So what has been central for me in researching the Walking Neighbourhood project has been about children having rights and being active participants in society. So in this whole project Walking Neighbourhood the children very much had choice. They chose where the walk that they created went to and that choice came from their own explorations of the urban spaces and those choices you know were you know there's some negotiation with the parameters because these walks are publicly performed and you know the children take unknown adults so people come along as an audience to go along these walks and so there were obviously parameters about how to orchestrate that with you know public audience and the artists would work with the children in developing you know where their walk went so the choice you know they could verbalize there where they want to go and the artists may come back and say well what about you know this may happen there's limitations that say you want to go to the video shop and the video shop says well that's actually our peak time or could you just use this space so that we can still be running our business and so you know having to be aware that you can't just get exactly what you want all the time that's a really important lesson to learn in life as well about this negotiation of our choices and the children in terms of their voice that's about you know children articulating their opinions their ideas and the way the project works is that that what was really central was very much honoring the children's ideas I think my experience in schools is that it's the teachers ideas that dominate the space and so and how they orchestrated that was like at the beginning of each workshop in developing the walks that the children and the artists would sit in a circle and just check in you know share where they were at about that point in time I'm a concerned about their idea or you know a new you know something new that they wanted to bring to the space and the same at the end of the workshop they would always gather as a group in a whole circle I very much see that the young people and the artists were co-learners in this project and this was really key to how the project was orchestrated so the practice of the artists their pedagogy is very different to what teachers typically do and yeah I have a strong appreciation for this practice so you know already have just explained that practice of you know sitting at the as a group at the start of each workshop and at the end and you know so that's a practice to engage with everyone as an equal and give everyone equal space overall their practice is very much about being responsive and intuitive to the children's interests and what the concerns and what they're wanting to do and so it's very much about aligning and being in tune with the children and your artists seem to have a greater propensity for this because they do work in a very deeply sensory space and so by being aware of their own senses they can also have that capacity to be aware of others senses and others some explorations because you know artists kind of work with matter and and play around with it in different ways and they will so they will also pick up on others and how they play around with things in different ways and so yeah it's really this lovely it's very much about getting in tune with each other and being responsive and and didn't get that being intuitive and supporting the inquiry along the way and you know through that it is a co-learning process both the young people and the artists are completely learning all the way along the way and it does if we side by side I think yeah typically in a classroom yeah there is this hierarchy that the teacher knows all but in this co-learning practice it's about being yes side by side and I believe and have noticed through my years of experience that that does really open up the opportunity for something much deeper rich learning that this children recognize and it resonates with them and they carry with them for the rest of their lives so much more than the surface just regurgitating knowledge


Professor Colin Latcham is an Australian researcher and consultant who's been with us at the Commonwealth of Learning in Vancouver, Canada for the last one month, working on a very interesting project. Many of you will know that the Commonwealth of Learning, or COL, has developed several quality assurance toolkits in open-end distance learning. These are specifically for open schooling for teacher education and higher education, but we didn't have anything for non-formal education and there's a lot of work that we do in that area at the community level. So Professor Colin Latcham, or Colin as I'll call him, very kindly agreed to take this on and he's been here working on that. So we'll talk about that today so that you know what it is that he exactly did. So my first question, Colin, is that why a quality assurance toolkit for non-formal education? Well, I became very interested in this. I'm very interested in quality assurance and just co-authored a book on this subject and we found that non-formal education was an area that really was not being very well covered in the literature. I think the last work was by Tony Dodds about 1996 in this area, so that's quite some time, and I'd seen a number of reports on non-formal education and I was quite concerned because it seemed that very often the quality was not assured in these projects, which of course is a matter of concern because it's not in itself a very high status area and to try to get funding can be quite difficult. There are quite a lot of pilot projects rather than long-term sustained programs. So it's very important I think to assure all of the stakeholders that the money is being well spent and the outcomes that are required for non-formal education are being realized. So what would you say is the difference in the quality assurance for non-formal education and quality assurance you know for in an institutional context? Well, I think this is what's made the project particularly interesting for me because it's really turned into quite a major research study. You know basically when you're looking at assuring quality in a university's situation, which is basically in my background, I mean you're really looking to see whether the graduates have achieved the kind of outcomes that that are expected both in terms of the disciplines they studied and the kind of generic attributes that employers and society at large are requiring. Now when you come to non-formal education, these outcomes may not only be concerned with individuals but with whole communities and so because I was adopting an outcomes approach or rather to use the development terminology, the outputs, outcomes and impacts approach, what I had to do was to go and research what was actually happening in non-formal education. I found a really fascinating range of programs going on from basic literacy right through to encouraging peace and reconciliation in war-torn communities, helping people with work skills or to set up small to medium enterprises through to the use of organizations like telecentres. So I had to work through all of these and look at the evaluations to work out what kind of outcomes were we actually talking about and then having drawn those up I then translated these into what we would either call key performance indicators or critical success factors, very simple statements that can be based upon direct observation of documents or the learners or the community's performance during and after the event. So are these generic enough because non-formal education would cover so many different contexts? Well there's quite an extensive list of suggested performance indicators and I'm not suggesting that everybody should work with all of them. They're really indicating the kind of performance indicators that one would be looking for and I've broken them down into three areas. First of all there is the the outputs or the outcomes or the impacts on the learners. Then there's the what effect is how would you measure the quality of the actual learning provision you know the actual program and then finally how would you judge the outcomes from the community level and the outputs are short-term, the outcomes are mid-term and the impacts are long-term. So I'm really advocating a pick-and-mix approach and you even add your own and then what I've done is provide a very simple matrix within which you can take