. I'd be like, oh, these people will not listen or I will be embarrassed. Let me not share about Jesus with so and so. So sharing the gospel is where believers hold back. Now why is it important? Romans 1 verses 14 through 16, Paul writes that, hey, this is the wisdom of God. This is the wisdom of God, which saves the Jews, the Greeks, what the gospel? It is the power of God unto salvation. So if I don't share the gospel, then I will not be giving a person an opportunity to respond to the gospel. So as much as it is important for us to live the gospel, we also have to share the gospel because that is the power of God unto salvation. And it's when people respond to the gospel that you would see many, many souls coming into the kingdom. Just recently, about two weeks ago, I think I met this one lady. She is from a certain Orthodox background. I don't want to name the religion, but she came to Christ many years, about 10 years ago, and now she's a pastor with her husband. So I asked her, I asked her, hey, how did this happen? How did you leave your previous traditions and why did you choose to follow Jesus? And she told me, see, I was in a crisis. I was having my delivery and I was told that my child is not going to make it. And so there were a lot of those issues. And at that time we were crying out to different gods and I really was so desperate. And at that time, her husband apparently, he found a number of some Christian call and we will pray that kind of a number. He found that and he just called because he was so desperate. And those people prayed for his wife who was now in undergoing delivery. And after prayer, the person on the call shared the gospel with this man and said, so what do you think? Do you accept Jesus? He just said, yes. It was just one phone call, one prayer, shared the gospel. Would you like to accept Jesus died for your sins? He loves you. Your sins can be forgiven. If you repent, accept the Lord Jesus Christ and he will transform your life. You will become a child of God. Basically, shared the gospel. Jesus is the Son of God. He came to die for you. What do you think? Almost immediately he said, yes.  I just prayed, somebody prayed with me and they also told me about Jesus. And from now, I believe in Jesus. He told his wife and he asked her, do you believe in Jesus? She just said, yes. So you see, and I was listening to this testimony and I asked her, are you serious? Was it that simple? Somebody told you the gospel and they asked you whether you believe in Jesus and you said, yes. She said, yeah. Till that day, nobody told us. That day, somebody told us, we came to know and we put our trust in Jesus. There's no turning back. And today we are pastors, okay? So I was amazed. I felt like, sometimes we are the ones who complicate it and we think people will not be ready to accept or they will have issues if we share the gospel with them. But not necessarily. You see, it is our responsibility to share the gospel because that is the power of God unto salvation. And therefore, we have to be ready. Imagine a city in which we don't share the gospel. We just live a very righteous life and people look at us and say, oh, these are followers of Jesus, wonderful. And that's it. But where is the invitation for people to come into the kingdom of God? So we have to share the gospel, okay? Share the gospel and let people make their own decision. So how do we share? We can go where people go. So again, strategic, right? So we can think of strategic ways in which the gospel can be shared. I know recently there are, there are, you know, how many of you were part of that power to change campaign? That was something unique, something different, city-wide where all the churches were gathered together and they went and ministered to many, many people at the same time. So you see, these are all strategic ways in which the gospel can be shared or it can be taken to institutions, right? It could be taken to institutions and you can share it there. I know of people who have spoken in some official meetings where they were invited, pastors were invited to come and share the gospel. So we can be strategic, right? And these days you have media, the use of media. So there are apps, unique apps, short films, many ways in which we can do it. You know, there are websites that people use. So given the freedom in a particular nation or a city, no, we don't have to break any laws. We can uphold the constitution, right? We can follow the law of the land, respect it, honor it and at the same time, we can share the gospel, okay? So it is possible and we'll really have to pray and think and ask God, you know, God, you show us what is the strategic way in which we can share the gospel, maybe you can share it with tens of thousands of people at the same time if it is a strategic plan. That's why we use the term strategic, okay? So sharing the gospel is so very important for city transformation and demonstrate the gospel. Demonstrate the gospel. How do we demonstrate the gospel? You see, Jesus, we read in Matthew 14, 14, that, you know, he, when he looked at the people, he had compassion for the people and he healed the people. So when I look at the hurting world around me, God's power is what they need. Every time I talk to different people, you know, we used to have that Zoom call after church service, people will connect, some of them, you know, who are not believers, but they connect on the call because they are going through a desperate time. I've met people, you know, just in general, in church and elsewhere who say, please pray for me. I am going through a challenging time. I am in a financial crisis. Somebody is sick in my family. I am sick or I don't have a job or I'm going through a divorce. You see, people are going through all kinds of challenges out there. How would Jesus respond? You know, if he heard that somebody is in pain. Matthew 14, 14, he saw them. He had great compassion on them and he healed them. So he intervened in their situation by releasing the power of God.   Lord, you bring peace in their family. Lord, you heal their bodies. So demonstrating the gospel is to be moved with compassion and see the power of God released into people's lives. So, you know, we can follow the same model of Jesus and see the supernatural works of God being manifested. Jesus said that, isn't it? You shall do greater works than these. So we are called to move in the supernatural power of God. So wouldn't it be wonderful if all believers, you know, we pray and miracles start happening in people's lives. We share the gospel and, you know, people's lives are transformed. So that is what the believers should be doing, okay? So we said, live the gospel, share the gospel, but also demonstrate the gospel. Just go ahead, pray for somebody. Now, I'm always overjoyed in church when some of our church folk, you know, they come up and say that I prayed for so and so, they couldn't walk, but now they're walking, okay? And I remember very early on, one of our families in North church, their daughter was so tiny at that time and she had fractured her leg and they were coming to church. So I'd gone to visit them in their home. So I asked that little girl at that time, so what did you do? Because you have a fracture now, what did you do? She immediately told me, pastor, I took my hand and I put it on my leg and I prayed in Jesus' name and I asked Jesus to heal my leg. And I was so happy. This was, she's so little. I don't remember which class she was in, but I was so happy that, oh my goodness, you see, they understand that God's power can intervene in the situation that they are in. So every believer like that, imagine a little child has understood, God's power is real, God's power can heal me, okay? And if every believer, we say believer, do we really believe and do we really go ahead and pray for people and trust that, okay, I will see God's power working in the lives of people, maybe colleagues, classmates, neighbors, anyone, anyone who comes into contact with us, maybe we just quickly met somebody at the airport or in the train station or in the bus, but we share and there is an opportunity, we share and we say, okay, brother, can I pray for you? Can I, you know, that Jesus heals, He delivers, He can do a miracle in your situation. Take authority. So why have we learned about spiritual authority? Because we can use it and we can see the power of God. So when you see Satan is doing an oppressive work, he's bringing sickness on people, he's working in other ways, don't worry, take authority and say, I am gonna pray for you, okay?   Till now they've never opened their mouth and said that I believe in Jesus, but when there is a need, you know, they'll always say, Pastor, can you pray? Are they born again? You know, I don't know, but they never really said that I am born again or I accept Christ. But they said, pray. Why? Because they have seen the power of God in their situation, but I believe it's like a seed, you know? They are seeing God's glory and they cannot deny it.  So, okay, let's just stop here, class. I think there's one more point to go in talking about the exercise of authority and then we will move on to, yeah, the last chapter here. We should be able to complete it in the next one hour. Okay, so 10 minutes break everybody and we shall be back at 11 o'clock. Thank you.


