Now, welcome back to Think Tech. This is Community Matters, and we're talking about Katanji Brown Jackson, who was just appointed by President Biden to the United States Supreme Court. This is something, isn't it? This is really something. Camille Nelson is the Dean of the UH Law School, William S. Richardson Law School. I am really delighted that she's here with us today. There are so many wonderful things to talk about with regard to this nomination. Hi, Camille. Thank you for joining us. My pleasure. Thanks for having me. I'm glad you're excited. It's an exciting moment in our nation's history, isn't it? I was telling you before the show that as soon as the press rolled out the possibilities that I saw and I sort of had an intuitive reaction to the candidates who President Biden might consider. Katanji Brown Jackson was the one that I favored immediately. And I'll tell you why. I didn't tell you before why, but I'll tell you now why. You know, it's the test of the lawyer. I said to myself, if I were in court and she was sitting on my case, would I trust her to do the right thing? It may not be to agree with me or disagree with me, but would I trust her to do the sincere, just appropriate, you know, moral thing? And I could see in her eyes that she was open-minded and that she would listen and that she would use her analytical powers to do the right thing. I saw that instantly. Don't ask me how, I just felt that. You have heightened spidey senses, right? I mean, I agree with you. I think her judicial temperament is impeccable. I think her bona fides, obviously her experience, obviously her background, her education, her trial and appellate level experience, her having served as a public defender on the sentencing commission, et cetera, et cetera. All of that is unassailable. But in addition, she's a really measured and incredibly thoughtful person. And so I think what you were sensing, Jay, is an even keel, contemplative approach to life, but also to the professional work that is before her. So, you know, I think that this, I hope it bodes well because I think, you know, she is demonstrative of a truly exceptional and highly qualified nominee. So you go back with her, tell us about it. Oh, I serve on a board with her. So I've had the privilege of knowing her for a number of years now, since before we moved back to Hawaii. So what I can say about that is, you know, she has an incredible work ethic that I think she brings to every single endeavor. I think she also really importantly, to your earlier point, what you were sensing, she's a good listener and she does her work. She's not a fly by the state of your pants type of person. I think certainly all of the previous engagements I've had with her indicate what everyone has said, which is she was an extraordinary student. And certainly as a jurist, you have to be committed to a lifetime of being a student of the law. And I think her approach to everything as I've experienced it anyway, but certainly as, you know, more importantly, as she has demonstrated on the bench is that she's committed to lifelong learning as a jurist, excellent listening skills and deeply, deeply analytical and grounded in a deep love of this country and of our jurisprudence.  I don't want to do that. Also, kind. Really? I saw that in her and I firmly believe that there is a kindness there. A kindness and a sense of humor, Jay. I'll say that as well, you know, you know, one of my highest compliments is, you know, that person's so wonderfully normal or that person's so wonderfully normal, meaning, you know, if she was here with us on the screen or without for coffee or tea with someone else or lunch or whatever, she would be a wonderful colleague, friend, compatriot, someone that you just want to talk to. And her energy and her whole way of existing is so deeply reaffirming. And she's lovely to be around. You make me think out a writer a note and ask her to join us here for a talk show. There we go. Why not? Why not? You'd like her a lot. I do. So, okay, so I guess, you know, what I want to know is this. Here you have a court that is really skewed over way over to the right. And you have an African-American woman who joins them. It's historic. It's president breaking. It's important. But she's gonna be in the minority. And she is always, and I shouldn't say always, but for a long time, barring some really strange political things that might happen, she's gonna be voting in the minority. What can she do? I mean, you have to consider the option, for example, that this Supreme Court can be a completely different Supreme Court. This is where, for example, you can write a dissent that smolders that goes to the press and the press says, well, you know, the majority is really wrong on this one. You know, you can actually make trouble as one of the three minority judges on the court. You think this might happen? You think that's in the cards? Well, I think that there are a couple of different ways to look at that. The immediate, the intermediate and the longer term. So in the immediate, certainly she will be basing her decision-making on precedent and her interpretation analytically of the jurisprudence. I mean, that's where we start and that's the basis. That's the foundation for all committed ways of thinking. So how she reasons through cases and what she writes will be first and foremost. So she's speaking to her colleagues on the bench, but she'll also be speaking to those of us outside of that very cloistered space. So in some respects, she could be speaking to the media. She'll certainly be speaking to the legislators who may have their own view of things and how things should go forward. And so that's the immediate and the intermediate, right? But I think just as importantly, to your point about the present split, Jay, sometimes people write opinions knowing full well that it might not get the traction in the moment. And that's not to say that she's not a skilled negotiator and won't get on well with her colleagues and maybe even sway some people, you know, just as Roberts and maybe some others. I mean, there is a conversation to be had and in a collegial space, hopefully people are actually also listening to each other. But there is also the knowledge that you are writing for the future. And we have to think back and understand that some of the seeds that were planted in dissents in some circumstances might not blossom immediately, but generations down, decades later, they might well evolve to be or come turn out to be the majority opinion or picked up elsewhere in another country or be foundational for legislation, et cetera. So the judges, I think the justices have to write beyond themselves and beyond this moment and think really more capaciously about democracy more generally.  And one of the things that I was not taught in law school and that we don't often talk about is the judges do then break and counsel with each other. I mean, there is conversation amongst the justices about who is gonna write, what are people gonna write, what are people thinking, the clerks are feeding up bench memos. There's a lot of not just research and writing going on, but there's a lot of conversation and compromise at times. So her voice could resonate in ways that we don't quite appreciate, depending on also the personalities and how people engage and how people adjust on one case, knowing another is coming, et cetera, et cetera. So I think it's gonna be interesting to watch how this court gels with a new appointee going forward. I'm touched by your thought that maybe she could develop collegial relations with the others, Roberts and others, and actually sway them on a given point to show them that her logic is the logic they should follow. Her analysis of the law, the precedent, the constitution, the country is the approach they should follow.  And I could, you know, again, going back to the way she looks and presents to me, I can see those conferences. I can see her in those conferences with a kindness and that the tolerance, the ability to listen, I can see her actually swaying some of those guys. Wouldn't that be wonderful? It'll be interesting to see, you know, and don't forget that the late Justice Ginsburg was very close with the late, you know, Justice Scalia. I was thinking about that, yeah. Right, I mean, I don't know if and or whether that impacted either of their jurisprudence, but it was remarkable, right? There is that possibility that humans can bond and people who might have different political persuasions and beliefs can meet as friends and no doubt influence each other if only in the personal space. Arguably better than that. Arguably more than the personal space. I agree that it's unlikely that Ruth Bader Ginsburg actually affected Scalia's decision process. They were friends and they went to the opera, whatever it was. But maybe Katanji Brown Jackson can actually affect some of them in their opinion making. Why not? You know, if you're on the Supreme Court, you can do anything you want. You have no, theoretically, you have no constituency to satisfy. You can do what you think is right. And if she could convince them that, you know, maybe it's another road would be better. My goodness, they have the power. They have the, what do you wanna call it, the freedom to do that. And that would be an extraordinary moment to find. On the other hand, if she takes the road of complaining in public and writing harsh dissents, that may work against it. So she's gotta find a path which is consistent with both possibilities. Well, I think like the other judges, justices rather serving on the court, she's very smart and she's, as I mentioned earlier, and you recognized very, very thoughtful and even keel. So I'm sure she is getting really great coaching if there are areas in need of coaching. But I also would suspect that this road has been one that she might well have contemplated for some time and been thinking about how she navigates it. Well, we've examined, you know, the true fact that she is not necessarily gonna, she's gonna be a minority on the court for one thing. And we've examined the possibility that maybe she can sway others. And we've examined the possibility that maybe she could make statements that go beyond the court and that convinced the public about something and as feedback, you know, the public response to that and maybe the rest of the court, you know, is convinced by the public feedback, you know, a feedback loop, if you will. But is there any other way that she could, I really don't have an answer on this. Is there any other way where she could affect the chemistry of the court? Change the way to say right now, it's really not acceptable to make it comport with the United States as it is and as it should be. So we lost touch with that. Is there any other way she could make that happen? So I think that her sheer intellect will be profoundly felt. She is super smart. And I don't think anyone can take her intelligence away from her. And I think it should be fairly honest and obvious that her very representational presence will shift things somewhat. If only because it is so monumental that she will only be the fourth person of color on the court in its history and the sixth woman in its history. That's an over 200 year history.  But if it's her, that's an extra dynamic that she is bringing with her as a black woman, as a person of color, as a mother, as a person who is very involved in community, who cares deeply, who really cares about civility. These are who has a good sense of humor. And is kind, and is kind. These are things that I think, Jay, when you're with someone who's got an infectious laugh, when you're with someone who really cares about the answer when they say, how are you? I mean, when you're with someone who takes the time to listen to you, I think there's a possibility that you can be touched by that. I mean, and that is not to take away the jurisprudential brilliance. It's an additional EQ that I think we all know in so many areas is elevating on top of the IQ. So that she brings that, it just I think makes her an extraordinary nominee. And her sense of humanity should not be understated. That's what I was looking for. I couldn't put my finger on it, but that's exactly what I was looking for. It's extraordinary what could happen here. We have a question actually, Camille. The question reads this way, I'll have to put it into more grammatical English, but the Supreme Court nominee must have some shortcomings. What should we know about? I guess that's a question for balance. Are there shortcomings here? Should we consider anything as a shortcoming? I think all of us as human beings have shortcomings. I mean, nobody's perfect. I mean, that's sort of, we're still trying to perfect our union because we're imperfect people. So I think when you add any imperfections to an already imperfect space, hopefully there's ways in which they all complement each other, that the justices round each other out. I mean, I think that's frankly, like any good partnership. And when you think about building your teams, hopefully one's strengths are enhanced by someone else's strengths and one's weaknesses are covered by someone else's strengths. And when you just sort of think about how you build a great team, you try to round it out and think, well, what's missing? What don't I have that can be brought to the table? And how can I plug that whole? And fill that gap or elevate this conversation. So I think the way to think about it is how might judge Brown Jackson as a nominee elevate further the Supreme Court and enhance what is already there, right? And everybody has weaknesses because nobody is at any point reaches any level of perfection, regardless of one's position, power or portfolio. So I think this will be interesting to see how it plays out because we're humans, people are humans sitting in these roles. And I think there's a way in which we elevate some spaces to deities and no one, I mean, that's the impossible. And so to set that expectation on her and her alone, I think would be a problem, right? So how do we think about all nine and how they work together in service of this country? Yeah. Okay, I have one that follows up on that and that is all human beings are capable of being frustrated. And if you had a six to three and the six just blew off her ideas, her analysis, her kindness, her ability to her interests in doing the right thing for the country. And they just kept on being partisan.  