note and score how these performance indicators have actually been achieved because a lot of the people this is aimed for are not full-time educators. They won't have large budgets, they will have very limited time so my aim has been to give them a very simple toolkit that they can use in the field and yet give the necessary results. Because I imagine some of this will have to be translated into local languages because we work with grassroots communities. But I think involving the partners as you seem to say is very important in this whole enterprise. Who are the people who will be using this toolkit? Well when you look at some of these quality assurance reports and evaluations and audits one can see quite clearly that things went wrong right from the very beginning. So the first thing I'd say is that the quality assurance must be built into the very initial planning of the project and then it should be monitored throughout the project and then summatively applied at the end of the project. Now what this means then is that the toolkit is really for policy makers and planners but equally important it's for the actual practitioners. So they must be trained in and familiarized with the quality order system because they will be the people who are doing some of the monitoring and providing some of the reports and without that you have a really weak link in the chain. So what are some of the other ways that the planners and the practitioners are going to use this toolkit? Right from the beginning as you say that it's a good research instrument, it's a good resource because it has case studies of what's happening in different projects so it might trigger off good ideas in people so it becomes a good useful planning. Yes well I think it gives them a very very clear step-by-step guide to the steps to go through. I mean for example I've looked at the types of data that you can gather up in the quality assurance process and the critical questions you need to ask yourself about the reliability and the effectiveness of gathering up data in those particular ways. I think the other thing that probably going back to your earlier question about how this differs from from higher education, higher education institutions and schools on the whole tend to operate on their own. Yes okay you know the parents and the employers and the communities have a role but when it comes to non-formal education very often there are all kinds of partnerships for example with the lifelong learning for farmers critically important to have a partnership with the local banks who are going to provide the loans to the farmers to implement what they learned on the training and also with the mobile phone companies because the learners had said that this was the best way they could learn so they had to be cheap to use mobile phones. So in other words part of the planning actually involves looking at the partners and of course the more partners you get in the more important is to make sure that the quality assurance system involves all of those partners as well as the sponsor or the provider. We're really looking for models that are shown to be working that are then not only sustainable but transferable so that other people can learn from successful projects and sadly at the moment that research those findings those quality assurances just aren't there. I think the data is very important you know if we have to sort of convince other people that this model works they want evidence first. They must do they must do I mean money is very constrained and you know we're competing against you know all kinds of other demands for for valuable resources and yet when you look at non-formal education as I see it when we look globally throughout the whole Commonwealth you know higher education schools is really at the tip of Niceburg and below that we have a mass of people who need to be helped to become literate to be more aware of how to conduct health care who need to be helped to build their communities to be self-sustaining and and so on and my feeling is that you know we really need to focus much more on that but if we're going to do it we must do it really well. I think that's very important especially getting the partners on the same page yes absolutely because ultimately it's the partners who generate the data in the field yes and they are the ones who should be convinced because they are the ones who deliver and it's through them that you know organizations like GOL and other development agencies work so I think this toolkit is meant primarily for the partners. Well I think it's for the I think it's for the proposals of projects you know if if somebody is applying for funding I think they should be capable of signing up to an agreement this is how we're going to do it and these are the results we're going to we're going to provide then I think the actual partners yes as you say must be all on the same page and then the communities themselves need to know because a lot of these non-formal education programs I mean take telecentres they depend enormously upon community support and community input I mean I suppose this is another big difference going back to your early question between non-formal education and formal education this is really starting with learners needs or community needs you don't start with the set curriculum or an agreement on what it is that's going to be so there has to be a great deal of involvement of the community in actually planning the programs and as we saw with lifelong learning for farmers which I thought was wonderful it's now reached a stage where the farmers themselves are running their own training website and producing their own training videos for use on mobile phones well that's where you've got evidence that something is really taking off that's an impact right that that's that really is an impact you know I mean 2000 women have generated over 2.5 million canadian in the last four years so that is a very major impact yes and we hope that we'll be able to run similar projects much better more effectively with more value for money by using this toolkit so thank you very much Colin well thank you very much it's been a wonderful time I mean it's a very valuable piece of work so thank you thank you thanks a lot


Welcome to Toffy TV. I am joined here by Sebastian Valle, who is a supporter's liaison officer at Borussia Dortmund. Sebastian, welcome to Toffy TV. I just want to start with asking you about the atmosphere. Borussia Dortmund's atmosphere is feigned throughout Europe. Do you think there's any part of that to do with the fact that there is safe standing rail-sheetting in the stadium, as opposed to everybody sitting down? Sure, definitely, definitely. If we had here an all-seater stadium, we never had the atmosphere like we had. That's for sure. We have also all-seaters stadiums in Germany, like Berlin, like Munich, and you have never had a good atmosphere like this. I think it's not only important that you stand. It's also important that you can stand close to your neighbour, that you feel more at the atmosphere. There's no atmosphere when you have a meter space to another one. If you stand with your friends, with your guys, can have a bratwurst, a beer, can sing songs, that makes the atmosphere. It can automatically out of the people. Can I ask you the differences in a Champions League game at Dortmund, because obviously they have to sit at the Champions League game. Is there a noticeable difference in the atmosphere between a Champions League game and a Bundesliga game? Yes, it is a difference. On the south stand are normally, in domestic league games, 25,000 people around about. We lost a lot of capacity when we built in seats for international games, so there are I think 12,000 in total. What we do to have a good atmosphere too, is we try to focus the ultras in the middle section. This is not easy when you have international games because the season tickets are not for the same section like in the Bundesliga match. So for example, you have a season ticket for section 12. It's possible that you have your seat for a Champions League game in section 82. So you are not near to your friends, you are up in the tribune to sit down. What we do is, we have a special coming in for our ultras and we said ok, you can stand together. You are the heart here on the tribune and this is our respect to these guys. We will honour what they do for the club and that's what we do. So we have a good