Item No. SCP-2764 Object Class Keter Special Containment Procedures SCP-2764 is currently located in ██████. All civilians are to be kept outside of 150 km radius from the object. This radius is to be strictly monitored by Mobile Task Force 8-5, Jager Bombers, Containment Battalion 4-Alpha. A perimeter has been established around a radius of 75 km from SCP-2764, and this perimeter is to be guarded by at least 10 guards per 25 km of the circumference at all times, totaling at a 190 guard minimum around the entire circumference. If any civilians caught inside of the 150 km radius, they are to be brought in for questioning and are to be administered Class A or Class B amnestics at the discretion of the on-site supervisor. The civilian in question will then be transported off-site to their most recent dwelling. Should SCP-2764 suddenly flicker outside of the usual radius of 25 km, a new perimeter is to be immediately established at the radius of 75 km, and this perimeter shall be held with the usual containment procedures until SCP-2764 returns to its usual position at ██████. In the event that the creature flickers to a public location, all civilians are to be immediately evacuated and all known observers of the event will be taken in and administered Class A amnestics. The area should then thereon out be monitored for any traces of knowledge of SCP-2764 in the populace, and civilians suspected to have knowledge about the event are to be monitored very closely and eventually administered Class B amnestics at the earliest convenience. There are absolutely no circumstances of any Foundation employee or civilian to approach closer than 30 km to the creature. If any person is found to have approached closer than this distance, they are to be detained immediately in question thoroughly. The person in question is to be given a thorough psychological evaluation, and is to then either be administered Class A amnestics or to be terminated after the consideration of their evaluation. Description SCP-2764 is a massive biological entity of unknown origin. Its height measures to be approximately 382 m, and is estimated to weigh over 150,000 metric tons. The entity possesses between 75 to 85 estimates vary, tentacular appendages extending from the ventral region of its body. It uses this mass of tendrils for both movement and simple utility actions such as picking objects up. The organism appears to move as if it were a quadrupedal animal, that is, the ventral cavity of its body faces the ground and the dorsal cavity faces the opposite direction. The organism also appears to have a cranial extrusion which is hypothesized to contain its brain, but there is no backing data for this, and the only organs visible on this head are its eyes, of which it possesses four, two in each half of the facial region. Description from SCP-2764's clear violation of the theoretical limit to a biological organism size on Earth, its anomalous properties include the following. SCP-2764 possesses the ability to telepathically communicate. The language in which it communicates is dependent on the listener. SCP-2764, however, does not appear to understand any messages it recedes in response. SCP-2764's size does not appear to follow Euclidean geometries, that is, one cannot distinguish the organism's true size based on simply looking at it, as the creature often appear to be many times smaller or larger than an estimate is determined to be. There is a critical zone which lies approximately 50 km in diameter from SCP-2764. As an individual approaches the bound of this zone from the inside, SCP-2764 will appear to blow up or grow larger. Outside this zone, SCP-2764 will begin to shrink as the distance from the edge of the critical zone grows larger. SCP-2764's appendages appear to rapidly translocate themselves inexplicably. They will also transpose with each other's positions in space at very rapid intervals. Whether this has a relation to the previous anomaly I mentioned is, as of yet, unknown. Lastly and perhaps most noteworthy, SCP-2764's position will flicker on occasion, though the frequency of this event is unknown as it appears to occur on a completely unsystematic basis. The location of SCP-2764 has never flickered further than 25 km, and the object has always flickered back to its original location within 48 hours. After summary, SCP-2764 was discovered by civilian ████ and its team during a detailed survey of the Antarctic terrain. Observed the anomaly and noted its odd geometries, and then returned to base. He shared the news of the occurrence to ████, who was the Foundation's investigative researcher in Antarctica at the time. Immediately reported as to a superior officer at which point Mobile Task Force Eta-5 trigger bombers were sent to the Antarctic base to administer amnestics to the local populace and secure a small perimeter around SCP-2764. The initial perimeter was too small, and Commander Mann, who was at the time the commander of Mobile Task Force Eta-5, took it upon himself to investigate the odd creature. Mann's investigation had outlined in the investigative logs below. Day 1 Subject appears to shrink as we get closer to it, which is strange, because it was growing until we get to a certain point. Also, its horrifically large tentacles move in a particularly strange manner. I plan to investigate further in the coming days, and hopefully do a bit of my own research before they send in the main researchers and guards to take over. Signed, J-Man. Day 2 Last night as I tried to sleep I kept hearing a strange voice. While I cannot currently recall what it was saying, I am sure it has something to do with the beast out there. I personally see no other explanation, as I was alone and I have no history of hearing voices. Signed, Mann. Day 2 Afternoon I've gathered a few volunteers from the Task Force. Our job is to secure the anomaly until the main guards can get here, not research it, so I won't be forcing anyone to come along with me. But it's not against my orders to carry out some extra research, and I wouldn't mind having some other folks investigating with me. It's better to have more than one person when it comes to witnessing events. I managed to convince three other guys to come with me. I plan to approach the anomaly very closely, and I made this very clear to everyone as I announced that I needed volunteers. We will begin our exploration tomorrow. Signed, J-Man. Day 2 Evening I am hearing this voice again. It is currently about 10 o'clock p.m., and I am trying to comprehend what it is saying. It's like it's speaking English, and I know it is, but I can't just work out what it is saying. Signed, Mann. Day 3 One of the guys that volunteered came to my tent in the early hours of the morning and said he couldn't go through with it. I told him that it was fine, and that I don't blame him. When I asked him why he changed his mind, though, he told me that he had been hearing something talking to him last night, and suspected that it was connected to the anomaly. When I heard about this, I asked him if he knew what it was saying. He said that he couldn't recall exactly what it was saying, but its words evoked a terrible fear in him that he never wished to experience again. When I inquired, he also stated that it was speaking English, but again, he can't recall what it is saying exactly. I then revealed that I too had been hearing voices, but had not been terrified by them. This did not convince him to stay on the exploration team with us, but it seemed to comfort him that he was not the only one hearing things. I hoped the other two are still in for it, signed Mann. Day 3 Afternoon I asked the other guys if they experienced anything out of the ordinary in the past few days, and neither of them said that they had. This is a good thing for me, as I will have a couple of companions on my research venture, but I also feel like I would be lying to them if they hadn't experienced the voices. I won't tell them about the voices myself, as I fear they will get spooked out of coming with me, but on the same token, they volunteered to venture very closely to a large horrible creature, so maybe the story about the voices won't deter them, for now I will perceive a discretion, signed J-Man. Day 3 Evening We set out about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and the other two guys seemed as excited to get closer to the thing as I was apprehensive. Don't get me wrong, I too was excited, just seemed like they were a little too excited. I guess it isn't out of character for those two. As we got closer, indeed the thing kept growing smaller, which sort of cooled my anxiety for a bit, but then we started seeing oddities in the snow. Of course we are dealing with a giant anomaly, but the snow prince just seemed off. There wasn't anything wrong with their pattern, they just seemed out of place. Signed J-Man Day 4 We set up camp about a quarter way to the thing. The snow was deep and thick, and to be honest, I was surprised we made it even a quarter of the way. Most signs of any voice is heard by myself or the other two last night. I'm making sure to be very discreet, when I ask them about any oddities. I don't want to put up a red flag. Signed J-Man Day 4 Afternoon We covered about half the distance we did yesterday, so I would say we're close to halfway there. About three-eighth of the way to be exact. The snow is getting deeper as we approach the thing. It continues to shrink as we approach it, so nothing too out of the ordinary does far, with the exception of the out of place prince in the snow. None of us can work out what creature they originate from. Yesterday I thought they were human tracks. Signed J-Man Day 4 Evening A particularly quiet evening, nothing notable has occurred. Signed J-Man Day 5 One of the guys reported that he had heard some strange voices last night. I asked him what they were saying before I revealed that I too had been hearing voices. He told me that they were unintelligible. I expected this, but it is now getting quite frustrating that no one can decipher what the voices are saying. Hopefully this expedition to the thing out there will bring us more information. Signed J-Man Day 5 Afternoon We made very little progress today. We neglected to bring our tissue analyzer from the last tent we set up, so we had to go back. We'll be back on track hopefully by the day after tomorrow. Signed J-Man Day 5 Evening The evening is quiet once again. I've heard no voices thus far, and the tracks in the snow were absent during our trek back to the old tent today. Signed J-Man Day 5 Midnight I've been lying awake for some time now, and I've realized that something was horribly out of the ordinary. I recall that as we approached the thing it got smaller. Well, I would expect it to grow larger as we put more distance between it and ourselves. The problem is, it has not grown larger since this morning when we left to return to the tent. Signed J-Man Day 6 The first opportunity I had, I told the other guys about my realization, and I asked what they thought we should do. There were some debate but ultimately we came to the decision to continue forward towards the creature. On top of this, I can report that we all now heard the voices. The last guy finally heard them last night. Once again, they were incomprehensible. To no surprise, of course, I hold to believe that we will eventually discover what the voices are saying, but for now we trek on. Signed J-Man Day 6 Afternoon We made it back to the point we left from yesterday and decided to continue on for a little while longer. The creature has continued to shrink even as we travel the same path we traveled the day before yesterday. The spatial anomaly is starting to get eerily disheartening. Signed J-Man Day 6 Evening The creature has disappeared. We all agree that it was due southeast, but we checked the compasses again and again, but the thing is just no longer there. I hypothesize it has grown so small that we can no longer see it, but the other two guys think it just disappeared. Regardless, we all agree to continue in the direction we were headed. We will continue on for a day, and if it does not reappear at that point, then I see no reason to continue. We'll just have to go back. Signed J-Man Day 7 Once again I have heard the voice. It is now distinguishable as a single voice, as opposed to more than one, as I had previously believed. Some of the words were actually comprehensible and memorable, but they were simple things which actually made no sense when put together. The most distinct words were snow and back. The latter is especially eerie, but I can't think anything of it, as there was no context. When I inquired, the other two guys had also heard the voice and came to the same conclusions as I had. Signed J-Man Day 7 Afternoon We've continued on for some time now, but it is only 3 o'clock. The creature has reappeared what we expected it to be, and it has grown considerably smaller since we last viewed it. So I conclude that whatever occurred that affected its position did not affect the shrinkage anomaly. We look to be about three-fourths of the way there now. We will continue on until about 5 o'clock. Signed J-Man Day 7 Afternoon It is 5 o'clock and two oddities have occurred. One, we have all agreed that the past two hours were definitely a longer duration than two hours. On top