Welcome to Designing in the Browser. In this series, we explore how to take a design, build it, and then tweak it in the browser using the latest in web technology and design systems. Today, we're going to take a look at how we can extend the capabilities of vanilla CSS with pre and post processors. In many design systems like material design, we use SAS as a pre-processor to give us a ton of power and control over our code, as well as a post-processor post-CSS to make sure it works across the browser. There are a lot of benefits and different ways to do this. So let's dive in. So why would you need to extend CSS? It gives us so much styling power, but there's a bit more that we may need in order to tailor CSS to our own needs, especially with design systems. A big reason for using CSS processing tools is easier maintenance and browser support. For example, we now have dynamic variables with CSS custom properties, but we didn't have that capability a few years ago and older browsers like Internet Explorer 11 don't support some of these newer features like custom properties. With a pre-processor, we can store these variables as static values, meaning they can work across browser. We'll often see pre and post processors being used in large design systems and projects. Material Design, Google's open source UI design system, uses SAS as a pre-processor and post-CSS as a post-processor. If you're not familiar with material design, check out material.io for more information and for resources. On the web platform, using SAS allows for material to create an API for our design system and specify what you can do to extend the system while still maintaining its integrity. For example, material includes mix-ins like MDC button ink color. You may be thinking, why use a SAS mix-in instead of just writing color and the color that you want there? The reason why is because the output of the mix-in looks like this. We need to keep various states in mind without overriding each other's styles, and the way to do that is with an explicit API. Here's another example. This would output to this. So you can see that while it seems like changing the field outline color through a mix-in isn't really doing that much. It really is. Three different classes and various pieces of that element are updated through that single line of code. This actually gets more complex with some of our components as their APIs become more complex. Here's an example of a masonry image list where one of the mix-ins involved specifies how many columns to include and what the spacing should be between each image in that list within the columns. So the code for that becomes this. It affects not only the element itself, but also child elements to make sure that the spacing is correct not only horizontally, but also vertically. This image list is one place where we can really see the benefits of using SAS in our UIs. In this example, as we resize this image list to be smaller, the number of columns and the spacing between those columns decreases as the size of the screen gets smaller. And vice versa, increases as the size of the screen gets bigger. And so this is a part of that styling API. If we look at the code here, what we're doing is we're starting at the baseline. We're starting at that mobile view with the columns being 1 and the spacing between those being 0. As you start to get bigger, for example, at a screen of 500 pixels or larger, we're now going to be at two columns with 8 pixels between those items. We're getting a little bigger at 800 pixels. It goes to 3. Right here, you can see that is being included as a mix-in called MDC Image List Masonry Columns. And we're using the same mix-in throughout to then at 1,000 pixels provide 4 across and at 1,200 pixels provide the 5 across. So here, with just a couple of lines of code, we're changing the entire layout. This responsiveness is included as a part of the styling API for our components. As I mentioned earlier, MDC Web also uses post-processing for our CSS. The most popular technology to do this is called Post-CSS. We use Post-CSS to make our CSS backwards compatible for older browsers. An example of this is adding prefixes to certain properties like column count, which we just saw in the Image List example. With auto-prefixer as a part of Post-CSS, we don't need to memorize which properties do and don't need a prefix as we extend our CSS styles. And so what that looks like without the processing is this. And then when it processes applying those prefixes, it becomes this. Soon, CSS will give us the ability to natively extend it and do all sorts of things with a technology called CSS Houdini. With this technology, developers now have access to the CSS Object Model for the very first time. Houdini is a series of browser APIs that allows developers to tell the browser how they want it to read and render CSS, along with a slew of other performance boosts and really great benefits. The current APIs for Houdini include the Layout API, the Paint API, Properties and Values API, Animation Worklet, and the Typed Object Model. We'll talk about Custom Properties API in another show, but for now, I want to show you the power of the Paint API and how you can use it today to extend a system like Material in a progressively enhanced way. So in order to do this, I quickly want to talk to you about shape within Material theming. Material includes shape as a core part of its theming subsystem. Shape is an integral part of an application style language because it can be used to indicate state. It can also bring the user's focus to a specific area like a menu bar or an action item. The floating action button, for example, is round and lives in the bottom of the web page permanently as a consistent action source. The round shape contrasts the web page as most elements in a web page are rectangular in shape. To help you determine the shape for the look and feel of your application, Material provides a tool called the Material Shape Tool. You can find this on material.io and go to the Shape subsection underneath Material Foundation. So this shape customization tool allows to explore the different types of components and what they look like with various shapes. The first are small components. These are things like buttons. So you can apply various rounded shapes to the button. We even have angled corners as a shape option, which is a cut corner on each of those edges. Also medium components you could play around with. So here we have things like dialogues and cards. And then larger components are things like your menu. So you can have those be rounded and bubbly or have them be more straight across or rectangular and angular. You'll notice that in this tool we have two corner shapes, rounded and angled. While on the web angled corners are not currently possible as a part of today's browsers, this is a system that spans platforms and angled corners are possible on Android, Flutter and iOS. Angled corners have been discussed by web standards since 2012, but we have yet to see them implemented in browsers. However, with CSS Houdini, nearly anything is possible. So I made a little demo to show you how we can have angled edges on the web today. So in this example here, I'm just gonna zoom in. We have these material buttons and we have these adjusted buttons. Now they have the ripple and everything applied to them when you click. So you can see that there are the exact same sort of interactions here. We even have this button popping out for that raised material button. But these buttons on the bottom have that angled shape. So the way that I did this was with a worklet. Let's get into that. Okay, so first to understand the requirements of this demo, let's go over the types of material design buttons. The first button is a standard button that just goes on the backgrounds and when you hover over it, you can see a subtle outline of that button and when you click on it, you see it a little bit more pronounced. Then there is the outlined button. The outline button has an outline around the button which matches the color of the text within the button. The filled button has a background behind the button and then there is the raised button which has a drop shadow underneath the button which extends as you click it or as you hover over the button. So we needed to make all of these work. We needed to fill all these use cases. We also needed to make sure that this ripple effect is still working and does not extend our element. So when I made these angled