What about that possibility? If she cannot do the things we hope she will do, in terms of the engagement with the rest of the court, in terms of the tone and the relationships involved, what happens if she just gets frustrated? Well, no doubt there is a level of exhaustion and fatigue that all of the justices experience that may result in sentiments of frustration. But I think one of the things that we expect from them and that maybe set some apart from the rest of us is their ability to work through those frustrations. I mean, when you think about the span of their reach, how impactful they can be across this country, but frankly, around the world. I mean, it is the case that internationally, American jurisprudence is read. So I would hope that the sense of frustrations, if it exists, the sense of frustration is mitigated by the recognition that you're writing for posterity.  And so hopefully they have a more elevated and enhanced sense of their calling. And it's not just the job, right? It's got to be a calling to be in those roles with that heavy a burden and that great a responsibility. And so I really hope that all of the justices are up for the task, I'm sure she is. Well, I take your point about writing beyond the court, writing for the country in general, writing for the world in general. And I can see a situation where I know another person might be frustrated, but in fact, she's sending messages about the right thing to everyone in the country and everyone in the world, certainly everyone in the world looks to the United States Supreme Court as the court on the Hill, so to speak. Yeah, it's a beacon, it's a beacon. I mean, I think that she knows, as anyone else who was under consideration would know what she's in for, right?  And so that's why it has to move beyond a job to a calling, to be able to, I think, have the coping skills, commitment, determination, and frankly, willingness to sacrifice that these types of positions demand, right? This is not just a decision on her part, this is also a family decision. Just the amount of scrutiny that one is opening oneself up to in one's family. So that is demonstrative of deep, deep commitment and I think really heightened capacity to reason through and to exist in challenge. So there are many questions that flow from this. I mean, you describe a Supreme Court judge, an African-American Supreme Court judge that would do a lot more than Clarence Thomas has done in his years on the bench. I don't think he's a hero and he's taken positions that I would not agree with. I wonder how that will work. It'll be an interesting opportunity to have dialogue, right? I mean, there have been moments when Justice Clarence has written in ways that you might think are more progressive, you know, when he has spoken about cross-burning, for example, and the pain of segregation. And there are these moments where he speaks in ways that one would anticipate, would align with perhaps, you know, a Justice Brown Jackson. But I think the important dynamic here is that for years now we've had one iteration of sort of Black jurisprudence if there is a quote to put around that, right? And that's a question mark. But the point being there is a diversity of Black thought. Again, in quotes, right? So I think the other thing for the country and the world to recognize is like, you know, we don't all think the same type thing. So this is also really an important moment that speaks to the diversity of people of color and jurists of color and lawyers of color and judges of color. So it'll be interesting to see where they are aligned jurisprudentially and where they differ and how those dynamics break down. It'll be interesting to see the dynamic if it comes to fruition with, you know, Justice Sotomayor and, you know, Justice Kagan and the other justices on the court as well. And there's age, there's all sorts of diversity as gender, there's age, there's a religion, right? So I know there'll be a lot of court watchers who are eager to see how things pan out. Indeed, you know, ever since the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and all the cliff hanging on Stephen Breyer, there are more court watchers now and then this appointment, more court watchers now. And so we'll all be, a lot of the people I know will be watching the Supreme Court as never before. And my sister-in-law, Linda Greenhouse who spoke today on a streaming Zoom show from the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia talked about it.  And so are you guys, by the way. Well, it's, yes. There's a lot of excitement, a lot of curiosity, you know, in a way as an educator, Jay, you know, I think this is a great moment where people are paying attention to the role of judges and justices in our country, right? I mean, this is a real teachable moment as I'd like to say, right? So when we think about the three branches of government there's an opportunity here as a nation to also learn, right? To learn about the impact of each of the three branches and in this case with a focus on the judiciary. Okay, I wanna talk about the Senate now. You know, there've been a little suggestions that the Senate is gonna give Judge Brown, Jackson, a hard time. I don't know how they could do that or why they could do that, but that's been a repeated suggestion in the press. You think they will, and how could they and why would they, and how will that all work out? You know, I have the same questions. I will say this, I think going into the midterms I also wonder whether it's politically astute sort of beat up on a hyper qualified woman of color with impeccable credentials and who is really likable, I mean, it could backfire if that is the way that people choose to proceed. That being said, I did say that I worry that it could bring out the worst in us because we're still coming off of some really, some situations completely devoid of civility, right? So I do think we've had tempered responses from Mitt Romney. We've certainly, she's related by marriage to Paul Ryan. I know former speaker, but there are recently, for example, two former federal judges, conservative federal judges who have spoken highly of her just today and I think late last week. So I think there are some signals being sent to folks on the Senate who might otherwise want to proceed more with more hostility to maybe temper it. Additionally, she did receive support with her last appointment to the US Court of Appeals for DC from three senators including Lindsey Graham. So it'll be interesting if they walk back their support. I know it's a different position, lots of commentary around that, but if ever there was a candidate who should be able to walk through those fires, I think Judge Brown Jackson is that candidate for nomination. I can see her impressing all of them and bringing them aboard. I can see that, I can visualize that just the same way I could visualize that she was the winner at the outset. One possibility though, I appreciate your thought about this is that as the GOP is often want to do, they would delay this. They would delay a hearing on it, they would stretch the hearing out, they would come up with stuff that is just delay points and then we get closer and then we get into the question of how does that intersect with the election, the campaigns around the country and the GOP's action in suppressing votes around the country, how does that intersect? My guess is if they're called on it, they will lose points because it is tantamount to a disrespect. It is tantamount to a negative hearing and I suggest the press will be watching for that. The press will be watching for inordinate delay or any delay in this and they would be better advised to get on with it and confirm her without any delay at all so that it doesn't become an issue just as people are going out to vote. Yeah, and frankly, I think you make a lot of sense, Jay, because especially when we contrast the last appointment with Justice Amy Cohen Barrett and how rapidly that took place on the eve of an election. So it would be interesting indeed if this was drawn out, especially in light of how quickly people could get it together last time, I suppose. Well, here we are, Camille, at a start point. We're at a start point in terms of her nomination or going before the Senate, the very likely possibility that she will serve for a lifetime on this most important court in the world. What does this mean to the country that we are at this point? How does it change things? How does it reflect changes in the country? Should we be feeling really good about it? Or should we be wondering whether it will ever be repeated? Well, maybe a bit of both, but I think at least we should be watching this to see what we can learn from it. I think that how we engage with these conversations over the next several weeks and this confirmation process will speak volumes about our hearts and as much as about our minds. I think in terms of what it could mean anyway, is that we hold true to our promises that if you work hard, you study hard, you show up, you do good things, you be kind, and you set your sights high. You can achieve some great things and have some real impact in this country and in this world. I think that's the promise and we'll see if that's a possibility for her. I think for young people and non-traditional students of any sort, especially those in the law, I hope this is a moment where they say, perhaps I can too and perhaps I should dream bigger as well because these possibilities exist for me as well. And I do hope for another reason that this confirmation process is one that demonstrates integrity, civility, courtesy, because you also don't wanna chill and ice out people who think, I have the qualifications and I'd really like to do this, but I don't wanna go through that hellacious process. So I also hope that we can have a rigorous process as it should be, but not a process that is punishing unnecessarily to people who are really just trying to fulfill their calling and the promise of their hard work and determination. As this country says, we should be able to. Well, we suffered racism for a long time. We still have a lot of people who are racists in this country and I can give you all kinds of support for that proposition, but at the end of the day, this is a real statement. It's a real statement if we can do it and we have become much more egalitarian in over my lifetime, even though there were ups and downs, fact is that's why I feel good about this because it's a statement that the country is, I don't know if healing is the right word, but at least it's becoming more egalitarian and people do have an honest chance. I wouldn't have said that 20 years ago, I say it now. Say you're an optimist. Yes, I am, absolutely. And I can see other African-American judges coming through the system, doing really well in school, the law review right at the top. I can see them working for the best firms in the country. This is a kind of encouragement for that. Absolutely. Well, you know, the reality is we are extraordinary on paper. So to the extent that this puts our words to action, I agree with you. This is absolutely a moment to be celebrated and it is a beacon, right? It is a signal. There are many people that are euphoric, but also really cautious because hearts have been broken previously. So we certainly want to temper some of the euphoria with an understanding, as you allude to, of our history as well. So I'm hoping that this is a moment where we shine as a country and it really should be a moment that's celebrated for the type of outcome that we encourage people to strive for.  And I think this is where she shines. This is where we shine. Yes, I exact. Well said. Thank you, Camille. Camille Nelson, the Dean of the William S. Richardson School of Law and a friend, wonderful, of Katanji Brown Jackson. Thank you so much for coming around. Thank you for discussing this. We look forward to her confirmation, to her participation in the court and to a new and better world by virtue of all of that. Thank you so much, Camille. Thank you, Jay. I appreciate it. Aloha. Aloha.