atmosphere at the Champions League games because the ultras can stand together. But we feel it is different. You have more tourists in the Champions League games from all over the world. You make it a little bit different, but it's also good. How important do you think it is to be as involved as you are with the ultras then, with a designated ultras group to get that atmosphere going? Is that vital to what Russia do here? It is in Germany, it's very important. The ultras are these guys who said in the tribune, ok, we gave the text. We said what songs we think they have the feeling, what song is right and in which situation and something like that. So you have to handle these groups, especially they are sometimes different. But mostly they are good guys. They do very good things for the club. This is the right character team. You know what I mean? So they support children's hospital and something like that. Not only the bad guys like policemen said. So it is far as important to bring together the fan clubs and normal fans with the ultras that can make some discussion about the atmosphere, about some other points that are very important for them. So when they know them they arrange and they build a big fan club who can bring the atmosphere in. Now we were at the game, stood on the tribune, the yellow wall for the game against Leverkusen. We thought as Englishmen stood on that wall the atmosphere was unbelievable, start or finish. But I'm speaking to you this morning and you said now it was quite quiet and the ultras weren't happy with the noise inside the stadium. So how does that last night compare to a normal game when everybody is up then? We have really good games in the season with very big atmosphere where you think the roof is flying up. Now especially at this situation we are still at the top, but Bayern came near. Now we feel that the team needs our support. Yesterday they handed out flyers to all the fans in the stadium and said now every tribune, not only the south stand, also the west, the east, the north, you have to sing, you have to stand up for your team, you have to bring them in front. And for all this it was sad. It was not good to cry just our special sections 13 and 12 gave their best and the rest is so apathic. They stand there if they be or if they're proud and look on the pitch. Maybe when the game is exciting I understand that it's completely okay. Come in to see a football game, not to sing songs. But this is our benchmark. The atmosphere, the yellow wall and we have to make clear that when you want to be apart in the south stand, you have to sing. You have to sing. You are a part of this great atmosphere and that's what we have to talk to all the guys, fan club people, ultras, normal guys, it's important. And on the other side it's difficult because we have big discussion inside between fan clubs and ultras. So we don't want that they become angry. They have to arrange and they have to talk about what is a real problem, why we have a quiet atmosphere, when the game is a special game, what is the reason, is it Sunday evening too late? Or are too many tourists here? I don't know. So we have a lot of ideas what we can do and we talk to our ultras and to other fan clubs and we will see what the future brings. I mean if that's too quiet I'd hate Sebastian to watch some Premier League games because it was deafening for us. Just finally you're an SLL supporter's liaison officer. Just very briefly what does your role include? Yes, I'm a social worker in our team. We are 10 in total, it sounds a lot, but we are divided into teams. We have four social workers, four sweet workers, they just work with our fans, with ultras, with Hooligan.  Then we have four colleagues who just manage all the fan clubs worldwide. Ticketing, fan club wishes, merchandise stuff, something like that.  I'm the leader of the Sweet Work team and so I try to arrange everything, what is important for our fans when they travel to play games, when they come for home games. And stay always in contact with special groups, that's the main part of my job. Incredible and again something that we as English clubs could definitely learn to have this kind of interaction with a designated group of supporter liaison officers. It just seems that the brief tower in the water that we've dipped there in German football that they've got so many aspects of the game, right? And so many aspects that we're envious of, but once again a massive thank you for Sebastian, for everything and for us at Dortmund, for everything they've done for us. Thanks for watching.


One of the things I'm only going to ask you is, I think that most of the women thought the job of being president was impossible for you to buy us, and I think things have changed and they feel that you thrive on it. And I sort of want to ask you how you discipline yourself and how you plan your activities, so whatever it will be. Well, maybe the eight years as governor gave me some advanced training for this, because I do remember that when I first became governor, there was a period in which I thought the world had fallen on my head, and I guess I learned there. But isn't this more difficult? I mean, isn't it more people and we're coping? Yes, and I have to say that I think that for the presidency, the nearest thing to it in the country is a governorship. You don't have a foreign policy, which does add some problems, but it is the same thing. And it used to be, if you look back at earlier days in which our presidents were mainly found among the governors, and I think that is a better training place than serving in the legislature or something. Yes, but the other thing, I've never felt better in my life physically. You certainly have been. I have a little gym upstairs that I get to every afternoon before the day is over. Tell me, would you recommend the job to a friend? Yes, you might not be a friend afterward, but I have to say that for someone who really wants to do some things that he believes strongly, and this is the most fulfilling experience I've ever had in my life. Mr. President, we were curious. Many times in the last six weeks, you've been awakened many sleep with world crises. How do you get the news? Who brings it to you? Do you have to have coffee? Do you stay up all night? Does Mrs. Reagan get up with you? No, I try to slip out without her at all. It's usually the phone. Is it a special phone? It's usually just the bedside phone. Well, when it has happened, it happened at Atlanta, George, when we were on that weekend there. Well, there were two such calls and two such issues, and one of them was the phone, and simply it was a button on fire and asking, could I come out in the living room? I mean, the secretary stayed there, so I whispered that I was just going out in the living room for a little bit, hoping that she'd go back to sleep. Then the second incident down there, one of the students that he just slipped in, tipped over him and touched me on the shoulder and whispered to me, and I slid out and did the same thing again. But then, I was like, you stay there and do what has to be done. Well, are you alert immediately? Do you need coffee or anything? No, I wake up easy. And then more recently at Camp David, it was phone calls. Not in the middle of the night in this case. I wasn't up yet, but it was... Do you get to dislike having the phone ring because you think there's a problem or anything? Yes, I can't say that I pick it up with dread because many times it's just a correction or some information on something or other, but it has to be faced. It's usually a problem. Usually, yes. I wanted to ask you, do you think the American people are behind the convenient troops for a military action? And do you think, this is a more serious question, do you think that the number of casualties influences how they feel about something? Oh, it has to be... This has to be the hardest thing in all of this job and certainly in my life. And that is committing these tasks where you know there is that threat. I have never been so proud of anything because I have versus a few years ago, there was an entirely different situation, but everyone said the volunteer in military wouldn't work what it is working in. There is an esprit de corps, there's a pride out there among them that just puts a lump in my throat and then it will accident or accident the incident, such as the one in Lebanon. There just is no way to make that easy. But the thing is to try