What they gon' do with me now, I'm still a talk of the town Got me the sisters, I'm hoakin' them down Reachin' the smiles and the frowns, gang hop out then we clarin' them What's up y'all, we're in a new episode of Talk of the Town today We have a special guest, Sensei How you feelin'? I'm good, man Long time no see You know the boss I ain't got a lot, yeah What's up? How you been? I've been good for me How you feelin'? How you livin'? I'm alright for me How you feelin'? I ain't complainin', I ain't got a lot Okay, I'm gon' play a game I'm askin' some questions Just say the first thing that comes to mind I ain't bad Last movie you saw? I ain't gon' lie That Mario brother movie Have you seen that? Yeah, but I was like, I wasn't... Okay, favorite food? Ribs Ribs Favorite thing about Sugar Hill? My favorite thing about Sugar Hill? My brothers, you know what I mean?  One of my songs that I wish got more love Highlight Okay That shit pain, ain't gon' lie It's a lot of songs that I feel like Could got a little bit more love Okay, but that's one of the main ones Alright, stand on the island What's three things you need? Say it again Stand on the island Three things that you need What you? My weed I'm on the island so I ain't gon' need no money I'm good My weed A game system Like a P4 sum and Wafa I'm good I need mad weed though I need enough weed that's gon' last me a lifetime I don't even know what that looks like But okay I'm good Favorite thing you saw? Okay, Celebrity Crush Celebrity Crush? Molado Rip me out of the plastic Okay, Dream Car Dream Car? Lamborghini No, no, I'm lying Dream Car? Need a Hellcat Wild Body Word Okay, Favorite App? Favorite App Instagram Favorite One Head Wonder? Favorite One Head Wonder?  Name some One Head Wonders People say designer was a One Head Wonder People say like You know, like Oh yeah, yeah I mean I actually met designer So I could see a designer Cause I actually met him man He actually a cool person for me Okay, okay, okay Who's your favorite artist outside of hip-hop? Like you listen to other type of music?  Yeah Okay Alright, what is one conspiracy theory you think is real? One conspiracy theory that I think is real? Yeah Oh, what they say about the Titanic? What? That wasn't the book Oh That basically that The person who They said that the person who actually owned the Titanic I think his name is JP Morgan Right He basically set up A bunch of different bankers To go like Everybody that was on the Titanic was all rich people Rich people and he set it up to To basically get them killed Yeah So that way he could be the top Bank guy Okay Okay Um Cause they said that the real type That the name of the boat on the Titanic Was not the Titanic It was a different name And that the actual boat I heard it was his name or something Yeah, and that the actual boat never left a dock Type shit I heard that too Yeah Okay, so which rapper would you not let date your daughter If you have one Um Which rapper would I not let date my daughter M.B.A. Young Boy I hate that everybody says that But okay Nah, because he be wild I didn't do all types I don't mean like She do a lot of trade shit Um, where's rapper Um Where's rapper?   Oh, and my man Charlie Savage too Okay, so My re-slope Sugar Hill TJ Um, it's a lot of people From my back, I feel like it's underrated I don't just feel them Okay So how did you get into music? Huh? How did you get into music?  Uh huh Um, and it's still on SoundCloud today It's called Different Okay, so you go look at that right now Okay You weren't what grade at this time? I was in like Name grade But this the funny part though When I dropped this song Everybody was jacking it Like everybody was jacking it And after that I made a song called Gucci Bag And everybody in my school was jacking that song too I mean like I could I'm gonna start rapping like I'm gonna rap ever since Okay, so You went to school like in your hood Or you went to a different school somewhere else Um, I went to school in the Bronx on the Grand Concourse Okay I went for none Alright, so tell What goes through what's like growing up? Um Where you from? What you mean? Like how was it growing up for you? Like um You had siblings with your mom and dad Like what Um Yeah I got siblings I got I got a sister I got an older brother Tell me Um Was you the middle child, older child, younger child? Middle child Okay, so you gotta take care and still Yeah Okay Life is How much, you know how my ups and my downs You know But my family was always there Type shit Yeah Are they supported with the music Or it's like Um Well you're not really consistent I'm not gonna lie It's certain Nah I got a lot of unreleased songs My mom got a lot of unreleased songs It's certain song that she like Like for me because I don't just always do a rap Uh huh I got like auto tune tracks too My mom like my auto tune tracks She don't like what I be doing Okay Okay, so What do you feel like is stopping you from being Consistent though?  Aye, so, yeah G Herbo Chief Keith And one more One more And drill Give me one, y'all King Von too But he was there Cause he was there For a certain amount of time Yeah, he went gold Nah, I went Yeah, that's for sure Whoever you feel like You know what I'm saying?  Where did everything start going left?  And then, you know, for me, I had my situation, for me personally, that's when I was over there. So have y'all, y'all haven't spoken since? Or tried to dead it or nothing? You don't think there's no coming back or not? Okay, so being that like, you know, Eda is no longer with us right now. How do you feel like he would feel about all of this right now? Hmm? I don't know if I'm sure you're going to be talking about it. I know that. I know that, I'm going to be talking about it. I'm going to be talking about it. Yeah. But, you know, thankfully, Dee Dee and I'm just going up right now. Do you feel like, you still haven't released for Eda? Do you want to ever put it out? Or do you feel like you want to save that, that's y'all memories? Um, I mean, anything that I guys see in you guys, so. Yeah. They still want to release music on his behalf? I don't know. I can't speak on that. Yeah, yeah. But you still have y'all songs, whatever. So, musically, how is it now making music creatively? Me personally, I'm trying to jump, I'm trying to, I'm trying to like, me personally in my career right now, I feel like I got to set myself aside from, not set myself aside from everybody else, but like, what's different about Sensei? Because right now I feel like, so right now I'm focusing on like, shooting, actually like movies, you know what I'm saying? Like, when it comes to videos, like. You want to do nice videos?  Like, what's the storyline like? For me like, because at the end of the day, I feel like the fans want to really see like, our lives and stuff like that.  Like, even if it's like an old movie scene that we all spent like, paying for or something like that. But just like, you know. So you want to get us an acting?  But like, for me, it's more creative. Like I said, it's getting corny, like. Yeah.  Of course, you know, niggas talk about your dad's. But like, where do you feel like it's too much?   So like, could a nigga do a song with your ops and y'all still do a song? Is that business? Or you feel like that's too much? I feel like. Or it depends. I don't, I'm not, I'm not jagging at that temperature, but I just feel like, once you get to a point like you put any of my niggas life in danger, my life in danger, like if I feel that way, or if I get a feeling or, you know, like. But even if, I don't trust them right anyway. I don't need to trust my niggas.   No, I'm like, you know what it is.  Like you're not going to do a song with nobody? No, no, no, I'm not saying that. I'm not saying like, cause like for me, but it's like, I feel like when you do music with somebody, like you build a certain relationship with that person. Cause you got to go in the booth and make a song with that person. Y'all got to come up with an idea and make a song. So that you're going to build a certain relationship with that person. And it also depends on the person. You know what I'm saying? Like if it's an industry person, like that's already known and they had nothing to do with nothing. I can't be mad at what he do. That's, that's business for me. But if like, if you, if you from, from the towns and you in tune, you know what's going on. Then that's something different like not because then you put my life in danger. For the towns, we mean like from New York or you include like Jersey and everything. Cause I feel like Jersey artists, we trying to work with New York artists, but it's starting to, it's starting to, it's starting to get like, not always like it's starting to get intertwined a little bit like for me.  Cause I'll focus from Jersey. Who you focus from Jersey? My son, crazy James, VVG stuff up. Okay. Okay, okay, okay. Have you been going to any of the shows lately with DD and them? Yeah, I went to the show with my son, D-Dot. Yeah, I got it. Yeah. But I don't really like be like, always like caring about it. Okay, so what do you work, so cause you be working on doing your own thing. Yeah. Okay, so, musically though, what do you feel like are three qualities that make a good song? The hook, the message and the beat, the beat, the hook and what you really trying to say in the song like how you make it, how you put it together. So what do you feel like are three qualities about you that feel like make you stand out?  Three qualities about you, whether your music gets people hype or you wish. Yeah, yeah, I feel like. What do you feel like? What I say in my song is like, like. So lyrically. Yeah, lyrically. So it's lyrical. That, the cadence, like. Cadence delivery. Yeah, my delivery. And do you feel like you pick good beats? Do you feel like you should admit videos? Like, what do you feel like is the third one? Beats. Beats? Yeah. Do you have a favorite producer right now? He's my son, Reeson. Reeson? Still? My son is locked in, bro. Can't see a lot. Nah, Reeson locked in. He definitely got some bingers. But it's a lot of others, though. Yeah. Reeson, we've been locked in for a long, long, long time. A long, long, long time. How do you feel about the blogs? The blogs? Yeah. Please don't lie, Swayze, and my jail official, so niggas like that. They be wildin' some time. That's NYPD, y'all. They be wildin' some time. And I feel like they don't be really trying to benefit the rapper or benefit us and no type of that phrase. It's always in a negative way. And if they all do it in a positive way, it's always on some funny shit, like it's not genuine. OK. But they're all blogs, though. But you said, like, Swayze and Peeze don't like that. That was the only thing. But other ones, like if you say, like, NYC Jewel Page and stuff, the ones that promote artists, I focus those. But the ones that be, like, always trying to get into the beef and trying to figure out what's going on, like, they be doing too much. OK. Do you feel like y'all popular, so they're doing their research? Or do you feel like it's some stuff that's not worth it? Some stuff is not worth discussing. Because a lot of the times, they don't even know what they be talking about. And they be making certain situations risk to make what they need to be. OK. Do you feel like fans and pages amped up a lot of problems in the hood?  