Gweithio agelio, a ddwy'n meddwl am ymddangos cael ei gweithio arnyn nhw a gweithio mewn gwneud. Yn y ffawr hwyl yma yn cael y pryd. Rwy'n gweithio yma i gyd wedi'i gweithio ar y gwaith, a'r gweithio i'r fyfynion sy'n gyffredig yn Michael Faraday. Mae'n gweithio'r Ynysig Rydym yn cael ei ddwyllion ac mae'r cynghwil wedi'i cymryd i'r gweithio'r y chemist ei wneud a allan o'r cydwyddiadau ac eluig, a dwi'n rhaid i'w cerddwyddiadau, fel oedd yn eluig, sydd y cerddwyddiadau yn ymgyrch. Ielwch i ddweudio cyfnodol a'r ddweudio'n gweithio'r gweithwyddiadau i wneud o'r fforddol yn eithaf i ddweudio'r cydwyddiadau. Rwyf wedyn y gallu bod y ddweudio'r cydwyddiadau'r gweithwyddiadau, ond mae'n rhamwchawr, rhamwchawr. mae'n ddweud, mae'n gwneud o'r ffordd ac mae'n gofyn ychydig yn cwngwyr ac mae'n ddweud o bobl yn cael ei fod yn gweithio'r gwylltig. Doedd yna gweithio'n gwneud o gweithio'n gwneud o'r ffordd, bo'r gweithio'r gweithio'n gwneud o'r gweithio'n gwneud o'r gweithio'n gwneud. Felly mae'n gweithio i gael ei ddweud o'r gweithio, yn gallu yn eu gofyn i gael y cyfaint o hynod o'r bwysig, i gael i'r gweithio. If you look at Seifol's lecture, it shows me sort of cowering in this little cage, but I did that for dramatic purposes because of course I knew that I wouldn't get heard by the electricity as long as I didn't touch the cage. Of course Faraday cages or Faraday buckets are what we use in a lot of our instruments to collect ac yn gweld yr elettron o'r theioedd oed oedd yn eich tro i'r gwbl yn ddod yn hyn. Felly, rwy'n gofio ar gyfer Rhonddaeth ar gyfer y dylunio. Ond ydych chi'n meddwl, mae'r cronwy bai microscope. Yn agor yw meddwl o'r cronwy bai telescop. Mae'r bydd y gwasanaeth yma. Mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'n credu'n meddwl o'r amser yn gweithio'r bobl. yng Nghwyme, mae'n amser yn ym bun. Yn ym mwyn ymeth, â ym mwyn ym mwyn, mae'n ddod o'i fyneu ar fwy o Fyrel. Felly mae'n ddod o meddwlur a fwy o 400 llwythu llwycofnig o'r gwrth o gwrth o fflyg. Felly mae'n gwneud, mae'n heb. Mae'n fwy o fydd. Mae'n ei fydd i nifer o libwr gaelor, mae'n galexu, â 100,000 ym 100,000 stylu. ac mae'r oedd yn dweud ond iawn. Yn y bod ni, mae'n teisio'r telaesgop, mae'n teisio ond teisio'r telaesgop oedd, mae'n teisio'r telaesgop ar y Tenerife, ac mae'n meddwl ei wneud maen nhw'n gwybod yma'r cyflawn yn sgwrs ac mae'r gaelwch yn ei dweud, gan gaelwch yn dweud i siwr yn gwybod etoedd yma ac mae yna'r pwysig sydd wedi'u dignitych. Felly, ystod o'r usualwyd, ddyn nhw'n gyflawdd. Mae'r ffordd o'r dda i eisiau i'r teisio'r telaesgop. A gallwn i'n meddwl, y gweithio'r bwysig o'r bwysig o'r llai o'r cwyrdd, yma, mae'n ddim o'r 2mm o'r dda. Felly, mae'n gweithio'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r gweithio'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae'n myksgopio, mae'n myksgopio o'r ddweud, ac mae'n meddwl o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. One in what we call plain polarised light. So that's just light going into the microscope. And this is what happens if you put a pair of sunglasses on it. So the light is polarised and you get those amazing colours there. So that's this. This is a scanning electron microscope. So this is using light. This is using electrons and we get pictures like this, which tells us the shape, the topography, the bumps in the sample. And this is a map of aluminium, calcium and iron. And it shows that we've got different additions if you add magnesium, iron and calcium in. And you've got more magnesium, you get this. If you've got more calcium, you get this. And this tells us about mineral compositions. And then this thing, and I use both of these, all right? I'm allowed, I'm qualified to use these. This thing here is called the nanosims, all right? And instead of using a beam of light, photons or a beam of electrons, it uses heavy ions, right? It uses something, it uses cesium usually. So that's a very heavy thing. And it bombards the sample. And instead of, you know, just bouncing back nicely, what it does is it drills holes in the sample. And although I beg my colleague Ian Franke to let me use this, he says, no, no, no, we want to go, no, no, it's beyond you, it's beyond you. Your students can use it, but you can't, all right? And what it does is it produces, well, it produces some maps like this, but it produces data, all right? On isotopes, and we'll come back to what isotopes are. So there are three different types of microscope. And this is what I want to try and convince you this evening. And there's a phrase here, which I really don't like, and that's ground truth. Data from meteorites provide ground truth for astronomical observations and astrophysical models.  And then we can actually trace some of the things that have come from those processes, what's going on in the galaxies. And we can measure them, we can hold them in our hands. They're real, they're there. They're even more real and there than astrophysicists model. Modelers, they can model anything. They can do whatever they want. They can say, well, given these parameters, and it's like, yeah, well, where did those parameters come from? We put those parameters in there. We say, well, you've got to start with this because we have measured it, it's there. So that's what I mean by ground truth. And we use these techniques. I've shown you the pictures of the optical and the electron microscopes. We also use microscopes that use x-rays and you get the structure just like when you x-ray your hand. You can x-ray a rock and you can see the structure of the rock. And we use spectroscopy. So a rainbow is where the light, white light, has been broken down into different colours based on their wavelengths. Well, we can use all sorts of wavelengths, much wider, much broader than just the visible wavelengths. And we can also divide samples in terms of what their mass is. So if you've got a whole chunk of sort of organic stuff and you can put it into a mass spectrometer through a column which teases out things depending on how fast the molecules can move along that column. And the little ones move ever so fast and the big ones are really much slower. So you can tease them out like that. And then this here is what our nanosims would come under. So we can analyse all sorts of the astrophysically significant materials which is what I'll come to and talk about those. And then you've probably already this already. Astronomers often have to go out to telescopes where it's cold. And sometimes if it's cloudy, they're looking for visible light or infrared or something, it's cloudy and they can't see anything, it's tough. In a lab it's never cloudy. We're not allowed coffee in the labs anymore which is the drawback but there you go. Don't have to worry about clouds. So this is the cycle, the star formation cycle. And yes, I'm still talking about stuff, images that we've had from telescopes here. And where should we start? This is the problem because it's a cycle and we're not exactly sure where we start. Do we start with stellar evolution? So we've got a star, like the sun, it goes through its life cycle.  Some different types of stars explode to become a supernova. And when the star explodes as a supernova, all the material, all the matter that made up that star gets thrown back out again. It gets thrown back out again into the interstellar medium which isn't just the space between the stars but that's the easiest way of thinking about it. Now the interstellar medium, space between the stars, the space between the galaxies and so on and so forth. There are parts of our galaxy which have got concentrations of gas and dust. The galaxy's mainly hydrogen. There's silicate dust there. Dark clouds. If a dark cloud collapses and it might be triggered to collapse by the explosion of a supernova, as it collapses, star formation happens. So you get stars. The stars might form a disc round from the dust around the star and then the star evolves and eventually might explode as a supernova. And at each one of these stages, material is coming and going through the interstellar medium. And so what we can do with meteorites is we can say, stop, we're going to look at some of these processes that have been going on and find out the information about them. Now is this going to work? Do I have to do it again? Maybe I'll do it again. So this is a simulation, a planetary formation. And it's terribly slow. So we'll probably only watch a little bit of it. But what you can see here is a cloud of gas and dust and it's turbulent, it's rotating and gradually the central mass gets bigger and bigger and bigger. And it gets big enough eventually so the mass causes it to switch on. It's a star, it's undergoing nuclear fusion, it's burning hydrogen. And then it can attract dust to it, which can spin round and be clumped together as planets. And I'm sorry, we're still doing astronomy by telescope here. I just get so moved and excited by some of the pictures that you can see. And this for me is one of the most exciting pictures I have ever seen.  It was taken by the ALMA telescope. Now the ALMA is the Atacama Large Millimetre Array. I have no idea what a large millimetre is. I thought they were all the same size, but I think it's a large array of telescopes which measure things at that millimetre wavelengths. And it took this picture of this star in the centre and the protoplanetary disk forming. It's a real picture, it's not a simulation, it's a real picture. For us to get things like this, just so wonderful. Here's another one, right? Again, in the centre there, what you've got, is you've got a protoplanetary disk. It's a real picture. I just get so excited by them, but I get excited by chocolate as well, but there you go. So what's happened then is once you've had your protoplanetary disk and it started to collapse and it clumps into different things at different places. So we've now got, we've got our sun, we've got the inner planets, we've got the outer planets, and then we've got something called the asteroid belt, which is a mixture of small bodies, the biggest of which is about 1,000 kilometres across, which are mainly rocky, stony and some metallic ones. We've got another belt out here called the Kuiper belt. The objects there are much darker. We know a lot less about them than we do about the asteroids, but they're mainly rock and ice, and this could be where a lot of our comets actually come from, our short-lived comets. Pluto has been promoted. It's no longer a planet. It's no longer the smallest planet in the solar system. It's now one of the biggest Kuiper belt objects. So it's gone through, you know, it's been upgraded. So anybody who says to you, I think Pluto should be a planet, say no, it's been promoted. It's no longer the smallest, most distant, most not-interesting planet in the solar system. It's a really, really, really interesting Kuiper belt object. So most of the stuff that I study comes from the asteroid belt. And here's two asteroids. This is probably the focus of NASA's dawn mission a few years ago. This is Vesta, which