and... Well, first of all, I think many people jumped in advance, not people. Such thinking could grassroots, but press and political figures on the Grenada rescue mission that immediately jumped to the conclusion that this was some kind of award-like thing that everyone would be angry at. It was kind of interesting to see so many of them have to try to call back, you know, at the end of the limb when they found out that the American people understood very well what we were doing and supported it. Now it's harder for them to understand Lebanon because in Lebanon they were not sent there to fight. And hopefully there would be no combat. We knew there was a risk because of the counter violence that would take place in the streets over there for a long time. But the whole idea of the multinational force was in connection with our own peace proposal from the Middle East. Lebanon was stalling that. If you remember, you had Israel and Syria both in. Israel had crossed the border because PLO terrorist students were attacking villages across their northern border from Lebanon. The Lebanon government, as it was several years ago, was virtually powerless in the face of what can only be termed warlords in their own country of several factions, each with its own militia, fighting each other and fighting the government. And you couldn't proceed with the peace mission until we resolved this problem. So we sent a force in, the idea that, well, first of all, that it had gotten some 10,000 PLO out. Now the idea was that both Israel and Syria would get out. Then a stabilizing force there, where the Lebanese government reformed and created a military force in which it could then take over jurisdiction of its own territory. Well, the first blow was that the Syrians, after saying yes, they would get out, said no, they wouldn't. The Israelis were prepared to get out, both sides wanted it. The idea was that they were well simultaneously. And so our force there is there for that purpose and there wouldn't have been a shot fired by a Marine or by our neighbor air force if they had not been shot at. And when that happened, I said, wherever we send them, they're going to have the right to defend themselves and to fire back. Mr. President, I'm curious, your political godfather or grandfather, if you will, Barry Goldwater, Senator Goldwater is even calling for the boys to come back and pay room. And I'm wondering, how far are you willing to commit troops or how far are you willing to escalate? It isn't a case of whether we will escalate. That is up to the Syrians and to some of those rebel groups that are fighting the Lebanese military. But we have only fired back when we have been attacked. And I am hopeful that after this last exchange that the Syrians will decide that they don't want to go on the path. But Mr. President, if they remain the calcitrant, if they remain, the Israelis are bombing them and strengthening them and haven't really budged them, if they remain the same and they remain shooting at our reconnaissance bikes and downing our fires, what is the next step? Well, we're taking the next step right now. Donald Roosevelt is on his way back there. And we still are going to try for a political solution. We're going to try to negotiate with the Syrians and make them understand. If they don't want to negotiate, if they find it in their best interest to be a four-year side, what do you do then? Well, that becomes a kind of a hypothetical question in which I almost have to wait to see what the circumstances are. Actually, the Lebanese military, which we have helped train and have equipped and which is a very good military force, is supposed to be resolving the situation for themselves as we try to maintain little stability of Beirut while they can go forward and do this. Do you see a day either in your own, in your next term, for instance, or in the very near future, where President Assad could be as sort of the dominant, the present-day dominant force in the Arab world, where he could be something like, could become something like what MRSA.K became to us? Do you ever see that kind of relationship ever being able to develop? I don't see any reason why not. We've made great progress with the other Arab states, the more moderate states. I think that they are very ready for a negotiated settlement continuing on with the Camp David Accords and the UN resolutions. Syria is the big kid and the bad kid on the block. And the other Arab states have been trying themselves to persuade Syria to join in this effort and to withdraw. And now a new element has been introduced by Syria. They had mentioned this before, but earlier they said, oh, yes, they would get out, too. They now are not pretending that there is any assault on them or that they're in any danger and that's why they're staying there. They are now claiming that Lebanon properly is a part of a greater Syria. This is outright armed aggression now in their part, hoping to expand their territory at the expense of Lebanon. And they've even indicated at the expense of Jordan. Mr. President, moving off of that People Magazine question, how did you assess the film the day after? Do you think movies have a way of forming a political opinion? Well, any motion picture or any drama or play is based on one thing. It isn't successful unless it has or evokes any emotional response. If the audience does not have an emotional experience, whether it's one of hating something or crying or having a lot of laughter, then you've got a failure out there. Well, certainly there was an emotional response to this type of horror film. But apparently it has not had a lasting impact. I haven't seen very much reference to it anymore and maybe one of the reasons was because yes, it was a horror film showing you what I'm sure all of us all knew who the nuclear war is, I'm thinking, look, it is a shared horror. It must not happen. But it left you with no idea or solution, no suggestions to what to do about it. And I think that my own reaction to it was, look, if anything, if this can add to what we've been saying about the fact that there must not be a nuclear war, then maybe the people will understand why we're trying so desperately to get a reduction in those weapons worldwide. And I hope that if we start down the reduction road, that the other side will see the common sense in eliminating them totally. Not since 1946 has there been such a suggestion and that was made by this country and even then when we were the only ones really with a stock of such weapons, the Soviet Union refused. Let me ask you this question. If your young drop-off had been in the room with you watching the film that night, would you have said that very same thing to him? Yes. And anything else? Yes, I would have told him that the only way there could be a war was if they started, we're not going to start. Let me ask you this. Do you have any second thoughts about calling the Soviet Union an evil empire? I think the fall of the Soviet Union was... Do you have second thoughts about that? Do you wish you had involved? No. I think that it was high time that we got some realism and got people thinking that for too long we have kind of viewed them as just a mirror image of ourselves and that maybe we could appeal to their good nature and we've gone through the experience a number of years past saying, well, if we cancel weapons systems, if we unilaterally disarm, maybe they'll see that we're nice people too and they'll disarm. Well, they didn't. They just kept on increasing. So you see them as really a source of evil? Yes, because you have to look at the impact of what we were just talking about. Of Lebanon. There they are with thousands of military advisors and technicians and so forth in Syria have provided Syria with weapons that are not purely defense weapons. Ground to ground missiles that can cover virtually every target from Syria in Israel. And they are the ones that seem whether it's out of paranoia and believing that everyone is an enemy and so they have to be aggressive or whether it is the Marxist-Leninist theory, more than a theory commitment that was handed to them and that was that they must support uprisings wherever they take place in the world to bring about a one world communist state. Now, no Russian leader has ever refuted that. As a matter of fact, he hasn't had time yet, but every Russian leader up to Andrakov at some time or other has publicly restated his commitment to world conquest. Let