What type of problems are like this? Be honest.  Yeah. So if they're posting it, that's because they follow y'all. Y'all got mad followers. They're just kind of like reporting drama. Yeah. But y'all looking at it like they're not. That's making it worse for y'all that's really outside. You know what I'm saying? Yeah. Yeah. So like, how do you feel?  I'm like, this is the police telling me to fight the police.  And they be talking about it. And y'all know what I mean. I don't have to. So is it that you don't like social media or you don't like the attention? It's not that I don't like social media or the attention.   Musically? Yeah.  You know what I mean?  Because I'll be on Instagram all day.  I be watching funny videos. My whole Instagram is funny video. I don't like, you know what I mean? Yeah. OK. It's just what you promote on your page. OK. So you don't feel like that's helping the drill culture? Yeah, no. That's honest. Some people feel like it is. OK. So when y'all was coming up, I felt like getting numbers back then was a big deal.  How do you feel about numbers? I mean, if I numbers play a role, I think it is.  But even if you're not pulling numbers, there's a lot of songs that don't have a lot of numbers that's better than songs that are doing numbers. And for me, it's just like, for that person, that artist, they just got to promote themselves better. And even with me, I might have to be more consistent. Do you get discouraged by numbers? Do you be like, damn, my song ain't hit this much? No. In the beginning, I used to. But after a while, I didn't really care. Because at the end of the day, I don't be having no dislikes. I have all likes, likes, likes, likes, likes. There's no nobody saying nothing bad. Anybody listening to my music can't say I can't rap. You can't tell me that. For me, it's just the exposure. So you definitely coming up with a plan to do music full time, right? Oh, yeah. I think I got an EP dropping next month. Next month, for sure. Golden Child. OK, for sure. All right, that's good. That's good. So have you been traveling? Yeah. Type shit? Where you been going to? I've been to Atlanta. I've been to Florida. Been to Cali. Do you be hearing, like, drum music out there? Or do you be hearing like, certain artists in other states? Some say, yes. Some say, no. That's all right. Well, it depends on where you at. And everybody got their own different type of style. Like, it might be drill, but it might be like a different sound. Not like the drill that we hear. So, yeah, in a way, because every place got a hood. So, yeah.  Like, other states? Oh, oh, tell me, like, I'll type in music. Oh, yeah. Like, who? I'm not going to lie. I'll be hearing, like, what's that on the radio? I got to be hearing like, I'm going to lie. Like, I've heard that in other places. Like, I've heard E.K. in other places. Like, for me, like, it just, like, even be love ain't go lie. I heard that song in Atlanta, full time, for me, like. Do you feel like, like, a lot of the New York drill artists are not going up? Or you feel like people are at a standstill? Or do you feel like it's still growing? No, I feel like it's still growing. Because, like I said, every day is always a new corny nigga.  So, it's still going up in its own way, like.  Like, it's jokes now. It's still going up, though. Mm-hmm, mm-hmm, mm-hmm. So, um, so tell us, like, it could be one or two of one of your favorite memories with E.Dot. I know y'all got nasty stories. Um, one for me when I crashed his car. You crashed his car?     So what happened? Y'all was in the rush? Y'all was going somewhere or you was just sad? Tell us what happened. I can't really say too much. He was doing a lot, bro. He was hot doing too much, bro. And, um, what's one more? It could be a party. It could be in the studio. It could be. I'm not going to lie. It was one time that it was me, his sister, his niece, his nephew. And we was all, like, because I came from Atlanta.  So we was all in the house, like, having a Nerf war.  Type shit? Yeah. So how did you feel, like, losing him affected you? Because I feel like it affected everybody in different ways. Um, yeah, it affected me a lot because I was like, we used to- Y'all was together, like, every day. Yeah, we was. At a point in time, we really was. So, like, that's the thing that I used to talk to every day. So, for me, like, it just feel weird that, like, you know. You don't have that person talk to no more? Yeah, like, yeah. So, like, are you talking to, like, how are you getting through it?  Music more. Like, how are you coping with it right now? My brothers were one. Like, even though we go through ups and downs, like, for me, for me, for me. All my friends is mad funny. Like, I can't be mad around my friends. Like, anything, like, for me, we, for me. And just, like, music. Like, because I've been writing a lot, like, for me. I got a song for him, for me, I had wrote. But, for me, I'm just real, like, critique with myself. Like, if I feel like it's not good enough to put out, I won't put it out. Like, I will go back and fix it a hundred times if I put it out. OK. That's really, like, my- And that's really why I'm- Be my problem sometimes, why I'm not in it. Overthinking. Yeah, like. What are you overthinking about?  Do you feel like it's not hard enough? No, it just be me personally. Like, I know myself and I know my capability. You don't feel like you're pushing yourself hard enough, type of shit? Yeah, like, and then, like, yeah. That, yeah. And just the exposure, like, you know what I mean? I feel like a lot of my songs be going over a lot of these heads, like, mm-hmm. OK. Is there anybody that you want to work with that you're having yet? Mm-hmm. It could be anybody? Yeah.  My fabulous type shit? But I would do, like, I wouldn't do a drill somewhere, you know, with that little baby, though. And Jiharibah. Him, I would do a drill somewhere, you know. Type shit? What should we call it? So running around, of course, you know, at that time, well, E-DOT, running around with E-DOT, all of us, I feel like everybody, you was around for all of that, label meetings and everything. Yeah. What's something that you learned, I guess, seeing everybody go through their stuff? Be patient, like, just be patient. A lot of people just, like, you know? And I'm not talking about E-DOT or anybody specifically, like, just talking about it in general, like, they hear numbers and just run to them. Be patient. Know your self-worth for me.  It's a lot of, like, terms that I learned, like, just hearing them talk, like, you know? Because all they be doing is saying big-ass words. Like, like, that's what you're doing.   They just use big words and then just throw it off or something like that, like, and just, like, I said, be patient and know what you're getting yourself into. You was around for, like, his whole, you know, E-DOT's whole career.  Get to the next level? Yeah. It could be anybody. Producers, camera man's, behind-the-scenes, anybody? Let me see your niggas over here. I saw Vito, Soup, Thirty, Trelly, TJ.  When, even in me too, anyway, because we always protect him. That's how true it is. We always protect him, like.  Musically? Yes, I'm not talking about streets. I'm talking about music. Nah, nah, I'm, yeah, musically too, that's what I'm saying. Like, we have him in the studio going in the session, like, oh yeah, Uncle Bugs too, free Uncle Bugs. Uncle Bugs have him in the studio all the time, getting the song late night, like, for me. I can say you too. Aw, thank you. Because you, like, I'm not going to lie, even with a lot of people, like, a lot of artists is like, they would not have been known if they were like, no, what's for you? And? Anybody else? Musically. Nah, it's not even somebody that's musically. It just, like, this is me and Edad number one fan. My son know who he is, his name is Eddie. My son, Eddie Twin, on the ground, like. What he be doing? We never even met him before, like, it's just like, he was always there, like, from the beginning, like, for me, like, he was always just our biggest fan. Yeah, he like, he may not cover us for us, like. He the one that, like, he was putting us on about Discord, he the one that got Edad doing Discord, like, for me, like, trying to stream into his game, just like that, like, he just like, like, a number one fan, I think he live in, like, Florida or somewhere, we never even met before, but. Oh, wow. Eddie, like, Eddie know, like. What's up with Eddie? Okay. Well, Gangsta, like, I always tell him, like, he like, bro, you, if anybody a number one fan, it's my son Eddie, bro, Gangsta. And that's the same thing, cause he always been like supporting, like, you can go back to any of my old posts, you're gonna see my son Eddie on it.  Did you feel like that too?   But you feel like it's just.  You know what I mean? I don't, I don't feel like he was growing up in too fast with it. Just taking on problems that was, I feel like, I don't know. No, I feel like- You good, Jose? Yeah, yeah, yeah. But, okay, so if, for all of his fans out there, I guess, was something that I feel like, people like, that they wouldn't know. Or it was, let's leave his fans with a message or something that, you know, however you feel, what you think? Something that they should remember him for? A top secret that they didn't know or? Not even a top secret. But like, you know. My son really loved his fans. He really loved his fans.  Like, he just, he never was like a Hollywood nigga. Like, you know? So just for y'all to know that he really loved y'all. Like, he really, like, he really loved his fans. Okay. All right, I got a game for you. Real quick, wine.  You tell me which one you would, what, what, what.  All right. All right, Summer Walker, Sukiyana, Sexy Red.  I would probably marry Summer Walker, unfortunately.  Unfortunately, y'all are weak.  