of space, the creature must incur a temporal anomaly as well. Strangely enough, however, this is the first time any temporal anomaly has been noticed by myself or the other two. Second of all, and most disturbing, are the tracks in the snow. They reappeared last night, but I thought nothing of it, as it is normality at this point. But the tracks are definitely no longer human at this point or anything of this earth. The closest thing I can think of is perhaps a squid which walks on land. Considering that the creature out there has tentacular appendages, I suppose this isn't too much of a surprise, but it is still certainly frightening. I am interested in following them, but I want to get to the creature above all else. The main guards were supposed to arrive this morning, but I see no signs of them thus far. I suppose they are just not visible to us, or perhaps the temporal anomaly has affected our view of time. At any rate, I expect to arrive at the creature's location by tomorrow if things go optimally. This expedition has certainly exceeded its expected duration, sign J-Man. Day 7 evening. New tracks have appeared around our tent. None of us heard anything out of the ordinary. Myself and one of the agais agreed that those tracks were not there before, but the other guy recalls their existence before this occurrence. We will have to be more mindful of things like this. It's beginning to become more dangerous than it already was, and I suspect something sinister about these newfound tracks. J-Man. Day 8. We awoke early this morning to get a head start. Once again, new tracks appeared in the snow. This time, none of us had any doubt of their non-existence beforehand. If we do not make it to the creature within two days, we will abandon the track and begin to follow the tracks. I fear for our safety at this point. We should be back at base green the new guards and allow them to take over. J-Man. Day 8 afternoon. It is twelve o'clock and we've made it about nine-tenths of the way there. The creature continues to shrink, but we are definitely very close to this point. We are going to take a brief break and get a few hours of sleep in before we continue on. We should lose little time thanks to the temporal anomaly. J-Man. Day 8 midnight. Our reliance on the temporal anomaly's stability has failed us. It is currently midnight, but we only got a couple hours of sleep. I have made the decision to continue forth. My fear for my own safety and more importantly, my fear for their safety has grown to the point where I will have to take full control of this expedition. No more votes. I will take their opinions into consideration, but my word will be final from this point on. J-Man. Day 8-9. Transition. Early morning, day 9. As we continue to walk, the voice made a very clear statement to all of us. This is not verbatim, as I could never hope to remember every incomprehensible word this horrible creature has spoken to us, and I apologize for my vagueness, but we got the intended message. Turn back. No doubt at this point these words are those of the creature we hope to reach. The tone of the voice did not imply any sort of anger or even a hint of territorial jealousy. It sounded more fearful than anything else. J-Man. Day 9. Once again the creature has disappeared. I do not credit this occurrence to its shrinkage this time around. I am certain that we will still be able to see this behemoth even at this small size. From this distance I am certain of that. To be truthful, I have had enough of this. Supplies are not a problem. We brought plenty to last. I am just seriously worried about our safety. Not only is the anomaly a main issue, but the Antarctic is a frigid, stark place. We have made it thus far with no serious complaints about the cold, but I am worried that that will not last much longer. I have made the decision to lead us in the direction of the tentacular tracks, regardless of whether the creature reappears or not, which I am certain it will. I feel as though we will not make any more progress towards the creature itself, and its eerie statement last night has seriously stricken terror in me after I have given it more thought. J-Man. Day 9. Morning. The tracks have led us back to one of our oldest tents, the one of which we left a tissue analyzer. I am thoroughly confused at this. First of all, and most obvious, it took us three hours to travel a distance which previously took us five or six days to travel. Second of all, I notice no human tracks, as you may have expected to see as a result of our previous trek back to this tent. I shall continue to record things in this log to the best of my ability, though my focus has shifted from researching this beast to getting us back to base safely. J-Man. Day 9 before noon. Something has been following us this entire time since day one. To be frank, I do not care about things out there any longer. Something has been following us, and this explains the strange tracks in the snow. This must be why those tracks led us back to our old tent. We were not following them forward, we will follow them backwards. Joseph. Day 9 afternoon. I have come to the realization that I am now alone, where I once heard the comforting sound of human footsteps crunching the snow behind me. I now hear nothing but the hollow wind and emptiness. I cannot recall at what point those two got away from me, or perhaps at what point I got away from them, but I am now terrified of what is to come. I still have plenty of supplies packed, and as previously stated, food and water will really be no issue for at least the next fortnight, but I am alone. The tracks in the snow are now more terrifying than ever, and the voice more horrific than before. Joseph. Leave. Day 9 afternoon. I lost my log in the snow a few hours ago. It was a simple mishap, but I recovered it without any incident. It was a little wet but otherwise untouched. I just took notice of the one word entry above. I am trying to work out at what point I entered this, but I can't recall the point at which I did this for the life of me. Joseph. Day 9 late afternoon. It feels like it had been days since I updated this log, but I know it cannot have been. As the sun has not set, and I have only eaten one meal since that time to be frank. Day 9 late afternoon. It was a requirement for me to abruptly end my last entry. I heard movement circling me, and upon closer investigation I saw the beast. The beast itself was circling me. As fast as I could, I approached the thing and skinned a sample of tissue off its torso before it could skitter off with its horrible spastic tentacles. The tissue analyzer came up as a zero. That is, the tissue analyzer recorded no difference between this creature's tissue and a human's tissue. I will have to run some confidence tests on this, because I refuse to believe it until all evidence points to this thing being somehow related to humans. Joseph. Day 9 evening. I've set up a tent. I want to get my mind off of this situation for a small while. I've set up a lantern and strewn out a towel on which I will eat dinner and read a book. Then I will get back to the walk, and I will likely skip sleep tonight. Joseph. Day 9 midnight. The book seemed to quiet the voice. It was a peaceful hour, but I knew that I would have to leave as soon as I could. The sooner I get back to base, the sooner they can analyze all this data from the tissue analyzer and make a sound conclusion about the tissue. My personal belief is that my analyzer is broken, but I've stored the tissue in my pack so the guys at the base should have no issue running it through again. Joseph. Day 10. I am almost back to base, but I see some guys coming over to Snow Hill. I assume they are looking for me, so I need to warn them not to go any further inward. Joseph. Day 10 morning. These folks are approaching me awfully slowly. They've taken to setting up a camp, which is strange, because they are looking for me which is undoubtedly the case, then they are taking an unnecessary break as I am no more than half a mile away. Day 10 before noon. They made some slow but steady progress toward my location, then they decided to turn back. I suspect that the spatial anomaly is affecting our distance, because I stated previously we are only about half a mile apart. Why are they turning back? I have been a clue. Day 10 afternoon. A few things. The tracks in the snow have disappeared, as with the voice. I've gotten far enough away from the thing, I assume, and the beast has reappeared about southeast, exactly where it should be. It is strangely comforting, but I still intend to return to base. Day 10 evening. The three guys are now approaching me again. They make frequent stops, which I suppose I don't blame them. I must seem to be miles away from their perspective, but it is certain they are coming from me now, and I know they can see me. Day 10 midnight. At this point I have absolutely given up traveling on my own. Progress is heavily stymied by the spatial anomaly. I make it barely a few feet after a long day of travel. I'm very scared, and I hope these guys can make it to me before my supplies run out, which is now a concern. Day 11. I am currently very frightened. I want these guys to turn back. I know what has happened. I don't know how it happened, but it did. I will write more of my suspicions once I recover sufficient evidence for them. But for now, I say this for future reference. I do not know how it has happened. Day 11 early morning. I recovered a journal in the snow. I know my suspicion to be true at this point. What I discovered in the journal was horrible. I refused to write any of its contents here. I scrolled a warning in as quickly as I could. I know who will find it. Day 11 late morning. The travelers disappeared and then reappeared again. I tried to approach the lone wanderer in person to notify him to turn back, but this was to no avail, as he was hostile and proceeded to cut out a chunk on my back. I had no clue how to react to this. I just ran away. This realization is too horrible for me to state plainly. My suspicions have been all but confirmed. It all adds up. The tissue analyzer coming up at the zero, the transition to human tracks in the snow to those tentacular things, something occurred. The time and space is all messed up due to this beast. I will lead this to the consideration of the reader, whoever finds this log. I hope it is not me this time.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com, coming at you with a quick little filler pack here, a 2018 Panini Prestige Football, giving away six spots in that football mixer right here. So as always, we're going to do the break itself first, then we'll re-randomize everybody's name with a new dice roll at the end. And the top six names, we'll get into that Sheriff Football Mixer, featuring Peyton Manning giveaway. Which is pretty nice. Big thanks everybody here for getting into the action. And there's all the teams right here. So let's do the break first. Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and teams six times, two and a four, one, two, three, four, five, and a sixth and final time. We've got Dylan down to Tommy. Two and a four, six times for the teams, one, two, three, four, five, and a sixth and final time. The first six, we've got the Jaguars down to the San Francisco 49ers. All right, so there's the first half of the list right here. I'm not going to read off all these teams. There's the next half of the list right here. No trade windows in these little filler breaks. We just basically want to see who wins mixer spots anyway. So let's move on quickly so we can get to that part. Come on keyboard. Where are you going? All right. There's the final printout right there. Let's see what we got. This could be some surprises in a little filler pack. You never know. So these are all just that call, that Brady will ship to the Patriots. These Brady cards, you might be surprised that they do okay on the secondary market, believe it or not. Patriots that'll be for Mark. We've got that little ship. All these inserts will ship, of course. Let's see who our rookies are. All right. All right. There we go. Nice. There's the rookie card for Tommy Kendrick and the Baltimore Ravens. There you go. Nice. There you go. Congrats. That's pretty cool. All right. Now let's flip back to this screen here and let's grab everyone's names from Chris all the way down to Anthony and everyone in between. Let's get some new dice. Let's get a new list. All right. Good luck. Let's randomize that list. Four and a four. Heart eight. Eight times. It'll be top six after eight. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eighth and final time. Now top six, get into the mixer. So from seven through 32, sorry, Dylan, sorry guys, we'll get them next time. In fact, I think we have to do a couple more of these. So if you want to try again, jaspyscasewrakes.com, but congrats to the top six. You're in that mixer with a chance to win that paid manning. Chad, Hovsep, Asa, Gail, Sean, and Hovsep again. There you go. Top six. You're in the mixer. We'll put a little tag next to your name so you know you won that spot just so you can differentiate it between other spots you might win or spots you may have bought straight up. So there you go. Congrats again. Thanks for watching. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one.