me ask you a question out of that. In the Jerusalem Post the quote was accurate saying that this generation might see, or again, that a lot of the biblical prophecies are sort of being played out today or you could be seeing this being played out in the Jerusalem Post and I was going to say is this really true? I do believe that. I've never done that publicly. I've talked here among our own people because some theologians were telling me calling attention to the fact that theologians have been studying the ancient prophecies of what would portend the coming of Armageddon and have said that never in the time between the prophecies and up until now has there ever been a time in which so many of the prophecies are coming together. There have been times in the past when people thought the end of the world was coming and so forth but never anything like this and one of them the first one who ever approached this to me and I won't use his name I don't have permission to he probably would give it but I'm going to ask had held a meeting with the then head of the German government years ago when the war was over and did not know that his probably was theology and he asked this theologian what did he think was the next great news event worldwide and the theologian very wisely said I think that you're asking that question in the case that you have a thought along that line and he did it was about the prophecies so no I've talked conversationally about that you've used on it, you've considered it not to the extent of throwing up my hands and saying it's all over I think whichever generation at whatever time that time comes the generation that is there I think we'll have to go on doing what they believe is right even if they don't yes to ask you a serious question which comes out of this I see around since my last visit here many more signs that the government is worried about terrorism it's the kind of that do you yourself think about dying think about the fear of the position you're in well you can't help but be conscious because the security measures are also evident to you but if you mean do I go around fearful and look them over my shoulder no, I have confidence in the security people I had the one taste of a quick touch of another and I never second-guess the security people when they tell me we're going to do something or change some way of doing things that we're doing and I accept that is it something you talk about for instance to Mrs. Reagan or your children something you just it's better what I was saying yes very much so because I think it was harder for them when it did happen especially to get over it's a lot easier to worry about someone else in your mind when I set on some expedition some public appearance or something does your bulletproof shirt or jacket or coat or whatever hang in your family quarters or do they keep it when they come having in hand they kind of come in flinching because they know that I do not accept it with good grace what do you say when they put it on you even an occasional unprintable word but I also know that they would not be bringing it in unless they felt there was a reason for it and so but it isn't pleasant it's uncomfortable that's the main thing is it bulky or is it heavy or what it's bulky and it works so hard in that gym up there and they say everybody out there in the audience they think I'm getting fat Mr. President away from Armageddon this talk of dying back to 1984 did you cringe when you had to sign the order to have your own aides take lie detector tests and I'm curious have you ever taken one how did you feel no I never have but I didn't sign an order for them to take it this has been misconstrued and I bless you for giving me a chance we had a meeting that came in national security rules and regulations security, the information there and there was a leak and it was a leak which could cost some Americans their lives and this is a criminal act when there's a violation of national security and I called the justice department and I thought it was serious enough and I said I want an investigation how this happened guard against my future now such an investigation without my designation if it is a violation of national security it is a criminal investigation if it is a criminal investigation the FBI has the right to ask for a lie detector test but being a criminal investigation the individual has the right to refuse them and that's all but that's been distorted that I suddenly no did your aides finally I don't know I don't even know whether the FBI even asked for them or not they determine that and that is within the law and if somebody says no they report that also in their investigating report that they asked and was refused but I don't know whether they have been given we've got time for about one more the governor is a major waiting for it Mr. President who do you think the easiest Democrat would be to be in 1984 if I answered that question I may be helping them to choose out of that octet they've got out there I'm not going to help them in their choice you're relishing running against me but I haven't said yet that I'm running I have two questions not to Christopher I'd like to as it was two questions one I was thinking in this year of living dangerously and I wondered how in the world do you maintain the very obvious romance you have with Mrs. Gray I mean romance takes time and it takes a move and it takes not being carried and what sort of special things do you do to maintain this togetherness in these tough times well I don't know if we've always been very close and they're developed up as they would in 30 odd years little things that are kind of foundational or that have a meaning to us from times back can you cite any of them that I mean I think especially in your article in Parade you showed how much you loved her and how much the romance continues and whatever I just wondered if there's sort of small things you do to keep this touching this together well there are certain occasions when we leave notes for each other and things of that kind what do you still do is there a special place you leave them oh no it just depends well things like on the breakfast tray and on certain occasions the cars could I ask one more question for my mother who you gave a story to last year and we kept hearing from our readers about the pig leg at pig the story you told me about the pig with the wooden leg we thought that this has become a tradition for the magazine and we wondered do you have a good story to tell the readers and indeed my mother who is now 84 this year a very good story I can't repeat that because I've done that story yes I have one that I told in a couple of speeches lately and that is a young fellow in a small town and he would make a very good living selling fish to the local restaurant and again people got a little curious where he was coming up with all these fish and his uncle happened to be the sheriff so he said why don't you ask your nephew if you can go fishing with him someday and I'd like to know where he's getting these fish so the uncle did and they were out in the middle of the lake and uncle started to put his line in the water and the nephew reached in the tank and pulled out a stick of dynamite threw it in and exploded and he started pulling them in and his uncle said he says do you realize you've just created a fountain and the uncle reached in the tackle box and came up with another stick of dynamite and handed it to the sheriff and says did you come out here to fish or talk very good Mr. President Mr. President thank you very very much once again I hope you understand well thank you the same to you we certainly appreciate it thank you thank you


Lamar Jackson, Joe Burrow, who's having a better football season? Lamar Jackson? Why? Lamar Jackson, he's the best quarterback. You know there's a lot of Orioles fans here saying Joe Burrow. I'm offended. That's a silly question. It's big eight, the great eight. That's Lamar all day. Lamar by a mile. Lamar more, baby. Who day?  Who day? Joe Burrow, he's that guy. I mean, Lamar has just as good of weapons around him as Joe has had the last couple of years. And I think he's hungrier. So I just think that he throws for over 5,000 like he did his MVP season. Joe Burrow, because he makes it to the playoffs and wins. Well, Lamar did. Lamar, number one. He's won a playoff game. One. Lamar, because he's a franchise quarterback. Lamar Jackson, baby, all the way. MVP.