Niggas, I don't like how she doing my son, Mitch, right now, I love her. Whoa. Really? So he was really getting the groceries, huh? Bro, he wasn't in there for no longer than five minutes. Y'all are niggas. What is he doing? Nah, nah. My son had a bottle in his hand. He had a lot going on. You had to get him dressed. It was no bags. You had to do a lot. Nah. It don't matter about the bag had the bottles. That was the groceries. Niggas would say whatever. They just came from the liquor store. Niggas, bro, that's crazy. I don't like how she doing my son, Mitch, right now. I don't like how she looking. Kali Lola Brook. Kali Lola Brook, Kola Red.  She said Lola Brook and Kola Red. Mm-hmm. Damn, that's tough.  Get this out of the way.  Free Tory, not that one. Free Tory, though. Or a free... No matter fact, no, I take that bag. Just for that, cause that was crazy.   Winter the Brat. Kill Winter the Brat.  India. You know India, right?  Yeah. Okay. Asian Doll, Ella Bance. Marry India, cause she letting it go for hers, though. And I ain't she holding that. Marry India, who's over to? Asian Doll, Ella Bance.  All right, and last one. Chinese Kitty, Ari and Nicki Minaj.  Oh, wow. Okay. She got that bag, we gonna be locked in. All right, tell me where to find you. How could they tune in with you? You find me on Instagram at the real.sensei. Any audio streaming platforms is YFT Sensei. Why is it different? YFT? Yeah, YFT, young phone trendsetters. What you mean? My backup page is YFT Sensei. But my main page is the real.sensei, cause it always been that way. Okay, okay. I mean, that's what everybody know me as. But my backup page, I do got a backup page, it's YFT Sensei. Okay, got it, got it, got it. So, know me as it coming? Yeah. I got Singles driving. You said a project. We look for a project. For my project first though. But I have Singles that's already in line coming out already. Okay. And that's The Talk of the Town. Make sure you like, comment, subscribe and make sure you check out our website at www.talkofthetownshow.com.


Welcome to JSA TV live the newsroom for telecom and data center professionals. I'm Barb Mitchell coming to you today live Many of our friends and colleagues. It's a busy busy conference this year. I'm pleased to have you joining me Louis Fialo Vice president of China telecoms America. Thank you so much for joining. That's my honor Thank you for having me here today. So what are your thoughts so far on the conference? Well overall I think it's it's a good sign because you know, I attended last year and The attendance wasn't that great at this time as soon as to be really a lot of energy and more importantly I'm starting to see like new types of companies outside of the traditional You know focus on other areas of like IOT and other areas. So that just tells me there's continued innovation So I'm very positive about what's happening here. Yeah, it's it seems I don't know if the sense that I get is it's sort of bigger than ever I think that you know last year for a lot of reasons it was we were sort of easing our way back Into in-person events, but this year. I mean better better than ever. So yeah, I echo your sentiments I think that it's an exciting time to be here And so for our viewers who may not know, can you tell us a little bit about CTA China telecoms America? Yeah, where the America's region Operator for China telecom we've been around. This is our 21st year And we are providing international broadband services to us multinationals that go to China and Asia as well as We also operate with US or international telecom operators to help them solve their problems in other parts of the world where we have resources and we've been really a full service provider and You know, we're gonna talk a little bit about some of the changes we've gone. We've gone But overall we're very, you know An organization that's here to help a lot of us. Yeah, so I mean you you hinted we would talk about it Why don't why don't we just start with you know, it's January 2023 I always feel like this is such a good time to come together for these conversations Because we can you know, we can talk about what what do you feel is is coming up What what can we expect to hear from you? Yeah, so I tell you what we're doing 2023. Yeah in 2022 decided as a company that we wanted to sort of refocus our business a little bit And what by that I mean is that we decided to move from being the underlying primary provider in the US to being an overlay provider Okay, so Taking advantage of some of the resources and capabilities our parent company has to offer So what we've done is we started building out our SDA plan solutions. We started building out our cloud services And as a result of that we'll be making some further announcements this year That's talks about that and what our focus is really going to be is to help provide, you know, I call up solutions take advantage of some of the IOT technology that we already currently have and Bring in the other capabilities that we have through our parent company in China. They're using 5g. It's really a complete Shift away from just providing point solutions and stuff. So taking care of data centers Everything so we have a much more robust and For today's by right and so you mentioned, you know, the you know, selection of services Excuse me and provided by your parent company Really the the lead cloud services provider in China and and now as you start to bring those back to the Americas What what sorts of insights can you leverage and and what's that process look like? So First of all, we have a product called tiny which largest cloud hybrid cloud infrastructure provider in the probably in the world but definitely China and what when I say this is that tiny is a Platform that allows not only to take advantage of our cloud infrastructure But allows us to take advantage of all our our partners cloud infrastructures In not only in China, but internationally. So today we have connections with 80 different public cloud infrastructures around the world. We have 144 data centers that are tied to this tiny cloud service and then we do this in 48 different International municipalities plus everything we have in China So that's a big investment that we've done and what we've done in the US is started out some of those capabilities And that's what we're going to be starting to offer to link it into all for this larger cloud initiative Yeah, so so how does that? How do you see that helping businesses? You know with their what they're doing with their edge cloud services to just make things smoother to have the access to that And that's that's another thing I forgot to mention is our we have an edge Communications platform that ties to the cloud and that edge communication platform allows you to have whatever type You're using to connect to us here in our cloud Okay, we can pass you on to different for cloud providers. We can do the load balancing We can pass from location to the X we can take you from a data center to a cloud infrastructure So what we've done is we built a cloud and top of the cloud infrastructure that of all the partners that we're using So it gives you a lot of flexibility. You don't have to go out and and negotiate agreements with multiple Providers, you don't have to worry about geographic issues, you know as Moving into China or some living in Singapore, you know, we have those capabilities already built out Yeah, and and so let's go back then to we sort of we're looking at 2022 and and the adoption of cloud and bringing, you know, all of these great Capabilities into the Americas, but so what what next what should we expect to hear from you as the year progresses? Yeah, so we have three main initiatives for 2023 the the first one is we're we've built out our own cloud infrastructure that's under CTA brand and our CTA resources and we are also building out We're going to be introducing in the US or in America's region an IOT We have Which has And those people And working Graded all into what resolution because through digital Enterprises go through that process They need these solutions and they not only wanted in the US or in the Americas But they also want to be able to connect it and make it seamless throughout the world and that's where our value is Yeah, so before we wrap up, what are you? What are you hoping for for this week? I mean we're we're in day two To some I had asked someone this morning. Are we on day two or five or because it already feels like, you know So much has already happened where it's Monday morning. We have a couple days left. What are you hoping for the most? Well, you know, it's it's always PTC is a great time of the year to kick off class being in Hawaii. Obviously, it's also So to reconnect, you know, most companies go through their planning phases at the end of the year Continues a little bit into this thing But this is where you actually have a plan and now you need to Convey the message to your partners and your customers that this is a great opportunity for this So for us is, you know starting off with working with JSA TV But it continued to work with other and communicating what we're doing it And you know sort of educate anybody and continue that process Yeah, yeah, that's great And so for those folks that couldn't make it to Honolulu and want to connect with you Potentially after the show where can they go to find you? Yeah, so you can find us at www.ctamericas.com You can find us also on social media on China telecom America's on LinkedIn and on Twitter I believe we have other sites, but I can't remember but those are the main ones So I encourage everybody to go out and meet you Fantastic. Thank you so much for joining our first interview of the show It was a great a great start to it a great start to the conversations The conversations will continue for the remainder of today and and on for the remainder of the week As well. So thank you viewers for tuning in. Thank you again for joining us And we'll see you shortly for the next round of JSA TV live here at at PTC in Honolulu, Hawaii. Mahalo