Today I have the pleasure of speaking with Francis Dubay from Zen Graphene. How are you today, Francis? I'm very well, Tracy. Thanks for having me. Well, I would say you're well. You actually, your stock is up 65% here this last month, and it's all on news. It's a hard-earned news put out, valuations increasing as perceived by shareholders. We love stories like this. Thank you. I have a couple of patents in there and a new partnership with the Royal Canadian Navy. It's real developments that we've been working on for months that are all sort of coming together. We're pretty excited where the company is positioned now. Of course, let's start with that. You recently partnered with Evercloak to test graphene oxide dehumidification membrane technology with a deal you've made with the Canadian Navy. Is that correct? Yeah, that's correct. One of our most exciting projects, we actually work with Engen. Engen is a federal program that funds partnerships in the Canadian business world to work together. The supplies of funding to both of us, ourselves and Evercloak, Evercloak's technology basically removes moisture in the air before it gets into the air conditioning units. When you do that, you're actually able to cut down the electrical requirements of the air conditioning by up to 75%. It's a huge saving, and it's a technology based on graphene oxide, so the partnership was just a very natural one to do here.  What does that actually mean? What is Zeng Graphene's role in that? I have a fairly, I think I have a good guess about what that is, but we have a lot of new investors out there. They've got their own new online accounts. They're trying to understand what graphene technology is, and of course they're all seeing Zeng Graphene every time they look up graphene online. Tell us what that actually means. All right, so from a practical perspective, we can make a membrane that is based on our material, graphene oxide, and that material now enables a new technology, completely novel technology, that filters out the moisture in the air before this air gets into the air conditioning unit. So if you remove the water from the air, the air conditioning unit now is running a lot less power. You can actually have a smaller unit, and the maintenance required is a lot lower. So if you can cut down the electrical load by 75%, and so yeah, so there's a lot of places in the world where they can't, they don't have enough electricity to run an air conditioning unit right now. We might be able to now enable those places to have air conditioning. In the places where we are, where we do have enough air conditioning, we could reduce the amount of air conditioning energy requirements by 75%. We know how much electricity we use in the summertime. We actually have rolling brownouts here in Toronto because the electrical consumption is so high. So this is a massive invention. They got an NRCan award for this invention, and we're very happy to be partnering with them on this journey. Well, let me add an additional practical note, or at least this would be my assumption. When I saw that you had made a deal with the Royal Canadian Navy, we're assuming then that you have security clearance for additional military contracts. We've gone through some vetting processes, yes. Fantastic. So next on our list, because trying to keep up with your news flow is fantastic. Every public company should be as lucky as ZenGraphene shareholders currently feel. You made an announcement recently about ZenGraphene and Guelph University researchers recently filed a patent on graphene oxide production method. All right. Obviously, there's a lot here. Would you like to just walk us through this news release and give us kind of a what happened? What does this mean? So the traditional way of making graphene oxide is you would take graphite and use very high oxidizing chemicals to break it apart into single layers and increase the amount of oxygen on the surface or on the edges of the graphite layers. This takes things like phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, very nasty chemicals. It's producing a lot of effluent that you have to deal with after that. From an environmental standpoint, there's issues there. Our process here that we've patented with Guelph University creates a completely new way of making graphene oxide. We take our material, we make an anode out of it, we have a customized bath of solution that we dip this anode in and then we run a current through it. Now this breaks apart the graphite into graphene oxide in a way that's very environmentally friendly and at a cost, that's a fraction of the current methods of making graphene oxide. So we're getting both a benefit from a cost of manufacturing perspective and we're doing it in a way that's much better for Mother Earth. Well, I'll tell you, Francis is always, it's a pleasure to get an update from Zenn Graphene. Here you have it, Investor Intel. That's an update on the last two news releases. Thank you. Thank you.


I've always been a little surprised that most Linux desktop users don't have a firewall enabled. They're not running any kind of firewall. Why is that? I think part of the problem is that most desktop Linux distributions, although they ship with a firewall program installed, they don't have it enabled out of the box. They leave that up to the user to enable the firewall and set up the firewall rules and everything, which makes sense, but at the same time, most users are not going to know that that's even an option for them because nobody ever told them that firewall program is already there. Nobody showed them how to set it up. Well, we're going to correct some of that today because I'm going to talk to you guys about probably the most popular firewall program out there for Linux. It's called the uncomplicated firewall, also called UFW. It's actually the package name on Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions. You could sudo apt install UFW, but you don't have to on most of those because again, Ubuntu and most Ubuntu-based distributions, UFW is already on your system. It's just not enabled yet. On Arch and Arch-based systems, you can find UFW in the Pacman repository. So do a sudo pacman dash capital S UFW and that's what I did on my Arch-based system. And today I pulled up the Arch Wiki page for the uncomplicated firewall and you can actually read this to figure out exactly all the commands you need to use with UFW. It doesn't matter what distribution you run, the page here for UFW here in the Arch Wiki is well written and it's applicable to whatever distribution you happen to be running. Now what UFW is, it's really kind of a front end to IP tables. It's an easier thing to use than IP tables. It's designed to be very easy to use. It's a command line program, but it really just has a handful of commands you'll use on a regular basis. There's also a graphical front end to UFW to make it even easier to use called GUFW for graphical UFW. And I may show you the graphical program, but really the command line based UFW program is the one you're probably going to want to use because it's just dead simple to use and you could incorporate it into, you know, scripting, I mean, I could make a demon use script for all my UFW commands if I really wanted to take the time to do that. So let me pull up a terminal and let's get started with some of the basics. So assuming that you've already got UFW installed on your system, the first thing you need to do is actually enable the service with SystemD. And I'm assuming you're on a SystemD distribution. If you're not, you'll have to check with whatever init system you run to get the command to actually enable a service. But on SystemD, you would run sudo systemctl enable, if I can type, ufw.service. And that will enable the UFW service. Then you need to start the service. So if I just up arrow here to get to that last command, I'm going to go and change this to sudo systemctl start UFW.service. Get enter and now we have started the service. You actually can combine those commands into one command. If you know you're going to both enable and start a service, what you could do is sudo systemctl enable UFW service space and then give it this flag here dash dash now. And that is basically a combination of the first two commands. It's just a way to do it in one command. Now once you've got all of that done, the next thing we need to do is run this UFW command. So sudo, you're going to need sudo privileges to do most things with your firewall. So sudo UFW enable. And it says firewall is active and enabled on system startup. Now if you wanted to verify this, you can run a status check. You could actually run a status check with SystemD or you could run a status check with the UFW program itself. If you wanted to run it with SystemD, you could do a systemctl status UFW and it will tell you that it's active and running. Let me quit out of that. If you wanted to run a status with UFW, you could do sudo UFW status and it says status active. So our firewall is active. Now let me clear the screen here. The next command I want to show you guys is now that we've got it active, I'm going to do a sudo UFW app list. Now UFW has a bunch of applications associated with it and it'll list out these applications for us if I run this command.   