We are satisfied that this will meet a clear and pressing demand from those likely to be affected by the bill, and we should not underestimate the value in bringing this clarity to the law. Beyond that, it does not attempt to alter the law and delivery. Having said, convener, what the bill does do, it's also worth briefly reminding ourselves of what it does not do. It does not deal with electronic delivery of electronic documents, nor does it deal with electronic signatures or alter the law in relation to the use of pre-signed pages. The Scottish Law Commission's paper, entitled Signatures in Scots Law, Form, Effect and Proof, provides a comprehensive account of the current law on these last two matters, and the first is now provided for in legislation. Convener, I'm aware of the criticisms levelled at the bill by the Faculty of Advocates. For such a body to raise concerns has rightly caused us to pause and give them full consideration. Having done so, we remain of the view expressed in the policy memorandum that the bill does not create any difficulties with the law as it stands, and it will in our view, which is a view shared by the other stage 1 witnesses, do nothing to increase the prospects of fraud or error as a result of executing in counterpart, including where only the signature pages are exchanged. I have four reasons for that, but perhaps I can share those with you if members are interested in under questioning. If I could continue by saying that it's worth commenting a little more about a particular possibility for error that was identified, namely that parties may inadvertently execute different versions of a document. In practice, if a document is transmitted to parties for signature, for example, in the form of a PDF, that will limit the risk of parties signing different documents. If, however, parties do sign different versions of a document, they will not, in fact, have validly executed it in counterpart in terms of the bill. The bill provides that a document is executed in counterpart if it is executed in two or more duplicate interchangeable parts. Nonetheless, this only matters if the transaction is by law one which should be in writing. In other cases, there may be sufficient agreement between the parties to constitute their contract. I'll also say something more in the matter of exchanging only signature pages. The approach of the legislation has been to ensure that it is permissive and as flexible as possible. Inherent in that flexibility is the ability of the parties to a transaction to set out how the process will work for them. The parties can agree the method of delivery and the parties can agree what will be circulated. That may be only the signature pages or it may be, for example, the signature pages plus one counterpart. A crucial provision of the bill is section 4 subsection 3, which applies only to delivery by electronic means and provides that if only part of the document is delivered by electronic means, it must be clear that it is part of the signed document and must contain at least the signature page. Where the parties agree to only deliver the signature pages electronically, it will usually be because their solicitors are involved and there is an implicit relationship of trust between the solicitor and their client with tried and tested methods for addressing any issues of fraud or error. In common with other witnesses, you have heard from the suggestion by the faculty to amend the bill to require that for electronic delivery, the full counterpart is to be delivered by each party in all cases would, in our view, just not work. It would, as you have heard, also be unacceptable to practitioners and their clients and effectively undermine the objective of the bill. For those reasons, I hope that the committee is reassured that the bill provisions do not, in any way, encourage fraud or increase the chances of errors occurring. In summary, this is a bill that one witness described as having aims that are admirable in the sense that they are trying to address a specific problem and to achieve a specific outcome and that that is an admirable ambition. It will plug small but important gaps in Scots law and, in so doing, will punch above its weight and address the impact of the undesirable shift toward the use of other law, usually English law, to complete many business transactions, which should, for every other reason, be transacted under Scots law. I hope that this is helpful to the committee and myself and my officials will be happy to seek to answer any specific questions. Thank you, convener. Thank you very much minister, and that is very helpful. I think that it pre-empts some of the questions that we have, but I have to say not all of them, so I now hand it over to Margaret McCulloch. The potential benefits of the bill have been discussed in some detail with other panel members. However, could you expand on the benefits that the bill will bring and how it would meet the policy objectives of the policy memorandum, for example commercial expediency and saving time and money, consistency as well, the argument is that certain procurement contracts and land agreements have to be subject to Scots law and that no workarounds are therefore available, and also the promotion of Scots law. Could you expand if there is any other benefits on the bill, please? I think that there are benefits of the bill. I do not wish to overstate them, but nonetheless there are benefits. I think that the fact that there are benefits is fairly clear and pretty much incontrovertible, and let me just answer this directly and answer McCulloch's question. In the circumstances where Scots law should have been used, but because of doubt, the existing doubt over the legality of executing a document in counterpart it is not used, parties will now have the confidence to use Scots law, so that is a plain benefit. At the moment there is doubt, so if this for practical business commercial reasons is a method of execution which parties wish to adopt because perhaps they are unable to be physically present in a room and traditionally sign documents, then they will be able to use Scots law safe in the knowledge that execution in counterpart is valid. In a world which is increasingly busy, the expectation that people can get into a room all to sign a document is, I think, unrealistic. It used to be, convener, that in my mother's day when she was in practice, that when one completed a conveyance in transaction that the two solicitors met, and in fact, indeed, I think, I believe, I'm told by my mother, so it must be true, enjoy a glass of sherry as the conveyance in transaction was completed. Those days are long gone and therefore execution in counterpart, I think, is simply bringing up to date using electronic media communication where the parties so choose with execution in counterpart of a method of being able to execute a contract under Scots law. That has not been possible. This bill will make it possible. The Scots law commission has probably put it much more elegantly than I just have, but I hope that I have described the principle benefit of this bill. I wonder, minister, clearly as your introductory remarks made clear in the answer to the previous question expanded on, much of the activity between those who are contracting is delegated to lawyers. The bill that is before us lays out processes in relation to that. I wonder if, in relation to some of the things that the faculty of advocates in particular have said to us, it is clear in your view that if there is a failure of process, perhaps minor, perhaps more significant, whether that actually compromises the legal validity of the resulting contract that has come through the process, where the failures are through those who are acting as nominees on behalf of the contracting parties or whether, by being permissive, the bill simply creates a framework but does not make things that fall outside the framework inadvertently illegal in and of themselves. If I understood the question correctly, convener, then I hope that my answer is correct and my officials will no doubt step in if it is not. However, my understanding is that this bill makes no difference to the law in relation to the status of a contract and whether it is void or voidable where there has been fraud or error. To play that back to minister, this creates a legal framework which may be selected to be used but if, in practice, other approaches are taken deliberately or inadvertently, they remain as they currently are in the law. That is correct. We need to be clear that fraudulent activity is a deliberate act. Where someone is determined to carry out fraud, this bill will not stop that happening. That is of the nature of fraudulent activity but the situation is no different to the current situation where determined individuals can carry out fraudulent activity. Perhaps, convener, it may be more likely to encounter examples of error rather than fraud where, through human fallibility, the possibility of error is omnipresent, as I am sure we all appreciate very well. However, this bill, as I understand it, makes no substantive change to the law which applies to determine whether or not where there has been error, the contract and the validity, the enforceability of the contract are affected in any way. I think that is correct and I am looking to officials to see if that is so. I think that what I would say in most cases is that we expect these transactions to be carried out. I think that we have described before by a PDF being sent which I appreciate that there are means to alter PDFs but that would require some deliberate act and we are not in that territory so that would minimise the scope for error. We have also said that there may not be a valid execution in counterpart if different documents are accidentally executed but that does not detract from the overview of contract law that there would still be sufficient evidence depending on the circumstances to constitute a valid contract. Therefore, this bill does not cut across existing contractual rules and remedies and different ways of rectifying errors have been made depending on the significance of the error. Thank you. I think that we are on to Mike. Minister, as you rightly said that the committee took evidence from a range of witnesses and that the only opinion that was negative with respect to this bill was expressed by the faculty of advocates. All the other witnesses seem to be pretty enthusiastic and welcome the bill and we heard the talk of how this would enable a number of contracts to be dealt with under Scots law, which currently people prefer to use English law but none of the witnesses was able to give us any data, any feeling for the amount of potential business that this would direct to Scotland, either in terms of the number of contracts that would be signed under Scottish law now rather than English law, nor indeed of their value. The other benefit that we heard about this bill was the effect on the environment, the reduction in paper consumption, which may not be hugely significant but nevertheless is welcome, and perhaps more importantly the reduction in journeys required to sign contracts. I just wondered whether the Scottish Government has any data or is able to make any assessment of the number and values of contracts that will now be written under Scottish law or in any sense can quantify the environmental good that will spring from this bill? In response to Mr McKenzie's question, I think that I'll make the following points. First of all, the financial memorandum makes it clear that the bill is permissive by nature. It doesn't force or require anybody to do anything, it simply makes it clear that if a party is so desire then they can use execution in counterpart as a modern, effective way to enter into a contract and at the moment that is not something that is clear under Scottish law. So because it is permissive by nature, it is not really possible to predict with any certainty what commercial value may be. I'd say another couple of things though. First of all, there should be benefits in some situations and I think that Mr McKenzie has mentioned or foreshadowed some of those reduced expenditure on travel, postage and stationery. Fairly obvious. Reduced amount expenditure of time. Convenience. Speed. It is very difficult to arrange multi-party meetings. If matters can be done satisfactorily by the use of PDF documents, as of course is widespread in use at the moment and that can form the basis of a validly executed contract and counterpart, then that is a useful tool. We are providing a useful tool. It is not really possible to state what the benefit of this tool will be. It depends on how the business world in Scotland uses it but it has been welcomed by the legal profession broadly, the Law Society of Scotland, the witnesses you have heard. I believe that there should be a potential value. I was pleased to note that the press and journal likes to cover stories that perhaps of less interest to other newspapers promoted this bill very recently. Plainly, the more we can promulgate the change that I hope Parliament will choose to make, the better will be the appreciation of this as a new device open to business. I cannot help feeling that it is the saving in time, which is probably the one that people will eventually decide was most important because we tend to undervalue our time and the opportunities to do something else, particularly if we are travelling. That thought then I think we are on to Stuart McMillan, please. Thank you, convener. Good afternoon minister. Certainly, on 7 October, when we took evidence from the registers of Scotland, they had explained that they actually had not had any more detailed discussions with the Scottish