is about, I think it's about 500 kilometres across, and this is Ceres, which is about 1,000 kilometres across. Ceres is big enough, actually, to be known as now a minor planet, because it's pulled itself into this spherical shape. Vesta is, you know, it's the classic potato-shaped asteroid, but potato or peanut depends which side of the Atlantic you are on, whether you classify asteroids as potatoes or peanuts. Anyway, this is potato shaped, but you can see they've both got lots and lots and lots of craters on them, which shows they've been bombarded throughout the whole of their history. So things have come and hit them, and when things hit something else, bits shatter off. Most of the bits will fall back down, but some of them, you know, go off, wander off, and some of them eventually fall to the earth as meteorites. Now, these are made of very different types. They're both made of stone, but you can see this one, so the craters are quite sharp. This one, they're more blurred, and it's because this is actually more like a ball of mud, frozen mud. It's got quite a lot of water in it, and in fact these very bright spots here are thought to be evaporites, like we get maybe in a rock pool at the seaside, and so although there's no water on the surface, the minerals it's made of have got a lot of water in it, and it's like a sort of clod of mud rather than a rock, whereas this one is a good solid rock. Right, and they tell us about different things. So now I'm going to teach you all how to classify meteorites, okay? A traditional classification is we've got iron ones, which are made of iron, stony ones made of stone, and stony irons, which are a mixture of stone and iron. All right? Have you got it? Stones, irons and stony irons. Can't go wrong. However, a more modern classification, the way we do it these days, which is much more interesting and tells us a lot more about the meteorites, is we think of them as being primitive or processed. Primitive here means they're undifferentiated. That means they've never been hot enough to melt so that they can separate out inside themselves, okay? So these primitive ones have been very, very little changed. They might have been altered a little bit by water. They might have been a little bit of thermal metamorphism, but they've never got hot enough to totally melt. And we call these ones chondrites. I'll come back to what this odd word is in a minute. And then the other type are the processed ones. These are ones that we call achondrites because they haven't got any of the classic things that chondrites have. And these have been heated. They've been melted. Some of them have been melted completely and so that the metal has separated from the rock just like on the earth because we've got a core our earth is differentiated. And we can learn different things that have been going on in the solar system from these different objects. Now, this is a classification of all the metrites. Would you like me to go through it? Box by box we'll start off with the sea eyes over at this end and work our way gradually across to these. It'll only take all about five or six hours, and maybe we'll skate through that. And we'll just stick with some of the primitive ones. So, this is a hand specimen. It's a chunk about the size of my fist and it's from an asteroid which has got some carbon in it and not a huge amount. It's a meteorite which is called a yendi. Now, what we do with meteorites when we want to look at them with a microscope is the first thing we do is we saw a bit off them. Now, a geologist which at heart is what I am. A geologist, they look at a rock the first thing they do is whack it with a hammer and the next thing they do is they spit on it. Now, a meteorite assist, we are not encouraged to do that. But it's not done. And I'm sure I've never done it, ever. So, what we do here is we would take a section and we would saw it, polish it till it was very thin until it was so thin that you could actually shine light through it and that's about 30 microns or we might embed it in a chunk of resin and just polish the top. And when we do that, you can look in greater detail at the objects that are in these meteorites and these round things are what we call chondrules and that's from a Greek word, chondros, which means droplet or little seed and that's what the first person to identify them or to see them into a microscope, he looked at them and he thought that they were droplets of a fiery rain and that's a really, really great description because, well, we still don't entirely know how these formed but they must involve melting in some way. Now, what you can see on this one here, the hand specimen, you can see all these very irregular features including this bit on top, which is not a bird dropping. It's a very irregular feature. And these things are called CAIs. They are for calcium and aluminium rich inclusions and guess what elements these inclusions are rich in? Yes, they've got lots of calcium and aluminium in them and if you think minerals which have got these, the calcium and the aluminium in them, they are really, really refractory. You can heat them to really high temperatures. So the lining of an oven, for instance, will be made of ceramics, these things which are what these mineral grains are. So what you've got here is something that's fluffy, it's not a regular shape and it's made of calcium and aluminium rich inclusions. These formed at a very high temperature, so the highest temperatures as the gas and dust of the protoplanetary disk was cooling and minerals were forming. There's several different minerals in there but these were probably the first formed things that go into meteorites. The second lot are these things called conjurals. You've got the same picture, you can see the rounded shape and here's a closer view of one. These are not made of calcium and aluminium. These are made of iron and magnesium and silicon and you can see they're very rounded. So you've got a different shape, a different texture, a different composition but formed from the same cloud of gas and dust that has formed the whole of the solar system. So what is the process that has formed has caused these two things, the CAIs and the conjurals to be formed differently? What's happening is you're getting this protoplanetary disk, the presolar nabula is cooling and you're getting changes in turbulence, in the duster gas ratio, in the amount of oxygen that may or may not be there. You can see this, there are at least eight or there were nine processes that have been thought to produce conjurals and my favourite quotation is from a very old colleague who is actually in the audience at the moment. So I better say a dear and esteemed colleague rather than an old colleague. When she said, conjurals are formed by the conjural formation process, whatever that might be. So it's like, and she is an international expert on conjurals and conjural formation and that's about as good as we can get the conjural formation process, whatever that might be. So it could be that alts of lightning went through the dust and fused some of the dust grains together. It could be the shock wave from a supernova or the shock wave from something else or as our protoplanetary disk was travelling through the nabula and it was scooping up stuff. There's all sorts of different ways. Now when we look at this grain though, you can see it's got an extra bit on the side. It must have been tumbling and it's accumulated other bits towards it. So it's helping to actually look at what has been going, the processes that have been going on as the star, the sun was forming. Right now this is very technical but don't worry too much. I'm not going to go through all the radioactive decay equations stage by stage, promise. What I'm going to say is that there are some isotopes that are radioactive and they decay. Uranium decay is to lead. I think we're sort of quite familiar with that. But there are lots and lots and lots of decay system, lots and lots of different isotopes which decay so we've got ones that decay over periods of billions of years or ones which decay over thousands or a million years. And depending on the decay system you choose you can learn different things. So what actually happens is you have a parent which decays to a daughter. Now if you've got uranium and it's decaying to lead what actually happens is and sometimes the remaining uranium stays in one bit and the daughter isotope, the lead, likes to go into another bit. Or aluminium decay into magnesium. You've got one bit going into another bit. So you can actually start looking at the ages of formation things. So this is where we go back to the condrels and the CAIs. We're using a very short lived system. We don't need to know that too much. So if you've got something and you've got aluminium which decays to magnesium and if you've got something and you can find the particular type of magnesium in that mineral that has come from, that magnesium has come from the decay of the aluminium you can say that that mineral must have been around, it must have been forming when the aluminium was still present to be decaying to magnesium. But because the aluminium has such a short half-life it's gone after a few tens of short lives hundreds of half-lives. So you can say, oh right, actually this particular mineral has got that brand of magnesium in so it must have been formed very early on. This mineral hasn't got that brand of magnesium in. It can't have been formed until after all the aluminium has gone. So this is what we're doing here, we're looking and we can say, right, actually and this is a very simplistic picture. It's more complicated but simplistically these that have got the aluminium in they also have some minerals that have got these minerals with aluminium in and so you can look for those aluminium rich minerals and look to see if they've got any magnesium in and if they've got the magnesium in then yes, they were formed really, really early on. Now, another aside, I take every opportunity to get astronomers, you know, because it's fun. If you ask an astronomer how old is the solar system they might say five billion years, four and a half, something like that. We can say that the solar system is 4.5672 plus or minus six million years old. That is very precise, 4,567.2 plus or minus 0.6 million years. That is precise and accurate as we all know the difference. And the age of comdwrels is this, 4.564.7. All right, so the difference between these two phases that you find in intimate contact within a meteorite their age differs by two and a half million years what's two and a half million years between planetary scientists you might say. Well, it's actually quite a lot to keep things separated in a very active and turbulent solar nebula. neu ydych chi'n gallu ymddangos i'r holl o'r ysgol i chi'r ddechrau'r newid. Ond yw'r peth yn ôl bod yn fwy o'r unrhyw o'r mewn gweld ffynnu. Mae'n cyntaf oherwydd i gyffredin i'r Llyfrgell Rhaglen, a a'r Rhagleniaidon i'r Llyfrgell Rhagleniaidon, dyfodd