in this very lousy technical talk also on layer 2 UX design patterns I should have added a lot of people thought it's about the government but it's about design actually so how many of you are actually familiar with layer 2 technologies know how plasma state channels work how many don't okay a few we will have a tiny tiny primer about that so that you can get up to speed so on the agenda I will give a tiny detail about precedent for the framework of how we went out and found these principles tiny principles at the primary only to technology so that those I don't know understand what we're talking about and then there are these lead to design patterns very very little and few patterns because there's not been much time to test with real users and of course in the middle we will have the voices of the users okay there's these bubbles of things that people and users actually told me I've interviewed non-crypto users but crypto curious users also and they will be speaking in the middle of the presentation so that you can hear the voices so last year we presented this web 3 design decision making framework was a tool that came out from the interviews of many different companies in the space that helped us map the different problems users have into different types of buckets of questions that were from the members of decentralization and things that are related to the technicalities of all the blockchain this is interesting because it leads to how we found the design patterns and also why we started doing the layer 2 design patterns so what we found out is that of course there's new mental models and there are there are also new complicated concepts and these things in different things and the solutions that these companies were using range into different buckets as well if you want things that you could hide you should hide to the user and things that are technical you should oh and you cannot hide you should explain better I'm not going through the whole presentation that was last year but just a simple example to understand like gas is a multi-dimensional problem you can have things that you can hide away like what is gas price limit designers and projects have had a lot of success in hiding this information but there are other things like why is there a price at all who is it getting it that you need to find better explainers for this and these happen also in the layer 2 and of course the solutions these companies were using could be mapped out in here and so this is where the layer 2 comes in which is there was a high degree of consensus among developers and designers working in the space that sometimes it's okay to have a server tiny server that helps you in the middle that there is a degree of centralization especially for new cameras for non-crypto users okay it's okay to help them by the hand and then on board them on to real decentralized technology and so this is why I thought that layer 2 had that promise of bringing that degree of centralization but it still has the security of layer one so right now a primer on state channels and on plasma and state channels they all basically were more or less the same thing you have layer one technology the blockchain the few in blockchain where you have a smart contract you drop in or you lock in some token some ether okay and anything can happen off-chain either in the case of state channels these are like normal server transactions where two parties Alice and Bob sign each other messages and so you are constantly like messaging each other the new state and you agree on that state it's always the last mistake and whenever you want to withdraw you go back to layer one and there is where the security comes in through a challenge period maybe this guy wants to cheat but this guy here has the last the state and so it's mathematically provable that this guy will win the layer one security ensures that anything that happens off-chain is secure okay and there is pure to clear networks like me connected with Alberto right or through hubs intermediaries if you want where a lot of users are connected together okay plasma is a little bit different but the same concept you have the main layer one chain where you have a contract you deposit tokens on ether in there as well and what happens off-chain is actually another chain but that has a faster throughput they have less validators there is you can have like 2000 transactions per second more or less here and you're committing periodically every 32 seconds more minutes blocks blocks 30 blocks thank you you're committing that state into the chain so this is the difference between state channels and plasma which is in plasma you need periodically to send transactions on chain and to register information in state channels you don't and they are called optimistic layers if you want because you don't resort to layer one until you actually need it if we are behaving well you don't need to go only one well plasma does this thing but if only in the case we are behaving badly you go on to layer one and side chains maybe you have heard of this thing side chains are not let you do we'll talk about that is basically an atomic swap between two different chains so there's a theorem or Bitcoin or whatever we deposit one token and it's minted on the other side but I'm not going to talk about this because the side chains are not let you do and actually right now there's another talk somewhere downstairs exactly about this side mode side by this guy so if you hear side chains are not they do and okay set this I need to speed up we did interview people in the space and users I want my mission is to onboard my mother and brother okay and so I tried to talk to non-crypto users only few of them five of them because there wasn't much time with people releasing stuff right before that going to actually have something in our hands to touch with just three main moments in the design or the user flow okay you need to enter the system you need to use the system and exit the system and in these two cases you also have two side things which is normally you will think of transactions but transactions are is a pattern that works inside of a wallet or when you transact value but in this case is you can also transact state of applications you know so you should not call them transactions if you want and the exit has two patterns which is I am exiting fine I'm friends with my friend and I just go find or adversarial and entering the system so unfortunately today this is a problem you still need to go through layer one to get into layer two and so everybody still presenting with hey save your key back up your wallet so my dream was shattered right at the first step you know yes we can onboard non-crypto user no not yet and of course there is solution for this of course the question is what the fuck is a key okay this is a literal question use of us and this solution is of course to use contract base account universal of you might have heard those those solve that onboarding process please start using contract base accounts everybody then there are so many accounts in some cases you need to have your a theorem key your your normal a theorem wallet then a contract base account and in some cases you need to have your own pillar or your own sidechain style a status a state channel or plasma car like if it was a bank account if you want so these are like three wallets and people of course ask why do I need another wallet no seriously why do I need another ball they repeat this thing they know they have to do this but they don't grasp the meaning and wallets to date on maybe effort to explain what are these things and of course if you can just on board and directly here obstructing this information and getting them directly onto later to if you want or explain if you want what is one wallet why do you know the wallet etc pick a token this is a problem state channels and all the plasma say hey you can on board with any token deposit any token so a new user goes there and see which one do I choose and there's a lot of things called eat eat eat eat eat eat eat and this is one of the questions they have like which one do I pick you know well what the fuck is a token also is one of the questions and which one should I pick and what am I paying this to yeah so they have no clue of why exactly they're doing this and why they're bowling on these wallets so pattern here is game optionality new user simplified just give one option maybe die or whatever we'll talk about that and expert yes you can expand and choose your own always be there and hide options until exit maybe you decide when you exit what token you want and explain better the difference this was one of the solutions from the previous framework that works then what's your language is yet another pattern that all these people start using developer lingo okay these words don't mean anything and deploy doesn't mean divide this is an actual question user had so deploy later to later one doesn't mean anything at all for users so experimentally to yes it's experimental for us but not good for non-proper users yet so simplified language hide the technical complexity possible which was a solution from the framework then using the system we're on step two and right now this is not a die okay this is one of the biggest insights if you want of the research they were very confused because these wallets there's different type of wallets in state channels in plasma etc they all use die but when you are inside of these networks the die of network one is not the die of network two is not the die of the main chain so my users actually try to send each other die from a state channel from the layer one wallet or to another the state channel wallet and they did not understand why they were not the same die and there's no sign whatsoever in these softwares already that these is a custom die if you want so let me try to send it to a friend okay this is one of the insights that we are multiplying the complexity not simplifying it unfortunately and so solutions here is of course like it was written the design principles are very long time ago define or explain what the network you are using you need to be transparent about that or you make it interoperable this is a an invitation for all the leotoon developers to talk together and say hey yes we can call it die if somebody tries to send it to someone else we should behind the curtains be converting and on boarding it onto the other network and or work together somehow and better naming of course because of this problem here the many tokens okay maybe they should be called die state channel one die plasma one etc. so also because they could find each other better so this is not a die and what else multiple transaction this I'll go very fast away there is the idea that transactions go very fast but in the case of plasma you still need to have nonsense and