corners, the first thing I thought about was using a mask because when we mask an element, we are preventing anything from going outside of that element. So here we have a mask set which is using this angled corners worklets and it's using the filled mode. So I've used a custom identifier as an argument inside of this paint worklet. So here I can mask all of these buttons, all of these buttons that have the angled class applied to them and then for the outline buttons, I'm specifying this outline mode. I'm using the exact same worklet but I'm using it as a border image. So here I'm painting it as a border image as well as using it on mask on the same exact element. So it's pretty dynamic what you can do with these custom properties. If you wanna take a look at what that code looks like, here I have a few input properties. Those input properties are corner radius, the stroke weight and the paint color. So we can adjust the radius of those buttons, the custom identifier as the input argument for the mode, the filled or outline mode. And then I'm going through, I'm looking at every single corner and I'm adjusting those corners based on the inputs. So I can make these corners uniform or I can change what those radiuses are. So here I have 12 pixels and then 0, 0, 0. But what if I wanted to make this like 20 and then 0 and then 20 and then 0? You can see it's starting to paint in. So I have the ability to every single corner adjust the angles. I have the ability to specify the type of transformation I want here, whether that be a rounded button because we can just do that in CSS, whether that be an angled button, Houdini gives us the power to do that. And I can specify how I'm using that worklet. So I can use it as an outline, I can use it as a background. I can use it as both in the example of the outline button. That's exactly what I'm doing. With the raised button, I did have to adjust the HL markup a little bit to give it a shadow container because of what WebKit Mask does, which is prevent anything from living outside of that mask, which was needed for the ripple. So I did add a little bit of markup here for the shadow container, but you get the same effect with the MDC button by applying the same kind of transformations on the shadow container. If you wanna explore this demo a little bit more, we will link this in the show notes. It is free for you to explore, it's free for you to use, it's free for you to build upon. It's a really interesting upcoming technology that will provide us so much more power with CSS. So I'm really excited for it, and I hope that you are too. CSS is such a powerful tool and we can leverage its powers to have even more control when we use extension tools such as post-processors, pre-processors, and Houdini. What do you use for your styling setup? Leave a comment down below, and we'll see you next time. Say bye Disco!


Hello, I'm Michael Barr, the Joan and Samper while Dean of the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy here at the University of Michigan. It's a great pleasure to welcome you all here today for our distinguished guest, Dr. Tedros Adhaman-Gabrielsos, Director General of the World Health Organization. This is a co-sponsored event between the Ford School and the School of Public Health, which we're excited to offer under our policy talks at the Ford School event series and the School of Public Health's ahead-of-the-curve speaker series. On behalf of both schools, I'd like to thank Dr. Tedros for joining us. Dr. Tedros was elected to the Director General position in May 2017, the first person from the African region to head the WHO. Prior to that, he served in the Ethiopian government, first as Health Minister for seven years and then as Foreign Minister for five years. During his time in the health ministry, he led a comprehensive reform of his country's health system, built on the foundation of universal health coverage and provision of services to all people, even in the most remote areas. As Foreign Minister from 2012 to 2016, he elevated health as a political issue nationally, regionally, and globally. He also served as Chair of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Chair of the Rollback Malaria Partnership, and Co-Chair of the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Board. He sums up his ambition for the WHO this way, quote, Our vision is not health for some, it is not health for most, it's health for all, rich and poor, abled and disabled, old and young, urban and rural, citizen and refugee, everyone, everywhere. Dr. Tedros also has ties to the University of Michigan. After his visit to the campus in 2011, the University established a number of meaningful collaborations with universities in Ethiopia, including establishing the Center for International Reproductive Health Training, or CERTS, which works with 10 medical, midwifery and nursing schools across the country. Programs have followed in surgery, internal medicine, pediatrics, GI, transplant and other specialties. Asian medicine doctors helped perform Ethiopia's first-ever kidney transplants in 2015. We are grateful to CERTS founder, Dr. Sanit Fisahe, who remains one of Dr. Tedros' chief advisors for help in arranging this talk. This event is part of the Gilbert S. Oman and Martha A. Darling Health Policy Fund lecture series. Established in 2001, this series allows the Ford School to host distinguished speakers on the topic of health policy. Our thanks to Gil Oman and Martha Darling, who are watching today for their generosity in making this possible. Before we dive into the discussion, a couple of quick notes about format. We'll start with short remarks from Dr. Tedros, and then spend the majority of our time in a conversation between Dr. Tedros and Dean Bowman. Thanks to many of our audience members for submitting questions during registration. We've included themes from your questions in our discussion. You'll have some time at the event today for live audience questions as well. You can send questions using YouTube or Facebook chat functions, or you can tweet your questions to us using the hashtag policy talks. And now I'm happy to turn things over to my friend and colleague, DeBoys Bowman, Dean of the University of Michigan School of Public Health. A renowned expert in the statistical analysis of brain imaging data, Dean Bowman's research has important implications for mental and neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, depression, schizophrenia, and substance addiction. The two of us enjoy working together on the important relationship between public health and public policy. And here at the Ford School, nine of our master's students are pursuing joint degrees with the School of Public Health. Dean Bowman, let me turn things over to you. Hello, everyone. Thank you, Dean Barr and the Ford School for co-hosting this event. I also want to extend my deep thanks to Dr. Tedros for joining us today and to congratulate him on recently being elected to the National Academy of Medicine. I know that this recognition is added to a long list of honors for him, but as it was just announced earlier this week, I want to extend my heartfelt congratulations. We're honored to be hosting him and I'm looking forward to our conversation. This is such a rare and important opportunity to hear from a public health expert who's leading pandemic response efforts on a global stage. And I'm excited for the insights that Dr. Tedros will share as well as the ways that we might be able to apply those insights in our own lives as we have many people in our audience today who are involved in local public health response efforts, who are helping to drive public health policy or our students eager to get out into the real world and make an impact on health policy issues. So with that, I want to say thank you again to Dr. Tedros and I'll turn it over to you now for some short remarks. Thank you. Thank you, Dean. I'm really glad that Dean Barr started from telling the audience that I'm very close to University of Michigan and very proud to be close actually. As Dean Barr said, the first meeting that resulted in the establishment of a resident program in Ethiopia in St. Paul Medical School was actually done in 2011. I remember then meeting Dr. Sennheide and my friends, Dr. Joe Callers and Dr. Tim Johnson. I have many friends, by the way, in addition to them in the University of Michigan. And when we had a discussion in March 2011 to start a residence program, that happened in nine months from the day we spoke