lle'r lle gynnydd i'r proses cyd-ylyniad. Mae'n fyddech chi'n eu bod yn ychydig. So cyllidau cyllidau, yna cynllun cyllidau cyllidau? Well, it's when things happen with elements, when you've got neutrons around. Some elements can absorb a neutron slowly, and this happens when you've not got very many of them. All right? And what happens is an isotope captures a neutron, and it sits there and says, I'm waiting for another one. Oh, but there aren't much. I'm going to decay. All right? And so that's what happens. It decays before it can capture a second neutron. Where you've got a lot of neutrons, all right, you've got this. That's S for slow, R for rapid. We do like to keep things simple. So here you've got a lot of neutrons, so you've got a nucleus atom. It captures a neutron, and then before anything else can happen to it, it captures another one, and maybe another one. All right? So you've got different types of nucleus synthesis processes going on, and they leave their signature in the elements, and they leave them very particularly in pre-solar grains. So when we look at stars, a star isn't a thing that's there, and it doesn't change. A star evolves in the same way as we evolve. All right? And so this diagram here is a complicated picture of what happens to a star. All right? It can start off big, burn fast, die, or it can become out. We're somewhere along here. All right? We've got a lifetime of about 10 billion years, and we're about halfway through it. And this is us. And what's going to happen to us is we're burning hydrogen. Well, the sun's burning hydrogen into helium, then it'll burn helium, and then it'll puff up enormously into a red giant, and then it'll burn all its fuel, and it'll shrivel down into a white dwarf, and it'll die.  So what we can do is we find products of these processes that have gone on in other stars. We find them in meteorites. And so this is a very busy slide, but I tried to get, you know, I tried to, I tried to reduce the number of slides I've got by putting more on each slide, which is very bad. All right? So pre-solar grains, they're a minor constituent of chondrites, you know, up to 2% max. They were recognised on the basis of their unusual noble gas isotopic compositions. Xenon has got, what, nine stable isotopes? It's got a ridiculous number of isotopes. And sometimes one particular isotope is enhanced over another particular isotope. And so in this one here, the signature, if you've got some gas, some xenon, and you look at it and you say, oh, it's got a lot of xenon 128 and a lot of xenon 132 relative to xenon 130, but hardly any 129 or 131. That is caused by S-process xenon. And S-process xenon is produced in stars, which are going through helium burning and various other processes. And they also have very unusual carbon and nitrogen in them. All right? So this is a picture of carbon and nitrogen. And this, at last, some of my data. This is what I do for a hobby. I burn rocks.  And I can say, oh, if carbon dioxide has come off at about 1000 degrees C, so I've heated my sample up to 1000. And it's got carbon, which has got a very low, it's got a high delta-13C. You don't need to worry about that. But it would be plotting down here. So it's something which has probably come from an AGB star, an acid-dotic giant branch star, a big star. All right? It's not come from the sun. And these are examples of these types of materials, silicon carbide, graphite, aluminium oxide. I've put for dramatic purposes diamonds, emeralds and rubies. But emeralds and rubies are just aluminium oxide, you know, by any other name. So the other type of material that we've got are these nanodiamants. They're only three nanometers in size. And they're produced. They've got xenon associated them, which has got a lot of the light isotopes down here and a lot of the heavy isotopes. There is no known astrophysical process which can produce a pattern like this. All right? Now, astronomers, when they can't explain an astrophysical process, they either say it's a black hole or it's a supernova. All right? One or the other. Black hole or supernova. Here we've gone for supernova. All right? So we've produced a huge number of neutrons in the explosion of the supernova. And they've produced little diamonds. Now again, it's not terribly certain that this is the right answer for the diamonds. And there's some thought that they might be produced somewhere else, but we don't really know. Now then, I'm going to have to move quickly. Where are we? Organic interstellar material, right? So I've talked about the non-organic stuff, the silicon carbide and things like that. But we've got in some meteorites, and this is a picture of a meteorite called Murchison, which is very rich in carbon. It's got about 28% carbon in, which is buckets for a meteorite. And most of that carbon is a sort of entangled mass of sort of guns, really. It's a mixture of all sorts of different carbonaceous components, some of which have got a lot of deuterium in them, and again, these heavier isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. And what's thought is happening, is in the intercellar medium, things like the dark molecular cloud, where you've got grains of silicate and they're coated with ice, and what's happening is they're being bombarded by radiation. It might be UV radiation, but it might not necessarily get into the molecular clouds, but cosmic rays, cosmic rays, and what's actually happening is you get a whole suite of reactions called ion molecule reactions, which leave the solid stuff behind to be enriched in these isotopes. So what we can actually do is we can use this as a tracer for astrochemistry and look at the evolution of molecular clouds when we look in meteorites for these things, which is quite interesting. Now, origin of life, all right? Some asteroids are rich in water and organic molecules. This is asteroid Ryugu, which was the target of Hayabusa II. And this is Benu, which is the target of Osiris Rex. And this is Comet 67P, Chorymove Gerasimenko, which was the target of the Rosetta mission. Now, this has brought some material back, and it seems to be sort of, we've analysed one of my colleagues, Dr Larkowski, has analysed some of the grains from Ryugu, and he has found that they're medium enriched in hydrogen in carbon, but they seem to have quite a lot of water in them. This is my bit. Can you see?  Yep, they're mine. Mine, which I've been looking at the reflectance spectrum from, and then I'll burn them. Right, okay, so they're sitting there. And so we've had these from this particular asteroid. We'll be getting some back from Benu in September. They arrived back in September. The Open University is one of three laboratories outside the NASA system, which are getting these materials. Where one, the Natural History Museums one, and I think there's one in Switzerland, right? So I think we're the three European partners which are going to get some of the material from Benu. Now it's possible. These are both, look as if they're like, the types of asteroid that Murchison came from. We've got a handful, about five meteorites, that aren't like Murchison, that aren't like anything else, and possibly come from a comet. Now the Rosetta mission produced, there was an instrument called Ptolymy, which was built at the Open University, and it produced a spectrum, you can see here this is the molecular mass of some of the samples that came from some of the data that came from the mass spectrometer on board, on board Ptolymy, on the Philae lander. And some of these are the signals of alkanes, alcohols, things like that, the types of material, the types of molecules which make up the building blocks of life. So it could be that when the earth first formed, it was bombarded by this sort of material, and so the water came from extra, a portion of it came from extraterrestrial samples. Right, I'm going to have to go really fast now, sorry, processed meteorites, these are the opposite of the primitive ones, some of them, like the ones that come from Vesta, which is like this, they're the solidified remnants of the solar system's earliest magmatic activity, so we've got really old volcanoes on some of these asteroids. Iron meteorites, these are the ones that have actually completely separated out, so if you think about how stainless steels made, or how steels made, you take the iron ore, you heat it up with a catalyst, and what happens is all the iron goes to the bottom of the furnace, and you get a scummy bit on top, the slag, all right. Now, the iron in the core of the earth, and the earth, that's been through the same sort of process, so the core of the earth is the pure iron with some nickel and other bits and pieces in it, and the bits that we're standing on, we're the slag, all right, so we're the slag on the crust of the earth. I won't go into the Wiedmundstadton pattern, but this tells us, this is the closest we can get to the core of the earth, because of course we can't dig down that far. So going back to our radiogenic nuclides, using different half-lives, we can look and see when an asteroid has differentiated, when the core, the metal core is produced, we've got the mantle, which is rich in a mineral called olivine, and you've got the crust, which is rich in a mineral called plagioclase, and you can look at the time scales of when that happened and when that happened by looking at these different systems, and we can bring up this diagram again, we've got the CAIs here, the chondrols, we've got the chondrite formation when they all came together to make the solid bodies, we've got the earth forming here, and then differentiating, and the moon forming, and it all happened, you know, in a very, very short period of time, really rapidly. We've got meteorites from the moon, all right, I'm going to try and finish by a quarter to eight, right, so we've got some meteorites from the moon, we know they're from the moon, because we can compare them with the Apollo samples. We've got meteorites from Mars, how do we know they're from Mars? We haven't got any samples that have been brought directly back from Mars, however, this is a meteorite, which was collected in Antarctica in 1979, and it's got these pockets of glass in, and when you take out, dig out a pocket of that glass and melt it, gas comes out, and the composition of that gas is identical to the composition of Mars' atmosphere. Now, this was taking place in 1984 when people were just recognising that we got meteorites from Mars. That's mine, that's my data point, right, so we analysed this, this is when we were still over in Cambridge actually before we came to the Open University, but that showed you've got the identical composition and the only way that you could get that gas in those glass clasts is those clasts had to be molten, so it's probably when something hit the surface of Mars, blasted material off, and in that instant some of the atmosphere was dropped. Now, knowing that we've got meteorites from Mars, we can then go on and say, let's look at them and see what we can learn about Mars from these meteorites, and I hope my good friend Everett is listening online, he said he was going to be, here you are Ev, this is our meteorite, this is Allen Hills 84001, and Everett Gibson and his colleagues produced an image in 1996 where they showed this, which is a couple of hundred nanometres, sorry micrometres long, and what they said was that it's possible that this is actually a fossilised bacterium, and the substrate is these, which are rosettes of carbonates, which are produced in warmish sparkling water. So they had a, it's a long detective story, a long chain of evidence, and not everybody believes that this is actually a fossilised bacterium, but what it did was it really, you know, literally and figuratively put a rocket up the Mars programme, and now, you know, we're exploring Mars like there's no tomorrow. And so at the moment Perseverance is at Jezero Crater, and sorry I've got some more micros, telescope images or at least from camera images, just look at that, that puts me in minds of Brimham Rocks in Yorkshire, just look at that, look at the way it's balanced, isn't that amazing?  