Let us start our today's lecture on this video course Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Let us look at the slide here. On this course of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, we were going through module 4 that is strong ground motion within module 4. In the previous lecture, we have discussed about how to estimate various sizes of earthquakes that is whether it is intensity scale or magnitude scale, a quick recap of what we have learned in the previous lecture. We have seen the correlations between local magnitude or Richter magnitude and the MMI scale or that is modified Markle intensity scale and corresponding typical peak value of the ground acceleration and typical duration of ground shaking as given by these researchers. Then we have discussed about the surface wave magnitude and we have seen what is the proposed equation by Gutenberg and Richter in 1956, how to estimate the surface wave magnitude knowing the maximum ground displacement then distance of seismograph from the epicenter. Using these two parameters, we can estimate the surface wave magnitude at any place for a typically shallow earthquakes whereas, for deep earthquakes we have seen another scale that is body wave magnitude and Gutenberg in 1945 gave this equation how to estimate the body wave magnitude knowing the amplitude of p wave parameters in micrometer unit t is the period of the p wave and delta is the distance of the seismograph from the epicenter and as we have mentioned this body wave magnitude is mostly used for deep earthquake. Then we have also seen what are the major limitations of using this surface wave magnitude and body wave magnitude scale because of the magnitude saturation that is at high frequency they tend to get saturated and the typical value that is for body wave magnitude more than 6.2 and surface wave magnitude more than 8.3 they tend to give abrupt result or inaccurate result. So, that is why when we are observing any data beyond this points we have to be very careful about the use of these two scales. Then we have seen the best technically best or correct scale to estimate the earthquake magnitude is seismic moment magnitude scale. So, to estimate the seismic moment magnitude first parameter we need to estimate is the seismic moment which is proposed by this equation where mu is the shear modulus of the material of the fault plane and for surface crust that is when we are considering shallow earthquake we have to use this value of mu and when we are considering the deep earthquake then the value of mu should be like this for the mantle and A is the area of the fault plane which is undergoing the sleep in meter square unit and D is the average displacement of the rupture segment of the fault in meter unit. Then we have seen the equations of moment magnitude based on this seismic moment estimation was proposed by Hanks and Kanamori in 1979 using these expressions. Both are same expressions leading to same value of M W only difference in the two equations is the unit of this seismic moment M naught. In this equation M naught has to be in dine centimeter unit whereas in this equation M naught has to be in newton meter unit. But as we can see this estimation though it is accurate, but it requires time to analyze because of the proper estimation of this A parameter D parameter etcetera to estimate the seismic moment and hence the moment magnitude. Yet and at all in 1982 proposed this correlations between various magnitude scale with respect to the moment magnitude here and these are various other magnitude scale as we can see this dark solid line is the line of equality. We can see at higher magnitude all the other scales like a surface wave magnitude, body wave magnitude, Richter magnitude tend to saturate. So, that magnitude saturation problem can be seen easily here, but in absence of any particular data suppose at a location you are not able to estimate M W quickly. In that case you can use your local or Richter magnitude scale like M L and use this correlation chart to obtain the corresponding value of your moment magnitude for further design or calculation or analysis. Then we have also seen how to estimate the seismic energy which is getting released during an earthquake. So, Gutenberg and Richter in 1956 proposed this equation where energy E s is in the unit of arcs and M s is the surface wave magnitude and it is mentioned that it is not the total intrinsic energy which is getting emitted during an earthquake because there are several losses of the energy which cannot be estimated through this expression. Then we have seen a comparison between the energy released during an earthquake and energy released during a bombing activity. So, you can see these are the magnitude earthquake scale and these are the energy released for that how much kilogram of explosive one need to burn. So, it can be seen that huge amount of explosive is required if we want to get similar energy to be getting released which is getting released during an earthquake magnitude given over here. These are number of earthquakes per year obviously higher magnitude of earthquake they are occurring lesser in numbers of worldwide and smaller earthquakes say below three or so they are several hundreds and thousands of earthquakes which are occurring every year all over the world. Then we have also seen an example problem through that problem we have seen how to estimate various earthquake magnitude like surface wave magnitude then the Richter magnitude then the using the correlation how to estimate the moment magnitude etcetera we have seen through the example problem. Now, let us start our today's lecture in today's lecture we will start with the strong ground motion their discussion and the estimation etcetera. So, evaluation of the effects of earthquake it requires the study of the ground motion and engineering seismology that deals with vibrations which are related to earthquakes which are strong enough to cause the damage to the people structures and environment. So, the ground motions which are produced during an earthquake at a particular point they will typically have three translational component and three rotational components. So, altogether there can be six components. So, three translational ground motion and three rotational ground motion if we see the picture over here if we can draw in the three dimensional space the variation of this say these are our axis system say x. So, this is y and this is z. So, we can have the horizontal acceleration in x direction like this then we can have another horizontal acceleration in y direction like this then we can have a vertical acceleration translational in this direction. So, these three are the translational ground motion which one can record. So, seismograph, but in addition to that during an earthquake there may be other accelerations like this is the rotational acceleration about x axis there can be a rotational acceleration about y axis as well as there can be a rotational acceleration about z axis like this. So, total three rotational plus three translational. So, three plus three total six types of ground motions one can expect to estimate during an earthquake. It is not necessary that always all the six components will be present during an earthquake. There may be some combinations of them may be present and some may not be present, but these are the possible all six directionals ground motions which may occur during an earthquake process. So, now let us look at here what is mentioned over here that in practice generally or typically the translational components of ground motions are measured and the rotational components are ignored because many researchers have found out that the contributions coming from the rotational seismic accelerations are comparing to the translational seismic acceleration are lesser. So, that is why rotational components many a times it is not measured, but translational components of course, they are very important as we have seen earlier that two horizontal like north south direction and east ways direction of ground motions we measure and also the vertical ground motion we measure. These three translational motions are accurately measured at any seismographic location, but rotational components at some places it those are can be measured where very sophisticated instruments are available, but otherwise the rotational components are ignored in practice at various places. Let us look at the slide over here that is why it is said that translational components are generally used, but rotational components are typically ignored. Then we want to see the strong motion seismographs located at various parts of India. So, these are typical map of seismographs there of course, several new seismographs came up this is a map of about 2000. So, these are designed to pick up the strong high amplitude shaking close to the quake source most common type is the accelerometer that is through using the accelerometer we can estimate the strong motion. They directly records the ground acceleration and recording is triggered by first waves that is first p wave then followed by s wave and surface wave and as we have already discussed in detail it is difficult to differentiate between s wave and surface wave because of their velocity ranges we have discussed this thing. So, this is the typical map of locations of various seismographs at several parts of India. Now, how to interpret that seismogram that is the data which we collect from the seismograph is nothing but called seismogram as we have already discussed that. So, this seismogram after obtaining this we need to interpret it. So, seismogram can provide information on epicentral location that we have seen how to estimate the epicenter of an earthquake using this seismogram data. So, this seismogram data will be very useful to interpret or to obtain the earthquake epicenter, but not at one location of course we need minimum three locational seismographic data or the seismogram data. From this we can also estimate the magnitude of earthquake that we have seen like using standard Wood Anderson seismograph one can estimate the Richter scale using this amplitude value maximum value and the arrival time difference between s and p using that equation of Richter magnitude we can estimate the Richter scale of magnitude or local scale of magnitude. So, that is why magnitude of earthquake also can be obtained using this seismogram also the source properties we can say depending on the time difference between the arrival that is how much time it is taking based on the layer through which the material through which it is propagating. So, most seismograms will record p wave s wave and surface waves provided they are not located in the shadow zone of either this p wave on s wave and the first arrival of the wave as we already know is the p wave. Now, after a pause of several seconds the higher amplitude s wave will arrive. So, amplitude wise also if we see from this seismogram what we can interpret the p wave amplitude and s wave amplitude are much different s wave amplitude will be much higher compared to that even the surface wave magnitude amplitude will be higher than that. And we can obtain the time difference between the arrival time of this s wave and p wave. So, this is s minus p interval of time. So, that is very useful as we have seen for obtaining epicentral location as well as magnitude of earthquake. So, surface waves follow and may continue for tens of seconds as you can see from this picture. Surface waves are slower, but persist to greater distances than p and s waves. Now, various wave terminologies what typically we use generally these are commonly known to us like wave