about it. We discussed at that time about the need for speed to establish the residence program as soon as possible. And of course, our target was six months. That was very ambitious. But we did it in nine months. And the first graduate of the residence program was in July 2016. So imagine discussing about residence program in 2011, March, and then having graduates from that school in 2016. So my partnership with the University of Michigan is very, very productive. Not only the residence program, but also the support helped in strengthening the newly established medical school, the St. Paul Medical School. So thank you so much. We'd like to use this opportunity to thank the University of Michigan for that very successful partnership. And of course, the first kidney transplant in Ethiopia also was a result of that partnership. So it's a very productive one. And that's why when I meet colleagues, I always say maize and blue. And I'm very proud of that partnership, which is very productive. And thank you so much again for having me today. For me, it's homecoming. And I consider the University of Michigan as my home. And thank you to Dean Bowman. And also I already say to Dean Barr and greetings to all members of the school, to students, the faculty, alumni, and the entire University of Michigan community. And thank you for having me today. And I have often said that health is a political choice. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented governments and public health institutions around the world with many difficult choices, which public health measures to recommend. What level of restrictions to impose to protect health systems while preserving individual freedoms. How to allocate scarce resources and more. Many of these decisions are made under intense public pressure and with evolving information. But in fact, many of the most important choices that determine the outcome of a health emergency are made long before the crisis itself strikes. The choice to invest in primary health care and public health infrastructure. The choice to put signs at the heart of public health policy. The choice to build trust with communities through a strong social contract. The consequences of these choices are now playing out around the world. Some of the world's wealthiest countries with the most advanced medical systems were swamped by this novel virus. Even as countries with far fewer resources were able to limit the speed. The number of weekly reported deaths from COVID-19 is now at its lowest in a year. So we know the real number is higher. However, many countries and communities continue to see increases in transmission and death, especially in areas where access to vaccines or acceptance of vaccines is lost. Low-income people, minorities and other marginalized groups have suffered disproportionately. More than 6.6 billion vaccine dose have now been administered globally. But more than 75% of those have gone to high and upper middle-income countries. Low-income countries have received less than one half of 1% of the world's vaccines. Just 5% of the population of Africa is fully vaccinated. So the problem is more serious even in Africa. High and upper middle-income countries have now administered almost half as many booster shoots as the total number of vaccines administered in low-income countries. We're facing a two-track pandemic fueled by vaccine inequity. This is not just ethically abhorrent. It's also epidemiologically and economically self-defeating. The longer vaccine inequity persists, the longer the social and economic turmoil will continue and the more opportunity the virus has to mutate. No country can vaccinate its way out of this pandemic in isolation from the rest of the world. The fastest and most effective way to bring the pandemic to an end is to vaccinate 40% of the population of every country by the end of this year and 70% by the middle of next year. Of course, the inequity we see in access to vaccines is the same inequity that lies at the root of so many global health problems. If a community is unable to provide essential health care services during normal times, how can it be expected to cope with a pandemic? That's why at the heart of WHO's mission and the heart of all public health is a conviction that health is a fundamental human right for all people, not a luxury for those who can afford it. So even as we respond to the pandemic, we must learn the lessons it's teaching us. Let me offer three. First, we must recognize that a strong health system is not the same thing as an advanced medical care system. For too long, too many countries have invested heavily in advanced medical care while under investing in public health and primary health care. On COVID-19 hit, they were overwhelmed. At the foundation of universal health coverage, primary health care is a vital first line of defense against disease outbreaks, but also for providing services for communicable and noncommunicable diseases, including mental health, and for preventing and mitigating the impacts of social, economic, and environmental determinants of health, including climate change. Second, we need better financing for national and global preparedness and response. That includes a substantial increase in domestic investment, as well as in international financing to support low and lower middle income countries for surveillance, laboratory, risk communication, and contact tracing capacity, and preparedness systems using a one health approach. Third, we need better global governance that's inclusive, equitable, and accountable. The existing global health security architecture is fragmented, and voluntary mechanisms have not worked. At a special session of the World Health Assembly next month, WHO member states will meet to discuss the potential for a legally binding international agreement on pandemic preparedness and response to provide a much needed overarching framework for global cooperation. In the coming months and years, other crises will demand our attention and distract us from the urgency of taking action now. If the world continues down the same path, it will continue to get the same result, which is a world that's less healthy, less safe, and less fair. Health is a political choice. Now is the time for all countries to make the choices to build a future that's healthier, safer, and fairer for everyone, everywhere. Thank you again, and I look forward to our conversation. Back to you, Din. Thank you, Dr. Tedros. That was fantastic. I appreciate the really powerful words that you shared and really want to dive into several of those topics throughout our conversation together. So we're appreciative of you sharing with us and grateful for the incredibly important work that you're doing, that you're leading to keep people across the world safe and healthy. Now with the remaining time, what we're going to do is transition into some questions. Many of the themes that I'll touch on are questions that were submitted during the registration process for the event. So I know that our viewers are eager to hear from you. So if you're all set, let's go ahead and dive in. The first question that I'd like to ask is really, really touches on things that influence leadership. And our audience today ranges from public health students, public policy students, to advanced career professionals both within and outside the university. And for students, even early professionals, it's often challenging the CSOs as prominent and influential leaders in the field, yet what leaders bring to their roles is often shaped by experiences over the course of many, many years. And so to begin, I'd just like to ask you to reflect and maybe comment on any experiences that come to mind for you during your journey, whether personal experiences, educational or professional that have influenced your leadership style and approach. Yeah, no, thank you. Yeah, I mean, I have probably one thing to share with you. So we can move into other questions. This is in 1988 when I had the opportunity to get a scholarship in Denmark. It was a diploma training in epidemiology. And that was in 1988, a lot younger than now, of course. And I had my health insurance for the first time. I was there for four months, but I had a health insurance that covers me for one year. I even asked them, why do I need a one year health insurance when I stay in your country only for four months? They said, no, no, it's fine. If you want, you can come back to use it. So that triggered actually an interest to study