So there's a Mars sample return mission coming back in about 2033, when I'll be 75, you know, God willing, if I'm still here, I'll be in the lab pestering the head of school. This here is about 20 centimetres long, this is one of the samples, they've produced a depot, is what they're calling, a depot of 10 samples, now to me a depot is you've got 10 samples all gathered together, now these are about sort of between five and 15 metres apart, so that they can be readily collected, I don't call that a depot, I call that a string, anyway, so these are the things, these are cores, which another mission will go to collect. Right, where do they come from, where do we get them, we get them, deserts, look Antarctica, desert, ice, meteorite, dead easy, sometimes though they come without us knowing about it, and this is a fireball from the winchcom meteorite, which fell a couple of years ago now, which is beautiful, this is another beautiful thing, isn't that beautiful, isn't that beautiful, to you it might look like a barbecue briquette, but to me, to me it's got the secrets of the solar system locked up in it, mistrumysys Wilcock and their daughter woke up the next morning of the 29th and found that somebody had been throwing things at their drive, and if you look online you can see through the Natural History Museum some people went and they've dug up the drive and they've taken all this away and it's now going to be on display in the Natural History Museum, and my colleague, the one who doesn't know how chondryls are formed, she went with a toothbrush on her knees to get all the bits from that drive, isn't that dedication, or stupidity, who knows, anyway, right where are we, so this is my almost last slide, what can you learn from meteorites, well the different populations and ages, I didn't go into the age of the pre-solar grains but some of them are maybe two billion years older than actually our solar system, we can learn about molecular cloud evolution, I've talked about that with the organic molecules, we can learn about stellar evolution, the pre-solar grains, the hydrogen burning or the helium burning or the supernova, the CAIs and the chondryls tell us how our protoplanetary disc has evolved, which is not just the origin and evolution of the solar system but the origin and evolution of planetary systems and exoplanets, which is fantastic, we've also got the planetary melting from the acondrites, the core formation from the iron meteorites, we've got the formation and evolution of the moon, the formation and evolution of Mars and the history and fate of water and possibly life on Mars, we've got the origin of life itself all from those little poxy rocks, I hope I've persuaded you that we can do astronomy by microscope and I've just got two final slides, I want to thank my friends and colleagues, especially my family, especially my husband Ian, Caroline this is for you, we went to Houston as colleagues and came back as lovers, Caroline really hates that, no no all right okay and so that's my family and I would also like to thank the institutions that have sheltered me, encouraged me, helped me, especially the ones that gave me money and that's these here and also these missions, Osiris Rex is going to be fantastic when the stuff comes back in September, this when it comes back next century and I owe such a lot to the Royal Society for allowing me to give this lecture but I owe so much to the open university, the open university is just an amazing place to work because of its mission to be open to people's places, methods and ideas which is just a a dream that we can help to educate people who haven't had the opportunity and I love being part of that and it's really really important for me to say that to you thank you very much indeed, well thank you very much Monica, unfortunately my notes on what I'm supposed to do next have been scribbled all over with comments from your talk, I know that people out there if you've got questions you want to send them by slido.com and enter it doesn't say enter the code hashtag f6323 or questions in the hall here, there is a microphone that will roll around, we've probably got about five minutes max so a question from outside, do you have a favourite meteorite and why? Oh gosh well it depends what I'm working on, sometimes my favourite meteorite is Allen Hills 84001, the one from Mars with the clusters of carbonates in, sometimes it's Winchcom, the one that fell recently, so I'm really sorry, no I haven't got a favourite meteorite, I love them all. And here's a great question, how would you convince an eight-year-old to follow a career in planetary science which are the exciting and rewarding bits and what are the challenges? Cool, right well hold on a bit because my grandsons ate in a few weeks time and you know I'll ask him but I think really for more and more people to go out and talk, talk to schools, go and talk to you know scouts and really go out because if the younger children can get the interest and carry on through those difficult teenage years and then get on to university and carry on, I think you know people like Brian Cox have done a fantastic job you know of enthusing people and try and make complex ideas understandable and give people an idea of the excitement of things to come. Question in the second row. Thank you very much for those interesting insights, would you compare what is like for you waiting until the stuff arrives and for some of our colleagues who go out to fetch it? Ah interesting because I've also been out to fetch it and that's great you go out in the field you go to Antarctica and you see some of the rocks and I remember when I was there the the guy who was leading the expedition's Professor Cassidy he just looked at it sort of four newbies there four newbies who'd never been before and he just said you're like fish in a feeding frenzy but he was zapping backwards and forwards trying to pick up all these meteorites it was it it was amazing but you then have to let them go they go to a curation facility and they're not your meteorites um it's it's not easy to compare what it's like waiting for a sample to come back um because things happen all the time I mean like we're waiting for us the samples to come back from from uh uh Ryugu and from Osiris Rex and Winchcom Falls you know and it's just and right in the middle of lockdown oh I know let's what we do let's all go over to Cheltenham oh it's lockdown yes health and safety forms in the universities but yeah it's I don't know I can't answer that question really sorry we can probably squeeze in one more in the second row thanks um Monica you explained about how we could tell those meteorites were from Mars because of the glass and the composition of different elements that would came out of the gas that was in the glass but how do we know what Mars's atmosphere is made from oh because uh this was going on in 1983 1984 the acceptance that these came from Mars um there was the Viking um Orbitus and Landers in 1977 which uh measured the composition of Mars and they found out and and Marina nine had also found that the atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide and it had a very very particular carbon 12 to 13 C ratio and and that was mimicked the the abundant relative abundances of the different molecules and the isotopic composition any last comments questions otherwise I slide across here because the real thing of the evening apart from thanking Monica for an astonishing presentation that's taken us back four five six seven point something years I love that um but really it's a great honour on behalf of the Royal Society to present Professor Monica Grady with the 2022 Michael Faraday prize for her expertise in communicating science and I think we saw that tonight congratulations fortunately I did not scribble across the thing that says and remember to present Monica with the scroll and the medal congratulations thank you very much


when my daughter was in class 1 she often came to me and wanted me to read her book I could not teach my daughter then I made such a book which can be seen hard and read by everyone braille books are quite insufficient maybe I have some part which others don't it is really difficult to read the braille books now because of this multimedia book we can study by ourselves not only blind people but also disabled or illiterate persons and children can use this book