The coordinator of the International Crescent Centre and the home for the needy at Huogua in Ovia, North-East, the lucky government area of the state, Pastor Solomon for Lawrence Hill, has said over 170 students at the camps for the internally displaced persons seeking for admission into Nigerian universities. The Crescent Centre was able to rebuild the hope of those who were displaced from the North over insecurity and that since 2009, yeah, for Lawrence Hill called on well-meaning Nigerians and the authorities to aid the IDPs, which is currently faced with funding challenge. We are having close to 200 and the ones that are pushing admission are the 170 something. It's a great joy for us that the children are doing very, very well academically, but while we are achieving success, academically now we have challenges of funding, you know, which I guess admission to school, who pays the school fees, who buys these books, these things, and they show everything, yes, so that's where we are now. We are not making mistakes. What God is producing out of this centre is going to be a great blessing to Nigeria and the world because what we teach here is what Nigeria lacks and what the world lacks right now. What we happen is that they become threats to the society. When they are in the streets, they learn drug addition, they learn crime and they start learning how to, you know, do all the vices you see in the society and then they become threats to everybody, to the best thing to do, to save yourself and save others. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


I will try my best. So my name is Mark McLean. I am the former PTO of Neutron. So I want to talk a little bit about deploying Neutron. A little bit is talk about where we're going today. For some, Neutron can be this long winding road. You don't know what's behind the next hill. So we really take a look. First of all, we really want to ask a few basic questions. Multitenancy, it's an odd question to ask in cloud deployments, but whether you're big or small, sometimes you need to really answer the question, are you hot? Do you have high multi-tenancy? You have lots of different individual either users, applications you want to isolate from each other, or maybe you're low. Some of those decisions do play into when we get to a couple points down the road. Also, do you need to isolate tenants? In some deployments, you don't need isolation. You can make your deployment simpler and generally just skip over it. But even if you do trust your tenants, sometimes you do want to isolate them. One of the biggest benefits you can do is you can limit the amount of L2 traffic that different applications see. And some of the deployments in some of the places I've worked, we had very low multi-tenancy. We trusted everybody, but one of the biggest complaints we got from application developers was they were seeing too much broadcast traffic from other applications in the data center. And they just found it annoying when they were troubleshooting. So one of the other questions a lot of times often deal with when you're deploying is what kind of isolation do you want? The lowest hanging fruit is to use VLAN. So it's 802.1Q. It's VLAN tagging. It's supported in about every cheap NIC you can find. It's wildly supported. There are a limited number of VLANs. You get about 4,000-ish more technically, but most switches kind of start having problems when you get even to like 3,000 because the default configs will limit the ranges available VLANs within the switch. One of the other interesting things about that is if you have over 4,000 tenants, this is obviously a problem and then you should have to start doing tricks with trunking, programming, and switches. Also, the underlay has to support the topology. So typically when you're running VLANs, you end up with a very large L2 domain. One of the problems that creates is you have a problem with the number of instances you can boot. As you start getting the MAC tables of the switches can start overflowing and then you start running into problems because depending on your vendor, some of your hardware may only allow 50,000 arc bentries in the switch. Some may allow 100,000 arc bentries. Some may tell you they will allow 100,000 arc bentries until you enable this really awesome management feature that then all of a sudden takes up all the available space. Alternative week, we can do GRE or VXLAN tunnels. Basically, it's L2 and capped in Layer 3, Layer 4. It's routable. You can basically go with what you typically find in current data center design when you find different cloth fabrics. It's easy to expand because you can add racks at a time. It's immediately routable. You can move instances around because the tunnels kind of make the location instance somewhat transparent. There's a little bit of increased packet overhead. When you add the VLAN targets, relatively small GRE and VXLAN both have additional header information you have to put. It's easier to grow to deployment because you're not having a very large L2 domain. It's basically you can scale up each one of your routes, routing domains, typically what you'll find with people deploying this style, what you'll see top rack switching with a full mesh at the top. Also, if you have very large deployments, one of the things to consider is L2 population. As you start spending up tunnels, you still have the same problem we all have with traditional networking anyway, which is how do you find instances? So if you have hypervisors A, B, C, and D, and you spin up two instances on hypervisor A and D, as you have really large, and if the instance on A needs to talk to D, it's got to actually flood and discover it on all the hypervisors. Now, some of the options and choices will do what's called L2 population for some of the controllers, and by knowing the entire logical state of the network, you can either be pre-populating the affording base, you can actually say where to send any broadcast traffic or unknown traffic. What that does is reduces the amount of traffic within your data center. So also another one of the considerations is for kind of layer three. Generally with layer three and neutron, it really depends on your provider because they're all over the place, but I'll talk a little bit about what the reference implementation looks like. So when you take a look at the reference, you typically have your hypervisors, you have a network node, it has a core. The network node, typically you'll have more than one of these. In the latest release, you can actually run HA pairs. So within that network node, you have a network namespace, which basically acts as a little virtual router. It does simple forwarding, also does NAT for any floating IPs. One of the problems with that network node is to say if you have a really noisy neighbor, and so we start up our VM, let's say it's getting lots of traffic or even worse, you're running a public cloud and they're actively DDoSing on the outside, you can end up where the point where the VM starts generating so much traffic, it saturates your network node all the way up, blocking basically traffic for anybody else. So one of the things that's coming and it's available in Juno, but as a deployer, I wouldn't recommend running the Juno version, mainly because it needs more testing. It's what's known as Distributable Virtual Router. And what this does is we actually create little routing instances in the open source version on each of the hypervisors and route directly to the core of your network. If you have a floating IP associated with the instance, the floating IP is kind of the key point. In this case it does, so when people talk about DVR support or not, basically it's doing routing directly from the hypervisor. So when we actually talk about the deployment options, we have several drivers and plugins. We have 19 of them at all. They run, again, in terms of features and support. Some are open, some are not, some. So when you take a look at, there's lots of choice you talk to everybody, but basically what you wanna do is when you start considering is considerations. Some of the deployments have a central network controller. It's basically a cluster system that's a lot of times are based on Cassandra Hadoop or ZooKeeper. You run that cluster and then what Neutron is doing is Neutron is an API fronting it. There's a few of the solutions which do not have a central cluster and rely on Neutron's database. So in terms of operational complexity, you have to decide whether or not you want to have multiple systems that are proxy for each other or want to have an internal one. There's also scaling limits. The number of hypervisors that the different solutions support, the number of ports that they support is wildly different. Some of that comes into the calculations necessary if you're, say, going and doing a full open flow, central control, the more ports you add, the more calculations it takes to write all the appropriate flow rules everywhere. Also, in terms of scaling limits, one of the problems you have is as you get super large, what can happen sometimes is you can actually have more flows and will fit in the switch tables. So as packets traverse the topology that will actually get bumped up into user space and even worse, sometimes you may not have the information local in the user space version of the switch and that packet will actually get kicked up all the way to the central controller which has a very high latency for the first packet. So when you're going through and evaluating these, that's one of the things to check is what the latency is on the first packet. In some cases that overhead's acceptable and for other cases, you may want to consider a different solution. IPv6, it's been around for 20 years. If you're making a new deployment without it, you're messing up, you know. Go ahead, put IPv6, build it in. Also levels of testing, as Michael hit on the level of testing, while all the neutron drivers do have third-party CI that are in the tree, there's varying levels. Some will do very basic checks, some do very deep checks. Also, some of them will only support, sadly some of the drivers will only support IPv4 and not IPv6. So check into the level of testing and also into the level of support if it's a proprietary solution to level support or even some of the level support for the open source bits. Some have better documentation than others, some have wider, bigger communities than others. So if we were to dive in specifically into the open source options, so with the Neutron, we have what's called Modular Layer 2. Basically, we took our plugin interface and if you think about Neutron plugins, it's just like having an engine of a car. You get one plugin. Is ML 2 allowed you to have multiple drivers for that engine? And so OVS is OpenVSwitch. It's basically a user