Government on the possibility of setting up the electronic document repository. Given that, can the new minister provide us with some further information or any information regarding any detailed plans in relation to the electronic document repository? If that goes ahead and what they like the timeframe for that will be? I think probably my officials can help you out with this one, convener, if that's all right. I think that when colleagues from registers gave evidence, they spoke about other on-going work to do with the implementation of the Land Registration Act and that that was their given priority at the time, and then they were going to timetable their IT-related work. We're taking that as our cue as to when they'll be in a position to have some discussions about this, but we've not had any further discussions at this stage, and we were certainly interested in the evidence that was given to the committee in terms of the views of the legal profession and some of the concerns that they had, and we'll consider that further. Nothing more at this stage, but when registers are in a position to, we'll be taking that forward. I think there's another point here, which is one that officials have made to me in private discussion preparatory to this meeting, convener, which is this, that by the very nature many of these documents will be very confidential of nature, and therefore there may not be a desire for the contracting parties to submit the contracts to be registered in any public form. It is possible to register any document that one wishes in the Council of the Books of Council and Session, and indeed solicitors regularly use these for registering wills after the death of the testator, but I think that in general it may well be the case that many of the documents that will be executed in counterpart will cover commercial matters in respect of which the contents would be intended to remain confidential, and therefore I think that that's a factor that would need to be considered in respect of any electronic document repository and whether or not whether to be such a repository that would provide for parties to preserve the confidentiality of the contractual documents, which would be something of course that would be necessary and desirable. Thank you for the responses, but I think that it would be useful certainly for the committee that, as the bill is going through the parliamentary process, if we can be kept up-to-date please or in any progress on this particular matter. Well, I think that given that it's been raised by member of the committee, convener, I will ask the keeper to see if there's any further information that we can provide for parliamentary 2 stage 1 debate. Thank you very much minister. I'm just slightly concerned that we don't confuse the two issues of an electronic signature with an electronic repository, but I'm sure the officials will separate those two in their thinking. I think that that takes us on to John Scott, please. Thank you convener, afternoon minister, and I'm taking you back. I'm afraid to the Faculty of Advocates' evidence on the concerns about fraud and error. You said that you had four reasons which you would give us by way of reassurance that this was not real fears that they were raising and perhaps you might want to do that and you're summing up to my question, but initially I would just want to ask you does this bill make it more or less likely that error or fraud will take place? We've just discussed that a bit, but if you would want to develop that theme a little more, please. I see no reason why the bill should either increase or decrease the likelihood of any instance of fraud or error, but I can, convener, expand. I think on the reasons why we do not share the analysis that the Faculty of Advocates witness offered the committee and out of respect to the faculty I think it's useful to do so, so I'm grateful to Mr Scott for having me providing with an opportunity so to do. The four reasons which I would put forward are firstly that the issue of fraud and error is not new. The risk of a document used at a signing ceremony being incorrect because of error or fraud exists currently. There are means to deal with this already in the civil and criminal law. The bill does not need to add to these, so there is an existing risk and this bill doesn't alter that in our opinion. Secondly, for the most part, clients will have placed their trust in solicitors, professional advisers for the sorts of contracts that are likely to be executed in counterpart. Should an error go unnoticed and that error result in a loss to the client, they can have reasonable confidence that their solicitor is insured as they require to be and we will be able to make good any loss and indeed that applies both for the negligence and fraud. There are two separate funds which solicitors must contribute to protect their clients. The fact that a solicitor is used is a second reason why I think that there is no additional risk posed by this bill. Thirdly, there is no evidence from other jurisdictions where execution in counterpart has already been used that there has been an increase in fraud or error. My understanding is that such usage has been legal in England and Wales and that there has been no increase in the risk of fraud or error so far as we know and I think that the witness Warren Gordon gave evidence broadly to that effect. Fourthly, I think that Professor Rennie made a good point in his evidence that when he spoke of the example of legislation 1970 which allowed ordinary convincing documents to be signed on the last page only, he indicated that at that time there was concern that the change might increase the risk of documents being changed after signature by removing pages which, if you like, hadn't been signed and inserting other ones. However, he said in his evidence that there was no evidence to suggest anything like that has happened. I must say that I am not entirely sure if that's 100 per cent correct because I'm aware of the case Brebner where the dispositive clause disposition was altered by fraudulent means and had each page of the contract been signed, that would not have been possible. However, by and large, that's an extremely rare occurrence, I think. We remain of the view expressed in the policy memorandum that the bill doesn't create any additional difficulties with the law as it stands and will do nothing to increase the prospects of fraud or error as a result of executing in counterpart. Finally, I would say that having had the opportunity afforded to me by John Scott, obviously if the faculty of advocates have, when they read this evidence, any additional evidence that they may care to reduce for the benefits of the committee prior to or indeed after stage one, then of course we will accord any such additional evidence should it be produced with extremely careful consideration. I hesitate to challenge distinguished persons such as yourself, minister, but faculty of advocates were quite determined that full counterpart signing in full counterpart was important, but you're quite dismissive of that as I understand the practical grounds, it may not be easy, but perhaps you would want to just elaborate a little as to why you are, we were so dismissive of that in your opening statement. Well, I would say that where we don't accept the analysis of the faculty of advocates, we do of course respect their views, but we are not aware that in the evidence they cited any clear example of any instance in which the measures proposed in this bill would increase the likelihood of fraud. I've already said that fraud is something that no parliament or government can eliminate. As long as we have criminals who are prepared to engage in fraudulent activity, that is sadly a reality, but this bill, if it becomes law, will not increase the likelihood of fraud, in our opinion, because the issue is not new, solicitors will usually be involved. There is no evidence from other jurisdictions that, particularly England, the practice has led to more instances of fraud, and there has been changes made since 1978 that not every page requires to be signed. Now, if the faculty has any specifics, convener, of why the arguments that I've just set out, then I would be very keen to see them. I may say that this section of the evidence I've given today arose from a fairly lengthy pre-meeting that we had, which was convened primarily, in fact, almost solely to discuss this issue, because we take what the faculty of advocates say extremely seriously, and therefore I would welcome any further evidence if they feel what I've said this morning, or that now this afternoon, convener, isn't any way defective, because that would be a very useful contribution to the process with which we're all engaged to pass good law. Thank you, that's very helpful. Thank you minister. I'm also aware that the faculty suggested that there might be a complication with annexes that had documents in there which were themselves subscribed, and that was maybe not allowed within the act. Now, the government's response has clearly indicated that you disagree with that. I wonder if there's anything you want to add to that. Well, I don't think that that's the case, but I would draw attention to the provision of the bill which says that unless the document is executed and duplicate, it is not executed in counterpart and will not be protected by the bill. In other words, the documents that are signed and executed in counterpart must be the same. If they're different, then there will be no valid execution in counterpart. Perhaps I haven't addressed myself to the specific issue of appendices, so I don't know whether, if there's anything to add, officials could usefully add to that. I think that we have sent you a note to say, when we've looked at what the faculty have said, that we don't think that is the effect of the bill. What is the part that is signed and duplicate? That is the counterpart and not the individual annexes that may be associated with the counterpart. In section 12b, the reference to part means that the counterpart part sounds at the level of the document. We note that Professor Rennie also took that view when he gave evidence. I'm grateful to you for just simply putting that on the verbal record. I think that there are just a couple of other thoughts that I would like to put in front of you, please. I'm specifically thinking about some of the evidence from Dr Gillian Black. I'm just wondering whether there's anything else to be said about a document which isn't actually correctly signed. I have a feeling, Minister, that you've probably addressed that issue. This is only facilitative, and the general law addresses that. Maybe there's nothing else to say there. Could I then just pick up on the particular issue of counterparts as a single document in section 13? Whether there's anything that needs to be said to make it clear that it is one document, even though there's more than one copy of it? The first point that you make, convener, is answered by stating that if parties inadvertently sign different versions of a document, they will not have validly executed in counterpart in terms of the bill because it provides that the document is executed in counterpart if quotes it is executed in two or more duplicate interchangeable parts at section 12a. So the effect and the transaction will be determined under the existing laws, you rightly said, and much will depend upon the particular facts and circumstances. I think I'm right in saying in response to your second question that the answer is really very simple, that the parties in Gremio of the document will describe what the document contains. In other words, the contract will give a description within the documents of what documents are part of the contract, a list of contents, including appendices. That is required for clarity, obviously. So I think that that really is the answer to the question, and that's perhaps just good drafting or convening practice. However, I don't know if officials have anything to add to answers to either of those questions. I think that Dr Black was concerned with the legislation suggesting that two documents were to be treated as single documents. I would say that we have thought that as a convenient way of describing the situation, particularly for the situation in which parties want to register the document in the Books of Council in session, that it's important to explain that that is regarded as a single document, and yes, it's a legal fiction in some sense, but it does have precedent, I think, in other legislation as well. So on reflection, it causes us no difficulties. That's our view. No, I think that that's a view with which we would be wanting to agree. I think that that takes us to the end of the questions that I'm aware of. I'm not seeing members wanting to indicate anything further. Is there anything further that the minister wishes to add, please? I've never had an opportunity to use the phrase in Gremio before. I thought that was very impressive, actually, minister. Some of us will have to go and look it up. Well, it means in the body of the deed, within the deed itself. Thank you. I'm grateful for that clarification. That'll be five guinews, please. I think that's a wonderful point at which to stop to thank the minister and his officials for being with us today. Again, just to note that this has all been very easy, I think, from our point of view. Great deal of cooperation all around, and it does seem to have worked. We will, as a committee, have the opportunity to reflect on the evidence we've heard for a draft report, which I think we'll get to look at next week. And with that, I thank everybody, indeed, for attendance and close this meeting. Thank you.