amplitude. Amplitude is nothing but the height of a wave above its 0 position. So, if it is the 0 position what is the height maximum height. So, that is called amplitude. What is wave period? Wave period is nothing but time taken to complete one cycle of motion. So, suppose it is starting from here it takes this much time to complete one cycle is called wave period. What is frequency? Wave frequency is number of cycles per second it is expressed in the unit of hertz. It is felt shaking during quake as frequency is from 20 hertz to 1 hertz. So, this is the typical range of earthquake frequency you can note down. This is important to note that typical range of earthquake frequency is between 1 hertz to 20 hertz. Actually I will say it is more closer to 1 to 4 hertz or 1 to 3.5 hertz. Later on we will discuss more on this issues whereas, I will try to correlate this problem to you to another dynamic problems. Suppose what are the basic difference of frequencies? When we talk about the design of machine foundations or the machines which are running at various frequencies their frequency ranges are very high compared to this earthquake frequency. Also suppose if we want to handle the problem of design of sub grade below a railway track then we have to consider the dynamic frequency which is caused by the movement of the railway. So, in that case also the frequency will be of very high range much above 20 hertz. So, when we are handling different dynamic problems we have to be very careful about this parameter that is what are the different frequency ranges of the concerned problem because depending on that the behavior etcetera will of course change corresponding to different dynamic problem. So, as far as our earthquake is concerned you can see it is between 1 hertz to 20 hertz and mostly the shallow earthquakes which commonly we see commonly cause the major destructions will be between 1 to 3.5 hertz whereas human ear can detect the frequency from 15 hertz. So, that is why many a times it will not be possible to detect the earthquake sound by human ear. Recording of the ground motion you can see here the actual ground motion at a given location is derived from instrumentally recorded motions. So, this is the instrumentally recorded motions the most commonly used instruments for engineering purpose are strong motion accelerographs or accelerometers like this. So, these instruments record the acceleration time history that is with respect to time they record the accelerations of a ground motion at a site these are called accelerograms. So, by proper analysis of a recorded accelerogram to account for instrument distortion and the base line correction the resulting corrected acceleration record can be used by engineers to obtain ground velocity and ground displacement by appropriate integration because as we know as we are measuring the acceleration if we integrate that acceleration with respect to time first we will get velocity and further if we integrate we will get the displacement. So, a velocity variation as well as the displacement variation with respect to time also can be obtained from this recorded ground motion data. So, what is the basic principle on which an accelerometer works let us see there are basically three types of accelerometers one is called electronic accelerometer another is called servo controlled accelerometer and the other one is called piezoelectric accelerometer. In electronic accelerometer the transducers which are used they produce the voltage output and based on that voltage output v in the change of the voltage output will be calibrated and correspond to some value of the accelerations with respect to time. Whereas in servo controlled it is it uses suspended mass with displacement transducer. So, earlier whatever picture we have seen for the accelerometer in previous lectures that is nothing but servo controlled where a suspended mass were hanging and on the tip of that graphite or the pencil kind of arrangement were provided which records through the shaking of the ground various acceleration versus time record. So, that is nothing but servo controlled piezoelectric it is the mass attached to a piezoelectric element different type of piezoelectric elements are there that corresponding to that mass will be attached which develops the electric charge on the surface of this piezoelectric material and that creates the recording of the accelerometer when there is a shaking. So, generally accelerometers are placed in three orthogonal directions as I have already mentioned three orthogonal direction like two horizontal and one vertical to measure the accelerations in three directions at a time and sometimes the geophones. Geophones are nothing but velocity transducer. So, these are acceleration transducers whereas geophones are velocity transducers those are also attached to the accelerometers to measure the seismic wave velocities that is along with the acceleration profile with respect to time one can easily measure the velocity of various seismic waves which are arriving at that station of where the seismograph is located through the use of this geophones. Now, what is the basic principle on which this accelerometers work? Let us see this is from our another basic course on this soil dynamics which the video record is already available with NPTEL. In that course we have seen that the basic concept of a single degree of freedom system under the vibration you can see this is the mass m. This was initially at this position at rest with zero location it was initially at this zero location at rest it is connected through a spring with spring constant k and when an acceleration occurs to this block stationary block it is nothing but this is your accelerometer which is recording and this is the block which is located on the ground surface where it is going through a shaking. So, whenever there is a ground movement or accelerations coming due to the earthquake at an instant what is happening? If acceleration is in this direction obviously your mass will move in the other direction it is common physics as we know. So, mass has moved by a certain distance say x. So, what will be the force coming on this body that is nothing but k times x that is the spring force which has to be equal to this mass times acceleration to maintain the equilibrium. So, mass times acceleration so the principle that is an acceleration this a we need to measure that value. So, an acceleration a will cause the mass to be displaced by an amount.  So, m a by k by this amount this mass will get displaced all or alternatively we can observe a displacement suppose we measure a displacement x how to convert it to acceleration then we know the mass which has undergone through the acceleration of. So, acceleration in that case will be k x by m like in this case you should know the spring constant which of course is known you are using it here mass of your suppose you are using the servo control the suspended mass is known to you. Now, you have recorded how much value it has displaced through. So, you can measure the acceleration am I right. So, this is the simplest way by which one can measure the acceleration. So, you once you know acceleration at one instant of a time. So, obviously with respect to time you can down the variation of this acceleration. So, either you record the displacement or you record the acceleration with respect to time recorded through this movement of your suspended mass in this case of servo controlled accelerometer. So, this is the principle on which any accelerometer works this is the basic fundamental principle based on the single degree of freedom system mass spring model. So, we can see over here servo controlled accelerometer we have just now discussed in detail either the acceleration can be measured by this if acceleration is known the amount of displacement can be measured like this or the displacement is known acceleration can be measured like this. So, they are interrelated through this expression. For piezoelectric type of accelerometer you can see over here in this picture that there is a preloaded spring a damper this is the housing of the accelerometer and this is the conductive coating this is the piezoelectric crystal and mass and this is the vibrating object which vibrates. So, on which principle it works? So, piezoelectric accelerometers they convert one form of energy into another and provide an electrical signal in response to a quantity that is being measured. So, whatever vibration it comes that vibration it passes through a electrical signal because it is passing through this piezoelectric material and acceleration acts upon a seismic mass that is restrained by a spring or suspended on a cantilever beam. So, this is the restrained on a spring this mass and converts a physical force into an electric signal. So, that movement is getting converted from this physical force to an electric signal through this piezoelectric material before the acceleration can be converted into an electrical quantity. It must first be converted into either a force or a displacement that is the basic fundamental as we have already discussed that either you convert it to a force you can estimate the force or you can convert it to displacement. Once you do that then you can find out the acceleration and that acceleration can be converted through this piezoelectric electric signal and this conversion is done via this mass spring system shown in the previous figure as we have already discussed. Another type of accelerometer is electronic accelerometer which looks like this. So, in this case the three direction electronic accelerometer they uses the latest integrated accelerometer chip. So, in this case all the three directions are recorded together as you can see from this. So, this is north direction east direction and this is the upper vertical direction all the three through a chip they record. So, it features a small volume obviously this is a very small compared to your suspended or servo control type or the other piezoelectric type. And here low power consumption zero fine toning because it is already tuned continuous there is no disruption and stable and reliable operation that is why many a places recent days electronic accelerometers are used. Coming to the measurement of this velocity seismic wave velocities as we have mentioned geophones are commonly used which are nothing but velocity transducers. So, this is the picture which shows various geophones and one geophone is enlarged over here these are used to measure the seismic wave velocities. So, they transform the mechanical wave energy to electrical voltage and that response is captured with respect to time to obtain the velocity of seismic waves. So, we will discuss when we will