space switch that's available widely in every distro currently, or alternative Linux bridge, which is basically a switch on the bridge that's using just basically traditional kernel constructs. OVS will support a protocol known as OVSDB. OVS also supports OpenFlow, which some people like, some people don't like. The simplicity of running Linux bridge allows you to use all the standard IP route 2 utils that everybody's used to and loves, as well as there's others such as OpenContrail, which is like a layer three based system. It's originally was created by a division at Juniper. It's been spun out. There's multiple companies support it. Open Daylight has a foundation with multiple members that support Open Daylight. It's a Java based. The interesting thing about Open Daylight is it's pluggable as well. So what you end up with is Neutron itself being pluggable into a very pluggable backend. So it's really hard to say Open Daylight is a specific implementation because of the number of choices. And then lastly, you have Ryu, which is an OpenFlow based controller framework. That supports very, in their most current work is a very distributed local, basically using a little mini controllers that they're able to distribute on each of the hypervisors. So I know I went through a bunch of different choices. The architecture guide goes through a lot, even in more detail than I could cover in 20 minutes of, you know, Mac table entries, different options for deployers, how you want to choose, as well as the admin guide of deploying these things. With Neutron, it's really difficult to, just because there's so many options and Neutron's really a thin wrapper in terms of API. So with that, questions? None? Oh, yes. You were 15. Talking about IPv6 there, I'm new to OpenStack and when I first started looking at the networking side of things, I was a little taken aback and the network engineer in me was a bit horrified at all the NAT and stuff. How does it change when you're using IPv6 which doesn't map very well onto the NAT model? Like how does floating IPs have a different semantics, that sort of thing? Yeah, so floating IPs, in OpenStack currently right now, floating IPs are only supported for IPv4. Many of us have very strongly opinionated that IPv6, you should have direct routing to the host. We don't want to add NAT into the data path. So currently what you would do is, so our IPv6 support actually comes in several flavors. You can delegate a prefix to the network, you can use Slack, which is stateless auto configuration. We also support DCP v6 in both forms so you get both stateful, which is very close to what you would find in traditional like v4 DHCP services and then DCP stateless where you get a router advertisement that basically auto-generates your IP address but you can also tell the client to make certain requested DCP server for additional optional fields. So most of that support for the ACP services was primarily driven by Comcast, which is at least in the US has been very huge proponent of making v6 as fast as possible. It's close to the spec in what you would actually want to deploy as possible for their internal use cases. So that's why we didn't want to support NAT and even for the foreseeable future, I don't see the Neutron team adding v6 NAT even though we do get requests for it. So flooding IPs will exist for v4, but in terms of v6, you can actually, there's work to add multiple prefixes so that you can renumber and have transitional periods but because so much v6 range is available that most deployers should be able to get a large enough block that they can have fully publicly available IPs. I just want to pick on that a bit further. So the most common use case I see for floating IPs is I want to have something in DNS, but I might want to pull the instance out from underneath and use it for different instance, right? So how does that work in a v6 world without floating IPs? So one of the things we're also working on is extracting out the IPM system in Neutron in Kilo so that you can actually preserve a static allocation for it, you preserve the IP address itself as public in your network and then you can assign it to ports and physically move that address without having it return to the pool between ports. Okay. Additionally, we're adding support with the rewrite of load balancing so you can have your VIP because typically most people want a well done IPs in a lot of cases associated with their load balancer. Although we do see it with single instances as well. Just would like to hear your opinion on OpenV switch in terms of scalability and also how stable it is in particularly recent versions of OpenV switch running with recent versions of the kernel. So there are several deployments right now that are running OpenV switch, very large deployments that are running OpenV switch so it's relatively stable. In terms of scalability, it really depends on what you have driving OpenV switch. We have the reference implementation which doesn't scale to super large nodes, number of nodes that can drive OpenV switch. Open Daylight via OVSDV can drive OpenV switch. There's a few proprietary solutions which drive OpenV switch in addition to the proprietary's vendors hardware. In general, it's been very stable. In some cases, some folks will find high utilization of CPUs. Also for some of the usage, one of the interesting, for one of the current things, if you're not using a central OpenFlow controller right now with V-switch doesn't have connection tracking. So in terms of how you would support security groups in OpenStack, you end up having to have this separate basically logical hop on the machine where you have to route the packet through a bridge so that the packet's visible to net filter currently. It will probably sometime this year, later this year, when some of the support for OpenV switch will better integrate with net filter so you can write the appropriate rules also with connection tracking so that you can write the flows better without having to have a central controller. And what many folks have found with some of the enterprises in some of the smaller installations where they don't want a central controller is that the functionality provided by the bridge utils in Linux is more than adequate for many of the deployments. Also, if you're doing one of the early benefits of OpenV switch was that you could get tunneling in terms of for the folks using proprietary STT or VXLAN. Now that VXLAN is native in the Linux kernel, you get a lot of the same benefits already. As a matter of fact, OpenV switch now can take advantage of those. Additionally, some people like running DBTK with OpenV switch and get some of the pipeline processing in terms of reducing CPU utilization.  Also, what kinds of features you want to push? Do you have a large ACL set? I'll put that back. Anything else? All right, thank you.


The next item of business is consideration of business motion 7.734, in the name of George Adam, on behalf of the Parliamentary Bureau, setting out changes to this week's business. I call on George Adam to move the motion. Thank you, Presiding Officer, I'm moved. Thank you, Minister. I call on Russell Finlay to speak to and move amendment 7.734.1. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I begin by expressing my disappointment at Nicola Sturgeon's refusal to be here today. She presided over gender self-id in Scotland's prisons.  She created the obscene situation in which a double rapist was sent inside a woman's prison. She should be here to answer questions about this mess, which is entirely of her own making. Nicola Sturgeon has now called some opponents, transphobes, homophobes, misogynists and even racists. Presiding Officer, we all know what her game is. This smear is a despicable attempt to divert attention from a double rapist in a woman's prison, so let's talk about that. How could this happen in our country? There is evidence that this was the inevitable result of SNP policy. There is also evidence that prisons were treated as a form of testing ground for gender self-id across society in hospitals, toilets and changing rooms. So, the most vulnerable and voiceless women are told to believe that a male-bodied inmate in their prison is a woman. One female prisoner said this week that she was threatened with disciplinary action if she didn't go along with this charade, shocking and shameful. A prison officer told me about being ordered to address a male-bodied pedophile as she. He describes this as ridiculous. The SNP says that this scandal has no bearing on their flawed gender recognition reform bill, but if the bill is enacted, it will make it even easier for rapists and other male sex offenders to be recognised as women and be treated accordingly. This would be enshrined in law, no matter the harm that would cause to women. During the passage of the bill, I tried to stop sex offenders from being able to exploit self-id. One of my amendments jointly submitted with Michelle Thomson would have prevented anyone charged with rape from being able to seek a gender recognition certificate. Right here, six weeks ago today, I said that the primary purpose is to prevent and allows rapists from declaring that he is female. I said that such a scenario might sound, and I quote, absurd, ludicrous and unimaginable. Yet, here we are, the unimaginable has actually happened. Let us take in the scandal of a double rapist in Compton Vale for this to ignite public awareness, public incredulity and public anger. Campaigners who have spent many long years warning and pleading with Nicola Sturgeon have been vindicated. It is now clear to everybody the real reason this rapist was removed was not because of the threat to female prisoners, but the threat to this SNP Government. Keith Brown defended indefensible before being thrown under the bus by Nicola Sturgeon. How can we have any confidence in anything he says here today when it could be trashed in 24 hours? No wonder the SNP benches are so deathly silent. They know that this is true, and I move the motion in my name. I call on George Adam to respond on behalf of the Parliamentary Bureau. As I mentioned at Parliamentary Bureau earlier today, of which Alexander Burnett, the Tory business manager, attended, the Cabinet Secretary for Justice, Keith Brown, will make today's statement as is the normal way of parliamentary business. Mr Brown will answer questions on the issue in the normal manner. The first question is the amendment 7734.1, in the name of Russell Findlay, which seeks to amend business motion 7734, in the name of George Adam on behalf of the Parliamentary Bureau, setting out changes to this week's business, be agreed. Are we all agreed? No. The Parliament is not agreed, therefore we will move to a vote. There will be a short pause to allow members to access digital voting.