Typically this will be a much smaller list. But my machine here, my desktop, is heavily bloated. And these are all the applications that are available in the UFW app list. These are applications that I can allow the firewall to actually pass data through. It's essentially, I can enable these through UFW if I wanted to. So by default, when you enable UFW, we should talk about this. By default, it disables everything. It's not going to allow any incoming traffic. It's just going to disable everything. But we can enable certain services. So I could enable, for example, SSH, which seems like a one I probably need to enable. VNC is another one I would probably enable on most servers. On my desktop, you know, I've got a couple of different BitTorrent clients. I've got Deluge installed. I've got Transmission installed. And I could enable those particular programs where they don't get called up in the firewall, right? If I want to download the latest Ubuntu ISO through a torrent with Transmission, you know, my firewall won't prevent that, right? If I allow it. So by default, again, the UFW is set up to deny pretty much everything. If you wanted to do this yourself at the command line, you could also do sudo UFW default deny. If I hit enter, it would just deny everything. I'm not going to run that command. But let's talk about what I just talked about a second ago. Let's allow something. So I could allow, well, I talked about the transmission BitTorrent client. I could do a sudo UFW allow transmission. And it says rule added. And then below it, it says rule added v6 because it added two rules. One for IPv4 and another one for IPv6. It's always going to add two rules. So that's how you allow incoming through a specific application. If you wanted to do this with IPs, I could do a sudo UFW allow. And then I could give it an IP address. You know, if I did something like <IP_ADDRESS> slash 24, let's assume that this is a LAN, a local network here. And what this would do is it would allow everybody that's on the IP addresses <IP_ADDRESS> to 125. It would enable all 256 of those IPs here on the local network. If I wanted to allow SSH, which is a very common thing. And let's do this because this is one that the command will be a little different. Typically, when you allow something like SSH or Telnet or some kind of communication protocol like that, what you want to do is make sure that it is rate limited. Meaning, hey, if too many people try to connect in a certain time period, I want you to disallow those people from trying to connect. It's a way to basically prevent the people that are trying to hack your machine, right? Because they're just banging on your system all the time. So if somebody starts banging on the SSH port very quickly, just disable it and just disallow them. So this command for SSH really should be sudo ufw. And then instead of allow, do limit for rate limited. And then SSH in my list of apps was SSH all capitalized. So enable that. And again, two rules are added, one for IPv4, one for IPv6. And looking at the ArchWiki page for the uncomplicated firewall, it does clarify the data limit for things like SSH. What it does is, if anybody attempts to initiate six or more connections in under 30 seconds, that user is, I guess, blocked. So that is what that is doing there. You could also just allow certain port numbers. Instead of services, you could just allow a port maybe that a service runs on. So I could do sudo ufw allow. And then I could do a port number, for example, 8080. I could do 1313, I believe, is the port that my Hugo server uses. I mean, I could allow anything. Common port numbers, I mean, 21 is FTP, 22 is SSH. If you want to get into email stuff, 25 is the SMTP protocol, which is your outgoing mail protocol, POP3, I think is 110, IMAP is 143, your common web browser protocols. 80, of course, is HTTP. And HTTPS, I believe, is 443. You can look up a lot of the port numbers, but you could just allow a wide open port. Now, let's verify that we actually did enable these apps here with UFW. So if I did a sudo UFW status once again, I could run that, and it will tell me, hey, I've allowed four things, transmission twice, for IPv4, IPv6, and SSH twice. A better command to run, though, if you're going to actually do something with some of these apps is do sudo UFW status numbered. And it will number everything in the list. Why is this important? Well, maybe I want to disable something in the uncomplicated firewall. For example, maybe I changed my mind. Maybe I don't really want to allow transmission. Well, what I would do is I would sudo UFW, delete, and then give it a number, one, for transmission. And it's going to ask me, do I really want to do that? Yes. And now when I do sudo UFW status numbered, now I only have SSH twice and transmission the one time, IPv6, because I deleted the IPv4. So let me actually go back and delete this time number two out of the list, which is transmission v6. Again, it's going to ask for confirmation. And then if I do the UFW status numbered one more time, the only thing that is there right now is SSH. And that really is covering all the basics that most people would use with UFW as far as the commands is just installing it, enabling it, starting it, and then adding the apps or allowing the apps that you want to be able to pass through the firewall or allowing certain port numbers. And then occasionally, you may want to delete those from the status list. And that's pretty much it. The one thing is we should briefly talk about logs, because it does mention this in the ArchWiki. UFW does log a lot of information, and it can really pollute your logs. So your kernel logs, the DMESG logs and your message logs can be full of all this UFW stuff logging. So some people sometimes want to turn that off. They don't want to see the UFW logs. So sudo UFW logging off, and it will turn off UFW logging. Now I'm not going to turn logging off because I do want my logs, but if I wanted to see them, we should talk about this. If you're on a system D machine, you could do journal CTL space dash F, and this is a live log. And you will actually see things about UFW, the firewall and your log, if you run that command. I'm not going to bother running that. The last thing I just want to briefly show you guys is GUFW. So if I run that, you do need to have a session manager policy kit running on your system because you're going to have to give a root password here. Just like the command line stuff, you had to do sudo for everything. Same thing with GUFW. If you don't have root privileges, you're not going to be able to use GUFW. So this is the GUI front end, and you can set rules. You see incoming, deny, and I can deny, allow, reject, whatever, incoming, and same thing without going, allow, deny, reject, and I could set up rules, and I could go read the rules that I currently have set up. You see, it recognizes everything that we did at the command line. And if I wanted to, I could do this in the GUI version. I could go click the plus symbol, and I could allow or disallow or whatever it is I want to do, whatever service I want to do. I'll let you guys play with that. I actually haven't played with GUFW too much.  You see right now, it's got the check mark. It's turned on. If I wanted to, I could slide that over, and now it would be turned off. And let me do that again. I think I had clicked it twice, yeah.  I think now it's back on. Anyway, let me get out of GUFW before I do something that I didn't mean to do. But for the most part, honestly, I would just use the standard command line UFW program. So just a very quick cursory tutorial on how to set up the uncomplicated firewall. I know most Linux desktop users don't use a firewall. Most of you guys probably still are not going to use a firewall even after this video. But you know what? If you use it, it's just a little extra protection, right? It provides a little extra protection against all those outside cyber attackers, right? It kind of shields your machine and really your network here at the house from all those malicious attacks, those network trafficking attacks.  And of course, once they're in, they can steal sensitive information from you, financial information from your whatever it is they're trying to get. So it is worth turning on the firewall that really doesn't harm anything. There's no downsides other than occasionally you'll have the firewall turned on and then you'll try to open a program. Maybe you forgot to allow transmission, the BitTorrent client, and you go to use transmission and it's not working. And you forgot you even enabled the firewall. So it takes you a minute to realize, oh, the firewall's on. Let me either go allow transmission or just turn the firewall off for a second to do your BitTorrenting and then turn it back on afterwards. The one other downside playing with the firewall, if you are remoting into a machine and trying to turn on UFW on a remote machine, so a remote web server, and I've done this, is you SSH into that machine and then you enable the service for UFW and then you start UFW. You don't set up any rules, you just start UFW. Well, what did we talk about before?   So make sure you set up your rules for UFW before you start it if you're remoting into a server. Now, before I go, I need to thank a few special people. I need to thank the producers of the show, Michael Gabe Corbinian, Mitchell Devonfran, Arch 5530 at Kami, Chuck, Claudio, Donnie, Dylan, George Gregory, Kellogg, Devils, Lewis, Paul, Scott, and Willie. These guys, they are my highest tiered patrons over on Patreon and they are the producers of this episode. I'd also like to thank each and every one of these ladies and gentlemen. All these fine ladies and gentlemen help support my work over on Patreon because this channel is supported by you guys, the community. If you'd like to support my work, consider doing so. Look for DT Distro Tube over on Patreon. All right guys, peace.


My name is Alex. I'm from Tri-Cities. I was invited by my wife, Edith. She was my fiancee at the time and I really wanted to show support.  I didn't like the large crowds. I didn't like a lot of people. I was really afraid of all that. When I came to the church, I was expecting everything negative. Everything I was afraid of, the large crowds, just really loud. I wasn't really going to be excited for anything but when I came here, I was really welcomed. It was insane. All of that negativity that I was suffering from really wasn't there. I came in and heard some proper messages. It was really great, but it was welcome. I gave my life to Christ because I saw all this positivity here and being a husband and a father too, I wanted to set a better role, and be a better devil for my family. Today, I'm getting baptized to show my coming to Christ. Alex, do you believe Jesus Christ as God's Son and your personal Lord and Savior? Yes. Do you promise to follow Him with good and clear conscience for the rest of your life? Yes. Based on your faith, confession and your commitment will baptize you in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.