talk about the field data of various seismic wave how this geophone records what value and from that how we can estimate the various seismic waves. So, this is how a geophone looks like this is the output comes out from this inside there will be spring arrangement coil arrangement a magnet over here and this is the casing and this spike is for ground coupling that is you can put this insert it on the ground surface like that. These are showing array of geophones you can see over here these are array of geophone and array of geophones connected to the conductors are used for the seismic surveying like whether seismic refraction or seismic reflection technique we use these geophones and these are vertical component of the geophones. These are take out points where a geophone can be connected to the pair of conductors through this points. Coming to another latest type through which these are measured are called MEMS what is MEMS micro electronic mechanical systems these are latest development in this area. So, micro electronic mechanical systems or MEMS in short they are called these are recently developed device providing broadband sensing. So, MEMS are micro fabricated non laser passive components and these are about 1 to 10 microns in size. So, very small you can see these are looking like a small chip which we use for our say mobile or other electronic gadgets and devices whereas, the olden days methodology for the velocity and measurements are as biggest like this. So, you can see the comparison between the olden device and the latest MEMS technology which is very small and, but very accurate enough. So, and it is easy to control and handle as well. So, which is smaller than the width of an even human here you can see even that much thin. So, most of the traditional moving coil type geophones are now being replaced by these MEMS. So, these are conventional coil type geophones nowadays getting replaced by this latest equipment which is instrument we call as MEMS. So, these are very acceleration sensitive and whereas, the earlier geophones were velocity sensitive. Now, this picture shows the various strong motion seismographs which are more than 150 stations as provided by this global seismographic network GSN. You can see the reference over here for this GSN. So, this global seismographic network GSN is more than 150 station globally distributed all over the world and state of the art these are showing state of the art digital seismic network providing free real time open access. So, you can get real time seismic monitoring through these points all over the world whenever the any earthquake is occurring any point on the globe. So, the map above shows the distribution of this current more than 150 stations network with respect to the network operations. So, you can see these are IRIS or IDA stations the red color dots then this one shows plant stations this one shows IRIS or USGS stations this blue color stars and this yellow or orangeish yellow color stars are showing affiliates stations. So, that way all over the world these data are recording real time continuous monitoring of any earthquake and the remember these are freely available. So, if you go to the site you can get this data continuous data worldwide. Now, coming to the ground motion parameters what are the various ground motion parameters and why they are important what are their users let us see over here. So, any earthquake history can be described using three major parameters. These are three major ground motion parameters one is called amplitude another is called frequency content and another is called duration. You remember why these three are the major ground motion parameters why not one because typically layman or common people are having a tendency or an idea that a large magnitude or a large amplitude of an earthquake will be more damaging, but it may not be always the case. It may so happen that say at one place a large amplitude of earthquake occurred for a small duration whereas, compared to that at another place of similar nature say moderate earthquake occurred for a very long duration. Then what can be more damaging for our civil engineering structures in most of the cases you will find it depends on several other parameters of course, but most of the cases we will see that the one which was lasting for a very long time or duration that may be more damaging to our structures than the one which was having a very small duration though that was having a larger amplitude than the other one. Why it is so? Because our structure it needs sometime to respond to this earthquake motion. Whenever earthquake waves arrives at ground surface in the form of surface wave and then passes through this super structure or the corresponding foundation and substructure etcetera. So, it is not only that amplitude which matters amplitude of course, it matters, but along with amplitude it requires how much frequencies containing in that earthquake how much duration of that earthquake depending on that it will behave it will get sometime to respond to that behavior. So, even if a very peak or very large magnitude occurs for fraction of a second or for may be once again that may not be that much damaging if moderately small amplitude occurs for a long duration say 30 seconds. So, that is why as an example we can say not only the amplitude is important, but along with amplitude this frequency content of an earthquake as well as how long it is lasting that is the duration of earthquake is also important. So, these three parameters together decides how much damage of an earthquake can cause to a structure. So, a ground motion depends on all these three major important parameters not the one amplitude. We can take a common practical example like the Japan earthquake of 2011 in March 11 that was Tohoku earthquake its magnitude was high enough yes its amplitude was high enough, but more than that why it was more damaging because it lasted for a longer time. Even if I give another good example of this importance of various three types of ground motion parameters I can cite the example of September 2011 earthquake of Sikkim in India. So, that Sikkim earthquake the amplitude or magnitude was not that very high it can be called as a moderate or moderately high magnitude of earthquake depending on its range. But what was the problem the major problem was its duration was pretty long it lasted for more than about 30 seconds. So, that was the reason why it causes more damage to the structure compared to a large magnitude which probably occurred for a small duration. So, that is why the most important ground motion parameters if somebody ask you it is not only the amplitude we always tell all these three parameters that is amplitude frequency content and duration. Many a times common people want to get rid of or are not so much concerned about this frequency content and duration. So, as a technical person we know now that all these three parameters are important. So, with time we will see much more about all these three major parameters. So, amplitude the most common measures of amplitude are either PGA that is called peak ground acceleration. It can have three components translational as I said two horizontal which are called PHA that is peak horizontal acceleration and peak vertical acceleration PVA. These are the commonly used short abbreviations PGA is a very commonly used abbreviation for peak ground acceleration. EPA is called effective peak acceleration what is effective peak acceleration I will give you the definition very soon. It means not only that one single peak will decide about your earthquake nature it may occur just for fraction of a second it may not be that important, but whatever lasted for a couple of seconds or for a sufficient duration that is can be an effective acceleration which is acting on your structure. So, that effective peak acceleration is another important parameter which engineers should consider for their design. So, that is why EPA as we can see on this slide EPA is another important parameter. Now, PGV is called peak ground velocity like PGA it is PGV it also can have three components two PHV and one PVV that is peak horizontal velocity and peak vertical velocity. Then similar to acceleration here also we consider effective peak velocity that is which are more damaging or which should be considered for design which are effective not a single peak. So, EPV is the effective peak velocity and PGD is called peak ground displacement. So, how much ground displacement occurs the peak value we need to consider in this case remember we are not using that EPD why because when displacement is occurring we are really concerned about what is the maximum value of the ground displacement. Engineers should use their design concept etcetera based on the peak ground displacement which is occurring not that effective ground displacement there is no such effective. So, that is why that terminology is not present over here you can see from this slide. Now, frequency content what is the frequency content it is the frequency content of an earthquake history is often described using this mathematical functions like Fourier spectra or the power spectra and response spectra. So, these three are the common way to express the frequency content that is how much frequency contains in an earthquake process that can be expressed through this mathematical formulation frequency Fourier spectra power spectra and response spectra we will go through these things very soon. And duration of an earthquake the duration of an earthquake history is somewhat dependent on the magnitude of the earthquake. So, they are correlated sometimes, but you can see what are the various effect of duration on different damages etcetera on a structure. So, why duration is important what duration we should consider for the design and analysis etcetera we will see very soon in subsequent slides. Now, when we talk about the measurement of ground acceleration this is a typical picture which shows how a seismograph it can be illustrated based on the basic model of the mass spring dash pot single degree of freedom system. So, this is a single base single sturdy portal frame structure is shown over here and entire mass of that structure is assumed to be concentrated at the floor level considering the weight of the or mass of the beam and slab together and typically columns are considered as mass less they only provide the stiffness k and this is the viscous damper. If an earthquake or if a dynamic force is acting on this structure the displacement will be like this, but this is if an externally applied dynamic load is acting on this portal frame, but if there is a ground acceleration or ground motion during an earthquake whatever is occurring this is the behavior as we know ground will be moved by a certain distance due to the earthquake. Let us say the ground movement is given by u suffix g and at slab level or beam level let us say the total displacement is u t u total and this u denotes the relative displacement between the ground and the ground slab level or the beam level. So, what we can derive from this we can derive that the mass will be subjected to an inertia force. So, if we write down the variation of different forces which are acting on this single degree of portal system as we have seen the deflected shape is something like this. So, we have taken this as u g ground displacement this we have taken as relative displacement u and this much you have taken u t total displacement and mass was initially concentrated over here that has moved to this place and it was connected through a damper originally. So, we have seen this damper and stiffness is coming from the column that we have seen. So, if we talk about so, if the damping constant at c and k is the stiffness coming from the column writing down the conventional mass spring dashpot system of a single degree of freedom system what we can show over here mass spring constant damper this is a single degree of freedom model. In this case what we can see this has moved by u t mass has moved by u of t total displacement this ground has also moved by an amount u g. So, on inertia force inertia force F i in this case is mass times acceleration. So, mass times d 2 u t by d t square which we can write as mass u t double dot.  