We'll review the answers, and we'll use the PowerPoint discussion that was on the video, maybe dig a little deeper if we need to. So the first few questions are anatomic-based, understanding how things look on imaging and cross-cutting CT and MRI. So the first five are name these parameters. So these are the choices, and the questions are these. There's only four on this slide, but there'll be a fifth one coming up. So the next several slides are all questions one through five. And you need to pick which of these answers A through G belongs to one, two, three, four, five in a minute. We'll just slice it a little further. So these should confirm your initial impressions or confuse you if you got one wrong. So here's actual views of the same things, and here are the same numbers. And again, these should either confirm your suspicions or confuse you if you weren't quite right. Here's the very first one. Okay, is that enough time? Anybody need more time? Okay. And this one, it's not ABC, it's just two, three, four, five, and six. So there are four images that are based on high T2, high contrast, cisternal imaging. Five nerves to choose from, and images 6, 7, 8, 9, each show one of these cranial nerves. These are the nerves, these are the nerves that we're after. Is that good? Enough time? Okay. Next few questions are about MRI imaging sequences. So what is this sequence? A few more, here's 10, here's 11, it's a little contrasty, what would normally look like, 13, 10. Another MRI protocol question, which of the following techniques is least useful when you're imaging the cisternal segments of the cranial nerves? Cis or something to say, kiss, fiesta, MP rage, T2 spin echo, T2 space, T1 post contrast. Just gets into the alphabet soup of MRI imaging. All right, this is a lateral view of a digital subtraction angiogram. This is a patient with Cc fish jello, a lateral view.  So we've got 15 through 90, so we've got five vessels I'd like you to identify and pick from cavernous sinus, inferior patrols of vein, internal crowded artery, middle cerebral artery, superior ophthalic vein, and posterior communicating artery. Sometimes these things don't project as well, it looks okay, it's not a great project. This is a tough one, by the way, because when you have Cc fistula, the blood's going in all kinds of directions, and that confuses things because on an angiogram, this is a planar or a projectional view, so everything is overlapped. You need more time on this one, is that okay? Okay, so this isn't exact cross-sectional imaging, but we use so much anatomic evaluation, so much of what we do in imaging starts with anatomy, so I want to be able to identify things on the CTA, especially our NMRA, the intracranial vessels. So this is an ABC, we just put the name of the vessel into each of those seven things, we have all eight things identified. Okay, is that good? Almost? Okay, so the next question is the same diagram, but I want you to pick the location that is the most common site of aneurysm that causes pupillary dysfunction, and these are all fairly common places for aneurysms and other circle volus to show up. It is a related question, which is the most common overall site for a circle of volus aneurysm, not necessarily causing pupillary dysfunction, but taking all comers, which site is the most likely to be a place where aneurysm shows up? Now let's get into some pathology. This is an axial T1 post-contrast, the arrows are just identifying the pathology. Which of the following is least likely in this patient who presents with multiple cranial neuropathies? This is a spin echo T1 post-contrast, and a lot of times in imaging, we often talk differentials because the one answer is not often pathodynamic, and so knowing when to exclude sometimes is the best you can do. So these five conditions, which one is least likely to present this way? West Nite, barris infection, cocculant infection, sarcoidosis, intracranial sarcoidosis, lymphoma, or tuberculosis. Which of the following in this T1 post-contrast image? Which of the following diagnosis is least likely? Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease, thyroid orbitopathy, IgG4-related disease, lymphoma, or sarcoid.  Which of the following diagnosis is least likely in this young adult with acute vision loss? On the top you have a T2 with fat suppression. On the bottom you have a T1 post-contrast with fat suppression. Your choices are multiple sclerosis, acuporn4, NMO, MOG, positive NMO, sarcoid, or GPA, number 33. Which of the following is most correct regarding this optic pathway lesion?  You can see all the fat is still bright. And it's post-contrast because you can see the vessels. And the mucosa is bright. So which of the following is most correct? Most patients with this lesion have NF1. Most patients with NF1 have this lesion. This lesion is associated with mild vision loss. Enhanced it indicates a higher tumor grade. 34, what is the best diagnosis? Maybe you can tell from the imaging features what kind of a sequence this is. Options are cystic hygroma, lymph angioma, medial lymphatic malformation, cavernous hemangioma, type 1 vascular malformation. 35, you have a CT and an MR. What is the most likely clinical feature that would accompany the presentation of this patient's imaging? And your options are sudden vision loss. Painful vision loss. Coast of Maine, capiola spots. Middle-aged female. History of prior radiation therapy. And 36, I think this is the last one. This is a CT image. What subtype of neuronal injury is most likely in this trauma patient who presents with heart syndrome? First order pre-ganglionic. Second order pre-ganglionic. Second order post-ganglionic. Third order post-ganglionic. Okay, should we go over them? All right, let's start at the top. Number one, somebody knows. Optic canal. Two, superior fissure. Three, rotundum. And four.  Ovale goes up and down. Whereas vidian and rotundum come forward. So if you're in a coronal, you're going to see rotundum and vidian coming right at you as circles. And ovale is going to be right about here, a slice or two back. And it's going to show up as basically a gap. It's going to be a vertical gap in the central skull base right there. So I don't actually show ovale on this one. That's vidian. Rotundum is up and out and lateral. Vidian is down and in. In patients who have a very aerated or hyper aerated scionitis, you'll often see the air of the sinus come between these two. So if the pterogoid itself is pneumatized, which is a pretty common variation, you'll actually see a channel of air between separating the frame and rotundum and the vidian canal. So here's the same thing. So optic canal, superfissure. What's the little piece of bone called that separates the optic canal from the superior fissure? The strut. Optic strut. And in fact, if you think about the anatomy of the fissure, the superior fissure and the inferior fissure are really a continuous structure. They're separated by the bone at the top of rotundum. Through rotundum goes what? V2. And everything else that's important pretty much goes through superior fissure. And the inferior fissure and rotundum are kind of right in line. So if you come out of rotundum, it goes right into the inferior fissure. And then above that is the superior fissure through which go 3v1 and 4 and 6. And what's 5? So that's the pteropallic infossa. And in imaging it's a really distinctive structure because it's this little pocket of fat that's right smack in the middle of the deep, deep face. And we sometimes call it the crossroads of the deep face because it has a pathway to almost everything. It's really close to, it's right in front of Vidian. It has a direct connection to rotundum. So you can get from pteropallic infossa, you can get into the central skull base through rotundum back into the intracranial compartment. It gets into the orbit through the fissure. It actually goes down into the oral cavity through the pterogoid canal. It has a medial axis into the nasal cavity through the ptsunopallic inforamen here. It has access into the deep face, the massacred space through the pteromaxillary fissure. So the pteropallic infossa, we often look at that as one of our search points when we're looking for perineural tumor.  And what you see in CT and MR is just this little pocket of fat.  And there may even be some lymphatic tissue. So it's got a little bit of stuff in it.  And then the axial... Sorry, to what is still the optic canal? It's optic canal. Superior fissure. A little superior fissure. And that's rotundum. That's rotundum. Sorry, because I thought you pointed to it and said vidian. Oh, did I? I'm sorry. Mine's still rotundum. Yeah, think of vidian as being immediately behind the bulk of the pteropathic infosum. So if you put your cursor on vidian and then come forward, you should be kind of swiping, smacking in right at the bottom part of the pteropathic infosum. So you can't see vidian on this one? Right. And you'll often see a little depression as rotundum is forming along the lateral margin of the sphenoid sinus. And that acts as a name that the porous trigeminus is that depression as it's going into an actual canal. So vidian medial and down, rotundum up and out. And then the vidian kind of dumps right here into the pteropathic infosum. You can see that as you come forward, the pteropathic infosum is going to pretty much envelop what's coming out of rotundum right into it as well. So both vidian and rotundum dump into that space that becomes the pteropathic infosum. So in the right slice, you can't see the chiasm forming because the optic canal really is coming at a pretty steep angle. So the optic canals do come in angled towards each other like this. And a rookie mistake is to see this and think it's the optic canal. But one thing to remember is the fissure looks like it's kind of, it's a little short thing. It's coming straight back where the optic canals are coming in angled toward each other to make the chiasm. Rotundum is just a little short canal right here. And below it is the vidian. Vidian and rotundum can be a little bit hard to separate on axial, but vidian has this characteristic long kind of sickle shape to it. In fact, in some patients, the vidian is more conspicuous than rotundum. And another rookie mistake is to call, maybe that's the mistake I made, is to call this rotundum. When it's the, because it's the most distinctive little circle that you'll see, but the vidian is a longer canal and sometimes a little more obvious. So the vidian is kind of a long sickle shape, whereas rotundum is a little short thing. They both dump into the pteropathic, this is the upper part of the pteropathic infosum. This is kind of the main bulk part of the pteropathic infosum. You can see the fat inside of it. So this is one of these sequences that is very heavily T2-weighted. The purpose of the sequence is to really show the cisterns and whatever's running in them, vessels and veins in particular. It's not great at looking at parankable detail. So what's this nerve here? So five is the easiest one to see.  