or to understand the health system of Denmark. From my observation or, of course, my understanding at that time, I told Denmark had implemented what we now say, health for all or universal health coverage. Because the whole community, all citizens were covered, including guests like me actually. And I was really surprised. And also, you know, I was convinced that universal health coverage can be possible in any country. What is needed is a political commitment from the leaders of the country. And I had another opportunity to visit Sweden later on. And of course, UK, the NHS model, all have a lot, a lot in common, mainly focused on public financing and cover each and every citizen. And I think the three observations made me to be a long life, a lifelong believer of universal health coverage. So all we do in WHO and even before that, when I was Minister of Health in Ethiopia, I was working then based on that belief that UHC is possible. What we need is political commitment. So I think whatever leadership inputs I would like to make or whatever inputs I would like to have, I would like to lead it into making sure that UHC can happen in the world. And I believe all roads should lead to universal health coverage. Terrific. And I think that reinforces one of the earlier points that you made in the non-equivalence of a strong health system and availability of advanced medical care for some. So I appreciate you sharing that. So now just shifting slightly to talk about, you know, leadership during challenging times, one of the most vexing aspects of the pandemic stems really from the novelty of the virus. And you had to make many decisions with global implications and an atmosphere of uncertainty and ever-changing disease progression. And this started in the months leading up to March of 2020 when the World Health Organization first declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. And so I'm wondering if you can just kind of take us back to that moment and describe for our listeners, you know, what you were facing with your team and how you were able to make decisions in face of so much uncertainty. Yeah. No, thank you. Thank you so much. That's a very good question.  So I wanted to have a few days leave after more than two years and a half as Director-General. And I was actually on a leave when I got a call on December 31st and we chose the New Year's Eve that there is something going on. And there is maybe a new outbreak, which is serious. And then that was a call from my colleagues. So we started following up, starting from the eve of the New Year, during the New Year. So we started working. And by January 2nd, what we picked up from the website of Wuhan-based Health Department in China, actually to be a novel disease, something new. And it was confirmed by January 2nd. So maybe something about my team then is you can understand my colleagues took it seriously. Also, it was the eve of the New Year and continued working on it, although the following day was a New Year. That commitment, to be honest, inspired me and gave me the energy probably until now fighting the pandemic because you say, okay, I have colleagues who know what they're doing and who have commitment. So my team is good. And I say proud to be a member of this team. So you function well when you have a functioning team. So I think that's the start of the trigger. That's when we had the first report and my colleagues did their best and I was happy. I didn't complain that I was disturbed while it's eve of the New Year and then the next day was the New Year. Then, of course, the first few days, the first few weeks, the first few months, our knowledge of the virus was really limited. And we decided with our colleagues to say to the world, okay, this virus is unknown. We don't know much. What we don't know is more than what we know. What we know is little. But we believe that this could be dangerous from whatever we have seen so far. And that was the message from the start and we started developing guidelines with the little we know to guide the world on how to fight. Then by January, I think by January 22, there were cases, although outside China, there were around 50-something cases, but in China it was increasing significantly. So we called the emergency committee to deliberate. The emergency committee was divided and it didn't declare thick. But they decided to meet after 10 days to deliberate again. Between January 22 and January 30, I had to fly to China to see things first hand. And what we saw on the ground was really serious and we had a chance also to get more information and then we returned to Geneva and the following day we had the emergency committee meeting again ahead of the 10 days they actually planned to meet. And FIC was declared on January 30. So the highest level of emergency was actually declared on January 30. That's a month after we had picked the report from the Wuhan-based health department website in China when the number of cases outside China was less than 100 actually. And at that time we said there is a window of opportunity now to control it and countries should be aggressive. This virus seems dangerous, we don't know much, but we have to be very serious. And from then on the principle we're following was to really understand the reality, you know, understand what we know, understand what we don't know, and try to of course at the same time take it seriously and communicate whatever we have at hand. So that's the early days. Of course, then we described in March that the situation is now worse and that it can be described as pandemic. By the way, there was no, there is no requirement from WHO to declare pandemics because the highest level was already declared on January 30 as public health emergency of international concern. But between January 30 and March, mid-March when we described the epidemic as pandemic, the actions of, you know, the actions of many countries by majority actually was not really as desired. So we wanted to use the description as pandemic to, you know, as a wake up call. You know, say to the world that this is serious. It was serious even when we said it in January 30 that was the highest level of emergency. But it's getting even more serious. And that it was a wake up call. Between January 30 and March, mid-March, we were also telling the world that this virus is dangerous. And we used even phrases saying it's public enemy number one, and that the world has to do everything. Before even the description of the pandemic, the situation as a pandemic, we were trying to tell the world that this virus is dangerous and public enemy number one. And since then we're here, but now we know more. We know better. And we believe that we can, with the tools we have, I think we can manage this virus. And we're a lot better and really better condition now. Terrific. So I'd like to ask another question that's still, you know, kind of related to just challenging times and leadership. And that is, you know, public health has been politicized during the pandemic in ways that we haven't really seen before. Public health workers at local levels, at national levels, and even global levels have had incidents of mistreatment and even threatening behavior, you know, offer, working hard to protect the health of the public. And so as a leader, what have you learned about navigating this type of climate, and perhaps not even only yourself as, you know, being someone who's obviously very politically astute, but maybe even for members of your team or others who you work with? Yeah, no, thank you. I mean, it has been a very difficult journey and still is. And it has been politicized throughout. Maybe at times we were a bit starting to be frustrated even. And I remember in one of our pressers, when we had only 660,000 deaths, and when we saw politicization of the virus, we said to the countries, please stop politicization. If you politicize this pandemic, you, the virus will have advantages. And we will have more body bugs and prepare more body bugs. Because to be honest, saying it that way was really not something I normally say and I want to say. But the inaction of many countries and the politicization was so disappointing that I started using those words. And now we have more than how many million deaths? Millions of deaths. I think 60,000 was really small actually compared to what we have now. So the politicization really hurt a lot. I mean, and it was a very good advantage to the virus. There were many good examples that we were saying