All right, well it's it's one o'clock mountain time so let's go ahead and get started. I'm really happy to welcome our first keynote speaker Daniel Pecker. Daniel is involved in the design and realization of complex forms and architecture through both research and practice. After studying architecture at the architectural association in London. He's worked at a rupes advanced geometry unit and is currently part of the specialist modeling group at foster and partners. He's also the developer of the software kangaroo, which enables a wide range of interactive physical simulation, form finding and optimization within the rhino 3D CAD software. I want to personally add I've been a follower of Daniel's work for for a long time. It's really he's does amazing things is a, he's posting a lot of things recently they're really interesting on his Twitter feed. I encourage you all to follow that and, and he's contributed to several forums and blogs that I've been following his own website it's always always interesting to see what he's been thinking about. Thanks, David, and thank you to the organizers for inviting me up to confess it's a little intimidating talking to an audience of mathematicians it's not something I do often and not a mathematician myself by training I originally did architecture, as they said. And I feel I'm sometimes better at putting ideas into pictures than I am at putting them into words, but I'm going to give it go to try and do a mix of both today. But please forgive me if I make any terrible mathematical mistakes in my descriptions and correct me at the end. I want to start this journey with an experience I had. I think it was about 15 years old and I went to a sculpture exhibition by the Brazilian artist subject come on go. And this piece of marble, a still image doesn't really do justice I tried to replicate. It was actually the sculpture, as I remember it. And it was the first time for me that I felt like a piece of stone had told me a joke. It was like, it's one thing and you walk around and it was like the geometry was playing. It was humorous it was joyful and it really made an impression on me that a piece of sculpture without being figurative without representing anything else purely the geometry could have that sort of impact. And that's something that stayed with me. Another kind of key point in my journey is was as a young architecture student I was making a lot of models paper as I'm sure many of you origami and kind of things. And I was making these modular octahedra slotting together six squares of paper from the, the notepad by the fire. And then I started assembling these into larger forms and making this sort of, I guess, I think, I guess so they go ahead and surrounded by his octahedra and I was making it sound. It didn't quite match up but I was at first assuming that my model must not be accurate enough I haven't, you know, is the, the thickness of the paper or whatever. And this was around the time when it first started using computer modeling and my tutor at the AA, the architectural association at the time they introduced us to Rhino. And I started trying to model the same thing as I've been doing paper. And so, yeah, join the one octahedra two three four five. And there's a gap and I checked and yeah that's that gap is really there that's a geometric feature and the computer was able to reveal that to me, something that I could miss through physical modeling and that was one of the first things that convinced me, like, yeah, this is really something useful is you can engage with it in a kind of similar way that you do with physical models but at the same time, you have copy paste and 15 digit accuracy and all these things that let you discover a different type of things than you might be able to purely making things by hand. But illustrating mathematics. I was one of the things that came to mind when when I first saw the title of this this event. There's a quote from Einstein that's always stayed with me. He was interviewed by Hadamard being asked about how mathematicians think and what what role words and images play in their thought process and he asked a bunch of physicists and mathematicians and the thing from Einstein's answer that really struck me was, he says words don't come into it early on, and this combinatorial play, the elements are mainly visual and muscular type. And I found that a really curious phrase and I mean visual yes okay thinking in pictures but muscular I think it's not that he's flexing and what now I think it's, it speaks to something about our sense of physics yet we talk about grasping something and it's about physical intuition we can use our experience of interacting with real world objects to to engage with geometry and mathematical ideas in a different way. Inspirations along, along this way as well as an architecture student there are a few books that really made an impression on me. The first two that more good towards architects but really just wonderful explorations of. Geometric ideas and everything from polyhedra to minimal services and. And yeah, a few other books I did I see that Caroline series is here in the event it's I thank you it's a wonderful book. The tiling and patterns from badmanship that when I worked at the advanced geometry unit that was we call it a Bible because it was something we refer to so often to these these great examples to aspire to terms of visual communication of mathematics in my view. And as time went on in my sector studies I think I'm very interested in this idea of form finding and in architecture for a few pioneers. Gaudi was one early user upon finding and particularly prior to using ideas like the hanging chain models where you can take something hanging on the gravity inverted and get a form which works as a compression structure. And I love this idea that you can kind of use physics to teach you how best to resist physical forces and find these forms in that way. Um, so hanging hanging chain curves that we want to model a continuing one way we could do is to roll a parabola traces focus and the curve we get them is exactly. I continue to find things up. Or if we are interested in bending of wires or in strips of metal. The elastic curves. And again, there are the geometric constructions I learned about this one from the as a great thesis by Ralph Levion, who wrote about splines and their applications to fonts. But this year, if you, you roll along a hyperbole and trace trace the vertex then you get exactly the elastic again. It's not going to be fun, but if we want to actually design with it we need something obviously much more general purpose. So we might want to also do the kind of form finding for how to do it with so film to find minimal services that we could then use as tensile structures. And that was what led me to develop kangaroo, which is a form finding tool embedded in the cat application. And of course there were form finding tools long before this there was. They were mainly used by engineers, and they were things where you have to set up your inputs, wait for it to calculate and then adjust. And I really wanted to bring in something a bit like what I saw in game engines, where you can have a really rapid dynamic feedback and use that to inform your design process so this is the application that some of you are starting to learn it these for grasshopper and rhino these days. And it lets you plug together in this visual programming environment of grasshopper, many different types of goals I call them which are essentially energies to be optimized for. So we've all started using it and they've been making initially lots of billions little experimental structures as compression only things. Some tensile structures. As time went on I would try and add more different things for it to be able to optimize for in this case, bending and looking at different. energy formulations that I could incorporate in this case. This is nice simple model from cigarette address and Mike Barnes for the elastic up and great lines up it matches physical experiments. And we use this for some things like the bridge shells which are these structures which you can assemble them so they start out flat as a completely regular grid. So you can assemble them up for which you by forcing in the sides. And you need to be able to know what shape it's going to form hence the computation, and then fix the diagonals to shape as a structure, or inflatable structures, jumping a huge order of magnitude in scale but a few years later I'm working at foster projects and trying to apply some of these same principles to much larger buildings. Or even in completely different domains, it sort of extended, it started out very much as simulating physical form finding, and then grew to incorporate more kinds of geometrical constraints and this case, it was about making identical radius cylindrical rods and optimizing so that that distance between the central lines of the rods was the same so that it will be touching. Or another very recent application of it I just saw the other day. And this is a great example of where you might need to use form finding because where as most application is areas where the geometry and the forces have to be intimately tied together. So you could cut a piece of steel into an arbitrary shape and within some limits is going to stay that shape. But if you design a fabric structure, it needs to be negatively challenging. And if you design a technology structure you need to do it in a way that the forces will be balanced. And that's where the form finding process comes in. So what it uses is something called dynamic realization first described in 1965 by Alistair Day. And the basic idea is very simple it's just taking a load of out of balance forces, tracing the displacements with a pseudo dynamic approach with a bit of and eventually you converge to a situation where those energies are minimized and originally was talked about the use in static analysis but over time it's been shown that you can use a very huge range of things. So, somewhat of a mentor in this has been Christopher Williams from University of Bath. And he's particularly famous and known for his application of it to British Museum Great Court Ruth. What you see here on the left was the initial grid or mesh that they started from after many iterations they arrived at this particular triangulation, and then through relaxation, finding a smooth transition between the rectangular and the circular boundaries. I think I've always loved about this project which I think is, you wouldn't always notice is how nicely the top of the portico on the right lines up with the triangulation. So it's not just not just the simplest triangulation, you might think of when you connect triangle connect rectangle and circle but this is an element of design in there and there's an aesthetic balancing balance. In terms of applications that in my work at Foster's more recent stuff. This is a cross rail terminal. And again, it was a similar thing in this space and much more reduced to the constraints where we had triangular panels which had to stay within limits for what was possible with the ETFB pillows and the themes. But the middle section of the building is completely regular and completed, but the angle of the end being is is inclined quite a bit more than the rest of the grid. And hopefully it all looks quite smooth and you don't see it see a jump or a difference. And that's that's because it's been relaxed to to optimize for the these changes in angle and while keeping within the limits. Fabrication oriented things that you're using it for, like in this case, trying to make planar panels so a common thing in architectures we have a roof or a facade and we, we need to make it flat and it's going to be glass then glass is a lot more expensive than flat glass, but you can't make flat for the panels, unless they meet certain geometric constraints. So I've been trying to develop tools that make it easier to design within those constraints. So that's an example of that in action very recently. So that's a rapid overview of what kangaroo is and what it does but I'm going to talk now a bit more about two particular geometric topics that I found really fun to explore and some examples of the kind of role that visualization and illustration play in my process. So this is a fairly common requirement in say product design where you might want to distribute a set of perforations in the speaker for example. And you might start out with a regular regular arrangement. It turns out to be a surprisingly complex and rich problem even if you want to have all the circles the same size if you've got even just a circular boundary if you have a set number of circles how do you fit largest possible circles within that boundary. And I found it quite shocking that something from some simple conditions then the best known solutions are actually often quite asymmetrical