As it comes in toward this little CSF space here, it's not until the fibers are separated. So you'll often see little individual fibers kind of floating within the CSF right there. What is this CSF pocket here called? That's Michael's Cave. This is these two on almost any sequence, these are normal findings. And one of the things that we look for like a, maybe a meningioma or a schwannoma that's occupying five and necklace cave. When necklace cave is missing, you'll hear us use the term a winking necklace cave because it's missing on one side. But that's the structure. It's very reliably seen associated with five. This is a sagittale. You can see the belly of the ponds. And there's a structure that's cutting it up at this angle right there. It's really only one thing that does that. What's that? That's six. It can be hard to define, but if you know where it runs, really, there's nothing that's going in that direction. All the veins and arteries are usually kind of coming at oblique or more transverse angles. And it's, even though it's a very small thing, within T2 weighted imaging, you can usually pick it out of a crowd. Eight, three. So three is a pretty big nerve. And you can usually see it quite easily that it runs right between the P1 and the SCA segments right there. Four also runs in the same space. Four runs out lateral here. It's a much smaller nerve, and I think it's really hard to reliably see it on a coronal. So what was this one then on nine? Four, I don't think you would necessarily always see four. If you see something that runs right there, that's sitting on the back, that's probably a pretty good identification. But I find four is not always reliably identified. It's a very small nerve. Okay, so there's just some bread and butter imaging. What's this? Fats bright. Mucosa is not enhancing. Fluid is dark. So this is a T1 spin echo. This is one of your primary non-contrast sequences. So this is a T1 spin echo. Coronal. In this case, we have CSF is dark. Notice how the so fluid is dark. Very brightly enhancing mucosa and muscles. The fat is dark. So what's this one?  Right, so this is a T1 way to spin echo with contrast and fat suppression. This is one of our other core sequences because it brings out pathology, but it suppresses the fat, which has a lot of signals so that pathology becomes more conspicuous. Put an axial image. Vitreous, CSF, very bright. Fat is dark. You actually have two choices on this one and you get credit for either one. So what are the two choices?  So T2 with fat suppression and the other option would be a stir, which stands for short tau inversion recovery. It's a different kind of a pulse sequence. Both of these give you T2 fluid and usually pathology have a signal, but it makes the fat go away. Spin echo T2, if you don't... If you have just a plain old spin echo T2 without fat suppression, the way that T2 is done in order to get it... T2 can be very slow to acquire and the technique allows us to get a lot of T2 slices quickly actually brings out a fair amount of fat signal with it.  So if you want to see pathology emphasized, you do a T2 with spin echo, but then you add fat suppression on top of it to make the signal go away. A stir sequence is a different kind of a pulse sequence and it doesn't have any fat excitation at all. So you don't have to suppress it. The issue with fat suppression is it's an additional gradient that takes... If you were to think about it from a point of view of electrical engineering and a celloscope, there's actually a signal spike in the fat when you do T2 acquisition with spin echo. When the tech is doing the scan, they actually pull up a spectrum and they can see a spike of signal that is resonating at fat and they put a suppression pulse right on that spike to make the fat signal go away, but just a very narrow suppression pulse. So the fat signal goes away, but nothing else does. The problem is that that depends on a very homogeneous magnetic field. And when you put metal in there or if you have other factors to get in the way, people have braces or implants, that the magnetic field gets irregular and your suppression pulse is not always perfect at taking out just the fat spike of signal and they can miss the fat spike and suppress other things.  So you have to be able to look at these things and know whether the fat suppression is working or not. The stir doesn't have any fat signal to begin with so there's nothing to suppress. So it's a much more reliable sequence in determining what's fat and what's not. So we usually will do one plane in stir and one plane in T2 fat sat with suppression. So we'll do one of these and one of these, usually an axial here and then the coronal fat suppression. You get a little bit better spatial resolution with spatial. So we like to have at least one of these because you get a little bit better detail but we do at least one of them with the stir just in case the fat suppression has a problem. So this is kind of an alphabet soup. Four of these are T2 sequences and two of them are T1 and this probably isn't all that fair. An MP rage is a variation of how to do T1 imaging. And the basic T1 sequence which is a spin echo is the one that was originally developed that's most commonly used. But it has some, the T1 spin echo can have issues with phase artifact. We have all the flowing vessels at 3T especially. And so if you want to have a T1 sequence that doesn't have the same kinds of motion artifact, an MP rage is a T1 sequence that has some advantages. But it is essentially a T1 weighted sequence. Of all of these, the T2s are the most important when you're looking at cisternal cranial nerves. Now three of these, the kiss, the fiesta, and the T2 space. So A, B, and E are all pretty much the same thing these are actually vendor terms. It's kind of unfair that Siemens and GE which are the two main manufacturers we have experience with, they use different acronyms for their imaging sequence. The bottom line is the kiss, the fiesta, and the T2 space are sequences that are heavily, heavily T2. They really emphasize the fluid signal and the parankama kind of is just amorphous black. But they really give you great cisternal lemurs. So the kiss, the fiesta, and the T2 space are of that kind what we call heavily T2 weighted. A plate old spin echo T2 is not bad because you can still see the CSF pretty well. It's more prone to pulsation artifact in the CSF so it can be a little bit harder to see.  If you have pathology that's enhancing the post-contrast would be useful. But of all these, the MP range without contrast would be the least useful because when you're looking at cisternal structures, the CSF on T1, the CSF is darkish, the NERS are darkish, you're not going to be able to see anything. So of these, the MP range is probably the least useful. An angiogram is performed by putting a catheter in the internal carotid artery in the neck usually. So you put the catheter up into on the right side of the breaker, cephalic in the carotid or the left of the common carotid. And usually when you're doing an internal injection, you like to get the catheter past the bifurcation and the catheters have little angle tips so you move the tip around so that it angles into the internal. Usually it's kind of pointed back and lateral. Slide it into the first couple centimeters of the internal and then do an injection with a power injector and take a series of images over the next 10 seconds. With CT, you can get really nice pictures in cross-section. The problem is that it only takes a couple of seconds to get from the first incident of injection to where you're filling out the arteries and even getting into the veins. The intracranial circulation is very low resistance. You fill up the arteries in the veins very, very quickly. You only have a couple of second window. CT and certainly MR, you don't have enough temporal resolution. You can't image fast enough to see things go. So if you need to see the detail of an early arterial filling, the only way to do that is with an Instagram with a digital subtraction entry. So the contrast is injected into the ICA. So here's your internal carotid right here. Comes up and then right here, usually what you see is a nice pretty siphon. So you see the S-curve of the cavernous sinus coming up to the terminal ICA. But in this case, you have a big blob of contrast filling what structure? What's 16? Cavernous sinus because this patient has a C-C fistula. And in addition to filling the cavernous sinus, you have pressurized now that venous space with arterial flow. So you're filling two things that normally shouldn't fill on an angiogram. One of them is this structure here, which is filling anterograde. What's this? That's the syrups. This is the pyrophilic vein. So this venous contrast is actually going forward this way filling this structure. And it's really big in addition to filling arterial phase. You notice how the arterial phase is still pretty early. Most of the arterial tree is not filled up. You already got the cavernous sinus. And the supra-optalic vein filling. There's one more structure that's filling up normally. That's the thing right here coming off the cavernous sinus. It's actually flowing downward. You know what 17 is? Yeah, that's the inferior protrusal vein. That's one more venous piece of evidence that this thing is a clearly abnormal arterial venous connection. And what does that make? 15? Yeah, I suppose a branch of MCA. Because this is a lateral view, they're coming out at you. And then if I had an arrow on this, what's that right there? This little order right there? That's a PCOM. PCOM comes straight off the back of the terminal. ICA. So I'll just point to it. What's 20? ACOM? 22? A1? 21? 2? ICA? PCOM? Which famous aneurysm causes people involved in their nerve palsy? So yeah, so it's B. We know that PCOM is the classic aneurysm, but what we don't often remember to emphasize is that it's actually not a PCOM aneurysm per se. It's an ICA aneurysm that is arising at the origin of the tumor. This is where you usually see them. So if you had an aneurysm, it would show up right here, usually sticking off the back of the terminal ICA where the PCOM is coming off. So that's the most common place to see it. It's technically, it's an ICA aneurysm, but we call it a PCOM aneurysm. And what's the most common place for aneurysms in general? It's going to be ACOM. I don't have the MCA bifurcation. That would be the other most common place if you had the MCAs. Okay, so this is a T1 post-contrast. Diarromality is lots and lots of enhancement filling the cisternal spaces. Paramesan's phallic, interbranicular, supercellar, going out of the MCA cisterns, all kinds of enhancement filling up everything. This is a pattern that we would term, well, if you were to describe the generic pattern of involvement, what would you, what would you, what term would you use? The leptomeningeal. This is, this is a leptomeningeal process of some kind. It's either leptomeningeal inflammation or it's leptomeningeal tumor. So which of these is least likely to give you leptomeningeal manifestations? And this is a really striking extreme manifestation. Well, certainly fungal meningitis will do this. Sarkarosis and lymphoma. Lymphoma and craniolemus diseases have a lot of imaging overlap. If you hear yourself saying sarcoid or fungal disease or TB, in the same sentence you're probably going to say, in addition to infection, we consider lymphoma. Because those, those have a lot of imaging overlap. So craniolemus diseases, craniolemus infections and lymphoma, these have a lot of imaging overlap. And leptomeningeal manifestations is a common thing for them to do. Whereas West Nile virus is more of an encephalitis. I wouldn't really give you, it's kind of an extreme leptomeningeal enhancing picture. Okay, T1 post-contrast. And this patient has lots of, lots of abnormalities. They have the muscle involved, optic nerve involved.  