and here we have a new offering from Springfield Armory called the 1911 Garrison commander size with the four and a quarter inch barrel with one seventh round mag it is stainless a shine on the side of the slide matte finish silver finish on the top strap and that 1911 trigger that is just so amazing this one's breaking right around four and a half pounds I think that grip looks super cool


In this video, we are going to be looking at the best settings for Xbox console It's one of the videos that DPJ wanted me to make for you guys Straightaway so that you all get the best experience that you can out of the game And he cares so much about you that I thought you know I'm gonna do it for him because he asked me so nicely So make sure you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel because even though I am covering right now DPJ will be back with loads of starfield content as well And if you want to check out my channel you can I'll link it down below But you don't have to a lot of the videos are gonna be the same until he comes back anyway But let's get into it So right now you can see that if I walk around and look around This is the kind of gameplay that you're seeing right now a lot of motion blur a lot of film grain There's a lot of things you need to change in the settings in my opinion to make the game look better So we're gonna go in there and have a look now So once we go to settings by the way the UI on this game is gorgeous Let's go into gameplay just very quickly I wanted to show you this because you can have automatic saves in Everything you want to have it so if there's any bugs or crashes or anything like that You're very likely not going to lose your save points I'm gonna change a save on pause to five minutes Just that it's always saving and I'm never gonna lose my game next up We go into display and this is the things you need to change straight after that Let's turn off motion blur that sickening Turned blur that you get when you're running around and let's turn off the film grain intensity completely If you want to have a little bit for a little bit of a Cinematic type thing you can but as you can see right now with just a motion blur and film grain intensity off The game already looks better. It already looks cleaner. It looks Smoother it looks brighter It's just an all-round better experience by putting the film grain out of it and turning off the motion blur You could turn depth of field off if you want But there's really no downside to it and it makes the game look better So I would keep that on myself personally in the interface This is completely up to you and how and what you need in the game I'm gonna turn damage numbers on because I like numbers popping up like borderlands type numbers every time you hit something And I think it's just a nice little addition to the game that you can turn on and off if you please Next up in the control section. This is where you do all of your sensitivity stuff You are gonna figure this out as you're going because there's so many sensitivity options here That you you know You're just gonna have to play the game and and figure it out for yourself But I do feel that the initial sensitivity is a little bit too high for me So, you know once I get into the game myself I'm gonna turn it down probably about five to six percent just to kind of get a better control over my character And I'm also gonna turn vibration off personally because that's what I enjoy But vibration is there and it feels good it feels strong enough to Make you feel like you're immersed in the game a lot of this stuff down here is for when you're building your Outpost so you can speed up how you move and how you turn and that's also gonna be important But obviously until we get to outpost building I can't really tell you what to do with this and up here. You have some Controls for your flight. So a lot of people like to invert flight. I personally don't like it. I can't stand it being inverted I know DPJ loves it. So he's gonna be turning these on But right down here. I'm not entirely sure what these are but the flights stick swap and roll dominant You know, you can change how your ship handles using your your sticks and stuff as it as it says on screen I don't know what it means, but you know, it's gonna be important to look at and then we have Bindings which I love in a game because not every game now Especially for console has the ability to actually change your keys now the keys right now for me are good The only thing I don't like is that jump is on Y However, I have paddles on my controller So I could just set the paddle to Y and use it as a jump toggle POV will change you obviously to first person and Third person, which is a very easy little select button and just in general, you know Everything works well in terms of the controls and running around and moving. I think they've got a really good Basic layout, but you can change every single key that you want to what you wanted to be and I love that in a game Audio, you know audio We know what that's about But I do like the fact that you can actually pull down your footsteps Which I'm gonna do to about 80% because a lot of games even though it's immersive I feel like your own footsteps are Distracting and if other people are sneaking up on your orders aliens running around you could be able to hear their footsteps a bit clearer You know when you're in danger So that's something I'm gonna do maybe even go a little bit lower than 80% and then in your accessibility It's all about subtitles and stuff toggle Ion sights enable the use of iron sights mode when aiming a weapon as a toggle instead of a hold So you will be able to when you aim down sight or as this is what I believe it is because I don't know yet I don't have a weapon But once you aim down sight and you're holding the aim button as soon as you let go of that aim button You will come out of the aiming mode. That's how it reads to me So I am going to turn that on because I don't want to be stuck in my aiming mode I hope that's what it means if I'm wrong I apologize, but that's what it reads like to me and those are all the options and as you can see the game just already looks better from the initial screen there's still like a little bit of Performance but I've heard that performance like in specific areas just has a tiny bit of frame drop However in big large cities for some reason It's just smooth as butter and I am very much looking forward to get to that point and that is the video if it helps You out again hit that like button subscribe and coming up I'm going to be doing the PC settings also for all you PC players. So yeah, enjoy. Thank you for watching I've been easy now you guys have been awesome. Peace


Okay, this is James P. Madonna of Megalife 21 and I am This is part two of the largest snowfall of 2014 in northeast New Jersey Largest snowfall to date and I am taking this shot from the Towards the backyard where I do the filming of barbecuing with Megalife 21 and where I did the the filming of the Indian Club World Tour Video with Paul Tarris Walko winski of Perth, Australia and as you can see there's a lot of snow on the hedges All right, this is from the window and The pine trees is It's pretty well covered Also, it's snow. The snow is still coming down Large flakes. I'll see how this Video looks you might might vary what be snow bound. I mean snow blinded with snow blinding glare just like the first one, but Let's just have to see One side download it. It is Monday February 3rd 2014 Blizzard of February 2014


America's. Today we have our lecturer, he's, as I mentioned earlier, he's an early career scientist and who affiliated to the Scream Institute of Oceanography from the background, he's a mathematician and made a master degree in applied mathematics as and he's dealing with the numerical analysis modeling the data simulation, particularly in geomagnetism. People will hear they say his progress together with his colleagues in area of data simulation in geomagnetism. Please, now it's your time to start the lecture. Thank you. All right, thanks. So, see, am I, can you see my screen? Yes. Okay. Perfect. All right. Yeah, so, so thanks for that. And, and thanks everybody for coming. Thanks to the, to the organizers. I've enjoyed, as you said at the beginning, good morning to everyone over here in the States. I've enjoyed the last week and a half. Unfortunately, I, you know, a lot of these, the early sessions are in the middle of the night for me, but the, these sessions at the end of the day are at about eight o'clock in the morning out here. So I've, I've enjoyed the last week and a half getting up every day and starting with a cup of coffee and one of these nice talks. So I'm, I'm, I'm sad that this is almost over, but it's been, it's been a lot of fun, a lot of interesting stuff. So I, I want to start out by just saying a little bit about some of the other people that I've, I've worked with on this stuff. So, as Alec said, I'm going to talk about geomagnetism in particular and data assimilation. And so this is just something I've had an interest in for, for a few years now. But really it's Waysha Kwong and Andy Tangborn that have been working on this for a long time for over 10 years now. Waysha Kwong is out at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. That's out near Washington DC. And Andy Tangborn for a long time, he's now at NOAA, but he was affiliated with UMBC. It's a university that's also out in that area. But also he was working at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center as well. And they are there nice enough to invite myself and my advisor, Matias Morsefeld, to, to come on board with them and start thinking about these things that I'm going to, I'm going to talk about today. All right. So this is roughly how it's going to go, or hopefully how it's going to go. I want to start out by explaining, you know, exactly what I mean by the, by the title of this talk, predicting secular variation in the magnetic field and with data assimilation. So we'll start out by getting on the same page and, and making clear what, what part of the magnetic field we're actually interested in and, and why we care about it. And then from there, we'll be able to talk about the observations we have the magnetic field that are going to be relevant and the numerical models. And then from there, we'll be able to actually get into some results and some, some of the challenges that we see in this work. Okay. So the magnetic field that we're interested in is sometimes called the core magnetic field or the main magnetic field. This is the field that's generated in the outer core of the planet. So this is this nice illustration from the European Space Agency. And so you see the solid inner core of the planet. And then the liquid outer core. Right. So this starts about 3000 kilometers below the surface of the earth below our feet. And it's made up of mostly iron and some nickel. But the important thing is that it's convecting. It's undergoing turbulent convection. And it's electrically conducting. Okay. So this is what generates the typically dipole dominated field that they're trying to illustrate here. Right. So this is the field that makes your compass point point roughly towards the geographic poles, but certainly not exactly. Right. The field protects protects the earth and the surrounding area from, from the wind. So you have charged particles that come off of the sun or also from, from outside the solar system cosmic rays. And, and this radiation tends to get trapped by the magnetic field of the earth. And oftentimes it's directed towards the magnetic poles. And that's actually what's responsible for, for the auroras. I don't know if we have any people that are at latitudes where they're, they're able to see those. I've never seen them in person myself. So over here on this plot in the upper right, this is a map of the magnetic field intensity at the surface of the planet. And I think back in, I think from 2008 sometime within the last, last 20 years. Don't worry about the white dots for now and talk about that second. So I said this is a dipole dominated field. That's, you know, why it's been able to be used in the past for things like navigation. But you could see from this picture that it's not, it's certainly not a perfect dipole. You don't have something that's just