20 English Phrases with Time from EspressoEnglish.net 1. Ahead of One's Time To be ahead of your time means to have ideas or attitudes that are too advanced for the culture or society at the moment. For example, my grandmother was ahead of her time. She opened her own company in an era when there were few women in the business world. The opposite is behind the times. If you're behind the times, you're old-fashioned. You're not keeping up with current developments. For example, Bob is a bit behind the times. He doesn't know how to use a computer, much less a smartphone. 3. A Race Against Time A race against time is a situation when you need to rush to do something before the deadline. That's the time limit. For example, the last day for submitting project proposals is one week from today, so now it's a race against time. 4. In the Nick of Time If you do something in the Nick of Time, it means you do it at the last possible moment before it's too late. For example, we got to the airport in the Nick of Time. If we'd arrived five minutes later, we would have missed our flight. 5. Have the Time of Your Life To have the time of your life means to have a super wonderful experience. For example, my kids had the time of their lives at Disney World. 6. Have a Devil of a Time Or have a Hell of a Time. This means to have a very difficult experience. For example, I'm having a Devil of a Time trying to install this software. Every time I try, I get a different error message. 7. Bide Your Time Until To bide your time until something means to wait patiently for a good opportunity. For example, he was just biding his time until he got a chance to work at his dream job. 8. Catch Someone at a Bad Time If you catch someone at a bad time, it means you attempt to speak to him or her in a moment that is inconvenient for that person. For example, Hi Peter, you caught me at a bad time. I'm about to go into a meeting.  9. Have a Lot of Time on Your Hands To have a lot of time on your hands means to have a lot of free time. Maybe too much free time. For example, that guy completely covered the walls of his room with colored pencil drawings. He must have a lot of time on his hands. 10. All in Good Time If you say all in good time, you're saying that it will happen when the time is right, so be patient. For example, if your friend asks, why is it taking so long for my career to take off? You can give her some advice by saying, all in good time. Just keep working hard and you'll make it. 11. It's Only a Matter of Time This expression means it will definitely happen sooner or later. For example, the company has lost money for the third year in a row. It's only a matter of time before it goes bankrupt. 12. Time Will Tell This expression means that the passing of time will show the result, whether that result is good or bad. For example, if your cousin says, I was surprised that Bill and Jackie got married. Do you think they'll be happy together? You could reply, only time will tell. 13. Stand the Test of Time If something stands the test of time, it means it lasts for a long time and continues to be successful. For example, this is a classic work of literature. It has stood the test of time. 14. The Time is Ripe This expression means it is the best time to do something now. For example, real estate prices are low and we have a lot of money saved up. I think the time is ripe for us to buy a house. This expression comes from the fact that ripe fruit is at the perfect moment to eat, so saying the time is ripe means it is the best time to do something. 15. Two Time To two time somebody means to deceive, betray or cheat someone. For example, my two timing ex-fiance had been seeing another woman for the entire time we were engaged. 16. The Big Time The Big Time is an informal way to say the highest or most profitable level. For example, she made it to the Big Time with the launch of her latest novel. It sold hundreds of thousands of copies in the first week. 17. Time Flies This expression means time passes very quickly. For example, your son is already 12 years old. I remember when he was a baby. Time flies. There's another similar expression, time flies when you're having fun, meaning that time passes more quickly when you're doing something you enjoy. 18. Time heals all wounds This means the passing of time makes emotional hurt get better. For example, right now she's very upset that her boyfriend broke up with her, but you know what they say, time heals all wounds. 19. Time is of the essence This means that correct timing is very important. We often say time is of the essence when something is urgent. For example, in order to meet the deadline you need to send us the contract by Monday. Time is of the essence. 20. Third Time's the Charm This is a saying that means the third time you try something it will work when the previous two attempts have failed. For example, I've called her twice but she hasn't answered. Let me try again. The third time's the charm. It's often easier to understand idiomatic expressions like these when you see them in context. In the everyday English speaking course, you'll learn English phrases and expressions through conversations. The course contains a lot of practical English for situations of day-to-day life as well as some informal expressions that native speakers use all the time. Visit espressoenglish.net, click on courses, and look for the everyday English speaking course.


Would you believe me if I told you this chili has nearly two pounds of hidden vegetables inside? Because it totally does. It also requires zero knife work. It uses frozen vegetables and a blender or food processor to make a hidden veggie sauce that you'll never know is there. Your picky eaters will never know it's there. I'll also show you how to make some baked tortilla chips and three recipes to use your leftovers like chili cheese burritos, high protein chili cheese mac and cheese and stuffed chili cheese baked potatoes. First let's take a look at the hidden vegetable sauce. If you watched my most recent video with high protein soup and chili, there's a lot of vegetable chopping and prep that goes into those. To me, I think it's pretty easy, but I've seen enough of those memes that are like nothing worse than seeing a recipe called easy and then step one is dice an onion. Totally get it. I know you want to keep prep to a minimum. Also I have a super picky eater in my house so as many vegetables as we can make indistinguishable all the better. So this recipe foregoes any vegetable chopping and uses frozen vegetables. We have onion, pepper, carrots, spinach and garlic, a little bit of chicken bone broth. Everything goes into a blender. If you're using a food processor or a smaller blender like a Nutribullet, you'll probably need to do this in batches, but everything goes in together and just blend this until smooth. You set it aside. It's going to go into the chili near the end. For the more traditional chili ingredients, we're going to use 2 pounds of extra lean 99% ground turkey. I know that's too lean and normally I would say leave this on the shelf, but in chili and soup, I think extra lean proteins work really well. So you're just going to brown this in about a tablespoon of olive oil. Give it 4 or 5 minutes on one side until you get some nice browning and then just break that apart and fully cook it. Once your turkey is fully cooked, you're going to add 2 packets of chili seasoning. You're just going to see the one going in here. Trust me, you're going to need 2 and then you're going to deglaze with a 12 ounce count of beer. This is a non-alcoholic beer from Athletic Brewing. There's lots of non-alcoholic beers out there. You can use a regular beer and cook this off. This cooks for 4 to 5 minutes until very little liquid remains. You can also just use extra chicken broth, even water. You just want to kind of reduce that down before you add 2 cans of chili beans. This is mixed kidney and pinto beans in a chili sauce. If you can't find chili beans, just use pinto and kidney beans. You'll be totally fine. Then add a 28 ounce can of fire roasted crushed tomatoes. Can't find fire roasted. Regular crushed tomatoes works perfectly fine. Even diced tomatoes. Then you're going to add your veggie sauce. By the way, if you have an ultra picky eater who doesn't even like crushed tomatoes, add the tomatoes to your veggie mixture and then they'll be completely pureed. You'll never know they're there. So you're going to add a couple bay leaves. Bring this up to a simmer, cover. Let this go for about 2 hours, really the longer the better. To finish this, I usually like to add something like balsamic vinegar, red wine vinegar to my chilies. Being a Tex-Mex chili here, I'm using a bit of vinegar for hot sauce. 2 to 3 tablespoons should do it. And then salt and pepper to taste. And then you're ready to serve. Now let's talk about all the goodies that go with this, like baked tortilla chips. While there are some lower calorie chips out there and things like tostitos baked scoops, it's really hard to replace a corn tortilla chip. So one way to accomplish this is taking some extra thin corn tortillas per mission, cut them into fourths, so you have these triangles, spray with a bit of avocado oil, spray or brush on a little olive oil, sprinkle with salt. Just throw these into a 400 degree oven for 10 to 12 minutes. They will start to turn golden, but they'll continue to crisp up once they're out of the oven, so you don't want to let these go too long. And once they're finished, I like to squeeze over a bit of lime juice. Don't worry, it doesn't make them soggy as long as you don't really go crazy with it. But the lime juice is totally optional. These will, after maybe a minute or two, get really crispy. They should snap right in half, and they're perfect for serving with chili. Now let's talk about some things you can do with leftovers. First up, chili mac and cheese. I'm using a boxed, high protein mac and cheese. This is a private selection from Kroger, Bonza also makes one of these now. If you wanted to make your own cheese sauce, check out the cottage cheese sauce in my protein mac and cheese cookoff. But I think this kind of works fine for just a small, little, serves two or three people maybe. I just cook the mac and cheese, fold in some reheated leftover chili. They're written a little mini Dutch oven in top with some cheese onto a sheet pan into a 450 degree oven for about 10 minutes until you get that nice golden brown top and then let it sit for maybe five minutes before you serve. And I mean this stuff is too good for how simple it is, if we're being honest, and a really cool way to repurpose that leftover chili. Next up, we have what might be my favorite way to repurpose leftover chili and that's stuffed baked potatoes, chili stuffed spuds, that's a classic. I'm using an air fryer here. I just coat potatoes in avocado oil spray. You can also brush with olive oil, salt them a little bit because I like to eat the skin and best practice is to poke these with a fork to vent some of the steam. I don't always follow the rules. I've never had one explode, but you didn't hear that from me. I air fry these in about 350 to 375 for 35 to 45 minutes. Get that 205 to 215 internal temperature range and they should be perfectly cooked, nice and soft. Let them cool off a little bit, slice them open, add some chili shredded cheese back in the air fryer for a couple of minutes and then garnish with some fresh herbs or hot sauce, whatever you want, you can't go wrong here. Last but not least, we have chili cheese stuffed burritos. I'm using the counter protein tortillas. The mission card balance tortillas from my Costco shopping guide would also be great. This cilantro and lime rice you see here was also in the Costco guide that might look familiar if you watch that video. So we have the rice, leftover chili, shredded cheese. You could add some pico salsa, pickled jalapeno peppers, whatever you want. You won't see me roll that because I brought shame to my family, did a horrible job, but I think I redeemed it with the grill action. That is a golden brown toasty burrito. I mean, need I say more, this is a great way to use leftover chili. And I think that's everything you need to know about hidden veggie turkey chili. I'll put a link to print the recipe down in the description below and I've mentioned several times my previous video with four more high protein soup and chili recipes. Should totally check that out next. It is sweater weather peak soup season. See you next time.