They've got a mass in the supracelular region. And there's even some linear enhancement right along. What normally runs right there? That's their nerve. So you've got somebody with lots and lots of multifocal, pretty extreme enhancement. So when you think about things that give you multifocal orbital and possible intracranial disease, which is the least likely. But that, thyroid, yeah. So thyroid has a pretty specific orbital manifestation. And I don't know that I've seen orbit give you this kind of optic nerve or intracranial disease. Certainly, idiopathic disease, IgG4, which in some ways we almost think of like a kind of variation of a pseudotumor. This would be a great look for the VOMA for sure. This would happen to be sarcoid. But any of these inflammatory conditions could run out this way. Okay, so here we have a young adult. We have a T2, T1 post-contrast. On the right, we have nerve enhancement, a little bit of swelling, because it's a-facing the normal cuff of CSF that you see around the optic nerve. Orbit look pretty clean. And then on the post-contrast, you see it's enhancing the swollen nerve, normal on this side. And at least on this picture, the rest of the orbital looks pretty good. So, you know, we're targeting optic neuritis. Which of the following is least likely to present with what appears to be an isolated optic neuritis? So this is where I'm getting getting out of my territory, because now I'm trying to pretend like I'm an ophthalmologist tonight. I know how these things present, but you'll have to tell me if I'm wrong. But I don't think GPA presents this way, does it? Not usually. I mean, you can get the optic neuritis with GPA. But these other ones would all be, certainly the demyelinating conditions would be pretty typical for optic acute optic neuritis. And we've seen Sarkin present with acute optic neuritis as well. So I thought E was the right answer. Judith, is that the best answer? Okay. Plus, I wanted to tell like I knew. Okay. So what's the optic pathway lesion here? You have a T1 post-contrast because we have all the enhancement of the vascular structures and the mucosa, which are these big, fat, bilateral optic nerves, chiasm and tract. So this is a optic pathway glioma. So the question is, which of the statements is the most accurate? So I guess I'd say what percentage of patients with optic pathway glioma end up also having NF1? Well, so this is where you'll probably have to help me out a little bit. But in my reading, most patients, there's definitely an association, but it's a minority of patients. If a patient presents with optic pathway glioma, fewer than half are going to have NF1. Is that right, Judith? You know what? I don't know the numbers. It seems like it's 15, 30%. And the same is true of patients who have NF1, most of them don't have optic glioma, optic pathway glioma. Now, certainly many of them do because there's a clear association, but most don't. So I think that these two are, that A and B are not true. It's an association, but it's not most. These patients often have surprisingly minor vision impairment. They can have these big, huge masses and their vision seems to be not that bad. Again, I'm getting into your realm a little bit since I don't see these patients myself, but in my readings, and when we see the patients who have optic pathway lesions, I'm often amazed at how well the patients are described to be able to see. So C is the right answer. And enhancement, unlike other glial neoplasms, enhancement does not correlate with grade of tumor. You can almost think of these as like pylocytic astrocytoma. So the classic posterior fossa pediatric brain tumor, pylocytic astrocytomas have an intensely enhancing nodule, but that's not a high grade malignancy that is one of the features of that tumor. So optic pathway gliomas are a little bit like, you can think of them as kind of like these grade one glial tumors in that they can have quite a bit of enhancement and not be a great higher grade malignancy. This is kind of a paradox here. All right, so here we have what kind of sequence? So it's T2 and the fat is dark. So it's T2 with fat suppression, either a spin echo or a stir. And you could say that all of these answers are right about one, right? So I use the word best on purpose because I think there's one best answer, maybe two best answers. What's your best answer? Was that D? Unfortunately, that's the one wrong answer. And the reason is because this is multilocular with fluid layers, which means this is a repeated hemorrhage multilocular relation. I would call this a venal lymphatic malformation. It's a malformative lesion and it often presents in kids. It can have these serial events. They will often have sudden vision loss because of hemorrhage and over time you build up these fluid layers. These two terms are kind of falling out of favor because they're old style. They're 20th century terms and they don't reflect the pathology as well as we understand them and they have the OMA in them which makes it sound proliferative or neoplastic, which these are. These are malformations. So we try to get away from cystic hygroma and lymphangeoma. Venal lymphatic malformation is probably the most pathologically accurate term. These are usually type one master malformations because they may or may not have any venous component. There is overlap. They can have venous component or not. Clearly they have some kind of bastard connection because they bleed but they can either type one or type two. Now if they have a varic syndrome and we've seen some of these patients they're pretty uncommon but these dramatic varices where a patient holds their breath and in about 20 seconds they can make their eye pop out by filling this varix up with venous blood. Those will be the type two malformations. They can have a very similar pathology to these originally used to call lymphangeomas because they do have this venous connection but these are malformations and they're distinctly different from a cavernous hymengeoma. This is also a bad, not a great word because they are also malformations and not tumors. But the cavernous hymengeoma is an adult lesion. It's very discreet. It's encapsulated. They don't hemorrhage. They don't have calcification in them and it's a different beast.  So what is this? Meningeoma. So now this will be again pretending like I'm a clinician and trying to imagine what kind of clinical feature might accompany this. So what's the best answer here? Well, does revision loss happen suddenly? Usually it's a very gradual, right? And unlike acute octandritis it tends to be pain less. This is a complete red herring. What does this come from? There was the last oral conference we showed a patient that you can be keen all right because of me carefully spot those trying to throw you off with maybe some sort of neurofibromatosis idea. This is the typical demographic here. Now this one, Judith, I imagine that radiation could induce a meningioma. We're starting to see the intracranial. It's probably not the most likely but have you seen radiation-induced intraorbital meningiomas? No, not an optic nursing meningioma. I've seen from radiation in general but not from your sheath. So I thought D was the answer I was looking for here. Okay, so this is a trauma patient and they have a fractured transverse process. And by the way, can you recognize the level by the morphology? What's that? I'll give you a hint. The transverse foramen is this little tiny thing that is not being used. That's why it's tiny. One of the cervical vertebra doesn't have the vertebral arteries in its frayment. It's a vestigial frayment. At which level is that? Seven. So you can actually tell seven by its morphology. They have a transverse process fracture here and this patient presented with a hornar syndrome. Now of course with trauma and hornars, we get a CTA and everything. This person's CTA was normal and this was the cause of the hornars. So what kind of hornars is this? And any volunteers? So I did bring a diagram of this. So down here, you're actually getting the second order neurons. So the answer here is the second order first order would be the neurons that come from the hypothalamus down to the cilio spinal center. So the brain, the spinal cord is the first order. The second order are the ones that come out with a brachial plexus and then ascend toward the superior cervical ganglion and the third orders are the ones that take off after that. If you chose C, you have to get a minus point because there is no such thing. The second orders are pre-ganglionic by definition. This one is quite long. I was wondering if you could have some new anatomical structure that I hadn't heard of. No. Okay, so here's the diagram. So for pre-ganglionic, the pathway goes from the hypothalamus down to the cilio spinal center. So it comes down here. Synapses there and then it comes out up to the superior cervical ganglion. And there are two ganglion here to remember that are named. There's the stellate ganglion and there's a superior cervical ganglion. The ganglion part of this term is actually this refers to the superior cervical ganglion not the stellate ganglion which is kind of a combined superior thoracic ganglion with another ganglion. So when we say ganglion we mean this one right here. So you have first-order nerves here that are pre-ganglionic and second-order pre-ganglionic here. And when you have a trauma or something in the lung apex, that's going to be the second order. And the third-order post-ganglionic are after that. So the lesions do this.  Whereas the post-ganglionic they come from the superior cervical ganglion along the crottin plexus into the skull base and kind of follow V1 into the eye into the orbit. So pre-ganglionic there's the ganglion and then it follows the artery up and into the orbit that way. So for those we see it with dissection are sure opposite like FMD masses, glumus, tumor ocean. Okay.