symmetric about the equator. You know, as there's these interesting features there, you see the red spots here where there's a high intensity near the poles. And that is because of the dipole. There's a lot of flux there. But then you also see, you know, these sort of lobes of intensity. And then maybe the feature that stands out the most here is you have this blue spot in the middle of this intensity map that's at the low end of the intensity spectrum here. So the red is about 70,000 nanotesla. And blue is something like 20,000 nanotesla. Right. And you can see that that's actually about half of the intensity of the field at equivalent latitudes elsewhere. The green is about 40,000 nanotesla. So this blue region is usually called the South Atlantic anomaly, this weak spot in the field. The white spots, what those are, are actually locations where a particular satellite, the Topex satellite, I think it was measuring something with oceanography. I can't remember sea surface height, something like that. But the white spots are where that satellite experienced instrumentation failure, had trouble with its electronics. And you can see pretty clearly that those failures are clustered around the South Atlantic anomaly. And this is because you have this weak spot in the field, and things like the solar wind penetrate further into the overall field, they get closer to the earth. And it's much easier for that to start interfering with electronics on board satellites. And this isn't an issue that was unique to this Topex satellite. This is a persistent problem with instruments on satellites. They pass through the South Atlantic anomaly, and they're much more prone to having issues and sometimes very serious issues. They've had catastrophic failures of electronic systems on board satellites, so they've been permanently damaged by the radiation out there. And then people also, you know, it's something that's often repeated this, this, I say, you know, the field protects the earth from the solar wind. Sometimes you'll hear people talk about it protecting the atmosphere of the planet. There's been this thought for a long time that the solar wind, in the absence of a magnetic field would strip away the atmosphere of the planet. And so a magnetic field maybe is necessary for a planet to be habitable. And people point to Mars as an example of a planet where it once had a magnetic field like the earth, and it's since died out. And of course now much of the atmosphere has been stripped away. It's a very thin atmosphere in Mars. That's something that's a little more recently some people have objected to the idea and say maybe it's not the, maybe it's not the case. But that's something you'll hear people say sometimes. But of course, a classic, the classic application or use of the magnetic field that we're probably all familiar with is in navigation and surveying. And so this is, this image shows a declination of the field at present. This is from the IGRF. It's an international geomagnetic reference field. So they release this every five years, a map of the current state of the magnetic field. And the declination is just how far off from geographic north, say your compass would be. So out here in California where I am, my compass would be about 10 degrees off, say from here north. All right. So this magnetic field that I've shown you these pictures of it, and it's got some of these interesting features like the South Atlantic anomaly. The deal is that changes over time. It changes on a variety of different timescales. So on decadal timescales, you get some changes in the morphology of the field, the weak spots and strong spots sort of grow and move. And for example, the magnetic poles move around. And sometimes this is something you'll see in the news. Sometimes we'll talk about, oh, the magnetic north pole moved you know, 30 kilometers over the last year. And this is actually an illustration from data over the last 400 years of the northern pole as it moves around. This is an illustration from NOAA. Actually, the speaker at the end of the day yesterday was from NOAA. So this is a, I have to apologize, this is a U.S. government agency. So of course the picture here is centered on North America. But I promise that most of this will take a more global perspective of the field. And on longer timescales, the field undergoes these really dramatic changes where the polarity of the field can completely reverse. Okay. So the northern magnetic pole, the southern magnetic pole switch, right? This has happened several times throughout Earth's history. This down here is actually an illustration of what's called the virtual axial dipole moment. I don't want to get caught up in the details of what that is, but just think of it as roughly a representation of how strong the dipole field is at a given time. And this is that intensity, the dipole intensity over the last 2 million years with present day at the right and 2 million years ago at the left. And then the sign indicates the polarity. Okay. So you can see, for example, in this plot that back here at about 780,000 years ago, we had the most recent reversal. And actually we had a handful of these in the last 2 million years. And roughly over the last something like 20 million years, we've averaged one of these every 250,000 years or so. So it's not an uncommon thing in the history of the year. All right. So what is it we're actually going to try and do here? What's going to be the point of this work? So there are two main objectives. We're interested in estimating the dynamic state of this geodynamo system. So that means not just the magnetic field and what it looks like, but also the fluid flow and the outer core. So this is an image from a simulation, actually, of a dynamo model at NASA. And on the left here, they're showing a single magnetic field line from their model. And on the right, this is a streamline for a flow in the inside of the outer core. So the red sphere in here is the solid inner core. And the outer sphere is just not the surface of the earth. This is just the outer core of the planet, the fluid here. And so I show this now just to make it clear that while we see this nice dipole dominated field out here towards the surface and from observations up in space, you can see the magnetic field down in the outer core, at least according to simulations. It's actually very, very messy. And similarly, the fluid flow in the outer core is very turbulent. And so we'd like to get an estimate of the state of the system. And then you'd like to be able to, as I said, the field changes, you'd like to be able to use that information to make forecasts of how the field's going to change on decadal scales. You'd like to project where the field looks like 5, 10, 50 years into the future. And so I'll show some results on that later. This is just a little teaser right here. This is from a recently produced forecast from the system at NASA. It shows the field intensity, the projected field intensity in 2025. And you have some contour lines here for that southed land only. And so these are the main goals. There are many other reasons to be interested in this, but I think this is the easiest way to frame this, estimate the state of the geodynamo and try and produce good forecasts of the magnetic field going forward. And to achieve those things, we'll look into using data assimilation. All right. So now we're on the same page, hopefully. And we can talk a little bit about exactly what observations are available to us and what sort of numerical models we have. And then I'll just briefly review the aspects of data assimilation that we need to have just for the discussion of this problem. Okay. So I just showed you a bunch of figures about the current state of the magnetic field and the magnetic field even in the distant past, the reversals that's undergone. But how do I know all this stuff? So the observations actually come from a variety of different sources. Certainly in modern times, you have satellite-based observations of the magnetic field. So this in the upper right is an illustration from ESA of SWARM. It's a collection of three satellites that have magnetometers on them and measure the magnetic field on the planet. And there have been a couple other missions similar to this over the last two decades that have done the same thing. So for a couple of decades now, we've had satellite-based measurements of the magnetic field. And of course, there have also been, since the mid-1800s, there have been terrestrial-based observation stations. But then to learn about the field before those days, people have come up with a lot of creative ways to get an idea of what the past field looked like. So in terms of those reversals in the distant past, we know about those things from the paleomagnetic reconstructions, like paleomagnetism people. They go and look at magnetic material and igneous rocks. They look at rocks that have cooled down slowly over time in the past and frozen in the signal of the magnetic field. So they do things like this is an illustration of mid-ocean ridge where you have this upwelling magma. And then it comes to the surface, the ocean floor, and it slowly cools off and the seafloor spreads out. And as it cools off, the ferromagnetic material in there sort of freezes in the signal of the magnetic field. So this illustration is just showing from something like the five million years in the past, say, up till the present, and the colored regions represent areas where you'd have present day magnetic polarity and white, the reverse, right? So you get from these mid-ocean ridges as you go out sort of a recording of the polarity of the dynamo. And so people will go out with boats and drag magnetometers behind the boat and read this barcode signal of the history of the polarity of the dynamo.  This is a whole complicated inverse problem on its own that people make whole careers out of. It's not as easy as I'm making it sound. People have done other really creative things. There's archaeomagnetic reconstructions where they've gone back and looked at, for example, material in pottery and bricks and things like that over the last few thousand years to get an idea of what the field looked like. And then for the last few hundred years, they've even gone back and looked at ship sailing logs. Somebody's meticulously gone through compass-recorded compass readings from ship sailing logs over the last 400 years. And that's actually how we know some of what we know about that South Atlantic anomaly and that it's been around for at least a few hundred years. Okay, now if you just take, in the present day, if you go and you just take a measurement of the magnetic field, if I sit here with the magnetometer and I measure the field or you have a swarm satellites in orbit and they measure the magnetic field, you of course measure a lot more than just the field of the geodynamo. As I'm sure a lot of people here know better than I do, there are a number of magnetic sources on this planet other than the other than the outer core. And so this illustration from the ESA highlights some of those. So this on the right here is a cross-section of the planet. And so you have down here the solid intercore and the fluid core that's the geodynamo in red. And that's what we're going to be interested in here. But of course you also have currents in the mantle and currents out in the ocean, the ionosphere and up in the magnetosphere. And all of these things are influencing any measurement you make. And so what they show on the left here tries to illustrate the various contributions from these different sources. Okay, so this is on the vertical axis, the magnetic field strength and each of these oval shapes represents a different source. So this narrow red one here is labeled long-term dynamo process. So that's what we're really interested in. And on the horizontal axis, don't worry about this description on the bottom right now, just focus on this. This is spatial wavelength. So this is really just about the size of the feature that you're looking at. Okay, so this is on a log scale. These these axes are both on a log scale here. So over here are large on the left hand side are large length scale features. And so over here, this long-term dynamo processes, that's almost two orders of magnitude larger than the next strongest source. So the point is, is really big