and surprising. So other approaches to circle packing common one. You'll see, and I say circle packing and I realize that mathematicians often use that in a much more specific sense designers tend to say circle packing for all sorts of distributions of circles. So in this case, you might start by randomly placing some and then placing another one checking if it's inside an existing circle. And then projecting it if it if it is sizing it sequentially that kind of thing but say I was interested in fitting equal sized circles in boundaries or on surfaces. So I'm starting to use kangaroo in this case for the geometric constraint but no two points are closer together than a certain distance. So it checks the distance between all the points and you have to do a bit of sorting and optimization in the code if you don't want that to be too slow. And then you can push them apart and you can get pretty nice distributions whether circles are all touching some of their neighbors. But those of you familiar with circle packing will know that there's some some not so nice features in here there's a lot of gaps which are not three sided, which are unavoidable if you're sticking to circles of exactly the same size. And actually, I mentioned dynamic relaxation but the specific form of dynamic relaxation used in kangaroo to the current version. It's, it's actually very similar to an approach given in this wonderfully titled paper divide and concur. And the basic idea here, and it was actually, I only discovered this paper much later I learned of a similar technique through other routes but I think this is one of the earliest examples of it. The basic idea is essentially these alternating projections, you satisfy one set of goals. And you satisfy another set of goals independently. And then you recombine them into geometry here and it's a result and repeat that and keep repeating that and you'll converge to to the intersection of your goals if it exists. And so actually on the left here you see sequential projections, which was actually quite popular in game physics. A few years ago, and it is good. It converges very quickly but for the kind of things I was interested in. I wanted to also explore goals which may be conflicted where there was no overlap and I wanted to find a balanced solution, which the average projections that's where as the sequential one you'll always keep jumping back and forth between two conflicting goals. And circle packing is I just keep getting within myself where I keep getting people asking for new new versions of so I think I'm amazed by how many different questions that can be on fixed radii fixed families of radio different boundaries tangent to boundaries points. In the boundary on the boundary. So if you haven't found the physical experiments, this is the Brazil nut effect. So, as I said, if you, your box of muesli get shaken around in the truck, then people notice that all the Brazils tend to rise to the top. We can simulate that even from very simple granular physics. And then indeed, we end up with the big ones at the top, not just through. Not just because of the light of it because of the size of the circles. But if we want real circle packings. I say real in the center compact circle packings where the gaps between them are three sided. There's some, obviously, the great work of Ken Stevenson, but I learned to this approach through this paper from the potlums group, which, and they came up with a very nice simple geometrical condition on the, the four lens of to adjacent triangle circle. So if they have two triangles that share an edge, and you the sum of pairs of opposite angles has to be equal, and that guarantees that the serve the in circles of those triangles will be tangent to the common point on the line. If you optimize for that, then you can do things like generating these structures where the beams because they said the normals of the circles you can use as the nodes of the beams so each of these yellow rectangles doesn't have any twist so you can make it out of flat sheets because the normals of the circles are co-planar because they're touching the same point on the common edge. And this can also give you proper circle patterns, proper compact circle patterns if you take circles through these points of tangency. You can apply this to to three dimensional models on on a curved surface, they won't be, unless it's a sphere they won't be perfectly tangent because it's actually tangent spheres but if it's a smooth enough surface and your circles are relatively you can get pretty close. You can also apply things like periodic constraints in kangaroo. And so this is an example of taking different triangulations and finding was actually a unique circle packing. So, given a triangulation, there is one only one. There are two circles. And that's something that I keep coming back to this idea of finding the, and using an energy to minimize and get to a unique representative of some topological form. So you might. So you want to get the, you might start from some arbitrary geometry like this ugly triangulation in the lower right, and you can use optimization to find a better representation of that. So, another, another question I got asked about circle packings or point distributions was someone asked me how to model a golf ball, and my initial thoughts seems yeah quite simple I'm sure it's like the duty to go and take my face either and subdivide it, project it, you know, I thought that was, it was going to be very simple. But the more I looked into it, the more confused I got because I was checking the dimple counts on some of the, the popular designs for golf balls, and I couldn't find any level of subdivision. And I think it's Adrian, how about how you, even with the twist, there was no way to get that number of dimples, and it's, it's quite hard to see in just from visual inspection, but actually quite a lot of golf balls use, not as a withdrawal, but tetrahedral symmetry. So here's an example, again with a symmetry constraint so we're doing collisions but also colliding them with their neighbors across the symmetry constraint, cubic geometry, or for tetrahedral geometry.  So that's actually the arrangement on, on one of the more popular golf balls. Next time you have a golf ball in your hands, see if you can spot the, the four, the four corners of the tetrahedron. Yeah, I couldn't resist taking one of these and trying to optimize it for proper compact circle backing. I noticed that in the literature the, their examples seem quite far off being compacts. I wonder if there's any improvement possible there with the blinding on mathematics to that. So that covers like given a thick, you can either start from lots of points and distribute them through collision and get a distribution that way or you can start from a given mesh and optimize that for circle tangency. So you want both you want adaptive numbers of circles and you also want support and you'd see, and that's where we mentioned comes in, and that's something I'll come back to a little bit later when I talk about services. So this is an example of how you can take a surface and through a series of small topological optimizations alternates being alternating between the topology optimization, optimization and the geometry optimization, you can get in a way the best of both. So adaptive numbers of points and also, well in this case equal radio but the beginning circles. So this is the kind of applications have in mind for this. Sometimes in jewelry, they do these have a designs where they want to cover services or complex within complex boundaries have huge numbers of time gems placement space. So that's the kind of applications of it to more pavilions. Different type of circle packing here this is a beautiful paper by Stephen Settlement and others. And they describe an energy which I was able to implement in Kangaroo which like the tangent in circles energy this gives you for triangles this is a gave a set of angle conditions which allows tangent in circles, between adjacent not all what's happening circles that guarantees they have in circles and also the tangent where they have an edge. And so you can then optimize for this in kangaroo and use this to explore these types of measures. And there's actually some really nice links between these measures and discrete minimal surfaces, actually if you take. If you enforce this condition about the tangent in circles of quads, and also that the edges of tangent to a sphere, you can do this duality operation where you swap the directions of the diagonals, and you can switch. If that if it's on a sphere then you get a discrete minimal surface, or for any of these surfaces like you can take any discrete isophanic surface and switch it into a different one. Mobius transformations is something I keep coming back to and I will talk a bit more about it, but later on. So here, just seeing a bit more clearly the remeshing how. If you fix the points along the boundary then you've actually, as I mentioned before, you've got a unique circle packing for that apology. But here it's allowing it to change by adapting the apologies as you try this flipping some of the edges. I'm not going to go too long into other other variations of this, because I want to get on to, well, a little bit on conformal mapping. So you can even packing of circles in another three boundary, and I think of circles with the same topology in another boundary you can generate a conformal map between those two. But which made a big impact on me is this, this one by Tristan medium. If you don't know it's really a wonderful book. I had a strange encounter with it I was an architect or student I didn't. I mean I studied some mathematics in school but I started to get interested in some, some geometrical ideas and I hadn't quite figured out how I was going to be able to model them and I was browsing through the bookshop. And this book, like I knew it was all way above my head for the mathematics in it but there was just something about it that spoke to me. And it takes a really visual approach to explaining all these ideas and there's a nice bit in the preface of the book where he says he compares the state of mathematics as he sees it to a society where you can only re-sheet music and you can talk about music and can analyze music but you can never actually perform it. And to him, that's the way it is with geometry sometimes and he certainly makes great use of it in the book. So yeah, it's something I keep coming back to and I just love the possibilities with combining sources and syncs and streamlines and that so the project that it actually came from was this, what I called the atomic surfaces so I've been making these physical models of helicoids, I've found a way of folding paper into these helicoids and then so that you could join them together and into larger surfaces. I was trying to find a way to do that in a smooth way and that was what some of the ideas in the complex analysis but eventually led to this, this way of generating surfaces that if you take horizontal sections through these surfaces then you get the adequate potentials of your sources and syncs. The main focus now I want to go into is spanning surfaces of knots and links and approaching it from a few different angles and I think it's a rich topic and it has a lot of mathematical and software history. Three pieces of software, particularly now very old software that's very influential, and I've tried to in a way take elements of these, these tools and combine them into one coherent thing. So that you can actually use these features together so surface of old but can practice. You can get compact and build minimal surfaces, not blocked or relaxing knots and then see the view for finding see the surface of knots and links. Then a few artists that inspired me, but cheaper grace man was one of the early pioneers of three printed sculpture, making a lot of mathematical ideas and I know some really beautiful work. So perhaps my is a little bit out of place in that to ever held from my understanding she doesn't actually work through equations or computers, but it's actually all modeled very much by hand to me to which I find fascinating that I mean they, many of the pieces are very close to minimal surfaces. Some of them look like constant but it just says, I think it's, it just shows that our physical intuitions about geometry can be quite powerful. And it makes sense to try and use that. It's just a beautiful piece, more of these minimal or close to minimal services. And, of course, color sequence. He's been a big figure not just in creating sculptures but also writing about them and about the software and the techniques to generate them. So I think quite a key moment from my understanding of the way that mathematics of minimal services develop this, the cost of minimal services, the computer played a very interesting role in actually verify that it was