Hello and welcome to This Week in the City. Highlights brought to you from the Public and Media Relations Department. I am your host, Alicia Utsi. This week in the City, make sure you join us for the City Council meeting that will be held on Tuesday, April 17th. Columbia City Council will meet for a work session at 2pm, a regular evening meeting at 6pm, and they will also hold a 7pm public hearing. All meetings will be held at City Hall at 1737 Main Street in Council Chambers. For agenda items, please visit our website at colombsc.net. Also this week, the deadline has been extended for the Let's Move Columbia Family Wellness Challenge. Families now have until April 30th to register, contact Parks and Recreation at 545-3100 for more information, or visit our website at colombsc.net and click on our page for parts and recreation. Also, if you are a business owner or a small business owner, the Small Business Week Conference is now open for registration. That conference will be held on May 3rd, however registration is now open to all. Contact the Office of Business Opportunities at 545-3950, or visit our website at colombsc.net for more details. As we move into the weekend, don't forget about this year's South Carolina Cornbread Festival brought to you by the North Columbia Business Association. Visit the City's website at colombsc.net for more details about this annual community festival held in the North Columbia Eau Claire community. And on Sunday, join our City's Planning and Development Services staff for Open Streets Columbia. This is an event that's been held for the second year now and it will be held on Divine Street through which we've walked off for pedestrians, cyclists, and for those who are seeking entertainment and family fun. For more details, visit our website at colombsc.net, follow us on our social media platforms, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, and of course you can call our office 545-3020 at Public and Media Relations. And we hope you have a great week in this city.


How we can continue to build writing habit in a writing classroom, this is important. And in this regard, the role of the teacher is very important to understand the diversity, to understand different educational experiences of the students, to understand the socio-cultural needs and continue that momentum in the writing classroom. And in this regard, what the literature emphasizes is that the teacher should use tasks, activities which are engaging, which are involving, which the students can feel interested in, which the students can find, like participate in terms of enhancing their motivation. So give them tasks which are engaging, which help students become fluent. And as I mentioned earlier, discussed earlier in the previous module, that we can bridge the gap between the real world and the classroom. Of course, we do that in a communication classroom. But why not in writing classroom, where we can train students, write letters to each other, write emails to each other, write, one writes the complaint and the other offers the solution. And in this way, we can create fluency in writing and prepare them face the outer world, the world outside when they actually join their professional life. So it not only polishes their skills of writing, but also enhances their confidence and motivation. And I have seen from my own personal perspective that apart from motivation, students feel happy, they enjoy it because when they read each other work, they learn from each other. And in this role, in this regard, it's important that the role of teacher feedback is important. Sometimes we give sort of informal feedback, but I would suggest you to continue when you become language teachers to use formal feedback because classroom is a formal setting where you use constructive language, where you use motivating and engaging language, which doesn't affect the motivation level of the students, which doesn't affect their self-esteem identity, which doesn't create power differences between you and the students. So giving them feedback is important. We can bring in, build up the writing habit in different ways, especially for those students who have fears. When one student writes a complaint, like when one student assumes the role of the manager and the other student becomes the customer, the customer writes to the manager and the manager responds. And it could be through live chat. It could be through scribe. It could be through pen and paper writing. So there are various ways we can bring in a variety of tasks. So at least it allows students to say something which they otherwise cannot say in a conventional classroom. So the key is to break the barriers. The key is to motivate them. The key is to develop and enhance their confidence level. So teacher role in this regard is to be facilitator all the time paying attention to those groups or pairs who are lacking, who are struggling and give them necessary vocabulary, give them necessary language by making the use of power points, by making the use of a word, document in a sort of projector or by making the use, active use of the board available. So whatever facility is available, the teacher can continue to develop this building habit by engaging students in different tasks and activities. So of course, as we have taken a good look at collaboration and its benefits, it allows students access each other's mind and get benefit from each other's knowledge. So writing as like speaking is like sharing and displaying. So teacher role is to acknowledge the efforts of the students, to appreciate their endeavors and give them feedback which is motivating, which is encouraging and which polishes their skills.


Good morning, everyone. Today, I'm sharing on five ways to handle career envy. You may think envy is a bad word. Yes, it's a bad word and it happens in career as well. So it is what it is. How do you handle it if it happens to you or if you know someone that it may happen to? So can someone please explain to this young lad what career envy means? Just quickly unmute your mic in layman terms. They haven't graduated. They will envy him. Look at his shirt. What else career envy? What does it mean to you when you just hear the word career envy? Well, the first career envy. Okay, so that's basically what it is.  And how bad business review says last year about 75% of people said they actually went through career envy. And you can imagine it may increase this year with the pandemic. So there's a need to address it. So let's get to it. First of all, control. You may not be able to control the emotions you feel like when you are envious of someone. However, you can control how you react. So it is advised that even when the envy does happen, you should try to quickly come out of it. For example, your colleague is going to get promoted and you are not and you are even feeling bad about it. That we are supposed to be happy for your colleague and they are shameful and you know, you should just come out of it because it happens. Okay, so why envy comes? Anticipate it, accept it and then try to snap out of it the best way you can. Secondly, shift from comparison to curiosity. Envy usually is as a result of comparing what this person has that you don't have. Why is this person's career booming or going faster than mine? So you have to prepare your mind to not just stay at the comparison level but actually ask the person. Be curious. What did you do? What have you done? What has your journey been like? How come your career path is moving faster than mine and learn from the person rather than remain at the envy stage? Okay, so that's shifting from comparison to curiosity. It doesn't have to be in the formal setting all the time. It can even be in the informal setting. Okay, so we are going to five just to recap. Can someone remind me what the first way of handling career envy is? Control your emotions. Control your reactions to the emotions. Thank you. Secondly, shift from comparison to curiosity. Thank you. Third way of handling envy in career is moving towards the person you believe you are envying. You may think you want this person's position. For example, you are a general manager. Of course, you are inspiring to be a manager someday. But even at that level that you are, it seems as if your colleague is getting more attention. Move closer to the colleague. You may even find that I may just be the way the person is doing their job that you actually envy. Not that position or not the person. And then you realize that your own contribution is as important. But if you just stay far away, you may not be able to realize that. A fourth way to handle career envy is to view your job or your career or your career as pockets of investments. What do I mean?   Get them doing. For example, you may have eight to five jobs and still blog about something you have interesting photography. You may even like traveling. Guess what? Someone might see your post and call you to come and present somewhere else and then you get fulfillment from that as well. So always try to view your job as a career as pockets of investments and not what your life is about. It will help you in handling career envy. Finally, and I believe is the most important to me, life takes us through different parts. The earlier we accept it, the better for us it will help us to manage short career envies. You can see this man is training, right? And then the next slide you are going to see a mother also trying to teach her child. Guess what? Both of them are doing what they are teaching. They are transferring knowledge. One is in the boardroom. One is in work from home or in the house or in the classroom at different levels, but they are both adding value. So if you can decide and remind yourself that life takes us through different parts does not make me less successful than the next person to help us in managing any career envy. Alright, so let's recap what are the last three that I just mentioned. Can I remember? Life parts. Yes, life takes us through different parts. Thank you. View your career as pockets of investment. Thank you. And the last one was move closer to the person you similarly are envious of. So I want to quickly ask, do you think career envy is a good thing or a bad thing? Just on mutual mind, good, bad or chat? Bad. Okay. Yeah, it depends on the scenario. Depends on the scenario. It depends. Okay. Diplomatic answer, but I agree with you. It depends because career envy can actually go really bad if it's not handled properly, which is what's inspiring to actually talk about it because it happens. So the best thing you can do is make it work for you, learn from the person you are similarly envious of and get better at yourself. Thank you very much for your time. My name is Tewa Adetoye. You can send me an email for us to further this discussion. I got my images from Splash, Google and Pexels. I will take questions and comments now. Thank you.