features of the magnetic field. That's almost exclusively when you make a measurement, the signal of the of the geo dynamo. So this is why over here, this is, for example, the dipole over here, this large length scale feature, the big dipole dominated field we see. This is why you're able to use this. This is why you can, you know, with just a compass, you could you can see the signal of the dipole, because it's this large length skill features are very dominant over these other sources. But when you start getting into small magnetic anomalies, small scale magnetic anomalies of say a hundred kilometers, a few hundred kilometers or less, then it's things are starting to get messy. A lot of other things can be influencing that. Okay, so I should say there's going to be, you know, there will be a couple of equations along the way here. And I put them up for people that are interested in these things. But I think, you know, we'll be able to have a largely conceptual discussion about the issues that are of interest here and avoid getting bogged down in any details. So, but this is going to be important understanding the problem. So what happens when they take these measurements of the magnetic field from a satellite or a terrestrial observation station say is you typically assume that where you've taken the measurement, you're in a source free region, you're in a region without without any currents. Okay, and when that's the case, then the observed magnetic field B here can actually just be defined as by a potential field. It can be defined as the gradient of some scalar field. If you do that, you can actually describe this scalar field, this potential V, in terms of what are called spherical harmonics. So if you're not familiar with spherical harmonics, that's fine. I'll tell you just basically what you need to know. If you're familiar with Fourier series, it's the same idea but on the surface of a sphere say. The idea is just that you break down the scalar function into pieces in the component parts. So for example, I have this illustration down here at the bottom on the right hand side. If I had this function on the surface of a sphere here, the scalar function on the right, I could break this down. I could describe this in spherical harmonics as the sum of this function. So this P here is just, it's called the associated Legendre polynomial. So it's just some function of theta of the meridional angle on the sphere. So this could just be written as the sum of this function and this function. So you just have these coefficients here that are called Gauss coefficients, G and H, and they just tell you how much of each of these ingredients you need to these little functions you need to add together to get the scalar function you're interested in. So this is going to be, this is just going to be an important component of this problem and I'll explain why on the next slide. So basically the idea is you describe the magnetic field not by just saying at this point it's pointing in this direction with this intensity. You actually have a potential that defines it and you describe that potential as a list of these Gauss coefficients, a list of how much of each ingredient you need to make the field in terms of spherical harmonics. Okay, so why do they do this? It goes back to the plot about the contribution of different sources that I showed a couple of slides ago. So it's widely believed that the large scale features as I showed in that plot are really the signal of the geo-diamol and I should say this index L here in that formula I was showing for the spherical harmonics that really corresponds to length scale. So the lower that L is the bigger the feature is you're talking about. So for example that G, L equals 1, M equals 0 here, that coefficient actually is what gives you the dipole, that's the dipole ingredient. The bigger that coefficient G, 1, 0, the bigger, the stronger dipole is. As you move to larger values of L you get the finer scale features. And so the stuff up to degree 14 that's believed to be the dynamo. So the point of all this is by describing the field that we observe in this way it helps you isolate the signal of the dynamo. And I should say these other stuff here we don't need to worry about it but A is just that's the radius of the surface of the earth and then R is going to be just where you're at the distance from the center of the earth. So once you have a description of the magnetic field that looks like this from your observations of the surface under certain assumptions you can downward continue that. You can take your measurements of the surface and get an idea of what the field looks like down at the boundary of the geodynamo. So down near the core male boundary. And so that's what this video is showing right here. So you have the radial component of the field at the surface. And you see this largely this dipole dominated field you know in the tens of thousands of nano tesla range. And then when you use this setup and you downward continue it look at it what does the field look like at the core mantle boundary. You get intensities that are about an order of magnitude higher. And you also see that all these sort of fine scale features here are less smoothed out now you see a lot more a lot more activity a lot more stuff going on that you can't see out of the surface. So you know I go to the trouble of explaining all this because it's actually these low degree spherical harmonics it's the spherical harmonics that are actually used in assimilation systems these are things that actually assimilate into models of the geodynamo to try and estimate the state of the magnetic field in the core flow and in the interior. Okay. And so this is an important aspect of this problem because assimilating these spherical harmonics actually causes it causes a lot of issues there are a lot of issues associated with this. All right. So I told you about the observations and what sort of models do we have available to us. So I don't think we're going to have a chance to really get into this but I thought it was worth mentioning that there are there are these simple low dimensional models that try and recreate the behavior of the dipole over time and this is a simulation from one of them. So the idea here is this is just supposed to look like that plot I showed earlier of the previous two million years where you see the intensity of the dipole varies for a while and then you get these reversals where it changes polarity that's what this is assimilating. There are big 3D numerical models of the dynamo system that simulate the fluid flow and the outer core and it's coupling to the magnetic field and those have been around since the mid 90s. The very first one was built by Gary Glatzmeier and this is actually a snapshot of one of his models. These are the magnetic field lines and again like the simulation I showed earlier from the NASA model you can see that away from the magnetic field you get your nice dipole dominated field but down near the in the outer core near the core mantle boundary the lines get all twisted it's very messy and in fact this these snapshots right here are showing this simulation undergoing one of these reversals. So actually if you run these models in the right parameter regime and you run them for long enough you'll you'll get this this sort of reversing behavior out of them you can see these sorts of things here. This is another thing I don't think we'll really need to talk about but I think it's so interesting that it's worth mentioning people usually find this interesting. There have been multiple attempts to simulate this sort of system in a laboratory and there are several labs around the world that have done this I shouldn't say several but maybe something like on the order of 10 or something like that. The one I'm most familiar with is out at the University of Maryland so that's near Washington DC and the labs run by this physicist Dan Lathrop and this is a picture of their system so this is actually this steel drum here is is three meters in diameter it's not a small thing and then inside of this they have a they have another sphere that's supposed to be like the inner core of the planet and they can rotate the outer and inner sphere at different rates and then they fill this thing with liquid sodium and they start spinning around and they apply a magnetic field to it and they watch how the field lines get all contorted and everything and amplified by the by the flow inside and it's actually you know if you don't know liquid sodium is can be pretty it can be pretty dangerous stuff it's you know reacts violently with water and things so they have to I just went to a talk recently actually given by by by Dan Lathrop where he talked about they wanted to they wanted to make some modifications to the interior of this experiment and so disassembling it all and and cleaning it out and and storing the liquid sodium all as it is a very precarious process that's pretty serious about safety there but it's an interesting thing but anyway we'll focus on these these numerical dynamo models so let me tell you a little bit about about those and again this will be this will be a place where I have a few equations but we don't need to we don't really need to get bogged down and then I just like to point out a few things and discuss discuss them conceptually okay so there are different ways to to simulate this but a pretty typical way away the the dynamo model at nasa works is it relies on on on these three equations so this top equation here is just a usual navier stokes equation okay for the for the fluid flow v and the outer core with some rotation effects so the rotation of the planet is a is a critical piece of the generation of the magnetic field and then it's it's driven by by buoyancy so you have some density perturbation controlled by this equation so that you get so that you get buoyancy you get upwelling inside of the dynamo that's then twisted around by it by the rotation complicated ways but the main modification if if you're not familiar with you would call this magneto hydrodynamics or mhd right so the the physics of when you have a fluid like this moving around that's electrically conducting basically to to oversimplify it you just have a typical fluid flow but with the addition of a lorence force term that's what this is this j here is just the current density in the fluid so you have a usual fluid flow in the outer core but you you also have a lorence force so so the magnetic field is able to influence the fluid flow in the outer core one thing i'll come back to later is that these these models are are pretty computationally expensive they're not simple things um i want to say a few more things about the the middle equation here that that governs the the evolution of the magnetic field the so-called induction equation this is something that actually just falls out of under certain scalings falls out of out of maxwell's equations and really what you have here is just induction you have that you have the fluid this conducting fluid that moves around in the magnetic field and so you you induce new magnetic fields i mean then you also have some some decay of the magnetic field some transfer of magnetic energy to to kinematic right and so that's actually this this video over here on the right what's being illustrated here is over the course of the simulation the net energy change from uh kinematic to magnetic that's in yellow and then conversely the conversion of of magnetic energy by biomic dissipation okay and uh so so the point of showing this is just again you can see you can see you have a pretty complicated pattern in the outer core of magnetic field generation and and decay uh the other thing we're going to need to understand about this is that when you when you do one of these dynamo models you typically decompose the magnetic field into two scalar fields so this would be called a toroidal and poloidal decomposition and the only thing you need to know here uh is that you do this with the models and then you describe these scalars in those spherical harmonics so you describe them the same way that i discussed describing the the observations and then it's actually the spherical harmonics that describe this scalar field here p that that we have the observations of that's that's what we're going to assembly and the other aspects