then, please stop some politicization to fight this pandemic, you need unity. And it starts at national level. And we were bringing examples of countries. For instance, Finland was a very good example when political parties, the ruling, the incumbent and the opposition, forming a joint committee and fighting the virus together. Because they said it's a common enemy. And they could be more effective. And many, some other countries also have done the same thing. And that also influences the global solidarity. Because when there is national unity to fight the pandemic, then the same approach can be used globally to fight the virus in unison. But because there was politicization at home, and especially some countries were using the virus or the pandemic situation to score points against their opponents, political party opponents, you know, they were politicizing wearing masks, politicizing vaccination, by the way, it's still happening. And then if people are told by some of their political leaders not to wear mask, which is very technical. And while the other political party members are saying you have to wear or political leaders are saying you have to wear mask, then some will follow their leaders listening to not wearing a mask. And others, of course, will wear. But the result is a good proportion of your population will not be abiding by the technical guidance and will be exposed to the virus. And the virus will get opportunity to spread. So that really created a lot of opportunity for the virus. And the high transmission that happened in so many countries was because of political problems. And when politics is wrong, the technical guidance is undermined and the result is bad. When politics is right, technical guidance is followed and the impact is better. So surgical intervention is, I mean, political intervention is surgical intervention. It changes the paradigm for good or bad. So when there is clear and right political direction, then the technical guidance could be supported and the result could be better. So that's why we have been saying, please don't do it. And please don't politicize and please, you know, you have many other political punches to use against your opponents. Don't use this. This is a common enemy. Don't just take this out of the table, you know, to use it against your opponents and use other things to score points. Then personally, how did you manage it and my team? We focus on the issues. We had attacks threats directly. And many were throwing at us a lot of rubbish. But what we do is we focus on the issue. We say, okay, maybe we see a lot of rubbish thrown at us. But whoever is throwing it, they may have a point. So what's the point? So instead of focusing on the rubbish or instead of focusing on the attack, what's their point? What are they telling us? How can we find the point and address it? Because some people may be frustrated and do that. But that frustration should not really cover the point they're trying to make. So we focus on the issue. It helps us in two ways. One, we stay sane because we're focusing on the issue. We don't take it personally, and we don't let it in, you know, the rubbish so we can stay sane. At the same time, since we're focusing on the issue, we will identify the issue and solve it. Because there may be something we can learn even from that rubbish or frustration. So that's how we try to handle focus on the issue. Focus on what they're trying to say. Let's not take it personally. Then to the health workers, as you know, early days there was a lot of support and appreciation. And you remember many citizens in many parts of the world, evenings, you know, they from their balconies, they were cheering health workers and appreciating them for their support. But at the same time, there was abuse. But health workers, they risked their life. By the way, the recent estimates of the deaths of health workers is unbelievable. We lost lots of health workers because of, you know, their occupational, it's because of occupational, you know, reasons, what you call occupational hazard. And we believe that health workers should be appreciated. Not only, you know, the clapping or the cheering, but whether it's pay or better work environment and other things. I think we have to respect our health workers. They were heroes and still are. And many have lost their lives while saving others. And, you know, would like to use this opportunity actually to pay tribute and express my respect. But, you know, the harassment or the abuse is still continuing, which is not really necessary. And the global citizen should understand that health workers are actually risking their lives to save them. So that's how we were trying to handle. So we try to stay calm and try to focus on the issue and work in good phase to save lives. Because people are dying, so we cannot complain. We just do our best to save lives. That's it. And focus on the issue. Great, great. And I know health workers, you know, public health officials on the front line, policy advocates will draw strength from your words of support. And others, you know, that I'm sure will draw some wisdom just from the tips that you left about how you approach things with your team. So I'd like to now move in and touch on some things that you mentioned in your opening remarks about equity. And, you know, if we can start really at the very beginning, and in terms of just the case for vaccine equity, and we've seen inequities play out not only between countries, but even within country. If you can just really underscore the case for why do we need vaccine equity? Why do we need vaccine equity? I mean, that's a very good question. As you know, even as we speak, the whole world is taken hostage by a virus. And it's affecting, you know, the lives, livelihoods of people. Affecting their social life, political, and their economy.  So that's the reason. Without vaccine equity, we cannot do that. Second, with vaccine equity, especially if we can speed up vaccine equity and vaccine coverage and vaccinate the whole world, the chances of emergence of new variants of this virus could also be less. So you have these two advantages, because if the emergence of new variants is less, then, you know, we can manage the virus, so, you know, lives and livelihoods will be back, back to normal. So that's why. Otherwise, if there is no vaccine equity, then it's like when your house is burning, if you hose it in one part and the rest you leave it, then it will continue to burn.  So it's just the same, the same approach. No country can be, you know, safe unless the rest is safe, or the rest of the world is safe. And it's in the interest, because, you know, no country can be safe. It's in the interest of each and every nation to stand for vaccine equity. It's not charity. It's actually opening the world will benefit even those who will be sharing the vaccines they have. Especially when we say sharing, we can target the G20 countries. They own more than 80% of the global GDP and they also own more than 90% of the global manufacturing capacity of vaccines as we speak. So if the rest of the world is not opened up, even the G20 countries I think will continue to be affected by the virus. So that's why we go for vaccine equity, not as a charity, but for the benefit of every human being and every nation on earth and for our world to return to normalcy. Because everybody is sick and tired and everybody wants the whole world to really, really open up. So go back to normal. So see it as an individual. That's the only way out, by the way. Terrific. Terrific. And I really appreciate you underscoring sort of a moral and ethical ground, but as, but paired with scientific considerations that are critical for us to actually effectively manage exactly. And that's why, by the way, vaccine inequity is, I said also in the past, epidemiologically wrong and economically wrong, morally wrong. So three wrongs. And I don't think we should accept this. By the way, I would like to use this opportunity to appreciate President Biden, because from the 135 million those delivered so far, two certs come from donation from the U.S. And I think that's a very good signal to really lead the world. And we hope this will motivate others. And we also hope U.S. will do more. And President Biden and his administration will do more. Terrific. And so I really appreciate your comments there. And I want to ask you also just to maybe elaborate on some things that you mentioned at the outset in terms of vaccine boosters. And just to