Now, what D'Alembert's principle says that all the forces will be in equilibrium.   So, if we differentiate that it can be written like this c u dot plus k u equals to 0.  So, this is the basic equation of motion for any earthquake what we can simplify in this form that is the relative displacement whatever acceleration it is producing times mass plus relative velocity times damping constant plus relative displacement times the spring constant will be equals to minus sign this is very important because this is nothing but your earthquake force which is acting on your system. So, that is the reason why it is called a forced vibration this is the force how much force it is acting it is nothing but the whatever is your ground displacement remember this u g is the function of time u g is actually u g of t it is a function of time because during earthquake your ground displacement is keep on changing with respect to time. So, that whatever acceleration it produces times the mass with a negative sign gives us the total earthquake force which is acting on any structure or any system. So, this gives us a equation of motion which we know how to solve from our soil dynamics course the other video course developed for this NPTEL. So, that is why you can see over here in this slide that this u is the relative displacement between the seismograph and the ground u g is the ground displacement and c is the damping coefficient and k is the seismic coefficient this is the equation of motion how it can be derived we have seen that. Now, measurement of the ground acceleration in further continuation if we solve that equation of motion what we have derived just now the ground displacement is simple harmonic at a circular frequency of omega g that is if you assume that your ground displacement which we have considered as u g of t if you consider that as a function which is following a simple harmonic equation with a circular frequency of omega g then the ground acceleration amplitude is calculated from that relative displacement or trace displacement amplitude using the equation of acceleration response ratio. What is acceleration response ratio? It should be u double dot please note it down in the slide it has not appeared properly it will be u double dot modulus of that that is magnitude of relative acceleration divided by magnitude of ground acceleration that is d 2 u g by d t square is nothing but ground acceleration will be equals to 1 by root over omega naught square root over 1 minus beta square whole square plus 4 eta square beta square where from we got it if you correlate it with our soil dynamics course you will see we already have derived it there how to obtain the dynamic magnification factor this is nothing but the expression of dynamic magnification factor similar to that you can see the dynamic acceleration divided by with respect to your ground acceleration you can express through this form where this omega naught is nothing but undamped natural circular frequency and beta is called tuning ratio which is nothing but the ratio between this ground circular frequency by which you have expressed it harmonically that ground displacement. So, that omega g by that natural circular frequency of the undamped system so omega g by omega naught so it is nothing but actually that frequency ratio. So, it is called tuning ratio here and this eta or epsilon whatever you say is nothing but the damping ratio which can be easily calculated by this expression that is c damping coefficient divided by 2 times root over k m k is stiffness constant and m is the mass of the system. So, with this we have come to the end of today's lecture we will continue further in the next lecture.


Most of this information comes from Publication 946, how to depreciate property tax year 2022. You can find on the IRS website, irs.gov, irs.gov. Looking at the income tax formula focused online, one income, remember in the first half of the income tax formula is an essence and income statement, but just an outline other forms and schedules flowing into these line items, one being the schedule C, having business income minus business expenses the net business income from the schedule C flowing into line one income of our income tax formula. The form 1040 noting that we have the schedule C which would flow into the schedule one then flow into page one form 1040 line number eight. The schedule C is the profit or loss from business income statement format income minus expenses were focused on the expenses more specifically on depreciation remembering even if on a cash-based system you're gonna have to do the accrual concept thing if you have depreciable property putting it on the books and then depreciating the property over the useful life needing to coincide with the categorizations and periods of depreciation provided by the tax code which may differ from accounting concepts and accounting theory as well as regulations like generally accepted accounting principles. Our general objective is to try to depreciate as much as we can as early as we can because that will give us the best tax benefit that's a different objective than we normally have for normal accounting. That said, we're continuing on with our discussion of maker's depreciation. So which convention applies? So now we talked about the type of property that number of years we have to depreciate over now we're gonna get into conventions. Now remember the first thing you wanna think about is just a normal depreciation straight line depreciation because conceptually that makes sense. It's easy to kind of graft on to conceptual framework of a straight line depreciation where we take the depreciable property we decide how long we're gonna depreciate it over divide the cost by that number of years and then simply depreciate an even amount over that timeframe. However, we can then differentiate from that. We might then want double declining kind of balance meaning we're gonna depreciate in some way more upfront than in latter years. And that could be beneficial from tax standpoint and makes sense from a bookkeeping standpoint because we might have property that we actually have more benefit from in the early years and then until the later years. And then we might have other things that don't really coincide to bookkeeping concepts but rather our tax concepts like a 179 deduction and special depreciation. Then we can also ask, well, what happens if I buy the property in the middle of the year? Cause obviously I'm not gonna buy it on January 1st what are there any kind of conventions that we might be able to use? For example, might we just assume that it was bought in the middle of the year that would make it easier for a calculation to be taken rather than taking like the number of days in a year and using some kind of ratio analysis to do this calculation. All right, so under makers average conventions established when the recovery period begins and ends. So the convention you use determines the number of months for which you can claim depreciation in the year you place property in service and in the year to dispose of the property. So you've got the mid month convention which is sounds, it is in essence what it sounds like. So use this convention for non-residential real property residential rental property and any railroad grading or tunnel bore. So what does that mean? That means for these types of property you're gonna not say that I bought it on January or let's say February 3rd. You're gonna say that you bought it in the middle of February, right? Right in the middle of the month. It's a mid month convention which makes it slightly easier to calculate than if you're trying to break out, you know, each day for the calculation. Okay, and then we've got under this convention you treat all property placed in service or disposed of during a month as placed in service or disposed of at the mid point of the month, the middle of the month, this purchased or disposed of when you get rid of it or sell it or whatever you do at dispose of it. This means that a one half month of depreciation is allowed for the month the property is placed in service or disposed of. Notice these are for the mid month is for the big items, the real estate kind of items, non-residential real property, residential real property and any railroad grading because you're talking about big dollar amounts, the amount of depreciation for a month can be fairly significant which is why you're not using like a mid quarter convention which would even be easier to calculate or a mid year convention but they're doing the mid month convention. So your use of the mid month convention is indicated by the MM, that's the label for it. So if you see that MM on depreciation schedules from tax software, that's what it's indicating already showing under column E in part three a form 4562.


Clustered regularly into spaced short palindromic repeats, CISPR, is one of the most exciting developments of the past decade, particularly in the field of gene editing. Despite intense research interest, the limits of detection, low DS, and applications of CRISP-based diagnostics remain an open question. This article was authored by Juan G. Santiago.