of the field the other aspects of the of the dynamo model so the fluid flow and the outer core and then density perturbations are similarly described in spherical harmonics so so the thing to take away from all this uh that's going to be important is you know we have a description of the state of the geo dynamo and a description of some observations the magnetic field from the geo dynamo and all of those things are described by spherical harmonic coefficients so they're not they're not described by saying this is what the direction and intensity of the field is at a certain point or this is what the velocity looks like it's it's described in this in this spectral way and this is as i said before this is going to be important because it it it causes some issues and doing the assimilations okay so we have these we have these observations of the magnetic field uh but there's a lot of things we can't observe like the fluid flow or the magnetic field in the interior we have numerical models of the system we have these numerical geo dynamo models and so obviously a natural thing to do then is to try and merge these things through through data assimilation okay so this uh this is going to be a brief review i guess of data assimilation i'm not going to spend too much time on it because i know we've already we've already seen this a couple of times this week i just want to use it to again highlight uh an important part of this problem so let's just say that x represents the state of the system and y my observations right so x is the state of the geo dynamo and y is is this collection of observations of the magnetic field uh you know in the usual way you assume that these these are related by by some observation operator and that there there's some noise you don't have perfect measurements in the system and of course the whole goal as we've as we've seen in discussed this week then in data assimilation is really to describe the the posterior distribution here the distribution of the of the true state conditioned on on your observations and so what i want to emphasize uh again is that in this problem that x here the the description of the state is a collection of spherical harmonic coefficients it's it's not explicit descriptions of the velocity or magnetic field directly and similarly this y here as those those observations in the form of spherical harmonic coefficients so this whole distribution is a distribution over collections of spherical harmonic coefficients and then a lot of the of the currently operational geomagnetic da systems um use ensemble based methods including the the one at at nasa that i'll i'll spend some time talking about so uh i think this is this is going to be the last the last bit of of equations here that we need and again we won't get bogged down and i might just want to focus on a few conceptual things uh so as a reminder with ensemble based da like an ensemble common filter that's that's going to be what the the nasa system uses the idea right is that you have an ensemble of of simulations you're running simultaneously of multiple instances the model so in this case multiple instances of the geodynamic model and here i have a little cartoon of this setup right so you have some observed states and some unobserved states and simulations correspond to a particular color right so there's a there's a blue simulation and a yellow and a green and a purple here right and so you run you run your simulations or collection of some simulations your ensemble up until the time where you have some information in this case these observations in the magnetic field so it would be like this red dot here with some associated uncertainty indicated by these these error bars and then you use your your preferred scheme da scheme right to to adjust your estimate of both the observed and the unobserved state right and the important thing in the ensemble based simulations is that the way you decide how much to adjust your unobserved state right based on the the state you do have observations of is is by the ensemble statistics so you compute the covariance of your ensemble you look at how how say in this cartoon example how at this time is the observed state correlated to the unobserved state according your ensemble right and then you make your adjustment to the observed state and and the unobserved one right so so this this would be like in our problem the equivalent of i have this observation of magnetic field but i don't know what the fluid flow and the outer core looks like so how do i how do i adjust the fluid flow according to according to what i see in the magnetic field okay and so this again when we don't need to get we don't really need to to talk about this i know we've talked about we've seen the colman filter at least a couple of times or last last week and a half so this is just the particular methodology that's used but the important thing here is really just that we're going to come back to is this issue of getting statistics from from the ensemble to see how things are correlated okay and so as i said a lot of these the nasa system and several other geomagnetic da systems like it are currently using ensemble colman filters and as i said we're we're going to come back to this i'll just say right now to to foreshadow what the what the issue is realize as i said several times this this x here it's a collection of spherical harmonic coefficients right so this ensemble covariance is a collection of covariances between spherical harmonic coefficients it's telling you how these coefficients are correlated and so that that creates some some interesting problems all right i think that's probably a natural we take a break at 45 minutes so that's probably a natural place to go ahead and do that if that's okay absolutely that's okay fine okay it's perfect yeah thank you then it's able to reconvene and 555 perfect the local time


Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh My beloved MCC East Bay community I want to begin by saying an advanced Ramadan Mubarak To all of you, your families, your children, your parents Once again, this is going to be a slightly different Ramadan for all of us But Ramadan is Ramadan and it's always a beautiful time of the year Regardless of our circumstances And so, you know, I pray to Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala That may this month be one filled with blessings for us and our families Wherever we are and however we are And may Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala continue to keep us all safe And in His protection at all times Ameen Ya Rabbi Alameen With that said, I just want to take a moment To share a few reminders This Ramadan is definitely going to be different Although we've made some amazing progress in the last year But the reality is that this disease is still with us It has not gone away And in fact, it's actually coming back harder than ever In some other parts of the world And we ask for Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala's Shifa and protection For all of humanity in this difficult time So with that said, you know The Masjid are still only allowing a limited number of people At the Masjid, of course We must abide by the law We must abide by the regulations that the county has set forth for us Whether we agree or even disagree with them So basically this means that for those of us And many of us for whom we are diligent In going to the Masjid every single day Or diligent in praying Salat al-Isha And the entire tarawih Listening to the entire Quran May not be possible once again for us this year But look at the bright side It's still better than last year Last year we were not able to go at all This year we inshallah will be able to go Maybe not on all days, but on some days And while we may not be able to listen to the entire Quran In Salat al-Tarawih We will be able to listen to as much Quran as we can As it is, you know, tarawih The prayer of tarawih in and of itself While it's highly recommended, it's a sunnah It's not a requirement Listening to the entire Quran in tarawih While again, once again, highly recommended A sunnah of the Nabi alayhi salatu wa salam But yet at the same time, it's not a requirement What is required is that we keep ourselves safe What is required is that we keep our communities safe So inshallah, you know, if we are unable to be there Every day or for some reason, you know We are there every day, but we will be missing out On portions of the Quran Our intention is with Allah And our reward is also with Allah Now, this doesn't mean that we cannot recite the Quran We still have the ability to recite the Quran If we have a little bit of extra time Because we're spending a half an hour Or 45 minutes less at the Masjid Let us utilize that time to come back home To recite the Quran If for some reason we haven't been able to Register on that given day Then spend the time at home with your family And, you know, pray salat in congregation You can even pray salatu tarawih in congregation With whatever amount of Quran we have And just imagine the barakah of the salat The congregation, the family in our homes Right, so there's always a bright side to everything And if you haven't registered I'm going to remind myself first and everyone else Don't simply show up just because you show up every day Do the right thing with Allah And Allah knows our intentions, inshallah You know, some people have said that there should be A separate arrangement for people who are vaccinated You know, logistically, honestly I can tell you That it could be, you know, a nightmare So, you know, please, please do respect You know, the ability on behalf of the Masjid volunteers To do as much as they can Prayer still will be outdoors in many cases If that happens to be the case Then let us be grateful that we are still able to gather For prayer I want to be inside the Masjid We all want to be indoors, you know We don't want to be standing this far away from each other We want to pray all 20 rakahs We want to listen to the entire Quran But, you know, with all that's going on around us We're trying to do all of us Individually and collectively Must try to do the right thing And also go above and beyond A lot of times people will say that Oh, these people are gathering Or they're gathering We want to go above and beyond In order to make sure that we protect life Right? We protect life That's all we're trying to do here We're trying to protect people's lives Because the moment an individual May be affected by this You know, the greatest fear Is not that they will, you know, get very sick Or this, while that is the case The greatest fear is that they may actually end up dying And so we're trying to protect life Which is one of the Maqasid of Sharia So please, let us be gentle with ourselves Let us be gentle with everyone around us And of course, I'm being, you know I'm thinking a little far ahead And I'm thinking that maybe Salat al-A'id Will be something similar to this as well I know many elders Very pious elders Ulama, in fact Scholars who are older Who have never missed praying at the Masjid Who for decades, not one decade or two decades Who for the last four, five decades Have prayed 20 rak'as of tarawih in Ramadan Listen to an entire khatam During the month of Ramadan They, because of the pandemic And because of their own situation And the situation of those around them Have chosen to not be at the Masjid Not go to the Masjid and wanting to do the right thing So let us be conscious Let us be aware Allah is aware of our intentions You know, we don't have to be harsh on ourselves Or unto others Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is kareem And we ask for Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala's Karam, his generosity His barakah, his blessings His reward For all of us and our families And we hope and pray, insha'Allah That all of us continue to have A beautiful Ramadan So once again, I take this moment To say Ramadan Mubarak To all of you, your families, your children And you know, we Keep me in your du'as I will keep all of you in mind And we pray to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala For a blessed month One filled with lots and lots of blessings For us and our families We pray that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala Forgive us our shortcomings And grant us the blessings