open it up, I know it's an area that you've commented about previously, but just sharing your thoughts on vaccine boosters. Yeah, on vaccine boosters, we had a meeting with, we convened a meeting of more than 2,000 experts some weeks ago. And there is nothing conclusive on the advantages or usefulness of boosters. So why do we waste resources when it's not conclusive? And I mean, the most senior scientists or experts we have have already looked at it and they're not supporting, actually. So that's one. And second, many countries are moving into boosters are those countries who have already done well on the first and second dose. So we felt it's really unfair and unjust to move into a booster while in Africa we have only 5% coverage. And the 5% coverage means 95% doesn't have even the first round. So imagine when 90% doesn't have even the first round, moving after covering 60 or 70% of your population to move into boosters and which is not really conclusive, then it doesn't make any sense. Then again, it's a moral issue. It's also a science issue and other issues. And that's why I announced moratorium until the end of this year at least. Then we can have time to assess again on the usefulness of boosters and whatever was allocated for boosters can be used to increase the vaccination coverage in developing countries, especially in Africa. And that goes back to what we said earlier, the equity issue. Unless there is equity and others are vaccinated, this virus cannot be beaten. So even those countries with high percentage or high coverage, 70 or 60% will not be safe. So it's in their own interest. And I have a good general called Dr. Mike Rand, he says, it's like having a life jacket and then taking another one on top of that while leaving your friend next to you without a life jacket. So do we need to go that low? No. I mean, at the end of the day, it will be very important to use our mind and come back to our senses to do the right things because this world cannot really survive without doing the right things the right way and for the right reasons. So we need to really be serious about our common humanity. Thank you. Terrific. And I have one question that just came in from the audience that I'd like to ask. Does the WHO and its regional offices have direct relationships with international biopharma companies to gain access to medicines and influence R&D in patenting policies? And what are the prospects, for example, for any African country to establish a vaccine manufacturing unit? Yes. I mean, to address the vaccine equity problems we are facing now, one of the solutions is investment in local production in as many countries as possible. And we have established a hub, a manufacturing hub, transfer technology, of course, in South Africa, the first one. And we hope that we'll encourage investment in Africa and local production in Africa. And we're also supporting countries in each and every continent actually, two or three to boost their capacity in local production. And we're advocating for technology transfer and we have a technology pool, of course, on voluntary basis. And we're advocating also for intellectual property waiver, as you may know. You know, we really appreciate the private sector. They have developed the vaccines in less than a year and they need all the support. But at the same time, the manufacturers should think that this is unprecedented situation.  And also to countries, that's what we're trying to help them understand. IP waiver, the provision was included during the negotiation on the trip's agreement to use it for such a situation. So if we cannot use it now, which is unprecedented, when do we use it? So we need to use all available means. Of course, we have good relationship with the farmer. But at the same time, we have a very honest and candid relationship at the same time. And for them, if they have IP waiver for a limited period of time, for a limited number of, you know, products like vaccine, for instance, two to three years, I don't think will affect the incentives they get from the IP protection. It's a limited number of products for a limited period of time. Because we care for them also because they have really helped a lot. And this should not be undermined. And we should recognize that. But at the same time, we need to use the available means we have. Terrific. So I'll ask one last question. I'm mindful of time. But we're nearly two years into the pandemic. And for you, based on everything that you've experienced, you know, the under the hood view that you have through the World Health Organization, if we take a long range view, do you feel that we're ultimately headed toward endemic community transmission? Or do you feel that elimination or even eradication are potentially within reach? I think from what we see now, the virus is here to stay with us. It's going to be endemic from what we, the behaviors we, you know, it's showing. It has already crossed all seasons twice, almost. Meaning two years means all seasons twice. So it can be transmitted any time of the year. So it's potent. And, you know, you see also the mutations. So what we expect is it will stay with us. And that's why with high coverage of vaccination combined with public health measures, then we know how to live with it so we can go back to our normal lives without needing elimination or eradication. For the time being, that's what we think. But of course, as we go forward, we will know more and maybe there could be more recommendations, could be elimination or whatever like we do for other specific disease problems. But for now, I think it will stay with us and we need to know how to live with it. When it started, by the way, as I told you, we were saying this is dangerous and it's public enemy number one. And we don't know it may stay with us. So you have to do everything. But there were many countries who believed that it will just go away like SARS, like MERS, like H1N1. I think that was one of the reasons for the surprise also. Instead of doing whatever they could, they were saying it will go away. It didn't go away like SARS or MERS or H1N1. So I think the message or the lesson going forward is when there is anything new coming, I think of course, comparing it with if there are similar events before or similar days before is important. But at the same time, it's always important to suspect that it may have its own behavior and it could be more potent and it could be more dangerous. So I think more precaution will be needed for the future. But you remember some people are using the exact word, it will go away or it's like flu or it's, you know, and which is not. So that's what we believe. I think it will stay with us. It will be endemic. But we know how to live with it. It can be like the seasonal flu and we can manage it that way, but we'll have vaccination and the rest. Then going forward, we need the pandemic treaty or you can call it pandemic agreement, a framework that can help us to define the rule of the game for the future. So we prepare in advance and we invest based on the treaty or the agreement on preparedness because prevention is better. So we can invest in prevention, then we can invest in early detection and then we can invest in response. But we need to have an agreement that really covers from prevention up to response, you know, a rule of game for the world. So the world works in unison when such a situation happens. Terrific. So we're just about at the end of our time together and Dr. Tedros, I can't stress how much of a privilege and honor it is for me to have this conversation with you. So on behalf of myself, the School of Public Health, the Ford School of Public Policy, both here at the University of Michigan, and everyone who's listening in today, thank you for joining us. This was an excellent conversation. We're so appreciative of you taking time to be here with us, but also really for your bold yet compassionate and grounded leadership on a global stage. So thank you. I also want to extend my thanks to everyone who helped pull this event together, including the team at the World Health Organization, Dean Barr, and colleagues at the Ford School of Public Policy. Thanks to everyone listening for joining. We hope to see you at another event again soon. Have a great afternoon. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you for having me and thank you Mays and Blue. So virtually today, hope to come in person soon. Correct. Thank you. Thank you, Dean Bowman. Thank you so much and Dean Barr.