Yes, I share my screen Okay, yes, we can see you start the screen sharing Okay, so dr. Fukada will talk about benchmarking various types of using machines You can start it's 15 plus five minutes question. Okay. Thank you. Okay Okay, thank you. Thank you for coming to my presentation Let me begin my presentation benchmarking bias types of rising machines and case. Okay. This is this agenda First, let me explain introduction In our world, there are many combinatorial optimization problems This is a problem of searching for the optimal combination among the first number of them While satisfying the given constraints In this problem, the number of combinations increases exponentially as the number of values increases It causes a combinatorial explosion For this reason it is difficult to obtain an optimal solution using a conventional Neumann architecture machine But by using the Ising machine, it is possible to obtain a close optimal solution with high speed and high accuracy Ising machine is a Neumann type machine and specialized to solve combinatorial optimization problems Ising machine has two types. The one is the hardware Ising calculator. The other is the Ising calculator software system In this presentation, I take up three problems quadratic assignment work problem, traveling assessment problem, and slot placement problem And solve them by using simulated unneeding hardware Ising calculator and Ising calculator software system And As a summary, in terms of accuracy, ICSS is the best In terms of execution time, ICSS obtains solutions in set time And ICSS obtains solutions with high speed when the number of spins is small In terms of constraint satisfaction, ICSS and SA is better than HSE Next, I introduce Ising model and Kube model Ising model is a fundamental model in statistical mechanics Ising model consists of spin interaction questions and external field constant Using them, the energy function H of the Ising model can be expressed in this way The smaller the value of H, the more stable And the minimum value of H is called the ground state In a combinatorial optimization problem, if the ground state of this energy function is obtained, it means that The optimal solution to the problem has been found In the Kube model, we use the binary variable, which takes 1 or 0 The binary variable XI can be converted from the spin sigma I by this red equation In no-one research, we use Kube model Next, I introduce virus Ising machines As I mentioned, Ising machine has two types The one is the hardware Ising calculator The other is the Ising calculator software system This is implemented by hardware, but this is implemented by hardware and software I introduce several hardware Ising calculator D-Wave 2002 is Ising machine developed by D-Wave using actual quantum effects Coherent Ising machine is developed by NPD, which measures amplitude of light with oscillator Schmelted bifurcation machine is developed by Toshiba, which is applying the Schmelted bifurcation phenomenon This is a nearly second generation developed by Fujitsu, which uses probabilistic search based on mcmc CMOS unneiling machine is developed by Hitachi, which uses momentum unneiling with SA or GPU Amplifier unneiling engine is developed by Fekstas, which uses unneiling with GPU And I introduce Ising calculator software system Now, at present, Ising calculator software system has only one machine It's digital unneilers such generation developed by Fujitsu This machine, which is searching for a cost function for analyzing the violation state of the constraint time. From this slide, I introduce three combinator optimization programs and these experiments Plus is quadratic assignment problem Quadratic assignment problem called QAP is given several factories and several locations The logistic volume is defined between each factories and the distance is defined between each locations The goal of this problem is to find the optimum assignment that minimizes the total sum of the products of logistic volume and distance This problem can be applied to factory assignments and hospitality or hospital room assignments and so on I explain how to map the QAP to the Kubo model Let's borrow the speed like this This is the example of the QAP This is the example of spin matrix This is the example of spin matrix using spin xik when the number of factories f is equal to 4 The energy functions are respectively expressed like this The energy function constraint 1 to constraint 2 takes minimum value 0 when all constraints satisfied Next, I perform experimental evaluations of the QAP using Ising machines I use QAP live as the QAP instance and three Ising machines shown here Plus, as Ising calculator simulator implemented by software SA, I use simulated annealing sampler developed by D-Wave This is one of the Python libraries I set initial temperature to 10,000, final temperature to 10 the number of iterations to 1,750,000 and hyperparameter alpha to 10,000 In this way, I use this energy function and set it to one solution Finally, I take the average of 10 lines Second, as hardware Ising calculator, as you see, I use digital annealer unit 2 called DAU2 In DAU2, I use parallel tempering balls And I set the number of iterations to 1,000,000 and the hyperparameter alpha to 10,000 as the same SA Third, as Ising calculator software system, as it says, I use the digital annealer set generation called DAU3 DAU3 can set various parameters In this experiment, I set the searching time to 10 seconds and GS level to 0 GS level is the parameter of level of the global search The default value is 5, but if the problem has one hot constraint, it is recommended to specify 0 In nitrogen, the DAU3 searches automatically the value of the hyperparameter of the constraint stamp So I set alpha to 1 In HSC, I use this energy function and HSC adds to the 120 edge solutions In NICES says, I use the energy function So in NICES says, I use the energy function of the cost stamp and the constraint stamp respectively And IC says, I use 10 solutions Finally, I calculate the minimum cost of the solution that satisfies the constraints This is the experimental results The red asterisk means optimization cost of QAP live and hyphen Hyphen means in calculator level since the upper limit of the number of spins of DAU2 was exceeded As this table shows, compared to QAP live, the cost is 222% larger for SA and 7% larger for HSC On the other hand, IC says obtain the same solutions as the QAP live in all instances In execution time, SA and HSC tended to increase in execution time as number of spins increased In constraint satisfaction rate, the rate of SA and HSC says was 100% for all instances while the rate of HSC tended to decrease as the number of spins increased Next idea is the traveling salesman problem traveling salesman problem called TSP is given several states and the distance is defined between each states The goal of this problem is to find the shortest cycle visiting all states once each This problem can be applied protein structure analysis and travel route optimization and so on I explain how to map the TSP to the Kluber model Let's borrow a speed like this This is an example of spin matrix using spin XTI when the number of states M is equal to 4 The energy functions are respectively expressed like these Next, I performed experimental operations of TSP using Ising machines I use TSP live as the TSP instance and 3 Ising machines Experimental environment is the same as the QAP's experiment This is the experimental results High home means incalculable as the same QAP's experiment and NA means unable to obtain feasible solutions As this table shows compared to TSP live the cost is 362% larger for SA and 141% larger for HSC and 11% larger for ICCS In the execution time SA and HSC tended to increase in the execution time as the number of spins increased In constraint satisfaction rates, the rate of ICCS was 100% for all instances While the rate of HSC tended to decrease as the number of spins increased Sad eye to take up the strut placement problem The strut placement problem is given several items, several wires connecting two items and several lattice loads The goal of this problem is to find an optimum item assignment to lattice loads It means to minimize the total weighted wiring length called TWWL This problem can be applied to FPGA logic block placements and delivery management and so on I explain how to map this problem to the KUBO model Let the bars be like this This is the example of assignment and spin matrix using spin XAI When the number of items M is equal to 3 and the number of struts T is equal to 4 The energy functions are respectively expressed like these Next, I perform experimental evaluations of strut placement problem using Ising machines As the problem instance, I generate the instance randomly and use three Ising machines Experimental environment is the same as the QAP's experiment This is an experimental result Compared to SA, the cost is 19% smaller for HSC and 26% smaller for SSA In execution time, SA and HSC tended to increase in execution time as the number of spins increased In constraint satisfaction rates, the rate of SA and HSC is the same as the cost of SSA In constraint satisfaction rates, the rate of SA and HSC was 100% for all instances While the rate of HSC tended to decrease as the number of spins increased Plus, I simulated this presentation Today, I introduced combinatorial optimization problems and parasizing machines In our experiment, I solved the QAP, DSP and strut placement problem with SA, HSC and the ICSS In terms of accuracy, ICSS is the best Although good results were obtained with ICSS in this time experiment It cannot be said in general that ICSS is better to SA or HSC And so further evaluation, further experiment with other problems and icing machines is needed In execution time, ICSS obtains solutions in set time and SA obtains solutions with high speed when the number of spins is small In terms of constraint satisfaction, ICSS and SA is better than HSC This is my future work This time, I took up three problems and three icing machines Besides, it is needed, searching the value of the hyperparameter The experiment with different appropriate ST parameter And the experiment with different combinatorial optimization problems and icing machines That's all for my presentation. Thank you Okay, thank you. Thank you, Dr. Foujada So, questions also from the online participants Thank you very much for the talk Please, while comparing your different type of icing machine Are you able to find a Coraline's Time Which gives you the idea of which one can be the best icing machine to use for further research The reason is there are many types of icing machine So I want to research the evaluation of each icing machine So, I want to see the difference between the icing machine Sorry, I want to see the difference between the icing machine Okay, thank you. Any other urgent questions? And then we move forward Sir, I wonder if you point out that on this slide you point out that icing machines are better than classical computers But yet your conclusion is that Fujitsu device and Simulating Canealing are outperforming cut solutions But these like Simulating Canealing is a classical algorithm Fujitsu device also does not exploit the quantum effects So why do you say that they are performing classical computers and aren't they classical? Sorry, are you asking compared to the icing machine? I'm asking why you say that they are better than classical computers while they are classical, no? Yeah, I asked the classical But in this experiment, our experiment is executed on the icing machines Does that make sense? Very brief, we have to move forward Thank you for your talk. Can I ask how do you tune your hyper parameter for SA and HIC? Yes, wait Yes, I have to in this experiment I set the hyper parameter to 10,000 But I think this is not appropriate hyper parameter So as my future work, I have to investigate the appropriate hyper parameter art form So yes Okay, so let's thank Dr. Fukada again for the talk


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. We've been one box of 2021 Panini Phoenix football hobby for Rory B. Good luck Rory man. It has been a minute since I've opened this. It's been months since I've opened this. This stuff was like, this is like when I first started was when this released. So I just remember like, I get like PTSD flashbacks of having to top load this. Like 16 box cases. Yeah, I understand that. Or eight box cases, whatever it was. Little did I know, Prism wasn't out yet. Nor was Topped Chrome. So I had nothing to complain about at that point. Nice, Kyle Pitts. 32 out of 150 on the teal. There you go Rory. And Heatwave is Christian McCaffrey. Got Ernest Jones. That is Heatwave. Tyler Murray on the yellow 15 out of 75. And Silver Baron Browning. Patrick Sirton. Pink Travis ETM Jr. Nice. 23 out of 199. And Flamethrower Lamar. Go in here. Farb with Trey Lance rookie. And Otto is 39 out of 50. Pink Michael Carter for the Jets. Nice one there Rory. And rookie rising, Zach Wilson. Richie Grant. Got red. Kyler Murray. Nice one there. 186 out of 250. And Hot Routes. Travis Kelsey. Killa Shradd. That is true. Manager. That is true. Titu Atwell. Got orange Hot Routes. Robbie Anderson. 88 out of 99. And Colorverse. This Joe Namit. One per box. Nice one there. Cam Newton. Deshaun Watson. Cornel Powell. Cornel Powell again this time on the teal. 56 out of 150. And Ryan Tannehill Flamethrower. Thick one in here. Yeah looks like it. Patrick Cook. Shy Smith. Nice. 63 out of 99. Cadarius Tony on the RPA with a football patch. Horizontal. Nice one there. Grats on that one Rory. Heatwave Josh Allen Silver. We should get one more patch as well. Thomas Herbert. Joe Tryon. Baker Mayfield on the purple. 78 out of 125. And Robbie Anderson. Silver Hot Routes. Tyson Campbell. Tom Brady. Flamethrowers. Red. 104 out of 199. Grats on that one. Brandon Iook Silver. Ron Delmore. Allen Robinson on the yellow. 15 out of 75. And Emmett Smith. Fireforged. Last pack here. Brady Chasaraga. 11 out of 50. Josh Palmer. Three color patch. Color match on that one as well. For the Chargers. Nice one there Rory. Hot Routes is rock. That'll do it for your break there Rory. Congrats on the hits buddy. We'll get them right out to you. Thanks again.