wait for a transaction to be there and plasma has the problem that the finality of that transaction is not in some in-state channel is instant as soon as you receive it that's it and in plasma you need to wait that this information is actually put the 32 blocks later but you can assume that everything goes well but there is a problem of timing in there and there's a new pattern emerging of using state channels inside of plasma channel which is an open question how that works how that will work for the users open question and for me personally I think that we should find a technical solution to overcome transaction sequentiality the nonsense have confused a lot of users that they needed to wait until one transaction came back or that has a lot of users in the past and doubt about using like there's generic problems like you have onboarded but then you don't offer the next thing there's a user like say what do I do now I don't know so it said free but I continuously see different transaction fees and they don't understand what these transaction fees are so you need to be wary of using the right words because this is actually I said what the fuck it said free but it's worse than monopoly they are screwing me at every step we make this was actual comments that we had very snarky users and design the users next step this is basic behavioral design it doesn't pertain to the a2 and don't say free or don't say later one what's your language again etc open questions this is because not much could be used yet again there is this idea of agreements in state channels when you enter a channel with someone okay you are making an agreement about when the exit will happen how long it will take okay so this agreement is a new pattern okay there is not yet anything that we could test I personally think that we should make them flexible and dependent on the amount of balance that you are exiting if you're exiting one coffee value you simply do it right away or it's two minutes or whatever if you're exiting $200 or $1,000 maybe that time span expands flexibly right now in space so that's one of the things that I think they need to work on and how are we going to manage many open channels because if it's peer-to-peer theoretically I could have a channel with each of you in my wallet I would have like thousands of lines or if I have a hub I would have the hub with a thousand online with the people I might have connections with the apps would be installed in my wallet and this is good to hear that also metamask yesterday's introduced the fact that they have these plug-ins ideas that you will have apps inside of your wallet to manage and yeah you need to differentiate these things and yeah how state channels inside of Platinum will work we have no clue and hide as much as possible interoperate this is what the solutions probably are and exiting the system this is the science fiction II because right now it's only ideas there's nothing implemented the only company that had designed something is seller is again actually seller X we're did a good job in calling it court mode okay so they use that nice language to explain that there is a challenge happening and how it works and so this idea of exiting that you could have challenges happening okay has a requirement on the technology that you as a user need to be looking all the time at the chain and this is not no go for UX so there are people coming out with watch towers these are the name one of the companies called pizza is developing the watch towers and and and so this is one of the unknowns how this part will behave you know for from the user perspective my opinion is users won't need to worry too much about the challenge if you can hide it there's a consensus or there's three different approaches right now either the app itself watches the chain for you so if you connect every once a week or whatever it solves it automatically for you if you or they have by the service of a watch tower so it's a service that is looking and you say hey you have a problem I'll send you a notification on your mobile phone about this state or Dallas among the people participating in this channel saying that company product or user is being malicious I'll kick him out and simply offset the pricing for the user in case in plasma you are also you have also these multiple fees to exiting okay since in plasma right now one of the construct is to have two weeks or one week when you actually exit before you can get your money okay there are people that are creating crypto economic finality so there are services that say hey you as a user you don't want to wait one week so let me take your risk out by your one your either within one week for 1% fee or for 2% fee so there are services that are going to gather a fee for you to recover your money right away a user wants to recover the money right away and this is the ideal solution this is why I'm not totally convinced about the plasma construct especially from a user perspective but those are solutions are occurring coming and so you see there's a more complexity still rather than less which was my hope and in general in the whole space and in later to space as well we need to balance or explain better this idea between cost and responsibility okay and in later to is becoming more apparent okay you can have more cost or less cost or a be cheaper the transaction if you as a user take more responsibility on waiting doing watching waiting the exit etc or if you want the convenience is going to be more expensive but it's more convenient so this is something that is unsolved today I think in the whole ecosystem and especially in later I'm done so this is the summary basically try to interoperate so that people are not confused with this multiple kind of tokens try to hide as much of the technological methodologies behind okay and make it simpler to the user use universal login type of wallets or contract based wallets or accounts so that users don't need to store private keys etc we simplify that initial step and maybe we have something to onboard my mother and my brother thank you


It is the 13th of October 2020. A warm welcome to you. Now thank you very much for keeping it Y254. The president of the Law Society of Kenya, that is Nelson Havi, led protests yesterday demanding that all legislators vacate parliament buildings over Chief Justice David Maragas' dissolution advisory to the president. According to Nelson Havi, parliament is illegitimate. Is this true? What does this mean for all members of parliament? What does it mean for your members of parliament? If parliament is illegitimate, what does it mean for their seat? On Saturday, we had prayer that took place in state house led by the president Uhuru Mujakinyata. Lots of proclamations were made on that day, including one by the president said that he was asking for forgiveness, forgiving those who offended him and asking those that he offended to forgive him. On that same, same Saturday, we had a meeting happening in Bondo where hundreds of Kikuyu elders made a historic trip to Honrabu Raila Amolo Odinga's home where they declared that Raila Odinga is the community's 2022 choice. What does this mean for the DP president William Brutal? Tonight, let's talk about the Hasla Nation, the 2000th gender rule. Let's talk about legislation in Kenya. Let's talk about the state of the nation. Joining me tonight, I am joined by Honrabu Mili Odiambu, member of parliament for Subba North constituency. She is also an author, a motivational speaker and an award-winning women, children and human rights activists. Honrabu Mili Odiambu, karibu sana? Elfenza. Now, I'm giving you two minutes to address the nation. Give us your stand. What is your stand about the current legislation and their pace in fulfilling their legislative agenda in the country? Your two minutes starts now. You can look at the camera there. Thank you and good evening Kenya. As members of parliament, we are actually on focus and we are actually delivering our mandate or legislative mandate. We are on course. In fact, this is one of the most exciting parliaments that I've been to because we have a very young and vibrant parliament with very excellent ideas. In fact, the challenge we have now is time because we lost one year after the election because of the issues that were bedeviling the country and we have yet lost another one year through coronavirus. But on the whole, despite all that, parliament has done relatively well in terms of legislative work. In terms of oversight work, even just this evening, we have sent a very strong message to an institution that was not doing well in ensuring that there is no corruption in the tendering process. So we are doing pretty well as a legislative body. All right, thank you very much. You may come. You may have your seat there. Karibusana. Now introducing next, who is joining me also in studio, Honorable David Ole Sankok. He is a nominated member of parliament and also the former chairman of the National Council of Persons with Disabilities. Honorable Sankok is also one who is interested in leadership and governance. Also one who is passionate about Persons with Disabilities and the hospitality industry. Honorable Sankok, Karibusana. Thank you very much. Now, I'm giving you two minutes to address the nation. What is your stand about the current legislation and their pace in fulfilling their legislative agenda in the country? Your two minutes starts now. Yes, thank you very much. And as you know that as parliament and as members of parliament, we have four roles. That is representation, oversight, budgeting and legislation. And I think we have performed very well. If I was to award max, then I will give around 80%, which is still an A, despite the fact that we have some little challenges here and there. But we have done our job. We have always been in our workstation, which is parliament. And I think you chose the right people because according to our performance in parliament, the two of us were the best and the second best. That is, Lio Diamba was the best overall. I was the second best in our role as members of parliament. So we have passed some laws. We have not been able to pass others. And that is why I'm saying that we have an A, despite the fact that there have been challenges. Challenges after election. They were swearing in and there was demonstration all over. They were by court of parliament, by the NASA group of members of parliament. And then the COVID-19, of course, we have to do some spacing. So a few members had to access the chambers, but we have done well. I can say we have an A. It's still a pass. You have an A. Yes. Karimusana, you can have your seat there. That is their stand. Remember we are live from the broadcasting house here in Nairobi, Kenya till the 13th of October 2020, 16 minutes past 8 am. This is the stand. My name is Ram Magukko. The stand starts now.