So now let's look at the third pass paper question as well as the answer and in this instance I'll read through the answer once more in in one go and then we'll briefly talk about it before looking at the final pass paper question example and of course always remember that you can download all of these examples for your own revision in this course. So let's look at the question. What do you think the importance of the, what do you think is the importance of inspector Gull and how does Bruce Lee present him? Write about how the inspector responds to the Belling family and how Bruce Lee presents inspector in the ways he writes and I would say in this instance the key words are firstly importance. Is he important and of course the person who we're being asked to evaluate whether he's important is inspector Gull and of course how he's presented. So let's look at the answer from start to finish. Inspector Gull plays a critical role in inspector Gull as a catalyst for the change that both Eric and Sheila Berling undergo and he also uncovers a social responsibility that the wealthy in society have towards the poorer within society. Although Mr Arthur Berling, Miss Sybil Berling and Gerald Croft do not seemingly appear to have changed from the encounter with the inspector by the end of the play, his presence has an unsettling impact on them as it reminds them of the society of the social responsibility they have towards the weaker and marginalised people, otherwise they may risk the wrath of social changes and upheavals. This essay will examine in depth the important role inspector Gull has in this play. Firstly inspector Gull is significant because he introduces a supernatural element to the play. His name Gull which rhymes with Gull suggests he is a ghost sent from heaven to remind the wealthy Berling family to atone for their sins be kinder to the poor in society or else face the risk of going to hell and facing eternal damnation. Moreover the fact that he is omniscient, he has intricate knowledge about the family shows that he is a supernatural force that will haunt them if they do not change their ways. He's described in the play as speaking carefully, weightily and has a disconcerting habit of licking hard. He stares at all of the characters and make them feel and easy creating tension by unnerving them.  Hence he is important as he forces the character to reflect on their actions and consider how they can better treat the poor in society. Secondly inspector Gull is important as he gives a voice to the concerns of the working classes. He admonishes the family by telling them that there are millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths. This is critical as it shows that the Berling family have a chance of redemption if they help those who are poor and needy but they must change their ways. Additionally the inspector gives voice to concerns of the poor who are exploited by wealthy industrialists like Mr. Berling and he reveals the harsh brutality of the world they live in. Contextually the inspector is important as he reveals the realities of life in Edwardian England for the vast majority of working class people. The play is set prior to the first world war and this was a time when British society was deeply divided. There was stark difference between the comfortable and luxurious life that the wealthy families of the rich industrialists as well as their aristocracy enjoyed. In contrast to the vast numbers of poor people who paid pittance for the work and labour in these rich industrialist factories. The inspector calls this reality into focus by confronting the Berling family and by extension the wealthy audience members who will be watching priest Lee's play in order to show them the shocking realities of the majority face in the daily lives. Thirdly the inspector is important to see as a catalyst for change. In other words he has a huge impact on both Sheila and Eric who are the younger Berling members and this shows that there's a chance of change and redemption for the younger generation. This is evident when Mrs Berling notes that you seem to have made a great impression on this child. This shows the inspector as a catalyst for change in revolution as he shows that they may challenge the status quo and create a fairer society in England. This is important as contextually Priest Lee set this play just prior to the first world war when Britain was the cusp of huge social shifts that would irreparably alter the country. Inspector Gore appears to be a harbinger foreshadowing the change in revolution that will soon happen in Britain including the first world war the suffrage as he successfully fought for the rights of women to vote which was wanted in 1918 and much later on the onset of the second world war in 1939. It seems that he will catalyze the younger generation including Eric and Sheila to push for change which would irreparably shift Britain. Hence the inspector is important as it seems to be an omen for this unstoppable shift. Finally the inspector is important as he appears to attempt to make the Berling family change to be better people as they have the power to make enormous contributions to society. The inspector reveals a theme of social responsibility when he tells the family that they are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. The play's primary purpose is to show the importance of social responsibility and the inspector wishes to illustrate that people should act in a way that helps less privileged people rather than hurting and exploiting them as social authorizations and sow the seeds for discontent in society. It is interesting to note that Priestley wrote this play after the second world war in Britain was in the throes of social change. There was an introduction of universal health care social housing as well as an establishment of minimum wage. One of the lessons that Priestley wishes to impart on the audience is in countries that are too socially divided by class peace is impossible to establish as poor people are used as fodder for war. However if there's more social responsibility the need for war will diminish as poor people are less easy to manipulate into forming a war for change. To conclude inspector Gore plays a critical role in the inspector corps as a catalyst for change as well as a key figure who reminds all the characters that they have a social responsibility to help the weaker and poorer members of society. He appears to play an important role in sharing the family and by extension the audience that in the deeply divided society peace and harmony is impossible to achieve however if there's more social equality this will therefore reduce the need for social upheavals as well as promote more harmony. This essay is examined in depth the important role the inspector has within this play. Now before we move on to the final example as you can see from the introduction much like I've done with the other previous introductions I've directly addressed the question in terms of the importance of inspector Gore and how he's presented and the impact he has especially on some of the key characters and then I've tied up the introduction or rather rounded up the introduction by saying inspector Gore's role will be established and the first paragraph talks about the role of his name and the omniscient narrative of course in some ways he's almost like God who's come back to try and change his people for better otherwise they face eternal damnation and I've added analysis of this. The second point is how an important role he plays in giving a voice to the voiceless especially before the work of the industrialists and the wealthy people and I've added context here talking about just how unequal at Warden England is and how inspector Gore is essentially given a voice to these poor people who otherwise have no voice. The third point is the importance that he plays as a catalyst for change in fact he forces Sheila and Eric to completely transform themselves but also question their family and then I've added some more context here in terms of actually this change that Sheila and Eric undergo but also the role of the inspector is in some ways showing the change that England itself was under cusp of. There was the First World War, there was the suffrage and of course the Second World War so all of this change was perhaps being brought in by the inspector he was an omen for all these changes that were to come and then the final point is this idea that inspector is teaching them the importance of social responsibility and I've tied this in to the theme of social responsibility here and of course talked a little bit more about context when the play was published so post Second World War when all of these changes introduced to try and make British society more equal such as universal healthcare, social housing and so on then I've tied in the conclusion by linking it back to the question initially and then mentioning that this essay has examined this in detail.