Hello and welcome back to the craft box. My name is Brent and today we are doing Al Toro's first promotion Yes, here's level 40, which means promotion time I cannot tell you how invigorating I find it to find the travel. There is a whole spiral of wrongs to write and great deeds to do I am also faced with an amazing opportunity. It is true. I am an incomparable swordsman But then Mushu the skins of the Samurai Legendary I must learn their secrets and become an even greater swordsman Subodai tells me Musashi Muimoto is the greatest play teacher in Mushu We must seek out the Musashi so that I may betray I hear a samurai named Hideo Masimuni in Hamimitsu knows Where we can find the master Right so that sets up the story for this basically Al Toro wants to get good So yeah, we're gonna help him get good by giving him a fencing lesson or something along those lines We're getting someone to give him a fencing lesson. I assume luckily we are gonna be hitting over to Mushu which is not too far away if we use a transport later. Otherwise, it's miles away. We do have a mark there, but This actually takes us closer So yeah, also by the way in case you're wondering What what what this character is this my My swashbuckler and if you don't know you should follow me on twitch because we streamed this guy at least once a week And there's also videos on my second channel which again you should subscribe to because it's cool For more more swashbuckler action We're not even up to this bit in the in the walkthrough episodes yet So we're like about two months ahead on twitch. So yeah, don't worry about that You're just getting a firsthand look at what we did Basically, but yeah, Hideo Musamori Mu Yamoto Musashi the greatest samurai of all He could train a stone to be a master swordsman Musashi has retired to contemplate the deepest secrets of the art of fighting You can find Musashi in the tower of the sword near Yagizawa village. That's in Kota and Skyway Forbidden to outlanders like you even if you reach the tower of the sword There's little chance Musashi will train your friend or that he'd survive the lessons Good luck Right, that was quite rude, but I will be back once I am at the tower of the sword Right, we are back. We're at Musashi a moyo Muya Mato, I think yes Okie dokie first fight here we go Lovely, who do we have we have Althorocera and fan just the normal Right, we're gonna do this we're gonna do this we're gonna do this and you can do this done Obviously since it's companion quest you will always have Althorocera in this fight And he will always be your take quote-unquote first mate in the battle order No matter where he actually is And when you're choosing What to do he'll always be last no matter where he is placed normally So if he is normally your first place you always chooses things last really weird But hey, that's how how the game works apparently Right, what is this? Please don't damn it.  It's not cool. It's really is not cool I Zero out ten really dislike Sarah's whole repel borders I think I say this every single time, but it is just so frustrating and I don't understand why Like I really just don't understand why it's a thing. It's just doesn't make any sense. Who is the most health? Um Probably you so we're gonna smash you real fast. You can do this You were gonna go over there and you can do that. Sure.  That was a really good hit really really good hit block. Thank you repost love Oh, I'm lucky nearly nearly good, but it was not quite good first strike blocks lovely repost Not stop blocking not fear is zero out of ten Blocks are not cool. We don't like them. We don't like that here. We don't like that at all block Lovely Sarah's fantastic Honestly one of my faves one of my favorite companions. She does a lot of damage absolutely insane damage repost mega hit lovely I Fantastic nearly down a bladestorm lovely another bladestorm or have you done? Well, no you do get another bladestorm fantastic and block unlucky unlucky first strike super hurt lovely Sarah just popping off as usual as usual block. Yeah repost lovely Fantastic fantastic Amazing block. No, okay. Al Toro just doesn't block. Here's a serious some block issue He just can't apparently Right. Well, that was quick We've got two left and we're only you know Round two, so that's around three actually so that's great You can do this and you can do this done fantastic Hopefully this man's should be nearly gone. I would say lovely repost Lovely lovely lovely and a relentless off that as well and another one even better and an attack. Good job fan Kind of wasn't even necessary But hey, you know fended her part, so that's what that matters and Sarah.  Lovely. Lovely. Lovely. You'll love to say it Yes, that is right you better teach us Possible never a second holds infinite potential all possible movements are suspended together Timeless you must see them and step into the correct swing Go to Yagi's our village and stand in the river catch a fish with your bare hands and share it with Mofune and all the students of mine Okie-dokie sounds interesting. We are gonna mark here just because I know we have to come back a lot So yeah, we're just gonna mark outside and hopefully this isn't too far away I don't think it is. I'm pretty sure it's yet just over here. So we don't even need to cut which is fantastic Absolutely tremendous We will have to have another cut soon because we have to go to a whole different village Which ain't cool zero out of ten. Why would you do that? I don't know just to make us say a little bit more weird Weird weird weird, right? Hopefully just one of these rivers over here. I would say yeah, probably yeah sounds about right I think it's just over here from memory because this is only the first not really this water is cool Blast confounded fish. They are too fast No, it is my shoe my boots are filling with mud. It's squishy. No, shh Stillness Stillness, yes Free my mind Free my mind I did it amazing. I am so used to the deadly dance of combat I never thought to stand still to see each outcome before it happens Amazing, let us find this Mufun. I have a fish to share with him Okey-dokey, I thought he said buffoon for a second. Yeah, but rude a bit rude out or a bit rude not gonna lie We are going this way. We need to actually defeat him. That's even better. I think he's in this house Yeah, yes, he is in this house Gotta defeat him. Hopefully we can do that quickly Musashi sent you I suppose you've been catching fish. Yes I have learned the way of stillness. Would you like some fish?  I think we can do this to be honest I think we can do this think we should be good. We're gonna go hide We might set off some poison just for fun But yeah, we'll see what happens we'll see what happens I don't think he's gonna be too difficult from memory from my memory if it serves me correctly I don't think he's too bad. He has zero range out of ten, which is great We can just attack him. I think we're gonna poison him Poisons is poison is cool Yeah, that was the only way to get to him I guess only way to get to him, which is fine is fine But I'm but I'm the lovely and he's never gonna know where it comes from He's like huh what how am I poisoned and we stay invisible even after we poison him Lovely right and we're gonna do big head on him next super head. Oh, oh, this is not what we wanted This was zero out of ten. Please stop No, no, no Stop no one likes it at all. No one likes it. All right, let's go For some of this and this I think actually We could we could actually just poison him in again, which I think I'm gonna do I think I'm gonna poison him in again just for now just for now Doesn't work possibly not I don't know. I don't know it may not have If it didn't that is kind of a shame Relentless he has so much. This is bad Altero is gone Does he have two poisons no only one desert you you can only poison him once the more you know Right misty. Thank you for joining as Altero departed Let's do this and just one of you want him because we can Easy clap should have done that right from the start. Just saying none of this poison stuff Oh, he is poisoned twice now once from the thing. Oh, and he's no no bomb. I thought he was gonna heal for a second there I'm like, no, don't do that not need not need for that. Please stop. Please do not do that ever again 400 should do a decent amount of damage Not too bad not too bad and still poisoned Just from the hit that I did misty. What are you doing? Seriously?  