Seganda this particular Saturday afternoon, the only kick off a heating second인지 apa genentz Liverpool, download kick off would be a tie of kxico Agnσα Kisa were the title contenders seeking to defend the title the back gloss season how dad go it's time for international football fan favorite segment the assumption where we discussed what's been happening and the headlines as far as I was raising to weekend ties in all european living forests and enmendron décanations still with us on How did we adjust in this platform? What is the assessment regarding English Premier League so far and who is likely to win the league? I'll be asked!  You don't hear, just don't like them being at the top! We're used to ask for being at 4th azzahuka na nyok fordifuthojimu första kyeiся na doj为 shaking Kwa n titlei ky忘enu? Ap flavor detoxia kushaga iya ma bütün Skill nyeanner mtato wa kwa tika nia, kamoshi inunira kwa kuha kuja na one nim give oto mtazlesi wa wiki na kwa kuha uka Maazinu na naan na mtazlesi ga mula tibu, Liva pula na naana wa kwengi kwa mula wiki kwa kwa bakunja fukunja ca senti Tauten armor schiwe nisha kwa wiki Unita nihila muna muna nisha kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa muna nisha nisha kwa uke na nisha kwa uke na nisha kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa regional I think they're building well, I think they've bought the right place, they just need the right man at the helm to help them get something. There is one thing I'm liking and it's about man united humanity. Because before last weekend's fix against Liverpool where they got thrashed. You people are considering yourselves as one of the title contenters and making a lot of arithmetic. The city you are kichapa mojambili, alafu asen olpiya, wafol kidogo, tutokwana po indisi jingapia, I don't know. Why is that mathematics vanishing? Those are over ambitious fans. If you look at, I love Manchester United and I know it will be a stretch rather to win the league in the first this season. But I like the progress that has been there under 10 hugs. We've already had the Karabao Cup. It's not easy. We've been there some time, we've not had it. Soja was there in the final, I think twice and he didn't win it. So I think us being able, under 10 hugs, being able to get that, that's an improvement. About winning the league, no, maybe third. The best position maybe third and if third, third will be realistic. So we go back to Champions League football, we get third position. We are two, three signings away from winning the league. We need a striker. Natural born number nine. Hariken comes, forget, we win. Next season we take it. Hariken will play that role Robin van Passe played when he passed. Yes, he comes. 26 goals at Salix Fagason. One is last week. 20th or 21st Sunday. He departed. We need that number nine. Push Rashford. And you're also in pursuit of services of Jude Bellingham. Jude Bellingham maybe to just strengthen the midfield. Because if you look at the midfield, we have options. But we are forced now to play Rashford as number nine. We have Masha Lewis, barely fit. Plays two games, goes back for two months. Plays another game, goes back.  So if you get a little striker, we are two, three signings away from winning it. Ken, we're going to be objective Arsenal has been impressive so far. They are the favourites alongside City. Mikayla Chet is proving to be something else when it comes to managerial abilities. Because we've seen a few former players transitioning into better managers. Oleguna Solcia failed. Frank Lampard failed. Andrea Pilo failed. Xavier Hernandez is also doing good with Barcelona. I think they are likely to win La Liga this season. And they have been doing very well in other leagues despite having been eliminated by United in Europa League. But the title runs of an overall assessment regarding the Premier League and the level of competition being witnessed because even Chelsea were busy on the transfer market. But the same thing is not getting replicated with the results. I think one thing that Arsenal has really helped Arsenal unlike Chelsea. They've signed great characters. That's one thing because Arsenal in the past, they'd be three nila head and you'd be comfortable. It's Arsenal. But these days when they go behind, you see people like Zinchenko, that they are to rally the players, that they are to fight. You see their goalkeeper Ramstil, he is loud. He wants to get this win. You see people like Saka, they have changed. I think that's something Arterta has also brought in. This team can now fight. And that's one thing that has helped us. Because over the years, Arsenal has always played great football but have been unlucky. But this season they are playing really well and they are very lucky. They are able to come back and win. They are able to come back and draw. And they have great players with great mentalities. They have winners. Zinchenko, Gavdil Jesus. These are people who have won trophies. Jojinho, Champions League and Euro's winner. They have characters in their manager, Michaela Tetas, being able to blend these players, the young ones and the experienced ones who have a great lineup. You look at them last season when the season was ending. They pumbled it. And that's what people will be looking at this season. Can they have maintained proper run for a whole season because Arsenal has always lacked that. But this season maybe they actually can. So being favourites, they should be careful not to slip up because that will take a lot out of their mental. Liverpool up against Bournemouth in Anali. Kikof this afternoon, can they maintain the same momentum after getting motivated by it? Not 7 goals today but they will definitely win. 7 goals, they got lucky against Manchester United on a bad day. But today they are going to win because they are on an upward trajectory. Bournemouth is a relegation threatened? Yes. And Liverpool most of the injuries they had, those guys are coming back. And you see in the attack now they are spoiled for talent. They have Nunes, they have Gapko, they have Jota coming in back from injury. They have Femigno there, Izawaka. They have Mo Salah there. So you see they will bombard Bournemouth. And Bournemouth last weekend, they scored one goal against Arsenal. They came to throw it in the last minute losing 3-2. Bournemouth are going to fight but I think Liverpool will pick it today because of now the quality that they have in that team. Ken? I think this game is for Liverpool to take. You look at their first meeting at Anfield. It was 9-0 against Bournemouth. I know it was a different manager at the time but the players were still the same mostly in Liverpool. Bournemouth actually when they played us, they showed a team that wants to stay in the Premier League. They actually caught but they lost in the final minutes. Rather than fair because they had a time, it was exactly then when they got the goal but they actually came out and played against Arsenal. It got not a lot of teams have been able to score twice at Emirates. I think it's marinated Man City and Bournemouth now. It's not an easy place but they showed great character but Liverpool the way they are going, the people coming. I think they will have the kickoff. Another game to keep close eyes on Leicester up against Chelsea. I think it's a battle between the struggling sides. Brent and Rogers, what is the taste of time at King Power? No, I don't think. I wasn't. Or they have got no options. I wasn't betting on him being up to now. I thought when Lombard left he would be the next casualty to go because I think he struggled. I think what Leicester are understanding also, they don't know why they have not fired him. They have not reinforced this quote for quite some time. They have not reinforced it. I think two seasons they have not bought, they have sold. They have from the steel with Yami Vadya and Ieyenacho. Brent and Rogers actually has done well with Ieyenacho. Ieyenacho is a little bit shaky but he is now dependable. And then Vadya also struggled with injury. Bans struggled with injury. He didn't get the players he wanted. I think that's the main reason why Leicester have stuck with him. For Chelsea, contrary to what everybody thinks, grampota will be fired or not be fired. I believe grampota is at the right place and it will take him time. Grampota is a brilliant coach. Look at what he did with Brighton. The form and the game that Brighton is playing right now and considering most of the players who have been acquired have been bought under his watch meaning that probably the owners have got a low term problem. Look at the players he is bringing in. He is bringing in young players who want to play attractive football. That's what he plays. The problem was that he had a lot of players who were there earlier on that were big names. So he has a challenge of now facing them off easily, slowly facing them off. And I think at the end of the season you will see a lot of him clearing most of the old players. And then he had serious injuries to keep players. The likes of Kina Kante. Kante has not been in action for quite some time and previously under the previous managers the team has been built around him. So I think grampota will do well at Chelsea. Not this season but he will stabilize. And next season he will be a top four contender. So I think Grace, Chelsea, I think put my money on Chelsea. The debate on Ronaldo Messi. Patrick Vieira. I'm seeing some quotes of him in one of the platforms. If Messi had the same work ethic as Ronaldo he would probably have like 15 ballon duos today. I'm just in love with people working hard Ronaldo over Messi. That's a debate that can never come to an end. No, me actually. I looked at the Champions League PSG vs Bayern. I looked at that game when PSG was knocked out. What if that guy really worked hard? Was he complacent? Nowhere to be seen in the game. And in Bapetua now there is this room of Bapet joining Los Blancos of Real Madrid. Bapet now thinks he needs to go because he needs to win the Champions League. And he has realized that. For him to be a complete player. Exactly. You've won the World Cup. You've won the Euro. What else do you want? Your domestic league. What else do you need? That Champions League. And I don't think he will want to go down