embedded. I think it's quite nice that they, they describe how they actually were able to miss very early days I think early 80s it's not before to actually use the computer to check things and get some, get some feedback that wasn't always obvious just through through looking at the equations. I've been trying for many years to model minimal services or close to minimal services on various knots and links. Initially a lot of it I was starting with manually modeled quadrilateral meshes. So here I would have started from, from a simple base mesh and subdivided it, and then relax that. So that can be quite challenging actually designing that quarter mesh becomes quite a challenge in itself. So that led me to techniques for triangulated services. But there, if you want to relax triangles and you treat the edges just to springs, and the density of your triangulation ends up having a huge effect on the result that you get. So this in, in geometry processing graphics does very widely used coat handle of fashion which solves this problem. So you can actually relax triangle, and it can even simplify further, so the bottom right you can actually just relax triangle. By pulling the points towards the opposite edge with a force proportional to the length of the edge. And that can give you proper minimal services up to a point so you still say you can start from a good match and you can relax it and get something like a catnod in the middle and that's great but then so you want to change the boundary. Then at some point you're trying those, even with the way to you still get too distorted to actually get a nice result when you relax it. So that's where we mentioned comes back in. So it's this idea that given a triangulated mesh, you want to keep the triangles as nice as possible in various and what what you count as as nice as possible for the various different things. In this case, if you want to to collapse an edge. So if you have an edge, which is too long, then you might want to split it into two triangles. You want to want to split it want to get an edge which is too short you might want to collapse it to remove those triangles. And you can do these things iteratively and alternating with the relaxation is there are many, many papers written on on this topic that these are a couple of the ones I found useful and I think. And what that gives you, you can start from some horrible mesh like on the left so you can, and that's from doing various solid geometry operations in cash you often end up with these quite ugly meshes. But then you can repeatedly apply these these remeshing steps and up with with triangles which are actually very close to equilateral and mostly they than six inches. In the last recent years. So, so that's this is something I've developed more for right now actually added a feature into right now for these high quality triangular meshes. And a lot of the work that has gone to clean into future preservation so how do you remesh to get even triangles and also keep track of sharp features. So put all that together and you have meshes which could behave like safe films you can have large changes in the boundary conditions large changes to the geometry and making just the edges of springs using yet for triangles you can get good minimal services, and you can, you can have quite dramatic changes in in the way the boundaries interact and you can even change whether they intersect or, you know, make make topological changes to your services. You can also add pressure into the mix so this is minimal success with volume constraint say it and volume and sculpting with it, we can start to to come up with forms with constant mean curvature. For me, a lot of these studies, I don't often distinguish between illustration and exploration for me it's often the same thing, and I need to make make geometrical models often to understand ideas, and it's, it's a way for me. to take things out, and then hopefully sometimes turning those into tools, useful for other people or useful for explaining things. But, but the prime, primarily, I'm often just trying to understand the idea better myself. It's. This is replicating some of the experiments by Friday after I mentioned that started taking a safe form with a thread floating into it and using this design. fabric membrane shapes. Just through the process of playing with it I was quite surprised when I started, I tried to model certain classical minimal services and didn't always get the results expected because it's. I learned that actually this, this, this makes sense on some of these things, although they are minimal services they're not necessarily stable and in the initial configuration without other symmetry constraints applied. So then coming back to applying these to not some links you can take, take a not curve. In this case pulling it so it's now an unnot but keeping the surface attached to it, and we can make these big changes to the geometry while keeping our mesh attached and minimal. But not if we want to, to find from me from a given topology we want to start from all these different knots and get to the same thing. Then this is somewhere where relaxation and coming is for. I think that I've been doing that in essentially you take an interaction between you discretize it and you take all the points of the not and have them in this case repel all of the other points, usually much higher density subdivision and this. And then, when you apply this you can, you can then start relaxing these knots to find. It's, it's quite pleasing. I find sometimes to start from something very sketchily drawn and then end up reveal some symmetry that you weren't aware was that just from the initial play then not trying to try to make these into intuitive tools. That people can interact with and in all of kangaroo a lot of it is about aiding the development of intuition and I think play is a really essential part of that. So, doing things and seeing the results quickly lets you get a feel for how things behave and I think can help with how you think about. That together, so the not repulsion and the minimal services together with the remeshing and starting from what is actually a triple not relaxing and remeshing and we can quickly jump to something like this. So briefly about conformal mapping before and complex analysis. I'm just going to mention a couple of other work in great examples of, of illustrating mathematics that that have really inspired me some of these quite old but I think still hold up brilliantly. So in this case, talking about the links between various transformations and stereographic projection. One, one website in particular was Thomas banjox work. He has this wonderful page on the flat tourists in the three sphere and that really got me fascinated with what the three still was and trying to get to grips with that. For example, I won't go into too much detail about these but just pointing to the swimming for examples and of course, sort of liner and every segment work. They've done some wonderful, many great examples and illustrations of stereographic projection, vibrations of knots which is something I want to get on to next. So two ideas of inversion, geographic projection, one of the first bits of code I write for rhino was a tool to invert arbitrary measures. And I felt what what I wanted to to explore I've seen a lot of examples of mathematical transformations like inversion or formation rotation, but I struggled to grasp them because they were with unfamiliar objects. So, as it was in rhino and we can have three models from all sorts of great sources. I felt like if you can put recognizable objects to these transformations then it becomes a little bit more intuitive like, while not everyone's going to recognize an inverted tetrahedra that will recognize an inverted room. And I think the these conformal conformal transformations of free space, I just find, not just great fun to play with but I think it is, it's one of those things that's just, it feels like it's just on the, the border of what's possible to get physical intuition for. Obviously there's huge areas of mathematics which are don't have any obvious geometrical realization, and then there's, and there's three dimensional geometry where there's a direct realization but there's three spaces it feels like it's on that fascinating cast between the two where you can, and the computer can really help it's starting to get a feel for some of those things. So, great example of a minimal surface sculpture, minimal surface in the three spare this, I'm sure you all know sculpture boys surface. And I got interested in trying to model something similar study from, so this is the minimal surface with three planar ends that it gives us and I was playing and trying to develop an intuition for it through this. This is the projection and for the rotation. This is the form of it which you see in the sculpture. But if you turn it a bit further all the way around. I felt like this is the interesting that this is the part of the surface where where it all happens like it goes off to infinity and so closing up this is the triple point is what you really want to see. You're able to turn this into into a surface and so a lot of the time I'm trying to take geometrical objects and make them easier to grasp often very complex forms. That's not necessarily complicated like difficult to grasp but consisting of few elements and trying to present them in a way which makes it easier to to get a feel for them to sort of have it as something you can turn around in your head. I think self intersections often often conceal that and make it very hard to grasp what the surface is really doing. Another great inspiration here, of course, is George Francis who this book is full of amazing hand drawn illustrations and lots of great ways of explaining topological concepts. I'm also pioneer in computer graphics as well so later on he also made some some wonderful renderings of these types of services and particularly the other ones I once I really like are these minimal services. This is described by Blaine Lawson in this case the Klein bottle. But again the self intersection makes it quite hard to follow. So I took that and I tried to cut it in a way where you could see it in the same way that they did for the real project play. I'm just aware that with the time I want to skip a little bit of this to get on to some of the other stuff. In grasshopper what I've done has taken a little bit of code for the to describe the four dimensional rotations, but then in grasshopper you can turn these into components some of your experiencing these days, why them up and very quickly play with them. And the mix of going back and forth between the normal 3D environment where you can pan and rotate and all that stuff and equations and also planning stuff together in a way you can just link one thing and in this case, starting with one point transforming it giving it a list of what things transform those or using those lists to make surfaces. It all becomes very quick and fun and easy to play with them into a surface, you can get your, maybe a span with a circular edge. And when this case the Klein bottle. So it's got four holes, so you don't see that it's closed, but this is. This is more than Klein bottle of minimal surface in the free spirit with some holes cut out to reveal the areas where itself intersects. Three examples of different topological services or less minimal services in the free spirit. Another, another type of spanning services or not some links that I had fun playing with this. So you've got a tourist not where you can sweep that tourist not by taking a four dimensional rotation, stereographically projected and varying the two rates of rotation. And if you then make a spanning surface so you can relax the surface on that curve, you can then do the same four dimensional rotation to that surface, and the points along the boundary will follow the original curves. And that way, you can get the services which sweep through space is what I understand they're called open book vibrations. But the last, the last area of this that I want to talk about something that I'm quite excited about at the moment. So that's that previous one showed a way technique can use when they are tourist not. I want to do same time spanning services and get see for services and vibrations for arbitrary not I can process great paper from some physicists about solid angle, and this is so the solid angle. So we can visualize it as we take a spear around the point, move that point around the curve and then we can check how much of the area of that sphere is cut out when we extrude the curve to the point. And it's assigned area so you notice that it switches color as it passes the outside of the boundary. So we can evaluate that function for every point in space, and then we can get a field so in this case this is the color is showing the value of that solid