How to create blog readers into leads. How to make cash from your blog. Our blog's important. I think so. As a matter of fact, in this video, I'm going to walk you through how you can make cash from your blog. If you haven't subscribed so far, please do so. Hit that subscribe button down there. Turn it from red to gray. Don't forget to ring the bell. Turn all bell notifications so you're notified each and every time I go live or if I upload a video. The fact is, blogs are really crucial to building your brand, building your business and getting more sales. So in this video, I want to walk you through what you need to do, what you have to do to compete in today's market. Orbit Media's annual blogging surveys said that 77% of bloggers said they get real results. You don't want to be left out in the cold. You want to be getting real results too. According to HubSpot, as a matter of fact, 60% of all consumers said they regularly read blogs. So if you don't have one, once again, you're missing out. Now, blogging is so important because it's going to bring more people to your site. Just buy SEO alone.  And if you think about it, no matter if you're selling a product or you're selling a service, more people on your site, that's always a good thing. So let's first talk about lead magnets. You need lead magnets. What are lead magnets? Lead magnets are something that you give somebody for free so that you can get their contact information. The first thing you could do is downloadable books, downloadable ebooks. They cost you nothing. All you have to do is make an ebook.  The next thing is white papers. These are used mostly in business to business where it is a case study of another business that got some good results in how they went about doing that. So you could do white papers. The next thing I like is checklist and cheat sheets. Checklist and cheat sheets. People want a simple and easy way to get their problems solved. We own a survival food company right here. You can see and you can check that out if you'd like. But what we do is we offer people ways to protect their home, ways to protect their family, ways to survive in the wilderness. Whatever it is, we offer all these different checklists and cheat sheets to help people out. That's something you could do in your business also. You could also offer downloadable webinars or you could offer downloadable video courses. All these things work really well to get leads. Once you get them in your ecosystem, then you can start selling them. And I will take a second here to say, once you get them in your ecosystem, that is your digital marketing ecosystem. And you need a good software to actually market to these people. And I'm going to recommend Cartra below in the description. I talk about Cartra a lot in my videos just because it works so well and everybody that gets it likes it. If you look in the description below, you'll find a link to a video you can watch that tells you all about Cartra. And if you like it with my link, you can get it for only $1. So check that out. And the last thing you can do if you downloadable thing is a product demonstration. You know, we have survival food. So we could do a video on how to use that survival food, how to make recipes with it. You could do all kinds of different things with our survival food. So that's something else we could do. But there's all kinds of different lead magnets that you could put out there to generate more traffic in your blog. But you have to have it, right? You got to have some links in your blog where they can download these things, participate in these things, watch these things so that you can get a lead. Let's talk about how we're going to create this blog lead generation strategy. Very important. Number one, understand your audience. What are their likes? What are their dislikes? What are their pain points? All these things are super important that you understand it so that you can offer all of these opt-ins for problems they have. You want to be able to solve their problems. Number two, you want to define the goals and outline what your content is going to be. This is very important that you do have a blog strategy. If you don't know what you're trying to do, are you trying to sell something? Are you trying to get more leads? Are you trying to get more opt-ins? Are you trying to get people to sign up for your webinar? What are you trying to do? Make sure you understand that up front. Number three is offer value. Understand that whatever you give them for free, they're going to look at that and say, well, whatever you've got that's paid for must be better than this. So if you give them really, really good content, if you offer them something of high, high value, they're going to be a whole lot more likely to buy your product or buy into your service. If you don't give them a lot of value for the freebie, then they're going to think that what you have may not be that great. Number four, increase your reach. And if you have a blog, you want to get it out there to as many people as possible. So having it on your website is great. That's a good start. But now you want to post those blogs on social media, on Instagram, on Facebook, on Twitter, wherever you have social media, you want to make sure that you post, that you have this blog. People can click on it and go to your blog. Super important that you do that. Number five is test. Use an AB strategy. In other words, try different headlines. Try different pictures. You can do all of this in Cartra. Make sure that you get Cartra. I told you about the link below, but I could change an image in Cartra and send half my traffic to one page and half my traffic to another page, whereas everything's the same but the image. And I can figure out which image works better. So it's really important that you test these things. And then maybe you want to test the headline. Maybe you want to test the offer. All these things are really important and you can automatically do it in Cartra. And number six, of course, is measure the results. What happened? What are your key performance indicators? What is your KPI? Are you achieving what you're trying to achieve? You've got to constantly check this stuff. There's a saying in business that whatever gets checked improves, okay? So you need to make sure that you're checking these things at all times. And I don't mean at the end of the month. I mean, usually on a daily basis, what happened that day? What results did you get? Don't wait until it's too late. In other words, don't spend a lot of money or a lot of time and a lot of effort on something that's not getting the results you want. You also want to use natural CTAs in your blog. And what I mean by that is if you've got a blog, let's say we had a blog on our website and we were talking about food storage. I may be talking all about food storage and the best things to store. And then in one sentence, I may say, in the best place to get long-term storage, canned meats is here. And I may have a link that's going to take them back to a sales page that I have for some canned meats. If you're doing a blog and the only thing you're doing is saying, leave your comments below. You're doing it wrong, okay? You need to have links in your blog. If I see a blog that doesn't have a link, I wonder why the person even wrote it. Now, where are you going to put these links? Let me put something up on the screen here so you can see it. You can put it at the top of the page. You could put it at the end of the post. You could put it within the post. You could put it at the sidebar. You could use it as a floating or scrolling pop-up, which you can also do in Cartra, by the way, guys. You can use it as a sliding pop-up, which you can also do in Cartra, guys. You can use it as a full-screen overlay, which you can also do in Cartra. If you notice, Cartra does a lot of this stuff for you, but you can use these in several different places so that people will opt in, so that people will get whatever you've got, and they'll become a lead instead of just a blog reader. Now, which one you use? Well, that's entirely up to you, but I want you to think about this. Most people don't scroll. Most people don't scroll. They will go to a page, and about 85% of them never scroll to the bottom of the page. So if all of your call to actions or at the bottom of a page, which I've seen this before, you're missing out on 85% of the people. I would say you're going to need to have some type of call to action, whether it be a banner at the top, whether it be a link within the first sentence or two, that is at the top of the page, because that's where they land, and that's where 85% of the people stay, and they never go to the bottom of the page. So it's really important that whatever you do is CTA-wise, that it's there when they get there. Maybe you don't want to put it in the verbiage. Maybe you don't want to put a banner there, but you can have a pop-up that pops up after five seconds or 10 seconds. You could do that. So there's a lot of things you could do, but you want to make sure that everybody sees it. And the only way to do that is have it immediately there when they land on that blog. You can also offer upgraded content, better content, more exclusive content, if they opt in. Number five is you could also use exit pops. Okay, if somebody's leaving your page, this is something else you can do in Cartra, guys.  It says, wait, before you go, grab our $29 report today, only absolutely free. And you can get them to opt in. Now keep in mind, if your blog is on, let's say WordPress, and I've been talking a lot about Cartra, it doesn't mean that you have to build your blog in Cartra. You could actually build all your opt-ins and pop-ups and all that and embed those on your WordPress website because it integrates with WordPress. And number six, and the final one, is focus on a buyer persona. This is so important, guys. Who is your customer? I know on YouTube, I look at the persona. Okay, I have the majority of the people that watch my video are men. I know that, it's about 90% men. And then I look at age groups. The majority of the people that watch my videos are 18 to 24. So I'm gonna target my content towards those people. That's about 60 some odd percent of my audience. Another 30 some odd percent is 25 to 35. Okay, so from 18 to 35, that's my audience, that's 95% of my people. So that's what I'm gonna target it towards. People who wanna make money online, people wanna learn things online, but it's not a retired type person. Though I have retirees that watch my videos too, I know my audience and you need to target all of your stuff towards your persona. What is the age? What is the gender? Where do they live? What is their income? What are their interests? Make sure that you target a persona. Now, I see a lot of people say, well, once I get a lot of traffic, I'm gonna do some of this stuff. I'm gonna put links in there and I'm gonna put all these opt-ins and pop-ups as soon as they get some traffic. No, you wanna do this right away. Why would you wait? Even if you have no traffic now, it's a good time to start building this.  Go ahead and do it now. Start monetizing your site now. And the best way to monetize it is to turn those readers into leads. And the best way to do that is through Cartra. Once again, there is a link below. Click that link. You can watch a video. You'll see all the things that Cartra does. And I know you'll want it. And it's an absolutely free click. You don't even have to opt in with an email. But if you do want it, you can get it for only $1. I hope this video has helped you out. I hope you see that you need a blog and you need to turn those blog readers into leads. Best way to do that is through the software that I've mentioned, which is Cartra. And I think that's all we got today. I hope this helped you out a lot. If you have any questions, feel free to put them in the comments section below.  And introduce yourself. Thanks so much for watching. Don't forget to subscribe. Turn that red button into a gray button and ring the bell. Turn on all bell notifications so you're notified each and every time I go live or if I upload a video. Thanks so much. And I'll see you in the next video.