in history as one of the greatest players. Great players who never won the Champions League. And he knows. I think it has come to his realization that he has to leave PSG if he is to win the Champions League. And that one he will go. At the end of the season or maybe next season he will have to go. Just as we were speaking about Hariken. Hariken will also have to go. What has been the main and big of PSG not lifting Champions League title despite a battery of well-accomplished world-class players? I think it's just as you've said. It's complacency. Because you look at them last season against Real Madrid. The three best players Neyma, Messi and Bapet. They were just up the field. Do everything else and get us the ball. And that does not work all the time. If you look at the teams that are playing Real Madrid, Bayern Munich. Chupomo Ting is not as good as the three but he chases back. He chases back and tries and gets the ball. They all track back. Vinicius comes and helps the full back. They work as a team to try and beat this other team. And that's one thing that has been a big on the PSG. Or maybe they get another crazy coach in the name of maybe Morini. Who has won everything. The problem is also that dressing room is intimidating to the coach. They have said you are most in that dressing room. Ateli was the one running up front and coming back at his age and as a central defender. He also said in the interview after we need to work better as a team in the Champions League. Because I know he sees the difference between winning it three times at Real Madrid consecutively how they work together as a team and here where they are better players they cannot get the job done past Look at Real Madrid last season. We never thought they will go beyond the run court stages. They went all the way and won it. They came I think quarterfinal semifinal and they came from down. And Angelotti could rally them. Everybody has to work for the team. Whether you are a superstar or you are an upcoming player the problem with the PSG is that individualism. Each person is getting as an individual. I watched that game and I was disappointed because you are seeing two great players the future and the past in Messi and the future in Bape on the field and they cannot connect to bring magic. So would they attribute the elimination to absence of Neymar even if he was there it would have even been worse because those guys don't track back. So you want to add Neymar who doesn't also track back. It would have been a scramble for three world class players all competing to outshine each other. And you see again they think about when a penalty comes we take it. There are such kind of things. They have a long way to go and they have weather to get a crazy coach like Mourinho because Mourinho will tell them off. Mourinho has won everything. He will tell them off. He will bench them. Did they do mistake parting ways Mourinho could not he could not handle those ego get it done in that maybe you get this ziden because ziden has been there as a player he has won everything so there is nothing you will tell him get ziden in that dressing room Messi will not tell ziden anything because ziden has been there has done that. Pachetino has not played to the highest level so Messi will feel like that ego is what that has missed. What do we expect in the next week we will pull up again as Real Madrid trailing behind by 5-2 during the first leg and they overturned the deficit in the return fixture. I don't think you are going to score 4 goals against Reala Tebanabu but they need something back again as Barcelona or Rikuzu? Yes but will they it will be a phony this guys in the Champions League are different they are really different you see the performance Barcelona in the phony they had a couple of seasons back in Real Madrid they had last season even in the final against Liverpool you just see the difference in work rate these guys are monsters they know the Champions League is their trophy and they fight for it in all the games they play in the Champions League so I think for them it will be an easy game for them they just have to score and Liverpool will have to score 2 more they just have to score 1 and that's it for Liverpool at least some consolation but it doesn't quite do it gentlemen your parting short before we go it's been a marathon program from 1 to 3 we need to chakoff and before we do I don't know Eric what are you looking for to this particular weekend we are coming from football something we are doing down there to do with the environment and young people we partnered with young guys called sports for greener we have a clean up on 25th in car west and triplanting occasion where we want to plant 1000 trees across car west and just clean up these are young guys in line with what environment has been how many trees per month they are talking about 10,000 we want to plant 1000 on 25th after 3 months we plant another 1000 and you see when you have vision and leadership under Dr. Clement Kamaru area MCA together with his excellency the governor Johnson Sakaja he is really supporting those initiatives so these are CBO by young people who want to take up the environment and take care of it so we appealing to well wishes come join us considering why 254 is a platform I think I should bring them here I should bring their CEO he was a former player he is a chairman of sports for greener and he is doing a very brilliant job that's good stuff what are you looking for this particular weekend I'd ask the viewers to be keen on the race for 2nd, 3rd and 4th in this area I think it's really really great I think it's a close call Inter Milan, Roma, AC Milan, Lazio they are all involved in it things are getting thicker right now and also in the championship below Burnley I think there's a huge huge race for the play of positions the points are almost the same and there are races not many people will watch but have an eye on them it's been a fantastic program every saturday 1-3 touch line matta sports happening both local and beyond and of course we can't have been made it a success without people behind the scenes super cameraman and even people at the gallery led by a producer Beatrice Abdul-Rizak Ngutia now who is playing a multi purpose role being on camera he can also be a super director anyway it's a pleasure doing this every saturday we link up again next weekend same time same place but let's continue with the conversation touch line Y25 at Waseke Magsolo Sorobats is missing in action but think he's busy with what is happening at the Iga golf club but of course we'll link up again next weekend thank you for tuning in bless and enjoy take care


Brought to you by Penguin. BEATREED by Emily Henry. Read for you by Julia Whalen. For Joey. You are so perfectly my favorite person. CHAPTER ONE THE HOUSE I have a fatal flaw. I like to think we all do, or at least that makes it easier for me when I'm writing. Hinging my heroines and heroes up around this one self-sabotaging trait, hinging everything that happens to them on a specific characteristic—the thing they learned to do to protect themselves and can't let go of, even when it stops serving them. Maybe, for example, you didn't have much control over your life as a kid. So to avoid disappointment, you learned never to ask yourself what you truly wanted. And it worked for a long time.  Maybe your fatal flaw is that you don't use turn signals.  You just can't stop telling yourself the story. The one about your own life, complete with melodramatic soundtrack and golden light lancing through car windows. It started when I was twelve. My parents sat me down to tell me the news. Mom had gotten her first diagnosis, suspicious cells in her left breast, and she told me not to worry so many times I suspected I'd be grounded if she caught me at it. My mom was a doer, a laugher, an optimist, not a worrier, but I could tell she was terrified, and so I was too, frozen on the couch, unsure how to say anything without making things worse. But then my bookish homebody of a father did something unexpected. He stood and grabbed our hands, one of mom's, one of mine, and said, You know what we need to get these bad feelings out? We need to dance. Our suburb had no clubs, just a mediocre steakhouse with a Friday night cover band, but mom lit up like he'd just suggested taking a private jet to the Copacabana. She wore her buttery yellow dress and some hammered metal earrings that twinkled when she moved. Dad ordered twenty-year-old scotch for them and a Shirley Temple for me, and the three of us twirled and bobbed until we were dizzy, laughing, tripping all over. We laughed until we could barely stand, and my famously reserved father sang along to brown-eyed girl like the whole room wasn't watching us. And then, exhausted, we piled into the car and drove home through the quiet, mom and dad holding tight to each other's hands between the seats, and I tipped my head against the car window and watching the streetlights flicker across the glass, thought, It's going to be okay. We will always be okay. And that was the moment I realized. When the world felt dark and scary, love could whisk you off to go dancing, laughter could take some of the pain away, beauty could punch holes in your fear. I decided then that my life would be full of all three, not just for my own benefit, but for moms and for everyone else around me. There would be purpose, there would be beauty, there would be candlelight and Fleetwood Mac playing softly in the background. The point is, I started telling myself a beautiful story about my life, about fate, and the way things work out, and by twenty-eight years old, my story was perfect. Perfect cancer-free parents who called several times a week, tipsy on wine or each other's money. Perfect, spontaneous, multi-lingual, six-foot-three boyfriend who worked in the ER and knew how to make cocoa van. Perfect shabby chic apartment in Queens. Perfect job writing romantic novels inspired by perfect parents and perfect boyfriend for sandy low books. Perfect life. But it was just a story. And when one gaping plot hole appeared, the whole thing unraveled. That's how stories work. Now, at twenty-nine, I was miserable, broke, semi-homeless, very single, and pulling up to a... Sample complete. Ready to continue?