Adding Images If your course has a lot of learning content, resources and activities, it's sometimes more attractive to add a course banner or some images in the sections or in the blocks to make it easy on the eye. There are two ways to add images to your Moodle course, and both of them need you to have the editing turned on, either by clicking the button top right, or by scrolling down and in the administration block, clicking the link turn editing on. If at the top of your course page you then see a message saying that you could drag and drop files, you can use the first method. If you don't see that, you can use the second method. In this video we'll look at two ways to add images to your course page. In the section on reading I'm going to add a little graphic which I have over on the right here on my desktop. When you're adding images it's important to make sure that you have permission to add them or that they're creative commons or public domain. It's useful also to get them the right size for your Moodle course before you upload them. So because I'm able to drag and drop images I simply put my cursor on the image, click to hold it and then drag it into the reading section. What happens then is I'm given a message asking whether I want to add it to the course page to be displayed directly or make a file resource. Someone would then have to click on it to access it. I want to add it straight onto the course page, so I click upload and then it's uploaded down here and if I want it at the top I simply click the move icon to drag it up. If you're not able to upload with drag and drop let's look at the second method. I want to add an image in the listening section of my course and I'm going to add it to the topic summary. So I click the configure icon which is different according to the theme that you're using and this takes me to Moodle's atto text editor where I click the icon which looks a bit like a mountain. It's the icon for uploading an image and then when I click on it I'm brought to a box where I click the button browse repositories. This takes us to Moodle's file picker which we look at in a separate video. I simply want to upload the chosen graphic from my computer so I choose upload a file and then I click the button which says choose file or browse depending on your browser to go and pick the image. It can be saved with a different name if you want, change the author if you want, change the license if it's not appropriate and then click the button upload this file. We need to add a description or if we don't think it needs a description we can check the box, we can change the size and we can change its alignment and then we save the image and it's displayed. So there are two ways of adding images to your course page by drag and drop or by using the icon in the text editor.


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards, and I am repping a personal box here for Matthew F We've got a 21-22 top two aphid champions league Chrome soccer hobby best of luck Matthew. Thanks so much for your order and We'll get repping Yeah, let me just double-check 21-22 tops you a foe There are there is one, but I don't think my insurance covers it champions league chrome soccer Chrome Yeah, I got one, you know My OB Recommended one, and I think I tried looking it up online. I don't think it was covered by my insurance Fortunately, but Alright, here we go again gonna try my best on these Pronunciation Sir Matthew feel free to laugh at me all you'd like All right, we got rookie Hado out of the very first pack here is Sydney Ray Bigger Ray Beiger Her RB light life's big Yeah, all right That's how this box is gonna go Nice Cristiano rookie we've got refractor Rashford nice out of 125 Yeah, it's one of the biggest scams in the United States Sook it's rookie along the rookie future stars refractor of Graven birch Yeah, I can I can just imagine six. It's it's sad rookie of like Lahaji future stars refractor and Tony James We've got on Sufati and a Muzala on the Parallel they are not numbered Patterson Felix rookie of Balotore refractor of Henderson a Balday and refractor messy nice one there for you Matthew not numbered on the messy refractor Yeah, let's not talk politics, but Agreed y'all My back will be fine. I like I said, that's really the only pregnancy symptom. I've had so very blessed I know a lot of women have it a lot harder uh Scout mini rookie and refractor Ronaldo back-to-back packs first messy and now Ronaldo there you go Matthew Thank you wire. We've got speckle Rubin Diaz from Man City not numbered We've got a galore chasing glory Neymar jr. Nice Neymar Thank you Rosie couple more months Excited oh, yeah, yeah excited and terrified Ray bigger rookie Pogba Future stars rookie Cole Palmer Palmer You've got Omar Richards rookie refractor Well, it's on a restream toke my chat so I can see both YouTube and twitch at the same time as a pot on the speckle Yeah, I see that sometimes Ignacio rookie We've got rookie on the diamond Luca Suchich to 125 from FC Salzburg I'm not sure if we can change the theme on on the restream shot or not rookie of person and Golazo rookie of Gabi from FC Barcelona team a Werner Niko Gonzalez rookie and refractor rookie of Tiago Tomas Yeah, everyone daytime personals are filled We've got two more hours of ripping gonna try my best to get through everything What doesn't get ripped tonight Sam will be doing personals all day tomorrow night No group breaks tomorrow. It's just personals rookie refractor of girl vol bio And last time you've got Liam the lap rookie And we've got awful wave rookie of Daniel Brad gankah from Sporting club de Portugal Nice out of 199 Alrighty Matthew that will do it for your box. Congrats on the hits. We'll get these right out to you