We shall be fine probably right there we go Enough you have indeed learned your lesson strange warrior return to musashi for he has more to teach you Okay, okay, um, let's just go back like this because we can El Toro is probably gonna have to be woken up, but hey, it's fine. It's fine. We'll deal with that um Yeah, we do have someone else to defeat do have someone else to defeat I'm just gonna leave another mark here just for now just for now and we will talk to this man's real fast Do-do-do. Hello You have done well There is but one lesson left for you to learn You have learned stillness now. You must discover your power A swordsman focuses his power with a great shout And delivers it in a single strike You must practice Take this bottom knife to suji molla village and chop down the great yum yum tree with it Speak to mooyaguchi when you are finished Power is different from strength Unleash it and you will find swords don't even matter. This is the greatest secret of all Right then this is a wee wee's way away. So I will be back once I am at the yum yum tree fruit The yum yum fruit tree Right, we have made it to the yum yum tree fruit the yum yum fruit tree Oh my gosh, I can't I can't speak. How am I supposed to cut down this tree with this tiny knife? No matter I can do this now focus powers foolish Oh dear the knife broke. Let us find the mooyaguchi. I'll show him the power of el toro Right, let's go to moguchi Who is probably in this hut here? Nope, not in this hut here. He is somewhere around here. Um He's probably this green man's over here. I would say and this hut right here It is ha ha ha ha ha lovely Let's do this Right Yes, I am el toro I have refused to finish his second test the yum yum tree is still standing I see no reason to destroy such a beautiful thing That is wise Power is also the power to change the rules But I trust you've practiced your shout and strikes Draw your sword Right, and this is basically just a copy paste of the last fight. So we will just do this again Oh, look, he's revived. Does he is he wounded? Yeah, he's wounded. That's a shame if only it was just a Completely revived that would be fantastic. Um, we're not going to play around this time with poison We're just going to go for it because you know, we just want to get this finished got to get it over and done with In my opinion. So we'll just um Strike hard and destroy Is what we'll do Kabam lovely lovely lot of accuracy there And here's a bit more movement apparently or at least he's moving a bit more than the other man's did the first try Um, yeah, we'll do this Easy peasy altura will come on behind fair enough. And here we go. This should do a decent amount of damage. Yeah, not too bad Not too bad. We can follow up with another one next round as well Um, he's also bleeding, which is great. Always good when they bleed Um, he's passing fair enough or just moving and not hitting Sounds sounds accurate. Um 400 or Uh Three we is that three? Um, yeah, that is definitely 300. So we'll do 400 because 400 is more than 300 Half health lovely And attack block unlucky block, please altura. Oh my gosh Altura needs to learn how to block he may be like really good at um, like He has the power and whatnot, but he just doesn't know how to block that is his one downfall here His absolute one downfall. He doesn't know how to block Absolutely, thank you final block This man's this man's this man's altura. Okay, he's dead. He's dead again. Uh, oh He goodbyeed He goodbyeed. He has bladestorm. Oh Oof oof right First strike yikes. He did all Blocks repulsed unlucky misty's dead by misty I'm glad to see you joined the fight just to you know, not do too well. That's fine. We appreciate your help misty Don't worry. Um 201, which is luckily this can kill luckily this can destroy Um attack Didn't see that one coming. Did you nah, that's right gg There we go. That was still the same result as last time. Um, but hey, that's how it works Okie dokie, let's go back to musashi and I think we uh Probably nearly done. I think we have one more fight to do um Yeah, altura is going to be really weak for the next fight, but you know what we'll be we'll deal with it We will deal with it because I don't want to go all the way back to skull island just to revive him Right now we need to feed him again. Lovely lovely lovely and hopefully It's just him possibly it may not be Nope, it is the full team and we just need to feed him. So theoretically what we're going to do is we're just gonna hide everybody Um for now altura is very wounded. He is a very sore boy, but hey, it's fine. It is fine Um, he will get through Hopefully hopefully hopefully And yeah, I'm hoping that sarah can do some of the heavy hitting here Um for us that would be kind of good. We're just going to go and charge musashi Just because I think that's probably the best way to deal with it Just to deal with your problems head on and just charge the charge that one person And glance me below luckily he ain't even too far away, which is lovely Absolutely, don't you? Good damn it sarah Serah, why do you have why do you have rappel borders? I don't understand So frustrating first strike. Sure rappel borders. No, no, thank you Oh, well, that's fine. It's fine. I guess it's fine Not too bad. Not too bad at all Um attack lovely First strike dodge. No, okay. Okay Okay Lovely lovely lovely and Oh, that ain't good. That ain't good sarah. They're not good at all First strike lovely. Can we dodge? Yeah, we can riposte. Thank you and super hit and gg Lovely sarah. Lovely lovely lovely Thank you gg. That was not too bad at all Our training is finished El Toro You will never be a samurai, but you are a master of the blade all the same I thank you master captain. We must return briefly to my help the new stances and strikes I've learned require a more flexible costume Okay, okay. Now we need to go to um Center poyo again So let's quickly actually I'll be back once we've made it over there because it's a bit of a ways away So I'll be back and just a sec I shall be quick captain meet me at the tavern and we can celebrate Right, that was quick. Um, yeah, we just just made it to there. I nearly forgot to start recording Um, but yeah, let's just go to this tavern That's just over here because um, it's close and I don't feel like going all the way back to skull island just because we you know, um When when went all the way here for just one line of dialogue. It's great. But hey, that's fine Um, let's quickly head down to the cellar um, because you know Sounds good sounds good and finish off this quest once and for all Hello, El Toro El Toro is Thank you for your help captain. I had not thought it possible, but I have become an even greater champion of justice Let the unjust tremble El Toro is coming for you Let's see what he looks like. Here we go. El Toro goes from mast hero to Mask champion. Lovely. Lovely. Lovely. Lovely. Um, all the yellow boy now Um, and we can give him a new epic which we are going to go Repos three because he gets plus 15 percent dodge, which is very important. Apparently he Very very and we can also turn up these guys. Lovely Lovely. Lovely. Not you though. Not you said said reacts on me, but yeah, that is all for today Thank you for watching. Uh, remember to leave a like and subscribe if you're subscribed Press the little bell so you know exactly when I post another video If you want more swashbuckler go follow and subscribe to my second channel link in the description below and remember to craft outside the box


role of political parties. In this session we are going to discuss that what is a political party and what is basically the role of a political party. Because political party is an organization that nominates candidates to stand for election in the name and seeks to place representative in the government. Basically the function of a political party is that it nominates the candidate who will participate in the election and then if people vote for it in the government or opposition, it will play an important role. Then a party basically is an organization of societies active political agent who compete for popular sport with another group or persons holding diverse views. And parties are inevitable specifically in the form of democracy or in the form of any representative system of politics because the government basically needs the representative people to perform the duties. And the relationship between the political party and democracy it is again a very important component of any representative form of government because if the relationship between the representatives and the political party is satisfactory then definitely the performance of the government and the performance of the system must be catered as the popular and responsible form of government. So we can say that the political parties they are the basic pillars of our representative democracies and historically if we may analyze that when we talk about and when we talk about the evolution and the systematic development of democratic form of government the role of political party it is actually very important and critical. Political party and democracy can be an important relationship because democracy means the government of democracy. And democracy for that when the population was very low then there was a direct democracy today. Did you know each other directly or did you know each other or did you know each other and because of less population interaction was possible. But in today's era and then the phases in the 19th and 20th centuries when the political parties had a rise in their development then what was the effect behind it that as the population is increasing as the ideologies are growing and the parties have to make their program and manifesto so that people can give a framework and follow that framework and the framework that suits people favor that party because ultimately who has an exclusive will have to rule the government. So if people have a proper manifesto this program will reach them and they will have the idea that who is the leader of this party then it will be easier for people to vote for themselves and on the basis of that vote they will know who is the leader of their party. But if the political parties do not strengthen the political communication with people then this gap becomes so strong that people have the idea that instead of giving a vote to a political party, it should be given a vote to an independent candidate who talks more about their political party. So in today's era if we want to talk about the role of political parties then definitely we have to talk about that whether political parties have some manifesto whether they have a proper framework and who are their candidates. Whether their candidates are ideologically affiliated with their political parties or at the time of elections they meet with that party just to win the elections. And when ideological affiliation is not there then the role of the political party is weak and ultimately its impact and influence comes on the political system and the impact or the influence comes on the political system is negative. So we can imagine that the role of political parties in strengthening democracy or in the working of a political system it is quite important and definitely we must have some understanding regarding the role of political parties.