angle field, as we move the plane through that through that not. Or we can write it and can see that it has it wraps around its periodic so we choosing a coloring so you don't see that jump. But then you can take a level set of that surface and then that can give you another sparring surface on on your not. So in this case, a secret surface on a trip or not. But you can do it on arbitrary. So you don't have that intention as before for the trip or not. So I've been having a lot of fun playing with these ideas that I think actually it was 10 second when I was starting to discuss some of these ideas he suggested to look at the figure eight not as nice example. I think that could be interesting to see. Also tried it with Borromean rings. They're in this case seeing one page of the open book turning around. But we can also, if we take two opposite pages, we can get a surface which passes through the links and get something like this. So we're looking up what other not survive, but in this case, pair of trefoils and yes it seems seems to work to generate that. Or in this case, two components so taking the white head link showing to play with that. I'm thinking that that was quite surprisingly confusing at first when it does this. The geometry is has to rotational symmetries but the surface doesn't. But of course, it's when you evaluate the solid angle which which way round your game matters so the orientation of those curves makes a difference in the surface you get. So that's my suggestion so. First, a lot of this stuff. online and had some really enjoyable engagements with all sorts of physicists and mathematicians. And so someone suggested. I think the components actually one ring the side angle is doubled and some to this the single solid angle at the other, and that was something very close to the. Maybe a span with a circular edge that I talked about for that. This was the end I got mentioned that can do this for the army and rings are here waiting one of the curses so the blue one has. So the red one by three, this old angle for the red one by two and the green one, just one. And you still get these. These nice surfaces which don't intersect and not not all not worth this so you take a non fighter not and you get singularities as you start to. I'm sort of exploring far beyond the depth of my, my true mathematical knowledge but I hopefully doesn't seem completely ridiculous to play with these things in a geometrical way.  And then from the learning about different fight the not so found this, this wonderful paper which shows a sequence. So you can add in extra. You can add same bands, the repetitions of the same band and gets the figure eight not the bar me and rings and an infinite family of these, these five knots. The one after the bombing rings and tried relaxing that so using the same repulsive not relaxation I talked about before, and pushing around it finds its way to something that is symmetrical. You can take that, and find. We can't play that. I'll put the video somewhere else later that's so was a rotation of the same solid angle surface on that link. I'm getting close to time so I'm actually going to start wrapping up now. Hopefully ties together in some way but some of the key points I really want to try and get across from as a, as a non mathematician and my experience of this is like, it's really easy now to like you, you look at some of those examples I talked about like George Francis talking about how they've made these visualizations over in the paper about the cost service and they have they really went to a lot of work to make these visualizations but then they still found it worth it even though taking days and you know very laborious. Now you can do the same thing in seconds in free and cheap tools anyone can do it and interact with it real time. So, encourage people to try it and I know that's exactly why you're here so so I think that's good. I think that illustration will roll it can do it can make connections between different domains and with those from other disciplines. A lot of the stuff for the mathematical ideas I've ended up engaging with I never would have started learning about them if I haven't seen some of these examples of this motivation that I mentioned. I think they can be more than just to talk communication. I think that's the first piece that's illustrating can actually be a way of thinking and making illustrations can. It puts it into a different you can use your physical intuition you can think of things as physical objects in a way that is much harder for you to visualize them. Finally, just to conclude, these are all reasons I try and justify but ultimately, it's just fun, it's just beautiful and there's so many things to discover and you play and you keep finding new things and keep playing. So let's all thank Daniel. Really amazing. We've got our show and asked in 15 minutes but but I think probably lots of you have lots of questions for Daniel so let's let's take a couple minutes to see if there are any questions. Can you either just turn your mic on or put it in the chat. Hi. Yeah, I was wondering if any of the software you showed us, it would be possible to like generate a data set based on the figures you're looking at like maybe I just like care about. I don't know the angles of some curves like just just some variables like is there a way to keep track of that. Yeah, I'm not sure I caught the whole question so it's in kangaroo is the tool in grasshopper and you can you can set as many or as few goals as you like so you can, you can take a square and say these two edges are parallel and no other goals. So yeah, you can, the idea is that you can mix and match and select. Does that answer the question.  Like, and if I was playing with it visually and like as I went like can I maybe like mark things to like like figures that I want information about I'm not maybe this doesn't quite make sense what I'm thinking of. I'm just I guess like the question is about like generating a data set like if I can I can have like my visual like a set of figures and then is there like an automated way that you know of that I could kind of track information. So the, I mean, not necessarily. So, there's like a whole ecosystem of tools within right now in grasshopper and the relaxation is one part of it, but you can, you can write scripts and use link with other things so you can. Yeah, there are many ways you could be data you can have data coming in from Excel and going out to rabbit, you know you can you can link all the different softwares. That Wesley is next. So, I have a kind of different and more general and maybe less well posed question right so you spoke about nowadays right we have a lot of tools we have a lot of opportunities for producing these nice helpful visualizations that you know, many years weren't possible or maybe were very difficult. And so, maybe my question is more kind of looking forward are there maybe emerging technologies emerging tools merging ideas that you see as maybe having the potential for really, you know, pushing things forward or being that next kind of big step that makes sense. That's a good question. What I think I virtual reality is, it's obviously one of the things that comes to mind is having a resurgence and the geometry visualization was, you know, a lot of the very early pioneers were actually, you know, some of the earliest uses of the art were in. And the interactivity is another one I think is very exciting I think now. And it's also very easy to make a make something and put it on the web in the way that people, you know, anyone can click the link on their phone can start seeing what happens if you change this parameter and see other systems just on their favor. I mean, I think generally geometry, geometry processing ways of generating geometry is still a very active field there's still many questions. Around meshing. Level set surfaces and science distance fields, I think are very, lots of exciting developments going on that too. We're really limited on time but I know Aaron, Saul and Elliot had their hands up so let's let's get to you I think we're just have time for those three and then we'll have to have to call it a day. Yeah, hi thanks a lot Daniel for a beautiful presentation. Speaking of interactivity which you just mentioned I just was wondering, you know, you showed some amazing animations and some things that that you know playing with soap films and and see for surfaces and changing the knot and things like that. I wonder if any of those tools are available for people to play with and interact with. Do those exist online somehow. Yeah. So, what I show is mainly happening in Rhino, which runs locally there are ways, and you can actually access right now running on a site. I can show links like I've sometimes put. You can have a web page which links to grasshopper definition which is running on a computer somewhere else. So, I mean, I think there are there are also many dedicated online platforms which are also make that even easier and faster. I'm always working in my name grass because of the other. I mean, for the other applications and my, my day job about the United Design stuff for architecture so I tend to stay my least mostly in this platform but I think there are certainly technologies which can make these things easier to access and interact with. Daniel the the soap film surfaces that you that you showed that we're capable of changing topology was that your mesh machine component. So, it's a, it's a development that is from the same line of development. I've now got a few tools. There's, there is a remesh. So, like a feature for the thing we measure in Rhino now which is something I thought. And there's like if you want to get good triangulations for doing analysis on it can be useful. There's also as part of kangaroo that's what I call the life soap component, which does. It's a safe film which can about quickly change its topology, which was quite challenging to getting because keeping track of the indexing of the particles and when you're when you're changing it dynamically was to go. So, I just wanted to start by saying thank you very much that was a really beautiful talk. I also want to ask a question or perhaps make a suggestion. Have you thought at all about the spherey version problem. I would. I was very much like to tackle that definitely. Yeah, and I think this. I know. George Francis as well was. I'd like to look at more. Yeah, I'd be happy to talk more and actually just generally to everyone like, if you have ideas of things which you think would be interesting to visualize I'm very much open to suggestions or I maybe, if I could follow up me, could I ask will you be having an office hours where we could mob you. Yeah, I'll be online for the rest of the rest of the event. So, I mean, maybe not with UK times and it's probably in the earlier part of the day. I'll be more likely to be around. Yeah. Thank you again. Oh yeah. Thank you for the talk. So I was wondering, all of the energy functions you talked about in this were physically inspired, like they were simulating, I don't know, like a bubble film or something like that. I was wondering if you tried any, like more esoteric or abstract energy functionals and if you got any that gave like particularly cool results. Yeah. There are many. Yeah, so it started out with physically based ones but what actually to be a quality goals, which is not, I can't think of any real physical analogy but taking the power of angles and send those angles have to say quote but then doing that to all of the angles of all the triangles on a mesh or something. So this, yeah, there's a whole load now of non non physical energies in there. Yeah. Happy to talk more, give more examples. Yeah, there's a lot. It started out as, you know, digital version of physical form fighting and it's eventually morphed into something much broader about general geometric energies. I just remember I saw something at some point where they gave an energy that optimized that things ended up having like, like right angles and like gave this nice like cubic structure to things. I was wondering if there's stuff like that that you came across. Yeah, absolutely. I know that you mean, actually that's, I heard that that was the one what they originally trying to do it was different, different optimization that went wrong but they like the result of the wrong version that I turned it into paper. Yeah, there's, like, isn't it a very interesting one that developability energy, which takes a mission tries to make it piecewise developable based on some work by getting prayed and others. And that's, it's completely non physical and the tail behaves like that. But yeah, and from optimizing the certain geometric constraints you can get all sorts of surprising and interesting forms. Okay, thank you. Let's all thank Daniel one more time I was really excited by your talk to Daniel so just.